Circle on Cavill is a $551 million commercial development with two residential towers built by the Sunland Group and positioned in a key city block in the heart of the Surfers Paradise CBD, neighbouring with Towers of Chevron Renaissance shopping mall and resort apartment complex. Circle on Cavill is bounded by the main Surfers Paradise Boulevard at the western end of Cavill Mall and river end of Cavill Avenue, between the Gold Coast Highway and Ferny Avenue, in Surfers Paradise on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

The street address for the Circle on Cavill residential apartments is 9 Ferny Avenue, Surfers Paradise.  The South Tower was completed around March 2007 and the North Tower was completed around July 2007. Both towers are joined on level 4 lounge which takes in the view of the Nerang River.  The tallest point of the north tower is approximately 220 m and reflects a recent trend to building upwards in Surfers' skyline, also reflected in the construction of Q1 and Soul.

Features
Circle on Cavill retail precinct on ground level features 4 main retail areas including an open air piazza designed for picnics, public gatherings, art, entertainment and sporting events on a large LED screen with alfresco cafes, restaurants and bars, coupled with boutique shopping – specialty stores and a supermarket with a diverse range of essential services such as Woolworths and ATM facilities.

Circle on Cavill Shopping Centre underwent a major refurbishment in 2012 and secured a major anchor tenant in Woolworths Circle on Cavill. Other businesses in the retail precinct includes San Churro Chocolateria, Billabong, Surf Dive Ski, Domino's Pizza, Circle News, Amcal Chempro Pharmacy, Anytime Fitness, The Hangover Crawl's Tourist Desk, Strike Bowling Bar and Doctors @ Surfers Paradise.

Apartments
Circle on Cavill is a mix of 1, 2 and 3 bedroom apartments across two residential towers.  Circle on Cavill spans a 1.4 hectare site and comprises two towers - South Tower (48 levels, 279 units) and North Tower (68 levels,> 365 units), totalling 644 apartments.  Apartments are for sale and rent in the building.  The body corporate for the Circle on Cavill is called Circle on Cavill CTS 39918.

Facilities
Resort facilities include a residents club lounge on level 4 for all guests, three resort pools including a lagoon pool with water features (North Tower), a 25m heated indoor swimming pool (North Tower) and a 25m lap pool and 10-seater spa on sun terrace (South Tower).  There is a gymnasium, in-house cinema (seating for 12 people), sauna & steam rooms, change rooms, barbecue & entertaining areas, a children's play area, a big screen TV and games room.

History
Around 1920, Brisbane hotelier James (Jim) Cavill acquired twenty-five acres (10 hectares) of land in an area known as Elston – the place known now as Surfers Paradise. The name James Cavill has always been connected with Surfers Paradise.  Dated back to 1923, Cavill paid £40 for a block of land. In 1925 he built the Surfers Paradise Hotel and is the namesake for Cavill Mall and Cavill Avenue. Then the bridge across the Nerang River was built, improving access to the hotel that, at the time, had a small zoo and a beer garden. During World War II, the hotel was used by convalescing soldiers, some of whom later returned with their wives and families.

See also

 List of tallest buildings in Australia

References

External links
 Circle on Cavill, Official Circle on Cavill retail precinct site by Jones Lang LaSalle (published 4 December 2009)
 Mantra Circle on Cavill, Official Mantra Circle on Cavill accommodation site by Mantra Group

Skyscrapers on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Buildings and structures completed in 2006
Buildings and structures completed in 2007
Residential skyscrapers in Australia
Surfers Paradise, Queensland
Retail buildings in Queensland

Circle on Cavill


Mariposa (2009) is a science fiction novel written by Greg Bear as both a sequel to Quantico and a prequel to Queen of Angels, featuring characters from both earlier works.  Set in 2021 America, whose government is more than fifty trillion dollars in debt, the novel follows an FBI investigation of the Talos Corporation (a thinly disguised Blackwater) which plans to disable the power grid across the entire Eastern seaboard in a simultaneous, coordinated attack of domestic terrorism, which will trigger the provisions of a law Congress passed authorizing Federal lands and resources as collateral to continue borrowing funds from overseas.  Unexpected help comes from a secret weapon in the Federal arsenal, non-nuclear EMP, as well as a mute Mind Design proto-AI named Jones, early precursor to Jill, who has a back door into Talos.

