Potsdam Hauptbahnhof is the main station in the German city of Potsdam, capital of the state of Brandenburg. It lies on the Berlin–Magdeburg railway and was founded in 1838. However, it has had this name only since 1999. It was originally called Bahnhof Potsdam (Potsdam station) and it was called Potsdam Stadt (city) station from 1960. The station is the terminus of line S7 of the Berlin S-Bahn, which comes from Ahrensfelde. It is also connected with the central bus station, which is a transfer point between Potsdam and the southwestern region of Berlin, and has a stop on the Potsdam tram network. It is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 2 station.

History

The first railway from Berlin to Potsdam was opened on 22 September 1838. It was the first railway in Prussia and is now one of the oldest railways in Germany still in operation. Its final stop was at the site of the current Potsdam station. From the station, a port track ran to a steam boat landing west of the Long Bridge (Lange Brücke). With the commissioning of the Potsdam Railway bridge over the Havel by the Potsdam-Magdeburg Railway Company (Potsdam-Magdeburger Eisenbahngesellschaft) on 7 August 1846, the former terminus became a through station. The station building was built in the neoclassical style. This and the station forecourt (Bahnhofsvorplatz) now lay north of the tracks. In 1928, it was connected to the Berlin S-Bahn network. The complete electrification of the suburban line lasted nearly a year. In World War II, the station was destroyed and a new station building was built after the war.

From 1953 to 1958, it was connected to East Berlin by S-Bahn Durchläuferzüge ("through running trains"), which did not stop in West Berlin. From 1958, East Germany relocated internal traffic to the developing Berlin outer ring. After the commissioning of the outer ring so-called Sputnik trains ran from the new Potsdam Süd (south) station on the south-western outskirts (now called Potsdam Pirschheide station) via Schönefeld Airport to East Berlin. Long-distance trains on internal routes and later Interzone trains (Aachen–Görlitz and Munich–Rostock) also ran over the outer ring. The station was renamed Potsdam Stadt in 1960 and Potsdam Süd station was renamed Potsdam Hauptbahnhof in 1961. The electric S-Bahn service to Potsdam was disrupted by the construction of the Berlin Wall  in 1961 and abandoned a few months later. The Potsdam Stadt and Babelsberg stations could only be reached by local trains from inter alia the old Potsdam Hauptbahnhof. The transit trains (Transitzügen) between West Berlin and West Germany passed through Potsdam Stadt and there were personnel to monitor boarding and disembarking passengers at Potsdam Griebnitzsee. Passengers could not board there until 1963.

In January 1990, local services were re-established to Berlin-Wannsee and full S-Bahn services were re-established in 1992. In 1997, work began on demolishing the old Potsdam Stadt station, including its entrance building, the roundhouse and sidings, and replacing them with new buildings. The design for the new works were produced by the office of Gerkan, Marg and Partners. It consists of two long building complexes that are linked by a connecting structure topped by a wavy roof. The extensions to the platforms were integrated into the connecting structure. The S-Bahn platform was built new  and a regional platform was upgraded. At the south entrance, a new station forecourt was built with bus and tram platforms and a bus parking area. A new shopping centre and a cinema was opened under the name of Bahnhofspassagen Potsdam (Potsdam station passages), along with office and commercial areas.

On 1 September 1999, Potsdam Stadt station was renamed as Potsdam Hauptbahnhof. Its DS-100 code is BPD  and its station code is 5012.

The construction of the station was highly controversial and was discussed at length. A proposal for a facade with yellow brickwork was rejected and the dimensions of the building give the impression of office complexes, the scale of which—as the critics predicted—would be at odds with the historical city of Potsdam. UNESCO considered whether Potsdam should be added to the List of World Heritage in Danger because of the project. Subsequent changes during construction and the non-commencement of some parts of the construction, however, meant that this could be avoided.

Since December 2014, equipment has been in use at the platform allowing "train dispatch by the driver by cab monitor" (Zugabfertigung durch den Triebfahrzeugführer mittels Führerraum-Monitor, ZAT-FM).

Train services
At the May 2006 timetable change the last pair of Intercity-Express (ICE) services to stop at the station was removed. The reason was that all ICE and almost all Intercity services between Berlin and the western states operate over the Hanover–Berlin high-speed railway, and the journey from Potsdam to the western states is faster by taking a detour via Berlin than a route via Magdeburg would be.

The station is served by the following services:

Intercity services  Emden - Oldenburg - Bremen - Hannover - Braunschweig - Magdeburg - Brandenburg - Berlin - Cottbus
Regional services  Magdeburg – Brandenburg – Potsdam – Berlin – Fürstenwalde – Frankfurt (Oder) (– Cottbus)
Local services  Oranienburg – Henningsdorf – Golm – Potsdam
Local services  Wustermark – Golm – Potsdam – Berlin
Local services  (Potsdam Griebnitzsee –) Potsdam – Golm – Saarmund – BER Airport – Königs Wusterhausen
Local services  Golm - Potsdam - Potsdam Griebnitzsee - Berlin-Charlottenburg - Berlin Friedrichstraße - BER Airport
Local services  Potsdam - Caputh-Geltow - Caputh Schwielowsee - Ferch-Lienewitz - Beelitz Stadt - Treuenbrietzen - Jüterbog
Berlin S-Bahn services  Potsdam - Wannsee - Westkreuz - Hauptbahnhof - Alexanderplatz - Ostbahnhof - Lichtenberg - Ahrensfelde

See also
 List of railway stations in Brandenburg
 Potsdam Tramway
 Berlin S-Bahn

Notes

References

External links

Railway stations in Brandenburg
Hauptbahnhof
Hauptbahnhof
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1838
Berlin S-Bahn stations

Potsdam Hauptbahnhof


The Mill Creek is a stream in southwest Ohio. It flows  southwest and south from its headwaters in Liberty Township of Butler County through central Hamilton County and the heart of Cincinnati into the Ohio River just west of downtown. The section of Interstate 75 through Cincinnati is known as the Mill Creek Expressway.

The Mill Creek Valley is a remnant of the Deep Stage Ohio River from the days of the Last Glacial Maximum. The stream, with its water power and valley, were important to the development of Cincinnati. Then, for a time, the steep hillsides that surround the creek limited expansion and gave impetus to the free growth of surrounding communities that were over that barrier. Finally, inclined planes solved the problem, before highways and automobiles eliminated it.

Pollution
Throughout Cincinnati's history, Mill Creek has been the scene of heavy industry.  At the turn of the 20th-century, it was seen as "a great open city sewer". In 1997, it was described as "the most endangered urban river in America."

Discharge
A USGS stream gauge on the creek at Mitchell Avenue in Cincinnati recorded a mean annual discharge of  during the four combined water years 1942-1943 and 1946–1947.

Crossings
A number of substantial viaducts cross the valley of the Mill Creek. From south to north, the crossings - both high above and near the water level - are:
CSX Transportation rail spur
Sixth Street Expressway/Waldvogel Viaduct (U.S. Route 50/State Route 264)
Sixth Street and the Indiana and Ohio Railway "Ditch Track"
CSX "Oklahoma Track" on the Indiana Subdivision
CSX "Cincinnati Industrial Track" (former Toledo Subdivision main track)
Eighth Street Viaduct
Gest Street
Western Hills Viaduct
Hopple Street Viaduct
Millcreek Road
Spring Grove Avenue
Interstate 74/U.S. Route 27/U.S. Route 52
Ludlow Viaduct (Hamilton Avenue) (US 127)
CSX railroad
Clifton Avenue
Mitchell Avenue
CSX Railroad
Spring Grove Avenue
Cognis Corporation pipe bridge
CSX rail spur
CSX railroad
Cognis Corporation pipe bridge
Cognis Corporation (private roadway)
Cognis Corporation (private roadway)
Cognis Corporation pipe bridge
Cognis Corporation (private roadway)
CSX rail spur
Center Hill Avenue
West Seymour Avenue
West North Bend Road
CSX Railroad
Vine Street (SR 4)
Anthony Wayne Avenue
CSX Railroad
Private roadway
Interstate 75
SR 126 eastbound (Ronald Reagan Highway)
SR 126 westbound (Ronald Reagan Highway)
East Galbraith Road
Clark Road
Koehler Avenue (Davis Street)
Interstate 75
West Benson Street (East Wyoming Avenue)
Interstate 75
West Columbia Avenue
General Electric Aviation (private roadway)
Norfolk Southern Railroad
Formica Corporation (private roadway)
Cunningham Drive
Glendale-Milford Road
Norfolk Southern Railroad
Norfolk Southern Railroad
Norfolk Southern Railroad
Norfolk Southern Railroad
Medallion Drive
CSX Railroad
East Sharon Road
CSX Railroad
East Kemper Road
Interstate 275
CSX Railroad
East Crescentville Road
Allen Road
Village Centre Avenue
Union Centre Boulevard
West Chester Road

See also
List of rivers of Ohio

References

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Mill Creek, 2004

External links
Mill Creek Valley Conservancy District
Mill Creek Alliance
Mill Creek Watershed Council
Deep Stage drainage

Rivers of Ohio
Tributaries of the Ohio River
Rivers of Butler County, Ohio
Landforms of the Cincinnati metropolitan area
Rivers of Hamilton County, Ohio

Mill Creek (Ohio)


Miller's Crossing is a 1990 mystery crime drama thriller movie. Marcia Gay Harden plays Verna Bernbaum. Frances McDormand plays a secretary. The subject in the movie is Mafia related issues and crimes. The movie was released in September 1990 in the United States. The budget was over $14 million. Miller's Crossing earned back only $5 million. However, the movie was critically praised.

1990 crime thriller movies
1990s English-language movies

Miller's Crossing


The Toyota Brevis is a mid-sized luxury sedan introduced in Mey 2001 an sauld anerlie in Japan. The Brevis haes some stylin cues frae the Lexus LS 430. Sales stairtit in Juin, 2001. The Brevis wis discontinued in 2007.

Owerview
The Toyota Brevis is based on the Progres, which wis launcht hauf a year afore the Altezza/Lexus IS wi a seemilar platform. Unlik Progres, the new Brevis aims at younger customers, wi Toyota sayin it is intendit tae compete directly wi imports lik the BMW 3-series an Mercedes C-Class. The chassis an pouertrain is seemilar tae the Progres, wi altered exterior stylin an a differently trimmed interior. The heidlamps consists o three roond teep beams. The feelin o luxury an elegant space is reflectit bi uisin the gless green lichtin for the speedometer an the clock. The stylish centre console hooses a LCD monitor an an alloy-effect soond seestem which consists o a on-dash CD chynger, DVD an MD playback, wi 7 speakers on the tap model.

The Brevis is based on the same rear-drive platform as Lexus IS, wi wheelbase extendit tae 2,780 mm (109.4 in). In terms o size an wecht, it staund atween a BMW 3-series an 5-series, sae cabin space is plenty. Housomeivver, dynamically speakin it can haurdly match the European rivals (in Toyota's brand images, that role is left for Lexus tae fulfill), awtho rides on dooble-wishbones suspensions. Suspension is set softer than the Lexus, steerin is less direct, an its 1,550 kg (3,417 lb) kerb wecht an aa hurt handlin agility.

