Charles de Condren, Cong. Orat., a Doctor of the Sorbonne (15 December 1588 - 17 January 1641), was a French mystic of the 17th century, and is considered a leading member of the French School of Spirituality.

Early life
Condren was born on 15 December 1588 in Vauxbuin, near Soissons. His father, governor of the royal castle of Piles near Meaux, had converted from Protestantism to Catholicism. He sought to instill in his son an attraction for military life, and had the boy outfitted with a military uniform when still very young. Charles was tutored by M. le Masson, a canon of Soissons, and displayed a remarkable memory even at a young age.

Charles had a decisive spiritual experience at the age of eleven and half and decided to become a priest. He studied in the secondary school of Harcourt from 1603 till 1605, but because of an illness returned to his family for several months. His father was still determined that Charles should join the army either at Calais or in Holland, but perceiving the serious of the illness, agreed that should his son recover, he could enter religious life.

The French Oratory
He continued his studies at the Sorbonne and was ordained to the priesthood in 1614, receiving his doctorate from the Sorbonne the next year. He gave up his family inheritance, which by the law of primogeniture was his, and entered the house of the French Oratory founded by the Abbé (later Cardinal) Pierre de Bérulle on the Rue Saint-Honoré in Paris, having thought before that of becoming a Capuchin friar.

In 1615, Condren participated in the foundation of a new house of the Oratory in Nevers and in 1619 was in Langres for the opening of a seminary, in conformity to the decrees of the Council of Trent. He returned to Paris in 1620 to open a new house of the Oratory in Poitiers and in 1624, one at the former Abbey of St. Magloire, which doubled as a seminary.

In 1625, he returned to the house in the Rue de Saint-Honoré. In 1627, he became the confessor of Prince Gaston of France, (Monsieur), brother of King Louis XIII of France. He brought about a reconciliation between the king and his brother, who had been estranged, on 18 April 1630 in Troyes. Condren also bore the responsibility of being the confessor of Bérulle.

After Bérulle's death in 1629, Condren succeeded him as Superior General of the Oratory. Condren was elected very quickly to avoid intervention by Cardinal Richelieu. The Oratory had 71 houses in 1631, but Condren was discouraged and came near to resigning in 1634. He was also a member of the Compagnie du Saint-Sacrement.

The work Condren had most at heart was the foundation of seminaries after the Counter-Reformation model mandated by the Council of Trent. The Catholic Church felt that its success in its own renewal lay in the thorough and systematic formation of the clergy through their education in these schools. Condren gathered a few young ecclesiastics around him for that purpose. The missions in which he employed them were meant to impress on their minds the religious needs of the country. A disciple of both Vincent de Paul, and Condren, Jean-Jacques Olier took part in "missions" organized by them in France. Condren was Olier's confessor, and counseled him not accept an appointment to a bishopric; instead Olier went on to found the Society of Saint Sulpice whose main purpose was the education of priests.

In 1638 he created the College of Juilly, where, at his death, he was laid to rest in the chapel, next to the tomb of Cardinal Bérulle. His first biography was published in 1643 by a member of the French Oratory, Denis Amelote (reviewed in 1657).

See also
 French school of spirituality
 Nicolas Malebranche

References

Further reading
 P. Auvray et A. Jouffrey, Lettres du Père Charles de Condren, Paris, Cerf, 1943
 R. Deville, L'école française de spiritualité, Paris, Desclée de Brouwer, 1987
 McGrath-Merkle, Clare. Berulle's Spiritual Theology of Priesthood. Munster, 2018.

External links
 Charles de Condren (2005)
 vénérable père CHARLES DE CONDREN théologien, docteur de Sorbonne second général de l'Oratoire (1588-1641) – LA VOIE MYSTIQUE
 Charles de Condren. The Eternal Sacrifice

1588 births
1641 deaths
People from Aisne
17th-century French Roman Catholic priests
17th-century Christian mystics
Roman Catholic mystics
Burials in Île-de-France
French Christian mystics
French school of spirituality
French Oratory mystics

Charles de Condren


Theodor August Heintzman (birth name Theodore August Heintzmann) (19 May 1817 – 25 July 1899) was a German-Canadian piano manufacturer (Heintzman & Co.) and inventor, best known for founding the piano company which still bears his name.

Born in Berlin, Heintzman worked in various manufacturing jobs as a youth, eventually settling in at a German piano factory. In 1840, he married his boss' daughter and, following the lead of her family, immigrated to the United States in 1850.

It is believed by the Heintzman family that Theodor immigrated on the same boat as Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg, another piano-maker, and the two attempted to start a business in New York City. They soon parted ways, however, with Heintzman taking his family to Buffalo where he started again; Steinweg eventually changed his name to Steinway and became a successful piano manufacturer in his own right. In Buffalo, Heintzman worked at Keogh Piano Company (located at what is now Fireman's Park) before he started the a piano forte firm with Francis Drew and Henry Annowsky (1853 as Drew, Heintzman and Annowsky at 10 and Court Street), which he ran until it went under in 1858. From 1858 to 1860 Heintzman ran Western Pianoforte Manufactory Company in Hamilton, Canada West (founded in 1856 by Charles Thomas).

In 1860, Heintzman moved to Toronto, where he constructed his first four pianos in the kitchen of his son-in-law; these sold well, and with the proceeds he was able to found Heintzman & Co., Ltd., setting up his primary warehouse first on Toronto's York Street, soon moving to King Street near Yonge.

Heintzman enjoyed a reputation as a grand showman, often performing on his pianos as part of his sales pitch. Of note is that Heintzman took several of his pianos with him on the first trans-Canadian rail trip, which he used both as a means for sale and advertising.

Heintzman pianos soon grew steadily in reputation, and as a result, Heintzman became a very wealthy man. He and his four adult sons (all of whom were in the family business) settled into West Toronto Junction which was, at the time, a separate town from Toronto. Heintzman's estate, built in 1889, was called "The Birches", and despite some internal modifications, it still stands on Annette Street, across the street from Annette Street Public School. A property developer's plan to tear it down in the early 1980s sparked a protest from local citizens, and a compromise was reached wherein the exterior has been restored in the original Queen Anne Revival style. Two of his sons' homes in the area are also still standing: Herman Heintzman's home on High Park Avenue and George Heinztman's house on Woodside Avenue. A larger estate of George's in Thornhill, Ontario is also still standing.

The Junction was also home to the primary Heintzman factory prior to the moving of operations to Hanover (today, most Heintzman pianos are made in China). Heintzman Street, a short, dead-end road which runs just north of Dundas Street, formerly led to the Junction factory, which in its heyday employed over 200 craftsmen, making it one of the largest Canadian factories of any kind for its time. A nearby Lutheran Church, which Heintzman and his family attended, bears a plaque memorializing Heintzman's contributions to both the Junction and the piano industry.

He died in 1899, shortly after the death of his wife.

See also

 Heintzman House - historic home in Thornhill, Ontario purchased and owned by grandson Charles Heintzman.
 Samuel Nordheimer

References

Further reading

Structures, television show. Rogers Television. 2006, Episode 3: "Theodore Heintzman." Rogers Television
Jones, Donald. "Heintzman's old house enduring as his pianos," Toronto Star, 1976-04-10.

1817 births
1899 deaths
American emigrants to Canada
People from Old Toronto
Canadian Lutherans
Canadian musical instrument makers
Emigrants from the Kingdom of Prussia
Immigrants to the United States
American manufacturing businesspeople
Piano makers
Burials at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
19th-century Lutherans
19th-century American businesspeople
Immigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario

Theodor August Heintzman


Remiks — orijinal versiyada yazılmış mahnının versiyası yeni varianta gətirilərək, oynaq şəkildə səsləndirlir. İlk dəfə "Remiks" Yamaykada 1960-cı illərdə hazırlanmışdır. Müasir "Remiks" isə 1970-ci illərdə hazırlanmağa başlanılır.

İstinadlar
^ http://www.jahsonic.com/WalterGibbons.html
^ Interviewed by The Paris Review, Burroughs explained the following: "A friend, Brion Gysin, an American poet and painter, who has lived in Europe for thirty years, was, as far as I know, the first to create cut-ups. His cut-up poem, Minutes to Go, was broadcast by the BBC and later published in a pamphlet. I was in Paris in the summer of 1960; this was after the publication there of Naked Lunch. I became interested in the possibilities of this technique, and I began experimenting myself. Of course, when you think of it, The Waste Land was the first great cut-up collage, and Tristan Tzara had done a bit along the same lines. Dos Passos used the same idea in 'The Camera Eye' sequences in USA. I felt I had been working toward the same goal; thus it was a major revelation to me when I actually saw it being done." Cf. Knickerbocker, Conrad, Williams S. Burroughs, 'The Paris Review Interview with William S. Burroughs' in A Williams Burroughs Reader, ed. John Calder (London: Picador, 1982), p. 263.
^ "Fair Use". U.S. Copyright Office. U.S. Copyright Office. http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html . Retrieved 13 December 2011.

Xarici keçidlər
 "The Remixmasters", Slate (July 29, 2002)  at  slate.msn.com

Musiqi

Remiks


Non-monogamy (or nonmonogamy) is an umbrella term for every practice or philosophy of non-dyadic intimate relationship that does not strictly hew to the standards of monogamy, particularly that of having only one person with whom to exchange sex, love, and/or affection. In that sense, "nonmonogamy" may be accurately applied to extramarital sex, group marriage, or polyamory. It is not synonymous with infidelity, since all parties are consenting to the relationship structure, partners are often committed to each other as well as to their other partners and cheating is still considered problematic behavior with many non-monogamous relationships.

More specifically, "nonmonogamy" indicates forms of interpersonal relationship, intentionally undertaken, in which demands for exclusivity (of sexual interaction or emotional connection, for example) are attenuated or eliminated, and individuals may form multiple and simultaneous sexual and/or romantic bonds. This stands in contrast to monogamy, yet may arise from the same psychology. According to Jessica Fern, a psychotherapist and the author of Polysecure: Attachment, Trauma and Consensual Nonmonogamy, as of September 2020, about 4% of Americans, nearly 16 million people, are "practising a non-monogamous style of relationship" while the a 2016 study said that over 21% of Americans engaged in consensual non-monogamy at "some point in their lifetime." In January 2020, a YouGov poll found that about one-third of US adults believe that "their ideal relationship is non-monogamous to some degree."

Terminology
Many terms for non-monogamous practices are vague, being based on criteria such as "relationship" or "love" that are themselves subjectively defined. There are forms of non-monogamy whose practitioners set themselves apart by qualifiers, such as "ethically non-monogamous" which intends a distancing from the deceit or subterfuge they perceive in common cheating and adultery. This usage creates distinctions beyond the definitions of the words. For example, though some relations might literally be both polygamous and polyamorous, polygamy usually signifies a codified form of multiple marriage, based on established religious teachings such as Plural marriage, a form of polygyny associated with the Latter Day Saint movement in the 19th-century and with present-day splinter groups from that faith, as well as evangelical sects that advocate Christian Plural Marriage.