Mariposa is the missing link that ties Quantico (2005) together with the novels Queen of Angels (1990), "/" - also known as Slant - (1997), Heads (1990), and Moving Mars (1993) into a single unified future history.  Green Idaho has seceded from the Union. Mary Choi, the protagonist of Queen of Angels and / appears as an orphan of age two.  President Raphkind comes to power, beginning an administration that is still reviled by the time of Queen of Angels in 2047.

Reviews
Review by Gary K. Wolfe (2010) in Locus, #588 January 2010

References

2009 American novels
Novels set in the 2020s
Novels about terrorism
Novels by Greg Bear
Politics in fiction
Novels about robots
Novels about artificial intelligence
Novels about the Federal Bureau of Investigation
American political novels
American alternate history novels

Mariposa (novel)


The servants' hall is traditionally a common room for domestic workers in a great house. The term usually refers to the domestic workers' dining room.

If there is no separate sitting room, the Servants' Hall doubles as the place servants may spend their leisure hours and serves as both sitting room and dining room.

Rooms
Domestic work

Servants' hall


This article documents the history of Rochester, New York, in western New York State.  Settlement began in the late 18th century, and the city flourished with the opening of the Erie Canal.  It became a major manufacturing center, and attracted many Italians, Germans, Irish and other immigrants, as well as a dominant group of Yankees of New England origin. The Yankees made Rochester the center of multiple reform movements, such as abolitionism and women's rights.  It was famous as the center of the American photography industry, with headquarters of Eastman Kodak. In the 1970s it became fashionable to call the industrial cities along the Great Lakes 'rustbelt cities' following the move away from steel, chemical and other hard goods manufacturing. Rochester, with the presence of Ritter-Pfaulder, Bausch and Lomb, Eastman Kodak, Xerox, Gannett and other major industries, defied the trend for many decades following WWII.

Of the 19 places in the United States named Rochester, at least 8 were named directly after Rochester, New York, having been founded or settled by former residents.  These include: Rochester, Indiana; Rochester, Texas; Rochester, Iowa; Rochester, Kentucky; Rochester, Michigan; Rochester, Minnesota; Rochester, Nevada; and Rochester, Ohio.

Early settlement
Following the American Revolution, western New York was opened up for development as soon as New York and Massachusetts compromised and settled their competing claims for the area in December 1786 by the Treaty of Hartford. The compromise was that, while New York would have political sovereignty over the land, Massachusetts would have pre-emptive rights to obtain title from the Native Americans and own (and profit from selling) the land.

Phelps and Gorham purchase

On April 1, 1788, after extensive machinations by various speculators, Massachusetts' pre-emptive right over all western New York Lands — comprising some 6,000,000 acres (24,000 km2) — was sold to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, both of Massachusetts. The sales price was $1,000,000, payable in three equal annual installments of certain Massachusetts securities then worth about 20 cents on the dollar. The right sold applied to all land west of a line running from the mouth of Sodus Bay on Lake Ontario, due south through Seneca Lake, to the 82nd milestone on the Pennsylvania border near Big Flats (the "Pre-emption Line"), and all the way to the Niagara River and Lake Erie (the "Phelps and Gorham Purchase"). In order to obtain title to such land, Phelps and Gorham would have to extinguish all Native American titles.

When the land didn't sell as well as they had hoped, Phelps and Gorham were unable to come up with the funds to extinguish the Native American titles. They defaulted on their second payment in 1790. They lost the right to buy the pre-emptive rights to remaining lands of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase west of the Genesee River. This land, about 3,750,000 acres (15,000 km2), reverted to Massachusetts. The state immediately re-sold the pre-emptive rights to Robert Morris in 1791 for $333,333.33 (about $ today). In 1792 and 1793, Morris sold most of the lands west of the Genesee to the Holland Land Company, but he did not extinguish Native American title to the land until the Treaty of Big Tree in September, 1797. Morris reserved for himself a 500,000 acre (2,000 km2) strip  approximately  wide and extending from Lake Ontario to the Pennsylvania border along the eastern edge of the Holland Purchase, known as the Morris Reserve. At the north end of the Reserve, Morris sold an 87,000 acre (350 km2) triangular shaped tract ("The Triangle Tract") to Herman Leroy, William Bayard and John McEvers, and he also sold a 100,000 tract due west of the Triangle Tract to the state of Connecticut. Additional Phelps and Gorham lands east of the Genesee River which had not previously been sold, were acquired by Robert Morris in 1791, who re-sold them to The Pulteney Association, a syndicate of British investors.