Thare are twa choices o pouer plant: 2.5-litre or 3.0-litre straucht-sax baith front mountit, pumpin oot 200 hp (150 kW) an 220 hp (160 kW) respectively. Baith are equipped wi VVT-i an D-4 direct injection. It comes this wi 5-speed AT (2WD car) or 4-speed AT (4WD car) options, in which the 4WD option is anerlie available for the 2.5 litre model.

Ither options includes pouer adjustable pedal, in which pedal poseetions can be adjustit tae suit the drivers' drivin posture, the poseetion o pedal, steerin wheel an driver's seat are memorized. Thare is an' a' an electric rear sunshade an a radar guided cruise control seestem tae ensure a safe follaein distance tae the caur ahead in correspondence tae the travelin speed. Aw thir are staundart equipments. An aa includit are the Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) seestem, ABS, an heich intensity dischairge (HID) heid lamps.

The later models wis improved in Aprile 2004 as the prestigious mesh grille design wis adoptit for the front grille. The models efter December 2005 comes wi EMV (wi colour backin guide monitor & windae shade corner monitor) an an' a' a DVD vyce navigation seestem for G-BOOK an NAVI.AI-SHIFT (no applicable for 4WD models.)

Brevis
Luxury vehicles
Sedans
2001 introductions

Toyota Brevis


Rendition is a 2007 American political thriller film directed by Gavin Hood, and starring Reese Witherspoon, Jake Gyllenhaal, Meryl Streep, Peter Sarsgaard, Alan Arkin and Omar Metwally. It centers on the controversial CIA practice of extraordinary rendition and is based on the true story of Khalid El-Masri, who was mistaken for Khalid al-Masri.

Plot
In North Africa, CIA analyst Douglas Freeman briefs an agent. A suicide attack kills the agent and 18 civilians; the target was high-ranking police official Abbas-i "Abasi" Fawal, a liaison for the United States who conducts interrogations with techniques amounting to torture, but Fawal is unharmed.

Egyptian-born Anwar El-Ibrahimi, a chemical engineer living in Chicago with his mother, his pregnant wife Isabella, and their young son, is believed linked to known terrorist Rashid by records indicating several calls to Anwar's cellphone. Returning from a conference in South Africa, Anwar is detained by American officials and sent to a secret facility near the earlier attack, where he is interrogated and tortured.

Isabella is not informed of her husband's whereabouts, and all official evidence of his being on the plane at Cape Town International Airport is erased.

Freeman, assigned to observe Anwar's interrogation by Fawal, is doubtful of Anwar's guilt, but CIA superior Corrine Whitman insists such treatments are necessary to save potential victims of terrorism.

Isabella travels to Washington, D.C. to ask friend Alan Smith, an aide to Senator Hawkins, to find her missing husband. Smith informs Isabella that Anwar failed to board the plane in Cape Town, but she shows him her husband's credit card purchase at the in-flight duty-free shop, confirming he was on the flight. Smith pieces together details of Anwar's detention but is unable to convince Hawkins or Whitman, who ordered the rendition, to release Anwar or acknowledge his imprisonment.

Hawkins tells Smith to let the matter go, as public debate on extraordinary rendition would complicate the senator's bill before Congress. His sympathetic secretary tips Isabella off that Whitman will be visiting. Isabella confronts Whitman and Hawkins before being led out by security, only to go into labour in the hallway.

Under torture, Anwar eventually confesses that he advised a man named Rashid on chemicals to enhance explosives and was promised $40,000. Freeman suspects a false confession, confirmed when the names Anwar gives are traced by Interpol and draw a blank. A quick Google search reveals the names belong to an Egyptian soccer team. Freeman approaches the Minister of the Interior with this finding, questioning why a man with a $200,000 salary would risk his life for $40,000. When discussing the value of intelligence gathered through torture, Freeman quotes from  The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare: "I fear you speak upon the rack, Where men enforced do speak anything."

Freeman persuades the minister to release Anwar, sending him back to America via a clandestine ship to Spain, ignoring Whitman's frantic orders to hand Anwar back to Fawal and knowing he will probably be branded as insubordinate. Meanwhile, Smith similarly disregards Hawkins' advice and leaks the torture details to the press, igniting a worldwide scandal and likely ending his political aspirations. Anwar returns home and shares a tearful reunion with Isabella, his son, and their newborn baby.

Sub-plot
In a parallel storyline, Abasi Fawal's daughter Fatima runs away with her boyfriend Khalid. Abasi learns Khalid's late brother was an inmate at his prison.

Fatima learns that Khalid belongs to a terrorist group, and discovers a notebook with pictures: Khalid and his brother brandishing AK-47s; a grief-stricken Khalid standing over his brother's corpse; her father; and a statement that Khalid will avenge his brother.

Realising that her father, responsible for the death of Khalid's brother, is about to be assassinated by Khalid, she runs to the town square and confronts Khalid. He hesitates, and is killed by the attack's organizers; he releases the dead man's switch, and Fatima is killed in the explosion from the beginning of the film.

Abasi rushes to Khalid's apartment and discovers Khalid's grandmother grieving the loss of her grandsons and Fatima. Abasi realizes his daughter died trying to protect him.

Theory
The phone record implicating Anwar remains unexplained. It is mentioned that phones are often passed off to avoid tracing; the DVD extras explain a subplot on this concept that was cut from the film. Director Gavin Hood stated in an interview that the ambiguity of Anwar's involvement was deliberate, to let the viewer decide whether the possibility of his guilt justified kidnapping and torture.

Cast

 Reese Witherspoon as Isabella Fields El-Ibrahimi
 Jake Gyllenhaal as Douglas Freeman
 Meryl Streep as Corrine Whitman
 Omar Metwally as Anwar El-Ibrahimi
 Alan Arkin as Senator Hawkins
 Peter Sarsgaard as Alan Smith
 Aramis Knight as Jeremy El-Ibrahimi
 Rosie Malek-Yonan as Nuru El-Ibrahimi
 Moa Khouas as Khalid El-Emin
 Zineb Oukach as Fatima Fawal
 Yigal Naor as Abasi Fawal
 J. K. Simmons as Lee Mayers
 Bob Gunton as Lars Whitman
 Hadar Ratzon as Safiya
 Reymond Amsalem as Layla Fawal
 Simon Abkarian as Said Abdel Aziz
 Wendy Phillips as Samantha
 Laila Mrabti as Lina Fawal
 Christian Martin as Senator Lewis' Aide

Reception
Reviews for Rendition were mixed. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 47% approval rating from critics, based on 152 reviews, with the consensus noting "The impressive cast cannot rescue Rendition, which explores complex issues in woefully simplified terms." On Metacritic, the film averaged a score of 55 based on 34 reviews. Roger Ebert awarded the film four stars out of four, saying, "Rendition is valuable and rare. As I wrote from Toronto: 'It is a movie about the theory and practice of two things: torture and personal responsibility. And it is wise about what is right, and what is wrong.'" In contrast, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone applauded the cast, but noted that the film was a "bust as a persuasive drama". Travers declared the film the year's Worst Anti-War Film on his list of the Worst Movies of 2007.

See also
 Extraordinary Rendition (film)

References

External links

 Rendition at The Black Commentator

2007 films
2000s political thriller films
2000s spy films
American nonlinear narrative films
Extraordinary rendition program
Films set in Egypt
Films set in South Africa
Films set in Illinois
Films directed by Gavin Hood
Films about terrorism
Films shot in Morocco
Films about kidnapping
Films about the Central Intelligence Agency
Films produced by Steve Golin
Hyperlink films
New Line Cinema films
American political thriller films
American political drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

Rendition (film)


Vela Jiménez who appears also as Vigila Scemeniz, is documented on two occasions as Count of Álava between 882 and 883 in the Codex Vigilanus, compiled in 881 with two large paragraphs added subsequently describing the events that took place in 882 and 883.

There is a previous reference to another count in Álava called Eylo who in 868 led a rebellion that was quashed by King Alfonso III of Asturias and then taken to Oviedo in chains. Nevertheless, the references to Count Vela, the head of this lineage, are much more precise.

Family origins
He is assumed to have been a member of the royal house of Pamplona and a member of the Jiména dynasty and a relative of King Alfonso III and perhaps his brother-in-law. This placement is based solely on his common patronymic, and there is no documentary evidence whatsoever to support such relationships.

Count in Álava
The first count of Castile was Rodrigo who governed the County of Castile by mandate of King Ordoño I of Asturias and, according to documentary sources, it seems that the authority of this Castilian count and later that of his son Diego included parts of Álava, although it was not until 882 when someone held that title.

By 882, the county was being governed by Rodrigo's son, Diego, while Vela Jiménez appears in 882 and in 883 in charge of the government of Álava:Vigila Scemeniz erat tunc comes in Alaba. In 882, while Count Diego defended the gorge at Pancorbo, Count Vela was responsible for defending the County of Álava from the castle at Cellorigo, from where he blocked the passage and defeated the Muslim forces led by Al-Mundhir of Córdoba at the Battle of Cellorigo.

Possible descendants

Although there is no document to confirm it, he is assumed to have been the father of:

 Munio Vélaz, who appears from 913 as the count in Álava and in 919 as Monnio Uigilazi in Alaba in the Cartularios de Valpuesta. Because of his patronymic and his title, he was probably one of Count Vela's sons. He could also have been same Munio who appears in the Códice de Roda as Count Momo Biscahiensis, that is, count in Biscay.
 Nuño Vélaz. The medieval scholar Jaime de Salazar y Acha suggests that Count Vela could have been the father of a son named Nuño who settled in the Kingdom of León after the descendants of Count Vela Jimenez fled from Castile due to their differences with the Castilian count Fernán González, and became ancestor of the Vela (or Vélaz) family. According to the author, this would explain the Basque names such as Vela and Oveco in subsequent generations. This Nuño would have been the father of several children, including counts Vela Núñez, Bermudo Núñez, the first count of Cea, and Oveco Núñez, Bishop of León.

References

Bibliography

Counts of Álava
9th-century Asturian nobility
9th-century births
9th-century deaths
People of the Reconquista

Vela Jiménez


Ellis Sandoz (born 1931) is the Hermann Moyse Jr. Distinguished Professor of Political Science and Director of the Eric Voegelin Institute for American Renaissance Studies at Louisiana State University.  Sandoz is also the former chairman of that department.

Studies
Sandoz, as Director of the Eric Voegelin Institute for American Renaissance Studies, established in 1987, has devoted himself to research, publications, and conferences on political philosophy and constitutionalism.

Biography
A native of Louisiana whose family first came there from Switzerland in 1829, he is a United States Marine Corps veteran (1953–56). He was educated at Louisiana State University (B. A., 1951; M. A., 1953), also at the University of North Carolina, Georgetown, Heidelberg, and the University of Munich where he completed his doctorate (Dr. oec. publ.) with Eric Voegelin in 1965, Sandoz is the only American to do so.  Sandoz joined Louisiana State University faculty in 1978. Sandoz is a specialist in the field of political philosophy (American, European, and Russian), and he approaches problems of public policy from that perspective.  President Ronald W. Reagan appointed him to the National Council on the Humanities in 1982 for a six-year term.  The Board of Foreign Scholarships in 1987 named him a Fulbright 40th Anniversary Distinguished American Scholar to represent the United States in Italy and lecture on the Constitution during the U.S. Bicentennial. He founded and remains secretary of the Eric Voegelin Society. He was elected president of the Philadelphia Society in April 2000.

