Fareed Haque is an American jazz guitarist, based in Chicago, Illinois.

Education
Haque was born in Chicago in 1963. His father was from Pakistan, his mother was from Chile. When he was a child, Haque traveled with his parents all over the world, spending time in Spain, France, and Iran, in addition to Pakistan and Chile. In 1981 he was given a guitar scholarship from North Texas State University, where he studied jazz guitar. He left after a year and studied classical guitar at Northwestern University. At Northwestern, he joined Howard Levy's jazz fusion group Chevere. Levy introduced him to Cuban saxophonist Paquito D'Rivera, who became a lifelong friend and mentor.

Early albums
In the late 1980s, Rivera introduced Haque to Sting, who had recently founded the record label Pangaea. Haque recorded two albums for Pangaea, Voices Rising and Manresa, and toured with Sting. He recorded Majestad, an unreleased album for Warner Bros. Records which included John Patitucci, Lenny Castro, Russell Ferrante, Michael Landau, and Carlos Vega. Then he signed with Blue Note Records, made the solo albums Sacred Addiction, Opaque, and Deja Vu, and recorded three albums with Javon Jackson. He also played with Joey Calderazzo, Joe Henderson, Bob James, Herbie Mann, and Cassandra Wilson.

Diverse groups
At Northwestern, Haque was a member of Chevere, a Latin fusion group, and on their album Reunion he played with Cuban trumpeter Arturo Sandoval, Panamanian pianist Danilo Pérez, and Puerto Rican percussionist Giovanni Hidalgo. He joined the jazz fusion group Zawinul Syndicate after he was introduced to Joe Zawinul by Bob Belden, a producer at Blue Note Records. The Syndicate included Armenian vocalist Arto Tunçboyacıyan, drummer Paco Sery from the Ivory Coast, and American bassist Matt Garrison. He was a member of the Indian fusion band Summit, led by saxophonist George Brooks and including Indian tabla player Zakir Hussain.

In 2001 Haque founded Garaj Mahal, a jam band that played a combination of jazz, rock, and funk that evolved from the members' diverse musical backgrounds. The band included German bassist Kai Eckhardt. Garaj Mahal toured the U.S. for ten years, releasing several albums. In 2007 it won an Independent Music Award. Two years later Haque was named best world guitarist by Guitar Player.

While recording for Garaj Mahal, Haque discovered the Moog Guitar and electronic music and formed the band MathGames. He started The Flat Earth Ensemble as an exploration of his Indian roots. Because of his parents' heritage, he grew up hearing music from India and Pakistan. He also cites as an influence the band Shakti, led by John McLaughlin, and their album Natural Elements (1977).

Haque recorded with Goran Ivanovic, whose music is sometimes called Balkan jazz. Ivanovic was born in the former Yugoslavia to a Serbian father and Croatian mother, though, like Haque, he is based in Chicago. Haque and Ivanovic played classical guitar on their duets, Macedonian Blues (2003) and Seven Boats (2004).

From 2019 through 2021 and beyond, Fareed Haque and oud player Wanees Zarour restarted the Chicago Immigrant Orchestra, with the encouragement and financial support of the Chicago World Music Festival and the Old Town School of Folk Music.  (The orchestra's original incarnation ran from 1999 to 2004, led by Willy Schwartz.) Haque and Zarour recruited other local musicians to join them, and Haque also serves as concertmaster.

Classical music
Haque wrote the "Lahara Double Concerto" for guitar, sitar, and tabla. He performed it in 2004 with the Chicago Sinfonietta and tabla musician Ustad Zakir Hussain. He composed the "Gamelan Concerto" as a commissioned classical guitar piece for Chicago's Fulcrum Point New Music Project. With the Chicago Philharmonic he gave a concert in which he performed guitar concertos by Heitor Villa-Lobos and Aranjuez.

From 1988 to 2019, Haque was a professor of jazz and classical guitar at Northern Illinois University. He also gives interactive guitar lessons over the internet.

Discography
 Voices Rising (Pangaea, 1988)
 Manresa (Pangaea, 1989)
 Sacred Addiction (Blue Note, 1993)
 Opaque (Blue Note, 1995)
 Déjà Vu (Blue Note, 1997)
 Macedonian Blues with Goran Ivanovic (Proteus, 2001)
 Seven Boats: Music for Two Guitars (Proteus, 2004)
 Plays Classical Guitar (Wahdude Music, 2004)
 Cosmic Hug (Magnitude, 2005)
 Flat Planet (Owl, 2008)
 Trance Hypothesis (Delmark, 2013)
 Out of Nowhere with Billy Hart and George Mraz (Charleston Square, 2013)
 New Latin American Music for Guitar and String Quartet with Kaia String Quartet (Delmark, 2018)
 IndoBalkan with Goran Ivanovic (Delmark, 2020)
 Return to the Joyous Lake (Wahdude Music, 2022)

References

External links
Official site
Interview by Brad Conroy

1963 births
Living people
American musicians of Pakistani descent
American people of Chilean descent
Northern Illinois University faculty
University of North Texas College of Music alumni
Owl Studios artists
Guitarists from Chicago
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Garaj Mahal members
The Dixon-Rhyne Project members

Fareed Haque


The abdomen is the part of the body that is between the chest and the thigh. It contains (has in it) the abdominal muscles and many organs. Some of the organs in the abdomen are:
 Gallbladder
 Liver
 Rectum
 Stomach
 Anus
 Small intestine and large intestine
 Ureters
 Bladder
 Urethra
 Reproductive system except breast
 Appendix

Torso

Abdomen


Anmanari Brown is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. Since then, her paintings have gained much success. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, the Queensland Art Gallery, and the National Gallery of Australia.

Brown was born roughly some time during the 1930s. She was born at Purpurna, a waterhole that is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. In the 1950s, her family was moved out of the bush to live at Warburton, with many other Aboriginal families. Warburton was a Christian mission at the time, and Brown was taught at school here by missionaries. When she was older, Brown moved to Irrunytju and married Nyakul Dawson.

Brown began work as an artist in 2000. The women of Irrunytju had opened an art centre as an community-owned economic program. Anmanari and other senior women in the community began painting for Irrunytju Arts on linen canvases. Their first exhibition was held in 2001, in Perth. The art mixed modern painting techniques with ancient designs and cultural law.

From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Tjayanka Woods. When Brown's husband died in 2007, she and Woods left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne.

Brown mostly paints the  (Seven Sisters Dreaming). Her connection to this Dreaming comes from her mother, whose homeland is Kuru Ala, a sacred place for women. The paintings in her solo show depicted stories from this Dreaming.

Brown's paintings are not figurative. She does not explicitly depict figures or features of the landscape, but she does use iconographic symbols to represent them. She uses patterned lines to represent tracks in a journey, or seven small shapes or lines to represent the sisters. She also sometimes uses colour symbolically. While Brown mainly paints directly on canvas, several of her works are made from screen-printing methods.

References

Other websites
Resources at the National Library of Australia

1930s births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from Western Australia
Artists from the Northern Territory

Anmanari Brown


A boiling tube is a large tube made of glass, which is used in laboratory to strongly heat substances. A boiling tube is a scaled-up test tube, but larger in size. This larger size allows substances to boil freely inside a boiling tube.

Boiling tubes can also be used as a replacement for test tubes specially when a larger volume is desired.

Boiling tubes are commonly made from Pyrex glass which can tolerate high temperatures.

Boiling tube is also known as Hard Glass Tube

laboratory equipment

Boiling tube


Benjamin McKinlay Kantor (February 4, 1904 – October 11, 1977) was an American journalist and novelist. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1956. He wrote over 30 novels. Several of them were set in the American Civil War.

Kantor was born in Webster City, Iowa. He died from a heart attack at seventy-three in Sarasota, Florida.

American novelists
Writers from Iowa
1904 births
1977 deaths

MacKinlay Kantor


Taurus is an astrological sign, which is with the constellation (a group of stars that make the shape of an animal or person) of the same name. Under the tropical zodiac, Taurus is occupied by the Sun from April 20 to May 20, and under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently from May 14 to June 19.

Mythology
In mythology, Taurus is often with the Greek myth of the bull-form taken by Zeus in order to win Europa. Taurus is also associated with the Greco-Roman goddess Aphrodite/Venus and sometimes also the goddesses Hera/Juno, Ishtar, Isis, Freyja, and Frigg and the gods Pan, Dionysus/Bacchus, Xolotl, and Quetzalcoatl.

Traditional relationships with Taurus

 Birthstone=Emerald
 Colors= Pink, Green, Pale Blue
 Gemstones= Diamond, Emerald
 Metal= Silver,Copper

Famous people born in Taurus
 Trent Reznor - singer, producer, composer of Nine Inch Nails
 Fred Astair - stage dancer, actor, singer
 George Clooney - actor, film director
 Elizabeth II - royalty
 Ulysses S. Grant - eighteenth president of the United States of America
 Janet Jackson - singer, actress
 Joe Louis - boxer
 Jack Nicholson - actor
 Michelle Pfieffer - actress
 Sergei Prokofiev - composer
 Sugar Ray Robinson - boxer
 James Stewart - actor
 Orson Wells - film director, film producer, radio producer, screenwriter
 Stevie Wonder - musician
 Malcolm X - civil rights activist, philosopher
 Audrey Hepburn - actress
 David Beckham - athlete
 Jessica Alba - actress
 Penelope Cruz - actress
 Katharine Hepburn - actress
 Miranda Kerr - model
 Linda Evangelista - model
 Miranda Cosgrove - actress and singer
  mark zuckerberg-facebook

Other websites

Astrological signs

Taurus (astrology)


Fyodor Fyodorovich Gornostaev (1867–1915) was a Russian architect and preservationist, notable for his folk interpretation of Russian Revival and restoration of landmark buildings in Suzdal, Kursk and Moscow Kremlin.

