Mohammad Hashem Zamani ( - born 1928 - June 10, 2005), was a prominent Afghan poet.

Biography
Mohammad Hashem was born in 1928 in the village of Lamattak, Kunar, Afghanistan to the Mir Zaman Khan, who fought in the Third Anglo-Afghan War and was a general during King Amanullah Khan's regime.

Hashem Zamani obtained his primary education at the local mosque. He was 16 when, together with more than 100 family members, was imprisoned at Deh Mazang prison in Kabul, under the pretext of "political imprisonment".

While in prison, he met with and was influenced by the presence of prominent personalities of the time, for instance, Yaqub Khan Ghond Mashar, Sarwar Joya, Dr Mahmoodi and Ferqa Mashar Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi along with his family. Mohammad Hashem spent 13 years of his life in Deh Mazang prison, where he witnessed the demise of 28 members of his family due to various diseases and malnourishment. After 13 years of imprisonment, Zamani and his family were exiled in Herat for a further eight years.

He took part in the Grand Assembly convened during the presidency of Mohammed Daoud Khan as the representative of the people of Kunar.

Due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979, Mohammad Hashem took refuge in Peshawar, Pakistan. He traveled extensively and participated in many different international conferences and gatherings. In 1987, Zamani migrated to the United States and settled in the Bay Area of San Francisco, California.

In the face of chronic ill health due to a second heart attack, and a stroke suffered in 1990 that paralyzed one half of his body, Mohammad Hashim continued his writings. He wrote the second part of "Scattered Flowers" and "The Injured Heart collection" as well as published 'Zindani Khaaterat". He was working through to the last night of his life on the second volume of his book which is currently being published, "Da Pohenay Inqilab",(or The Revolution of Consciousness).

Mohammad Hashem Zamani died due to a heart attack on 10 June 2005, in Hayward, California at the age of 76. His body was transferred to Afghanistan and buried in his native Kunar Province.

Academic life
Mohammad Hashem wrote his initial poems in prison, assembled in the collection known as Zendani Ehsas, or The Emotion of Prison. His poems, articles and creative pieces have been extensively published in various prominent Afghan publications such as Anees, Hewad, Islah, Wranga, Sistan, Tolo-i- Afghan, Baidaar and Etifaqi-Islam.

Qutbi Khers, or Polar Bear, was Zamani's first book of the Soviet-Afghan War era. The book has been translated into English, and some portions also into French, Italian and Spanish.

Published books
 Zendani Ehsaas - (زندانى احساس)
 Zendani Khaterat - (زنداني خاطرات)
 Qutbi Khirs - (قطبي خرس)
 Loya Qurbani - (لويه قرباني)
 Sarey Khwara Bala - (سړي خوړه بلا)
 Loya Qurbani 2 Took - (لويه قرباني ٢ ټوک)
 Khwara Golona - (خواره گلونه)
 De Azadi Armaan - (دآزادۍ آرمان)
 Rosey Khamaar - (روسي ښامار)
 Zakhmey Zra - (زخمي زړه)

References

1928 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Afghan poets
20th-century male writers
Male poets
Pashto-language poets
Pashtun writers

Mohammad Hashem Zamani


Saint Joseph's Day is a Catholic festival to remember Joseph, the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is on March 19. It is also Father's Day in Spain, Portugal and Italy. Some churches outside the Roman Catholic Church also remember Joseph on this day.

Christian holidays

Saint Joseph's Day


Norbert Brainin (March 12, 1923 in Vienna – April 10 2005 in London) was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most famous string quartets.

Because of Brainin's Jewish origin, he was driven out of Vienna after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938, as were the violinist Siegmund Nissel and violist Peter Schidlof. Brainin and Schidlof met in a British internment camp.  Like many Jewish refugees who came to the UK for safety, they became "aliens" and were kept in confinement.

Brainin was made free after a few months, but Schidlof stayed in the camp, where he met Nissel. Finally Schidlof and Nissel were freed, and the three of them were able to study with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. It was through Rostal that they met cellist Martin Lovett, and in 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet, which was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948.

The Amadeus was one of the best-known quartets of the 20th Century, and its members were given many honours, including:

The Order of the British Empire, presented by the Queen.
Doctorates from the Universities of London, York, and Caracas.
The highest of all German awards, the Grand Cross of Merit.
The Austrian Cross of Honour for Arts and Sciences.

The quartet stopped playing together in 1987 after Schidlof died, because the others thought that no other violist would fit in to the group so well.  Norbert Brainin continued to perform as a soloist, often performing with pianist Günter Ludwig.

His instruments included the "Rode" Guarnerius del Gesu of 1734, the "Chaconne" Stradivarius of 1725 and the "Gibson" Stradivarius of 1713.

Other websites
 Martin Lovett remembering Norbert Brainin

1923 births
2005 deaths
Austrian Jews
British violinists
Jewish British musicians
Musicians from Vienna
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Refugees from Nazism

Norbert Brainin


Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan (), also known as Yerevan Komitas State Conservatory (YKSC) or Yerevan State Conservatory (YSC), is a state-owned college of music located in Yerevan, Armenia. The institute was founded in 1921 as a music studio. In 1923, it was turned into a higher musical education institution. It is named after Komitas, the founder of the Armenian national school of music.

Student Council
The Student Council is self-governed and is formed of students from different study years, who are chosen in the faculty student meetings. The chairman is chosen by the council members. The Student Council is aimed to defend students' interests, help them to solve their social and life problems and organize their free time. The council provides financial aid, nominal scholarships and removes the study fee fully or partially. The chairman of the council is co-opted to the YSC Rectorate. The students also delegate 25% of the Student Council staff to the Big Council of the YSC.

Orchestra
The YSC has a permanent student symphony orchestra, chamber, and folk instruments orchestras, folklore choir and different chamber ensembles: trios, quartets, a wind sextet, etc.

The Opera Studio with its symphony orchestra and choir is situated in one of the YSC buildings. The Studio has at its disposal the Big Hall with theater stage (275 seats), where the studio participants, both teachers and students: producers, conductors, orchestra musicians and choir singers, stage the operas. All the vocal parts in these operas are performed by the students of the Vocal Department.

There are also three small concert halls in the Conservatory (80-100 seats in each one). They are used for the academic evenings, solo, class, faculty or jubilee recitals, annual session of the Top Student Society, student formal and informal meetings and "skills".

Rectors
Romanos Melikyan (1923-1924)
Arshak Adamian (1924-1926)
Anushavan Ter-Ghevondyan (1926-1930)
Spiridon Melikyan (1930-1931)
Snar Snarian (1931-1932)
Georgiy Hovhannisyan (1932-1933)
Vardan Samvelyan (1933-1936)
Konstantin Saradzhev (1936-1937)
Samson Gasparyan (1937-1940)
Konstantin Saradzhev (1947-1954)
Grigor Yeghiazaryan (1954-1960)
Ghazaros Saryan (1960-1986)
Edgar Hovhannisyan (1986-1992)
Tigran Mansurian (1992-1995)
Armen Smbatian (1995-2002)
Sergey Sarajyan (2002-2011)
Shahen Shahinyan (2011-2018)
Sona Hovhannisyan (2018-)

Notable alumni

Vartan Adjemian
Tatul Altunyan
Robert Amirkhanyan
Vahan Artsruni
Alexander Arutiunian
Anzhela Atabekyan
Khachatur Avetisyan
Mikael Avetisyan
Arno Babajanian
Vahram Babayan
Ani Batikian
Tsolak Bekaryan
Raffi Besalyan
Levon Chaushian
Geghuni Chitchian
Gevorg Dabaghyan
Arsen Grigoryan (Mro)
Tigran Hekekyan
Gagik Hovunts
David Khanjyan
Tigran Mansurian
Armen Martirosyan
Tigran Maytesian
Edvard Mirzoyan
Armen Movsessian
Iveta Mukuchyan
Svetlana Navasardyan
Hasmik Papian
Konstantin Petrossian
Tovmas Poghosyan
Heghine Rapyan
Stepan Rostomyan
Vardan Sardaryan
Gevorg Sargsyan
Ghazaros Saryan
Aram Satian
Regina Gurgenyan
David Satian
Vache Sharafyan
Gerard Jirayr Svazlian
Eduard Topchjan
Ara Torosyan
Anahit Tsitsikian
Julietta Vardanyan
William Weiner
Varduhi Yeritsyan
Samvel Yervinyan
Lusine Zakaryan
Mary Movsisyan
Tigran Mkrtchyan
 Vahagn Papayan
 Anahit Papayan

See also
 Sayat-Nova Music School

References

External links
 Yerevan State Musical Conservatory (YSC) official site

Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan
Universities and colleges established in 1923
Education in Yerevan
1923 establishments in the Soviet Union

Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan


Marit Allen (17 September 1941 – 26 November 2007) was an English fashion journalist and costume designer who specialized in costumes for films. She designed the costumes for several successful Hollywood films, including Mrs. Doubtfire, The Witches, Eyes Wide Shut, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Brokeback Mountain and La Vie en Rose. Her career as a film costume designer lasted over 33 years.

Early life
Allen was born on September 17, 1941, in Cheshire, England, to a Norwegian mother and an English father. She was a pupil at Adcote School, an independent girls' boarding school in Shropshire from 1951 and 1959. She then graduated from the University of Grenoble, in France.

Fashion career
Allen's career in fashion began in 1961 when she took a job as a trainee at Queen Magazine. She quickly became editor and writer for the 'About 20' young fashion section of the magazine, which she used to showcase young design talent and innovative photography. In 1964, when the editor of Queen, Beatrix Miller, went to edit British Vogue, she took Allen with her. For Vogue, Allen founded the 'Young Idea' pages which continued to champion up-and-coming innovative young designers such as John Bates and Foale and Tuffin. Allen's layouts were also original, including a spread based on the Batman comic strip in June 1966. She occasionally modeled for her own articles, and wore the designs she featured. For her 1966 wedding to the film producer Sandy Lieberson, Allen wore an ultra-modern mini-dress and coat trimmed with silver vinyl designed by John Bates. Allen remained at Vogue until 1973. She also helped to establish the bachelor's degree program in journalism at Central St. Martin's Art College in 1973.