Constitutionalism
After the Velvet Revolution of 1989, Sandoz has addressed the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia and conducted lectures and a series of conferences on The Federalist Papers, and other aspects of the Anglo-American constitutionalism and liberty and Western political philosophy, for academic and political leaders in Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Poland.

Awards
For Sandoz's political science and related educational activities in 1994 he has been awarded the
 University Medal and Rector's Certificate by Palacký University of Olomouc, Czech Republic;
 Palacký University of Olomouc in 1995 awarded Sandoz the degree Philosophiae doctorem, Honoris causa.
 First political scientist to be chosen Louisiana State University's Distinguished Research Master and awarded the university's Gold Medal; and "in recognition of high attainments in liberal scholarship,"
 In 1996 was the first alumnus member of LSU's Phi Beta Kappa chapter.
 In November 2002 Sandoz delivered the commencement address and was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor en Ciencias Políticas by the University Francisco Marroquín in Guatemala.

Lectures
Sandoz presented a series of lectures on the thought of Voegelin, ethics, and constitutionalism sponsored by the Graduate Program of Ethics of the University of Oslo and the Research Council of Norway in Trondheim in October 1995. He lectures widely in the U. S. and Canada on the contemporary crisis of civic consciousness, foundations of constitutionalism, and modern political philosophy. He delivered the John Witherspoon Lecture titled "Republicanism and Religion: A Conspiracy of Faith and Reason" (Washington, D.C., April 2004); addressed University of Genoa conference on EU constitution-formation (May 2004).

Works
 Political sermons of the American founding era, 1730-1805 - Volumes 1 and 2 (1998)
 The Politics of Truth and other Untimely Essays: The Crisis of Civic Consciousness (U. Mo. Press, 1999);
 A Government of Laws: Political Theory, Religion and the American Founding (LSU, pb. 1991; 2nd ed., U. Mo. Press, 2001); Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, 1730 to 1805 (Liberty Press, 1991; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1998)
 Eric Voegelin's Significance for the Modern Mind (LSU, 1991); Published Essays, 1966–1985, vol. 12,
 The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin (LSU, 1991); Published Essays, 1953–1965, ibid. (CW, vol. 11 [2000]); Published Essays, 1940–1952, ibid. (CW, vol. 10 [2000])
 Republicanism, Religion and the Soul of America; and  Vol. 34 of Collected Works, Autobiographical Reflections (rev'd edn), Glossary of Terms, Cumulative Index, ed. with introductions by Sandoz (both U. Mo. Press, 2006).
 The Roots of Liberty: Magna Carta, Ancient Constitution, and the Anglo-American Tradition of Rule of Law (Missouri, 1993; 2d ed. Liberty Fund, 2008)
 Political Apocalypse: A Study of Dostoevsky's Grand Inquisitor, 2d ed. rev. (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books);
 The Voegelinian Revolution: A Biographical Introduction, 2d ed. rev. (New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Pubs., Rutgers University);
 Sandoz wrote the introduction to the 2004 a revised edition of Eric Voegelin, Science, Politics and Gnosticism, ed. ( ISI Books).

Editorial work
Sandoz is a member of the Editorial Board and serves as General Editor of The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin (LSU, 1989–1999; University of Missouri Press, 1999–2008) 34 vols., and series editor for CW, vols. 19–26, History of Political Ideas.

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

References

External links
 Eric Voegelin Institute
 Contact information

Louisiana State University faculty
Louisiana Tech University faculty
21st-century American philosophers
20th-century American philosophers
American political scientists
Living people
1931 births

Ellis Sandoz


Khovrino (Russian: Ховрино) is a station on the Zamoskvoretskaya line of the Moscow Metro. The station opened on 31 December 2017. It is the northern terminus of the line, and the closest subway station to the Sheremetyevo International Airport.

Name
The working name of the station was originally Ulitsa Dybenko for the street on which the station is situated. In 2013, the city changed the official name to Khovrino, to reflect the name of the municipal district, Khovrino Municipal Okrug.

History
Various plans have existed throughout the history of the line to extend it northward. The boring of 2.2 km (1.4 mi) of tunnels north from the former terminus, Rechnoy Vokzal, was completed in December 2014 by tunnel boring machine. The station was originally planned to open in December 2016, but, despite construction being largely completed in 2016, the opening of Khovrino was postponed a year because of the decision to construct an intermediate station Belomorskaya. In July 2019 Bellingcat researcher Aric Toler reported that the station received an online bomb threat that was posted on Twitter.

Gallery

References

Zamoskvoretskaya Line
Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 2017
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Khovrino (Moscow Metro)


The ELTon Award is given by the British Council for English language teaching innovation.

2003 winners
Tim Kelly and Hilary Nesi — University of Warwick
Fiona Joseph and Peter Travis — Flo-Joe

2004 winners
Richard Cauldwell — speechinaction (CD-ROM)
Macmillan Education Dictionaries Team — Macmillan Education, range of products (book, CD-ROM and online editions)
Scott Thornbury, Oxford University Press — Natural Grammar

2005 winners
Vanessa Reilly, Oxford University Press — Three in a tree (book and multimedia package)
Simon Mellor-Clark and Yvonne Baker de Altamirano, Macmillan Education — Campaign 1 coursebooks
Sophie Ioannou-Georgiou and Pavlos Pavlou, Oxford University Press — Assessing Young Learners

2006 winners
Corony Edwards and Jane Willis, University of Birmingham and Aston University — Teachers Exploring Tasks
Carol Read, Ana Soberon, Maria Toth and Elisenda Papiol, Macmillan Education — Bugs (multimedia course)
Stuart Rubenstein, Greta Grinfeld, Sally McCrae, Emma Fisher, Camden College of English— "English Language Cultural Experience"

2007 winners
Alison Sharpe, Professor Ronald Carter and Professor Michael McCarthy, Cambridge University Press — The Cambridge Grammar of English (CD-ROM and book)
David Warr, Language Garden — Language Gardening (CD-ROM)
Nicky Hockly and Gavin Dudeney, The Consultants-E, ICT in the Classroom (online course)

2010 winners
Russell Stanard — www.teachertrainingvideos.com
Mary Slattery, Catherine Kneafsey, Lucy Allen, Julia Bell — Teaching with Bear: Using puppets in the language classroom with young learners, Oxford University Press
Scott Thornbury, Luke Meddings, Lindsay Clandfield, Mike Burghall — Teaching Unplugged, Delta Publishing
James Thomas, Martina Pavlickova and Martina Sindelarova Skupenova — Global Issues in the ELT Classroom, Spolecnost pro Fair Trade
Stuart Wiffin and Helen Gibbon — Award For Innovative Writing

2011 winners
Neil Edgeller, Senjuti Masud, Sharif Sadique — Rinku's World, BBC Learning English
Ben Glynne, Dan Humm Soriano, David Wilkins — Communication Station, United International College
Rob Carter, Alice Castle, Abeer Hassan, Sean Keegan, Karim Kouchouk, Abigail Wincott — BBCe!, BBC Learning English
Marcos Benevides, Adam Gray — Fiction in Action: Whodunit, ABAX ELT
Simona Petrescu — Macmillan Education Award For Innovative Writing
Brian Abbs and Ingrid Freebairn — Lifetime Achievement Award

2012 winners
Kate Khoury, Sarah Raybould and Louise Salim — Sensing Humour in English
Nik Peachey — Bell Blended Learning for ELT, Bell
Macmillan Education— Sounds: The Pronunciation App, Macmillan Education
Kyle Mawer, Graham Stanley  — Digital Play: Computer games and language aims, Delta Publishing
L2 — Wordready Academic English, L2
Colour Trick — The Colour of Words, Colour Trick S.l.
Alan Maley — Lifetime Achievement Award

2013 winners
Mary Glasgow Scholastic — Mary Glasgow
Y.L.Teresa Ting — CLIL - Biology Towards IGCSE
Herbert Puchta and Günter Gerngross — Hooray! Let's play! Helbling Languages
Kieran Donaghy — "Film English"
Richard Cauldwell — Cool Speech: Hot Listening, Cool Pronunciation, Speech in Action/Firsty Group
English in Action — English in Action, Bangladesh
Brita Haycraft — Lifetime Achievement Award

2014 winners
Excellence in Course Innovation - Dyslexia for Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (Dystefl) by Dystefl Project
Innovation in Learner Resources - Academic Skills Series by Collins
Innovation in Teacher Resources - The Disabled Access Friendly campaign by Katie Quartano and Paul Shaw
Digital Innovation - Doctors Speak Up: Communication and Language Skills for International Medical Graduates by R. Woodward-Kron, C. Bow, C. Fraser, J. Pill, E. Flynn
Local Innovation - P.A.L.S Scheme, (Promoting Acceptance of Language Students) - Country Cousins Ltd
The Macmillan Education Award for New Talent in Writing -Compass (Upper Intermediate) by Elizabeth (Lizzie) Pinard
 British Council The Lifetime Achievement Award - Michael Swan

2015 winners
Excellence in Course Innovation - Oxford Discover by Oxford University Press
Innovation in Learner Resources - Oxford Learner's Dictionary of Academic English by Oxford University Press, with Paragon Software GmbH (app)
Innovation in Teacher Resources - "Life Skills" by Macmillan Education
Digital Innovation - Little Bridge by Little Bridge
Local Innovation -Talk English by Manchester Adult Education Service, Manchester City Council with The Department for Communities and Local Government (UK)
The Macmillan Education Award for New Talent in Writing - EAP Shakespeare Dr Chris Lima
The British Council Lifetime Achievement Award -  Henry Widdowson

2016 winners
Excellence in Course Innovation - Keynote by National Geographic Learning with Cengage Learning
Innovation in Learner Resources - Literacy for Active Citizenship by Learning Unlimited LTD
Innovation in Teacher Resources - Digital Video – A Manual for Language Teachers by PeacheyPublications.com
Digital Innovation - Movies: Enjoy Language by Archimedes Inspiration, a.s.
Local Innovation - Teaching English in Africa by East African Educational Publishers Ltd.
The Macmillan Education Award for New Talent in Writing - "Academic English for the 21st Century Learner" by Aylin Graves
The British Council Lifetime Achievement Award - "Catherine Walter"

Other websites
 Official site of the British Council
 British Council innovation awards

British awards

ELTon Award


Marcel Dupré (born Rouen, Normandy, 3 May  1886; died Meudon, near Paris, 30 May  1971), was a leading French organist, composer, and teacher.

Biography
Marcel Dupré was born to a musical family in Rouen (Normandy, France). His father Albert Dupré was organist at the gothic abbey of St Ouen in Rouen.  The young Marcel was a child prodigy. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1904, where he studied the piano and organ.  He studied organ with Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne, and Charles-Marie Widor. His studies with Widor also included composition. In 1914, Dupré won the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata, Psyché.  Twelve years later, he became professor of organ at the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1954.

Among his best-known work were more than 2,000 organ recitals in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia.  In 1920 he played in a series of concerts at the Paris Conservatoire in which he played the complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach from memory.

In 1934 he succeeded Widor as organist at St. Sulpice in Paris, serving until his death.