He should not be confused with two other architects by the name of Gornostaev, also engaged in Russian Revival art and preservation:
Alexey Maksimovich Gornostaev (1808–1862), Russian Revival pioneer, noted for Valaam Monastery Cathedral, Trinity-Sergius Convent in Saint Petersburg and Uspenski Cathedral in Helsinki
Ivan Ivanovich Gornostaev (1821–1874), preservationist of historical buildings and chief architect of Saint Petersburg Public Library and University

Biography
Gornostaev, born in Moscow, completed Saint Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts in 1895 cum laude, earning a state-paid overseas study tour. Gornostaev, like some of his contemporaries, preferred to spend most of his tour in Russia, studying old national architecture. In 1899, he returned to Moscow, teaching art in Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.

Gornostaev, keen on preserving historical buildings, performed surveys of Monastery of Saint Euthymius in Suzdal, Kursk Cathedral, Baturin and various Moscow landmarks and collaborated with Igor Grabar on "History of Russian arts" (История русского искусства). In 1913, he compiled his studies of two decades into "Essays of ancient Moscow architecture" (Очерки древнего зодчества Москвы). His practical work included restoration of Kremlin Wall, Sukharev Tower, Krutitsy , Terem Palace and Church of Ascension in Kolomenskoye.

His only extant own building is the Rogozhskoye Cemetery Belltower (1908–1913, structurally complete in 1909). An Old Believers legend says that it's only two bricks lower than Ivan the Great Bell Tower; actually, it is one meter lower than Ivan, i.e. 80 meters tall. The belltower commemorates unlocking the altars of Old Believers after the 1905 Manifesto on religious tolerance.

Footnotes

1867 births
1915 deaths
Russian architects
Old Believers
Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture alumni
Imperial Academy of Arts alumni

Fyodor Gornostayev


Malvern College is a coeducational British public School, founded in 1865. It is in Malvern, Worcestershire.

Notable Old Malvernians
This is a short list:
 Francis William Aston, Physicist, 1922 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 Humphry Berkeley, politician, humourist
 Aleister Crowley, occultist
 J.F.C. Fuller, soldier, military historian, strategist, occultist
 Prince Christian of Hanover, and Prince Ernst August of Hanover
 Godfrey Martin Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern, Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia
 Arnold Jackson, 1912 Olympic 1500 m gold medallist, youngest ever British Army Brigadier-General, DSO with Three Bars.
 C. S. Lewis, novelist, scholar, Christian apologist
 James Meade, economist, 1977 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics
 Dominic Sandbrook, historian and author
 Oliver Selfridge, computer scientist
 Alfred Stratford (1853 – 1914), England footballer and three times FA Cup winner with Wanderers F.C.
 John Wheeler-Bennett, historian

Other websites
 Malvern College official web site

Schools in England
1865 establishments in England

Malvern College


"Chattanooga Choo Choo" is a 1941 song written by Mack Gordon and composed by Harry Warren. It was originally recorded as a big band/swing tune by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra and featured in the 1941 movie Sun Valley Serenade. It was the first song to receive a gold record, presented by RCA Victor in 1942, for sales of 1.2 million copies.

Background
The song was an extended production number in the 20th Century Fox film Sun Valley Serenade. The Glenn Miller recording, RCA Bluebird B-11230-B, became the No. 1 song across the United States on December 7, 1941, and remained at No. 1 for nine weeks on the Billboard Best Sellers chart. The flip side of the single was "I Know Why (And So Do You)", which was the A side.

The song opens up with the band, sounding like a train rolling out of the station, complete with the trumpets and trombones imitating a train whistle, before the instrumental portion comes in playing two parts of the main melody.  This is followed by the vocal introduction of four lines before the main part of the song is heard.

The main song opens with a dialog between a passenger and a shoeshine boy:

"Pardon me, boy, is that the Chattanooga Choo Choo?"
"Yes, yes, Track 29!"
"Boy, you can give me a shine."
"Can you afford to board the Chattanooga Choo Choo?"
"I've got my fare, and just a trifle to spare."

The singer describes the train's route, originating from Pennsylvania Station in New York and running through Baltimore to North Carolina before reaching Terminal Station in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He mentions a woman he knew from an earlier time in his life, who will be waiting for him at the station and with whom he plans to settle down for good. After the entire song is sung, the band plays two parts of the main melody as an instrumental, with the instruments imitating the "WHOO WHOO" of the train as the song ends.

The 78-rpm was recorded on May 7, 1941, for RCA Victor's Bluebird label and became the first to be certified a gold disc on February 10, 1942, for 1,200,000 sales. The transcription of this award ceremony can be heard on the first of three volumes of RCA's "Legendary Performer" compilations released by RCA in the 1970s. In the early 1990s a two-channel recording of a portion of the Sun Valley Serenade soundtrack was discovered, allowing reconstruction of a true-stereo version of the film performance.

The composition was nominated for an Academy Award in 1941 for Best Song from a movie. The song achieved its success that year even though it could not be heard on network radio for much of 1941 due to the ASCAP boycott.

In 1996, the 1941 recording of "Chattanooga Choo Choo" by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Inspiration

The song was written by the team of Mack Gordon and Harry Warren, allegedly while traveling on the Southern Railway's Birmingham Special train. This was one of three trains operating from New York City via Chattanooga. The Tennessean continued to Memphis while the Pelican continued to New Orleans via Birmingham. The Southern Railway operated these trains in cooperation with the Norfolk and Western Railway and the Pennsylvania Railroad.

Details in the song do not align with The Birmingham Special, however, which suggests that the writers took some artistic license. Specifically:

 The train is described as departing from Track 29 in Pennsylvania Station. At the time, the facility only had 21 tracks.
 "You leave the Pennsylvania station 'bout a quarter to four", but The Birmingham Special departed at 12:30 p.m.
 "Dinner in the diner, nothing could be finer than to have your ham 'n' eggs in Carolina", but none of these three trains passed through the Carolinas. They passed through western Virginia directly to East Tennessee.

Personnel

On the May 7, 1941 original recording by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in Hollywood on RCA Bluebird, the featured singer was Tex Beneke, who was accompanied by Paula Kelly, the Modernaires (vocals), Billy May, John Best, Ray Anthony, R. D. McMickle (trumpet), Glenn Miller, Jim Priddy, Paul Tanner, Frank D'Annolfo (trombone), Hal McIntyre, Wilbur Schwartz (clarinet, alto saxophone), Tex Beneke, Al Klink (tenor saxophone), Ernie Caceres (baritone saxophone), Chummy MacGregor (piano), Jack Lathrop (guitar), Trigger Alpert (bass), and Maurice Purtill (drums). The arrangement was by Jerry Gray.

Cover versions

The song has been recorded by numerous artists, including Taco, Beegie Adair, the Andrews Sisters, Ray Anthony, Asleep at the Wheel with Willie Nelson, BBC Big Band, George Benson, John Bunch, Caravelli, Regina Carter, Ray Charles, Harry Connick Jr., Ray Conniff, John Denver, Ernie Fields, Stéphane Grappelli and Marc Fosset, John Hammond Jr., the Harmonizing Four, Harmony Grass, Ted Heath, Betty Johnson, Susannah McCorkle, Ray McKinley, Big Miller, the Muppets, Richard Perlmutter, Oscar Peterson, Spike Robinson, Harry Roy, Jan Savitt, Hank Snow, Teddy Stauffer, Dave Taylor, Claude Thornhill, the Tornados, Vox and Guy Van Duser.

Other notable performances include:
 Cab Calloway and His Orchestra recorded a cover version of "Chattanooga Choo Choo" for Conqueror Records in 1941.
 Carmen Miranda recorded a cover on July 25, 1942, and sang it in the movie Springtime in the Rockies.
 Bill Haley & His Comets released a cover of "Chattanooga Choo Choo" as a 45 single on Essex Records in 1954.
 Pianist Floyd Cramer recorded a single version on RCA Records in 1962.
 UK instrumental group the Shadows recorded a version of the song for their album Dance with the Shadows, which reached number two in the UK album charts in 1964.
 The American musical group Harpers Bizarre released a cover version of the song, which reached No. 45 on the U.S. pop chart and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the Easy Listening chart in 1968. In Canada, the song reached No. 34.
 An instrumental version of the theme was released 1975 in Germany under the name "Maddox", produced by Dicky Tarrach.
 In the 1974 film Young Frankenstein, when Dr. Frederick Frankenstein asks a local boy for directions to the Transylvania Station, their dialogue closely follows a lyric from the song.
 In 1978, the studio group Tuxedo Junction recorded a disco version that hit the American Top 40; it peaked at No. 32 Pop and No. 18 on the Easy Listening chart. In Canada, it reached No. 55 on the Pop charts and No. 6 on the Dance charts.
 Haruomi Hosono released a half-Portuguese, half-Japanese cover of the song (based on Carmen Miranda's interpretation) as the opening track on his 1975 album Tropical Dandy.
 In the 1970s, the tune was used in the UK on an advertisement for Toffee Crisp candy bars, starting with "Pardon me, boy, is that a Toffee Crisp you chew, chew?", and ending with the punch line "Chew, chew Toffee crisp, and you'll go far."
 A cover by Steve Lucky & the Rhumba Bums was featured in the 2005 film Be Cool.
 The song's intro was sampled by That Handsome Devil in their song "Damn Door" for their 2008 debut album A City Dressed in Dynamite.
 In 1994, Barry Manilow recorded a version on the album Singin' with the Big Bands.
 A modern interpretation of the song was recorded by Herb Alpert for his In the Mood album of 2014.

German and Dutch versions
The tune was adopted twice for German songs. Both songs deal with trains, and both songs start with (different) translations of "pardon me". The first was created and performed in 1947 by the German pop singer Bully Buhlan (Zug nach Kötzschenbroda). The lyrics are humorously describing the bother of a train ride out of post-war Berlin: no guarantee to arrive at a destination due to coal shortage, passengers traveling on coach buffers, steps and roofs, and never-ending trip interruptions including a night stop for delousing.
The second, Sonderzug nach Pankow, created by the German rock musician Udo Lindenberg in 1983 became very popular and had various political implications. Lindenberg was a West German singer and songwriter with a suitable fan community in East Germany. He had applied for years to tour the GDR but was rejected several times. The 1983 cover version of Chattanooga Choo Choo was directly asking the GDR's Chairman of the Council of State Erich Honecker for permission to hold a concert in the Palace of the Republic (Berlin). The song was released on February 2, 1983, and was repeatedly featured in the West as well in the East. The song itself and the Glenn Miller original were temporarily interdicted in the GDR.