Polyamory is based on the preferences of the participants rather than social custom or established precedent. There is no one 'right' way to engage in non-monogamy (although there are widely agreed on 'wrong' ways). Because of this, the terms for the various kinds of relationships can be vague and sometimes interchangeable. but there are some distinctions that are worth defining. For example, swingers may intentionally avoid emotional and social connection to those—other than their primary partner—with whom they have sex, so may or may not be polyamorous but are non-monogamous.

Some useful terms are Metamour or Meta, the common term for a person with whom a partner is shared, V-Structure, one person is equally involved with two partners, and Triads / Quads. The latter is when three or four participants make up the primary partnership.

Forms of non-monogamy are varied. They include a casual relationship, sometimes called friends with benefits, which is a primarily physical relationship between two people with low expectations of commitment or emotional labor, and an open relationship (incl. open marriage), referring to one or both members of a committed (or married) couple have the express freedom to become sexually active with others, Other forms include sexual activities involving more than two participants at the same time, referring to group sex orgies, and threesomes, a primarily sexual arrangement involving three people. There's also relationship anarchy where participants are not bound by set rules in relationships other than whatever is explicitly agreed upon by the people involved, and swinging, which refers to similar to an organized social activity, often involving some form of group sex and sometimes simply trading partners with other swingers. There's also concepts such as Polyfidelity, where participants have multiple partners but restrict sexual activity to within a certain group, and a situation where there is a main romantic relationship with all other relationships being second to it, known as primary/secondary. One of the most well-known forms is polygamy, where one person is married to multiple partners. This has two primary sub-forms: polyandry where a woman has multiple husbands, group or conjoint marriage, and polygyny, referring to a man has multiple wives. The latter is more widespread in Africa than in any other continent, especially in West Africa and in North America, it is practiced by some Mormon sects, such as the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church).

Although its sometimes confused with it, there is polyamory, referring to when participants have multiple romantic partners It comes in various forms, such as hierarchical polyamory, where there is a primary romantic relationship with all other relationships being secondary to it, kitchen table polyamory which refers to people are expected to know one another and be comfortable in each others' company, and parallel polyamory, with relationships between people who are kept separately, all may be aware of each other, but are not expected to be friends. There is also group marriage, where several people form a single familial unit and each person considered to be married to all other members. Line families are a form of group marriage intended to outlive its original members by ongoing addition of new spouses and poly families, which is similar to group marriage, but some members may not consider themselves married to all other members.

Favorable preexisting conditions before non-monogamy

Michael Shernoff cites two studies in his report on same-sex couples considering non-monogamy. Morin (1999) stated that a couple has a very good chance of adjusting to non-exclusivity if at least some of the following conditions exist. This includes both partners wanting their relationship to remain primary, the couple having an established reservoir of good will, and a minimum of lingering resentments from past hurts and betrayals. Other conditions
include the partners in agreement on the question of monogamy/non-monogamy and the partners feeling similarly powerful and autonomous. Additionally, Green and Mitchell (2002) stated that direct discussion of the following issues can provide the basis for honest and important conversations, including openness versus secrecy, volition and equality versus coercion and inequality. Other issues include clarity and specificity of agreements versus confusion/vagueness, honoring keeping agreements versus violating them, and how each partner views non-monogamy. According to Shernoff, if the matter is discussed with a third party, such as a therapist, the task of the therapist is to "engage couples in conversations that let them decide for themselves whether sexual exclusivity or non-exclusivity is functional or dysfunctional for the relationship."

Public health and morality

The concepts of monogamy and marriage have been strongly intertwined for centuries, and in English-language dictionaries one is often used to define the other, as when "monogamy" is "being married to one person at a time." A common antonym is polygamy, meaning to have more than one spouse at one time. As a result, monogamy is deeply entrenched within many religions, and in social regulations and law, and exceptions are condemned as incursions on both morality and public health.

To some, the term non-monogamy semantically implies that monogamy is the norm, with other forms of relational intimacy being deviant and therefore somehow unhealthy or immoral. This concern over sexually transmitted diseases is despite the common practice of regular testing and sharing of recent test results prior to engaging in sexual activity.

It is often assumed that people who participate in non-monogamous sexual relationships have a higher rate of STIs. Despite reporting a higher number of sexual partners, research suggests that the risk of transmitting STIs is no higher than they are among the monogamous population. This is because the non-monogamous community is more likely to be regularly tested and more open about their results. The stigma of receiving a positive result is diminished, resulting in better treatment options and fewer people who are unwittingly transmitting the disease because they were not told by the person who gave it to them.

See also

Plaçage
Sexual revolution
 Adultery
 Family: the web series
 Consensual non-monogamy
 Group sex
 List of polyamorists
 List of polyamorous characters in fiction
 Polyday
 Romantic orientation
 Sociosexual orientation
 The Four Loves (Book)

References

Sexual fidelity
Intimate relationships

Non-monogamy


Yoanna House (born April 9, 1980) is an American fashion model and television host, best known as the winner of Cycle 2 of America's Next Top Model.

Biography
House was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida. House's father, a medical doctor, is from Canada and her mother is from Mexico. From early childhood, House showed great interest in fashion, which she claims was spurred by her grandmother, saying:

I was always in her closet. We would watch TV, read magazines, go to the mall. She taught me about couture and how important it was. A lot of my appreciation came from her.

After graduating from Bishop Kenny High School in 1998, House attended the University of Florida, majoring in international relations and Asian studies. House speaks fluent Japanese as well as Spanish (which she spoke from a young age). Around this time, House also began to pursue a career in fashion modeling, but claimed she found her options limited because she was overweight. She says she eventually lost 45 pounds after changing her diet and adopting an exercise plan.

She lives in Jacksonville with her son.

Career
House was the winner of Cycle 2 of America's Next Top Model.  After Top Model, she signed with IMG Models. House made her debut as a runway model at the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week in 2004, walking for fashion designers Petro Zillia, Custo Barcelona, Sue Wong, and John Sakalis. She took part in a promotional runway show for America's Next Top Model Obsessed which premiered on Oxygen. Her most visible modeling assignments immediately after her win include a commercial for the Declare Yourself voting campaign, a cover story for Psychology Today magazine., spread in Hannah Anderson, Jane, Look for Less Ads, Metro Style, Careline, Jacksonville magazine (cover and spread), and Sue Wong (2005 line). She became host of The Look for Less in 2005, replacing Elisabeth Hasselbeck.

The following year, she was named "the face" of The CW network and appeared in commercials and web advertisements for the fledgling network. In overseas projects, she signed with Danish modeling agency 1st Opinion Model Management and won a contract with Careline, an Israeli cosmetics company. She appeared in a commercial for make-up brand Sheer Cover, Leeza Gibbons's make-up line, along with Cycle 4 winner of America's Next Top Model Naima Mora.

In the summer of 2008, House hosted The N's reality series Queen Bees, which attempts to reform mean girls. She filmed a PSA for Declare Yourself, parodying a lipstick commercial.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Female models from Florida
American people of Canadian descent
American television personalities of Mexican descent
Bishop Kenny High School alumni
People from Jacksonville, Florida
University of North Florida alumni
America's Next Top Model winners
Hispanic and Latino American female models
21st-century American women

Yoanna House


Ariel Sharon Park (also called: Ayalon Park) is a big public urban park that is planned to be built in the south of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, around some of the floodplains of the Ayalon River. The Azor River and the Kofer River are connected to the river in the park area. Road 1 and Road 44 run through the planned area of the park. The park is planned to be opened in the year 2020 in southern Tel Aviv and also between the cities of Holon, Azor and Ramat Gan. The park is planned to be connected to the Menachem Begin Park (South Park) in southern Tel Aviv and the Mikveh Israel agricultural school in Holon. the park is going to be one of the largest park in Israel and one of the largest in the Middle East.

There are already trails for bicycles in the park.

The park is named after the former Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon.

Old Bnei Brak
In the area of the park is the Old City of Bnei Brak, which is mentioned in the Haggadah book in the Jewish holiday of Passover.

Recycling park
Between the years 1952 and 1998, the area was used a garbage dump called Hiriya. In 2002, the Israeli governmant decided to rehabilitate the site and build a big park around the dump with a recycling center. In 2004, a German landscape architect won the job for the new design of the site. In 2007, the Ecological Study Center opened in the recycling park. In 2010, the recycling park won a prize from the European Center of Architecture in the category of "Landscape Architecture" for the best green design for that year.

Other websites

  Ariel Sharon Park
 Hiriya website
 Removing Hiriya Garbage Dump, a Test Case

Tel Aviv
Parks in Israel

Ariel Sharon Park


The National Institutes of Health is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It is their agency for research. There are 27 separate institutes and offices. Each of them are for separate areas of health which they research. Most of them are in Bethesda, Maryland. The NIH made vaccines against hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) and human papillomavirus. The current Director of the NIH is Francis Collins since 2009.

history
In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the Hygienic Laboratory, was established within the Marine Hospital Service, which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the system of Marine Hospitals into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the New York Marine Hospital on Staten Island.[7][8][9] In 1891, it moved to the top floor of the Butler Building in Washington, D.C. In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the Old Naval Observatory, which grew to include five major buildings.[10]

In 1901, the Division of Scientific Research was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service.[11] In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the Public Health Service (PHS).[9] In 1922, PHS established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School. This marked the beginning of a partnership with universities.[9]

In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act, and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus.[9] In 1937, NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it was formerly part.[11][12]

In 1938, NIH moved to its current campus in Bethesda, Maryland.[9] Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH, and various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs.[9] In 1944, the Public Health Service Act was approved, and the National Cancer Institute became a division of NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health.

Later historyEdit

In the 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital.[13]: 130  When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention.[13]: 133  The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and had required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent prior to any experimentation.[13]: 135  Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions, the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards.[13]: 135

In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease, cancer, and strokes. That same year, the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding in order to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971 cancer research was in full force and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act, initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers.[14]

Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities.[15] While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then.[16]

By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the Human Genome Project.[17]

Other websites
Official website

United States Department of Health and Human Services
Medical and health organizations in the United States
1930 establishments in the United States
Research organizations in the United States

National Institutes of Health


Caradoc was a knight of the Round Table. He was raised as the son of Caradoc the Elder, the king of Nates. His mother had an affair with a sorcerer named Eliavres who was his real father. During a beheading game, he chopped off his opponents head. The corpse replaced the head and explained that he was Caradoc's biological father. Humiliated, he took his father and locked him in a tower. While attempting to escape, the wizard made a serpent wrap itself around his son's arm. A witch persuaded Eliaures, who was a magician, to make the snake attach itself to Caradoc's arm, sucking his blood. His friend Cador saved his life by putting his sister Guimer in a vat of milk and Caradoc in a vat of sour wine. This got the snake to cross from one vat to the other, giving Cador the chance to kill it with his sword. The attack caused Caradoc's arm to "shrivel away", and he became known as Breifbras (little-arm). Later in life he married Guignier. Due to Caradoc's mother's infidelity, he was very paranoid and made his wife go through a chastity test while they were both in Camelot. She passed the test and the two were given the city of Cirencester as a reward.