From 1947 to 1954, he was director of the American Conservatory, which was in the Château de Fontainebleau near Paris. In 1954, Dupré succeeded Claude Delvincourt (who had been killed in a car crash) as director of the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1956. He died at the age of 85.

His playing

Dupré's organ recitals often included his own work, as well as those of other composers, especially Bach. In the tradition of Widor and Vierne, his compositions included long works in several movements which he called "symphonies".  When he played in church services he would start by playing composed music which was suitable for the time of year.  Then he would improvise, playing complicated fugues, trio sonatas and chorale improvisations.  He was so good at improvising that many people thought he had composed the music beforehand.

When playing in concerts he was often given a tune, and then he would immediately make up a large work from that tune.  In 1906, when he was still a student, he played for a wedding and two services when the famous Widor was going to be absent.  Dupré asked Widor what music he should play.  Widor told him to improvise something.  Dupré waited for Widor to go out of the church before he started practising, but Widor crept back in and listened to him.  He realized that Dupré would manage very well.

His teaching

Dupré  was famous as an organ teacher.  He taught two generations of well-known organists including Jehan Alain,  Marie-Claire Alain, Pierre Cochereau, Jeanne Demessieux,Jean Guillou, Jean Langlais, and  Olivier Messiaen.

His compositions

Dupré composed a great deal of organ music. As a young child he got to know Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, the most famous organ builder in France.  Cavaillé-Coll had built the organ that Dupré's father played, so he was used to the sound of modern French organs.   Most of Dupré's music for the organ is very difficult to play. It includes the  Three Preludes and Fugues, Op. 7 (1914).  Even Widor thought that the Prelude of the third piece was simply impossible to perform. However, Dupré could play it, and many organists after him learned to play it, too. Other notable works of Dupré's include  the Symphonie-Passion, the Esquisses and Évocation, and the Cortège et Litanie.

As well as composing lots of music, Dupré prepared study editions of the organ works of Bach, Handel, Mozart, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schumann, César Franck, and Alexander Glazunov. He also wrote music for people who were learning to play the organ, and books on how to improvise on the organ.

References
Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed Stanley Sadie (5th edition, 1980)
"Marcel Dupré at Saint-Sulpice" – Gerard Brooks: Organist's Review Aug 1986 p. 161-166

1886 births
1971 deaths
French organists
20th-century French composers
People from Rouen

Marcel Dupré


Mark James Gosche (born 2 December 1955) is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Maungakiekie.

1955 births
Livin fowk
New Zealand Labour Pairty MPs
Members o the Cabinet o New Zealand
Meenisters o Hoosin (New Zealand)
New Zealand fowk o Samoan strynd
Samoan chiefs
New Zealand rugby league admeenistrators
New Zealand leet MPs
New Zealand Rugby League buird members
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
21st-century New Zealand politeecians

Mark Gosche


Vista Land & Lifescapes Inc. also known as simply Vista Land, is a property developer in the Philippines engaged in the real estate and retail industries. The company is part of the Villar Group of Companies associated with Manny Villar, along with the Starmalls, Inc. and Golden Haven, Inc.

History
Vista Land was incorporated on February 28, 2007 as a holding company of the Vista Group, which is involved in the real estate industry as a developer of residential subdivisions and condominiums.

Organization
Vista Land's operations is divided into four segments: horizontal, vertical, commercial, and affordable housing. The first two involves the development and sale of residential properties, the third deals with the company's venture in the retail and business process outsourcing industry, and the last is involved with the development and management of other business including resorts, hotels, club, and spas as well as activities of its holding companies. Vista Land has six subsidiaries namely Brittany Corporation, Crown Asia Properties, Vista Residences, Camella, Camella Manors, Lessandra, Communities Philippines, and VLL International Inc.

In 2020, Vista Land created Lumina Homes as line of mass housing communities.

Vista Land also operates the Vista Malls shopping mall chain.

References

2007 establishments in the Philippines
Conglomerate companies of the Philippines
Holding companies of the Philippines
Real estate companies of the Philippines
Companies listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
Companies based in Mandaluyong

Vista Land


Nurullah Tevfik Ağansoy (1960, Topcular, Istanbul – August 28, 1996, Bebek, Istanbul) was a Turkish mob boss and former Grey Wolves member who was involved in the Susurluk scandal. After the 1980 Turkish coup, he was arrested and sentenced to 16 years in prison for his role in shootings, bombings, and a murder. In 1986, he was charged with a further five murders and began cooperating with Turkish intelligence. He was released in 1989. He was assassinated on the orders of his former business partner Alaattin Çakıcı.

Background
His parents were Yaşar and Ayşe.

Ağansoy was a member of the Çağlayan, Kağıthane branch of the Nationalist Movement Party in the 1970s, and knew  Alaattin Çakıcı as a leader of a neighbouring branch.

Imprisonment
Prior to 1980 Turkish coup d'etat, he was arrested by the Military Court No. 1 on May 20, 1979 on allegations of his involvement in killing and wounding persons and various bombings in Şişli and Gültepe in İstanbul. However, the court decided to release him pending trial, and he was acquitted subsequently.

He was arrested on July 10, 1981, as one of the persons involved in the killing of Zafer Ereske in 1980. He was convicted on January 29, 1981, for planting bombs and carrying a gun without license.

During the period he served in Metris Prison in Istanbul, he handed in a petition on April 24, 1988, requesting to benefit from the Repentance Law.

Release
He was released in 1989, and began working together with Çakıcı. He fell out with Çakıcı over the shooting of Engin Civan, as his name became associated with the shooting (Civangate) and he had to flee abroad. He was captured in Germany with the assistance of Interpol. At his trial Uğur Kılıç, Çakıcı's wife and the daughter of Dündar Kılıç, was due to testify, but Çakıcı had her murdered first. Ağansoy declared he would get revenge for this murder, whereupon Çakıcı announced that Ağansoy would be dead within two months. An attempt to assassinate Ağansoy at the April 3, 1996, court hearing at which he was released was narrowly foiled.

Assassination
On August 28, 1996, while he was sitting in a cafe in the Bebek neighborhood of Istanbul with Celal Babür and Ferda Temel (the police officers in charge of protecting Prime Minister Tansu Çiller), he was targeted by assassins arriving by car. Ağansoy was shot dead along with Babür in an attack carried out by hitmen hired by Alaattin Çakıcı. The cafe's owner, Gulcin Balaban, was also killed; cafe customers, including some notable figures such as Sibel Can and Cem Özer, were able to escape, although some were injured. The shootout lasted for 20 minutes and despite taking place just 200 metres from the local police station, no police intervened until the end of the shootout, and the attackers were not pursued.

He was buried in Zincirlikuyu Cemetery, with his wife Hülya avowing revenge. His wife has died of cancer on February 27, 2020.

References

1960 births
1996 deaths
Turkish crime bosses
Turkish murder victims

Nurullah Tevfik Ağansoy


In the history of canon law, a decretist was a student and interpreter of the . Like Gratian, the decretists sought to provide "a harmony of discordant canons" (concordia discordantium canonum), and they worked towards this through glosses (glossae) and summaries (summae) on Gratian. They are contrasted with the decretalists, whose work primarily focused on papal decretals.

Early decretists of the Italian school include Paucapalea, a pupil of Gratian's; Rufinus, who wrote the Summa Decretorum; and Huguccio, who wrote the Summa super Decreta, the most extensive decretist work. There was also a French school of decretists starting with Stephen of Tournai.

Notes

Medieval law
Canon law history
Canon law jurists
Canon law codifications

Decretist


Watchet is a harbor town in the county of Somerset in England. It gets its name either from the blue wacet dye found in the cliffs, or from British gwo coed or waeced, "under the wood".

History
It is first recorded in the 7th century, when Saint Decuman crossed over from South Wales on a raft with a cow to help the people there. Legend says he was killed there by a violent man who cut off his head. There is a spring of water dedicated to him there.

Coins were minted here for Ethelred II and five other Saxon kings. They have been found as far away as Scandinavia, probably because they were part of the Danegeld - payments made to the Vikings, who attacked Watchet in 918, 977, 988, and destroyed part of it in 997. Harold Godwinson's mother Eleanor fled through this port in 1066.

Watchet is the only place in England to still have the Court leet system, but only in name, with people chosen for ceremonial jobs like port reeve and ale taster.

Other websites
 Watchet's rich heritage
 Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey
 Watchet

Towns in Somerset

Watchet


L'Anse Grise (translated to gray cove) is an unincorporated community in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community is located on LA Hwy 13, approximately 1.5 miles north of the intersection of LA Hwy 10.

History
L'Anse Grise was homesteaded and settled in the mid-19th century by Dalicourt Guillory, Marius Landreneau, Francois Vidrine, Jean Baptiste Chapman, Jean Baptiste Ortego and others. "Anse" is one of the many French nautical terms used in South Louisiana and means "cove." The common erroneous translation for the name is Gray Point, which, in French, would be "Pointe Grise."  To date, it isn't known when L'Anse Grise acquired its name. The earliest recorded use of the name L'Anse Grise, found in the Vidrine Elementary School, is in 1928.

References

Unincorporated communities in Louisiana
Unincorporated communities in Evangeline Parish, Louisiana
Acadiana

L'Anse Grise, Louisiana


Gregor Thum (born 2 May 1967 in Munich, Bavaria) is a German-American historian of Central and Eastern Europe.

From 1988 through 1995, Thum studied history and Slavic studies at the Free University of Berlin. From 1995 to 2001, he was a lecturer at professor Karl Schlögel's chair for East European history at Viadrina European University in Frankfurt an der Oder. There he worked on a Ph.D. thesis about the transformation of German Breslau into Polish Wrocław from 1945 onwards. Completed in 2002 and published as a book the following year, the thesis was very successful on the general book market by the standards of historical monographies. Thum received several awards in both Germany and Poland. Thum held the position of a DAAD visiting assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh (2003-2008) and DAAD associate professor at the University of Washington (2010-2011). From 2008 to 2010, he was a Junior Fellow at the University of Freiburg's Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS). Since 2012, he has been assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Since 2014, he has served as the History Department's Director of Graduate Studies. He is currently working on a research project titled "Mastering the East. The German Frontier from 1800 to the Present".

In 2007, Thum was awarded the honorary title "Ambassador of Wrocław" by the local edition of Gazeta Wyborcza, prevailing over prominent nominees like Lech Janerka, Marek Krajewski, Maciej Łagiewski, Jan Miodek, and Bogdan Zdrojewski.

Bibliography
1998 (ed. with Katharina Kucher, Karl Schlögel, Bernhard Suchy): Chronik russischen Lebens in Deutschland, 1918-1941 [A Chronicle of Russian Life in Germany, 1918-1941]. Berlin: Akademie Verlag,
2003: Die fremde Stadt. Breslau nach 1945, Berlin: Siedler,  (Polish ed. Obce miasto: Wrocław 1945 i potem, Wrocław: Via Nova; English ed.: Uprooted: How Breslau became Wroclaw, Princeton University Press, 2011, )
2006 (ed.): Traumland Osten. Deutsche Bilder vom östlichen Europa im 20. Jahrhundert [Dreamland East. German Images of Eastern Europe in the 20th century], Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
2012 (ed. with Maurus Reinkowski): Helpless Imperialists. Imperial Failure, Fear, and Radicalization, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht,
2013 (ed. with Katharina Kucher, Sören Urbansky): Stille Revolutionen. Die Neuformierung der Welt seit 1989, Frankfurt a.M.: Campus,

References

External links

Resume at the University of Pittsburgh
Resume at the University of Freiburg

1967 births
Living people
20th-century German historians
Writers from Munich
Free University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of European University Viadrina
University of Pittsburgh faculty
German male non-fiction writers
21st-century German historians

Gregor Thum


The Zoo Bar is a blues music venue and nightclub located in downtown Lincoln, Nebraska, on 136 North 14th Street.  Styled around the Chicago blues clubs, it is a long, narrow venue in a building built in 1921.