Nevertheless, Lindenberg finally succeeded in getting an invitation to the GDR rock festival Rock for Peace on October 25, 1983, on the condition that Lindenberg would not play Sonderzug nach Pankow at the concert. Honecker, a former brass band drummer of Rotfrontkämpferbund, and Lindenberg exchanged presents in form of a leather jacket and a metal shawm in 1987. Lindenberg's success at passing the Inner German border peacefully with a humorous song gave him celebrity status as well as a positive political acknowledgement in both West and East Germany.
Lindenberg's version was adapted by Dutch singer Willem Duyn as Ik Neem De Eerste Trein Naar Zandvoort (free translation; "I'll Take The Morning train to Zandvoort") who made it a summer-hit in 1983. In the lyrics Duyn chronicles chaos and mayhem on the morning seaside-train.

Italian versions
There is an Italian version sung by Domenico Loreti entitled Il treno della neve (The Snow Train) and one by Sorelle Marinetti included in the 2010 album Signorine novecento (Atlantic, 5051865974321).

Finnish version
A Finnish song based upon the Chattanooga Choo Choo was made in 1963 about "Ukko Pekka", one of Finland's most famous locomotives. It was sung by Finnish band Eero ja Jussi & The Boys.

Wartime release

In October 1944, a new recording by Captain Glenn Miller and the Army Air Forces Training Command Orchestra featuring Sgt. Ray McKinley and the Crew Chiefs on vocals was released as a V-Disc by the U.S. War Department, one of a series of recordings sent free by the U.S. War Department to overseas military personnel during World War II.

Legacy and popular culture

Trains have a pride of place in Chattanooga's former Terminal Station. Once owned and operated by the Southern Railway, the station was saved from demolition after the withdrawal of passenger rail service in the early 1970s, and it is now part of a 30-acre (12-hectare) resort complex, including the Chattanooga Choo Choo Hotel, and numerous historical railway exhibits. Hotel guests can stay in half of a restored passenger railway car. Dining at the complex includes the Gardens restaurant in the Terminal Station itself, The Station House (which is housed in a former baggage storage room and known for its singing waitstaff) and the "Dinner in the Diner" which is housed in a restored 1941 Class A dining car. The music venue "Track29" is also on the grounds of the Chattanooga Choo Choo hotel in the building that formerly housed the city's only ice rink at the back of the property. The city's other historic station, Union Station, parts of which predated the Civil War, was demolished in 1973; the site is now an office building formerly housing the corporate offices of the Krystal restaurant chain (the restaurant chain offices have since relocated to Atlanta, Georgia). In addition to the railroad exhibits at "the Choo Choo", there are further exhibits at Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum, in east Chattanooga.

The reputation given to the city by the song also has lent itself to making Chattanooga the home of the National Model Railroad Association since 1982. In addition, the athletic mascot of the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga was, for a time, a rather menacing-looking anthropomorphized mockingbird named Scrappy, who was dressed as a railroad engineer and was sometimes depicted at the throttle of a steam locomotive.

Choo Choo DME, a radio aid to navigation, is sited near Chattanooga at .

See also
List of train songs
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1968 (U.S.)

References

1941 songs
1941 singles
Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Glenn Miller songs
Carmen Miranda songs
The Andrews Sisters songs
Bill Haley songs
Harry Connick Jr. songs
Floyd Cramer songs
Songs with lyrics by Mack Gordon
Songs with music by Harry Warren
Songs about Chattanooga, Tennessee
Songs about trains
Songs written for films
Songs about cities in the United States
Songs about New York City
Songs about Tennessee
Bluebird Records singles

it:I Know Why/Chattanooga Choo Choo#Chattanooga Choo Choo

Chattanooga Choo Choo


The Black Sea hostage crisis took place January 16–19, 1996 on the Black Sea during the First Chechen War. The Panamanian-registered ferry Avrasaya  with 177 passengers and 55 crew members on board was hijacked in a Turkish port of Trabzon by an international armed group, which threatened to kill the more than 100 Russian passengers unless the Russian forces ceased its attack against the Chechen separatists in the Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye hostage crisis.

The crisis ended without bloodshed after three days with the safe release of more than 219 unharmed captives; 13 people were hospitalized because of illness and injuries.

Hijacking

The hijackers were five Turkish nationals of Caucasian origin, Muhammed Emin Tokcan (b. 1969 in Gebze), Tuncer Özcan (b. 1968 in Düzce), Sedat Temiz, Erdinç Tekir (b. 1966 in Istanbul), Ertan Coşkun (b. 1960 in Zonguldak), Ceyhan Mollamehmetoğlu, an ethnic Abkhaz from Abkhazia, Khamzat Gitsba (b. 1971), and two Chechens, Ramazan Zubareyev (b. 1963) and Viskhan Abdurrahmanov (b. 1967). The group took over the ship as it was about to depart from the Turkish port of Trabzon en route to Eregli and then to Sochi in Russia. The port security supervisor was shot in the foot during the hijacking and the route was changed to Istanbul.

The hijackers announced they were planning the destruction of the ship in order to draw attention to Chechnya's plight. They also threatened to blow it up together with the 114 Russian hostages if the Russian forces did not halt their ongoing offensive operation against a large group of Chechen fighters led by Salman Raduyev, surrounded with about 200 civilian and police hostages in the village of Pervomayskoye at the border between Chechnya and the Russian republic of Dagestan. Dozens of people were killed when the Russian FSB and military attempted to storm and then shelled Pervomayskoye; on the night (before dawn) of January 18 the Chechens fought their way through the Russian encirclement in a bloody breakout.

The Turkish authorities, ignoring Russian demands that they act more forcefully, avoided further bloodshed and liberated all hostages through constant communication and negotiations with the captors. The ship arrived at the northern entrance to the Bosporus on January 19, 1996, at around 12:00 hours, after the end to the fighting at Pervomayskoye. At 17:00 hours the same day, four of the militants surrendered to the authorities after throwing their weapons and bombs into the sea. The remaining members of the group tried to hide among the passengers without success.

Aftermath
On March 7, 1997, the hijackers were sentenced to more than eight years in prison. Abdurrahmanov escaped on October 4 from the State Hospital in Bursa. On October 21, Zubarayev, Gitsba and Özcan also escaped from prison. Gitsba had later been reportedly shot dead coming out of a mosque in Gudauta, Abkhazia, on August 17, 2007.

The leader of the militants, Muhammed Tokcan, escaped from the prison in Dalaman on October 6, 1997. Tokcan was arrested again at Atatürk Airport in Istanbul on April 29, 1999, as he tried to flee to Sochi under a false passport. He was paroled on December 22, 2000. On April 22, 2001, just before midnight, a group of 12 militants led by Tokcan (who was still on parole), seized the Swissôtel in Istanbul and took hostages to draw international attention to the new war in Chechnya. The crisis ended when all gunmen surrendered after just 12 hours, again without bloodshed.

Erdinç Tekir had been an İHH employee for two years following a decade of volunteering for the organization. Tekir was aboard the MV Mavi Marmara as a member of İHH during the Gaza flotilla raid, wounded by the IDF boarding party. Tekir told Hürriyet that the group that hijacked the ferryboat and the Israelis who boarded the Mavi Marmara were both pirates, however they were the pirates of goodness, whereas Israel was cruel.

References

Further reading
Taking the Avrasya

External links
Chechen rebels' hostage history, BBC News, 1 September 2004

1996 in Turkey
Battles and conflicts without fatalities
First Chechen War
History of Trabzon
Hostage taking
Maritime incidents in 1996
Maritime incidents in Turkey
Military history of the Black Sea
Piracy in the Black Sea
Terrorist incidents against shipping
Terrorist incidents in Turkey in 1996
Terrorist incidents in Turkey
January 1996 events in Asia
January 1996 events in Turkey

Black Sea hostage crisis


Oscar, The Oscar, OSCAR or Oskar mey refer tae:
Academy Award or Oscar, presentit bi the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) for cinematic film achievements
OSCAR Radio, a radio station run bi the pupils o Oundle School
Oscar (gien name), an Erse- an Inglis-leid name; the airticle includes the names Osgar, Oskar, an Oskari
OSCAR: Near-realtime global ocean surface current data set ; see Ocean current

Ainimals
Oscar (fish), Astronotus ocellatus
Oscar (therapy cat), cat who can purportedly predict the daiths o hospice patients
Oscar (bionic cat), a cat which haed implants efter luisin baith hind paws
Unsinkable Sam, Warld War II ship's cat kent as Oscar an aw
oskar, a gene required for the development o the Drosophila embryo
OSCAR (gene)
Beast o Busco, a North American cryptid turtle namit Oscar

Film an televeesion
The Oscar (film), a 1966 American drama
Oscar (1967 film), a French comedy
Oscar (1991 film), an American film adaptit frae the same source as the French film, starrin Sylvester Stallone
Oscar (2013 film), a 2013 American film directit bi Mike Mitchell
Oskar (film), a 1962 Dens film
Oscar, a 1985 British TV drama starrin Michael Gambon
Oscar Madison, character frae The Odd Couple
Oscar Martinez, a character on the US version of "The Office"
Oscar the Grouch, a Sesame Street Grouch character

Militar
, a Soviet/Roushie submarine class
Nakajima Ki-43, a Warld War II Japanese aircraft, codenamit "Oscar" bi the Allies
Oscar, the letter O in the NATO phonetic alphabet