Mill Yard Tract

Before defaulting on the rest of the land purchase agreement, Phelps and Gorham gave a 100-acre (0.4 km2) lot within the Mill Yard Tract at the Upper Falls of the Genesee to Ebenezer "Indian" Allen, on condition he build a grist mill and sawmill there by summer 1789 (the "100 Acre Tract"). In exchange for the  Tract, Allen built the agreed-upon mills at the west end of the Upper Falls of the Genesee. But the location was so deep in the wilderness that there were only 14 men in the area to assist in the mill's construction. The area was a dense forest and swamp, and infested with rattlesnakes and mosquitoes that spread 'Swamp Fever' or what we now call malaria.

In March 1792, with no settlers and no demand for mills, Indian Allen sold the  Tract to Benjamin Barton Sr. of New Jersey for $1,250. Barton almost immediately resold the property to Samuel Ogden, an agent for Robert Morris. Ogden, in turn, sold the property in 1794 to Charles Williamson, agent for The Pulteney Association. On November 8, 1803, The Pulteney Association sold the  Tract for $1,750, on a five-year land contract, to Col. Nathaniel Rochester (1752–1831), Maj. Charles Carroll, and Col. William Fitzhugh, all of Hagerstown, Maryland.

Rochesterville and The Flour City

Rochester was dominated by ethnocultural  politics. Two rival  groups fought for power, the Presbyterian Yankees from New England, and the Episcopalian New Yorkers from New York and Pennsylvania. When Irish Catholics started to arrive in large numbers in the 1840s and supported the Democrats, the two Protestant groups stopped feuding and presented a common front.
Col. Rochester and his two partners allowed the millsite to lie undeveloped until 1811, when they finally completed paying for their purchase and received the deed. The population of the area was 15. They then had the tract surveyed and laid out with streets and lots. The first lot was sold to a Henry Skinner, at what is now the northwest corner of State and Main. In 1817, other land owners, mainly the Brown Brothers (of Brown's Race and Brown's Square), joined their lands north to the  Tract, to form the Village of Rochesterville, with a population of 700.

In 1821, Monroe County was formed out of parts of Ontario and Genesee counties, and Rochesterville was named the county seat. A two-story brick courthouse in the Greek Revival style was built at a cost of $7,600. In 1823, property of Elisha Johnson on the east side of the Genesee across from the  Tract was annexed, bringing Rochesterville to 1,012 acres (4.1 km2) and the population to about 2,500. That year, "-ville" was dropped from the city's name. This was also the year that the first 800-foot (244 m) Erie Canal Aqueduct was finished over the Genesee, just south of the Main Street Bridge. It was built over 16 months by 30 convicts from Auburn State Prison. In 1822, the Rochester Female Charitable Society was founded. Members paid twenty-five cents per year to belong to the Society and also contributed provisions, clothing, and bedding which they collected from the community. Visitors distributed the goods and money to the poor of each district. By 1872, seventy-three districts had been established, each with a woman visitor. That organization was instrumental in founding the Rochester Orphan Asylum (now Hillside Children's Center), the Rochester City Hospital (now Rochester General Hospital), the first school, the workhouse, the Home for the Friendless (now The Friendly Home), the Industrial School, and The Visiting Nurse Service.

Soon after the Erie Canal east to the Hudson River was opened in 1825, the economy and population grew quickly. By 1830, the population reached 9,200, and the city became the original boomtown first known as "The Young Lion of the West." It quickly, however, became known as the Flour City, based on the numerous flour mills which were located along waterfalls on the Genesee in what is now the Brown's Race area of downtown Rochester. The first ten days the canal was open east to the Hudson, 40,000 barrels (3,600 tons) of Rochester flour were shipped to Albany and New York City. Local millers soon were grinding 25,000 bushels of wheat daily. In 1829, the Rochester Athenaeum was founded as a reading society. The Athenaeum charged members a five-dollar annual fee to hear lectures by some of America's best-known orators including Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Horace Greeley and Ralph Waldo Emerson. The Athenaeum was one of the forerunners of the Rochester Institute of Technology.