Around 1971, Jim Ludwig, Bill Kennedy, and Don Chamberlin purchased the bar. Larry Boehmer, a Master of Fine Arts student at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln at the time, promoted the bar to his fellow artists. He booked the first band in 1973 and was sole owner by 1977.

Boehmer met Chicago musician and promoter Bob Riedy and formed a connection that brought many revered Chicago artists to the Lincoln club. Because of this connection, the Zoo Bar was the first white club that Magic Slim ever played. In 1975 he had never ventured outside the clubs in Chicago's African-American neighborhoods.

In 1977, Boehmer was the sole owner and the Zoo was established as an important stop for bands on the touring circuit. The first band Boehmer booked to play in the club was The Cotton Blues Band in the summer of 1973. The first national act to play at the bar was Luther Allison in September 1974.

Musical acts have included: Bernard Allison, Luther Allison, Dave Alvin, Billy Bacon and the Forbidden Pigs, Tab Benoit, Tommy Castro, Albert Collins, Robert Cray, Deke Dickerson, Bo Diddley, Chris Duarte, Lil Ed and the Blues Imperials, Tinsley Ellis, Rick Estrin, Anson Funderburgh, Buddy Guy, the Hacienda Brothers, John Hammond, The Belairs, James Harman, Mark Hummel, Candye Kane, Jay McShann, Matt "Guitar" Murphy, Charlie Musselwhite, Rod Piazza, Ana Popovic, Otis Rush, Doug Sahm, Curtis Salgado, Gina Sicilia, Magic Slim, Watermelon Slim, Son Seals, Koko Taylor, Junior Wells, Kim Wilson, and Link Wray. Eddie Clearwater, Mighty Joe Young, Clarence Gatemouth Brown, Carey Bell

Numerous live albums have been recorded in the club.

Magic Slim and his band were regular performers at the bar, playing week-long stints. In the 1990s, Magic Slim moved his family from Chicago to Lincoln.

In 1993 the Zoo Bar won the Blues Foundation's Keeping the Blues Alive Award for Club of the Year.

James Harman wrote a song on behalf of the club called "Everybody's Rockin' (At The Zoo Bar)", which can be found on Harman's 1995  Black And White CD.

In 2000 Larry Boehmer retired and passed the bar on to his sons, Jeff and Tim Boehmer, and Pete Watters; Jeff and Pete are partners in the club now.  On September 4, 2012, Larry Boehmer died after struggling with lung cancer. Many not only remember Larry as a visual artist and blues player, but as a community builder.

In July 2013, the bar celebrated its 40th anniversary.

References

External links
The Zoo Bar Website
Zoo Bar on MySpace

Zoo Bar
Music venues in Nebraska
Culture of Lincoln, Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Lincoln, Nebraska
Tourist attractions in Lincoln, Nebraska

Zoo Bar (Lincoln, Nebraska)


Ted Andrews (July 15, 1952 – October 24, 2009) was an American author and teacher of esoteric practices, and a clairvoyant. His book on animals as spirit guides and symbols, Animal Speak, sold almost 500,000 copies from 1993 to 2009; the influential Llewellyn-published book is widely cited by others.

Early life
Andrews was born in Dayton, Ohio; he had six siblings all of whom were given names beginning with the letter 'T'. He spent most of his childhood at the east of Dayton in the city called Beavercreek. He claimed to experience clairvoyance, by seeing things that adults could not. He spent a lot of time walking through the woods with his grandfather, learning about nature. Andrews worked at Brukner Nature Center north of Dayton in Troy as a trail guide and animal keeper.

Andrews also read voraciously from the public library. A book of short stories sparked Andrews' interest in Jewish mysticism and in practical Kabbalah — particularly the legends in which Jewish mystics used the Kabbalah to create a golem of mud to fight antisemitic violence. In 1970, Andrews graduated from Carroll High School in Dayton, a private Catholic school.

Career
Andrews worked for 10 years with the Cincinnati Public Schools as a teacher and counselor, including 7 years helping children with special needs. When he and the other teachers at his junior high school were each required to form a club for the students, he started an "ESP Club".

Andrews read about the occult, mysticism and metaphysics. In 1987 through Llewellyn Publications, he produced his first book, Simplified Magic: A Beginner's Guide to the New Age Qabala, a guide to practical Kabbalah which was later reprinted as Simplified Qabala Magic. In 1991, he wrote How to See and Read the Aura, in which he says that "the aura is the energy field that surrounds all matter. Anything that has an atomic structure will have an aura..." Andrews wrote that the aura is a proven scientific phenomenon which can not only be viewed by humans but also manipulated using metaphysical practices such as the Jewish Kabbalah and the Indian pranayama.

In September 1993, Andrews published what would be his most successful book: Animal Speak: The Spiritual & Magical Powers of Creatures Great and Small. This book claimed to help the reader recognize which animal was their personal totem or spirit guide. It has been cited by researchers studying human attitudes toward animals, including professor Marian Scholtmeijer of the University of Northern British Columbia, professor David Starr-Glass of Empire State College, and doctoral candidate Venetia Laura Delano Robertson. Robertson wrote that Andrews was a typical example of "white shamanism" in that he followed French sociologist Émile Durkheim's assertion that totemism lets the practitioner "participate in the nature of the totem animal" to connect with the sacred core of human-as-animal. Andrews wrote, "when we learn to speak with the animals, to listen with animal ears and to see through animal eyes, we experience the phenomena, the power, and the potential of human essence." Animal Speak sold almost 500,000 copies from 1992 to 2009.

Death
Andrews volunteered for some years at the Aullwood Audubon Center and Farm, working especially with raptors. Later, he lived with his wife, emergency room nurse Kathy Andrews, on a farm and animal rehabilitation center in Jackson, Tennessee. He died there of cancer on October 24, 2009. A memorial service was held in Beavercreek on January 30, 2010.

References

External links
Author Information: Ted Andrews. Llewellyn Worldwide
Ted Andrews, Dragonhawk Publishing

1952 births
2009 deaths
New Age writers
Writers from Dayton, Ohio
People from Jackson, Tennessee
American psychics
Deaths from cancer in Tennessee

Ted Andrews


The DAF 44 is a sma family caur that wis introduced in September 1966 bi the Dutch company DAF. Styled bi Michelotti, it represented a cautious muive upmarket for the company which hitherto haed produced, for the passenger caur mercat, anerlie the smawer slower Daffodil model (subsequently rebadged as the DAF 33 tae align wi the form o nomenclature introduced wi the 44).

The 2 cylinder engine wad hae been familiar tae ony driver o the less pouerful DAF 33, an the bore remained unchanged at 85.5 mm. Stroke wis increased tae 73.5 mm, houiver, giein an increase in engine displacement frae 746 cc tae 844 cc an an increase in claimed output frae 28 bhp tae 34 bhp. The compression ratio remained law eneuch tae permit the uise o relatively law octane fuel.

Stopping pouer commensurate wi the caur's rather leisurely performance came frae aw-roond drum brakes.

An innovative featur for the time wis face-level ventilation wi adjustable facia mounted outlets.

The spare wheel wis stored unner the front huid / bonnet which left mair space for luggage at the back an maks the pynt that the engine wis a relatively compact ane.

The DAF 44, in common wi ither DAF caurs, featurt an innovative continuously variable transmission seestem, the DAF Variomatic.

44
Vehicles wi boxer ingines
Rear wheel drive vehicles
Sedans
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1966

DAF 44


Steven Nash Jackson (born March 15, 1982) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 2009 and 2010.

Amateur career
A native of Sumter, South Carolina, Jackson attended Summerville High School and Clemson University. He pitched for Clemson for four years, going 19-8. In 2001 and 2002, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League.

He was selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 38th round of the 2000 MLB Draft, then by the Cleveland Indians in the 32nd round of the 2003 MLB Draft, and finally by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 10th round of the 2004 MLB Draft.

Professional career

Arizona Diamondbacks
In the Diamondbacks minor league system from 2004–06, he was 19-17. In 2006 at AA Tennessee he was 8-11 with a 2.65 ERA in 24 starts.

New York Yankees
On January 9, 2007, he was traded by the Diamondbacks to the New York Yankees (along with Ross Ohlendorf, Luis Vizcaíno and Alberto Gonzalez) for Randy Johnson. He received an invitation to spring training with the Yankees but spent the 2007-2009 alternating between AA Trenton and AAA Scranton/Wilkes-Barre.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On May 8, 2009, he was designated for assignment by the Yankees and claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates. He made his Major League debut for the Pirates on June 1, 2009 against the New York Mets, working one scoreless inning of relief. He appeared in 40 games in 2009 and 11 in 2010 for the Pirates, with a 2-4 record and 4.31 ERA. He also played 53 games with the AAA Indianapolis Indians during that stretch. In his 40 Major League appearances he gave up 38 hits, gave up 15 earned runs, gave up 2 home runs, walked 22 batters, struck out 21 batters, and had a .236 average against in just 43.0 innings with the Bucs.

On January 19, 2011, Jackson was designated for assignment by Pittsburgh.

Los Angeles Dodgers
On March 10, 2011 he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. He was assigned to the Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts and promoted to the AAA Albuquerque Isotopes on May 11.

Jackson was released by the Dodgers on May 19, 2011.

Cincinnati Reds
On May 22, 2011, Jackson signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds. He was assigned to the Triple-A Louisville Bats the following day.

Pittsburgh Pirates
On June 24, 2011, Jackson was traded to the Pirates for a player to be named later.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
People from Summerville, South Carolina
Sportspeople from Sumter, South Carolina
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Baseball players from South Carolina
Major League Baseball pitchers
Missoula Osprey players
Yakima Bears players
South Bend Silver Hawks players
Tennessee Smokies players
Trenton Thunder players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees players
Indianapolis Indians players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Clemson Tigers baseball players
Scottsdale Scorpions players
Peoria Javelinas players
Falmouth Commodores players

Steven Jackson (baseball)


Star Wars: The Old Republic: Fatal Alliance is a science fiction novel from the Star Wars franchise written by Australian author Sean Williams. It is a prequel to and the first novel based on the MMORPG Star Wars: The Old Republic by BioWare Corp., and was released on July 20, 2010. The novel was first announced on November 10, 2008, by Sue Rostoni, the executive editor at Lucas Licensing, on the Starwars.com message boards.

This is the fifth of six Star Wars novels by Sean Williams, who also wrote the Force Heretic trilogy from the New Jedi Order series and the novelization of the 2008 video game Star Wars: The Force Unleashed and its sequel.