Film career
Allen was persuaded to enter the costume-designing business for film by director Nicolas Roeg after her successful career in fashion journalism. Following her entry into costume design, Allen worked on the costumes for a number of Roeg's movies,including Don't Look Now, The Witches and Eureka.

Allen also developed a working relationship with Taiwanese film director, Ang Lee. The two collaborated to create the costumes for a number of Ang's major films, including Hulk, Brokeback Mountain and Ride with the Devil.

Allen's other noted films included La Vie En Rose (2007), for which she received her sole Oscar nomination, Love in the Time of Cholera (2007), Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988), Dead Man (1995), and Little Shop of Horrors (1986).

In addition to her Oscar nomination, Allen was honoured for her work with two Emmy nominations, as well as a Costume Designers Guild award and a BAFTA for her work on La Vie En Rose.

Death
Allen died of a brain aneurysm in Sydney, Australia, on 26 November 2007. She was 66 years old. Allen had three children; Lucy, Ben and Holly.

Allen was working with director and producer George Miller on preproduction costume designs for the never-made film Justice League: Mortal at the time of her death in 2007.

References

External links

The Guardian: Marit Allen, Former fashion editor who designed the costumes for a string of successful movies
The Telegraph: Marit Allen obituary
The Times: Marit Allen, Innovative Swinging Sixties fashion journalist who went on to become a highly esteemed costume designer for films
 Liverpool Daily Post: Marit Allen obituary
Los Angeles Times: Marit Allen: Fashionista designed costumes for top Hollywood films

1941 births
2007 deaths
Best Costume Design BAFTA Award winners
British film designers
English costume designers
English journalists
English magazine editors
English people of Norwegian descent
Women costume designers
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
People educated at Adcote School for Girls
British production designers
Women magazine editors
Women production designers
20th-century English businesspeople
Fashion journalists

Marit Allen


Tiberio Fiorilli, also spelled Fiorillo and Fiurelli (November 9, 1608 – December 7, 1694)
was an  Italian actor of  commedia dell'arte known for developing the role of Scaramouche. He was especially popular in France, where he was the director of the troupe of the Comédie-Italienne, which shared with the troupe of his friend Molière at the theatre of the Petit-Bourbon, and the theatre of the Palais-Royal.

Life
He was born in Naples, but left Italy around 1640 for unknown reasons, perhaps simply while following a troupe of actors, or to flee a political intrigue. He arrived in France under the reign of Louis XIII. His acting pleased the queen, which enabled him to attend the court.

It is said that one day, when the two-year-old Dauphin cried (the future Louis XIV), Fiorilli, as Scaramouche, made any possible sound to comfort him. He achieved this task with grimaces and tomfoolery; consequently, the Dauphin had "a need, that he had at the time, the hands and the dress of Scaramouche". Fiorilli was then ordered to visit the court every night to amuse the Dauphin, which helped the Scaramouche character become a stock figure in the theatre of the time. The character of Scaramouche became a standard role thereafter of the commedia dell'arte.

Fiorilli's style differed from other commedia dell'arte players. He abandoned the mask and used the expressiveness of his face to enhance the comedy. His large eyes and eyebrows and long nose contributed to this effect, and he wore moustaches that framed the corners of his mouth and a thin, short goatee. These practices influenced Molière, and by most accounts the two actors developed a close relationship during the years they shared the same theaters. Some critics went so far as to accuse Molière of being Scaramouche's ape. One engraving shows Molière mimicking Scaramouche's grimaces with the help of a mirror.

In the 1670s Fiorilli portrayed Scaramouche in London with great success. He was capable of deft physical farce, including dancing and acrobatics. It is reported that in his 80s he maintained the ability to simulate a kick to another actor's face.

Fiorilli died in Paris and is buried in the Église Saint-Eustache.

In literature

 , called Mezetin, wrote a "picaresque but untrustworthy biography": La Vie de Scaramouche (The Life of Scaramouche), published in Paris in 1695 and Brussels in 1699.
 Rafael Sabatini wrote a novel entitled  Scaramouche, remotely inspired by Fiorilli's life.
 A stage musical, Scaramouche - The Zany Commedia Musical, with book, lyrics and music by Stephen Lanigan-O'Keeffe, was premiered in Hoxton Hall, London, UK in 2007 and revised and restaged in 2011.  The musical is a fusion of musical theatre and commedia dell'arte practices and treats Fiorillo's life and career as a parable on celebrity culture.

Notes

Bibliography
 Banham, Martin (1995). The Cambridge Guide to the Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Campardon, Émile (1880). Les Comédiens du roi de la troupe italienne, two volumes. Paris: Berger-Levrault. View vols. 1 and 2 at Internet Archive.
 Costantini, Angelo (1695). La Vie de Scaramouche. Paris: Claude Barbin. 1695 edition (at Internet Archive); 1699 edition, Brussels (); 1876 edition (at Internet Archive), with an introduction and notes by Louis Moland. Brussels: Jules Bonassies.
 Gaines, James F. (2002). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. .
 Maupoint (1733). Biblioteque des theatres. Paris: Chez Pierre Prault. Listings at WorldCat. View at Google Books.

External links

17th-century Italian male actors
Commedia dell'arte
1608 births
1694 deaths
Burials at Saint-Eustache, Paris
Italian male stage actors
Male actors from Naples
17th-century theatre managers

Tiberio Fiorilli


Joseph Eugène Raymond-Marie Daveluy  (23 December 1926 – 1 September 2016) was a Canadian composer, organist, music educator, and arts administrator. An associate composer of the Canadian Music Centre, his compositional output consisted mainly of works for solo organ. He had an active international career as a recitalist and concert performer from 1946 through the 1990s. He held a number of church posts in Montreal, including serving as organist of St-Jean-Baptiste Church (1946–1951), Immaculée-Conception Church (1951–1954), and St-Sixte Church (1954–1959). In 1980, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada. He was married to pianist Hilda Metcalfe.

Career
Born in Victoriaville, Quebec, Daveluy was the son of organist and bandmaster Lucien Daveluy, with whom he began his initial musical studies at the age of 11. His sister Marie Daveluy had a successful career as a classical soprano. From 1939-1946 he studied music theory privately with Gabriel Cusson in Montreal and was also a pupil of organist Conrad Letendre from 1942-1948. He was awarded the Prix d'Europe in 1948 which enabled him to pursue further studies in organ performance with Hugh Giles in New York City.

Daveluy assumed charge of the large Rudolf von Beckerath organ at Saint Joseph's Oratory in Montreal from 1960 to 2002. He also served as the assistant director of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal (CMQM) from 1967–1970 and later was president of the school from 1974-1978. He also taught classes at the CMQM from 1957–1960 and from 1978-1988. He held the post of president of the Académie de musique du Québec from 1965–1971 and served as director of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Trois-Rivières from 1970-1974. He also taught organ courses periodically at McGill University from the late 1960s through the 1980s. Among his notable pupils are Pierre-Yves Asselin, Paul Crawford, Mireille Lagacé, Lucienne L'Heureux-Arel, and Rachel Laurin.

He made a memorable visit to England at the invitation of Martin Neary to give an outstanding recital and performance on the organ of Winchester Cathedral, including a lengthy extemporisation on a theme provided by Anthony Caesar.  At its conclusion, the theme was revealed to be one of the Cathedral's (rarely heard) mechanical bell tunes, played on the bells - a dramatic moment.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Canadian classical organists
Canadian composers
Canadian male composers
Canadian music educators
Male classical organists
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal
Academic staff of the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Trois-Rivières
French Quebecers
Academic staff of McGill University
Members of the Order of Canada
Musicians from Quebec
People from Victoriaville

Raymond Daveluy


The Inverclyde Line is a railwey line runnin frae Glesga Central station throu Paisley (Gilmour Street) and a series o stations tae the sooth o the River Clyde an the Firth o Clyde, terminatin at Gourock and Wemyss Bay, whaur it connects tae Caledonian MacBrayne ferry services. The line haes been in operation syne the 1840s atween Glesga and Greenock and wis the first passenger service tae follae the River Clyde tae the coast. The line wis electrified in 1967.

History
The line wis opened bi the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway on 31 Mairch 1841, an initially ran frae Brig Street railwey station in Glesga tae a terminus at Cathcart Street, Greenock (later renamed Greenock Central railwey station), wi the section atween Glesga, an Paisley Gilmour Street bein run bi the Glasgow and Paisley Jynt Railway. For the first time a railwey teuk passengers right doun the River Clyde, takin aboot ane oor whaur Clyde steamers teuk aroond twice as lang. The terminus wis a short walk frae Custom House Quay, Greenock, an the railwey wis very popular wi passengers who boarded steamers thare tae veesit holiday resorts doun the Firth o Clyde or tae commute in simmer tae thair villas aroond the shores o the firth.

On 9 Julie 1847 the railway merged wi the Caledonian Railway and became thair main outlet tae the coast. The Greenock and Wemyss Bay Railway opened its branch line on 13 May 1865 wi its trains bein operated bi the Caledonian Railway, but its steamer operations war slow tae live up tae thair promise and when in 1869 the Glasgow and South Western Railway opened its station at Princes Pier, Greenock, the Cathcart Street station wis effectively bypassed an the Caley lost tred. Thay haed been tryin for some time tae organise an extension tae Gourock, an haein gained Parliamentary approval in 1884 thay spent three years in construction which involved extensive tunnelling, an opened Gourock railway station on 1 Juin 1889. In August 1893 the Greenock and Wemyss Bay Railway amalgamated wi the Caledonian Railway.

In the 1923 grouping, the line became pairt o the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS). The line wis electrified in 1967, seiven years efter the North Clyde Lines. The electric Class 311 trains war specially biggit for the line in 1967, awtho Class 303 trains war an aa uised.

