Martin Woesler (born 29 September 1969 in Münster, West Germany) is a German sinologist, cultural scientist and translator of Chinese literature.

Sinologist, translator of Chinese literature
Woesler translated works from the Chinese authors Lǔ Xùn 魯迅, Zhōu Zuòrén 周作人, Xǔ Dìshān 許地山, Yù Dáfū 郁達夫, Zhū Zìqīng 朱自清, Bīng Xīn 冰心, Bā Jīn 巴金, Qián Zhōngshū 錢鍾書, Wáng Měng 王蒙, Zhāng Jié 張洁, Liú Zàifù 劉再復, Jiǎ Píngwā 賈平凹, and  Hán Hán 韓寒 into English and German as well as of Cáo Xuěqín 曹雪芹 into German. Together with Rainer Schwarz he published the first complete translation of the Chinese novel The Dream of the Red Chamber into German. Woesler made available a lot of Chinese literature for the first time in a Western language.

In China, Woesler documented a critical campaign against the liberal Minister of Culture Wáng Měng 王蒙 and proved that this campaign was only superficially motivated by an interest in literature, whereas the actual motivation was political (Political literature in China 1991–1992, 1994). He turned the until then neglected genre of the Chinese essay into a modern tool to express the upcoming individualism in China before the eyes of the European and American China Studies (History of the Chinese essay, 3 vols., 1998). These short first-person narratives, which mostly appeared in newspapers between the May-4th-movement 1919 and the beginning of the 1930s, were a new form for the awaking civil society to express its views and feelings. From the 1930s until around 1979, the essay faced an ideological instrumentalization at the expense of its literary quality. Woesler drew attention to the essayistic work of Zhōu Zuòrén, the younger brother of Lu Xun, who was ostracized due to his positive attitude towards Japan and his independence from daily politics and propaganda. Woesler's re-evaluation of Zhou's work were confirmed by different scholars outside mainland China. In fact, Zhou's writing of intentionally unpolitical literature in a time when literature was instrumenalized, was a political statement by itself. Woeslers work in the tensional field between politics and literature stimulated further books on Zhou, mostly from North American sinologists, supporting the necessity to re-evaluate Zhou.

Since the 1980s, China sees the upcoming of a critical public again. Woesler sees here a parallel between the role of the internet since the 1990s and the newspapers between the 1910s and 1930s. In his books (China's digital dream 2002, and others), together with Chinese scholars, he came to the conclusion, that the internet in China has a more liberalizing impact on society than it has in more liberal countries.

Categorization and description of trends of contemporary Chinese literature

In preparation of the Frankfurt Book Fair 2009, when China was the guest of honor, Woesler categorized contemporary Chinese literature. He himself translated two very different novels for the Book Fair: The most uncontentious canonized classical novel Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin, which has never been fully translated into German before, and one of the most contentious books of China today, Panda Sex by Mian Mian. As the main trend of Chinese literature, Woesler sees young authors describing their everyday life in a rapidly and excitingly changing reality. The main motivation force of this literature is the alienation, initiated by urbanization and loss of orientation. Young Chinese do not live in and for the traditional family clan anymore, but are on their own. This has added a more critical and independent view to Chinese literature. The stories are dealing with drugs abuse, alienation, singles and the world of dreams. This touches also Western readers of translations.

After the liberal 1980s, the 1990s saw a strong commercialization of literature due to an opening of the book market. Woesler sees the following trends: 'cult literature' such as Guo Jingming's Cry Me a River 悲伤逆流成河; vagabond literature such as Xu Zechen's Running Through Beijing 跑步穿过中关村 and Liu Zhenyun's The Pickpockets 我叫刘跃; underground literature such as Mian Mian's Panda Sex 声名狼籍; 'longing for something' literature, divided in historicizing literature such as Yu Dan's Confucius in Your Heart 《論語》心得 and Yi Zhongtian's Chinese History 易中天中華史; Tibetan literature with Alai; literature of the mega cities; women's literature with Bi Shumin; and master narratives by narrators like Mo Yan's Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out.

However Chinese literature at the beginning of the 21st century shows signs of overcoming the commercialization of literature of the 1980s and 1990s. An example is Han Han's novel His Land 他的国, which was written in a social critical surrealistic style against the uncritical mainstream, but ranked 1st in 2009 Chinese bestseller list. The online literature plays a more important role.

Translations from Chinese into English
 The Chinese Essay in the 20th Century, The University Press Bochum, 2000, 496 (xlii, 205, 229) pp., , incl. 42 essays, both in Chinese and English, and an introduction to the genre. It contains texts from Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren, Xu Dishan, Yu Dafu, Zu Ziqing, Bing Xin, Ba Jin, Qian Zhongshu, Yang Shuo, Sun Li, Wang Zengqi, Yu Guangzhong, Wang Meng, Zhang Jie, Liu Zaifu, Xue Erkang, Ye Meng, Jia Pingwa, and Si Yu.

Works on Chinese literature

in English
 Martin Woesler, ed., The Modern Chinese Literary Essay - Defining the Chinese Self in the 20th Century - Conference Proceedings, Bochum, The University Press Bochum, 2000, 327 pp.,
 Harvard lecture on the 20th century Chinese essay, Bochum 3rd ed. 2006, book series Scripta Sinica vol. 4
 Yale lecture on the 20th century Chinese essay, Bochum 2nd ed. 2005, , 58 pp., book series Scripta Sinica vol. 3
 Comparing Chinese and German culture, Bochum 2006, book series Comparative Cultural Sciences vol. 2

in German
 Chinese cultic literature 2008/2009 - authors, works, trends, Munich 2009, 127 pp., book series Sinica vol. 25
 Chinese contemporary literature - authors, works, trends – A snap-shot 2007/2008, Munich 2008, 267 pp., book series Sinica vol. 23
 Timeless Chinese poetry from the beginnings to the "China avant-garde", Bochum 4th ed. 2007, 72 pp., book series Scripta Sinica vol. 8
 The history of the Chinese essay, Bochum, 2nd ed. 2009, xiii, 900 pp.
 My Essays are my 'Longing for Freedom' - Wang Meng, Former Minister of Culture, as Essayist in the Period 1948-1992, ix, 394 pp, Frankfurt / Main, Peter Lang Press 1998
 Political Literature in China 1991-92 - Wang Meng's 'Reform of Breakfast Habits'. A Translation of the Story "Hard Porridge" and the Documentation of an Absurd Debate, Bochum 2nd ed. 2003, 252 pp., book series Sinica vol. 13
 Valuation criteria for literature – The Dream of the Red Chamber as the most important Chinese novel, Bochum 3rd ed. 2006, 66 pp., book series Scripta Sinica vol. 7

Works on the Chinese internet
 Zhang Junhua, Martin Woesler, eds., China's digital dream. The impact of the Internet on Chinese society, The University Press Bochum 2002.10, 274 pp.,

Literature
 Wolf Baus, News on Chinese literature, in: East Asian Literature Bulletin (1994.11, issue 17), pp. 109 – 114
 Wolfgang Kubin, Introduction: Prose, Essays, in: History of Chinese Literature, vol. 4, Bonn 2.2004, p. 3
 European Science & Scholarship Association: Statement of the jury awarding Martin Woesler the prize 'Desideratum 2007'

Comparative cultural scientist
In the field of cultural comparison Woesler has advanced the existing models by contributing descriptive, high-contrast examples of distant cultures, like the Anglo-American and the Chinese. Here he has enriched the theory of cultureshocks with the term own culture shock, which describes the state of shock a person crossing cultures can suffer from when he returns to his own culture. Woesler has set different traditional models of comparison of cultures in the framework of a related system and further developed them in front of the background of globalization, mobility, and the internet. In 2006, he developed the model of culture maps, in which all cultural phenomena are positioned in a coordinate system and related with phenomena of other cultures. Applying the model, even mixed cultures can be described better than with traditional models.

Works on comparative cultural science
 A new model of intercultural communication – critically reviewing, combining and further developing the basic models of Permutter, Yoshikawa, Hall, Hofstede, Thomas, Hallpike, and the social-constructivism, Bochum/Berlin 2009, book series Comparative Cultural Sciences vol. 1 [Introducing a model to compare distant cultures like the Chinese and the Anglo-American one.]
 co-ed. of the book series 'Comparative Cultural Science' with Matthias Kettner

Sources
Interviews with Martin Woesler
 Philipp Stelzner, "What do Chinese people read? About fast moving party literature and long novels" in: television channels N24/Pro7/Sat1, broadcast date 2009/10/15
 Lisa Grant, Frankfurt/Washington D.C., American National Radio "Meeting of official and dissident authors at the Frankfurt Book Fair", background interview 2009/10/14
 Angela Gutzeit, Deutschlandfunk Cologne, Rich Chinese Literature at the Frankfurt Book Fair, 2009/10/13 4.10-4.30 pm
 Henrik Schmitz, China for a long time was leading world literature, evangelisch.de, Frankfurt 2009/10/01
 Nicole Stöcker, The Chinese culture has not yet shaken off its status of exotism, in: Buchreport, pp 54–55, Dortmund 2009/09/01, issue 9
 Jennifer Minke, The hour of the young authors, weekly magazine "Börsenblatt", Frankfurt 2008/5

References

External links
 Website of Martin Woesler with list of works

1969 births
German sinologists
Living people
German male non-fiction writers

Martin Woesler


Baron Gábor Andreánszky de Liptószentandrás (23 June 1848 – 19 May 1908) was a Hungarian politician and Member of Parliament. He was the father of botanist Gábor Andreánszky (1895-1967).

He was born in Vienna, where his father Baron Sándor Andreánszky served in the Council of Hungarian Court Chamber. He finished his studies in Pozsony and Nagyvárad. He involved in politics when he was still young; at the age of 17 he was a member of the Deák Party and exerted an active role during 1865 elections.

The two Andreánszky brothers, István and Gábor received the title of Baron in Hungary on 5 October 1875 by Emperor-King Francis Joseph. Earlier the family already held the title of Baron in Austria. in this same year he was appointed to a member of the House of Magnates but he gave a speech at first in 1883, during Tiszaeszlár Affair when he protested against the enabling of Christian-Jewish marriages. He joined to the Anti-Semitic movement of Győző Istóczy which transformed into the National Anti-Semitic Party. He was elected to a member of the House of Representatives in 1884 elections in the colours of his party.

He became co-chairman of the group along with Géza Ónody. Ónody represented the Independence faction (which rejected the Austro-Hungarian Compromise), while Andreánszky was the advocate of the pro-Ausgleich members. Despite this the party divided soon and virtually eliminated in 1892. During 1887 elections he unsuccessfully launched from Moderate Opposition list but soon in a by-election he was elected to MP as a representative of Nógrád. He could repeated his success in 1892 (the party renamed itself to National Party).