Publisher's summary
Tassaa Bareesh, a matriarch in the Hutt crime cartel, is holding an auction that's drawing attention from across the galaxy. Representatives of both the Republic and the Sith Empire are present, along with a Jedi Padawan sent to investigate, a disenfranchised trooper drummed out of the Republic's elite Blackstar Squad, and a mysterious Mandalorian with a private agenda. But the Republic's envoy is not what he seems, the Empire's delegate is a ruthless Sith apprentice, the Jedi Padawan is determined to do the right thing and terrified that he can't, the trooper hopes to redeem her reputation, and the Mandalorian is somehow managing to keep one step ahead of everyone.

None of these guests — invited or uninvited — have any intention of participating in the auction. Instead they plan to steal the prize, which is locked inside an impregnable vault: two burned chunks of an exploded star cruiser, one of which may hold the key to the wealth of an entire world.

But the truth about the treasure is dangerous and deadly. And in the end, Sith and Jedi, Republic and Empire, must do something they've never done before, something that all the agents of good and evil could never make them do: join together to stop a powerful threat that could destroy the galaxy.

Characters
 Darth Chratis - A human male Sith Lord and master of Eldon Ax. He is depicted on the cover art of the novel.
 Eldon Ax - A human female Sith apprentice to Darth Chratis. Described as being small in stature and weight and having long, red dreadlocks.
 Dao Stryver - A Gektl (sentient species of bipedal reptilians) female Mandalorian warrior. She is listed as a male in the Dramatis Personae section of the book, but is later revealed to be a female at the end of the novel.
 Jet Nebula - A human male smuggler and captain of his ship, the Auriga Fire.
 Larin Moxla - A Kiffar female Republic trooper.
 Satele Shan - A human female and Grand Master of the Jedi Order. She also appears in the video game Star Wars: The Old Republic and is a direct descendant of Bastila Shan and Revan, central characters from the previous BioWare game Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic.
 Shigar Konshi - A Kiffar male Jedi Padawan and apprentice of Satele Shan.
 Ula Vii - An Epicanthix male Imperial agent.

Release and reception
The Old Republic: Fatal Alliance was released on July 20, 2010, in a hardcover edition. It debuted at #1 on the New York Times bestseller list.

TheForce.net awarded the book a 3 out of 4, stating that the novel ties in well with the upcoming video game, but criticized the slow pacing and stated that fans not familiar with the story behind the game may find themselves lost.

References

External links
 Sample Chapter at Star Wars: The Old Republic website

2010 Australian novels
2010 science fiction novels
Australian science fiction novels
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic novels
Star Wars Legends novels
Del Rey books


Aldo Raimondi (Rome, 1902 - Milan, 1997), was an Italian painter.

Biography
Born in Rome in 1902, Raimondi began his artistic career there in the studio of Giuseppe Signorini. He majored in architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts at the age of 22. Between 1925 and 1926 he lived in Milan, where he served in the Italian military; while there, he painted a fresco for a barracks, and restored some of the rooms of the Palazzo Cusani, home of the Command of the Army Corps.

Raimondi moved to Parma in 1926, and began to teach in the local Art Institute: there he inserted himself into a difficult environment without much effort, and was quickly befriended by the natives for his extraordinary dedication to his craft and the eye-catching qualities of his character. In Parma, he was commissioned by the mayor to paint some watercolors of the view over the old city, still visible today in the Town Hall, which are proof of his skill as a landscape artist; Raimondi would receive other such commissions both in Italy and abroad later on. In Parma in 1930 he organized his first of many solo exhibitions, both in Italy and abroad. From 1938-40 he replaced Achille Beltrame as the illustrator of "Domenica del Corriere," and later was called to illustrate "The People of Turin."

Specializing in watercolor painting, an exclusive piece of his repertoire, in 1939 he was appointed a professor of watercolors at the Academy of Brera, a chair he left immediately after the war to devote himself full-time to making films. Later he painted landscapes, animals, flowers and many portraits, including those of the Popes Pius XII, John XXIII (1958) and Pope Paul VI (1966). He also produced some windows for the Seminary of Monza, for the parish of Menaggio in Como, and the church of San Simpliciano in Milan.

Bibliography
 Catalogo online Artgate della Fondazione Cariplo, 2010, CC-BY-SA.
 F. Pestellini, Aldo Raimondi e il romanzo dell'acquarello, Florence, 1966.
 A. Raimondi, La mia vita per l'acquarello, Rome, 1979.
 S. e S. Minardi, I cinque grandi dell'acquarello, Milan, 1986.
 Salvatore Minardi, Catalogo Generale Vol. 1, Milan, 1999.

20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Academic staff of Brera Academy
Painters from Rome
Artists from Parma
1902 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Italian male artists

Aldo Raimondi


Libertarian science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction that focuses on the politics and social order implied by right-libertarian philosophies with an emphasis on individualism and private ownership of the means of production—and in some cases, no state whatsoever.

Overview
As a category, libertarian fiction is unusual because the vast majority of its authors are self-identified as science fiction authors.  This contrasts with the authors of much other social criticism who are largely academic or mainstream novelists who tend to dismiss any genre classification.  The identification between libertarianism and science fiction is so strong that the U.S. Libertarian Party often has representatives at science fiction conventions and one of the highest profile authors currently in the subgenre of libertarian science fiction, L. Neil Smith, was the Arizona Libertarian Party's 2000 candidate for the President of the United States.

As a genre, it can be seen as growing out of the 1930s and 1940s when the science-fiction pulp magazines were reaching their peak at the same time as fascism and communism.  While this environment gave rise to dystopian novels, in the pulps, this influence more often give rise to speculations about societies (or sub-groups) arising in direct opposition to "totalitarianism".

Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged is a strong (perhaps the strongest) influence with an anti-socialist attitude and an individualist ethic that echoes throughout the genre. Of more direct relevance to the science fiction end of this genre is the work of Robert A. Heinlein, particularly his novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, which is highly regarded even by non-libertarian science fiction readers.

Some other prominent libertarian science fiction authors include S. Andrew Swann and Michael Z. Williamson.

In 1979, L. Neil Smith founded an award for libertarian science fiction, the Prometheus Award. Since 1982, the award has been given out by the Libertarian Futurist Society  "to provide encouragement to science fiction writers whose books examine the meaning of freedom." Some winners of the award identify as libertarians (e.g., L. Neil Smith, Victor Koman, Brad Linaweaver), while others do not (Terry Pratchett, Charles Stross).

Notable examples

 Poul Anderson, No Truce with Kings (1963)
 Robert A. Heinlein, The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress (1966)
 Victor Koman, Kings of the High Frontier (1996)
 Ira Levin, This Perfect Day (1970)
 Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, Lucifer's Hammer (1977)
 Peterson, Roy C., Nationalist Revolution Series (2012-2023)
 Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged (1957)
 Kenneth W. Royce, Molon Labe! (2004)
 Eric Frank Russell, ... And Then There Were None, The Great Explosion (1962)
 J. Neil Schulman, Alongside Night (1979)
 L. Neil Smith, The Probability Broach (1979)
 Neal Stephenson, Cryptonomicon (1999)
 Jack Vance, Emphyrio (1969)
 F. Paul Wilson, Wheels Within Wheels (1978)

See also

 Anarcho-capitalist literature

Notes
:In the novel, the inhabitants of the Lunar colony start a revolution against Earth rule and declare independence on July 4, 2076, the 300th anniversary of the United States' Declaration of Independence. The Lunar revolutionaries heavily base their Luna declaration of independence on it. A common expression on Luna that states one of the main ideas of the book's political system is "There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch!".

References

External links
 "Essential Science Fiction and Fantasy for Libertarians" by Dan Clore
 Speech by author David Brin to 2002 Libertarian Party National Convention (U.S.)
 Speech by author L. Neil Smith at the Colorado Libertarian Party Annual Convention
 The Libertarian Futurist Society Website
 10 Greatest Libertarian Science Fiction Stories, by Alasdair Wilkins for io9

Science fiction genres

Libertarian science fiction


Look Both Ways is a 2005 Australian drama film, written and directed by Sarah Watt, starring an ensemble cast, which was released on 18 August 2005. The film was supported by the Adelaide Film Festival Investment Fund and opened the 2005 Adelaide Film Festival. It won four AFI Awards, including Best Film and Best Direction. The film was selected as a film text by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority for the VCE English Course from 2007 to 2010.

Plot
The film charts the stories of several people over a hot summer weekend in Adelaide. Photojournalist Nick (William McInnes) discovers he has testicular cancer that has spread to his lungs. On his way home he goes to the site of a train accident to report on it, and meets Meryl (Justine Clarke) an emotionally vulnerable artist, who has witnessed a man get run over by a train. Over the course of the weekend, their relationship develops sexually as another chance encounter allows them to discover more about each other; the two gradually allow themselves to let go of their fears and form a meaningful relationship.

Meanwhile, Nick's colleague, Andy Walker, has to deal with the news that his estranged girlfriend, Anna, is pregnant, made more difficult because neither of them really wanted or planned for a baby. Andy also has to cope with his ex-wife, who doesn't trust his ability to take good care of his two children.
The lives of Julia (the partner of the man run over by the train) and the driver of the train are explored: Both characters are shown going through the seven stages of grief. The train driver bridges the gap with his estranged teenage son during the course of the movie. The rain at the end of the film symbolises relief.

The film ends with a flick-through montage of events: Nick in hospital, suffering the effects of treatment, Nick and Meryl's child, finally holidaying in Europe; enjoying whatever time they have left together.

Cast
 William McInnes as Nick
 Justine Clarke as Meryl Lee
 Anthony Hayes as Andy Walker
 Lisa Flanagan as Anna
 Andrew Gilbert as Phil
 Daniella Farinacci as Julia
 Maggie Dence as Joan
 Edwin Hodgeman as Jim
 Andreas Sobik as Train Driver
 Alex Rafalowicz as Train Driver's Son
 Sacha Horler as Linda
 Robbie Hoad as Rob (Train Victim)
 Mary Kostakidis as SBS Newsreader

Awards
 2004 Won Queensland Premier's Literary Awards Film Script – the Pacific Film and Television Commission Award for Sarah Watt
 2005 Won Toronto International Film Festival: Discovery Award, Sarah Watt
 2005 Won Australian Film Institute Awards: Best Film, Best Direction, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actor (Anthony Hayes)
 2005 Nominated Australian Film Institute Awards: Best Costume Design, Best Editing, Best Lead Actor (William McInnes), Best Lead Actress (Justine Clarke), Best Production Design, Best Sound, and Best Supporting Actress (Daniella Farinacci)
 2005 Won Brisbane International Film Festival: FIPRESCI award, Sarah Watt
 2005 Won Inside Film Awards: Best Direction, Best Script, and Best Editing
 2005 Nominated Inside Film Awards: Best Actress (Justine Clarke), Best Feature Film, Best Music, and Best Sound
 2005 Nominated European Film Awards: Screen International Award, Sarah Watt
 2005 Won Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards: Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor in a Lead Role for (William McInnes), Best Original Screenplay and Best Editor
 2005 Nominated Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards: Best Actress in Lead Role (Justine Clarke), Best Actress in Supporting Role (Lisa Flanagan), and Best Musical Score
 2006 Won Australian Screen Directors' Association: Best Direction of a First Feature Film
 2006 Won NatFilm Festival: Critics Award, Sarah Watt
 2006 Won International Film Festival Rotterdam KNF Award, Sarah Watt
 2006 Won Motovun Film Festival — Propeller Award (Grand Prize), Sarah Watt
 2006 Won Golden Trailer Awards: Most Original Foreign Trailer
 2006 Won Mar del Plata Film Festival: Best Script (Sarah Watt), Best actress (Justine Clarke)
 2006 Nominated Mar del Plata Film Festival: Best Film

Box office
Look Both Ways grossed $2,969,712 at the box office in Australia.