Fictional knights
Arthurian legend

Caradoc


Body language is a form of non-verbal communication. Body language is about using behaviour to communicate. Both people and animals use this form of communication. Part of this behaviour is done subconsciously. It is therefore different from communicating using sign language, for example.

The forms of behaviour used in body language include body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements.

Body language may provide clues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, a relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, and intoxication.
Body language is the science of nonverbal signals such as gestures, facial expressions, and eye gaze that communicate a person's emotions and intentions.

See also: Nonverbal communication

Vocabulary of body language

Body language is not spoken, so you have to be careful how you interpret it. A certain movement or facial expression may be quite meaningful, or it may mean nothing at all. As a starting point, the following sections give with some common body language terms and their generally-accepted meanings.

Positive body language
Positive body language is generally quite reliable as an indicator of a person's feelings. It signals interest in the other person and in the conversation.

Relaxed posture - Comfortably seated, relaxed breathing, no visible stiffness or abrupt movements. These indicate no major barriers to communication.

Arms relaxed - Uncrossed arms and hands open (palms up or otherwise visible to the other person) are signs of openness.

Good eye contact - Looking in the other person's eyes, particularly when they are speaking, indicates interest in that person. Proper eye contact involves looking away occasionally to avoid staring.

Nodding agreement - When nods are used to punctuate key things the other person has said, they signal agreement, interest and understanding. However, continual unconscious bobbing of the head usually indicates that the listener is tuning out.

Taking notes - Shows interest and involvement, particularly if notes are on what the other person is saying.

Smiling/adding humour - This is a very positive sign. It signals a warm personal relationship.

Leaning closer - Reducing the distance between two people, particularly when the other person is speaking. Indicates interest is up and barriers are down.

Gesturing warmly - Talking with hands, particularly with palms open, indicates involvement in the conversation and openness to the other person.

For all of these positive gestures, moderation is the rule. When they are exaggerated, they can become more negative than positive.

Negative body language
Body tense - Stiffness, wrinkled brow, jerky body motion, hands clasped in front or palms down on the table. These can indicate concern with the topic or dealing with the other person. Arms folded in front - Creates a barrier; can express resistance to what is being said.

Hand on face - A hand over one's mouth is a closed gesture. Leaning on one's elbow with the chin in the hand can communicate boredom.

Fidgeting - Moving around a lot, playing with things and drumming fingers are usually a sign of boredom, nervousness or impatience.

Arms behind head, leaning back - In a well-established relationship this can be a relaxed gesture. In a new relationship, it is often used to express a desire for control or power.

Yawning - Boredom, confusion. The other person is talking too much or in too much technical detail.

Impatience - Trying to interrupt what the other person is saying, opening one's mouth frequently as if to speak.

Distraction - Eyes flicking about, blank stares, flipping through literature without really reading it, looking at others in the office, looking at the person's body or clothing.

Leaning away - Avoiding moving closer, even when something is handed to the person, is strongly negative.

Negative facial expressions - These include shaking head, eyes narrowed, scowling, frowning

Personality - It comes under behaviour when a person shows his body language and the person in front gets understood what type of person is
For example, A bad boys behaviour is bad anyone can catch after seeing his behaviour

Non-verbal communication
Sociology

Body language


Roadkill is a 1989 Canadian film directed by Bruce McDonald. In a review of the film's soundtrack album, the website AllMusic calls the film "an increasingly weird mix of Heart of Darkness and The Wizard of Oz".

Background
The film was inspired by the Toronto rock band A Neon Rome. McDonald's original idea was to make a concert film following that band on tour; however, the band's lead singer, Neal Arbik, became disillusioned with the demands of touring to promote the band's debut album. His behaviour became increasingly erratic and rebellious over the course of the tour, and he ultimately quit the music industry before the film — or the band's second album — could be made.

Instead, the film became a fictionalized portrayal of A Neon Rome, depicting a band on the verge of collapsing in a similar manner.

Synopsis
The film stars Valerie Buhagiar as Ramona, an intern at a Toronto record label who is sent to Sudbury by promoter Roy Seth (Gerry Quigley) to track down the label's star band, Children of Paradise, after they disappear on tour. Because she doesn't know how to drive, however, she takes a taxi driven by Buddy (Larry Hudson) for the entire 400-km route.

Once in Sudbury, she finds the band almost immediately, but then loses them again and subsequently tracks them all across Northern Ontario. On her way, she encounters a variety of odd characters — including an indie film director named Bruce Shack (McDonald himself), who documents roadkill on the highway, and an aspiring serial killer named Russell (Don McKellar), who has studied the profession thoroughly but just does not know where to start.

Ramona finally locates the band in Thunder Bay, setting the stage for the film's climax.

Cameo appearances
Music is a large part of the film, and there are cameos by musicians Nash the Slash performing onstage, Leslie Spit Treeo busking on a stretch of land, and Joey Ramone appearing as himself. Shaun Bowring of Teknakuller Raincoats, who appear on the soundtrack, also appears in the film as Mathew, the lead singer of Children of Paradise.

Ramona's parents are played by Valerie's own parents, Nazareno and Giovanna Buhagiar. The bar patron who picks the pocket of the Apocalypse Club Manager after he gets shot is played by the film's producer, Colin Brunton.

Soundtrack album
The film's soundtrack album includes a mix of songs — mostly by Canadian rock artists, but also including a track by The Ramones — and snippets of dialogue from the film:
 "White Lines" I.T.
 "Hinterland" (0:50)
 "Instant Death" (2:58)
 "Mr. Shack Explains" (0:06)
 Leslie Spit Treeo, "The Sound" (2:37)
 "Ramona on the Road" (0:23)
 Graeme Kirkland and the Wolves (feat. Julie Masi), "Street People" (4:51)
 "Spiritual Quest" (0:09)
 Suffer Machine, "Nostradamus" (2:44)
 The Ugly Ducklings, "She Ain't No Use to Me" (3:14)
 "Russell the Serial Killer" (0:30)
 Handsome Ned and the Sidewinders, "Put the Blame on Me" (3:05)
 Steve Munro, "The Weenie Boy Song" (0:40)
 Ten Seconds Over Tokyo, "Burning Rain" (3:53)
 "Thangst for the Angst/Buddy and Biff" (1:02)
 The Paupers, "Magic People" (2:39)
 "Luke" (0:40)
 Teknakuller Raincoats, "Dancing Cadavers" (2:56)
 "The Driving Lessons" (0:29)
 Rita Chiarelli, "Have You Seen My Shoes?" (3:34)
 The Razorbacks, "It's Saturday Night" (3:06)
 "Joey Say Hey" (0:29)
 Ramones, "Howling at the Moon (Sha-La-La)" (3:28)
 "Ramona Gets Ready" (0:19)
 Nash the Slash, "Roadkill" (2:35)
 "Weenie Boy Reprise" (0:22)

Awards
Roadkill won the Toronto-City Award for Best Canadian Feature Film at the 1989 Toronto International Film Festival. Don McKellar was also nominated for two 1990 Genie Awards, for Best Supporting Actor, and Best Original Screenplay.

References

External links

1989 films
English-language Canadian films
1980s English-language films
Canadian comedy road movies
1980s road movies
Greater Sudbury in fiction
Films directed by Bruce McDonald
Films set in Northern Ontario
Films shot in Greater Sudbury
1980s Canadian films

Roadkill (1989 film)


NN ingen Cináed was the eldest daughter of King Kenneth I (MacAlpin) of the Scots. She was born c. 834 when Kenneth was only 24 years old from an unknown mother. She was the mother of Eochaid, king of Scots who ruled with Giric.

Birth
Not much is known about the birth of NN ingen except it happened around 834, somewhere in Scotland. She was born as the eldest daughter of Kenneth and his 11 other siblings, many of whom ruled Scotland.

Marriage
She married Run mac Arthgail, a king of Strathclyde from c. 872-878. He gave her one child, later to be king of Scots named Eochaid, who was deposed in 889 when she was 55 years old (dead or alive?). She also married Rí na h'Alt Clut who supposedly gave her no child as Eochaid is the only recorded child of NN ingen.

Death
It is unknown when NN ingen Cináed died but would most likely be in the 860s to 880s sometime during or after the reign of Constantine I, Donald I and Eochaid, her son. She died in Ireland.

References

830s births
9th-century deaths
Princes and princesses

NN ingen Cináed


The Flash is an American superhero movie based on the DC Comics character of the same name. It is produced by DC Films, The Disco Factory, and Double Dream, and set for distribution by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is set in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU).

Background
The movie is directed by Andy Muschietti from a screenplay by Christina Hodson. It stars Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash alongside Ben Affleck, Michael Keaton, Sasha Calle, Kiersey Clemons, Maribel Verdú, and Ron Livingston. In The Flash, Allen travels back in time to prevent his mother's murder, which causes many problems.

The movie is inspired by the comic book storyline Flashpoint, featuring multiple DC Comics characters including Affleck and Keaton as different versions of Batman.

The Flash was released in the United States on June 23, 2023.

Cast
 Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash:A police forensic investigator from Central City and member of the Justice League who can move at superhuman speeds using the Speed Force.
 Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:A wealthy socialite from Gotham City, leader of the Justice League, and owner of Wayne Enterprises who became the vigilante known as Batman following his parents' murder.
 Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman:An older version of Wayne from an alternative universe. Keaton reprises his role from Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992).
 Sasha Calle as Supergirl: A powerful Kryptonian with similar powers, abilities, and costume to Superman.
 Kiersey Clemons as Iris West: A journalist for the Picture News and love interest of Barry Allen.
 Michael Shannon as General Zod: A Kryptonian general who possesses the same powers as Superman, and was previously killed by the latter. Shannon reprises his role from Man of Steel.
 Antje Traue as Faora-Ul: General Zod's sub-commander, who was sent to the Phantom Zone years prior. Traue reprises her role from Man of Steel.
 Maribel Verdú as Nora Allen: Barry's mother who was murdered in his youth. Her husband Henry was blamed for her death.
 Ron Livingston as Henry Allen: Barry's father, who was wrongfully convicted for the murder of his wife. Livingston replaces Billy Crudup, who played the character in other DCEU movies.

Additionally, Saoirse-Monica Jackson and Rudy Mancuso have been cast in undisclosed roles. Temuera Morrison, who plays Aquaman's father Thomas Curry will also appear in the movie.

References

2023 superhero movies
American superhero movies
DC Extended Universe movies
Warner Bros. movies

The Flash (movie)


The Tower of London is a novel by William Harrison Ainsworth serially published in 1840. It is a historical romance that describes the history of Lady Jane Grey from her short-lived time as Queen of England to her execution.