References
Magyar életrajzi lexikon I. (A–K). ed. Kenyeres, Ágnes. Budapest. Akadémiai Kiadó. 1967. p. 35.
Magyar nagylexikon II. (And–Bag). ed. Élesztős, László, Rostás, Sándor. Budapest. Akadémiai Kiadó. 1994. p. 28.

1848 births
1908 deaths
Politicians from Vienna

Gábor Andreánszky (politician)


Rev. Charles Franklin Thwing (November 9, 1853 – August 29, 1937) was an American clergyman and educator.

Birth
He was born in New Sharon, Maine on November 9, 1853.  He graduated from Harvard University in 1876, and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1879. He then served as a pastor in churches in Cambridge, Massachusetts and Minneapolis, Minnesota.  The Reverend Thwing became president of Adelbert College and Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio.  In 1899, as president of Western Reserve, he signed a petition to President William McKinley to mediate the conflict between Great Britain and the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. In 1909 was a member of the National Negro Committee, the precursor to the NAACP. He was an active supporter of the new NAACP from 1909 through at least 1929. He died on August 29, 1937.

Writings
He was the author of:
 The Reading of Books (1883)
 The Family (1886; second edition, 1913), with Carrie F. Butler Thwing
 Within College Walls (1893)
 The College Woman (1894)
 College Administration (1900)
 God In His World (1900)
 If I Were a College Student (1902)
 History of Higher Education in America (1906)
 Education in the Far East (1909)
 A History of Education the United States since the Civil War (1910)
 Universities of the World (1911)
 Letters from a Father to his Son Entering College (1912)
 Letters from a Father to His Daughter Entering College (1913)
 The American College (1913)
 The College Gateway (1918)
 Human Australasia: Studies of Society and Education in Australia and New Zealand    (1923)
 Guides, Philosophers, and Friends Studies of College Men (1927)
 The College President (1929)
 The American and the German University: one Hundred Years of History (1928)
 American Society: Interpretations of Educational and Other Forces (1931)

External links

 More biographical information

Phillips Academy alumni
Harvard University alumni
American non-fiction writers
American educators
1853 births
1937 deaths
People from New Sharon, Maine
Burials at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland
Presidents of Case Western Reserve University

Charles Franklin Thwing


A subpoena  is a written order that requires a witness to give testimony, or their statement of truth. A subpoena is usually issued by a court. If a person or organization does not respond to the subpoena, they may be punished by the court.

There are two types of subpoena. Subpoena ad testificandum means a person must give testimony directly to the court. This can be in person or by telephone. Subpoena duces tecum means physical evidence must be brought to the court. This type of subpoena is usually used for documents. Sometimes the documents can be mailed to the court.

Legal terms

Subpoena


Margaret Marshall Houldsworth (14 September 1839 – 29 October 1909) was a British campaigner for women's education and a philanthropist.

Houldsworth was born in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, which was then in Lancashire, to Henry Houldsworth and Marianne Houldsworth (née Burt). Her family were cotton manufacturers who also had business interests, including mining and iron interests, in Glasgow and Lanarkshire. The family moved to Scotland, where her parents died in the later 1860s and Houldsworth went to live with her brother near Lasswade for some time before settling in Edinburgh.

In 1871, she joined the Edinburgh Ladies' Educational Association which promoted university education for women. Margaret Houldsworth became vice-president after Mary Crudelius died in 1877 and was still with the association, now called the Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women, in 1892 when women were at last admitted to the Scottish universities. She also played an active role in setting up the Masson Hall residence for female students at the University of Edinburgh.

From 1872 she belonged to the Edinburgh Ladies' Debating Society led by Sarah Mair and, alongside Mair, was a central figure in starting classes and correspondence courses for women, and then in establishing St George's Training College and St George's School for Girls. The causes she supported benefited financially from her family's business success. As well as contributing to educational projects, Houldsworth supported the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage, and Sophia Jex-Blake's Hospital and Dispensary for Women and Children, a forerunner of Bruntsfield Hospital.

Houldsworth died at home in Edinburgh, and was buried in Cambusnethan, near her parents' last home at Coltness.

References

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

1839 births
1909 deaths
People from Chorlton-cum-Hardy
Education in Scotland
Women of the Victorian era
British philanthropists

Margaret Houldsworth


The 41st National Hockey League All-Star Game was held in Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, home to the Pittsburgh Penguins, on January 21, 1990. The game saw the team of all-stars from the Wales conference defeat the Campbell conference all-stars 12–7.  The Montreal Canadiens were slated to host the 41st All-Star Game but withdrew their bid to considerations due to the hosting by Quebec City of Rendez-Vous '87. This had allowed the Penguins, who wanted to host an All-Star Game in 1993, to move up three years early.

For its part, Pittsburgh's organizers added much more to previous games, creating the first "true" All-Star weekend. First was the addition of the Heroes of Hockey game, a two-period oldtimers' game between past NHL greats. The second was the addition of the National Hockey League All-Star Skills Competition, a competition between the players invited to the All-Star Game.

To accommodate the altered activities, the game itself was played on a Sunday afternoon instead of a Tuesday night, as was the case in previous years. This allowed American broadcaster NBC to air the game live across the United States – marking the first time that a national audience would see Wayne Gretzky and Mario Lemieux play. Referees and other officials were also wired with microphones in this game, as were the two head coaches. Finally, NBC was allowed to conduct interviews with players during stoppages in play, to the chagrin of the Hockey Night in Canada crew, whose attempts to do likewise were repeatedly denied by the league in past years.

The Heroes of Hockey
The Heroes of Hockey game is a shortened two-period game between the Wales and Campbell alumni – unusual as many of the players invited to play predate the creation of the Wales and Campbell conferences. This was the only time Wales and Campbell alumni would face off – future editions of games had the home team's alumnus facing the "best of the rest", akin to the All-Star Game format of old.

Among the notable absences of this game, however, was Gordie Howe, who had proposed a similar idea four years earlier in Hartford, but was rebuked by the league.

Super Skills competition
The Super Skills competition was created by Paul Palmer, who adapted the "Showdown" feature seen on Hockey Night in Canada from 1973 to 1980. All-star players would be rewarded with $2,500 for any win in the skills competition.  The Campbell Conference won the inaugural competition.

Individual event winners
 Accuracy Shooting – Ray Bourque (Boston Bruins) – 4 hits, 7 shots
 Hardest Shot – Al Iafrate (Toronto Maple Leafs) – 96.0 mph
 Goaltenders Competition – Kirk McLean (Vancouver Canucks) – 4 GA, 27 shots

The game
The game, at the time, broke many all-star game records: most goals scored by one team, most goals scored by both teams, and most goals in a period were among the more notable ones. Mario Lemieux scored four goals in the game, three on his first three shots and was the second player in All-Star history to score four goals. The inevitable Gretzky–Lemieux comparisons quickly came up, as Gretzky was held off the scoresheet and was on the ice when Lemieux scored all four goals. Not surprisingly, Lemieux was named the game's MVP.

Summary

 Referee: Kerry Fraser
 Linesmen: Bob Hodges, Dan McCourt
 TV: NBC, TSN, SRC

Rosters

See also
1989–90 NHL season

Notes
 Mario Lemieux became the second player in All-Star history to score 4 goals in one game.
 Wales Conference scored 7 goals in the first period to establish an All-Star record for most goals in a period.
 Campbell Conference established 22 shots in the third period, which is tied for second all-time in All-Star history.
 Tied for second for most shots by both teams in one period in All-Star history with 36 (Campbell 22/Wales 14) in the third period.
 Bernie Nicholls was traded to the New York Rangers prior to the game, but remained part of the Campbell conference lineup.
 Denis Savard and Thomas Steen were named to the all-star team, but did not participate.
 This was the first NHL game of any type to air on American network television since May 24, 1980 – Game 6 of the 1980 Stanley Cup on CBS.

References

All-Star Game
National Hockey League All-Star Games
Ice hockey competitions in Pittsburgh
1990s in Pittsburgh
1990 in sports in Pennsylvania


Margaret Catchpole (14 March 1762 – 13 May 1819) was a Suffolk servant girl, chronicler, and deportee to Australia. Born in Suffolk, she worked as a servant in various houses before being convicted of stealing a horse and escaping from Ipswich Gaol. Following her capture, she was transported to the Australian penal colony of New South Wales, where she remained for the rest of her life. Her entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography describes her as "one of the few true convict chroniclers with an excellent memory and a gift for recording events".

Early life
Catchpole was reputedly born at Nacton, Suffolk, the daughter of Elizabeth Catchpole and according to one source of Jonathan Catchpole, head ploughman.

Catchpole had little education and worked as a servant for different families until being employed in May 1793 as under-nurse and under-cook by the writer Elizabeth Cobbold at her house on St Margarets Green in Ipswich. Cobbold's husband was a brewer and member of the prosperous Ipswich Cobbold family. Here Catchpole was virtually part of the family and was responsible for saving the lives of children in her care three times. She also learned to read and write here.

According to the 1949 Dictionary of Australian Biography (DAB1949), not be confused with the Australian Dictionary of Biography, she once rode bareback into Ipswich as a child to fetch a doctor, guiding the horse with a halter. The source also states that she had fallen in love with a sailor named William Laud, who had joined a band of smugglers; later, he was pressed into service in the Royal Navy. And that Laud was trying to persuade Catchpole to travel in a boat with him when another admirer of Margaret, John Barry, came to her assistance, and a fight ensued; Laud shot Barry. Barry recovered, but a price was put on Laud's head.

Criminal conviction
In mid-1795, Catchpole left the Cobbolds and became ill and unemployed. After being told by a man named Cook that Laud was back in London, Cook persuaded Catchpole to steal a horse and ride it to London to meet her former lover – Cook planned to sell the horse for his benefit. On the night of 23 May 1797, Catchpole stole John Cobbold's coach gelding and rode the horse  to London in nine hours, but was promptly arrested for its theft and tried at the Suffolk Summer Assizes.

According to DAB1949, she pleaded guilty at her trial, and after evidence regarding her previous good character had been given, she was asked if she had anything to say about why a sentence of death should not be passed upon her. She spoke with firmness, regretting her fault but not praying for mercy. Even when the death sentence was pronounced, she remained composed until she saw her old father crying in court.

Her sentence was commuted to transportation for seven years, and she was detained in Ipswich Gaol. After three years, she escaped using a clothesline to scale the 22-foot (6.7 m) wall. Margaret was recaptured on a Suffolk beach and sentenced to death, later reduced to transportation for seven years. She arrived in Sydney on the Nile on 15 December 1801.