See also

 Cinema of Australia
 List of Australian films
 South Australian Film Corporation

References

External links

Look Both Ways at Oz Movies
 Look Both Ways at the National Film and Sound Archive
 The best of Australian Films: Look Both Ways by Brendan Winter

2005 films
Australian drama films
Australian independent films
Films set in South Australia
Films shot in Adelaide
Films with live action and animation
Films about cancer
Films about railway accidents and incidents
Hyperlink films
2005 drama films
2005 independent films
2000s English-language films

Look Both Ways (2005 film)


Balmaclellan (Scots Gaelic: Baile MhicIllFhaolain, meanin 'toun o the MacLellans') is a smaw hillside veelage o stane hooses wi sclate ruifs in a beildie-bucht o the Gallowa Hills, in the historical coonty of Kirkcoubrieshire in Dumfries an Gallowa, Scotland. Til the wast, across the River Ken, the lairger an mair sonsie toun o New Gallowa lies ablo the Rhinns o Kells.

Location an people

Balmaclellan is ane o fower pairishes in the northren destrict o the Stewarty o Kirkcoubrie. It conteens 23,737 acre, o whit aboot 4,000 acre is teel't. It includes auries o watter,  braid plains o moss, an aboot 300 acre o tree plantation, bit maist o the laund is uised for sheep an cattle pastur. Mony o the cattle is o the Gallowa breed. The climate is temperate. Average monthly temperaturs ranges fae 1 tae 7 °C (34 tae 45 °F) in Januar, an 11 tae 18 °C (52 tae 64 °F) in Julie-August, wi 984 mm (38.7 inch) o rain ilk year.

In 1887, John Bartholomew's Gazetteer of the British Isles, descrived the woners as "... of a mixed Gaelic and Germanic origin, and speak Braid Scots, a Northumbrian dialect of English. Those that profess a religion are generally but by no means entirely Calvinist Christians, adhering to the Church of Scotland or the Wee Frees". In 2009, o thaim that profess a releegion in Balmaclellan, maist is Presbyterians that adhere til the Kirk o Scotland.

The populaton wis 554 in 1801, 634 in 1901, an 550 in 1951.

History

Celtic relicts hae been fund in the aurie, includin a fine decore't mirror an crescent o the Bronze Age that is noo in the National Museum of Scotland. The pairish o Balmaclellan appears tae hae haed a earlier Breetish name, Treuercarcou, that appears in a 13t century record o ecclesiastical taxs. The treu- pairt o this name is clear the auld northren Breetish equivalent o the modren Welsh tref "farmtoun, dwallin", shawin an early dounset whan this P-Celtic leid wis spoken in the aurie yet.

The upper veelage haes a 12t century motte - the 'Bal' o Balmaclellan. Barscobe Castle is juist ower a mile til the nor'east, built in 1648 bi William Maclellan, a fine exemple o the last stage o tour hoose biggin in Scotland.

Balmaclellan Pairish Kirk wis built in 1752 and addit tae in 1883 bi local airchitect William McCandlish.

Balmaclellan wis ance a centre o the Covenanter releegious muivement. The veelage haes a statue tae Robert Paterson, Sir Walter Scott's "Old Mortality". His guidwife Elizabeth Grey estaiblisht a schuil in the veelage, that can be seen yet. She dee'd in 1785 an is buirit in the kirkyaird. Amang the ither heidstanes is that o anither Covenanter, Robert Grierson, that wis kilt for his faith in 1685 (no tae be confuised wi Sir Robert Grierson, 1t Baronet o Lag, the notour herrier o the Gallowa Covenanters).

The kirkyaid conteens whit likely is the earliest ceevic war memorial in Scotland an aw. It commemorates five men fae Balmaclellan that dee'd in the Crimean War. Thay is:

 William Barr - Rifle Brigade
 James Gibson - 42nd Highlanders
 Joseph Gordon - Lance Cpl., Royal Sappers and Miners
 James McMichael - Lance Cpl., 46th Regiment
 Thomas McRobert - Fusilier Guards

A saxt man, John Henry Upton Spalding, Lt. RN, an officer that dee'd at Sevastopol, is commemoratit on his faimily's toumstane bit no on the memorial itsel.

Near the edge o the Balmaclellan kirkyaird thare is a rochsome uninscrieved whinstane pillar that leuks like an auncient moniment, an is local said tae merk the graff o a witch. Possibly the graff is that ane o Elspeth McEwen fae nearby Dalry, that wis fund guilty o bein a withch on her ain confession an on the evident o witnesses, an burnt tae her deith at Kirkcoubrie in 1698. She wis ane o the last "witches" tae be executit in Scotland.

Leeterar References

 Robert McLellan OBE (1907-1985) - in his Scots comedy Torwatletie (1940), that is set durin the Jacobite risin o 1715 depicts the hoosehaud o the fictional laird o the destrict.

 William Le Queux (1864-1927) - his novelles The Czar's Spy (1905) an The Place of Dragons (1916) hae scenes set in the aurie.

Namely fowk

 Dame Bridget D'Oyly Carte DBE (1908-1985) - she wis a frequent veesitor tae Barscobe Castle in the simmer

 Sir Hugh Wontner GBE CVO (1908-1992) - English hotelier director o the Savoy Hotel, politeecian. He sortit the 17t century tour hoose o Barscobe Castle as his haliday hame.

 Robert Hamilton, 12t Laird Belhaven an Stenton (1903-1961) - Scots sodger, colonial admeenistrator, author, an peer. A Fellow o baith the Ryal Geographical Society an the Ryal Australasian College o Surgeons.

Ethel Bristowe (1862-1952) - airtist, assyriologist. Bade at Craig, Balmaclellan. In 1938 she dotit an airt gailerie til the people o Castle Douglas alang wi mony o her pentins. She is buirit in Balmaclellan Seemetry.

Ian McCulloch (born 1939) - actor. He bades wi his guidwife the airtist Mary-Clare Cornwallis at Balmaclellan.

 Sam Heughan (born 1980) - actor, kent for his role as Jamie Fraser in the series Outlander.

 Robert Paterson (1715-1801) - stanemason, depicted in Sir Walter Scott's novelle Old Mortality.

 JB Pick - author, freend an biographer o Neil M. Gunn.

 Professor Edward J. Cowan FRSE (born 1944) - umwhile Professor o Scots History at the Glesga Varsity an Director o the varsity's Dumfries campus.

References

External Links

Balmaclellan Crimean War Memorial
Pairish o Balmaclellan Hame Page

Veelages in Dumfries an Gallowa
Pairishes in Dumfries an Gallowa
Dumfries an Gallowa
Places o Scotland

Balmaclellan


Thomas William Herringshaw (January 27, 1858 – June 27, 1927) was an American journalist, publisher, genealogist and biographical author, best known for editing and publishing biographical reference works.

Biography
According to the biographical sketch provided for his own National Library of American Biography, Herringshaw was born in  Lincolnshire, England, and claimed descent from the Heronshaw family of Boston, Lincolnshire.  He was brought up in America, where he studied at the Chicago Athenaeum and the Chicago union college of law.  From 1875 to 1879 he worked as a printer in New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. In 1879 he established and edited the magazine Farm, Field and Fireside, and became president of the Farm, Field and Fireside publishing company when it was incorporated in 1880.

In 1880 Herringshaw, who claimed himself the author of a volume titled Mulierology, married Mary Linna Jones: they lived near Lincoln Park. They also kept up a country villa, Herringshaw Hall, built of solid-cut granite, on the highest point in Lake County, Illinois. Selling his interest in Farm, Field and Fireside, Herringshaw established a Chicago printing office. In 1884 he founded the American Publishers' Association, was its president, and used it to publish various biographical reference works associated with his name.  He died in Cook County, Illinois, aged 69.

Works
The Biographical Review of Prominent Men and Women of the Day, A. B. Gehman & Co, 1888
[Anon.], Mulierology, or the Science of Woman, Home Publishing House, Chicago, 1890
(ed.) Poetical Quotations, American Publishers' Company, 1892
(ed.) Poets of America, American Publishers' Company, 1894
(ed.) Herringshaw's Encyclopedia of American Biography, 1898
(ed.) Library of American Literature, American Publishers' Company
Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography, 5 vols, American Publishers' Company, 1909-14.
(ed.) Herringshaw's American Blue Book of Biography, American Publishers' Company, published annually

References

External links

1858 births
American male biographers
American publishers (people)
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
1927 deaths
American male journalists
Writers from Lincolnshire
Writers from Illinois
Journalists from Illinois
19th-century American male writers
19th-century American biographers
20th-century American biographers
19th-century American journalists
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers

Thomas William Herringshaw


The Holman Projector was an anti-aircraft weapon used by the Royal Navy during World War II, primarily between early 1940 and late 1941. The weapon was proposed and designed by Holmans, a machine tool manufacturer based at Camborne, Cornwall. A number of models were produced during the war years, but all worked on the principle of a pneumatic mortar, using compressed air or high pressure steam to fire an explosive projectile at enemy aircraft.

Intended primarily as a stop-gap defensive weapon for British merchant ships, which had been suffering heavy losses from Luftwaffe aircraft flying anti-shipping missions, the low altitude at which such strikes often took place (such as during torpedo attacks by Heinkel He 111s or skip-bombing attacks by Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor) meant that a weapon of such limited range and velocity could throw up an effective screen of fire over a vessel, even if only to create a distracting or deterrent effect, obliging the enemy to bomb from greater heights which reduced bombing accuracy.

While ineffective against normal bombing attacks from higher altitudes, the weapon was far cheaper, easier to build and install in great numbers than conventional anti-aircraft artillery.

Holmans specialised in producing gas compressors and pneumatic equipment and its owner, Treve Holman, conceived a way that his firm could aid in the war effort beyond the production of tools. Recalling the World War I-era Stokes Mortar and its successor, the Ordnance ML 3 inch Mortar, Holman believed that it would be possible to produce a version powered by compressed air.

Preliminary tests showed that the idea was feasible, with an early prototype throwing an eighteen-pound steel weight nearly .

Mk I
The design eventually settled on for the Mk I featured a 4½ foot unrifled steel barrel. Rounds were dropped down the barrel from the muzzle and the pneumatic system triggered instantly upon the round striking the base. The rounds themselves were made from an open-topped metal container, holding a Mills bomb fitted with a 3.5 second fuse. High-pressure air bottles were able to supply enough power to fire fifty rounds each, with a maximum height during trials of around . The rate of fire could reach thirty rounds per minute in the hands of an experienced crew. More appealing yet to the armed forces was the fact that the weapon could be produced using only cast iron and mild steel, both of which were in fairly ready supply at this stage of the war.

An official trial of the Mk I Projector took place in February 1940 with resounding success. An order was placed by the Royal Navy for 1,000 of the Mk I models and the weapons proved just as successful in action; the first confirmed success was reported only three weeks after the initial batch was sent out when a Heinkel aircraft was damaged.