Background
During 1840, Ainsworth was busy writing the serial The Tower of London while writing a serial for Guy Fawkes and while planning to start his own magazine. Both novels began their publication in January 1840, with The Tower of London being published on its own until December 1840. Ainsworth celebrated the conclusions of The Tower of London with a large dinner party near the printers of his works, Bradbury and Evans, at the Sussex Hotel. The work was illustrated by George Cruikshank.

Story

The plot begins with Lady Jane Grey, wife of Guilford Dudley and daughter-in-law to the Duke of Northumberland, as she enters the Tower of London on 10 July 1553. Prior to her entrance into the Tower, she ruled as Queen of England for nine days after she and her husband were put on the throne by the Duke of Northumberland. Soon after, Mary I was able to take control of England and sent the Duke to be executed. Dudley, to gain back the kingdom, formed a rebellion, which results in failure and the imprisonment of both himself and his wife. After the imprisonment, Simon Renard, the Spanish Ambassador to England, arranges a marriage between Mary and Philip of Spain to bring a Catholic take over of England.

The events of the book alternate between historical background and the plot of Lady Jane. In Book II, incidents throughout the history of England from William the Conqueror to the 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy are mentioned. The novel returns to Lady Jane busying herself with prayer as she awaits her execution. Her only hope for freedom is to become a Catholic. There are conspiracies over Mary's rule of England, which come from those who supported the imprisoned Lady Jane and also those who wish to put Elizabeth I, the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII, on the throne. However, neither of these two sides succeed before the novel ends, and Lady Jane is executed.

Characters

 Lady Jane Grey
 Lord Guildford Dudley
 John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
 Mary I of England
 Philip II of Spain
 Xit (Sir Narcissus Le Grand)
 Og, Gog and Magog
 Winwike
 Cuthbert Cholmondeley
 Mistress Cicely
 Lawrence Nightgall
 Elizabeth
 Gunnora Boase
 Gilbert Pot
 Simon Renard
 Mauger, the headsman
 Mistress Placida Paston
 The Duke of Suffolk
 Master Hairun
 Peter Trusbut
 Dame Poentia Trusbut

Illustrations
The novel is illustrated with 40 engravings and 58 woodcuts by Cruikshank. The illustrations depict moments from the story while the woodcuts show off architectural features related to the Tower. Ainsworth was grateful for the illustrations to the novel, and he wrote in the preface that "it was no slight satisfaction to him, that circumstances at length enabled him to carry into effect his favourite project, in conjunction with the inimitable artist whose designs accompany the work."

Themes
The novel begins with a preface which explains: "It has been, for years, the cherished wish of the writer of the following pages, to make the Tower of London – the proudest monument of antiquity, considered with reference to its historical associates, which this country, or any other possess – the groundwork of a romance". He continues by describing his idea for the Tower itself, "Desirous of exhibiting the Tower in its triple light of a palace, a prison, and a fortress, the Author has shaped his story with reference to that end; and he has also endeavoured to contrive such a series of incidents as should naturally introduce every reflect of the old pile – its towers, chapels, halls, chambers, gateways, arches, and draw-bridges – so that no part of it should remain unillustrated."

The focus in the novel is the three aspects of the Tower of London. To further this focus, Ainsworth depicts two crownings, a wedding, executions, and even a siege of the Tower. Lady Jane has her first night at the Tower as the Queen of England, and she visits St John's Chapel, located in the White Tower. Later, she is kept as the Tower's prisoner. Overall, the Tower has gothic elements along with having a connection to the Catholic Church in its architecture. The Tower, in its style, also represented the sublime and the connection with the divine. With these various dimensions to the Tower, there is a connection between The Tower of London and Victor Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris, in their emphasis on architecture and with history.

The architectural descriptions within the novel tend to break up some of the aspects of the plot, but they serve to show how the Tower has changed over time. This transcends the temporal bounds of the plot to connect the origins of the Tower to the 19th century when Ainsworth published the novel. According to literary critic George Worth, "Ainsworth seems constantly to be trying to remind his readers, living in an age of urbanization and industrialization in which historic old landmarks were being swept away or defaced or 'restored' beyond recognition, that they had a heritage, one very large vested in physical structures of one kind or another, and that the heritage [...] might soon be gone beyond recall."

Catholics, in general, were viewed negatively by Ainsworth's contemporary English audience. In particular, Mary had the reputation for seeking the death of people and was dubbed "Bloody Mary". Although Ainsworth disagreed with the Catholic religion, he felt that they were part of an idealised English past, and he sought to describe them neutrally. Of Mary herself, Ainsworth emphasised aspects that made her a decent queen. Although many Catholics in the novel tried to use Mary to push Catholicism in a fanatical manner, Ainsworth introduces Cardinal Pole as a moderating figure who tries to sway Mary away from such views.

Sources
The Tower of London is based on the events following the death of Edward VI. Various groups tried to seize the throne, and Mary I was crowned. This brought about a restoration of Catholicism and the rebellion of Thomas Wyatt. In depicting Mary, Ainsworth tried to overcome the view of her as "Bloody Mary" and any anti-Catholic bigotry. He felt that he could depict her without any bias as he focused on what was known about her knowledge and religious aspects. Ainsworth was accused of sensationalising violence in his novels; for instance critic Richard Church remarked that Ainsworth "brought sensationalism and an atmosphere of the Chamber of Horrors into the historical novel". Despite these assertions, Ainsworth was faithful to the sources he worked from. Most of his information was derived from David Jardine's A Reading on the Use of Torture in the Criminal Law of England (1837), and details such as the use of the Scavenger's Daughter are based on Jardine's description of torture in the Tudor period. By recounting suffering and torture in The Tower of London, Ainsworth made plain the consequences of failed political intrigue in the Tudor period. Jardine notes that members of the nobility were not tortured; Ainsworth overlooks this with the intention of showing that failure in political machinations came at a high price. In this, Ligocki feels that Ainsworth was true to the nature of the Tudor period, reflecting the "cruelty and ruthlessness of the politically ambitious of the age".

Critical response
Edgar Allan Poe believes that "The authorship of this work does a little, and but a little, more credit to Mr. Ainsworth than that of 'Jack Sheppard'. It is in no spirit cavilling that we say it is rarely our lot to review a work more utterly destitute of every ingredient requisite to a good romance".

In 1934, Malcolm Elwin argues, "several of his novels – particularly Tower of London and Old St. Paul's, in spite of the absurd antics of the hero of the latter – have undoubtedly the quality of durability. No writer could hope to surpass either as romantic histories of their particular subject." Leo Mason, in a 1939 article, says that "History through the eyes of romance is the essence of Ainsworth at his best – The Lancashire Witches, Tower of London, Old St. Paul's, are romantic histories and will no doubt endure." Worth, in 1972, explains that Ainsworth "spaces his [architectural] descriptions judiciously throughout the novel in such a way as to heighten the effect of the novel rather than detract from it." In 1975, Nicholas Rance claims that The Tower of London is an "incongruous merging of historical romance and guide book".

The enduring image of the Tower of London as a grim place of torture and imprisonment was largely shaped by the works of 19th-century authors, particularly Ainsworth's novel. Such was its influence in emphasising the Tudor epoch of the Tower's history, in the late 20th century historians R Allen Brown and P Curnow felt it still dominated the public perception of the castle. In their official handbook to the Tower, published in 1986, they noted that "Still an innocent visitor to the place today might be led to suppose by guides and guidebooks, that it was built almost entirely for the Tudor monarchs".

References in popular culture
The book is mentioned in the Victorian children's novel Little Lord Fauntleroy.

Notes

References
 Ainsworth, William Harrison. The Tower of London. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1841.
 Allen Brown, Reginald; Curnow, P. Tower of London, Greater London: Department of the Environment Official Handbook. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1986. .
 Carver, Stephen. The Life and Works of the Lancashire Novelist William Harrison Ainsworth, 1805–1882. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 2003.
 Ellis, S. M. William Harrison Ainsworth and His Friends. 2 Vols. London: Garland Publishing, 1979.
 Elwin, Malcolm. Victorian Wallflowers. London: Jonathan Cape, 1934.
 Impey, Edward; Parnell, Geoffrey. The Tower of London: The Official Illustrated History. London: Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces, 2000. .
 Ligocki, Llewellyn. "Ainsworth's Historical Accuracy Reconsidered", Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies IV (1972), pp. 23–28.
 Mason, Leo. "William Harrison Ainsworth", The Dickensian XXXV (1939).
 Rance, Nicholas. The Historical Novel and Popular Politics in Nineteenth Century England. London: Vision, 1975.
 Worth, George. William Harrison Ainsworth. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1972.

1840 British novels
Novels set in the 1550s
Novels by William Harrison Ainsworth
Historical novels
Victorian novels
Art by George Cruikshank
Novels first published in serial form
Tower of London
Works originally published in American magazines
Cultural depictions of Lady Jane Grey
Cultural depictions of Lord Guildford Dudley
Cultural depictions of Mary I of England
Novels set in Tudor England
Novels set in London
Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I

The Tower of London (novel)


Enrique Domingo Cadícamo (Luján, Buenos Aires province, July 15, 1900 – Buenos Aires, December 3, 1999) was a prolific Argentine tango lyricist, poet and novelist. From an initial Symbolist bent, he developed a distinctive, lunfardo-rich style from an early age, and by 1925 he had his first piece, Pompas de jabón, sung by Carlos Gardel. Other notable compositions include Madame Ivonne, Che, papusa, oí, Anclado en París, Muñeca brava, Al Mundo le falta un Tornillo, Pa' que bailen los muchachos and Los mareados ("The dizzy ones"), originally titled Los dopados ("The doped ones"), about a couple that vows to get drunk after realizing their love is over.

Career
Also prolific as a writer, he published three volumes of lyrical poetry (Canciones grises, 1926; La luna del bajo fondo, 1940; and Viento que lleva y trae, 1945), three biographical and historical books (El debut de Gardel en París, La historia del tango en París and Mis memorias), some theatrical works (La epopeya del tango and La baba del diablo, both co-written with Félix Pelayo, and El romance de dos vagos in collaboration with Germán Ziclis) and the narrative pieces El cantor de Buenos Aires, with Alberto Ballerini, and Los cuentos de un príncipe with Martín Lemos. In 1936 he wrote and directed the film Noites Cariocas.

As a recognition to his career, he was declared Illustrious Citizen of the city of Buenos Aires in 1987, and Emeritus of Argentine Culture in 1996. He died at 99 from heart failure.

Los mareados has enjoyed several revivals; it has been part of Mercedes Sosa's repertoire since the 1980s, and was also covered by Roberto Goyeneche and Andrés Calamaro.

Another Cadícamo lyric, Por la vuelta ("[A toast] to [our] return") is a mirror image of Los mareados: two former lovers meet a year after splitting up, find that their mutual friendship has survived their estrangement, and agree to drink to that. Incidentally, the drink of choice in both stories is champagne.