Australia

Margaret Catchpole's life in Australia was relatively uneventful. She was assigned as a servant to John Palmer who had arrived with the First Fleet as purser on  and was now a prosperous man. After the death of her lover, Margaret had resolved never to marry, and in Sydney, she refused the addresses of George Caley. Later she was employed as the overseer of a farm, and while in the country, she became a midwife and kept a small farm of her own. She was happy and respected, and in a letter written to England in about 1807, she says with pardonable pride, "all my quantances are my betters"—she had little education and her spelling was always her own. She was pardoned on 31 January 1814 but did not return to England.

Little is known about the last ten years of her life, but she continued her nursing and died on 13 May 1819 after catching influenza from a shepherd she was nursing. She was buried in St Peter's church graveyard at Richmond, New South Wales.

Legacy
Catchpole's letters of 8 October 1806 and 8 October 1809 are the only known eyewitness accounts of the Hawkesbury River floods of those years. She described in graphic detail the countryside, the Aboriginals, and the wildlife; she wrote of the first convict coal miners at Coal River (Newcastle) and the savagery and immorality of the inhabitants of the colony at the time; her writings added greatly to Australia's early history.

The Margaret Catchpole Public House is situated on Cliff Lane close to the site of the Cobbold Brewery in Ipswich.

Carol Birch's 2007 novel Scapegallows is based on Catchpole's life.

Fact and fiction
Rev. Richard Cobbold (son of her former employers) made Catchpole the subject of a novel, The History of Margaret Catchpole (London, 1845), which has often been reprinted. The author claims that "the public may depend upon the truth of the main features of this narrative" however, some discrepancies have since come to light, and some writers, including the Rev. M. G. Watkins, author of the memoir in the Dictionary of National Biography, appear to have taken this source too literally.

Notable discrepancies:
 Education: Richard Cobbold made her speak and write as a well-educated woman throughout the book, although the evidence is that she was uneducated.
 Marriage: He has claimed that she married in 1812; however, she claims she was unmarried in a letter dated 2 September 1811.
 Year of death: He claims that she did not die until 1841, however, the register of burials at Richmond states, "Margaret Catchpole, aged 57 years, came prisoner in the Nile, in the year 1801. Died May 13; was buried May 14, 1819."— Henry Fulton.

A popular drama based on her life, "Margaret Catchpole, the Female Horse Stealer!" was produced in London .

Cobbold's book was adapted into an 1887 play, An English Lass, starring Lily Dampier as Catchpole. This play formed the basis of the 1912 film The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole which starred Lottie Lyell in the title role.

Cobbold's book was also adapted into a libretto by Ronald Fletcher, which was set to music as the opera "Margaret Catchpole: Two Worlds Apart" by British composer Stephen Dodgson in 1979.

The Romantic Story of Margaret Catchpole is a 1911 Australian silent film directed by Raymond Longford and starring Lottie Lyell. Only part of the movie survives today.

In 1966 Ruth Manning-Sanders published The Extraordinary Margaret Catchpole, a novel for children which concentrates on her life before she was deported.

The Australian children's author, Nance Donkin (born on 7 March 1915 at Maitland, New South Wales: died at age 93, on 18 April 2008 at Canterbury, Victoria) wrote Margaret Catchpole (illustrated by Edwina Bell illustrator: Sydney: Collins, 1974). This was an illustrated Young Adult or children's version of the Margaret Catchpole story, about a pioneering convict woman and her life after emancipation, derived mainly from Richard Cobbold's biographical Victorian novel, The History of Margaret Catchpole (1845). Local East Suffolk (Benhall) folk group Honey and the Bear feature a song about the life of Margaret Catchpole on their 2019 album Made in the Aker.

See also
 List of 18th-century British working-class writers
 List of convicts transported to Australia

References

Further reading
 Salmonson, Jessica Amanda. (1991) The Encyclopedia of Amazons. Paragon House. Page 51.

1762 births
1819 deaths
18th-century English criminals
19th-century English criminals
19th-century letter writers
19th-century English non-fiction writers
19th-century English women writers
Convicts transported to Australia
People from Nacton
Recipients of British royal pardons
Criminals from Suffolk
British people convicted of theft
Women convicts transported to Australia
Female
Writers from Suffolk
British servants
English midwives
Women letter writers
English letter writers
Deaths from influenza

Margaret Catchpole


Salustiano Paco Varela (29 January 1914 - 30 January 1987) was an Argentine tango bandoneónist, bandleader and composer.

Varela was born and raised in Avellaneda in the Buenos Aires Province of Argentina, where he trained as an accountant. He played in several bands from the age of 16, including those of Alberto Gambino and Juan d'Arienzo. He went on to form his own tango orchestra, which performed on Argentine radio and television in the 1950s and 1960s. He worked with several singers, including Rodolfo Lesica, whom he met in a taxi, and Argentino Ledesma.

External links
Héctor Varela at todotango.com
Héctor Varela at tango.info

1914 births
1987 deaths
People from Avellaneda
Argentine people of Galician descent
Argentine tango musicians
Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery
20th-century composers

Héctor Varela (musician)


Howard Carter (9 May 1874 – 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist. His mother was Martha Carter and his father was Samuel Carter. As a young man he worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service. Later, he was the man who found King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922.

The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb was an accident. Howard Carter's waterboy stumbled across some steps leading under the desert surface. Lord Carnarvon, a sponsor of Carter's work, was impatient of the slow progress at this point, and if the discovery had not been made, then it likely would not have been discovered at all.

References

1874 births
1939 deaths
English archaeologists

Howard Carter


Bubble and squeak is a British dish made from cooked potatoes and cabbage, mixed together and fried. The food writer Howard Hillman classes it as one of the "great peasant dishes of the world". The dish has been known since at least the 18th century, and in its early versions it contained cooked beef; by the mid-20th century the two vegetables had become the principal ingredients.

History
The name of the dish, according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), alludes to the sounds made by the ingredients when being fried. The first recorded use of the name listed in the OED dates from 1762; The St James's Chronicle, recording the dishes served at a banquet, included "Bubble and Squeak, garnish'd with Eddowes Cow Bumbo, and Tongue". A correspondent in The Public Advertiser two years later reported making "a very hearty Meal on fryed Beef and Cabbage; though I could not have touched it had my Wife recommended it to me under the fashionable Appellation of Bubble and Squeak". In 1791 another London paper recorded the quarterly meeting of the Bubble and Squeak Society at Smithfield.

The dish as it is made in modern times differs considerably from its first recorded versions, in which cooked beef was the main ingredient and potatoes did not feature. The earliest-known recipe is in Maria Rundell's A New System of Domestic Cookery, published in 1806. It consists wholly of cabbage and rare roast beef, seasoned and fried. This method is followed by William Kitchiner in his book Apicius Redivivus, or The Cook's Oracle (1817); in later editions he adds a couplet at the top of his recipe:
     When 'midst the frying Pan in accents savage,
     The Beef, so surly, quarrels with the Cabbage.
Mrs Beeton's recipe in her Book of Household Management (1861) similarly combines cooked beef with cabbage (and, in her recipe, onions) but no potato. An 1848 recipe from the US is similar, but adds chopped carrots. In all of these, the meat and vegetables are served next to each other, and not mixed together.

In 1872 a Lancashire newspaper offered a recipe for "delicious bubble and squeak", consisting of thinly-sliced beef fried with cabbage and carrot, but not potatoes, although by then they had been a major crop in Lancashire for decades. In the 1880s potatoes began to appear in recipes. In 1882 the "Household" column of The Manchester Times suggested:

Potatoes featured in a recipe printed in a Yorkshire paper in 1892 but, as in earlier versions, the main ingredients were beef and cabbage.

Modern versions

Possibly because of the scarcity of beef during food rationing in and after the Second World War, by the latter half of the 20th century the basic ingredients were widely considered to be cooked and mashed (or coarsely crushed) potato and chopped cooked cabbage. Those are the only two ingredients in Delia Smith's 1987 recipe. Clarissa Dickson Wright's 1996 version consists of crushed cooked potatoes, finely chopped raw onion, and cooked cabbage (or brussels sprouts), seasoned with salt and pepper, mixed together and shallow-fried until browned on the exterior. Like Smith, Dickson Wright specifies dripping (or lard) for frying, finding vegetable oil unsuitable for frying bubble and squeak, because the mixture will not brown adequately. Several other cooks find oil or butter satisfactory.

Fiona Beckett (2008), like Smith and Dickson Wright, stipulates no ingredients other than potato and cabbage,
but there are many published variants of the basic recipe. Gary Rhodes favours sliced brussels sprouts, rather than cabbage, with gently cooked sliced onions and mashed potato, fried in butter. He comments that although the basic ingredients of bubble and squeak and colcannon are similar, the two are very different dishes, the former being traditionally made from left-overs and fried to give a brown crust, and the latter "a completely separate dish of potato, spring onion and cabbage, served almost as creamed potatoes".

Jeff Smith (1987) adds grated courgettes and chopped ham and bacon. Mark Hix (2005) adds cooked and chopped leeks and swede to the mix. Jamie Oliver (2007) adds chestnuts and "whatever veg you like – carrots, Brussels, swedes, turnips, onions, leeks or Savoy cabbage". Nigel Slater, in a 2013 recipe using Christmas leftovers, adds chopped goose, ham and pumpkin to the mixture.

The mixture is then shallow fried, either shaped into round cakes or as a single panful and then sliced. The first method is suggested by Delia Smith, Hix and Slater; Rhodes finds both methods satisfactory; Dickson Wright, Oliver and Jeff Smith favour the whole-pan method.

Outside Britain
Bubble and squeak is familiar in Australia; a 1969 recipe adds peas and pumpkin to the basic mix. The dish is not common in the US but is not unknown; an American recipe from 1913 resembles Rundell's version, with the addition of a border of mashed potato. In 1983 the  American food writer Howard Hillman included bubble and squeak in his survey Great Peasant Dishes of the World. More recently Forbes magazine ran an article about the dish in 2004. A Canadian newspaper in 1959 reported a minor controversy about the origins of the dish, with readers variously claiming it as Australian, English, Irish and Scottish. In 1995, another Canadian paper called the dish "universally beloved".