The Inverclyde line uses the same Glasgow and Paisley Jynt Railway tracks as the Ayrshire Coast Line until Paisley Gilmour Street; awtho the twa lines occupy different sets o platforms at Paisley Gilmour Street. Frae Paisley, the line heads tae Port Glesga station, efter which it branches. The main route heads throu Greenock tae Gourock, whaur it connects wi ferry services tae Dunuin and Kilcreggan. The branch heads throu the soothern suburbs o Greenock tae Wemyss Bay, whaur it connects wi ferry services tae Rothesay on the island o Bute.

For maist o the day five trains an oor operate each wey on the Glesga tae Port Glesga stretch, fower o which run tae Gourock, the ither serving the Wemyss Bay line. The latter and ane o the Gourock trains are express services stopping anly at Paisley Gilmour Street and Bishopton atween Glesga and Port Glesga, while the ither twa Gourock trains stap at aw stations. This changes in the evenings, an efter 8pm anly twa trains an oor run tae Gourock, wi the Wemyss Bay train stopping at aw stations.

Proposed link to Glasgow Airport
The Glasgow Airport Rail Link tae Glesga Airport wad hae branched off frae the Inverclyde Line near Paisley St. James station. In December 2006, the Scottish Executive gae the final go-ahead for the new link tae be biggit, houiver the project wis subsequently cancelled in September 2009.

Staundart gauge railweys in Scotland
Railwey lines in Scotland

Inverclyde Line


Vladimir Borisovich Porfiryev, , (June 26, 1899 in Vyatka, now Kirov, Russia – January 30, 1982 in Kiev) was a Russian and Ukrainian petroleum and coal geologist.

Porfiryev was one of the major proponents of the theory of the origin of Abiogenic petroleum, that is, that petroleum was formed by primordial non-biological processes rather than from the decaying remains of plant and animal life.

Early years
Vladimir Porfiryev was born to the family of the Zemstvo demographer. He graduated from 1st Vyatka Gymnasium in 1918 and then worked for the local demographic bureau. In 1919 Porfiriev as a voluntarily joined the Red Army and took part in the Russian Civil War. After demobilisation he studied at Perm University and then transferred to the Exploration Faculty of the Petrograd Mining Institute, where he graduated in 1926.

In 1924, while still a student, he started his geological and research career in the State Geological Committee, where he first worked in their West Siberia Section and then for Petroleum one (now VNIGRI).  From 1929 to 1938 he worked for as a geologist and head of the Central Asia Section at All-Union Petroleum Research Geoexploration Institute (VNIGRI), and a foreman for Central oblasts of Russian SFSR. Without defending a thesis he received a PhD and professor degree in 1937. The next year he defended a Doctor of Science dissertation in Geology and Mineralogy titled "Formation conditions of the Central Asia oil fields".  He then headed studies on hydrocarbon potential evaluation at the Institute of Geological Sciences at Kiev State University.

At the beginning of World War II he was called up for military service in the Red Army but soon was demobilized and sent to the Geological Institute at the Academic Sciences University in Tashkent, where he worked as senior researcher until 1944. Then he returned to Kiev and headed the Petroleum Department at the Institute of Geological Sciences.

Career achievements

In 1945, Porfiriev began a new phase of his career, beginning with his relocation to Lviv in the Western Ukraine. There he organized the Lviv Branch of the Institute of Geological Sciences, the Lviv Seological Society, the Physical Geology Department at Lviv State University and established the Oil and Gas Fields Geology and Exploration Department at Lviv Polytech Institute, the first Ukrainian college for petroleum engineers.

Under his guidance the Lviv Branch of the Institute of Geological Sciences became the Institute for Geology of Useful Minerals (1951), which was then transformed into Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals (1962). Prof. Porfiriev headed that institute till 1963 when he was nominated to the post of Director for Institute of Geological Sciences in Kiev. From  1970 until his retirement, he headed the Department of Geology and Genesis of Oil and Gas fields at that institute.

Vladimir Porfiriev supervised 30 PhD and 8 Doctor of Sciences candidates. His pupils include academicians G.N. Dolenko and S.I. Subbotin, Corresponding Members of the Academy V.I. Kityk and N.R. Ladyzhensky, Dr. (Chemistry) I.V. Greenberg, Drs. (Geology and Mineralogy) R.S. Kopystyansky, V.A. Krayushkin, and V.F. Linetsky.

Awards
 Corresponding Member (1951) and Academician (1957) of Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences.
 A laureate of State Award of Ukrainian SSR (1971)
  Vernadsky Award (1980)
 State orders of Labor Red Banner (1947), Lenin (1957), October Revolution (1979) and three medals.

Publications
Vladimir Porfiriev contributed to numerous scientific journals, and edited the "Reports of Academic Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR" and the "Geological Journal". He was a member of the Earth Sciences Division at the Presidium of the Academy from 1963 to 1968. He published 262 research works, including many monographs.
Articles

 Porfiriev V.B., 1930. Miut ozokerite deposit (Cheleken Island). - News GGRU, vol. 49, no. 8. - pp. 71–94 (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., 1932. Oil field of the Boya-Dag and Syrtlan-Li Mts. and problems of its exploration. Proc. NIGRI, Series B, Fasc. 11. with a map. - pp. 1–21 (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., 1933. Iodine-bromide formation waters of Turkmenia. - Moscow, Soviet Asia Press. - 79 p. (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., 1938. Oil in Tajikistan (Formation conditions). - Moscow and Leningrad, USSR Ac. Sci. Publ. - 134 p. (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., 1948. Metamorphism of carbofossils. - Lviv, Lviv Univ. Publ. - 183 p. (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B. and Linetsky V.F. Problems of oil migration. - Kharkov, Kharkov Univ. Publ. - 163 p. (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., 1959. The speech in the discussion. In: Problems of oil migration and forming of oil and gas accumulations. - Moscow, GosTopTechIzdat. - pp. 165–193 (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., 1961. On the nature of oil. Proc. Lviv Geol. Soc., no. 7-8. - p. 13-38 (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B, and Greenberg I.V., 1962. On the problem with techniques to study source rocks. In: Theoretical issues of petroleum geology. - Kiev, Ukrainian SSR Ac. Sci. Publ. - p. 5-25 (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., and Sozansky V.I., 1969. New trends for oil exploration. News of Ukrainian SSR Ac. Sci., no. 8. - pp. 32–40 (in Russian)
 Porfir'ev V.B., 1974. Inorganic origin of petroleum. - AAPG Bull., vol. 58, no. 1. - pp. 3–33
 Porfir'ev V.B., 1974. Geology and genesis of salt formations (a review on monograph by Sozansky V.I.). - AAPG Bull., vol. 58, no. 12. - pp. 2543–2544
 Porfiriev V.B., Dolenko G.N., Sollogub V.B. et al., 1975. Geological structure and development of platform areas in Ukraine and Northwest Africa in the context of hydrocarbon potential of the basement formations. - Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ. - 200 p. (in Russian)
 Porfiriev V.B., Krayushkin V.A., and Klochko V.P., 1982. Prospective trends in development of abiogenic oil concept. News of Ukrainian SSR Ac. Sci., no. 11. - pp. 38–42 (in Ukrainian)
 Porfiriev V.B., and Klochko V.P., 1982. Geological aspects of hydrocarbon productivity from the basement formations (West Siberia basin case study). In: Peculiarities of Earth's deep crust structure and theoretical substantiation of inoraganic genesis of petroleum. - Kiev, Naukova Dumka Publ. - p. 5-155 (in Russian)

Books

 Porfiriev V.B., 1987. The nature of oil, gas, and carbofossils. Selected works. Volume I: Caustobioliths, oil and coal, 224 p. and  Volume II: Abiogenic oil, 216 p. (in Russian)
 Vladimir Borisovich Porfiriev. Scientist, Geologist, Teacher, Person. P.F. Gozhyk, Ed. - Kyiv, IGS NASU Publ., 2000. - 364 p. (in Russian and English)
 Petroleum in the basement of sedimentary basins. Krayushkin V.A., Ed. - Kyiv, EKMO Publ. House, 2005. - 256 p.

See also
Abiogenic petroleum origin

References

VNIGRI
Institute of Geological Sciences, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv
Geological Faculty, Kyiv University (in Ukrainian)
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals, NAS of Ukraine, Lviv
 Subbotin Institute of Geophysics, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv

Ukrainian geologists
Russian geologists
Soviet geologists
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Perm State University alumni
1899 births
1982 deaths
People from Kirov, Kirov Oblast

Vladimir Porfiriev


Fort Arbuckle was constructed by the US Army in 1850 to counter raids by Plains Indian tribes on immigrant trains heading west to California and on the settlements of Choctaw and Chickasaw nations in Indian Territory.

Captain Randolph B. Marcy was assigned to select the site and oversee construction of the fort, named to honor the recently deceased General Matthew Arbuckle. The site was inside the boundary of the Chickasaw Nation and on the bank of the Washita River,  west and  north of the present town of Davis, Oklahoma. The overall size of the post was originally  by , allowing enough room for friendly tribes to camp under the protection of the post.

Marcy and his men constructed a rectangular fort, with barracks on opposite sides and the quartermaster and commissary facilities at opposite ends. Eventually the fort consisted of thirty buildings constructed of hewn logs, with stone chimneys.

Major William H. Emory of the First Cavalry was appointed commander of both Fort Arbuckle and Fort Washita in 1858. He found the facilities at the fort inadequate. Many of the buildings were in a poor state of repair; ordnance stores were depleted; and surplus ammunition and gunpowder had to be buried in order to be weather protected. But before the troops could remedy these faults, they received orders to build another fort, this one named Fort Cobb.

On May 3, 1861, after the Civil War broke out, Major Emory ordered the three forts under his command to be evacuated, with the troops going to Fort Leavenworth in Kansas, which supported the Union. The government of the Chickasaw Nation had already decided to support the Confederacy. Although Fort Arbuckle was briefly occupied by Confederate troops, no battle occurred in the vicinity, and it played no part in the war. After the war, the post was garrisoned by troops from the Sixth Infantry and Tenth Cavalry. The United States began to undertake campaigns against the Plains Indians west of here.