Works

Books
 Canciones Tristes
 La Luna del Bajo Fondo
 Viento que Lleva y Trae
 "Historia del Tango en París
 El otro Juan Carlos Cobián
 Bajo el Signo del Tango

Theatre
 Así nos Paga la Vida
 La Baba del Diablo
 El Romance de Dos Vagos
 El Cantor de Buenos Aires
 La Epopeya del Tango

Tangos
 Los mareados
 Por la vuelta
 Nostalgias
 Pompas de Jabón
 Muñeca Brava
 Vieja Recova
 ¡Che, papusa... Oí!
 Madame Ivonne
 Nunca tuvo novio
 Notas de bandoneón
 " El canto de Buenos Aires"
 " La casita de mis viejos"
 " Niebla del riachuelo"

Films
The life of Carlos Gardel

Producer Martin Deluca scrimplay by

Enrique Cadicamo
 Passport to Rio (1948)

External links
Biography
Cadícamo life work
 Gardel 2008 film original screenplay by Enrique Cadicamo& Martin Deluca Adaptation & translation English by Martin Deluca

1900 births
1999 deaths
Argentine film directors
Tango poets
Argentine people of Calabrian descent
Argentine people of Italian descent
People from Luján, Buenos Aires
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery
20th-century Argentine poets
Tango lyricists
20th-century Argentine male writers

Enrique Cadícamo


Ludwig Landmann (18 May 1868 – 5 March 1945) was a liberal German Jewish politician of the Weimar Republic. Landmann belonged first to the National Social party, then the Progressive People's Party, and finally, after the German revolution of 1918, the German Democratic Party.

He eventually moved from Mannheim to Frankfurt, where he became Mayor of Frankfurt from 1924 until 1933 and led a significant expansion of the city. Through reorganizations and construction, Landmann gave the city new luster. Landmann was the first Jewish mayor of Frankfurt.

At the time he was mayor he hired the architect Ernst May to organize a new housing project, which became known as the New Frankfurt (Neues Frankfurt). Landmann founded also the Nassau home (Nassauische Heimstätte), an organization that helped guarantee every citizen had access to decent housing.

After the Nazi election victory in the municipal elections on 12 March 1933, he was expelled from his office. He then handed in his official resignation as mayor. He was succeeded by Friedrich Krebs of the NSDAP.

Landmann left then for Berlin. But because of his Jewish ancestry, he was exposed to various antisemitic Nazi harassment; among other things, his pension payments were temporarily stopped. In 1939, he left Germany and emigrated to the Netherlands, the home of his wife. After the German occupation of the Netherlands from 1940, he was hidden by relatives and friends to protect him from deportation, and possible death. He died in 1945 in hiding from malnutrition during Holland's 'Hunger Winter'.

Today Ludwig Landmann Street in Frankfurt is dedicated to his memory. A portrait of the mayor by William Runze, a painter from the Sossenheim district of Frankfurt, hangs in the Council Hall at the Römer, Frankfurt's City Hall.

References

Sources
Dieter Rebentisch. Ludwig Landmann. Frankfurter Oberbürgermeister der Weimarer Republik. Wiesbaden 1975,  (basing on Rebentischs dissertation, University of Frankfurt am Main, 1970)

Politicians from Mannheim
Politicians from Hesse-Nassau
1868 births
1945 deaths
Mayors of Frankfurt
Burials at Frankfurt Main Cemetery
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands
Deaths by starvation
German Jews who died in the Holocaust

Ludwig Landmann


Dark opal basil is a cultivar of Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil), developed by John Scarchuk and Joseph Lent at the University of Connecticut in the 1950s. With deep purple, sometimes mottled leaves, it is grown as much for its decorative appeal as for its culinary value. Dark opal basil was a 1962 winner of the All-American Selection award.

Like other purple basils, the purple color is from anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-3-(di-p-coumarylglucoside)-5-glucoside but also other cyanidin based and peonidin based compounds.  'Dark opal', along with other large leaved purple cultivars such as 'Purple Ruffles', has a high concentration of anthocyanins and is considered a potential source of red pigments for the food industry.  The anthocyanin concentration is about 18 mg per 100 g fresh leaves, similar to Perilla frutescens, and greater than smaller leaved purple basils such as 'Purple bush' (at about 6 mg per 100 g).

References

External links
 Photo

Ocimum
Herbs

Dark opal basil


Richard Gaywood (fl. 1650–1680) was an English engraver.

Life
Gaywood was a pupil of Wenceslaus Hollar, and worked in his style. A friend of Francis Barlow, he engraved many of his designs.

Works
Gaywood was prolific, the bulk of his work consisting of portraits and frontispieces to books, for which he was widely employed by publishers. Much of his work was for Peter Stent.

Gaywood is noted for his etchings of birds and animals after Francis Barlow. They worked together on a large etching after Titian's Venus and the Organist, which was dedicated to John Evelyn.

Gaywood's portraits include copies from engravings by Hollar, and those in the Centum Icones of Anthony van Dyck. Others were those of: William Drummond of Hawthornden, and the early kings of Scotland in his History of Scotland, 1655; Oliver Cromwell; James Shirley; Sir Peter and Lady Ellinor Temple; George Monck, Duke of Albemarle (after Barlow); Madame Anne Kirk; General William Fairfax; Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke; and John Browne the instrument maker.

Among the frontispieces and title-pages was that to Johann Jacob Wecker's Secrets of Art and Nature (1660). Other plates were a set of social scenes, representing the Five Senses, a view of Stonehenge, The most magnificent Riding of Charles the II to the Parliament, 1661, The Egg of Dutch Rebellion (satirical print, 1673), Capture of a Whale at Sea, Democritus, and Heraclitus.

References

Notes

Attribution

External links

English engravers
17th-century English people
17th-century engravers

Richard Gaywood


Kalki is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Hindus believe that there are four stages of time. The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yuga. In this stage of time, people are very bad. To make the world good, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and kill the bad people. People will change then, and become good people. A new stage of time will begin, called the Satya Yuga or the first stage of life. He is deciding to only come when everybody on Earth is very cruel. Kalki will come after Buddha, his work is to punish people who not changed their behaviour even after Buddha taught the right way. Kalki will come within this millennium. He will take birth in India. Lord Kalki will be expected to incarnate on the Shukla Paksha Dwadashi Tithi(12th day of the bright fortnight) in the Hindu month Vaishakha. According to some beliefs, he will appear at the end of this Kali Yuga which is about 432,000 years away.

According to Nostradamus prophecies Kalki is the Chyren who will be king of whole world. He establish rightness in earth after defeating the whole world. He will punish bad people without mercy. It is said that he will be ruthless to cruel people. Kalki will establish a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga, before becoming king of the world. It is said that Krishna told Arjuna on the battlefield that right after his death, there will be the beginning of the Kali Yuga. He says 5000 years after his death (6000 B.C.) will come a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga. After the Kali Yuga Golden Age which will last approximately 10,000 years, he will establish the real Satya Yuga by defeating Kali (Demon) who is also known as the prince of evil in vedic scriptures.

The Shrimad Bhagwat Purana describes in detail the incarnations of Lord Vishnu. There is a description of Lord Kalki in the second chapter of the 12th wing of the same Purana. In which it is said that Lord Kalki will be born as a son in the house of an ascetic Brahmin named Vishnuyasha at a place called Shambhala in Moradabad district of Uttar Pradesh. Lord Kalki will destroy the sinners from the world by riding on a horse or vehicle named Devadatta and re-establish religion.

References

Hinduism
Hindu mythology

Kalki


Misael Eduardo Pastrana Borrero (14 November 1923 – 21 August 1997) was a Colombian politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd President of Colombia from 1970 to 1974. He was also the father of the 30th President Andrés Pastrana Arango.

Biography

Personal life
Pastrana was born in Neiva, Huila.

Pastrana was a Colombian conservative politician, President of Colombia in the period 1970–1974. Born in the home of Misael Pastrana Pastrana and Elisa Borrero Perdomo, studied law in Javeriana University of Bogotá and in the Ferri Institute of Rome. He had been affiliated to the Conservative Party (which he would later rename as the Social Conservative Party). He was the private secretary of the President Mariano Ospina Pérez (1949-1952)and three times a minister during the second liberal presidency of Alberto Lleras Camargo (1958-1962).

During the presidency of Carlos Lleras Restrepo, he was Minister of Government 1966–1968, led in Congress a constitutional reform and was Colombian ambassador in Washington from 1968 to 1969, when he returned to campaign for the presidency. President of the Sasakawa United Nations Environment Prize in recognition of his enacting of the world's first Environmental Code for Natural Resources, after his death the UN instituted the yearly  Pastrana Borrero Conference in New York during the prize's award ceremony. Vice-president of Worldwide Prize for Peace of UNESCO. Founder of World Center of Computer Science with  Jean-Jacques Serban-Schreiber in the seventies, before the personal computer existed.  The Center brought in young minds such as Nicholas Negroponte. Founder member of Interaction, group of former heads of state and government to deal with contemporary issues and conflicts and to present recommendations to governments.

Presidency

During his four years in office, Pastrana was cautiously progressive. He sought to increase employment opportunities with a famous four-point strategy. He attempted to boost national savings as a way of moving away from dependency on foreign investment and credit, and he extended pensions rights for many people.

At the same time, he was a champion of "a car for every Colombian family", and was instrumental in bringing the French car-makers Renault to Colombia. He also promoted the first national environmental legislation in Latin America.

The end of his four year-term in office came in 1974, which also saw the end of the National Front governments. Pastrana then took on the mantle of the "natural leader" of the Conservative party. He proved unable to hold the different factions of the party together, however, and in consequence there has only been two Conservative presidents since his own term in office.

He died in Bogotá at the age of 73.
Married to María Cristina Arango Vega, with whom he had three sons and one daughter.  His second son, Andrés Pastrana Arango, who was kidnapped by the Medellin Cartel while running for mayor of Bogotá,  eventually served as president of Colombia from 1998 to 2002.

See also
Nohra Puyana Bickenbach

References

1923 births
1997 deaths
Misael
People from Huila Department
Pontifical Xavierian University alumni
20th-century Colombian lawyers
Presidents of Colombia
Ambassadors of Colombia to the United States
Colombian Conservative Party politicians
Ministers of Finance and Public Credit of Colombia
Colombian Ministers of Foment
Colombian Ministers of Government
Deaths from cancer in Colombia

Misael Pastrana Borrero


MAT Macedonian Airlines (, tr: Makedonski Aviotransport (MAT)) was the national flag carrier airline of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia). It operated scheduled services between Skopje and Ohrid and several destinations in Europe. It was based in Skopje with its main base at Skopje International Airport.

History

Macedonian Air Transport was established on 16 January 1994 and started operations on 23 June 1994 flying from Skopje to Zürich using a Boeing 737-200.