Similar dishes

 Panackelty, from North East England
 Rumbledethumps, stovies and clapshot from Scotland
 Colcannon and champ, from Ireland
 Stoemp from Belgium
 Calentao, from Colombia
 Biksemad, from Denmark
 Bauernfrühstück and Stemmelkort, from Germany
 Aloo tikki, from India
 Stamppot, from the Netherlands
 Trinxat, from the La Cerdanya region of Catalonia, northeast Spain and Andorra
 Matevž, from Slovenia
 Pyttipanna, Pyttipanne and Pyttipannu from Sweden, Norway and Finland
 Hash, from the United States

Other uses of term
The OED gives a secondary definition of "bubble and squeak": "figurative and in figurative contexts. Something resembling or suggestive of bubble and squeak, especially in consisting of a variety of elements". In 1825 a reviewer in The Morning Post dismissed a new opera at Covent Garden as "a sort of bubble and squeak mixture of English and Italian". The OED gives examples from the 18th to the 21st centuries, including, from Coleridge, "... the restless Bubble and Squeak of his Vanity and Discontent", and from D. H. Lawrence, "I can make the most lovely bubble and squeak of a life for myself". In cockney rhyming slang the phrase was formerly used for "beak" (magistrate) and more recently "Bubble" has been used for "Greek".

The term has been borrowed by authors of children's books as names for a pair of puppies and (by two different authors) pairs of mice.

References and sources

References

Sources

English cuisine
Potato dishes
Cabbage dishes
Brassica oleracea dishes
Food combinations
Breakfast dishes
Dishes based on leftover ingredients
Peasant food

Bubble and squeak


Anne Arundel County Free School is a historic school building, located in Davidsonville, Anne Arundel County, Maryland.  The first Free School of Anne Arundel County was established by an Act of the General Assembly of colonial Maryland in 1723. It was built somewhere between its contractual date of 1724 and 1746 when it was under full operation with John Wilmot as schoolmaster. The existing abandoned building is 49' x 18', and consists of six rooms on two floors. It was built "as near the center of the county as may be, and as may be the most convenient for the boarding of children."  The county then included what is now Howard County.  It remained in operation until 1912 when the movement toward consolidation forced the closure of many early school buildings. It is the only surviving schoolhouse erected in Maryland in response to the Maryland Free School Act of 1723.

It may have served a prominent role in history as Johns Hopkins likely attended the school from 1806 to 1809. Later, when Hopkins's abolitionist parents freed their slaves, he was forced to quit school and work in their tobacco fields.  His great value for education later led to his founding of The Johns Hopkins University.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

The school is now a museum owned by the local board of education.  It is open for school groups and seasonally on Sunday afternoons. It is taken care of by the Anne Arundel Retired Educators Association.

Recently, there have been improvements made to the building and surrounding grounds. One of these has been the construction of a gravel walkway leading to the building from the road. The walkway was built as part of an Eagle Scout project by a local Boy Scout.

Gallery

References

External links

, including photo from 1990, at Maryland Historical Trust

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Museums in Anne Arundel County, Maryland
School buildings completed in 1724
Education museums in the United States
History museums in Maryland
Historic American Buildings Survey in Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Anne Arundel County, Maryland
1724 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies

Anne Arundel County Free School


William II (29 April 1469 – 11 July 1509) was Landgrave of Lower Hesse from 1493 and Landgrave of Upper Hesse after the death of his cousin, William III, Landgrave of Upper Hesse in 1500.

William II is also called "William the Middle" to distinguish him from his elder brother "William I the Elder", and his cousin "William III, the Younger".  His parents were Louis II the Frank (1438–1471) and Mechthild, daughter of Count Louis II of Württemberg.

William II became Landgrave of Lower Hesse in 1493, after his brother William I resigned.

On 9 November 1497 William II married Yolande, daughter of Frederick II of Vaudémont. She died on 21 May 1500 after the marriage produced one child, William (27 March 1500 – 8 April 1500). The same year on 20 October, his second marriage was to Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (14 September 1485 – 12 May 1525), who bore him three children:

 Elisabeth (4 March 1502 – 6 December 1557)
 Magdalena (18 July 1503 – September 1504)
Philip I, (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567)

In 1500, William II reunited the Landgraviate of Hesse after the death of his cousin William III.  In 1503, Emperor Maximilian I commissioned William with executing the ban on Elector Philip of the Palatinate.

Ancestors

External links
Wikisource: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, "Wilhelm II. (Landgraf von Hessen)"
Genealogy of William II

|-

1469 births
1509 deaths
Landgraves of Hesse
House of Hesse
Burials at St. Elizabeth's Church, Marburg

William II, Landgrave of Hesse


Mawanella is a town which belongs to the Kegalle district in the Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka. It lies between Kegalle and Kadugannawa along the Colombo-Kandy road. The area consists of four administrative areas, namely Mawanella, Aranayake, Rambukkana and Hemmathagama.

Demographics
Mawanella Division has a population of 111,727. Urban area's of the Town are mostly inhabited by Sinhalese and Muslim people respectly. With a small Tamil minority. Others include Malay, Burgher, Indian Tamils.

Source:statistics.gov.lk

Economy
Business is the way of living for majority of the people. There are plenty of Teachers in this town. Education sector also is another income source of the people in this area.

Products
The crops include rice, tea, rubber, pepper, cardamom, nutmeg, vegetables and various types spices. Mawanella is also famous for its traditional handicrafts, especially the pottery, brass-ware and tobacco related industry. There are over 50 pottery shops in Annasigala area along the Colombo to Kandy road.

Climate and Geology
Mawanella belongs to the Tropical Evergreen region of central Sri Lanka. The altitude of the area varies from 180m to 260 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall lies between 2500 and 4500 ml, and temperature of the region ranges between 22 degrees and 35 degrees Celsius. It receives most of the rain from Southwest Monsoon. The average wind speed has been measured to be approximately 7.2 km/hour and humidity in the range lies between 57% and 90%. The whole region is mountainous, but the most famous mountain is the Bathalegala or Bible Rock. Devanagala and Alagalla are another two mountains in the area. There is also a waterway called Maa Oya running very close to the town and there is a village called Bootawa, where two waterways called Maa Oya and Higulu Oya are joining near a Bridge called Bootawa Bridge situated in Mawanella to Rambukkana Road. The historic Mawanella Bridge built to cross the Maha Oya by the British, during their colonial ruler. A modern concrete bridge was constructed in 2005, immediately north of the old bridge.

Government/Religious Education
There are 3 educational divisions -Aranayake, Mawanella and Rambukana under Mawanella Educational Zone. There are 22,019 students and 54 schools in Mawanella, 16,517 students and 43 schools in Rambukkana and 12,964 students and 48 schools in Aranayake division totaling 51,500 students and 145 schools. 19 of the 145 total schools are Muslim schools. The most prestigious schools in the area are Mayurapada Central College, Rivisanda Central College, Zahira College, and Baduriya Central College. Buddhist Sunday schools a.k.a. "Daham Pasal", Islam schools such as Ahadiya or Madrasah and other religious schools provide a key element in religious education.

Private Education
Private educational institutes also play a major role in education.  There are three international schools and large number of tuition institutes in the area. A large percentage of students seek these institutions, although the quality and standards of them remains questionable.

History
Mawanella is historically famous for Uthuwan Kande Soora Saradiel  - a native who fought against British colonialism. He is known as the Robin Hood of Ceylon/ Sri Lanka as he looted the wealth from British officers and their local counterparts only to distribute it among the poor villagers.
Deekirikewagela Saradiel was born in 1832 to his father Deekirikewage Adasi Appu - a bullocart driver and Molligoda Pichohami - a small coffee shop owner. The natives were under heavy economical and political pressure from unfair taxes under British rule and were rebelling against as best way they could. Saradiel was accompanied by fellow natives namely Mammale Marikkar, Baya, Hawadiya, Samat etc.

In order to evade his arrest, Saradiel, decided not to remain in one single place permanently, for the sake of his own safety. While he was thus taking refuge in the homes of his friends, on March 17, 1864, a police team under the command of Head Constable Amath surrounded the house where Saradiel had been hiding, with the help of some of the residents of that area who had given them the tip-off, which resulted in the death on the spot of George Van Haught, a member of the police search party, due to a gunshot wound.

Also, while Muttusamy and Christian Appu, two of his other accomplices received grievous injuries and two other were slightly injured, while they were thus engaged in the fracas, Saradiel and Mammale Marikkar succeeded in escaping.
Subsequently, the Police team including Police Sergeant Mahath and Police Constable Sabab, set out on March 21, 1864 to arrest Saradiel on the information given by the informant, one Sirimala. Based on this information, when the Police team surrounded the house belonging to Abdul Cader of Mawenelle searching for Saradiel, he attempted to shoot Sergeant Mahath.

But Sergeant Mahath outsmarted Saradiel by shooting him first, which resulted in Saradiel falling to the ground from the upstairs where he had been hiding. Due to a gunshot fired from the upstairs by Mammale Marikkar, a member of Saradiel's gang, the Police Constable Saban was killed. This was the first time ever a police officer died on duty in Sri Lankan Police history and since, March 21 is commemorated as the Police Day.  Saradiel was later executed by the British after a short trial.

People from Mawanella
 General Cyril Ranatunga

References

External links
 view a map of Mawanella

Populated places in Kegalle District
Populated places in Sabaragamuwa Province

Mawanella


Scenario may refer to:
 Scenario, a brief description of an event.
 Screenplay, in movies.
 Scenario (computing), a typical interaction between the user and the system or between two software components.
 Scenario analysis, a process of analysing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes.
 Scenario paintball, a variant of the game of paintball.
 Scenario planning, a strategic planning method that some organisations use to make flexible long-term plans.
 Scenario test, a test based on a hypothetical story used to help a person think through a complex problem or system.
 Kingmaker scenario, in a game of three or more players, is an endgame situation where a losing player, him- or herself unable to win, has the capacity to determine which player among others is the winner.
 User scenario, used to communicate an idea for a product or experience involving interactivity.
Scenario (song), a 1992 song by hip-hop group, A Tribe Called Quest.

Scenario (disambiguation)


James Francis (Jacobo Francisco) Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick, 2nd Duke of Liria and Xérica (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, 21 October 1696 – Naples, Italy, 2 June 1738) was a Jacobite and Spanish nobleman.

He inherited titles in the Jacobite and Spanish nobility on the death of his father in battle in 1734 at Philippsburg, during the War of the Polish Succession. He was also Consort Duke of Veragua and of la Vega and a Consort-Marquis of four further titles by his Spanish marriage in 1716. His full title was 2nd Duke of Berwick, 2nd Earl of Tinmouth, 2nd Baron Bosworth, 2nd Duke of Liria and Xerica, Grandee of Spain 1st class (from 1716), Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (from 29 September 1714), as well as the holder of several earldoms.

Family

His father was James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, an illegitimate son of King James II of England by Arabella Churchill, sister of the 1st Duke of Marlborough.

His mother was Lady Honora Burke (1675–1698), second daughter of William Burke, (d. 1687), the seventh Earl of Clanricarde and widow of the Irish Jacobite nobleman Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan. Sarsfield and Berwick were both veterans of James II's Irish Army and went into continental exile as part of the Flight of the Wild Geese.