By 1834, some 20 flour mills were producing 500,000 barrels (44,000 t) annually, the population reached 13,500 and the city area expanded to 4,000 acres (16 km2). Rochester was then re-chartered as a city, and Jonathan Child, son-in-law of Col. Rochester, was elected its first mayor.

In 1837, the Rochester Orphan Asylum was founded by the Rochester Female Charitable Society.  The Asylum was located on South Sophia Street (now South Plymouth Avenue) and later moved to Hubbell Park. After a tragic fire on January 8, 1901, the Asylum was moved to Pinnacle Hill, reconstructed as a series of cottages called the Hillside Home (now Hillside Children's Center, part of Hillside Family of Agencies). The Charitable Society also founded Rochester City Hospital on Buffalo Street (now West Main Street), where the old Buffalo Street Cemetery was located. Construction on the hospital began in 1845 but it was not occupied until 1863. By 1838 Rochester was the largest flour-producing city in the world.

The Flower City

In 1830, William A. Reynolds started his first seed business at the corner of Sophia and Buffalo Streets (now South Plymouth Avenue and West Main Street). This was the start of what would become the Ellwanger & Barry Nursery Co., which eventually was relocated to Mt. Hope Avenue, across from Mount Hope Cemetery. James Vick and Joseph Harris also start their own nursery businesses. The population in 1830 was only 9,207, but it still ranked as the 25th largest city in the United States. In 1840, the population and rank were 20,191 and 19th, respectively. In 1842, the original aqueduct over the Genesee River was replaced with a better one slightly south of the first one. This latter aqueduct now supports Broad Street.

By 1850, the population reached 36,000, making it the 21st largest city in the United States. Westward expansion had moved the focus of farming to the Great Plains and Rochester's importance as the center for flour milling had declined. Several seed companies in Rochester had grown to become the largest in the world, with Ellwanger & Barry Nursery Co. the largest. Rochester's nickname was changed from the Flour City to the Flower City. In 1850, the University of Rochester was founded in the U. S. Hotel on Buffalo St, and affiliated with the Baptist Church. Two four-year courses were offered. In 1851, due to Rochester and Monroe County's tremendous growth, a new three-story county courthouse in the Greek Revival style was constructed. It was built from brick manufactured at Cobb's Hill by Gideon Cobb, and cost $76,000.

Abolition movement
Rochester was the home for many years of abolitionist Frederick Douglass, a formerly enslaved African American, who in 1847 commenced publishing an abolitionist newspaper, The North Star, in Rochester. Other prominent abolitionists in Rochester included Amy and Isaac Post and Abigail Bush.

Douglass stated "I know of no place in the Union where I could have located at the time with less resistance, or received a larger measure of sympathy and cooperation." However, on his arrival, he found "barriers erected against colored people in most places of instruction and amusement in the city, and until I went there they were imposed without any apparent sense of injustice and wrong." His daughter could not take classes with white girls. "The city felt no love for the negro, and although there were few of the race in Rochester, they were carefully segregated." Rochester's public schools were desegregated in 1856, following a boycott campaign by local African-American families.

Douglass delivered his fiery speech "The Meaning of July Fourth to the Negro" at a meeting organized by the Rochester Ladies Antislavery Association at Corinthian Hall, Rochester, on July 5, 1852. In 1857, Susan B. Anthony and William Lloyd Garrison spoke at an abolition meeting. In October, 1858, William H. Seward, a leading opponent of slavery, delivered a speech to an overflowing Republican crowd in Corinthian Hall. He argued that the political and economic systems of North and South were incompatible, famously saying that the "irrepressible conflict" between the two systems would eventually result in the nation becoming "either entirely a slave-holding nation, or entirely a free-labor nation."

The Underground Railroad
In the years leading up to the Civil War, numerous locations in the Rochester area were used as safe houses to shelter fugitive slaves before they were placed on board boats (often on the Genesee River) for transport to Canada. The route was part of the famous Underground Railroad. Other "stations" were located in the areas surrounding Rochester, including Brighton, Pittsford, Mendon, and Webster. A station in North Chili, just west of Rochester, run by abolitionist Methodists was an important site in the formation of the Free Methodist Church, which was formed in 1860. The denomination's first college, Roberts Wesleyan College, was built on the site.

One contemporary described the Frederick Douglass homes as "a labyrinth of secret panels and closets, where he secreted the poor human wretches from the man hunters and the blood-hounds, who were usually not far behind."