While direct hits were rare, the bombs fired by the projector displayed an unexpected property — the explosion would leave a large puff of black smoke, absent from ground-based explosions from similar grenades. Firing a large number in quick succession gave the impression to incoming Luftwaffe pilots that the target vessel was armed with something far more deadly than the Holman Projector, deterring or disrupting attacks, or convincing the aircraft's crew an attack at greater range would be prudent, with a commensurate decrease in accuracy.

Mk II

The Mk II Projector was developed after a request from the Royal Navy for a version that could be fired using steam in place of compressed air, since the steam-engined trawlers (both fishing and minesweeping) had the former in plentiful supply.

The Stokes design of the Mk I needed to be abandoned for this, since the harsh weather experienced by the trawlers invariably rusted the valves of the pneumatics. When steam was used in such a system, the water would condense in the pipes and prevent firing of the weapon. To solve this, a firing trigger was added, in place of the Stokes design in which the round would be fired automatically.

The new version was fitted to a wide variety of ships, from destroyers to minesweepers and motor gun boats: to demonstrate the weapon's versatility, a trial was arranged in Aldershot, Hampshire before Prime Minister Winston Churchill.

No Mills rounds were brought, as it was assumed that some form of ammunition would be provided by the British Army, who were overseeing the trials but these were overlooked and the trial was set to be delayed until one officer thought to bring out the bottles of beer that were to have been served at lunch: the smooth bore of the Projector allowed even these irregular projectiles to be fired successfully, with all striking the target with an explosion of glass and foam. The Prime Minister commented on the weapon afterwards, describing it as "A very good idea, this weapon of yours. It will save our cordite".

(This was prophetic: while possibly apocryphal stories of projectors mounted on trawlers being used to fire 'spuds' (potatoes) at low-flying German aircraft for the want of Mills bombs led to the nickname 'potato thrower'. 'spud gun' etc.)

Regardless of the successful trial results the Mk II proved to be highly inaccurate when fired at distant moving targets: only a dozen or so aircraft were confirmed to have been downed by the weapon in its first year of service but it succeeded in convincing many more aircraft that the target vessel was more heavily equipped with more effective weapons, confirmed by the large number of reports were made about Luftwaffe aircraft turning away from an attack after salvos from ship-mounted Holman Projectors.

Within the Admiralty, the perception was that the Projector was a useful stop-gap weapon in the early years of the war, when other more effective anti aircraft weaponry, such as the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, were in short supply.

Mk III
In 1941, production of the Mk III Holman Projector began. This version was semi-automatic, and capable of firing multiple projectiles in a single salvo to a height of around . The Admiralty placed an order for a further one thousand units, to be fitted to coastal gunboats and other light craft, where the light recoil of the weapon had proven useful. Morris Oram, from Camborne, lead the development and was later presented by W. Churchill with a commemorative picture after successful trials of the Mk III at Portsmouth. He worked for over 50 years at Holman Brothers.

Plans were drawn up for a Mk IV version of the Projector to fill this niche more readily, with a shorter barrel and swivel base but when these were ready the war had progressed, more advanced weaponry was available and that made the Projector obsolete.

A number of the earlier model Projectors remained in service and discouraged attacks in the Mediterranean by some smaller submarines, and a small number were adapted to fire grapnels for commando cliff assaults.

In total around 4,500 Holman Projectors were put into active service during World War II, and several can still be found in museums in the United Kingdom.

Effectiveness
While Holman Projector had limited success with one cargo ship's crew shooting down two airplanes, it became better known for its other uses. Since it had a wide barrel, the projector could shoot nearly anything that could fit inside it; the most popular makeshift ammunition was potatoes.

Ammunition

See also

 Northover Projector, another World War II grenade throwing device
 AA Mine Discharger, a Japanese anti-aircraft mortar.
 Unrotated Projectile, another Royal Navy anti-aircraft weapon.
 Steam cannon, other steam-powered missile launchers

References

Notes

General references

 Central Office of Information, British Coaster, 1939-1945, HMSO, 1947.
 Ministry of Information, Merchantmen at War: The Official Story of the Merchant Navy, 1939–1944, HMSO, 1944.

External links

Naval anti-aircraft weapons
Grenade launchers of the United Kingdom
Pneumatic mortars
Military history of Cornwall
Anti-aircraft guns of the United Kingdom
World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom
British Merchant Navy
Ingersoll Rand
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1940

Holman Projector


The Battle of Bataan was part of Japan's invasion of the Philippines during World War II.

The capture of the Philippine Islands was important to Japan's goals. Japan wanted to control the Southwest Pacific, capture the resource-rich Dutch East Indies, and protect its Southeast Asia side.

It was the largest surrender in American and Filipino military history. It was the largest United States surrender since the pre-Civil War's raid on Harper's Ferry.

Invasion
Japanese carrier planes attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on the morning of 7 December 1941. Japanese aircraft also bombed the main bases of the American Far East Air Force near Manila, and the headquarters of the U.S. Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines. Many American planes were destroyed. The U.S. Asiatic Fleet withdrew its ships from its naval base in Cavite and retreated south. Only the submarine force was left to fight the Japanese.

From 8 to 10 December, Japan captured airfields at Batan Island, Aparri, and Vigan City. Army Air Force B-17s attacked Japanese ships.  U.S. planes damaged two Japanese transports, the flagship Nagato, a destroyer and sank one minesweeper.

The main attack was on 22 December 1941. The 14th Japanese Imperial Army attacked, led by Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma.

War Plan Orange-3
After capturing the beaches, the Japanese launched a major attack.
The American commander, General Douglas MacArthur, realized that the beach defense plan had failed. On 26 December, he said that War Plan Orange-3 (WPO-3) was now being used. This was a plan to defend only Bataan and Corregidor. The plan of WPO-3 was to delay Japanese forces until the U.S. Pacific Fleet could get to the Philippines.

Manuel L. Quezon, the president of the Philippines, his family and government staff were moved to Corregidor. MacArthur's headquarters were also moved to Corregidor.

The retreat
Gen. MacArthur wanted to move his men to defensive positions.

When the Japanese attacked, the untrained Philippine Army troops defending the beach were beaten. The U.S. decided to fight at Layac to slow down the Japanese troops. Later, from 1 to 5 January 1942, the U.S. fought to allow its troops to withdraw to Bataan.

WPO-3 had two defensive lines across Bataan.

The stand

On 9 January, Japanese forces under Lt. Gen. Susumu Morioka attacked the eastern side of the Abucay-Mauban line. They were beaten by the U.S. The Japanese advanced to the Salian River valley. U.S. troops fought off the attackers. At another battle to the west, a Japanese force got past the Abucay-Mauban line. The U.S. stopped their advance. On 15 January, 1st Regular Division was bombed, but they held the line. The Japanese moved through a gap. The Abucay-Mauban line had to be abandoned on 22 January.

Within four days, the Orion-Bagac line was formed. The remaining Japanese troops managed to get through. General Homma ordered the stopping of all operations to reorganize his forces. On 22 February the 14th Army line was withdrawn a few miles to the north.

Japanese troops landed on the west coast of southern Bataan on the night of 22 January. The US sunk two barges and the rest scattered into two groups. The Japanese forces were stopped by Philippine Constabulary units and U.S. Army Air Corps men fighting as infantry. Japanese commanders sent new troops to the beaches, but they could not break out.

Fall of Bataan

On the night of 12 March, General MacArthur, his family left Corregidor. MacArthur went to Australia. He promised the Filipino people that he "shall return". After the failure of their first attack against Bataan, the Japanese sent artillery forces to the Philippines. They had 190 artillery pieces, which included bigger guns like 150 mm cannons, and the Type 96 240 mm field howitzer. The Japanese sent new troops to Gen. Homma's 14th Imperial Army. Toward the end of March, the Japanese forces prepared for the final attack.

On 3 April, the Orion-Bagac line was bombed by 100 aircraft and artillery bombed by 300 artillery pieces. The Japanese 65th Brigade and 4th Division attacked the left side of II Corps. By 8 April, the senior U.S. commander on Bataan, Maj. Gen. Edward P. King, offered to surrender. The next morning, 9 April 1942, Gen. King met with Maj. Gen. Kameichiro Nagano. The tired and starving American and Filipino defenders on the Bataan peninsula surrendered.

References

Pacific battles of World War II
1940s in the Philippines
1942

Battle of Bataan


Zolgokh () is a traditional Mongolian formal greeting. Two people hold both their arms out, and the younger person's arms are placed under the elder person's and grasps their elbows to show support for their elder. The two people then touch each other's cheeks, usually accompanied with the phrase Amar mend üü (), meaning "Are you well and peaceful?".

Tsagaan sar
In Modern contexts, the greeting is usually reserved for Tsagaan sar celebrations, where people greet each other with zolgokh, while sometimes holding a khadag and suutei tsai.

Zolgokh is usually first performed among family members on the morning of the festival (the husband and wife do not perform the greeting with each other). The greeting is first performed with the eldest people in the family, sometimes accompanied with a gift of money and/or khadag.

Name
The greeting would more accurately be termed Zolgolt, but the word "Zolgokh" has become more widespread in English. The verb form in Mongolian is "Zolgo", and the "-kh" is added to mean "to zolgo". The noun form of the greeting in Mongolian is thus Zolgolt, the suffix "-lt" being added to form a noun.

References
Definition of Zolgokh, Wisdomlib

Greetings
Mongolian culture
Gestures of respect

Zolgokh


SeAZ () was a large engineering plant in Serpukhov, Moscow Oblast, Russia. From 1939 to 1995, the company was called SMZ (Serpukhov Motorcycle Plant) and produced various cyclecars for use by disabled drivers, usually powered by IZh motorcycle engines. Between 1991 and 2008 it also produced Lada Oka microcars developed by AvtoVAZ. The company was declared bankrupt in 2013.

History
The company was founded on July 7, 1939, by an order of the People's Commissariat for General Automotive Industry and by the head of Glavmotoveloprom, concerning production of small-capacity motorcycles.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the factory entered a period of development: the prototype of a new car was designed and produced, and was named "Oka". It anticipated the car produced nowadays.

In 1985, the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union issued a decree "On the creation of new capacities for the production of the new model of a microcar at the AvtoVAZ and KamAZ plants and at the Serpukhov Motorcycle Plant of the Soviet Ministry of the Automotive Industry".

The Serpukhov plant was significantly rebuilt for the new tasks. The leading Soviet enterprises, as well as some foreign companies such as Dürr AG, Bollhoff and PPG, were entrusted with the equipment for production and assembly. In 1989, the plant started assembling cars of the extra-small class. At the same time, it was integrated into the AvtoVAZ corporation.

In 1995, AvtoVAZ fully transferred the assembly of the Oka microcar to SMZ. In 2005, the SeAZ stock company became a member of the Avtokom industrial group. Production of the Oka ended in 2007. The company has subsequently stated that it has no plans to resume car production.

After the company's bankruptcy, the factory site was turned into the Serpukhov Industrial Park.

Welfare cars

References

External links

 Serpukhov Automobile Plant

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Russia
Motor vehicle manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Companies based in Moscow
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1939
Russian brands
Soviet brands
1939 establishments in the Soviet Union

SeAZ