Unfortunately, his mother died young at Pezenas, in the Languedoc, South of France, on the 16 January 1698, when he was less than 18 months old. His father later remarried and so the 2nd Duke of Berwick had 12 younger half brothers and half sisters, the eldest half brother being the origin of the line of French Dukes of Fitzjames (a title extinguished in 1967).

Marriage and descent

On 31 December 1716, the 2nd Duke of Berwick became the second husband of the dowager Catalina Ventura Colón de Portugal y Ayala-Toledo, 9th Duchess of Veragua (14 July 1690 – 3 October 1739). Catalina Ventura was the  daughter of Pedro Manuel Colon de Portugal y de la Cueva, (25 December 1651 - 9 September 1710). This made the 2nd Duke of Berwick also duke-consort of Veragua and of la Vega.

They had 6 children, of whom 4 survived to adulthood:
 James Fitz-James Stuart, 3rd Duke of Berwick (28 December 1718 - 30 September 1785), who on 26 July 1738 married Maria Teresa De Silva y Haro.
 Pedro de Alcántara, (1720–1791), Captain general of the Spanish Navy, married María Benita de Rozas y Drummond, no issue.
 Ventura (1724 - ????), married María Josefa Gagigal y Monserrat, had 1 son.
 Maria Guadalupe (1725–1750), married to Francesco Maria Pico, Duke of Mirandola, but no issue.

Career
The Anglo-Franco-Spanish James Fitz-James Stuart was employed by Elizabeth of Parma to achieve her military purposes, being involved in the battles on land and sea from 1717 to 1719 to regain Naples from its Austrian rulers and Sicily from the Duchy of Savoy, thus creating the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He fought as colonel of the Irish Regiments of Spain and Lieutenant General of the Spanish Royal Armies, being promoted to Field Marshal in February 1724.

He then served as Spanish ambassador to Russia under Emperor Peter II (December 1726 to 1730), taking with him Ricardo Wall (1694–1777), later a minister in the Spanish government. During his time in Russia he was made a Knight of the Russian Order of Saint Andrew (28 March 1728), a Knight of the Russian Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky and a Knight of the Garter (by James Stuart on 3 April 1727). From 1730 to 1733 Stuart was ambassador in Vienna, then from 1733 to his death in 1738 ambassador to the "recovered" Kingdom of Naples (taking Wall with him again on both missions).

Ancestry
James Fitz-James Stuart was a grandson of King James II of England by his illegitimate son James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick whom he fathered with his mistress Arabella Churchill.

References

 A. Paz y Meliá. Conquista de Nápoles y Sicilia y relación de Moscovia, por el Duque de Berwick. Precede una noticia de la vida y escritos del autor por A. Paz y Meliá. 468 pages, Madrid (1890). Imprenta y Fundición de M.Tello. Impresor de Cámara de S. M.
 Duque  de Liria y Jérica, Diario de Viaje a Moscovia, edit. by  Á.L. Encinas, I. Arranz, M. Rodríguez, , Ed. Miraguano, April 2008.
 http://indigo.ie/~wildgees/honora3.htm
 http://www.tcd.ie/CISS/mmspain.php
Research Group on Irish and Spanish Military Migration to Spain by Professor Ciaran Brady, Dr. Declan Downey and Dr.  Oscar Morales e-mail at TCD (Trinity College Dublin, Ireland). February 2008.

1696 births
1738 deaths
Ambassadors of Spain to Russia
Ambassadors of Spain to Austria
Berwick, JacoboFitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of
Dukes of Spain
French people of Irish descent
Spanish people of Irish descent
Grandees of Spain
James
Illegitimate branches of the House of Stuart
Jacobites
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Regiment of Hibernia
Spanish generals
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

James Fitz-James Stuart, 2nd Duke of Berwick


John Franklin Garver (28 January 1878 – 3 March 1949) was an American leader in the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church).

Garver was born in Bristol, Indiana. He was educated at Graceland College. In 1912, Garver became a member of the Board of Trustees of Graceland College; he was also a leader of the RLDS Church in Lamoni, Iowa.

On 13 October 1922, RLDS Church president Frederick M. Smith appointed Garver as an apostle of the church and a member of the Council of Twelve Apostles. At this time, Garver moved to Independence, Missouri, where the headquarters of the RLDS Church had been moved to in 1915. He was elected as the president of the Board of Trustees for Graceland College in 1932.

Garver was a member of the Council of Twelve Apostles until April 1946, when new church president Israel A. Smith selected Garver and F. Henry Edwards as his counselors in the church's First Presidency. Garver served in this capacity until his death in Independence at the age of 71. He was succeeded in the First Presidency by W. Wallace Smith.

References

Sources
History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 7:711-13
"John F. Garver", Saints' Herald, vol. 96, no. 12 (1949) pp. 265–270

External links
Death certificate of John F. Garver

1878 births
1949 deaths
People from Bristol, Indiana
American leaders of the Community of Christ
Apostles of the Community of Christ
Members of the First Presidency (Community of Christ)
Graceland University alumni
People from Independence, Missouri
Doctrine and Covenants people

John F. Garver


The Newburyport Harbor Front Range Light is one of two historic range lights in Newburyport, Massachusetts.  When it was built in 1873, it was located at Bayley's Wharf, and provided, in combination with the Rear Range Light, a critical aid for navigating into Newburyport's harbor.  In 1964 the light was moved to its present location on the grounds of the Merrimack River Coast Guard Station.  The stations are no longer in service, but serves as a daymark for arriving mariners.

The light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, and included in the Newburyport Historic District in 1984.

Description and history
Range lights, or leading lights, are pairs of beacons used to guide ships and ensure safe passage. The beacons consist of two lights that are separated in distance and elevation, so that when they are aligned, with one above the other, they provide a bearing. The original range lights at Newburyport Harbor were maintained by private subscriptions. By 1872 Congress had appropriated funds to establish publicly maintained range lights after one of the previous pair was destroyed in a storm.

Newburyport's front range light is a circular structure, with a steel plate exterior, that is  tall.  Access is gained via a hatch-like curved door.  The tower is topped by a ten-sided lantern house, surrounded by an iron balcony with railing.  The windows of the lantern house are covered in wood.  The light was constructed in 1873 on Bayley's Wharf, a short way west of its present location, along with the rear range light, which stands near Water Street.  The light was converted from coal-based power to electricity in 1933, and automated in 1952.  In about 1961 a  hexagonal extension was built to increase the tower's height; this has since been removed.  The tower was moved to its present site in 1964, at which the Coast Guard station was built in 1972.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts

References

Lighthouses completed in 1873
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Newburyport, Massachusetts
Lighthouses in Essex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, Massachusetts
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Massachusetts

Newburyport Harbor Front Range Light


Giles Lewin is a British violinist  and bagpiper. Currently a member of The Carnival Band, he was also a founding member of the folk band, Bellowhead.

Biography
He was born in Essex in 1960 or slightly earlier. At age nine, he sang the female lead in Mozart's "Bastien et Bastienne". At Cambridge University he acquired a love of Irish traditional music. His admiration for William Lawes led him to join a group called The Medieval Players (1981–1987). In 1983 they performed Rabelais's "Gargantua" with actors, puppets and acrobats. Their version of medieval music was gutsy, compared to most early music consorts of the time. In 1987 he became a founder member of the Dufay Collective. He was also a member of the group "Afterhours" (1989–1995).

In 1989 Lewin spent several months in Cairo to study Arabic violin under Ashraf al Sarki. Lewin is a vocalist and plays fiddle, vielle, rebec, gittern, shawms, recorder, mandolin, pipe and tabor. His most remarkable skills are as a player of the Arabic violin and as a player of the single-drone medieval bagpipes. He is an occasional member of the Egyptian group Maqaam.

The Carnival Band evolved out of The Medieval Players. The combination of Giles Lewin, Andy Watts, Bill Badley and Jub dates from 1985. They have recorded as a backing band for Maddy Prior. Lewin joined up with Vivien Ellis, another member of the Dufay Collective and the Carnival Band to become the duo Alva in 1997, specialising in the music of the troubadours. The songs on "The Bells of Paradise" were first performed at the 2003 York Early Music Festival. Alva also performed at St John's, Smith Square in 2001 as part of a live performance for BBC's "Late Junction". Ellis has been a member of Sinfonye since 1989, and is a member of The Broadside Band. She is involved with jazz, singing with Keith Tippett. Marguerite Hutchison, a member of Magpie Lane, also occasionally performs with Lewin as a duo.

In 2004 Lewin became a founder member of Bellowhead and left in 2008, he was replaced by Sam Sweeney.

In 2008 he accompanied Maddy Prior at the BBC Electric Proms.

Lewin is currently based in Oxford.

Solo release
In 2008 Lewin released a solo album The Armchair Orienteer (PRKCD103), including a mix of traditional folk tunes and some original tracks. Folkworld said of the album "the most impressing thing is Giles' versability in quite a lot and quite different styles".

Discography

Dufay Collective (with Giles Lewin)
 - A L'Estampida: medieval dance music (1991)
 - A Dance in the Garden of Mirth: medieval instrumental music (1994)
 - Miri It Is: songs and instrumental music from medieval England (1995)

Dufay Collective (with Giles Lewin and Vivien Ellis)
 - Johnny, Cock thy Beaver: popular music-making in 17th century England (1996)
 - On the Banks of the Seine: music of the trouveres (1997)
 - Miracles: 13th century Spanish songs in Praise of the Virgin Mary (1997)
 - Cancionero - Music for the Spanish Court 1470-1520 (2002)
 - Music for Alfonzo the Wise (2005)
 - A L'Estampida - 15¾th Anniversary Edition (2005)

Afterhours
 - Hung Up and Dry (1992)
 - Up to Here (1994)

Maddy Prior and The Carnival Band
 - Carols and Capers (1991)
 - Hang Up Sorrow And Care (1995)
 - Ringing the Changes (2007)

Alva (Giles Lewin and Vivien Ellis)
 - Love Burns in Me (2002)
 - The Bells of Paradise (2004)

Giles Lewin, David Miller, London Camerata et al.
- Shakespeare's Musicke (1993)

Philip Pickett, New London Consort, Nigel Eaton, Giles Lewin et al.
- Tielman Susato - Danserye 1551 (1993)

Invocation (Julia Gooding, Timothy Roberts, Giles Lewin et al.)
- Thomas Moore's Irish Melodies (1995)

Ian Giles, John Spiers, Jon Boden, Giles Lewin
- An English Folk Christmas (2006)

Giles Lewin
- The Armchair Orienteer (2008)
- Time's Chariot (2016)

Maddy Prior with Hannah James & Giles Lewin
- Three For Joy  (2012)
- Shortwinger  (2017)

See also
British violinists

References

External links
The Dufay Collective

British bagpipe players
British violinists
British male violinists
English violinists
English folk musicians
Living people
Musicians from Essex
20th-century births
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sportspeople from Oxford
21st-century violinists
21st-century British male musicians
Bellowhead members

Giles Lewin


John Neylon Molony (15 April 1927 – 16 September 2018) was an Australian historian, academic and author. He was an Emeritus Professor of History at the Australian National University (ANU).