In 1868 General Philip Sheridan planned to use Fort Arbuckle as a supply depot for his campaigns against the Comanche. By the following spring, a great store of hay and grain had been brought by the river to Fort Gibson and then by wagon to Fort Arbuckle.  Sheridan sent many of his horses to the fort to be fed. Four companies of the Tenth Cavalry came to Fort Arbuckle for this purpose.

Fort Arbuckle was strategically obsolete by 1869, when Fort Sill was constructed farther west. Most of the Arbuckle garrison were sent there, after their horses had consumed the remaining supplies. The post was permanently abandoned in 1870. A single stone chimney is one of the only relics remaining of the old fort.

See also
Fort Cobb
Fort Sill
Fort Washita

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Garvin County, Oklahoma
1850 establishments in Indian Territory
1870 disestablishments in the United States
Indian Territory
Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
Arbuckle
National Register of Historic Places in Garvin County, Oklahoma

Fort Arbuckle (Oklahoma)


In Greek mythology the Hyades were nymphs who were responsible for letting it rain. Their number varies from originally three to fifteen. They were the daughters of Atlas, and most stories say that they were the sisters of Hyas. The main story is that Hyas was killed in a hunting accident, so the Hyades wept because of their grief.
Hesiod names five: Phaisyle, Koronis, Kle(e)ia, Phaio, Eudore.
Pherecydes of Syros names seven: Ambrosia, Eudora, Pedile, Coronis, Polyxo, Phyto, Thyone.

References

Nymphs

Hyades (mythology)


José M. Cabanillas (September 23, 1901 – September 15, 1979), was a rear admiral in the United States Navy who as an executive officer of the USS Texas participated in the invasions of North Africa and the Battle of Normandy (also known as D-Day) during World War II.

Early years
Cabanillas was born to José C. Cabanillas and Asunción Grau de Cabanillas in the city of Mayagüez, which is located in the western coast of Puerto Rico.  There he received his primary and secondary education. In 1917, at the age of 16, he was sent to Alabama to attend the Marion Military Institute. In the  school he underwent a two-year preparatory course which prepared him for the United States Naval Academy.

Naval career
He graduated from the institute in 1919 and on June 16, 1920, received an appointment from Arthur Yager, the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico from 1913 to 1921, to attend the United States Naval Academy. Cabanillas graduated from the Academy on June 4, 1924, and was commissioned an ensign in the U.S. Navy. Prior to World War II, Cabanillas served aboard various cruisers, destroyers and submarines. Among the battleships that he served in were the USS Florida, USS Colorado and USS Oklahoma.
From June 1927 to January 1928 he received instruction in submarines at the Submarine Base, New London, Connecticut, after which he served in the USS S-3 until May 1930. Cabanillas earned a Master of Science in June 1932 from Yale University.

World War II

In 1942, upon the outbreak of World War II, he was assigned executive officer of the USS Texas (BB-35). The USS Texas was the oldest remaining dreadnought, and was one of only two remaining ships to have served in both world wars at that time.  On November 8, the Texas participated in the invasion of North Africa. by destroying an ammunition dump near Port Lyautey. Cabanillas also participated in the invasion of Normandy on (D-day). On June 6, 1944, his ship's secondary battery went to work on another target, Cherbourg, France, on the western end of "Omaha" beach. Cabanillas was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V," for "meritorious achievement and outstanding performance of duty as executive officer of the USS Texas during the Invasion of Normandy and the bombardment of Cherbourg. His Bronze medal citation reads as follows:

In 1945, Cabanillas became the first commanding officer of the USS Grundy, which was commissioned on January 3, 1945.  The Grundy helped in the evacuation of Americans from China during the Chinese Civil War. Under his command, the Grundy earned the following citations: China Service Medal (extended), American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal and the Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp). In December 1945, he was reassigned to Naval Station Norfolk located in Norfolk, Virginia, as Assistant Chief of Staff (Discipline), 5th Naval District.

Korean War
In July 1949, Cabanillas was transferred to Naval Station Orange, located in Orange, Texas, where he served as commanding officer.

In July 1950, he became commander of the USS Dixie, a destroyer tender in the Pacific. During the Korean War he provided firing cover to the U.S. Marines involved in the Inchon invasion. In 1951, Cabanillas was reassigned to the staff of the United States Pacific Fleet in Hawaii. In 1953, he was transferred to the fifth Naval District in San Juan, Puerto Rico as chief of staff.

Later years

Cabanillas retired from the Navy in 1955 and moved to Richmond, Virginia. In 1956, Cabanillas made use of the benefits of the G.I. Bill and studied law at the University of Richmond School of Law. He passed the Virginia Bar at the end of his second year. He served as law librarian at the University for 6 years and then joined a Richmond law firm.

Cabanillas died on September 15, 1979, at the Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center in Richmond.  He was the first Puerto Rican to make rear admiral in the US Navy, albeit a tombstone promotion.  He was cremated and buried at sea with full military honors.

Awards and recognitions
Among Rear Admiral José M. Cabanillas' decorations and medals were the following:

See also

Hispanic Admirals in the United States Navy
List of Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans in World War II
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
Hispanics in the United States Naval Academy
Hispanics in the United States Navy

References

Further reading
Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck;

External links
Puerto Rico L-Archives
Marion Military Institute
USS Dixie
USS Grundy

1901 births
1979 deaths
Burials at sea
People from Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Marion Military Institute alumni
Puerto Rican United States Navy personnel
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy rear admirals (lower half)
Puerto Rican military officers
University of Richmond School of Law alumni
Yale University alumni

José M. Cabanillas


Erich Probst (5 December 1927 – 16 March 1988) was an Austrian footballer.He played as striker for different teams in Vienna and also abroad.

Career
He started with Admira Wien being only 17 years old. After a year with Vienna he signed with SK Rapid Wien. In this time he won the Austrian Championship four times. In his first season with Rapid he scored 28 goals in 23 matches. Although he was always a top scorer he never shot the highest number of goals in the league.

After his time with Rapid he went to Wuppertaler SV in Germany. After the relegation of Wuppertal he went on to Switzerland playing for FC Zürich. In winter 1959 he came back to Austria to SV Austria Salzburg. The club paid 90 000 Austrian schillings, which was the highest till this time. He shot 15 goals and the team could stay in the top league. During his time with Salzburg he played his last match in the national football team. He was the first player of SV Austria Salzburg who ever played for the team.

In the 1960/61 season he was coach of SV Austria but not successful. So he went on to play as striker again. His last clubs were the SAK 1914 in Salzburg and First Vienna FC in Vienna. At all he scored 150 goals in Austrias top league.

International
He played 19 times for the Austrian national football team and scored 17 goals. His first match was on  27 May 1951 (4:0 versus Scotland)  In the qualification match for the FIFA World Cup 1954 versus Portugal he scored 5 goals for the 9:1 win. He was member of the 1954 FIFA World Cup squad which reached the third place. During the tournament he scored six goals and was together with Max Morlock of Germany and Josef Hügi of Switzerland second in the scorer list. During his time abroad he was not player of the team. But in 1960 he played his last match versus France (2:4) where he also scored his last goal for the team. So he was the first national football team player coming from SV Austria Salzburg.

Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (4):
 1951, 1952, 1954, 1956
Mitropa Cup (1):
 1951
 Member of the Austrian team for the 1954 FIFA World Cup

1927 births
1988 deaths
Austrian footballers
Austrian football managers
Players of the Austrian national football team
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
SK Rapid Wien players
1954 FIFA World Cup players
Austrian football forwards
Austrian football champions

Erich Probst


Michael Brody (born 1954) is a Hungarian linguist, and Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at University College London.

He was educated at Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest (1972-4), Université René Descartes (Sorbonne) (1974-5), University College London (1975–80) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1980–82). In addition to his position at UCL, he has also been a Senior Fellow at Collegium Budapest. He is known for creating the Mirror Theory, which proposes a specific interface between syntax and morphology.

References

Brody, Michael (1995). Lexico-logical Form: A Radically Minimalist Theory. MIT Press.

1954 births
Living people
Linguists from Hungary
Paris Descartes University alumni

Michael Brody


James Gregory FRSE FRCPE (January 17532 April 1821) was a Scottish physician and classicist.

Early life and education
The eldest son of John Gregory (1724–1773) and Elizabeth Forbes (died 1761), he was born in Aberdeen. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School, King's College, University of Aberdeen, the University of Edinburgh (MD 1774), the University of Oxford, and Leyden University.

He accompanied his family moving to Edinburgh in 1764, and after going through the usual course of literary studies at that university, he was for a short time a student at Christ Church, Oxford. It was there probably that he acquired that taste for classical learning which afterwards distinguished him. He studied medicine at Edinburgh, and, after graduating doctor of medicine in 1774, spent the greater part of the next two years in Leiden, Paris, and in Italy.

Medicine in Edinburgh

Shortly after his return to Scotland, he was appointed in 1776 to the chair his father had formerly held, and in the following year he also entered on the duties of teacher of clinical medicine in the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.

In 1783 Gregory was one of the founders of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

On the illness of William Cullen in 1790, he was appointed joint-professor of the practice of medicine, and he became the head of the School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh on the death of Dr. Cullen in the same year.

As a medical practitioner Gregory was for the last ten years of his life at the head of the profession in Scotland (for part of which time he was in partnership with Thomas Brown, M.D.).

He was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh from 1798 to 1801. His indiscretion in publishing certain private proceedings of the college led to suspension of his fellowship on 13 May 1809.

Works

Besides his Conspectus medicinae theoreticae, published in 1788 as a text-book for his lectures on the institutes, Gregory was the author of "A Theory of the Moods of Verbs", published in the Edin. Phil. Trans. (1787), and of Literary and Philosophical Essays, published in two volumes in 1792.

Family

He married twice. His first wife, Mary Ross, died in 1784. They had no children.

He had a daughter named Sarah Gregory born in 1784.

In 1796 he married Isabella Macleod (1772–1847). They had 11 children: John Gregory (1797–1869), an advocate; Hugh Gregory (1799–1811); James Crawford Gregory (1801–1832), a doctor; William Gregory (1803–1858), a doctor and his twin Donald Gregory (1803–1836), an antiquary; Jane Macleod (1805–1813); Elizabeth Forbes (1808–1811); Margaret Craufurd/Crawford (1809–1849), who married her first cousin, William Pulteney Alison (1790–1859); Georgina (1811–1877); Duncan Farquharson Gregory (1813–1844), a mathematician; and Isabella (1816–1818).