Opera
Oscar (opera), a 2013 opera aboot Oscar Wilde, bi Theodore Morrison

Fowk
Saunt Ansgar (801–865)
Oscar N. Onyema CEO, The Nigerian Stock Exchange
Oscar (fitbawer, born 1954), Brazilian fitbawer
Oscar (fitbawer, born 1991), Brazilian fitbawer
Oscar de la Renta, fashion designer
Oscar De La Hoya, American boxer
Oscar I o Swaden (1799–1859)
Oscar II o Swaden (1829–1907)
Oscar Pistorius, amputatit Sooth African sprint runner
Oscar Robertson, American basketbaw player
Oscar Schmidt, Brazilian basketbaw player
Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), Erse writer an poet
Paul Nicholas or Oscar, Breetish actor an performer

Stage
The Importance of Being Oscar, a 1960 ane-man show devisit bi the soi-disant ("self-styled") Irish actor Micheál MacLiammóir an based on the writins o Oscar Wilde

Technology an transport
OSCAR, Orbital Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio
OScar (open source car), a project aimin tae design an open source vehicle
CityRail H set or Outer Suburban CARs (OSCARs), a teep o train in Australie

Computin
OSCAR McMaster, an electronic medical record seestem
OSCAR protocol, a protocol used by AOL Instant Messenger
Open Source Cluster Application Resources (OSCAR), a Linux-based software installation

Ither
Oscar (Erse meethologie), the warrior son of Oisín and Niamh
Oscar (video game), a 1993 platform game
OSC OSCar, a synthesizer manufactured by the Oxford Synthesizer Company
Oscar, Kentucky
Oscar, Louisiana, U.S.A
Oscar, Oklahoma, U.S.A
Oscar, Wast Virginie, U.S.A
Out of School Care and Recreation
OSCR - Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator

References
Notes

Oscar


Sir Colin Alexander St John ("Sandy") Wilson, FRIBA, RA, (14 March 1922 – 14 May 2007) was an English architect, lecturer and author. He spent over 30 years progressing the project to build a new British Library in London, originally planned to be built in Bloomsbury and now completed near Kings Cross.

Early and private life
Wilson was born in Cheltenham, the younger son of Henry Wilson, a Church of England clergyman who became Bishop of Chelmsford from 1929.  His father was known as the "Red Bishop" as a result of his sympathy for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War.  Wilson was educated at Felsted School, and he studied history and then architecture at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge from 1940 to 1942, when he joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve. He served as a lieutenant in a Communication Squadron of the Fleet Air Arm in Europe during the Second World War and then India.  He was demobilised in 1946, he completed his studies under Sir Albert Richardson at the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London, graduating as an architect in 1949.

Wilson married twice.  First he married Muriel Lavender in 1955, but they were later divorced in 1971. In 1972, he married the American-born architect Mary Jane Long, a founding partner of Long & Kentish architects; together they had a son and a daughter. Long and Wilson often collaborated on design projects.

Career
After graduating, he worked at the London County Council architects department from 1950 to 1955, under the directorship of Sir Leslie Martin, alongside James Stirling, Alison and Peter Smithson, Alan Colquhoun, Peter Carter, and William Howell.  His designs of this period include the Le Corbusier-inspired Bentham Road Estate, Hackney. Wilson was involved with the Independent Group of artists at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, and he contributed to the seminal "This Is Tomorrow" exhibition at the Whitechapel Art Gallery in 1956. He worked for a development company for a year before becoming a lecturer in architecture at Cambridge University in 1956, where Martin had been appointed Professor of Architecture.  Wilson met Finnish architect Alvar Aalto through Martin and this had a major impact on his following building.  He was a Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge, from 1962 to 1971.  He retired from teaching in 1969 to
concentrate on his architectural practice.

As well as teaching together, Wilson and Martin also practised together as architects from offices in Cambridge, designing Harvey Court at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, which himself argues had an influence on Italian rationalist architecture, especially that of Aldo Rossi, an extension to the School of Architecture in Cambridge, a house for painter Christopher Cornford in Cambridge, and the Law, English and Statistical Libraries on Manor Road in Oxford, and other buildings in Cambridge and London.  Wilson designed his own home in Cambridge on Grantchester Road.  He was commissioned to design the proposed Liverpool Civic and Social Centre, but the building was never finished, being deemed "fascist" by the council.  He also designed an extension for the British Museum which was also never realised.

In terms of architectural production, Wilson is best known for designing the current British Library building in London, begun in 1962 and finally completed – after a 35-year history of political wrangles, budget overspending and design problems – in 1997.  He described it as his "30-year war".  The original scheme would have created a piazza to the south of the British Museum in Bloomsbury, but would have required the demolition of a large part of Bloomsbury.  After a public protest, a new site was found further north, between Euston Station and St Pancras Station.  A design was approved in 1978, but then delayed by the change of government after the 1979 general election, and ambitions were reduced amid rising costs.  The architecture of the huge building is influenced by several sources: the surrounding Victorian architecture in the St Pancras area of London and the collegiate architecture of Cambridge University. The use of finely detailed brickwork, multi-layer terraces, interplay of pitched roof elements and gradual stepping up of the entrance are all direct references to Aalto, in particular his Säynätsalo Town Hall. The entrance area features pendant lamps designed by the Finnish architect Juha Leiviskä, whom Wilson knew personally. The building was shortlisted for the RIBA Stirling Prize in 1998.

Wilson returned to Cambridge to become Professor of Architecture in 1975, stepping into shoes vacated by the early death of William Howell.  He was a Fellow at Pembroke College, Cambridge, from 1977 to his death in 2007.  He retired in 1989, becoming a professor emeritus.  He became a trustee of the Tate Gallery in 1974, and a trustee of the National Gallery in 1977, retiring from both positions in 1980.  He was a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Royal Academy. He was knighted in 1998 for services to architecture, and was an Honorary Fellow at Churchill College from 1998 to 2007.  He received honorary doctorates from the universities of Cambridge, Essex and Sheffield.  He was a visiting professor at Yale four times (1960, 1964, 1983 and 2000) and at MIT from 1970 to 1972.

He published two theoretical works, Architectural Reflections in 1992 and The Other Tradition of Modern Architecture in 1995, and The Artist at Work, on Michael Andrews and William Coldstream, in 1999.

More recently, Wilson and Long & Kentish designed the new wing of Pallant House Gallery in Chichester, England, which opened in June 2006.  The unashamedly modern block stands next to the original gallery, housed in a Grade 1 listed Queen Anne townhouse, was shortlisted for RIBA awards in 2007, and won the 2007 Gulbenkian Prize. Wilson also donated his share of his collection of over 400 works of art to the gallery (owned jointly with his second wife).  His collection, worth £5m, included works by Michael Andrews, Victor Willing, Peter Blake, David Bomberg, Patrick Caulfield, Lucian Freud, Richard Hamilton, R. B. Kitaj, Eduardo Paolozzi and Walter Sickert.  Many of the works were acquired directly from the artists, who were friends of Wilson: indeed, he designed homes for several.

An extension to the British Library opened in 2007, shortly before his death. He was survived by his second wife, and their son and daughter.

He is buried on the east side of Highgate Cemetery.

National Life Stories conducted an oral history interview (C467/17) with Colin St John Wilson in 1996 for its Architects Lives' collection held by the British Library.

See also

References

Obituary, The Guardian, 16 May 2007
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 16 May 2007
Obituary, The Times, 17 May 2007
 Obituary, The Independent, 19 May 2007
Biography from Pallant House Gallery

Further reading
Colin St John Wilson "The Other Tradition of Modern Architecture: The Uncompleted Project" Black Dog Publishing, 1995, 2007
Colin St John Wilson "The Artist at Work: On the Working Methods of William Coldstream and Michael Andrews" Lund Humphries, 1999
Roger Stonehouse, Eric Parry "Colin St John Wilson: Buildings and Projects" Black Dog Publishing, 2007
Sarah Menin, Stephen Kite "An Architecture of Invitation: Colin St John Wilson" Ashgate, 2005

External links

Pallant House Gallery
The Wilson Collection
A selection of the works donated by Wilson
British Library's architect dies, BBC News, 15 May 2007
Biography from the Royal Academy
Portrait at the National Portrait Gallery
Statement on British Library website

20th-century English architects
1922 births
People educated at Felsted School
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Alumni of The Bartlett
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
People from Cheltenham
2007 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Academicians
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
British Library
21st-century English architects
Architects from Gloucestershire
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
20th-century English male writers

Colin St John Wilson


Özhan Canaydın (23 January 1943 – 22 March 2010) was a businessman, basketballer and former chairman of the Turkish sports club Galatasaray.

Biography

Basketball career
Canaydın began to play professional basketball in 1958. In 1957, he became the youngest member of the Galatasaray organization with the registration number 155. Playing with Turkey's national youth team that won the European Youth Championship in 1962, Canaydın was also among the eight players of the Galatasaray basketball team that won the Turkish Championship. He was a member of Galatasaray cadet, junior and senior basketball teams and participated in the teams that became Turkish champions. He retired from basketball in 1964.

Business career
In 1963, Canaydın started his business career in the textile sector, in which his father had a company.

Özhan Canaydın assigned his business to professional managers after being elected as President of Galatasaray in 2002. Canaydin has also served for Galatasaray under the presidencies of Ali Tanrıyar, Alp Yalman and legendary President Faruk Süren.

Canaydin was re-elected chairman of Galatasaray on 25 March 2006. He assigned his business to professional managers after being elected Galatasaray chairman in 2002. Canaydın also served for Galatasaray as a board member under chairmen Ali Tanrıyar, Alp Yalman and Faruk Süren.

Canaydın was elected chairman for a second term on 25 March 2006 but resigned from his position in 2008 due to health issues.

He also served as the president of the Super League Clubs Union. Due to poor health, he resigned from his position in 2008.

Personal life
Canaydın graduated from Galatasaray High School in 1963 and married Asuman Canaydın in 1965. He has two children and four grandchildren. His son, Murat Canaydın also graduated from Galatasaray High School and runs the family business now.

Death
He died on 22 March 2010 from pancreatic cancer, aged 67.