Molony's long academic career with the ANU began in 1964, when he was employed as a research assistant in medieval history in the school of social science. He was to go on to become head of the department of history and to hold the Manning Clark Chair of Australian History from 1982 until his retirement from the university in 1990. On his retirement, the ANU appointed Molony as an emeritus professor of history.

Following his retirement from the ANU in 1990, Molony was appointed to the Keith Cameron Professorship of Australian History at University College Dublin. He held this position until 1993.

In 1993, on his return to Australia, Molony was appointed to the Foundation Research Professorship in History at the Australian Catholic University in Canberra. He left the University in July 1996.

During the course of his career, Molony published a number of scholarly works on subjects as diverse as the encyclical of Pope Leo XIII and Ned Kelly to the bicentennial history of Australia, as well as numerous newspaper and journal articles, chapters in books and literary reviews. Out of all of his published works, Molony said that he believed his 2000 book, The Native-Born: The First White Australians, would be judged as his most significant original contribution to the writing of Australian history, stating: "I say this because the native-born had never been given the serious consideration they deserve for their contribution to the making of our nation. More than any other element, including the convict element, they made us what we in large measure remain today."

Major publications

 The Roman Mould of the Australian Catholic Church, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 1969
 An Architect of Freedom: John Hubert Plunkett in New South Wales, 1832–1869, Canberra, ANU Press, 1973 ·
 The Emergence of Political Catholicism in Italy: Partito Popolare, 1919–1926, London, Croom Helm, 1977
 I Am Ned Kelly, Melbourne, Allen Lane, 1980
 Eureka, Melbourne, Viking, 1984
 The Penguin Bicentennial History of Australia, Melbourne, Viking, 1987
 The Worker Question: A New Historical Perspective on Rerum Novarum, Melbourne, Collins Dove, 1991
 A Soul Came into Ireland: Thomas Davis, 1814–1845, Dublin, Geography Publications, 1995
 The Native-Born: The First White Australians, Melbourne, Melbourne University Press, 2000
 Australia: Our Heritage, Melbourne, Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2005
 Captain James Cook: Claiming the Great South Land, Connor Court Publishing, 2016

References

1927 births
2018 deaths
Australian historians
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Australian Roman Catholics
Academics from Melbourne
Historians of Australia
20th-century Australian historians

John Molony


The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), or hippo, ancient Greek for "river horse" (Ιπποπόταμος), is a large mammal from Africa that usually eats plants. It is one of only two species in the family Hippopotamidae that are still alive. The other is the pygmy hippopotamus.

The hippopotamus is the second largest land animal in size and the third largest land animal in weight. The elephant is the heaviest and the white rhinoceros is the second heaviest, but a bit smaller than the hippo. The hippo is also the heaviest artiodactyl.

The hippopotamus is semi-aquatic. This means that even though it usually lives on the land, it spends a great amount of time in rivers and lakes where males lead groups of 5 to 30 females and young. In the daytime, they keep cool by staying in the water or mud. They give birth to baby hippos in the water, too. At dusk, they come out to graze on grass. Hippopotamuses rest together in the water, but they like to graze by themselves.

The hippopotamus has: a torso that is shaped like a barrel, a very big mouth and teeth, an almost hairless body, short legs and great size. It is the third largest land mammal, judging by its weight, which is between between 1½ and 3 tonnes. The white rhinoceros weighs 1½ to 3½ tonnes and the three species of elephant weigh 3 to 9 tonnes. Even though it has short, fat legs, it can run more quickly than a human. Some hippos have run at 30 km/h (19 mph) for short distances. The hippopotamus is one of the fiercest animals in the world. It is often called one of the most dangerous animals in Africa. There are about 125,000 to 150,000 hippos in Sub-Saharan Africa. Zambia (about 40,000) and Tanzania (20,000–30,000) have the most hippos. They are threatened because they are losing their habitats and being poached for their meat and ivory teeth.

Etymology
The word "hippopotamus" comes from the ancient Greek , hippopotamos, from , hippos, "horse" and , potamos, which means "river". So, "hippopotamus" means "horse of the river". More than one hippopotamus are called hippopotami, and 'hippopotamuses' or 'hippos' is also used. Hippopotami are social. About 30 hippos live together in groups. A male hippopotamus is known as a bull. A female hippopotamus is called a cow and a baby hippo is called a calf. The species is also known as the common hippopotamus or the Nile hippopotamus.

Description

Hippopotami are the fourth largest mammals in the world (after whales, elephants and rhinoceroses). The Egyptian hippopotamus is smaller than the others. They can live in the water or on land. They can walk or even run along the bottom of a river.

Because hippos are so large, it is difficult to weigh them in the wild. Most adult male hippos weigh between . Females hippos are smaller and usually weigh between . Older males can get even bigger. They are at least  and sometimes even weigh .

Male hippos seem to keep on growing for their whole lives. Females hippos, though, become the heaviest when they are about 25 years old.

Hippos have big and heavy bodies, dark gray skin and short legs. A hippo's main defence is their extremely strong mouth. They can grow to be 15 feet long and weigh 3,000 pounds.

Life
Hippopotami are herbivores which live in groups. Despite being semiaquatic and having webbed feet, an adult hippo is not a particularly good swimmer nor can it float. It is rarely found in deep water; when it is, the animal moves by porpoise-like leaps from the bottom. They usually stay in the mud and water during the day and come out to eat grass or leaves at night. Though they are bulky animals, hippopotami can gallop at 30 km/h (19 mph) on land but normally trot.

Distribution
Many hippos lived in North Africa and Europe until about 30,000 years ago. They used to be common in Egypt's Nile region from long ago, though they are not there now. Pliny the Elder writes that, in his time, the best place in Egypt for finding this animal was in Sais. The animal could still be found around there after the Arab Conquest in 639. Hippos are still found in the rivers and lakes of: Uganda, Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, northern Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia, west through Ghana to Gambia and also in Southern Africa (Botswana, Republic of South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia). Some hippos also live in Tanzania and Mozambique. They like to live in places with water that is not too deep.

Hippos and humans

Aggression
Hippos are very aggressive towards humans, whom they commonly attack whether in boats or on land with no apparent provocation. This aggression by the hippopotamus is caused by humans coming too close to their children. Hippopotami are very protective of their young and they often fear that humans pose a large threat to their young. They are widely considered to be one of the most dangerous large animals in Africa.

Archaeology
The earliest proof that humans were involved with hippos comes from butchery cut marks on hippo bones at Bouri Formation from around 160,000 years ago. Later rock paintings and engravings showing hippos being hunted. They have been found in the mountains of the central Sahara from 4,000 to 5,000 years ago near Djanet. Ancient Egyptians also knew much about hippos. They knew the hippo was a fierce, wild animal that lived in the Nile. In Egyptian mythology, Tawaret, a goddess of protection in pregnancy and childbirth, had the head of a hippo. This was because ancient Egyptians saw how protective female hippopotami could be about their young.

References

Other websites
 Hippos: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
 IUCN Hippo Specialist Group

Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of Africa

Hippopotamus


NO!art is a radical avant-garde anti-art movement started in New York in 1959. Its founders sought to deliver a shock to the complacent consumerist society around them.

The movement was initiated by Boris Lurie, Sam Goodman and Stanley Fisher who had come together to organise exhibitions at the March Gallery. They gave the name NO!Art to the movement on the occasion of their show at the Gallery Gertrude Stein. They set themselves against the contemporary trends in Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art in art, and used their work to attack Fascism, racism and imperialism in politics.

The NO!art exhibitions bore titles such as the Doom Show, the Involvement Show, the No Show and the Vulgar Show. They were often scatological in theme with one exhibition, the 1964 No Sculptures/Shit Show featuring works resembling piles of excrement. The Holocaust was another recurrent theme and the artists sometime provocatively referred to their work as "Jew Art."

In his essay, "Bull by the Horns" art critic Harold Rosenberg wrote "NO!art reflects the mixture of crap and crime with which the mass media floods the mind of our time. It is Pop with venom added."

Since 1999, The NO!art is led by Dietmar Kirves (headquarters Berlin), and Clayton Patterson (headquarters New York).
Members are Rocco Armento, Isser Aronovici, Enrico Baj, Paolo Baratella, Herb Brown, Ronaldo Brunet, Guenter Brus, Al D'Arcangelo, Aleksey Dayen, Frank-Kirk Ehm-Marks, Erró, Klaus Fabricius, Charles Gatewood, Paul Georges, Jochen Gerz, Dorothie Gillespie, Esther Morgenstern Gilman, Amikam Goldman, Leon Golub, Blalla W. Hallmann, Harry Hass, Allan Kaprow, Kommissar Hjuler (Detlev Hjuler) and Mama Baer (Andrea Katharina, Ingeborg Hjuler), Yayoi Kusama, Konstantin K. Kuzminsky, Jean-Jacques Lebel, Martin Levitt, Suzanne Long (Harriet Wood), LST, Enzo Mastrangelo, Stu Mead, Peter Meseck, Lil Picard, Leonid Pinchevsky, Bernard Rancillac, Francis Salles, Naomi Tereza Salmon, Reinhard Scheibner, Bruno Schleinstein, Dominik Stahlberg, Michelle Stuart, Aldo Tambellini, Seth Tobocman, Jean Toche, Toyo Tsuchiya, Wolf Vostell, Friedrich Wall, Mathilda Wolf, Natalia E. Woytasik, Miron Zownir.

References

External sources

 Fletcher, Robert Beyond resistance: the future of freedom (chapter 'No!art Negative Aesthetics as Resistance to the Art of Forgetting')
 Boris Lurie, Leader of a Confrontational Art Movement, Dies at 83 Colin Moynihan, NY Times January 12, 2008
 First and Final Refusal - Resurrecting Boris Lurie, the Original NO!art Man Ezra Glinter, Forward, July 14, 2010
 Boris Lurie's NO!art and the Holocaust Jan Herman, Arts Journal Blog
 NO-Art: An American Psycho-Social Phenomenon Emanuel K. Schwartz and Reta Shacknove Schwartz, Leonardo, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Summer, 1971), pp. 245–254 MIT Press
 ArtCat - Soho - Westwood Gallery - Boris Lurie: NO!art. An Exhibition of Early Work

American art movements
Avant-garde art
1959 establishments in New York (state)

NO!art


Kaj Birket-Smith (20 January 1893 – 28 October 1977) was a Danish philologist and anthropologist. He specialized in studying the habits and language of the Inuit and Eyak. He was a member of Knud Rasmussen's 1921 Thule expedition. In 1940, he became director of the Ethnographic Department of the National Museum of Denmark.