The family lived together in their father's huge Georgian townhouse at 10 Ainslie Place on the Moray Estate in the eastern New Town of Edinburgh. James had bought the property as a brand new house shortly before his death.

His second wife's sister, Mary Macleod, was married to Sir George Mackenzie, 7th Baronet.

Death

Gregory died after being run over by a horse and carriage in St Andrew Square in Edinburgh on 2 April 1821 and was buried in Canongate Kirkyard on the Royal Mile. His wife and most of his children are buried with him. The grave lies in the extreme south-west corner, immediately to the right hand side of Adam Smith's grave.

References

 Clarke, N., Dorothea Alison (née Gregory) (1754–1830), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 (Subscription required)
 Jacyna, L.S., William Pulteney Alison (1790–1859), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 (Subscription required)
 Lawrence, P.,  Gregory, James (1753–1821), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 (Subscription required)
 Stewart, Agnes Grainger. The Academic Gregories. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1901, ("Famous Scots Series")

1753 births
1821 deaths
Scientists from Aberdeen
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Burials at the Canongate Kirkyard
People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School
Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh
Scottish classical scholars
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Leiden University alumni
Académie Nationale de Médecine
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford

James Gregory (physician)


Eye to Eye With Connie Chung is an American news show that aired on CBS from 1993 to 1995. The show, hosted by Connie Chung as a second project from her time as co-anchoring the CBS Evening News with Dan Rather, she hosted and would often report, either on individual stories or doing interviews. The series typically ran about 4 or 5 stories in each one-hour installment.

Controversy
The show caused a great deal of controversy in early 1995 when Chung was interviewing then-Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich's mother, Kathleen. Chung asked her what her son thought of then-First Lady Hillary Clinton, and, when Kathleen didn't answer right away, Connie said she could whisper, and it could be between them. Subsequently, Ms. Gingrich's microphone volume was turned up, and her reply was "He thinks she's a bitch", which sparked instant attention. Congressman Gingrich complained publicly, saying the network "took advantage" of his mother. The unwanted publicity to both Chung and CBS News contributed to Chung being dropped as co-anchor of the Evening News in May 1995, which prompted her to leave the network altogether. Eye to Eye would continue airing until that August, although "with Connie Chung" was dropped from the title.

Correspondents
When Chung herself was not reporting or interviewing, the program's other stories were reported on by one of five correspondents. The correspondents were:

 Bernard Goldberg
 Edie Magnus
 Russ Mitchell
 Roberta Baskin
 Bill Lagattuta

1990s American television news shows
CBS original programming
1993 American television series debuts
1995 American television series endings
Television series by CBS Studios

Eye to Eye with Connie Chung


Balta Sound is a sound (inlet) on the east coast of the island of Unst in the Shetland Islands, Scotland.  The sound is sheltered from the North Sea to the east by the uninhabited island of Balta.

The settlement at the west of the sound is Baltasound.

On 12 March 1917, the World War I British E-class submarine  was heading out of Balta Sound on patrol when it struck a naval mine laid by German U-boat .  It was sunk in the channel between the islands of Huney and Balta with the loss of the entire crew. The site of the wreck is now designated as a war grave.

Sounds of Scotland
Landforms of Shetland
Unst

Balta Sound


Technological determinism is a reductionist theory that assumes that a society's technology progresses by following its own internal logic of efficiency, while determining the development of the social structure and cultural values. The term is believed to have originated from Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), an American sociologist and economist. The most radical technological determinist in the United States in the 20th century was most likely Clarence Ayres who was a follower of Thorstein Veblen and John Dewey. William Ogburn was also known for his radical technological determinism and his theory on cultural lag.

The first major elaboration of a technological determinist view of socioeconomic development came from the German philosopher and economist Karl Marx, who argued that changes in technology, and specifically productive technology, are the primary influence on human social relations and organizational structure, and that social relations and cultural practices ultimately revolve around the technological and economic base of a given society. Marx's position has become embedded in contemporary society, where the idea that fast-changing technologies alter human lives is pervasive.
Although many authors attribute a technologically determined view of human history to Marx's insights, not all Marxists are technological determinists, and some authors question the extent to which Marx himself was a determinist. Furthermore, there are multiple forms of technological determinism.

Origin

The term is believed to have been coined by Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), an American social scientist. Veblen's contemporary, popular historian Charles A. Beard, provided this apt determinist image, "Technology marches in seven-league boots from one ruthless, revolutionary conquest to another, tearing down old factories and industries, flinging up new processes with terrifying rapidity." As to the meaning, it is described as the ascription to machines of "powers" that they do not have. Veblen, for instance, asserted that "the machine throws out anthropomorphic habits of thought." There is also the case of Karl Marx who expected that the construction of the railway in India would dissolve the caste system. The general idea, according to Robert Heilbroner, is that technology, by way of its machines, can cause historical change by changing the material conditions of human existence.

One of the most radical technological determinists was Clarence Ayres, who was a follower of Veblen's theory in the 20th century. Ayres is best known for developing economic philosophies, but he also worked closely with Veblen who coined the technological determinism theory. He often talked about the struggle between technology and ceremonial structure. One of his most notable theories involved the concept of "technological drag" where he explains technology as a self-generating process and institutions as ceremonial and this notion creates a technological over-determinism in the process.

Explanation

Technological determinism seeks to show technical developments, media, or technology as a whole, as the key mover in history and social change. It is a theory subscribed to by "hyperglobalists" who claim that as a consequence of the wide availability of technology, accelerated globalization is inevitable. Therefore, technological development and innovation become the principal motor of social, economic or political change.

Strict adherents to technological determinism do not believe the influence of technology differs based on how much a technology is or can be used. Instead of considering technology as part of a larger spectrum of human activity, technological determinism sees technology as the basis for all human activity.

Technological determinism has been summarized as 'The belief in technology as a key governing force in society ...' (Merritt Roe Smith). 'The idea that technological development determines social change ...' (Bruce Bimber). It changes the way people think and how they interact with others and can be described as '...a three-word logical proposition: "Technology determines history"' (Rosalind H. Williams) . It is, '... the belief that social progress is driven by technological innovation, which in turn follows an "inevitable" course.' This 'idea of progress' or 'doctrine of progress' is centralised around the idea that social problems can be solved by technological advancement, and this is the way that society moves forward. Technological determinists believe that "'You can't stop progress', implying that we are unable to control technology" (Lelia Green). This suggests that we are somewhat powerless and society allows technology to drive social changes because, "societies fail to be aware of the alternatives to the values embedded in it [technology]" (Merritt Roe Smith).

Technological determinism has been defined as an approach that identifies technology, or technological advances, as the central causal element in processes of social change (Croteau and Hoynes). As a technology is stabilized, its design tends to dictate users' behaviors, consequently diminishing human agency. This stance however ignores the social and cultural circumstances in which the technology was developed. Sociologist Claude Fischer (1992) characterized the most prominent forms of technological determinism as "billiard ball" approaches, in which technology is seen as an external force introduced into a social situation, producing a series of ricochet effects.

Rather than acknowledging that a society or culture interacts with and even shapes the technologies that are used, a technological determinist view holds that "the uses made of technology are largely determined by the structure of the technology itself, that is, that its functions follow from its form" (Neil Postman). However, this is not to be confused with Daniel Chandler's "inevitability thesis", which states that once a technology is introduced into a culture that what follows is the inevitable development of that technology.

For example, we could examine why Romance Novels have become so dominant in our society compared to other forms of novels like the Detective or Western novel. We might say that it was because of the invention of the perfect binding system developed by publishers. This was where glue was used instead of the time-consuming and very costly process of binding books by sewing in separate signatures. This meant that these books could be mass-produced for the wider public. We would not be able to have mass literacy without mass production. This example is closely related to Marshall McLuhan's belief that print helped produce the nation state. This moved society on from an oral culture to a literate culture but also introduced a capitalist society where there was clear class distinction and individualism. As Postman maintains

The printing press, the computer, and television are not therefore simply machines which convey information. They are metaphors through which we conceptualize reality in one way or another. They will classify the world for us, sequence it, frame it, enlarge it, reduce it, argue a case for what it is like. Through these media metaphors, we do not see the world as it is. We see it as our coding systems are. Such is the power of the form of information.

Hard and soft determinism

In examining determinism, hard determinism can be contrasted with soft determinism. A compatibilist says that it is possible for free will and determinism to exist in the world together, while an incompatibilist would say that they can not and there must be one or the other. Those who support determinism can be further divided.

Hard determinists would view technology as developing independent from social concerns. They would say that technology creates a set of powerful forces acting to regulate our social activity and its meaning. According to this view of determinism we organize ourselves to meet the needs of technology and the outcome of this organization is beyond our control or we do not have the freedom to make a choice regarding the outcome (autonomous technology). The 20th century French philosopher and social theorist Jacques Ellul could be said to be a hard determinist and proponent of autonomous technique (technology). In his 1954 work The Technological Society, Ellul essentially posits that technology, by virtue of its power through efficiency, determines which social aspects are best suited for its own development through a process of natural selection. A social system's values, morals, philosophy etc. that are most conducive to the advancement of technology allow that social system to enhance its power and spread at the expense of those social systems whose values, morals, philosophy etc. are less promoting of technology. While geography, climate, and other "natural" factors largely determined the parameters of social conditions for most of human history, technology has recently become the dominant objective factor (largely due to forces unleashed by the industrial revolution) and it has been the principal objective and determining factor.

Soft determinism, as the name suggests, is a more passive view of the way technology interacts with socio-political situations. Soft determinists still subscribe to the fact that technology is the guiding force in our evolution, but would maintain that we have a chance to make decisions regarding the outcomes of a situation. This is not to say that free will exists, but that the possibility for us to roll the dice and see what the outcome is exists. A slightly different variant of soft determinism is the 1922 technology-driven theory of social change proposed by William Fielding Ogburn, in which society must adjust to the consequences of major inventions, but often does so only after a period of cultural lag.