See also
 List of Galatasaray S.K. presidents

References

External links
 Official site

1943 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in Turkey
People from Bursa
Galatasaray S.K. presidents
Turkish football chairmen and investors
Turkish men's basketball players
20th-century Turkish businesspeople
Galatasaray High School alumni
Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players
Sportspeople from Bursa

Özhan Canaydın


Ecological yield is the harvestable growth of an ecosystem.  It is most commonly measured in forestry - in fact sustainable forestry is defined as that which does not harvest more wood in a year than has grown in that year, within a given patch of forest.

However, the concept is also applicable to water, and soil, and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed - the so-called renewable resources.  The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is "renewed" (refreshed or regrown or rebuilt).

Ecology

Ecological yield


24 is an Emmy and Golden Globe winning American television series broadcast by Fox Network in the US and shown worldwide. The show first came on TV on November 6, 2001, airing eight seasons of 24 episodes each until May 24, 2010. The show returned on May 5, 2014 for a 12 episode miniseries called Live Another Day that aired until July 14, 2014. The first six seasons were all focused the fictional Los Angeles branch of the Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU). The seventh season focused on the Washington, D.C. branch of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The eighth season focused on the fictional New York City branch of CTU. Live Another Day focused on the London station of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).

24 is shown in real time, with each season depicting a 24-hour period in the life of Jack Bauer (Kiefer Sutherland), who works with the government as it fights threats to the country. Live Another Day, however, mainly depicted a 12-hour period over its 12 episodes, but ended the final episode with a 12-hour time jump to finish the 24 hour cycle. Bauer is often in the field for each season's main government agency as they try to protect America from terrorists. The show also follows the actions of other agents, government officials and terrorists associated with the plot. The first six seasons of the show were all based in Los Angeles and nearby locations  — both real and fictional  — in California, although sometimes other locations have been used as well. Some of the fourth and sixth seasons, and all of the seventh season, were in Washington, D.C.. The eighth and final season of the original series was in New York City. Live Another Day was set in London. Legacy was set in Atlanta.

Season 1
Jack Bauer is trying to stop terrorists, who plan to assassinate Presidential Candidate David Palmer. They abduct Kim Bauer and Teri Bauer in order to use Jack to their advantage. With Jack's wife and daughter, the terrorists have power over Jack and try to force him to kill Palmer. At one point, Jack has to choose between the lives of his family and that of the presidential candidate. After Kim and Teri are rescued and the terrorists stopped, a second group of terrorists try to target David Palmer and Jack Bauer. The second terrorists were behind the first. They are seeking revenge for a raid that connects Palmer and Bauer. The goal of the raid was to kill Victor Drazen. Palmer's death is faked to trick the terrorists. Viewers learn that Victor Drazen is still alive and that Nina Myers has been working with the terrorists. Senator Palmer realizes he cannot stay married to Sherry and they separate.

Season 2
Jack and CTU try to stop a nuclear bomb from being blown up in Los Angelos. Terrorists blow up CTU to draw away their attention. George Mason ends up letting the bomb explode over the Mojave Desert and away from the city. Afterwards Jack follows leads that indicate that a recording implicating three Middle Eastern countries is false. President David Palmer decides to not attack these Middle Eastern Countries. His cabinet removes him from office under the Twenty-fifth Amendment and the Vice President becomes President. Eventually Jack finds the evidence and Palmer becomes President again.

Season 3
Jack Bauer and President Palmer try to stop a biological weapon attack . At first, it seems that Samon Salaraz must be released to stop the virus. However, Jack, who works secretly with other agents, breaks him out to set up an auction for the actual virus. Jack first works with Hector and Samon Salaraz and later with Nina Meyers to buy the virus. The seller, Michael Amador tricks the buyers, as they get a fake virus with a bomb. After some of the virus is released in a hotel, agents learn that Stephen Saunders is behind the virus. Saunders makes demands using the remaining vials to control the situation until he is captured, but not before Jack has to kill Ryan Chapelle. In a major side plot, Alan Milikan, a significant backer of Palmer, knows about an affair between his daughter Julia Miliken and Palmer. President Palmer asks Sherry to deal with him. She ends up killing Alan, and in revenge, Julia kills Sherry. Using his knowledge of these events, Senator John Keeler blackmails President Palmer not to run again for president.

Season 4
The season starts with a train bombing used to get an override device to control nuclear power plants. Terrorists kidnap secretary of defense James  Heller and his daughter Audrey Raines. The terrorists stage Heller's execution on the internet. They do this to get past internet firewalls to use the override device. Bauer stops the execution, but terrorists gain control of power plants. Eventually, CTU gets control of most plants. CTU learns that the terrorist behind the events is Habib Marwan, who worked for McLennan-Forrester. The company sets off an EMP bomb to destroy evidence of the terrorist. Later, terrorists get a stealth fighter and shoot down Air Force One. President Keeler cannot serve, and Vice-President Logan becomes president. Marwan's terror cells steal the nuclear football from the crash site. Jack finds evidence leading him to the Chinese Consulate. There, the Chinese consul is killed in a gunfight, and Jack kidnaps a Chinese man. CTU eventually stops the missile, but Jack and his friends must fake his death. In the end, Jack is a fugitive from the US and Chinese governments.

Season 5
Assasins frame Jack Bauer for the murder of President Palmer. They try to kill those who helped Jack fake his death. Jack follows leads and ends up at Ontario airport. American President Logan and Russian President Suvarov are signing an anti-terrorist agreement. Terrorists take control of the same airport where Jack is and hold hostages. They threaten to kill the hostages if the treaty is signed. Jack helps officials to stop the terrorists. The terrorists, however, used the hostages as a distraction to get nerve gas. Jack learns that the White House Chief of Staff was involved. Nerve gas is used in a mall and unsuccessfully at a hospital. The terrorists release nerve gas in the CTU building, killing several workers. The last canister is used in a submarine, but also without success. The rest of the gas gets destroyed, but Jack learns President Logan was behind the attacks. The rest of the story involves Jack trying to get a recording to implicate Logan. With the first lady's help, Jack uses a listening piece to record the president confessing his crimes. Logan must relieve his presidency. In the very end, the Chinese kidnap Bauer.

Cast
 Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer
 Mary Lynn Rajskub as Chloe O'Brian
 Carlos Bernard as Tony Almeida
 Dennis Haysbert as David Palmer
 Elisha Cuthbert as Kim Bauer
 Kim Raver as Audrey Raines
 James Morrison as Bill Buchanan
 Reiko Aylesworth as Michelle Dessler
 D.B. Woodside as Wayne Palmer
 Penny Johnson Jerald as Sherry Palmer
 Roger Cross as Curtis Manning
 Gregory Itzin as Charles Logan

References

Other websites
 Official 24 website

2001 American television series debuts
2010 American television series endings
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American crime television series
American drama television series
Emmy Award winning programs
Fox television series
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Spy television series
Television series set in Los Angeles
Television series set in New York City
Television series set in Washington, D.C.
English-language television programs

24 (TV series)


The Cretaceous period is the ninth and longest period in the Phanerozoic eon, lasting 80 million years from 145 to 65 million years ago (mya). It followed the Jurassic period, and is the third and last period of the Mesozoic era. After it came the Cainozoic era.
The Cretaceous period has just two very long epochs:
 Upper Cretaceous 100.5 million years ago (mya) to 65 mya
 Lower Cretaceous 145.5 mya to 100.5 mya.
The Lower Cretaceous at ~45 million years, is the longest epoch in the Phanerozoic eon.

Though famous for its land fauna, the Cretaceous sea level rose much higher than today. North America was partly covered by an epicontinental inland sea, and half of Britain was under water. One account goes as follows: "During the Late Cretaceous (94–64 mya) sea level was up to 650 metres higher than at the start of the Albian, when it was perhaps about the same as it is today... The peak transgressions (sea levels) can be seen world-wide. There were rises of sea level of about 10–90 metres per m.y."

In the Upper Cretaceous, chalk, a type of limestone, was laid down in warm shallow seas. Chalk is 95% to 99% made up of coccoliths, the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) plates which tiny single-celled algae (coccolithophorids) produce.
At its end came the famous meteorite strike which, with the volcanic flood basalts spewed out in the Deccan Plateau (India), ended so many of the dominant life-forms: see K/T extinction event.

References

Cretaceous


Aornos () was the site of Alexander the Great's last siege, which took place on April 326 BC, at a mountain site located in modern Pakistan. Aornos offered the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which stretched, dangerously vulnerable, over the Hindu Kush back to Balkh, though Arrian (although disbelieving himself of this story) credits Alexander's desire to outdo his kinsman Heracles, who allegedly had proved unable to take a fort that the Macedonians called Ἄορνος Aornos (according to Arrian and Diodorus; Aornis according to Curtius; elsewhere Aornus): meaning "birdless" in Greek. According to one theory, the name is a corruption of an Indo-Iranian word, such as *awarana "fortified place". According to Arrian, the rock had a flat summit well-supplied with natural springs and wide enough to grow crops: it could not be starved into submission. Neighboring tribesmen who surrendered to Alexander offered to lead him to the best point of access.

The geographer Aurel Stein suggested that Aornos was located on Pir Sar – a mountain spur above narrow gorges in a bend of the upper Indus River, just to the west of Thakot in the Pakistani Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. However, the Indologist Giuseppe Tucci has instead proposed a site at the summit of Elum Ghar (Mount Ilam), a site significant in Hinduism, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Ptolemy and Alexander's secretary Myllinas (rather than the famous Eumenes), reconnoitered and reinforced a neighboring spur to the west with a stockade and ditch. His signal fire to Alexander also alerted the defenders of Pir-Sar, and it took two days of skirmishing in the narrow ravines for Alexander to regroup. At the vulnerable north side leading to the fort, Alexander and his catapults were stopped by a deep ravine. To bring the siege engines within reach, an earthwork mound was constructed to bridge the ravine with carpentry, brush, and earth. The first day's work brought the siege mound  closer, but as the sides of the ravine fell away steeply below, progress rapidly slowed; nevertheless, at the end of the third day, a low hill connected to the nearest tip of Pir-Sar was within reach and was taken. Afterwards, Alexander in the vanguard and his first force were repelled by boulders rolled down from above. Three days of drumbeats marked the defenders' celebration of the initial repulse, followed by a surprise retreat. Alexander hauled himself up the last rockface on a rope. Alexander cleared the summit, slaying some fugitives (Lane Fox), inflated by Arrian to a massacre, and erected altars to Athena Nike, Athena of Victory, traces of which were identified by Stein.