Personal life

Kaj Birket-Smith was the son of Danish librarian and literary historian Sophus Birket-Smith and wife, Ludovica (born Nielsen). He received his PhD in linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1937. He was a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog.

In 1920, Kaj and Minna Birket-Smith wed. Kaj Birket-Smith died in 1977, aged 84.

Awards
 1933 Hans Egede Medal by the Royal Danish Geographical Society
 1938 Loubat Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy
 1952 Huxley Memorial Medal by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

Partial works
 (1916). The Greenland bow. København: Bianco Lunos bogtr.
 (1918). A geographic study of the early history of the Algonquian Indians
 (1920). Ancient artefacts from the Eastern United States
 (1924). Ethnography of the Egedesminde District with Aspects of the General Culture of West Greenland
 (1925). Preliminary report of the Fifth Thule Expedition Physical anthropology, linguistics, and material culture
 (1928). On the origin of Eskimo culture
 (1928). Five hundred Eskimo words: A comparative vocabulary from Greenland and Central Eskimo dialects
 (1928). The Greenlanders of the present day
 (1928). Physiography of West Greenland
 (1929). The Caribou Eskimos. Material and social life and their cultural position
 (1929). Drinking-tube and tobacco pipe in North America
 (1930). Contributions to Chipewyan ethnology
 (1933). Geographical notes on the Barren
 (1938). The Eyak Indians of the Copper River Delta, Alaska
 (1940). Anthropological observations of the Central Eskimos
 (1943). The origin of maize cultivation

References

1893 births
1977 deaths
20th-century Danish philologists
20th-century philologists
Danish ethnologists
Danish expatriates in the United States
Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
University of Pennsylvania alumni

Kaj Birket-Smith


Sir Frederick Leopold Arthur, 2nd Baronet (Plymouth, 20 December 1816 – 1 June 1878) was a British soldier.

The son of Sir George Arthur, 1st Bt and Eliza Orde Smith, he was commissioned into the 4th Foot in 1833. He transferred to the 40th Foot in 1850 and the 18th Hussars in 1863. He became a colonel, and succeeded to the baronetcy in 1854.

On 24 April 1856, he married Lady Elizabeth Hay-Drummond, daughter of the Earl of Kinnoull. They had three children:
 Frederica Louisa Juliana Arthur (d. 23 March 1946), married Alfred Darby
 Sir George Compton Archibald Arthur, 3rd Bt (1860–1946)
 Captain Leonard Robert Sunkersett Arthur, CMG (23 December 1864 – 13 December 1903), died unmarried

He is buried on the eastern edge of Brompton Cemetery in London with his sister, Isabella Maria Malton, his two sons, George* and Leonard, and Kate Harriet, George's* wife ( i.e. The wife of George* the son of Frederick).

References

1816 births
1878 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
King's Own Royal Regiment officers
South Lancashire Regiment officers
18th Royal Hussars officers

Frederick Arthur


The Green Stripe (La Raie Verte), also known as Portrait of Madame Matisse. The Green Line, is a portrait by Henri Matisse of his wife, Amélie Noellie Matisse-Parayre. It is an oil painting on canvas, completed autumn or winter 1905. It is named for the green band that divides the face in half, by which Matisse sought to produce a sense of light, shadow, and volume without using traditional shading. Matisse's colorism was shocking at the time. When the painting was exhibited in Paris in 1906 such works were being derisively labeled as the creations of Les Fauves (the wild beasts), along with similar works of André Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck.

Both admirers and critics of Matisse have characterized The Green Stripe as a disturbing image: a friend of the painting's owners Michael and Sarah Stein called it "a demented caricature of a portrait", and in 1910 the critic Gelett Burgess wrote that The Green Stripe was Matisse's "punishment" of Amélie that compelled the viewer "to see in her a strange and terrible aspect." The art historian John Klein has suggested that difficulties in the Matisses' marriage may have contributed to the portrait's impersonal and mask-like character.

The painting is in Statens Museum for Kunst in Copenhagen, Denmark.

See also
 List of works by Henri Matisse

References

Paintings by Henri Matisse
Post-impressionist paintings
1905 paintings
Paintings in the National Gallery of Denmark
20th-century paintings in Denmark
Portraits of women
Fauvism

The Green Stripe


The AVN Adult Entertainment Expo (AEE) is an adult entertainment convention and trade show held each January in Las Vegas, Nevada and is sponsored by AVN magazine. AEE is the largest pornography industry trade show in the United States. The 2007 AVN Expo had over 30,000 attendees, which included 355 exhibiting companies.

Description

The AEE is a four-day show which mixes industry-only events with open hours for fans seeking autographs, photo opportunities, and memorabilia. The first two days are "Trade Only" (with access limited to people in the adult industry), and the remainder of the show includes open hours for fans. One of the major aspects of the AEE is that most of the major adult entertainment stars make appearances. The AVN Awards are presented on the show's closing night. The 2018 show was held January 24–27.

History

Until 2012, the AEE was usually held at the Sands Expo and Convention Center concurrently with the Consumer Electronics Show (CES). In 2012, the AEE was held at the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel and Casino on January 18–21, one week after the 2012 CES to help exhibitors minimize travel expenses and maximize networking opportunities.

In 2013, the 15th annual AEE was again held at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, and the 2014 AEE was held January 15–18 at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, as was the 2015 AEE.

Coverage
The 1998 AEE and associated 15th AVN Awards are the subject of David Foster Wallace's article "Neither Adult nor Entertainment", published in Premiere, and later reprinted and extended as "Big Red Son", the first essay of his collection Consider the Lobster. The 2003 AEE was filmed as part of the production of the 2004 film The Girl Next Door.

See also
AVN Awards
GayVN Awards

References

External links

 AVN - Adult Video News
 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo Coverage 2004-2007 from XCritic

Erotic events
Pornography in Nevada
Las Vegas Valley conventions and trade shows
Trade shows in the United States

AVN Adult Entertainment Expo


Cushendall (), formerly known as Newtownglens, is a coastal village and townland (of 153 acres) in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is located in the historic barony of Glenarm Lower and the civil parish of Layd, and is part of Causeway Coast and Glens district.

Located on the A2 coast road between Glenariff and Cushendun, Cushendall is in the Antrim Coast and Glens an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It lies in the shadow of the table topped Lurigethan Mountain and at the meeting point of three of the Glens of Antrim: Glenaan, Glenballyemon and Glencorp. This part of the Northern Irish coastline is separated from Scotland by the North Channel, with the Mull of Kintyre about 16 miles away. In the 2011 Census, Cushendall had a population of 1,280 people.

Much of the historic character of the 19th century settlement on the north bank of the River Dall remains, including the mostly-intact Irish Georgian buildings of the town's four original streets. In 1973, it was the second village in Northern Ireland to be designated as a Conservation Area. Since 1990, Cushendall has hosted the Heart Of The Glens festival every August. Thomas D'Arcy McGee, a father of Canadian Confederation, spent his childhood in Cushendall when his father, who worked for the Coast Guard Service, was posted there.

Places of interest

Curfew Tower
The Curfew Tower in the centre of the village was built  in 1817 to confine riotous prisoners by Francis Turnley — landlord of the town at the time. Dan McBride, an army pensioner, was given the job of permanent garrison and was armed with one musket, a bayonet, a brace of pistols and a thirteen-foot-long pike. The tower is now owned by Scottish musician and artist Bill Drummond.

Oisin's Grave
Oisín's Grave, off the main Cushendall to Ballymoney road, is a megalithic court cairn on a hillside in Lubitavish, near the Glenann River. It is believed to be the burial place of Oísín — the Celtic warrior poet. A stone cairn was erected on the site in 1989 in memory of John Hewitt, the poet of the Glens.

Layd Church and Churchyard
The ruins of Layd Church, a Franciscan foundation possibly partially from the 13th century, are about 1.5 km north of Cushendall. They are also accessible by road and a cliff path from Cushendall. There are old vaults in the churchyard and it was one of the main burial places of the MacDonnells. There is a stone cross memorial to Dr James MacDonnell, one of the organisers of the last Belfast Festival of Harpists in 1792 and pioneer of the use of chloroform in surgery. By the gate of the churchyard is a holestone and nearby two 'corp stones' on which coffins were rested. Layd Church saw service as a parish church from 1306 until about 1790.

Red Bay Castle
Red Bay Castle, situated between the villages of Cushendall and Waterfoot. Built by the Bisset family in the 14th century and later occupied by the MacDonnells, one of the outposts of the Kingdom of Dál Riata.

Glenariff Forest Park
Glenariff Forest Park, about 8 km inland from Cushendall, covers an area of 1185 hectares. The park contains waterfalls, forest trails, and riverside walks, including a café, toilets, and an exhibition centre. Four way-marked trails of varying length (1–9 km) wind through the forest leading you into some of the park's wooded areas.

History

During The Troubles in Northern Ireland from 1920 to 1922, a shooting occurred in Cushendall. Several lorries of Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) personnel, accompanied by British Army soldiers, drove into Cushendall on the night of 23 June 1922 to enforce the nightly curfew. The USC proceeded to open fire on a crowd of onlookers, killing three Catholic men: James McAllister, John Gore and John Hill. After the incident, the USC claimed they were ambushed by the Irish Republican Army and returned fire, but a British government inquiry, which was declassified almost a century later, concluded that the constabulary's version of events was false.

There were further violent incidents during the Troubles of the late 20th century.
 Sergeant Joseph Campbell, a Catholic Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) officer, was shot dead on 25 February 1977 as he locked up the local police station. An RUC officer, Charles McCormick, was later acquitted of Campbell's murder and other charges including possession of explosives, firearms and armed robbery.
 RUC officer Alexander Bell died as a result of his injuries on 25 July, 1989 from a previous Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) land mine attack on his patrol car.

Demographics
Cushendall is classified as a village by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e., with a population between 1,000 and 2,499 people).
On Census Day (27 March 2011) the usually resident population of Cushendall Settlement was 1,280, accounting for 0.07% of the NI total. Of these:
 21.09% were under 16 years old and 14.84% were aged 65 and above;
 49.69% of the population were male and 50.31% were female; and
 92.11% were from a Catholic community background and 6.33% were from a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' community background.