Technology as neutral

Individuals who consider technology as neutral see technology as neither good nor bad and what matters are the ways in which we use technology. An example of a neutral viewpoint is, "guns are neutral and its up to how we use them whether it would be 'good or bad'" (Green, 2001). Mackenzie and Wajcman believe that technology is neutral only if it's never been used before, or if no one knows what it is going to be used for (Green, 2001). In effect, guns would be classified as neutral if and only if society were none the wiser of their existence and functionality (Green, 2001). Obviously, such a society is non-existent and once becoming knowledgeable about technology, the society is drawn into a social progression where nothing is 'neutral about society' (Green). According to Lelia Green, if one believes technology is neutral, one would disregard the cultural and social conditions that technology has produced (Green, 2001). This view is also referred to as technological instrumentalism.

In what is often considered a definitive reflection on the topic, the historian Melvin Kranzberg famously wrote in the first of his six laws of technology: "Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral."

Criticism
Skepticism about technological determinism emerged alongside increased pessimism about techno-science in the mid-20th century, in particular around the use of nuclear energy in the production of nuclear weapons, Nazi human experimentation during World War II, and the problems of economic development in the Third World. As a direct consequence, desire for greater control of the course of development of technology gave rise to disenchantment with the model of technological determinism in academia.

Modern theorists of technology and society no longer consider technological determinism to be a very accurate view of the way in which we interact with technology, even though determinist assumptions and language fairly saturate the writings of many boosters of technology, the business pages of many popular magazines, and much reporting on technology . Instead, research in science and technology studies, social construction of technology and related fields have emphasised more nuanced views that resist easy causal formulations. They emphasise that "The relationship between technology and society cannot be reduced to a simplistic cause-and-effect formula. It is, rather, an 'intertwining'", whereby technology does not determine but "operates, and are operated upon in a complex social field" (Murphie and Potts).

T. Snyder approached the aspect of technological determinism in his concept: 'politics of inevitability'. A concept utilized by politicians in which society is promised the idea that the future will be only more of the present, this concept removes responsibility. This could be applied to free markets, the development of nation states and technological progress.

In his article "Subversive Rationalization: Technology, Power and Democracy with Technology," Andrew Feenberg argues that technological determinism is not a very well founded concept by illustrating that two of the founding theses of determinism are easily questionable and in doing so calls for what he calls democratic rationalization (Feenberg 210–212).

Prominent opposition to technologically determinist thinking has emerged within work on the social construction of technology (SCOT). SCOT research, such as that of Mackenzie and Wajcman (1997) argues that the path of innovation and its social consequences are strongly, if not entirely shaped by society itself through the influence of culture, politics, economic arrangements, regulatory mechanisms and the like. In its strongest form, verging on social determinism, "What matters is not the technology itself, but the social or economic system in which it is embedded" (Langdon Winner).

In his influential but contested (see Woolgar and Cooper, 1999) article "Do Artifacts Have Politics?", Langdon Winner illustrates not a form of determinism but the various sources of the politics of technologies. Those politics can stem from the intentions of the designer and the culture of the society in which a technology emerges or can stem from the technology itself, a "practical necessity" for it to function. For instance, New York City urban planner Robert Moses is purported to have built Long Island's parkway tunnels too low for buses to pass in order to keep minorities away from the island's beaches, an example of externally inscribed politics. On the other hand, an authoritarian command-and-control structure is a practical necessity of a nuclear power plant if radioactive waste is not to fall into the wrong hands. As such, Winner neither succumbs to technological determinism nor social determinism. The source of a technology's politics is determined only by carefully examining its features and history.

Although "The deterministic model of technology is widely propagated in society" (Sarah Miller), it has also been widely questioned by scholars. Lelia Green explains that, "When technology was perceived as being outside society, it made sense to talk about technology as neutral". Yet, this idea fails to take into account that culture is not fixed and society is dynamic. When "Technology is implicated in social processes, there is nothing neutral about society" (Lelia Green). This confirms one of the major problems with "technological determinism and the resulting denial of human responsibility for change. There is a loss of human involvement that shape technology and society" (Sarah Miller).

Another conflicting idea is that of technological somnambulism, a term coined by Winner in his essay "Technology as Forms of Life". Winner wonders whether or not we are simply sleepwalking through our existence with little concern or knowledge as to how we truly interact with technology. In this view, it is still possible for us to wake up and once again take control of the direction in which we are traveling (Winner 104). However, it requires society to adopt Ralph Schroeder's claim that, "users don't just passively consume technology, but actively transform it".

In opposition to technological determinism are those who subscribe to the belief of social determinism and postmodernism. Social determinists believe that social circumstances alone select which technologies are adopted, with the result that no technology can be considered "inevitable" solely on its own merits. Technology and culture are not neutral and when knowledge comes into the equation, technology becomes implicated in social processes. The knowledge of how to create and enhance technology, and of how to use technology is socially bound knowledge. Postmodernists take another view, suggesting that what is right or wrong is dependent on circumstance. They believe technological change can have implications on the past, present and future. While they believe technological change is influenced by changes in government policy, society and culture, they consider the notion of change to be a paradox, since change is constant.

Media and cultural studies theorist Brian Winston, in response to technological determinism, developed a model for the emergence of new technologies which is centered on the Law of the suppression of radical potential. In two of his books – Technologies of Seeing: Photography, Cinematography and Television (1997) and Media Technology and Society (1998) – Winston applied this model to show how technologies evolve over time, and how their 'invention' is mediated and controlled by society and societal factors which suppress the radical potential of a given technology.

The stirrup

One continued argument for technological determinism is centered on the stirrup and its impact on the creation of feudalism in Europe in the late 8th century/early 9th century. Lynn White is credited with first drawing this parallel between feudalism and the stirrup in his book Medieval Technology and Social Change, which was published in 1962 and argued that as "it made possible mounted shock combat", the new form of war made the soldier that much more efficient in supporting feudal townships (White, 2). According to White, the superiority of the stirrup in combat was found in the mechanics of the lance charge: "The stirrup made possible- though it did not demand- a vastly more effective mode of attack: now the rider could lay his lance at rest, held between the upper arm and the body, and make at his foe, delivering the blow not with his muscles but with the combined weight of himself and his charging stallion (White, 2)." White draws from a large research base, particularly Heinrich Brunner's "Der Reiterdienst und die Anfänge des Lehnwesens" in substantiating his claim of the emergence of feudalism. In focusing on the evolution of warfare, particularly that of cavalry in connection with Charles Martel's "diversion of a considerable part of the Church's vast military riches...from infantry to cavalry", White draws from Brunner's research and identifies the stirrup as the underlying cause for such a shift in military division and the subsequent emergence of feudalism (White, 4). Under the new brand of warfare garnered from the stirrup, White implicitly argues in favor of technological determinism as the vehicle by which feudalism was created.

Though an accomplished work, White's Medieval Technology and Social Change has since come under heavy scrutiny and condemnation. The most volatile critics of White's argument at the time of its publication, P.H. Sawyer and R.H. Hilton, call the work as a whole "a misleading adventurist cast to old-fashioned platitudes with a chain of obscure and dubious deductions from scanty evidence about the progress of technology (Sawyer and Hilton, 90)." They further condemn his methods and, by association, the validity of technological determinism: "Had Mr. White been prepared to accept the view that the English and Norman methods of fighting were not so very different in the eleventh century, he would have made the weakness of his argument less obvious, but the fundamental failure would remain: the stirrup cannot alone explain the changes it made possible (Sawyer and Hilton, 91)." For Sawyer and Hilton, though the stirrup may be useful in the implementation of feudalism, it cannot be credited for the creation of feudalism alone.

Despite the scathing review of White's claims, the technological determinist aspect of the stirrup is still in debate. Alex Roland, author of "Once More into the Stirrups; Lynne White Jr, Medieval Technology and Social Change", provides an intermediary stance: not necessarily lauding White's claims, but providing a little defense against Sawyer and Hilton's allegations of gross intellectual negligence. Roland views White's focus on technology to be the most relevant and important aspect of Medieval Technology and Social Change rather than the particulars of its execution: "But can these many virtues, can this utility for historians of technology, outweigh the most fundamental standards of the profession? Can historians of technology continue to read and assign a book that is, in the words of a recent critic, "shot through with over-simplification, with a progression of false connexions between cause and effect, and with evidence presented selectively to fit with [White's] own pre-conceived ideas"? The answer, I think, is yes, at least a qualified yes (Roland, 574–575)." Objectively, Roland claims Medieval Technology and Social Change a variable success, at least as "Most of White's argument stands... the rest has sparked useful lines of research (Roland, 584)." This acceptance of technological determinism is ambiguous at best, neither fully supporting the theory at large nor denouncing it, rather placing the construct firmly in the realm of the theoretical. Roland neither views technological determinism as completely dominant over history nor completely absent as well; in accordance with the above criterion of technological determinist structure, would Roland be classified as a "soft determinist".

Notable technological determinists

Thomas L. Friedman, American journalist, columnist and author, admits to being a technological determinist in his book The World Is Flat.

Futurist Raymond Kurzweil's theories about a technological singularity follow a technologically deterministic view of history.

Some interpret Karl Marx as advocating technological determinism, with such statements as "The Handmill gives you society with the feudal lord: the steam-mill, society with the industrial capitalist" (The Poverty of Philosophy, 1847), but others argue that Marx was not a determinist.

Technological determinist Walter J. Ong reviews the societal transition from an oral culture to a written culture in his work Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (1982). He asserts that this particular development is attributable to the use of new technologies of literacy (particularly print and writing,) to communicate thoughts which could previously only be verbalized. He furthers this argument by claiming that writing is purely context dependent as it is a "secondary modelling system" (8). Reliant upon the earlier primary system of spoken language, writing manipulates the potential of language as it depends purely upon the visual sense to communicate the intended information. Furthermore, the rather stagnant technology of literacy distinctly limits the usage and influence of knowledge, it unquestionably effects the evolution of society. In fact, Ong asserts that "more than any other single invention, writing has transformed human consciousness" (Ong 1982: 78).