In 2000, the Government of the Republic of Macedonia signed an agreement with MAT that gave MAT the status of national flag carrier for the following 10 years.
MAT Macedonian Air Transport is a share holding private Company, owned by two major stockholders.

In 2007, MAT introduced electronic tickets available for purchase over the internet.

Final years (2008-2009)

On 31 October 2008, MAT received its first Boeing 737-500. The aircraft had 126 seats divided in two cabin classes (business and economy) and 4 tons capacity for baggage and cargo. The registration of the aircraft was Z3-AAH and it carried MAT traditional colors.

In December 2008, the airline was forced to give up its services from Skopje to Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Rome after Eurocontrol banned the carrier from entering German and Italian airspace because of unpaid air traffic control fees from the period 1999 to 2005.

MAT Airlines was also banned from Greek airspace, because of the Macedonia naming dispute. In 2009, the Greek and Macedonian states agreed on their aircraft entering each other's airspace, but Macedonian registered aircraft could not land in any Greek airports.

In 2009, MAT dismissed 70 of 180 employees and changed its airplanes to reduce costs.

On 20 March 2009, Jat Airways, the national flag carrier airline of Serbia, announced its intentions of taking over a majority of shares in MAT Macedonian Airlines.

On 14 May 2009, a Boeing 737-500 was grounded by Macedonian CAA and stored at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport until 4 July 2009.

On 1 September 2009, MAT Macedonian Airlines lost its Air Operators Certificate (AOC).

Planned takeover by Jat
MAT Macedonian Airlines and Jat Airways signed the Intention agreement on finding the best business solution for the future cooperation between the two national carriers of Macedonia and Serbia. Both companies stated that the interest is shown for establishing various forms of cooperation, from technical to commercial.

In the year 2008 Alexander The Great Airport provided service to more than 660.000 passengers while MAT served 37 per cent on the flights to Zurich, Vienna, Düsseldorf, Rome, Istanbul, Hamburg, Berlin and Amsterdam and Jat served 10 per cent. By improving the companies' partnership, services for the Macedonian passengers will gain additional possibilities.

The agreement was signed in Belgrade by Jat Acting Director General Sasa Vlaisavljevic and the president of MAT's Board of Directors, Zlatko Petrovski.

Despite MAT recently being grounded by aviation authorities in Macedonia, Jat's CEO has confirmed that the Serbian carrier will take over shares and revive the national Macedonian carrier. Jat's team of legal experts are currently in Skopje where they are checking MAT's legal and financial documentation. These checks should be complete within a week. The findings will be presented to Jat's management board, after which, the Serbian carrier will send MAT a proposal whether it will take over a majority of shares (over 50%) or less than 50% of shares. The documentation checks have taken longer than expected because MAT did not immediately provide all the necessary paperwork. Also, Jat's legal team requested more information regarding MAT's financial reports. Jat's CEO confirmed that MAT has extreme debt but declined to comment further. He stated that Jat is primarily interested in the Macedonian aviation market which is covered 35% by MAT, while Jat has a share of 10% in the market. "We are also interested in commencing flights from Belgrade and Skopje to Priština through MAT", Saša Vlaisavljević, the airline's CEO says. Jat is currently banned from flying to Priština due to the unresolved status of Kosovo in which Priština is located.

In October 2009, Jat Airways does not have any intentions with MAT Macedonian Airlines, instead they have planned an airline for Republic of Macedonia called Aeromak.

Destinations
MAT Macedonian Airlines operated the following service (at May 2009):

Europe

 Vienna - Vienna International Airport

Ohrid - Ohrid St. Paul the Apostle Airport Base
Skopje - Skopje Alexander the Great Airport Base

 Amsterdam - Amsterdam Airport Schiphol
 Maastricht - Maastricht Airport

 Belgrade - Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport

 Zürich - Zürich Airport

Terminated destinations
MAT Macedonian Airlines also operated flights to Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hungary Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey until December 2008:

 -Prague
 -Copenhagen
 - Berlin-Tegel, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Stuttgart, Karlsruhe
 -Budapest
 - Rome-Fiumicino, Milan,
 - Luxembourg
 - Madrid, Palma de Mallorca
 - Gothenburg. Stockholm
 -Geneva, Zurich
 -Istanbul

Fleet
The MAT Macedonian Airlines fleet included the following aircraft (at 1 September 2009):

The average age of the MAT Macedonian Airlines fleet was 17.8 years (at 1 September 2009).

Historic
Boeing 737-200 (3)
Boeing 737-300 (4)
Boeing 737-400
Boeing 737-500
McDonnell Douglas DC-9 (3)
Yakovlev Yak-42
CRJ-900 (1)
Tupolev Tu-154 (1)

References

External links

MAT Macedonian Airlines

Defunct airlines of North Macedonia
Airlines established in 1994
Airlines disestablished in 2009
European Regions Airline Association
2009 disestablishments in the Republic of Macedonia
Macedonian companies established in 1994

MAT Macedonian Airlines


Zonal Art Exhibition "Leningrad" (Leningrad, 1964) () became one of the most significant, successful and productive events in the history of Soviet art exhibitions of the 1960s through the 1980s. The exhibition took place in State Russian Museum.

History and organization
The Zonal Art Exhibition "Leningrad" was opened at November 3, 1964. Organization and preparation of the Zonal Exhibition engaged a specially formed Exhibition Committee which consisted of 56 of the most authoritative art-experts. Among them were Mikhail Anikushin, Boris Korneev, Anatoli Levitin, Yuri Neprintsev, Gleb Savinov, Joseph Serebriany, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Boris Ugarov, Vecheslav Zagonek, Alexander Zaytsev, and others. It was published a catalog of the exhibition. Over 1200 Leningrad artists participated in the exhibition, which featured 2,000 pieces of artwork from painters, sculptors, graphic artists, masters of arts and crafts, and theater and film artists.

Contributing artists

In the largest Department of Painting were exhibited 712 art works of 281 authors. There were Piotr Alberti, Evgenia Antipova, Taisia Afonina, Sergei Babkov, Irina Baldina, Andrei Bantikov, Nikolai Baskakov, Leonid Baykov, Evgenia Baykova, Vsevolod Bazhenov, Yuri Belov, Piotr Belousov, Dmitry Belyaev, Olga Bogaevskaya, Lev Bogomolets, Nikolai Brandt, Dmitry Buchkin, Piotr Buchkin, Zlata Bizova, Lev Chegorovsky, Vladimir Chekalov, Sergei Frolov, Nikolai Galakhov, Ivan Godlevsky, Vasily Golubev, Tatiana Gorb, Abram Grushko, Oleg Eremeev, Alexei Eriomin, Mikhail Kaneev, Yuri Khukhrov, Maria Kleschar-Samokhvalova, Mikhail Kozell, Marina Kozlovskaya, Tatiana Kopnina, Maya Kopitseva, Boris Korneev, Alexander Koroviakov, Elena Kostenko, Nikolai Kostrov, Anna Kostrova, Gevork Kotiantz, Yaroslav Krestovsky, Valeria Larina, Boris Lavrenko, Ivan Lavsky, Anatoli Levitin, Piotr Litvinsky, Oleg Lomakin, Dmitry Maevsky, Gavriil Malish, Eugene Maltsev, Boris Maluev, Yuri Mezhirov, Evsey Moiseenko, Nikolai Mukho, Andrei Mylnikov, Piotr Nazarov, Vera Nazina, Mikhail Natarevich, Anatoli Nenartovich, Yuri Neprintsev, Yaroslav Nikolaev, Dmitry Oboznenko, Victor Oreshnikov, Sergei Osipov, Lia Ostrova, Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov, Vladimir Ovchinnikov, Filaret Pakun, Yuri Pavlov, Genrikh Pavlovsky, Varlen Pen, Nikolai Pozdneev, Stepan Privedentsev, Alexander Pushnin, Semion Rotnitsky, Galina Rumiantseva, Ivan Savenko, Gleb Savinov, Vladimir Sakson, Alexander Samokhvalov, Vladimir Seleznev, Arseny Semionov, Alexander Semionov, Joseph Serebriany, Yuri Shablikin, Boris Shamanov, Alexander Shmidt, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Elena Skuin, Kim Slavin, Galina Smirnova, Alexander Sokolov, Ivan Sorokin, Victor Teterin, Nikolai Timkov, Mikhail Tkachev, Mikhail Trufanov, Yuri Tulin, Vitaly Tulenev, Boris Ugarov, Ivan Varichev, Anatoli Vasiliev, Piotr Vasiliev, Valery Vatenin, Lazar Yazgur, Vecheslav Zagonek, Sergei Zakharov, Ruben Zakharian, Alexander Zaytsev, Elena Zhukova, and others most prominent painters of the Leningrad School.

In the Department of Sculptures were exhibited art works of 300 sculptors, among them were Nathan Altman, Mikhail Anikushin, Vladimir Ingal, Andrei Khaustov, Nikolai Kochukov, Alexey Koroluck, Igor Krestovsky, Levon Lazarev, Konstantin Simun, Iya Venkova, and others. Department of graphics presented a creation of 82 artists, among them were Piotr Belousov, Sergei Frolov, Tatiana Gorb, Mikhail Kaneev, Nikolai Kostrov, Anna Kostrova, Yuri Neprintsev, Victor Oreshnikov, Alexei Pakhomov, Varlen Pen, Alexander Vedernikov, Vladimir Vetrogonsky, and others. In the Department of Theatric and Scenery art were exhibited art works of 38 artists, among them were Nathan Altman, Mikhail Bobyshov, Tatiana Bruni, Eugene Eney, Eduard Kochergin, Bella Manevich-Kaplan, Nadezhda Shteinmiller, Unovich Sophya, and others.

Contributed artworks
For the exhibition were selected artworks created in the years of 1963–1964, as well as some earlier works. All were exhibited in the first time. Some of them were subsequently found in the collections of leading Soviet art museums, as well as domestic and foreign galleries and collectors.

Historical genre was represented of "The enemy is not broke through" by Sergei Babkov, "October. Triptych", "Red Guards"  by Mikhail Natarevich, "Bloody Sunday. January 9, 1905"  by Dmitry Oboznenko, "Evacuation in Ladoga" by Piotr Nazarov, "October" by Boris Ugarov, "Petersburg. 9 of May, 1864. Nikolai Chernyshevsky" by Lev Chegorovsky, "The Road of Life", "The Year of 1941", "Ice Highway. Ladoga 23 of April 1942", "Year of 1941" by Boris Korneev, "Leningrad in the Struggle" by Oleg Lomakin, "Bread. The Year of 1941" by Yuri Neprintsev, "Roads of War" by Boris Nikolaev, "A Heir" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, and some others.