Alexander was now free to pursue his journey into Punjab. The devastating Battle of the Hydaspes River lay in the future.

Notes

References
Lane Fox, Robin. Alexander the Great. Penguin, 1973,

Arrian, Anabasis IV chapters 28.1–30.4 (in French)

Battles of Alexander the Great
History of Pakistan
Sieges of antiquity

Aornos


The Bayfield Peninsula is a peninsula on Lake Superior.  It is located in Bayfield County, Wisconsin USA.  It is the northernmost region of mainland Wisconsin, with the south shore of Lake Superior to the west and the Chequamegon Bay to the east.  The peninsula is part of the Lake Superior Lowland, though the interior southeast of Cornucopia and west of Bayfield has some higher ground including Pratt's Peak, Bayfield County's second-highest point.  Highway 13 runs around the peninsula along the Superior shoreline.  The communities of Port Wing, Herbster, Cornucopia, Red Cliff, Bayfield, Washburn, and Ashland lie on this stretch of highway.  The interior of the peninsula is mostly the northern end of the Chequamegon National Forest, an area of jackpine growth known as the Moquah Barrens.  The Apostle Islands surround the end of the peninsula.

Notes

Landforms of Bayfield County, Wisconsin
Peninsulas of Wisconsin

Bayfield Peninsula


South Holland is a province in the west of the Netherlands. It is called Zuid-Holland in Dutch. It is surrounded by the North Sea and the provinces North Holland, Utrecht, Gelderland, North Brabant, and Zeeland. About 3,726,000 people are living in South Holland (2021).

Cities
The biggest cities are Rotterdam and The Hague. The Hague is the capital of the province. The Hague is also the administrative capital of the Netherlands. That means that the parliament is there.

Rotterdam has the largest port of Europe. Leiden, Gouda, and Delft have town centers with many old buildings. Zoetermeer is a quite new city. Most of it was built in the 1970s. Another important city is Dordrecht.

Landscapes
In South Holland there are some typical Dutch landscapes. Near Leiden there is a region that is known as the Bollenstreek ("bulb district"). In springtime many large fields with flowers can be found here. These fields are called bulb fields. Near Rotterdam there is a small village called Kinderdijk with 19 windmills near each other.

The area south of The Hague is called Westland. Here are many greenhouses.

Islands
The south of the province has many islands. The largest of them are Voorne-Putten, Goeree-Overflakkee, IJsselmonde, the Hoeksche Waard and the island of Dordrecht. These big islands are connected by bridges and/or tunnels.

Water resources
The most important rivers and other bodies of waters are Nieuwe Maas, Nieuwe Waterweg, Oude Maas, Haringvliet, and Hollands Diep.

Other websites
 Plaatsengids.nl

South Holland


Lancelot (Launcelot) Bulkeley (1568? – 8 September 1650) was a Welsh Archbishop of Dublin and member of the Privy Council of Ireland.

Life
He was the eleventh and youngest son of Sir Richard Bulkeley of Beaumaris and Cheadle, but the eldest by his second wife, Agnes, daughter of Thomas Needham of Stenton. He was thus half-brother of Sir Richard Bulkeley. His parents' marriage was unhappy: his mother was unfaithful to his father, and his father's sudden death led to an accusation by his brother that she had murdered him (she was tried for murder but acquitted). He entered at the beginning of 1587, as a commoner, Brasenose College, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A.; he afterwards moved to St. Edmund Hall, where he took his M.A. degree in 1593. On 13 November of the same year he was ordained deacon by Hugh Bellot, bishop of Bangor.

Some years later he became Archdeacon of Dublin, and he was promoted to its see in 1619. Subsequently, he was named by James I a member of the Privy Council. He revived the controversy regarding the primacy of Ireland, and on the question being submitted to Thomas Wentworth, Lord Deputy of Ireland, the precedency was given to the Archbishop of Armagh. At Christmas 1628 he was involved in an unsuccessful attempt to prohibit the public celebration of the Roman Catholic Mass. When the news reached the city there was a large scale riot, and a mob stoned Bulkeley, who had to seek refuge in a private house; to his outrage, Dublin Corporation refused to take any steps to assist him and refused entry to the town to the troops sent by the Crown to quell the riot.

In 1630 he complained about the activities of Saint Anne's Guild, the leading religious guild in medieval Dublin. Based in St. Audoen's Church, it was still in effect a Roman Catholic body. Bulkeley complained that the guild "hath swallowed upp the Church's means."

Bulkeley was one of the Council who in 1646 issued a proclamation confirming the peace treaty concluded in that month between the Marquis of Ormonde and the Roman Catholics. On 8 March 1649, it was decreed that all honours, castles, etc. belonging to the archbishopric of Dublin should be vested in General Henry Ireton, president of Munster, and Bulkeley was committed to prison for resisting the act passed by the English Parliament in 1647, prohibiting the use of the Book of Common Prayer.

The archbishop died at Tallaght on 8 September 1650, in his eighty-second year, and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin under the communion table.

He was the author of a pamphlet, Proposals for sending back the Nobility and Gentry of Ireland.

Marriage & children
By his wife Alice, daughter of Roland Bulkeley of Conwy, he had at least seven children: William (Archdeacon of Dublin), Richard, Margaret, Alice, Dorothy, Mary and Grizel. William was the father of Sir Richard Bulkeley, 1st Baronet. Grizel married Ambrose Aungier: two of their sons held the title Earl of Longford.

References

1568 births
1650 deaths
16th-century Irish Anglican priests
16th-century Anglican bishops in Ireland
Anglican archbishops of Dublin
People of Elizabethan Ireland
Launcelot
17th-century Anglican archbishops
Archdeacons of Dublin
British expatriate archbishops
People from Beaumaris

Lancelot Bulkeley


Jestina Mukoko is a Zimbabwean human rights activist and the director of the Zimbabwe Peace Project. She is a journalist by training and a former newsreader with the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation.

In March 2010 Mukoko was one of ten human rights defenders honoured in the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Awards to women who have shown exceptional courage and leadership in advancing women's rights. She was also selected and served as the 2010 fellow with the Oak Institute for the Study of International Human Rights at Colby College.

Abduction and detention
On 3 December 2008 Mukoko was abducted during the night from her home north of Harare. Dumisani Muleya of Business Day reported that she had been "abducted by suspected state agents for allegedly being involved in plans for anti government demonstrations."

She subsequently told The Independent that she was taken away for interrogation about her NGO, the Peace Project, then accused of recruiting youths for military training with the opposition Movement for Democratic Change. She was beaten on the soles of her feet with rubber truncheons (allegedly a favourite torture instrument of the regime in Zimbabwe because they leave no marks likely to be visible at later court appearances).

After three days she was handed over to another group of interrogators who claimed they were "law and order" officials.  She was threatened with "extinction" if she chose not to be a witness to the alleged cases of military training.

Prominent world figures including Gordon Brown and Condoleezza Rice demanded her release. The so-called "Group of Elders", including Jimmy Carter, Kofi Annan and Graça Machel, who at the time were being refused admission to Zimbabwe, made an appeal for Mukoko's release at a news conference in South Africa.

The Zimbabwe High Court ordered the Zimbabwe Republic Police to look for Mukoko.  The order was ignored by the police who denied knowledge of her whereabouts.

Meanwhile, Mukoko had been forced to kneel on gravel for hours while being interrogated in an attempt to force her to sign a statement that she had recruited an ex-policeman to the supposed plot. Her medical condition deteriorated and she was eventually given medicine to treat serious allergies. She was forced to read statements to camera and pressured to admit links to the former policeman Fidelis Mudimu. She overheard someone say they were at the King George VI Barracks outside Harare.

She was eventually told that she and another abductee, her colleague, Broderick Takawera, were in police custody. She was moved around between different police stations and forced to accompany police on searches of her home and office.

On 24 December the state-run Herald newspaper reported that Mukoko had appeared in court in Harare on charges of attempting to recruit people for military training to try to overthrow the government.  She had not been able to consult with lawyers.  She appeared in court with seven other abductees, including a 72-year-old man and a two-year-old boy whose father and mother, Violet Mupfuranhehwe and Collen Mutemagawo, were also in detention.

In March 2009, three months after her abduction, Mukoko was released on bail. Her bail conditions required her to report to her local police station in Norton on a weekly basis and surrender her passport.

On 21 September 2009 the Zimbabwe Supreme Court ordered a permanent stay of criminal proceedings against Mukoko. Amnesty International welcomed the decision, commenting that the charges were widely believed to have been trumped up by the Mugabe government as part of a wider strategy to silence perceived political opponents. Under the umbrella of the German parliaments' godparenthood program for human rights activists, German politician Marina Schuster has been raising awareness for Mukoko's work.

References

External links
Jestina Mukoko Freedom Collection interview

Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Zimbabwean journalists
Zimbabwean women journalists
Zimbabwean human rights activists
Women human rights activists
Zimbabwean prisoners and detainees
Zimbabwean torture victims
Zimbabwean television presenters
Zimbabwean women television presenters
Kidnapped Zimbabwean people
Kidnappings in Zimbabwe
21st-century Zimbabwean writers
Recipients of the International Women of Courage Award
Violence against women in Zimbabwe

Jestina Mukoko


Surah An-Nisa ( Arabic: سورة النساء, Sūratu an-Nisā, meaning "female") is the fourth surah of the Muslim religious book, the Qur'an , with 176 verses and 24 ruku's. Surah An-Nisa has been revealed in Medina . This surah talks about how Muslims should lead their lives and stay united.