Media determinism as a form of technological determinism

Media determinism is a form of technological determinism, a philosophical and sociological position which posits the power of the media to impact society. Two foundational media determinists are the Canadian scholars Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan. One of the best examples of technological determinism in media theory is Marshall McLuhan's theory "the medium is the message" and the ideas of his mentor Harold Adams Innis. Both these Canadian theorists saw media as the essence of civilization. The association of different media with particular mental consequences by McLuhan and others can be seen as related to technological determinism. It is this variety of determinism that is referred to as media determinism. According to McLuhan, there is an association between communications media/technology and language; similarly, Benjamin Lee Whorf argues that language shapes our perception of thinking (linguistic determinism). For McLuhan, media is a more powerful and explicit determinant than is the more general concept of language. McLuhan was not necessarily a hard determinist. As a more moderate version of media determinism, he proposed that our use of particular media may have subtle influences on us, but more importantly, it is the social context of use that is crucial. See also Media ecology.
Media determinism is a form of the popular dominant theory of the relationship between technology and society. In a determinist view, technology takes on an active life of its own and is seen be as a driver of social phenomena. Innis believed that the social, cultural, political, and economic developments of each historical period can be related directly to the technology of the means of mass communication of that period. In this sense, like Dr. Frankenstein's monster, technology itself appears to be alive, or at least capable of shaping human behavior. However, it has been increasingly subject to critical review by scholars. For example, scholar Raymond Williams, criticizes media determinism and rather believes social movements define technological and media processes. With regard to communications media, audience determinism is a viewpoint opposed to media determinism. This is described as instead of media being presented as doing things to people; the stress is on the way people do things with media. Individuals need to be aware that the term "deterministic" is a negative one for many social scientists and modern sociologists; in particular they often use the word as a term of abuse.

See also

Instrumental conception of technology
Compatibilism and incompatibilism
Democratic Rationalization
Democratic Transhumanism
Determinism
Digital surveillance
Hegemony
Historical materialism
 History of science and technology
Orthodox Marxism
Philosophy of technology
Social constructivism
Social engineering (political science)
Social shaping of technology
Sociocultural evolution
Technological fix
Technological somnambulism
Technological unemployment
Technological utopianism
Theory of productive forces

Footnotes
[as cited in Croteau, D. and Hoynes, M. (2003) Media Society: Industries, Images and Audiences (third edition), Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks pp. 305–306]

References

Further reading
G.A. Cohen, Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence, Oxford and Princeton, 1978.

Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, , 464 pp.

Ong, Walter J (1982). Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New York: Methuen.

Roland, Alex. Once More into the Stirrups; Lynne White Jr, Medieval Technology and Social Change" Classics Revisited. 574- 585.
Sawyer, P.H. and R.H. Hilton. "Technical Determinism" Past & Present. April 1963: 90–100.

Winner, Langdon. "Technology as Forms of Life". Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. David M. Kaplan. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 103–113
Woolgar, Steve and Cooper, Geoff (1999). "Do artefacts have ambivalence? Moses' bridges, Winner's bridges and other urban legends in S&TS". Social Studies of Science  29 (3), 433–449.

Furbank, P.N. "The Myth of Determinism." Raritan. [City] Fall 2006: 79–87. EBSCOhost. Monroe Community College Library, Rochester, NY. 2 April 2007.
Feenberg, Andrew. "Democratic Rationalization". Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. David M. Kaplan. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004. 209–225
Chandler, Daniel. Technological or Media Determinism. 1995. 18 September 1995. <http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/tecdet/tecdet.html>

External links
Colin Rule, "Is Technology Neutral?"
Megan McCormick, "Technology as Neutral"
Daniel Chandler, "Technological or Media Determinism"
Chris Kimble, "Technological Determinism and Social Choice"

Determinism
History of technology
Philosophy of technology
Reductionism
Science and technology studies
Sociology of scientific knowledge
Marxist theory
Historical determinism
Technological change
Thorstein Veblen
Technology
Technology systems

Technological determinism


William John Henry Boetcker (1873–1962) was an American religious leader and influential public speaker.

Born in Hamburg, Germany, he was ordained a Presbyterian minister soon after his arrival in the United States as a young adult.  The Rev. Boetcker was ordained in Brooklyn, New York.

He quickly gained attention as an outspoken opponent of organized labor and was instrumental in the founding of the Citizens Industrial Association, later making a professional career of public speaking, and is sometimes considered the forerunner of such contemporary "success coaches" as Anthony Robbins.

He is widely credited with coining the phrase, "A man is judged by the company he keeps, and a company is judged by the men it keeps, and the people of Democratic nations are judged by the type and caliber of officers they elect."

The Ten Cannots
An outspoken political conservative, Rev. Boetcker is perhaps best remembered for his authorship of a pamphlet entitled The Ten Cannots, originally published in 1916, that emphasizes freedom and responsibility of the individual on himself.  It is often misattributed to Abraham Lincoln.  The error apparently stems from a leaflet printed in 1942 by a conservative political organization called the Committee for Constitutional Government.  The leaflet bore the title "Lincoln on Limitations" and contained some genuine Lincoln quotations on one side and the "Ten Cannots" on the other, with the attributions switched.  The mistake of crediting Lincoln for "The Ten Cannots" has been repeated, notably by Ronald Reagan in his address to the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, and by John Kasich on Fox News Sunday in 2015.

There are several minor variants of the pamphlet in circulation, but the most commonly accepted version appears below:

You cannot bring about prosperity by discouraging thrift.
You cannot strengthen the weak by weakening the strong.
You cannot help little men by tearing down big men.
You cannot lift the wage earner by pulling down the wage payer.
You cannot help the poor by destroying the rich.
You cannot establish sound security on borrowed money.
You cannot further the brotherhood of man by inciting class hatred.
You cannot keep out of trouble by spending more than you earn.
You cannot build character and courage by destroying men's initiative and independence.
And you cannot help men permanently by doing for them what they can and should do for themselves.

Boetcker also spoke of the "Seven National Crimes":

I don't think.
I don't know.
I don't care.
I am too busy.
I leave well enough alone.
I have no time to read and find out.
I am not interested.

References

External links
William J. H. Boetcker Manuscript Collection at Princeton Theological Seminary Library.

1873 births
1962 deaths
American Presbyterians
German emigrants to the United States

William J. H. Boetcker


Upfront! Canadians Live from Mountain Stage is an album released in 1994 on Blue Plate Music and BMG Music Canada, which compiles live performances by Canadian artists who have appeared on the American radio series Mountain Stage.

The album was intended as a Canadian-only introduction to Mountain Stage, which was not widely broadcast in Canada. The Best of Mountain Stage series of compilation albums, which had already been available in the United States, was subsequently released in Canada.

Track listing
 Bruce Cockburn, "Waiting for a Miracle"
 Barenaked Ladies, "What a Good Boy"
 Crash Test Dummies, "Superman's Song"
 Cowboy Junkies, "Misguided Angel"
 Stephen Fearing, "Blue Line"
 The Rankin Family, "Feir a bhata"
 Sarah McLachlan, "Shelter"
 Blue Rodeo, "Already Gone"
 Spirit of the West, "Political"
 Rick Danko and Garth Hudson, "Twilight"
 Moxy Früvous, "The Greatest Man in America"

References

Compilation albums by Canadian artists
1994 live albums
1994 compilation albums
Live albums by Canadian artists
Live rock albums
Live pop albums
Rock compilation albums
Pop compilation albums


Guillaume-Jean-Noël de Lavillegris (Saint-Malo, 20 July 1752 – Paris, 21 January 1807) was a French Navy officer.

Biography
Lavillegris was born to a captain of the French East India Company. He started sailing with the Company in 1767 and rose to captain. In 1779, he joined the Navy as a reserve officer, taking part in the naval operations in the American Revolutionary War.

In 1792, he was made a lieutenant and appointed to command the frigate Précieuse. In March 1794, he was promoted to captain, and given command of the Achille; he took part in the Glorious First of June, where Achille was captured and he was taken prisoner.

In 1797, Lavillegris was promoted to commodore and appointed to the Quatorze Juillet, which was being completed. Quatorze Juillet burnt in an accident before her commissioning, and Lavillegris was suspended for not having been aboard at the time. Reinstated in September 1799, he was appointed to the Annibal in 1804, and to Mont Blanc in 1805.

Lavillegris took part in the Trafalgar campaign. He was wounded at the Battle of Cape Finisterre, took part in the Battle of Trafalgar, and was eventually taken prisoner at the Battle of Cape Ortegal.

Lavillegris died of consequences of the wound sustained at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in Paris on 21 January 1807.

Sources and references

 Dictionnaire des capitaines de vaisseau de Napoléon, Danielle & Bernard Quintin, SPM, 2003,

French Navy officers
1752 births
1807 deaths

Guillaume-Jean-Noël de Lavillegris


St.Mary's College, was established on 1867 parallel to St.Mary's Church lying proudly in Colombo-Kandy road in the Kegalle district. It was Domenico Pingulani who initiated the school and was in religious missionaries between 1864-1880. SMC Kegalle was the 5th established catholic school after the schools of Colombo, Jaffna, Kandy and Galle. At the very first time there were only 22 students and 1 teacher.

In 1885 SMC has been a mixed school. All the educational activities at that time was done in English. In 1890 many students have showed their talents internationally by a certificate examination conducted by the University of Cambridge. It was father Paul Nium that has done a remarkable service to uplift the standard of education in 1886 to 1901.

         SMC was transformed to government school in 1960. At that time there were 688 students and 36 staff members.

         After transferred into a government school SMC acquired Meepitiya primary school in 2001. School was enhancing its quality of education by leaps and bounds.

The house system

The house system was reintroduced in St.Mary's college Kegalle in 1947 after a fief toll. One change introduced along with it was the renaming of houses. So far each house was called after the name of a person who, at some time or other, had been connected with the college and had deserved well for it. The idea of the House System is to afford our pupils an opportunity for healthy rivalry.