Portrait painting was represented of "Portrait of Olga Bergholz" by Taisia Afonina, "Girl in the Garden" by Evgenia Antipova, Uzbeks by Irina Baldina, "Poultry Woman", "Fishermen" by Nikolai Baskakov, "Baykal fisherman", "Zoya" by Dmitry Belyaev, "A Son" by Olga Bogaevskaya, "A Worker" by Nikolai Brandt, "Pensioners" by Piotr Buchkin,  "Sculptor Osunde" by Oleg Eremeev, "Semyon Budyonny" by Yuri Khukhrov, "Discoverer of Yakutia Diamonds Lfrisa Popugaeva" by Boris Korneev, "Portrait of Academician Mikhail Kostenko" by Elena Kostenko, "Portrait of Plasterer", "Portrait of Basketball Player Tanya Ivanova" by Valeria Larina, "Portrait of People's Artist V. I. Chestnokov", "Portrait of art-critic Abdulhai", "Portrait of Yuri Vasiliev" by Anatoli Levitin, "Portrait of Old Bolshevic Andreev", "Zoya - Komsomol Member of Dzerzhinsky Sovkhoz"  by Dmitry Maevsky, "Engineers" by Eugene Maltsev, "Marina" by Boris Maluev, "Natasha", "Sergei Esenin with Grandfather"  by Evsey Moiseenko, "Verochka" by Andrei Mylnikov, "Portrait of Daughter" by Vera Nazina, "Young Pioneer Organizer" by Yuri Neprintsev, "Portrait of Academician Kuprijanov" by Yaroslav Nikolaev, "Portrait of Professor Sazonov", "Portrait of Innovator Trutnev", "Portrait of Student Irina Kovaleva"  by Victor Oreshnikov, "Portrait of father and son Kuznetsov", "Portrait of artist Ludmila Goltseva" by Lia Ostrova, "Governess" by Vyacheslav Ovchinnikov, "Portrait of art critic Dyakonitsin" by Yuri Pavlov, "Portrait of V. Kukin, known builder" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, "Academicians Semionov and Kargin" by Varlen Pen, "Portrait of artist Leonid Ovsannikov", "Portrait of Academician Alexander Lebedev", "Portrait of composer Vasily Solovyov-Sedoi", "Serioga" by Semion Rotnitsky, "Portrait of composer Dmitri Shostakovich" by Joseph Serebriany, "Portrait of Artist in Porcalain Nina Slavina" by Kim Slavin, "Portrait of Melnikov", "Femail Portrait" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Tanya", "Portrait of Wife" by Boris Ugarov, "Portrait of fisherwoman Busarova" by Alexander Zaytsev, and some others.

Genre painting was represented of "Work" by Piotr Alberti, "Soviet sailors in India" by Andrei Bantikov, "Spring in kolkhoz", "The Plane Arrived" by Leonid Baykov, "Komsomol construction" by Dmitry Belyaev, "Requiem" by Lev Bogomolets, "After surgery" by Piotr Buchkin, "At the Monument to Heros" by Oleg Eremeev, "Guests have Gone" by  Maya Kopitseva, "After Bath" by Elena Kostenko, "In the Way", "A Midday" by Boris Lavrenko, "Night Shift", "On the way" by Anatoli Levitin, "Donbass", "Oilmen. A Youth" by Boris Maluev, "Friends", "Ground", "From the Childhood"  by Evsey Moiseenko, "May Demonstration" by Nikolai Mukho, "Young Mothers" by Mikhail Natarevich, "Asphalt Layings" Anatoli Nenartovich, "The Tram has Coming to Front" by Yuri Neprintsev, "Haymaking Time" by Sergei Osipov, "To the Home", "At Baba Sasha House", "On the Lawn" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "In a Cornfield" by Stepan Privedentsev, "Talking in Workshop" by Semion Rotnitsky, "Seamen", "Mothers" by Gleb Savinov, "Road to the Sandpit" by Vladimir Sakson, "Alexander Block with Working Picket" by Alexander Samokhvalov, "Summer", "Green Rye" by Boris Shamanov, "Harvesting" by Mikhail Tkachev, "To the School" by Vitaly Tulenev, "Night Shift" by Valery Vatenin, "Chukotka Spring", "Firstborn", "Returning of Hunters", "Gatherer of Roots", "Waiting", "May" by Andrew Yakovlev, and some others.

Landscape and Cityscape were represented of "Leningrad Port" by Vsevolod Bazhenov, "A road to Baykal Lake" by Dmitry Belyaev, "Grafsky Bay" by Lev Bogomolets, "Lanskoy Highway" by Dmitry Buchkin, "Forest Weekdays", "Red Navy Embankment", "For our Buildings", "The Neva River is freezing" by Nikolay Galakhov, "In the St Peter and Paul Fortress", "At the Anichkov Bridge", "Morning City" by Ivan Godlevsky, "Moring in Karelia", "Bird-cherry is blooming", "On Onega Lake" by Alexei Eriomin, "Malaya Sadovaya", "Near St. Isaac Cathedral" by Mikhail Kaneev, "Winter Morning" by Elena Kostenko, "Wet Asphalt" by Alexander Koroviakov, "Plowed Ground" by Mikhail Kozell, "Native Place" by Engels Kozlov, "Volkhov River", "Altai", "The Rain is over" by Marina Kozlovskaya, "Time of Sunrise. Fontanka River", "Frosty Day", "Evening. Baltyisky Factory", "A New Outskirts" by Yaroslav Krestovsky, "At the Gostiny Dvor" by Piotr Litvinsky, "Suburb" by Oleg Lomakin, "October", "Pskov", "Winter Landscape" by Gavriil Malish, "City grows" by Eugene Maltsev, "Leningrad" by Yuri Mezhirov, "First Snow", "Spring" by Lidia Milova, "Apple Trees in Winter", "Ravine", "Kazantip", "Old Bukhara" by Evsey Moiseenko, "Line Vasilievsky Island", "New Building on Okhta" by Nikolai Mukho, "At the River" by Mikhail Natarevich, "Early Morning", "In the Morning", "Spring Sun" by Vera Nazina, "Last Snow", "Forest Wakes-up", "Willow is Blooming", "Winter" by Dmitry Oboznenko, "At Kanonersky Shipyard", "October" by Vladimir Ovchinnikov, "Rowan Tree" Nikolai Pozdneev, "Spring Day" by Leonid Ptytsyn, "Shop" by Galina Rumiantseva, "Old Trees", "April", "October", "Daybreak" by Vladimir Sakson, "On the Neva River", "Towards Spring" by Alexander Semionov, "Leningrad. View on the University Embankment", "Tallinn. View on the Seashore", "Tallinn's Motifs", "Construction of Zanevsky Bridge over the Neva River", "Leningrad. A Factory district" by Arseny Semionov, "Leningrad Street", "Winter Palace Yard" by Alexander Shmidt, "In Winter" by Nadezhda Shteinmiller, "Moyka", "Suburb", "Gryboedova Channel" by Kim Slavin, "A Holiday Evening", "Petrogradskaya Side", "Behind Narvskaya Gates", "End of Winter", "Autumn Cherry Trees", "February Azure" by Nikolai Timkov, "Black River", "At the Moorage" by Mikhail Trufanov, "Spring in Ostrov Village", "Ice Drifting", "Silver Cities", "Daybreak" by Vitaly Tulenev, "March", "October", "Twilight", "Suburb"  by Boris Ugarov, "Onega Seashore", "Blue Water", "Mosha River", "Boats in the evening" by Piotr Fomin, "Autumn Time", "Sunny Day", "Winter Morning", "Wet Ground", "A March. Weekdays" by Vecheslav Zagonek, "Winter in Senezh" by Ruben Zakharian, "A Night on the Neva River" by Alexander Zaytsev, "A Midday on the Neva River", "Currants in the garden", "Leningrad seaside" by Elena Zhukova, and some others.

Still-life paintings were presented of "Flowers and Fruits" by Evgenia Antipova, "Flowers. Still-life" by Evgenia Baykova, "Still-life with Black Currant", "Still-life. Maize", "Still-life. Red Poppies" by Olga Bogaevskaya, "Still-life" by Maria Kleschar-Samohvalova, "Still-life on the Red Table-cloth", "Apple Tree", "Bird-cherry Tree", "Poppies and Oranges", "Still-life with Decanter" by Maya Kopitseva, "Breakfast. Still-life", "Still-life" by Gevork Kotiantz, "Mellon and grapes", "Chardzhou's Mellon", "Breakfast on the logs" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, "Smoked Vobla", "Bread" by Nikolai Pozdneev, "Poppies" by Galina Rumiantseva, "Branch" by Gleb Savinov, "Tobacco", "Gardening Still-life", "Geranium" by Elena Skuin, "A Tea. Still-life" by Kim Slavin, "Quince and Pears" by Victor Teterin, "Fruits. Still-life" by Sergei Zakharov, "Spring Bouquet" by Elena Zhukova, and some others.

Acknowledgment
The Zonal Art Exhibition "Leningrad" of 1964 was widely covered in press and in literature on Soviet fine art.

See also

 Fine Art of Leningrad
 Leningrad School of Painting
 1964 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
 Saint Petersburg Union of Artists
 Socialist realism

References

Sources

 Вьюнова И. Главный герой - современник // Искусство, 1965, № 3. C.6-10.
 Молдавский Д. "Ленинград". На зональных художественных выставках // Литературная Россия, 27 ноября 1964.
 Зональная выставка "Ленинград". Л., Художник РСФСР, 1965. 252 C.
 Аникушин М. Солнце на полотнах // Ленинградская правда, 3 ноября 1964 года.
 Дмитренко А. Взором современника. О выставке "Ленинград" // Смена, 27 декабря 1964 года.
 Копелян Г. Удачи и просчёты молодых. О Зональной выставке "Ленинград" // Смена, 28 ноября 1964.
 Колесова О. Две тысячи встреч. На выставке «Ленинград». // Ленинградская правда, 1964, 4 ноября.
 Справочник членов Ленинградской организации Союза художников РСФСР. Л., Художник РСФСР, 1980.
 Художники народов СССР. Биобиблиографический словарь. Т.1-4. М., Искусство, 1970-1995
 Справочник членов Союза художников СССР. Том 1,2. — М: Советский художник, 1979.
 Дмитренко А. Ф. Зональные (региональные) и республиканские выставки в художественной жизни России 1960-1980-х годов. // Время перемен. Искусство 1960—1985 в Советском Союзе. — Санкт-Петербург: Государственный Русский музей, 2006. С.31-33. .
 Хроника узловых событий художественной жизни России 1960-1980-х годов // Time for Change: The Art of 1960–1985 in the Soviet Union. Saint Petersburg, State Russian Museum, 2006.
 Sergei V. Ivanov. Unknown Socialist Realism: The Leningrad School. Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition, 2007. P.394. ,
 Юбилейный Справочник выпускников Санкт-Петербургского академического института живописи, скульптуры и архитектуры имени И. Е. Репина Российской Академии художеств. 1915—2005. Санкт-Петербург, «Первоцвет», 2007.