Time and content of the revelation
This Surah is the sum of several speeches. Probably from the end of the third Hijri to the end of the fourth Hijri or from the beginning of the fifth Hijri, different parts of it were revealed at different times. Although it is not possible to say exactly from which verse to which verse a revelation was included in a speech and what was the time of its revelation, some provisions and events have been pointed out somewhere to help us know the date of their revelation from tradition. . So with the help of these we can point out a general limit of these speeches containing these provisions and hints.

As we know, the provisions regarding the distribution of inheritance and the rights of orphans were revealed after the battle of Uhud. Then seventy Muslims were martyred. As a result of this incident, the question arose as to how the inheritance of the martyrs would be distributed in different houses of the small settlements of Medina and how the interests of the orphans they had left would be preserved. On the basis of this, we can assume that the first four verses, and the first three verses of the fifth verse will have been revealed at this time.

We find in the hadith the tradition of reciting the prayer of fear (praying while fighting) in the battle of Jatur Rika. This battle took place in the fourth Hijri. So it can be inferred here that the speech (15 Ruku) in which the rules of prayer have been explained will have been revealed in the near future.

Bani Nadir was expelled from Medina in the month of Rabiul Awwal of the fourth Hijri. Therefore, the last warning given to the Jews in this speech, "Believe me before I disfigure your face," can be presumed to have been revealed at a very near time.

Tayammum was allowed due to lack of water during the battle of Banil Mustaliq. And this battle took place in the fifth Hijri. Therefore, it should be remembered that the speech in which (7th Ruku) mentioned Tayammum was revealed at that time.

Other websites

 "Qur'anic Verses (4: 94-100, 100-105)" is a digitized manuscript of an-Nisā, dating from the 12th century, from the World Digital Library
 Quran 4 Clear Quran translation
 Q4:126, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com

Chapters in the Quran

Reference

An-Nisa


Hubble (also known as Hubble 3D, IMAX: Hubble, or IMAX: Hubble 3D) is a 2010 American documentary film about Space Shuttle missions to repair and upgrade the Hubble Space Telescope. It is narrated by the actor Leonardo DiCaprio.

Content
Hubble 3D is an IMAX and Warner Bros. Pictures production, in cooperation with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The film reunites the 2002 documentary Space Station 3D film making team, led by producer/director Toni Myers. Hubble 3D opened at IMAX and IMAX 3D theaters on March 19, 2010.

The film takes the viewer past Saturn's aurora, the Helix Nebula in the constellation of Aquarius, the Pillars of Creation in the Eagle Nebula, the Andromeda Galaxy, and the Butterfly Nebula. The HST has provided data and imagery so detailed that scientists and film technicians have been able to put viewers "inside" the images during two extended CGI fly-throughs. In one sequence, gaseous clouds billow while million-mile-an-hour stellar winds blow through a cloud canyon in the Orion Nebula some 90 trillion miles across. These data-driven animations were created by the Office of Public Outreach at the Space Telescope Science Institute and the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.

Filming
Footage seen within the movie was compiled from multiple sources, including IMAX cameras taken into space on Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Missions by the Space Shuttle. This allowed the camera to shoot footage of the satellite close-up and during maintenance. IMAX cameras were taken to the Hubble Space Telescope on STS-61 (Servicing Mission 1 in December 1993) and on STS-125 (Servicing Mission 4 in May 2009) which carried an IMAX 3D camera. The IMAX 3D camera contained a mile of film, though this allowed for only 8 minutes 30 seconds of footage to be recorded.

Critical reception
The film has received positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 86% of critics have given the film a positive review, based on 37 reviews, giving the film a positive review. The site's consensus reads "Offering a stunning, expansive viewing experience, Hubble 3D takes advantage of IMAX and 3-D technology like no other film." Review aggregation website Metacritic reports a score of 79 out of 100 from 13 critical reviews, indicating 'generally favorable reviews.'

New York Times critic Neil Genzlinger largely concurred, but added "... such ponderous, cliché-heavy narration. Leonardo DiCaprio delivers it, which might lead you to expect something moderately hip; instead it's that same old leaden drone, which back when space flight was new perhaps conveyed suitable awe but these days just makes you feel as if you're in a junior-high civics class."

References

External links

 Hubble's Last Visit To Be Relived in 3-D

2010 films
Documentary films about the space program of the United States
Hubble Space Telescope
IMAX short films
Warner Bros. films
2010 3D films
American documentary films
2010 documentary films
American 3D films
3D short films
Films directed by Toni Myers
IMAX documentary films
Documentary films about outer space
Films scored by Maribeth Solomon
Films scored by Micky Erbe
3D documentary films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language documentary films

Hubble (film)


Narcotizing dysfunction is a theory that as mass media inundates people on a particular issue, they become apathetic to it, substituting knowledge for action. It is suggested that the vast supply of communication Americans receive may elicit only a superficial concern with the problems of society. This would result in real societal action being neglected, while superficiality covers up mass apathy. Thus, it is termed "dysfunctional" as it indicates the inherent dysfunction of both mass media and social media during controversial incidents and events. The theory assumes that it is not in the best interests of people to form a social mass that is politically apathetic and inert. The term narcotizing dysfunction was identified in the article "Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action", by Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and Robert K. Merton.

Mass media's overwhelming flow of information has caused the populace to become passive in their social activism. Because the individual is assailed with information about a huge range of issues and problems, and they are knowledgeable about or able to discuss these issues, they believe they are helping to resolve these issues. As more time is spent educating oneself on current issues, there is a decrease in time available to take organized social action. Courses of action may be discussed, but they are rather internalized and rarely come to fruition. In short, people have unwittingly substituted knowledge for action. People's consciences are clear, as they think they have done something to address the issue. However, being informed and concerned is not a replacement for action. Even though there are increasing numbers of political messages, information, and advertisements available through traditional media and online media, political participation continues to decline. People pay close attention to the media, but there is an overexposure of messages that can get confusing and contradictory so people do not get involved in the political process.

History
The term "narcotizing dysfunction" gained popularity from its use in the 1946 article "Mass Communication, Popular Taste, and Organized Social Action", by Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton. Along with the status conferral function (i.e., mass media bestow prestige and enhance the authority of individuals and groups by legitimizing their status) and the reaffirmation of social norms function (i.e., mass media enforce social norms by exposing deviations from these norms to public view), they spotted a third social significance of mass media that had gone largely unnoticed: a narcotizing effect making the masses of the population politically inert.
The expression condenses three principles:the first supposition is that informational excess could lead to a tragic numbness and social detachment. It has to do with the social risks associated with technology use, namely, the threat of desensitizing the individual's awareness by means of a surplus of means of communication. The second assumption relies on the assertion that to know is the same as to act. The narcotizing dysfunction draws attention to the fact that individuals tend to consider that because they are informed about a subject, they are necessarily concerned with it—as if there was a correspondence between information and political commitment. The third assumption relates to the other two: to address a problem is not necessarily to engage with it. That is, being informed is not a replacement for action. By saturating people with information, mass media could be producing exactly what it wants to prevent: ignorance, indifference, and obliviousness.

See also
 Collective identity
 Intellectualization
 Doomscrolling
 Media fatigue
 Slacktivism

Notes

References
Baran, S.;Davis, D: Mass Communication Theory (fifth edition) (Wadsworth, 2009).
Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix, and Robert King Merton. Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action. Bobbs-Merrill, College Division, 196AD.
Mateus, S. (2020). Narcotizing dysfunction. In D. Merskin (Ed.), The SAGE international encyclopedia of mass media and society (Vol. 1, pp. 1159-1161). Thousand Oaks,, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781483375519.n440

Media studies
News media manipulation
Sociological terminology

Narcotizing dysfunction


Tu'i, also spelled more simplistically Tui, is a Polynesian traditional title for tribal chiefs or princes. In translations, the highest such positions are often rendered as "king". For details, see the links below various polities. Traditionally, a Tui is an equivalent of God title. Origin of Tui is believed to be Tui Manu'a (the title given to the son of the Polynesian God Tagaloa, and therefore Tui were viewed as living Gods).

Tonga
See:
Tu'i Tonga
Tu'i Ha'atakalaua
Tu'i Kanokupolu
Tui Harris

Fiji
See House of Chiefs (Fiji)

Samoa
There are several Samoan polities and titles (several including the term Tui) in the present kingdom. On American Samoa, the paramount chief is titled Tu'i Manu'a

Wallis and Futuna
On Futuna island, see Tu`i Agaifo of Alo. There is also the Chief of Sigave; however, depending on the family, they carry the specific title of Sau?, Tamolevai, Keletaona, or Tu`i Sigave.

On `Uvea (Wallis Island), there is only the Tui `Uvea or Hau (translated by the French as king/queen; from 1858 also styled Lavelua¹).

Sources and references
WorldStatesmen- see each present country

Heads of state
Noble titles
Polynesian culture

Tu'i


Captain Sir Henry Chamberlain, 2nd Baronet (2 October 1796 – 8 September 1843) was a British Army officer of the Royal Artillery and an artist whose series of drawings of Brazil were well known in his time.

He was the second of the Chamberlain baronets, as the eldest son and heir of Sir Henry Chamberlain, 1st Baronet, a British diplomat in Brazil, and his first wife Elizabeth Harrod.

While a lieutenant of the Royal Artillery, he visited his father in Brazil in 1819–20. While there, he painted a series of views and costumes of the city and neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The University of Oxford Centre for Brazilian Studies has an album of drawings by him, done during the years 1819 and 1820, with descriptive explanations. His watercolours formed the basis of a famous album of 36 lithographs, each accompanied by a detailed explanation of the particular subject, entitled Views and Costumes of the City and Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro. He tried to illustrate the entire range of Rio de Janeiro society, including slaves working on the streets. Art critics have noted a remarkable accuracy in his depictions of cityscapes, which have allowed a reconstruction of the layout of certain places, but the people that populate them appear rather flat. Chamberlain's art has been described as showing the humour typical of 18th-century English artists like William Hogarth.