Now college has 4 houses RED, GOLD (presently named as YELLOW), BLUE, GREEN

Red

The symbol of sacrifice and of love or of loving sacrifice even to the shedding of blood, even to heroism in the highest form to success, then through heroic, loving sacrifice.

Blue

High above as high as the sky. It is the symbol of initiative without limit, the symbol of audacity. The sky is the limit! Is the challenging message that comes constantly down from the blue vault of heaven.

Green

The ever pleasing and cheering color. The symbol of perseverance and hope! "Evergreen" Never say die! Perseverance, endurance till the end. Who has persevered till the end and has failed. That success is the price, the reward, the crown of perverting effort has become axiomatic.

Gold

The symbol of genuine, precious sincerity honesty and goodness! The symbol of nobility of character, par excellence, the symbol of perfection. This is our most exalted ideal the aim of our educational effort.

ශාන්ත මරියා විද්‍යාලය, කෑගල්ල


The Battle of Altopascio was a battle fought in 1325 in Tuscany, between the Ghibelline forces of Lucca under Castruccio Castracani and those of Guelph Florence.

Background
After subduing several Ghibelline towns, Castracani had conquered Pistoia and from there menaced Florence. The latter's troops moved to face him, but Castracani preferred to avoid a pitched battle; he took shelter in the local burgh of Cerruglio, waiting for reinforcements from his allies, the Bonacolsi, the Visconti and Cangrande della Scala.

Besieged by the Florentine commander, the Catalan Ramon de Cardona, the small garrison of Altopascio (500 men) resisted for 26 days (August 3–29), but in the end they had to surrender to the greatly superior Guelph forces (15,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry, mostly  composed of French, German and Burgundian mercenaries).

The winners put their camp at Altopascio, but started to suffer heavy losses due to the unhealthy environment. On September 21, a party seeking a site for a new camp was destroyed by Castracani's forces between Porcari and Montechiari. Cardona then moved his troops to the plain of Altopascio, which granted better possibilities of escape.

In the meantime the forces of Azzone Visconti, for which Castracani had paid 25,00 florins and according to Giovanni Villani's Nuova Cronica had to offer to the Milanese condottiero the most beautiful women of Lucca, had arrived in Lucca.

The battle and the aftermath
The battle was fought on September 23, as Cardona aimed to obtain a victory before Visconti's men could arrive.

A first attack by the Florentine cavalry was successful, but in the second charge they were turned back by the Ghibelline counter-attack; the Guelph infantry was in turn routed by their mounted mates, while Visconti's cavalry, who had suddenly joined the battlefield, cut them off from any chance to escape.

Castracani was therefore able to conquer back Altopascio and other towns, while most of the Guelph commanders, including Cardona, were taken as prisoners. On October 2 Castracani reached Peretola and started to sack the territory around Florence for several days. For his victory, he was granted the title of Duke of Lucca by Emperor Louis IV and the city offered him a veritable Roman Triumph, in which the Florentine carroccio was shown in the streets.

Sources
Page at cronologia.it

1325 in Europe
Battles involving the Republic of Florence
Battles involving Lucca
Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
Battles in Tuscany
Conflicts in 1325
14th century in the Republic of Florence

it:Altopascio#La battaglia di Altopascio

Battle of Altopascio


Application service automation is the field where the operations needed to deploy and service data center applications are automated in order to centrally and accurately control application change.

With application service automation operations teams can transform manual, error-prone application service tasks into reliable, repeatable and timely  processes to gain control over application packaging, deployment, change, troubleshooting, recovery and auditing.

Application service automation enables the simple modeling of application workflows, including tiers and dependencies and executes these across any heterogeneous data center environment - physical, virtual and cloud. By simplifying operational complexity and eliminating application configuration errors Application Service Automation enables heightened uptime while reducing the time and cost of servicing applications.

Automated application deployment is considered a subset of application service automation.

References

See also
 Application service management
 Application performance management
 System administration

System administration
Software performance management

Application service automation


Uber traded on the  NYSE under the ticker (UBER) is an American-based ride-sharing company. It created the Uber mobile app and  a ridesharing  network. "Shared rides" are provided by Uber drivers to passengers. The passengers pay money for each ride they receive. The mobile app allows passengers to request trips and pay for the rides online.

Passengers who want Uber rides with  "sign-up" with the Uber passenger mobile app. They provide their name, smartphone number, and a credit card number to Uber.  Then they can request shared-rides through the Uber app.

Uber drivers use Uber driver mobile app to find rideshare passengers. They are first enrolled with Uber as drivers. Then they "log-on" to the Uber mobile app. This tells Uber they are in a certain area and can take rideshares as passengers. The Uber app "looks for" passengers who want a ride to a particular location. The Uber driver finds the passenger via the map. Then they "pick up" the passenger and drive to the destination. When they reach the destination, they "drop-off" the passenger. The Uber mobile app records the journey, bills the passenger, and pays the driver.

Uber uses third party Internet mapping services such as Google Maps to find the location of the passenger and to navigate the driver.

Uber was founded as "UberCab" in San Francisco by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009. Three years later, Uber started to open international offices. In 2014, it experimented with carpooling features and made other updates.

References

2009 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco

Uber


Laura Lee Kiessling (born 21 September 1960) is an American chemist and the Novartis Professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kiessling's research focuses on elucidating and exploiting interactions on the cell surface, especially those mediated by proteins binding to carbohydrates. Multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions play roles in cell-cell recognition and signal transduction. Understanding and manipulating these interactions provides tools to study biological processes and design therapeutic treatments. Kiessling's interdisciplinary research combines organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, structural biology, and molecular and cell biology.

Education

Kiessling earned a B.S. in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1983 and a Ph.D. in chemistry from Yale University in 1989. At Yale, she worked with Stuart Schreiber to synthesize and study small molecules as probes of biological function. After earning her PhD, Kiessling spent two years at the California Institute of Technology as an American Cancer Society Postdoctoral Fellow, where she worked with Peter B. Dervan to study DNA recognition and cleavage.

Career
In 1991, Kiessling joined the faculty of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she became the Steenbock Professor of Chemistry and the Laurens Anderson Professor of Biochemistry. While at UW-Madison, Kiessling also became the director of the Keck Center for Chemical Genomics and the National Institutes of Health Chemistry-Biology Interface Training Program. In 2017, she moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as the Novartis Professor of Chemistry.  as well as the editor-in-chief of ACS Chemical Biology.

Kiessling's contributions span the fields of organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and molecular biology. She has made contributions to the synthesis and study of many biologically active molecules, including glycosyl donors, modified peptides, and glycopolymers. Kiessling's research has used these molecules to probe cell recognition and signal transduction processes (Figure 1). Her research has shown that multivalent ligands (molecules that possess multiple binding groups) can influence receptor-ligand binding mechanisms, activate signaling, and target specific immune responses. These discoveries have potential applications in targeted immunotherapy and disease treatment. Kiessling has received a number of awards and honors in recognition of her research. She received a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship (popularly called the "MacArthur genius grant") in 1999. In 2007, Kiessling was inducted as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and in 2017, she received the Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry.

Kiessling is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences and the American Chemical Society, as well as an elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Philosophical Society, and American Academy of Microbiology. Since 2005, she has served as the founding editor-in-chief of ACS Chemical Biology. Kiessling is also the cofounder of Quintessence Biosciences, a company that is working to translate her technological advances into cures for various diseases. She has been selected as one of the fifty top research and development "Stars to Watch" by Industry Week.

Selected honors and awards

 2022 Elected Member, National Academy of Medicine
 2019 Centenary Prize, Royal Society of Chemistry
2017 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry
2017 Elected Member, American Philosophical Society
2016 Willard Gibbs Award, Chicago Section of the American Chemical Society
2014 ACS Alfred Bader Award in Bioinorganic and Bioorganic Chemistry
2010 Fellow, American Chemical Society
2008 Guggenheim Fellowship
2007 Elected Member, National Academy of Sciences
2007 Elected Member, American Academy of Microbiology
2007 Garvan–Olin Medal, American Chemical Society
2003 Elected Member, American Academy of Arts & Sciences
2003 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
1999–2004 John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship
1999 Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award

References

External links
"Laura L. Kiessling", Scientific Commons
Quintessence Biosciences, Inc.
The Kiessling Lab website
Chemistry-Biology Interface Training Program

American women biochemists
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Yale University alumni
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American women chemists
21st-century American women scientists
1960 births
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
People from Lake Mills, Wisconsin
Academic journal editors
Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology
American women academics

Laura L. Kiessling


Hox genes are a group of related genes that determine the basic structure and orientation of animals and plants. 'Hox' is short for 'homeobox'.

Hox genes are critical for the proper placement of segment structures of animals during early embryonic development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans).

Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The target genes then activate or repress cell processes to direct the final development of the organism.
Hox genes have a DNA sequence known as the homeobox. The homeobox is a 180 nucleotide-long DNA sequence which codes for a 60 amino acid-long protein domain known as the homeodomain. This works by binding with DNA.
Hox genes are in gene clusters on the genome
The order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body.
This cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.
The cluster is highly "conserved". It has not changed much over hundreds of millions of years of evolutionary history. Molecular evidence shows that some limited number of hox genes have existed in the Cnidaria since before the earliest true Bilatera. This means the system evolved before the Palaeozoic era.

Sequence of hox genes
In some organisms, especially vertebrates, the various hox genes are very close to one another on the chromosome in groups or clusters.

The order of the genes on the chromosome is the same as the expression of the genes in the developing embryo. The first gene is expressed in the front of the developing organism. The reason for this co-linearity is not yet completely understood. The diagram above shows the relationship between the genes and protein expression in flies.

Found in all animals and plants
The homeodomain protein motif is highly similar in most animals and plants. In addition, homeodomains of individual hox proteins are similar in many species.

Because of this, it is thought hox gene clusters evolved from a single hox gene via tandem gene duplication. A hox gene cluster with at least seven different hox genes was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilateral animals.

Humans
Humans have a total of 39 hox genes in clusters on four chromosomes.

Related pages
Edward B. Lewis
Transcription factor

References

Genetics
Evolutionary biology
Developmental biology

Hox gene