External links

1964 in the Soviet Union
1964 works
Art exhibitions in Russia
Socialist realism

Leningrad regional art exhibition (1964)


Marjorie Merryman (born 1951) is an American composer, author, and music educator. She is a member of the composition faculty at the Manhattan School of Music since 2007, where she also served as Interim President, Provost and Senior Vice President at Manhattan School of Music. She previously taught at Boston University and Macalester College.

While at BU, she was commissioned by many professional musical ensembles to write pieces ranging from small chamber works to a full opera. She has written and published pieces such as "Chinese Moon Poems", a women's choral piece based on Chinese poems about the moon. Merryman categorizes herself with other twentieth-century composers heavily influenced by Johannes Brahms—in particular, serialist composers such as those of the Second Viennese School.

She has been the recipient of numerous awards, including two prizes from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Walter Hinrichsen Award, presented annually by American Academy of Arts and Letters and in 2014, the "Arts and Letters Award in Music: "This award is given in recognition of "…. outstanding artistic achievement and acknowledges the composer who has arrived at his or her own voice."

She has also received the League of Composers/International Society for Contemporary Music, the WBZ Fund for the Arts, and ComposersInc (Lee Ettelson Award). Among her other awards are fellowships or grants from Tanglewood, the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, and the National Endowment for the Arts - Meet the Composer program. She has been Composer-in- Residence of the New England Philharmonic and the Billings (MT) Symphony Orchestra, and has served on the boards of the New England Composers' Orchestra, the Lily Boulanger Foundation, Alea III and many others. Her works are published by C.F. Peters, E.C. Schirmer, APNM, and G. Schirmer; and recorded on the Koch and New World labels.

Publications
Merryman, Marjorie (1996): The Music Theory Handbook Schirmer; 1st edition 144 pp . (This is a concise and methodical introduction to both tonal and atonal music analysis.  The book is taught at many American music schools, including Boston University.)

References

External links
Manhattan School of Music faculty page, accessed 8 February 2010
Arts Editor (D'lynne Plummer) on Cantata Singers performing Boston Premiere of Merryman's One Blood, accessed 8 February 2010

1951 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century American composers
21st-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
Boston University faculty
Living people
Macalester College faculty
Manhattan School of Music faculty
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
21st-century American women musicians
American music educators
American women music educators
20th-century women composers
21st-century women composers
American women academics

Marjorie Merryman


The Alice Dollar incident was an affair involving a United States-flagged merchant ship and an American warship in 1920. Chinese rebels along the Yangtze River attacked the SS Alice Dollar on July 20, so the gunboat  was assigned to escort the vessel out of the area. On the following day, during the operation, rebels attacked again but were silenced by American counter-fire.

Incident
The Alice Dollar, of the Dollar Line, was steaming upriver to the treaty port of Tang Chia To in the day of July 20 when armed Chinese rebels, belonging to a local warlord, opened fire on the ship with small arms. The Americans were able to increase their speed and escape to port with minor damage and no casualties. Captain C. D. Gilroy, of USS Monocacy, was informed of the situation and asked to escort the merchant ship back down the river on the next day, July 21. While only four miles off Chongqing, Chinese rebels along the river again attacked from the north bank of the Yangtze. Due to other related incidents in the past, the crews of Monocacys  machine guns and  cannons were immediately ordered to return fire.

Within just a few minutes and after firing six shells, the Chinese were in retreat but  downriver, they attacked once more. The Americans again returned fire and shot several more shells and hundreds of bullets into the surrounding hills, forcing the rebels to abandon their attempt. Captain Gilroy estimated that his ship was fired on 600 times though only 15 bullet holes were counted and two men were slightly wounded. After the affair, the U.S. consul in Chongqing demanded and received a Chinese apology but no restitution was requested.

See also
General Sherman incident
Gunboat diplomacy

References

Alice Dollar
Alice Dollar
Maritime incidents in 1920
Alice Dollar
Alice Dollar
Alice Dollar
China–United States relations
Conflicts in 1920
July 1920 events

Alice Dollar incident


The Old Fort (), also known as the Arab Fort and by other names, is a fortification located in Stone Town, the capital of Zanzibar. It is the oldest building and a major visitor attraction of Stone Town. It is located on the main seafront, adjacent to another landmark building of the city, the House of Wonders (former palace of the Sultan of Zanzibar), and facing the Forodhani Gardens.

History
"It was built by Omani Arabs after expelling the Portuguese in 1699. It was used as a garrison and prison in the 19th century, and as a terminal of the Zanzibar railways 1905-28. A new guardhouse was built in 1947 and used as the ladies' club, and an amphitheatre was added in the 1990s. It is now the headquarters of the Zanzibar international film festival."

It was later used as a prison and as barracks. In early 20th century it was also used as a depot during the construction of the railway that connected Stone Town to the village of Bububu.

The fort is essentially a square of high, brown walls with merlons, protecting an inner courtyard. In the courtyard there are some remnants of earlier buildings, including those of a Portuguese church and another Omani fortification.

Tourism

The Old Fort is one of the prominent visitor attractions in Stone Town, and its courtyard has been adapted to serve as a cultural centre with curio shops selling tourist-oriented merchandise such as tingatinga paintings; it also has an open-air amphitheatre where live dance and music shows are held most evenings, a restaurant, and a tourist information desk. It is also the main venue used for large events such as the Festival of the Dhow Countries (also known as the Zanzibar International Film Festival) and the Sauti za Busara.

References

Swahili architecture
Buildings and structures in Zanzibar
Forts
Zanzibar City
Tourist attractions in Zanzibar

Old Fort of Zanzibar


John Bradford (1510–1555) was an English Reformer, prebendary of St. Paul's, and martyr. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London for alleged crimes against Queen Mary I. He was burned at the stake on 1 July 1555.

Life

Bradford was born in the village of Blackley, near Manchester in 1510. He was educated at a grammar school. Talented with numbers and money, he later served under Sir John Harington of Exton in Rutland as a servant. Through his good influence and abilities in auditing and writing, he gained favour and trust with his employer and at the Siege of Montreuil in 1544, occupied the office of paymaster of the English army during the wars of Henry VIII. Later, he became a law student at the Inner Temple in London. Through the contact and preachings of a fellow student, he became acquainted with and converted to the Protestant faith. This caused him to abandon his legal studies and in 1548, he took up theology at Catharine Hall (now St Catharine's College), University of Cambridge. In 1549 he was awarded his MA and in that same year was appointed to a fellowship at Pembroke College, Cambridge.

At this institution he was often referred to with the nickname "Holy Bradford" not from malice but out of respect for his dedication to God and his unselfish attitude. In August 1550 he was ordained deacon by Bishop Nicholas Ridley and appointed as his personal chaplain. He began preaching in churches in London under the mentorship of Ridley and Hugh Latimer. His gifts in preaching the Biblical faith led to his appointment in 1551 as Chaplain to King Edward VI and Prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral. He continued as a Fellow of Pembroke and as a roving preacher, mainly in London, Lancashire and Cheshire.

Following the death of Edward VI in 1553, Mary I ascended to the throne bringing the threat of reprisals against opponents of Catholicism. In the first month of the new monarch's reign, Bradford was arrested and imprisoned on the charge of "trying to stir up a mob" and committed to the Tower of London. At the time "stirring up a mob" was a serious and dangerous act, leading to riot and possible death, and certainly major disturbance to society.  During his time in prison, he continued to write religious works and preach to all who would listen. For a time whilst in the Tower, Bradford was put in a cell with three other reformers, Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer. Their time was spent in careful study of the New Testament.

Death

On 31 January 1555, Bradford was tried and condemned to death. Bradford was taken to Newgate Prison to be burned at the stake on 1 July. Bradford was given a special "Shirt of Flame" by a Mrs. Marlet, for whom he had written a devotional work. This was a clean shirt that was sewn specifically for the burning, made in the style of a wedding shirt. "This clothing with a new shirt to wear at the stake became a common feature at the burnings, a way of signaling support for and honouring the victim, as though he were being dressed as a bridegroom for a wedding." Also, the ceremonial donning of the shirt of flame could be seen as similar to the priest donning his vestments, thus subverting Catholic ritual. "...and so the martyr might pray over and kiss the shirt before putting it on... underlining their oneness with Christ and the fact they were willing to die..."

A large crowd delayed the execution, which had been scheduled for 4 o'clock in the morning, as many who admired Bradford came to witness his death. He was chained to the stake at Smithfield with a young man, John Leaf. Before the fire was lit, he begged forgiveness of any he had wronged, and offered forgiveness to those who had wronged him. He then turned to Leaf and said, "Be of good comfort brother; for we shall have a merry supper with the Lord this night!" A century later, in his Worthies of England, Thomas Fuller wrote that he endured the flame "as a fresh gale of wind in a hot summer's day, confirming by his death the truth of that doctrine he had so diligently and powerfully preached during his life."

Bradford is commemorated at the Marian Martyrs' Monument in Smithfield, London. He is also commemorated with one of the six statues on the exterior of Manchester Town Hall marking people important in the early history of the city.

Phrase attribution

There is a 19th-century tradition tracing to Bradford the idiomatic "There but for the grace of God go I" as an expression of humility and reliance on God's grace rather than his own morality. The editor of The Writings of John Bradford, Aubrey Townsend, notes this in his preface:

The tradition of attribution of the phrase to Bradford dates to at least the early 19th century, as it is found in A treatise on prayer by Edward Bickersteth (1822):

While the phrase, or its attribution to Bradford, cannot be traced to before 1800, Townsend notes that there is a 17th-century attribution of a similar sentiment to Bradford, demonstrating how "by the sight of others' sins, men may learn to bewail their own sinfulness". According to this tradition, Bradford, "when he saw any drunk or heard any swear, &c., would railingly complain, 'Lord I have a drunken head; Lord, I have a swearing heart.

However there are other attributions for the phrase "there but for the grace of God"; Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (in the voice of Sherlock Holmes) attributes the phrase to Richard Baxter (1615–1691) in The Boscombe Valley Mystery (1891):

The phrase has also been attributed to John Newton (1725–1807)
and in Catholic tradition to Philip Neri (1515–1595).

See also
List of people burned as heretics
Protestant Reformers

References

External links

Extensive Biography, Writings, and a picture of John Bradford
A brief article on the life and martyrdom of JohnBradford
Biography of Bradford
Sketch of the execution of John Bradford
Bradford in Foxe's Book of Martyrs
Image Collection of Bradford from the National Portrait Gallery
The Old Man and the New by Bradford

Protestant Reformers
16th-century English Anglican priests
English theologians
Executed British people
People executed for heresy
People executed under Mary I of England
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
1510 births
1555 deaths
Executed people from Greater Manchester
16th-century Protestant martyrs
People executed by the Kingdom of England by burning
People from Blackley
Protestant martyrs of England
English chaplains
16th-century Anglican theologians

John Bradford