He reached the rank of captain, and served in New Zealand and Bermuda, where he died in 1843.

Chamberlain married on 11 May 1826, Harriet (died 30 April 1866), daughter of R. Mullen, lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Regiment of Foot. They had issue, including their son and heir Sir Henry Orlando Robert Chamberlain, 3rd Baronet (1828–1870).

References

1796 births
1843 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Royal Artillery officers
Painters from London
British watercolourists

Sir Henry Chamberlain, 2nd Baronet


Veerendra Basappa Patil (Kannada: ವೀರೇಂದ್ರ ಪಾಟೀಲ್; 28 February 1924 – 14 March 1997) was a senior Indian politician and was twice, the Chief Minister of Karnataka. He became Chief Minister for the first time from 1968–1971 and the second time was almost 18 years later, from 1989–1990.

Biography
Born in a middle-class family in Chincholi in Kalaburagi district, Patil belonged to the dominant Banajiga Lingayat community. He was first made a Deputy minister for Home in the S. Nijalingappa government in 1957. He was elected several times from Chincholi assembly constituency of Gulbarga district to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. In his youth, Patil teamed up with Ramakrishna Hegde and took control of the Congress organisation in the state. Being young and charismatic ministers in Nijalingappa cabinet, they both were referred as 'Lava-Kusha'. When he moved to federal politics, Nijalingappa chose Patil as his successor.

Patil's first innings as Chief minister lasted 33 months and 10 days. His control over the state administration dispelled the impression that he was just a dummy for his mentor, Nijalingappa, then the president of the All India Congress Committee.

It was during his tenure that the century-old Cauvery water dispute gained ground as Tamil Nadu objected to the irrigation projects in the Cauvery basin. Patil went ahead with the projects even though the Central Water Commission refused to clear them, to protect the interests of the farmers of the south Karnataka region who were heavily dependent on irrigation from Cauvery. Also, It was he who promoted the Karnataka Power Corporation and separated the state electricity board from the responsibility of generating power.

However, Patil was also charged with favouring his Lingayat (Banajiga) community. After the Congress split in 1969, Patil's Congress (O) party remained in power in the state until 1971 and crashed to a dismal defeat in the state assembly election in 1972 at the hands of Congress (I).

Later, Patil returned to the hub of state politics as chief of the Janata Party's Karnataka state unit. He sacrified in the 1978 Lok Sabha by-election in Chikmagalur which featured Indira Gandhi in the fray. Through the often acrimonious campaign, Patil, who was the candidate of the Janata Party, refused to indulge in personal attacks on Indira Gandhi. The same year, he lost his Rajya Sabha seat to Hegde. When he lost the state Janata Party presidency to H.D. Deve Gowda, Patil moved over to Indira Gandhi's Congress-I.

The twin defections of Veerendra Patil in Karnataka & Hitendra Desai in Gujarat turned around the fortunes of Congress(I), which otherwise had a spate of allegations against it. Winning election to the Lok Sabha from Bagalkot, he became Union Labour and Petroleum minister. However, he was later dropped from the Cabinet.

He won Gulbarga seat in 1984 Indian general elections by defeating Vidyadhar Guruji, a former MLA from Gurmitkal.

With none of the state congress leaders able to draw the masses, the state leadership fell onto Veerendra Patil's shoulders. As state party chief in Rajiv Gandhi's time, Patil reinvigorated the Congress in the state. The anti incumbency wave and the split in the Janata party resulted in a landslide victory for the Congress in November 1989. Veerendra Patil had led the election campaign on twin promises: Water & Transport facility to every village. Congress won 178 out of 224 MLA seats, which is its largest victory to-date (2020).

With fiscal deficit reigning high & diminishing returns, Veerendra Patil took charge at a difficult time.  He appointed M. Rajasekara Murthy as finance minister. The duo attacked the seconds liquor lobby by hiking the export duty by 10 times, from 2% to 20%. This had the dual-effect of reducing seconds-liquor consumption and also boosting the revenue of state government. It is to Patil's credit that he summoned the courage to take on the liquor lobby, at the risk of angering many benefactors of his party. He stuck to the line that his duty was first to the state and then, next to his party. This honesty proved dearly to him, though he became widely popular among the woman-folk of the state.

His efforts to streamline the administration and stem the rot in the secretariat was acclaimed by many.  However, in October 1990 communal riots broke out in some parts of the state due to newly emerged BJP's rath yatras and communal politics. He was removed by the then Congress President Rajiv Gandhi and succeeded by Sarekoppa Bangarappa.

Patil never recouped after this incident. His health failed him and he decided against contesting the 1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. Congress lost miserably and could not even become the main opposition party in that election.

He died on 14 March 1997 in Bangalore.

References

1924 births
1997 deaths
People from Kalaburagi district
Chief Ministers of Karnataka
Rajya Sabha members from Karnataka
India MPs 1980–1984
India MPs 1984–1989
Lok Sabha members from Karnataka
Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress (Organisation)
Commerce and Industry Ministers of India
Mysore MLAs 1957–1962
Mysore MLAs 1962–1967
Karnataka MLAs 1989–1994
Janata Party politicians
Hyderabad MLAs 1952–1957

Veerendra Patil


San Sebastiano in Vallepiatta is an ancient church next to Piazzeta della Selva in Siena, Italy. It is located in the Contrada della Selva.

Church construction began in 1492 and completed in 1656, under the patronage of the guild of weavers (Tessitori). The interior is frescoed by 16th century painters, depicting Dream of St Irene by Stefano Volpi, a Glory of St Sebastian and a Virtue and Angels by Sebastiano Folli, a Stories of St Sebastian by Pietro Sorri and Rutilio Manetti. On the main altar there is a Spoliation of Christ by Luigi Ademollo, and a 15th-century Crucifix, which legend holds was donated to the Compagnia di San Giovanni Battista della Morte (Company of St John the Baptist of the Death) by St Bernard himself.

Built in the shape of a Greek cross, it has a cupola with a cylindrical tambor. The design is attributed to Francesco di Giorgio Martini. Most of the brick façade has only a sliver of a cornice with architrave in travertine marble,  added in 1545–1550. The interior was frescoed in the 16th century by Giovanni Paolo Pisani, Raffaello Vanni, and Astolfo Petrazzi. The main altarpiece is a bas-relief in stucco and terracotta depicting the venerated Madonna della Selva, and is attributed to Francesco di Giorgio Martini.

Sources

 Rete Toscana Luoghi della Fede.
 The Medici, Michelangelo, and the Art of Late Renaissance Florence

Sebastiano in Vallepiatta
15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1656
1656 establishments in the Grandy Duchy of Tuscany

San Sebastiano in Vallepiatta, Siena


Degrees of freedom refers to the maximum number of logically independent values, which are values that have the freedom to vary, in the data sample.

Understanding Degrees of Freedom
The easiest way to understand degrees of freedom conceptually is through an example:

 Consider a data sample consisting of, for the sake of simplicity, five positive integers. The values could be any number with no known relationship between them. This data sample would, theoretically, have five degrees of freedom.
 Four of the numbers in the sample are {3, 8, 5, and 4} and the average of the entire data sample is revealed to be 6.
 This must mean that the fifth number has to be 10. It can be nothing else. It does not have the freedom to vary.
 So the degrees of freedom for this data sample is 4.

The formula for degrees of freedom equals the size of the data sample minus one:
Df=N−1
where:

Df=degrees of freedom

N=sample size

Degrees of freedom are commonly discussed in relation to various forms of hypothesis testing in statistics, such as a chi-square. It is essential to calculate degrees of freedom when trying to understand the importance of a chi-square statistic and the validity of the null hypothesis.

Chi-Square Tests
There are two different kinds of chi-square tests: the test of independence, which asks a question of relationship, such as, "Is there a relationship between gender and SAT scores?"; and the goodness-of-fit test, which asks something like "If a coin is tossed 100 times, will it come up heads 50 times and tails 50 times?"

For these tests, degrees of freedom are utilized to determine if a certain null hypothesis can be rejected based on the total number of variables and samples within the experiment. For example, when considering students and course choice, a sample size of 30 or 40 students is likely not large enough to generate significant data. Getting the same or similar results from a study using a sample size of 400 or 500 students is more valid.

History
The earliest and most basic concept of degrees of freedom was noted in the early 1800s, intertwined in the works of mathematician and astronomer Carl Friedrich Gauss. The modern usage and understanding of the term were expounded upon first by William Sealy Gosset, an English statistician, in his article "The Probable Error of a Mean," published in Biometrika in 1908 under a pen name to preserve his anonymity.1

In his writings, Gosset did not specifically use the term "degrees of freedom." He did, however, give an explanation for the concept throughout the course of developing what would eventually be known as Student's T-distribution. The actual term was not made popular until 1922. English biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher began using the term "degrees of freedom" when he started publishing reports and data on his work developing chi-squares.

Statistics

Degrees of freedom (statistics)


Philip Edmund Stanley Finney OBE (11 December 1904 – 1980) was a police officer who served in the Indian Police Service and the British and Indian military intelligence.

Finney was born on 11 December 1904 in Hulme, Manchester and was educated at St. John's School in Surrey. Finney passed the Indian Police Service examination and joined the British Bengal Police in 1924. He was trained at Police Training College in Rajshahi, (now the Bangladesh Police Academy) and served in different districts of Bengal (now Bangladesh and West Bengal) and in the Special Branch of Calcutta Police in 1939–40. During the Second World War, Finney worked in Military Intelligence in the United Kingdom and in British India. He returned from India in 1947.

He was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1934 and was the leader of the British Indian Police contingent to the coronation of King George VI in London. After returning from India he spent eleven years in business in the United Kingdom and then six years in Central Africa as head of the Special Branch of the Nyasaland Police. He married Noel Montgomery and had two daughters and one son. He died in 1980. His book Just My Luck: Memoirs of a Police Officer of the Raj was published by The University Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 2000.

References

Military intelligence
1904 births
1980 deaths
Indian Police Service officers in British India
People from Hulme
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British people in colonial India

P. E. S. Finney