Women's rights movement
Rochester was involved with women's rights from an early date.  The Rochester Women's Rights Convention, which met on August 2, 1848, was the second such convention in the nation.  (The first was the Seneca Falls Convention, which met two weeks earlier in Seneca Falls, a town not far away.)  The Rochester convention elected a woman as its presiding officer, a highly controversial step at the time that was opposed even by some of the meeting's leading participants. This convention was the first public meeting composed of both men and women in the U.S. to take that step.

Susan B. Anthony, a national leader of the women's suffrage movement, was from Rochester.  In a case that generated a national controversy, she was arrested for illegally voting in Rochester in 1872 along with fourteen other local women.  Her trial, United States v. Susan B. Anthony, was held in a federal circuit court presided over by a Supreme Court justice.  When the judge directed the jury to deliver a guilty verdict and ordered Anthony to pay a fine of $100, Anthony responded, "I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty", and she never did.  As a young woman, she was widely ridiculed for her views on women's rights, but she was increasingly respected as the nation began to take her ideas seriously.  She celebrated her eightieth birthday at the White House at the invitation of President William McKinley.  The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed the right of women to vote in 1920, was popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment because of her decades of work toward its passage, which she did not live to see.  Anthony's home is now a National Historic Landmark known as the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House.

Despite the activism of Anthony and others, women's suffrage remained a contentious issue in Rochester, and the city voted against an amendment to the state constitution which gave women the franchise in 1917.

Post-war industrial boom

The period 1860 to 1900 saw Rochester grow from a city of 48,000 to a city of 162,800, with a 1900 rank of 24th largest in population, down from 18th in 1860. During this period the city expanded dramatically in area on both sides of the Genesee River, as well as annexing parts of the towns of Brighton, Gates, Greece and Irondequoit. Also founded during this period were Bausch & Lomb by John Jacob Bausch and Henry Lomb, Eastman Kodak by George Eastman, Western Union Telegraph by Hiram Sibley and Don Alonzo Watson, Gleason Works by William Gleason, and R.T. French Company by Robert French. Other important industries that developed during this period were clothing manufacturing, shoe manufacturing, brewing and machine tools. In 1875, Rochester's first city hall opened at Fitzhugh and the Erie Canal (now Broad Street). It was built at a cost of over $335,000 on the site of the First Presbyterian Church, which had burned to the ground in 1869. The church sold the lot to the city for $25,000. This city hall housed city government until 1978.

In 1882, the tolls on the Erie Canal ended, with New York State enjoying a profit of $51,000,000 over the 57 years. In September 1885, a group of Rochester businessmen founded the Mechanics Institute to establish "free evening schools in the city for instruction in drawing and such other branches of studies as are most important for industrial pursuits of great advantage to our people." Henry Lomb of Bausch & Lomb was the Mechanics Institute's first president.

During this period many of Rochester's great public parks were laid out, with Ellwanger & Barry and others donating land in 1871 for Maplewood Park and in 1889 for Highland Park. In 1895, George Eastman and James P. B. Duffy donated an additional 120 acres (0.5 km2) for Highland Park. On Independence Day, 1894, community leaders, responding to the continued tremendous growth in Rochester and Monroe County, laid the cornerstone for the third County Courthouse (now the County Office Building). Two years and $881,000 later, the four-story granite and marble courthouse in the Italian Renaissance style was complete. In 1897, the first master's degrees were awarded by the University of Rochester and in 1900, due largely to the efforts of Susan B. Anthony, women were admitted.

In 1891, the Mechanics Institute merged with the Rochester Athenaeum to form the Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute (RAMI). Comprehensive instruction in mechanical subjects was RAMI's hallmark. The institute's builders responded to both industrial and societal trends in Rochester, and each year the Institute graduated increasing numbers of expertly trained professionals who found work in industry both in Rochester and elsewhere.

By the middle of the 1890s no less than five freight and passenger railroads were servicing the city and each had a separate station. This provided Rochester with ample transportation but services continued to expand with the arrival of inter-urban electric railroads such as the Rochester, Lockport and Buffalo Railroad and the Rochester, Syracuse and Eastern Rapid Railroad which began to service Rochester during the early 20th century. The Lehigh Valley Railroad's station and the former Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway terminal are the only surviving stations built by these railroads.