Sport

Hurling
Founded in 1906, the local  hurling club Ruairí Óg plays its home matches at Páirc Mhuire in Cushendall. They became Ulster champions for the first time in the 1981-82 season, when the team captained by John Delargy beat Ballycastle Mc Quillans after a replay. And as of 2022, have been Ulster champions 11 times (All Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championships). They have reached the final of the  All Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championships once in the 2015-16 season, losing to Na Piarsaigh (Limerick) 2-25 to 2-14.

Golf

Cushendall Golf Club is a small nine-hole course primarily aiming to improve short game. The course is located in a valley with the Abhainn Dala (River Dall) running through its centre to the sea.

Sailing

Established in 1951, Cushendall Sailing & Boating Club is the ideal place to learn basic introductory, as well as advanced Sailing skills. The club is situated in Red Bay and the views of the surrounding Glens of Antrim make a stunning backdrop for those on the waves. Cushendall CSBC has a sailing school which runs throughout the summer using RYA's learn-to-sail scheme. The school welcomes all ages and abilities, ensuring progression is achieved by each individual student.

Running
The second Saturday of August each year during the Heart of the Glens Festival the Lurig Run takes place. This challenge is a 3.5 mile run consisting of a 1500 ft climb up the face of the Lurigethan mountain. Growing in popularity among the running elite, it is seen as one of the most challenging organised runs in Northern Ireland. 400 people compete each year.

Tourism
Holiday accommodation in the area ranges from Self Catering to Bed & Breakfast and caravan and camping. Cushendall has three caravan and camping sites.

Cushendall offers a diverse range of shops, which offer local gifts and crafts, as well as many other items.

There is also an annual vintage car rally which is held in the village.

Notable people

References

External links

 North Antrim Community Network - Cushendall
 Cushendall website

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Northern Ireland
Villages in County Antrim
Civil parish of Layd
Townlands of County Antrim

Cushendall


Taoism or Daoism () is a type of belief, or a way of thinking about life. It is at least 2,500 years old and it comes from China. Taoism is now said to be a philosophy. Tao (or Dao, ) is the name of the force or the "Way" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. Taoists think that words cannot be used to correctly describe Tao. The very first line of the Dào Dé Jīng (), the most important text in Taoism, says "the Way that can be explained in words is not the true Way." There are many other sacred writings by the teachers of Taoism.

Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have a problem with something, it is better to find a way around it.

History
Taoism first showed up in writing in China in 142 C.E. People do not always write about their religions at first, so this religion may be much older. Some important people of the history of Taoism are:
 Laozi, or Lao Tzu (). He is assumed to have written Tao Te Ching.
 Zhuangzi, or Chuang Tzu (). Like Lao Tzu, his sayings and stories are today put together as a book, and translated into English and other languages.
 Huangdi (the Yellow Emperor, ). He is assumed to have been the first Taoist, but nobody knows for sure if he was a real person or not.

Beliefs and practices
Taoists believe that the main principle behind the universe is an esoteric force known as the Tao. The Tao can best be described as the chaotic power of reality that causes change to happen and things to come in and out of the world without direction or intention. The essence of the Tao is seen in nature, in which all action occurs without any sort of meaning or greater purpose, but is rather the flow of change and energy. Some Taoists describe the Tao as God. Many scholars have labeled Taoism as  pantheistic.

Taoists use the word qi to describe energy moving through and altering things in the universe as a result of the Tao.

Taoists believe the best way to live life is through the principle of "wu-wei", which translates to "inaction" or "inexertion". The doctrine of wu-wei advocates to not push back or resist what ever comes your way in life, and to let it be and accept its presence. It also advocates for being happy with what you have and not pursuing unrealistic dreams.

The yin and yang symbol, the famous icon of Taoism, encapsulates the idea that one must be in a harmony between two opposing forces in one's life and remain neutral to either side.

Traditionalist polytheistic  Taoists believe in traditional concepts of Heaven and the Underworld, but many modern Taoists today disregard old conceptions of the afterlife and instead believe that people can live on in the Tao after their physical death through  metaphysical union.

There are several different types of Taoism, some that combine the principles of Laozi with traditional Chinese deity worship, and some that adhere more strictly to the original tenets and believe only in the concepts of the Tao, qi, and wu-wei.

Other websites

Taoism


Vasco da Gama Goychea mapar ek sobit xar zoim udheog-dhondo mott'tea promannan cholta. Vasco da Gama xar ek Bharatacho lhan bhag vo vantto mhonnlear otitay zanvchina karann hanga tuka Bharatachea veg-vegllea prantantle nagrik ravnne korun aslole melltat. Hanga hea xarant Konknni ani Marathi bhaxe xivay sabar Bharatacheo dusreo bhaso vapurpant yetat karann torekvar prantantle nagrik hanga eka-mekak melltat-zulltat.

Vasco da Gama xar Zuari nodiche bazuk tenkon mellta ani matxe mukhar tancho sombhond Arabian doriya vangdda samil zata. Hanga Murganv Bondr asa zuim hozaramni Bharotachea veg-vegllea prantantle nagrik nokri kortat ani aplem udarposonn kortat. Murganv Bondr Goychi tosich Bharotachi arthik poristhiti mozbut ani okhondd korunk mottoch hat-bar laita ani desache udorgottin tacho mottoch vantto asa.

Vasco Da Gama xarant veg-vegllea dhormache ani zati-katiche monis eka mekachea maye-mogan ani xantin jiyetat ani hanga lokancho ek-char dista. Vasco xar ek Rashtrik ekcharacho nomunno mhonnlear mhoji otitay zanvchina. Hindu-Kristanv-Musolmann hanga ap-apleo dhormik riti xantikayen ani mogan monoitat ani eka-mekache khoxallkayen vantto gheun ho dhormik ekchar vaddoytat ani mozbut kortat. Hanga 4 xedde vodik vorsanchi Katolik igorz asa, Sant Andre ticho patron. Hi porob dor vorsa Novembrache 30 tarkeruch zata, toxench hanga Dev Damodarachem mondir asa zoim 'Saptah' hi vorsavollichi porob amcho Hindu somaz Agostache mhoinneant pallta ani Goychea sogllea vattharantlo lok hanga Dev Damodarak nomoskar korunk yetat. Her dhormacheo legun porbo hanga mottea nettan ani ghonn-ghonnat zatat.

Hea xarant sabar itihasik zage asat ani namnneche nagrik jiyetat. Goychi arthik poristhiti mozbut korunk hat-bar lavpi namnneche nagrik ani udheogpoti hanga aplem ravnne korun asat. Ho tancho zolmacho ganv ani hanga tanchi kottumbik ghoram asat.

Vasco da Gama  (Vasku ), often shortened to Vasco, is a city in the state of Goa on the west coast of India. It is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. It is also the headquarters of the Mormugao taluka. The town lies on the western tip of the Mormugao peninsula, at the mouth of the Zuari River, about  from Panjim, Goa's capital, and about  from Dabolim Airport.

The city was founded in 1543 and remained in Portuguese hands until 1961, when Goa was annexed by India. The Indian Navy's Goa Naval Area (base) is located at Vasco from which it controls Dabolim Airport and, in effect, the entire tourism-dependent state of Goa. The historic 'Document of surrender' was signed by the Portuguese in front of Vasco's municipal council building.

Transport and industry

Vasco is the only city in Goa which is well connected by road, rail, sea and air; by road by the National Highway 17A, by rail by the South Western Railway, by the sea through the Mormugao Harbour and by air through Dabolim Airport, thus serving as the main hub for most tourists visiting the state of Goa.

Vasco is heavily reliant on the port for most of its economic activity. Manganese ore mined in interior regions is brought to Mormugao by barges navigating the rivers Mandovi and Zuari, and then either collected in the Mormugao Port to be loaded onto bulk carrier ships or directly loaded onto the ships using trans-shippers. Ore which is collected on the port is handled by state-of-the-art machinery called MOHP (Mechanical Ore-Handling Plant). This includes massive bucket wheel loaders and miles of conveyor belts. The port has berthing facilities for large cruise liners as well as a floating dry dock. There are shipping and freight forwarding agents as well as offices of major mining companies based in the city.

The Mormugao Port Trust which operates the port is the largest employer in the Vasco region and has a complete mini-township in Headland Sada which includes schools, residential complexes and amenities for employees of the Port.

Tourism and culture
Bogmalo Beach is  from Vasco. This beach is quite risky as it has underwater currents. Hollant (Issorcim) and Baina are two smaller beaches around Vasco.

Apart from the nearby beaches, the city of Vasco is bereft of any major tourist attractions, the salient monument being the 400-year old St. Andrew's Church located at the entrance of the city. However the Naval Aviation Museum near the airport is a popular tourist spot and is the only such museum in India. It profiles the evolution and history of Indian naval aviation through aircraft exhibits and rare photographs.

One of Goa's premier musical groups, Diamond Orchestra, hails from Vasco. The town is also home to several English bands from Goa, notably Lynx and Kollectiv Soul.

Vasco is known for the annual Shri Damodar Bhajani Saptah fair held in Shravan month of Hindu lunar calendar preceding the festival of Nag panchami.

Vasco da Gama hosted the relics of Saint John Bosco, albeit temporarily, on 21 August 2011, at the St. Andrew's Church, while the relics were on their world tour.

Like all towns and cities in Goa, Vasco celebrates the Shigmo/ xigmo and Carnival annually with a street parade where floats from all over Goa participate.

Sports
Like the rest of Goa, football is the most popular sport in Vasco. Two teams from the town have participated in the I-League - Vasco Sports Club and Salgaocar Sports Club. Salgaocar SC were Champions of the 1998-99 season of the erstwhile NFL. Tilak Maidan is a 15,000 capacity football ground based in the city. The stadium sporting a magnificent turf hosted I-league matches during April 2013, as the home ground for the four teams from Goa in the league, when Fatorda Stadium was closed down for renovation. http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/04/02/3871446/i-league-action-to-resume-at-tilak-maidan-from-thursday

Although cricket is not as popular as football, a Vasco resident Shadab Jakati plays for Goa in the Ranji Trophy first-class competition and has also been selected to play for the Chennai Super Kings IPL franchise.

Politics
The city of Vasco falls under the boundaries of the Mormugao (South Goa) constituency in the Lok Sabha. The current Member of Parliament is Francisco Sardinha of the Indian National Congress.

Vasco elects its representative to the Goa Legislative Assembly, the current MLA is Carlos Almeida of the BJP.

Research
The National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) located at Headland Sada is a research and development institution administered by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. It is responsible for administering the Indian Antarctic Program and maintains the Indian government's Antarctic research station, Maitri. In addition to laboratories for marine sample processing/analyses, it hosts a special low-temperature ice core sample storage facility.

Gallery

References

Konknni
Goemchim Xharam, Ganv ani Zage
Romi panam

Vasco Da Gama