In addition, Rochester was home of the Cunningham automobile, a pioneering vehicle produced by carriage maker James Cunningham, Son and Company. Like many early companies, production was small, only about 400 units a year, including hearses, all designed by Volney Lacey.

The 20th century

The turn of the century found Rochester a thriving and comfortable city. Although the nursery business was waning, some of that land had been converted into desirable residential districts along East Avenue, Park Avenue, and off Mount Hope Avenue near Highland Park. In 1901, a devastating fire killed 31 at the Rochester Orphan Asylum, and it moved across town from Hubbell Park to Pinnacle.

Because of the highly skilled labor force Rochester enjoyed, the city became a significant industrial contributor to the World War II effort, while the farms and fields surrounding Rochester provided food for the troops as well as the home front. To recognize specialized professional nature of its programs, in 1944, the Rochester Athenaeum and Mechanics Institute changed its name to The Rochester Institute of Technology.

In 1904, R. T. French sent prepared mustard to the St. Louis World's Fair, where it was paired with another innovation — the hot dog — and became a hit.

In the early 1900s, both George Eastman and Andrew Carnegie gave substantial sums to the University of Rochester. Eastman also donated the funds to establish the Eastman Dental Dispensary. In 1908, Francis Baker donated 120 acres (0.5 km2) for Genesee Valley Park, and Durand-Eastman Park opens, a gift of Henry Durand and George Eastman.

In 1913, the Memorial Art Gallery on the University of Rochester's Prince Street Campus was founded. It was the gift of Emily Sibley Watson as a memorial to her son, architect James Averell. In 1918, the Erie Canal through Rochester was closed and abandoned after the Barge Canal opened, transiting Rochester through Genesee Valley Park. The Court Street Dam was also built in 1918 to raise the level of the river to that of the Barge Canal so no aqueduct or locks are necessary, but in so doing the Upper Falls and the Castelton Rapids were obliterated.

By 1920, Rochester's population had reached 290,720, and it ranked 23rd largest in the United States. That year, the city purchased the abandoned Erie Canal lands inside city limits for use as a heavy rail mass transit and freight system. In 1921, the first Lilac Week occurred, celebrating Rochester's floral legacy in Highland Park. In 1922, Rochester's first radio station began broadcasting, and the Eastman Theatre opened, an adjunct to the Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester. In 1925, George Eastman arranged a land swap with Oak Hill Country Club. The Oak Hill property, just west of Mt. Hope Cemetery on the east side of the Genesee River was given to the University of Rochester for its River Campus, and the country club moved to its present site in Pittsford. In 1925, the university opened its Medical School and Strong Memorial Hospital on Crittenden Road, and by 1927, general construction had begun on the River Campus. It was also in 1925 that the university awarded its first Ph.D., and by 1930, several departments were training candidates for the doctorate. In 1928, Red Wing Stadium opened. That year, the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, the morning newspaper, was purchased by Frank Gannett.

By 1930, the population had swelled to 328,132, making Rochester the 22nd largest city in the United States. The University of Rochester opened its River Campus for men, and the Prince Street Campus became the Women's Campus. The Rochester Municipal Airport opened on Scottsville Road. It was in the 1930s that Eastman Kodak introduced Kodachrome® film. By now the subway was constructed in the old canal bed, and the street railways were diverted to the subway or morphed into buses. From 1927 until 1956, Rochester was the smallest city in America with a subway. Rochester celebrated its centennial as a city in 1934. In 1936, the Rundel Memorial Building opened as the headquarters of the Rochester Public Library above the bed of the old Erie Canal, adjacent to South Avenue, between Broad Street and Court Street.

By 1940, the population had decreased to 324,975, the first drop since Rochester was founded. It was still the 23rd largest city in the United States. With the advent of World War II, some 29,000 Rochester-area men were drafted into military service.

During the war, Cobbs Hill Park was used as a Prisoner of War camp.  The first POWs arrived September 28, 1943. Sixty Italian prisoners worked on area farms and food processing plants 10 hours a day, six days a week, at $0.80 per day. After Italy capitulated to the Allies October 12, 1943, and joined the war against Germany the Italian POW's became unguarded internees.  The Italians were replaced at Cobbs Hill with German POWS June 26, 1944. The city was hit in February 1945 with seven successive snowstorms that paralyzed the city, forcing the city to ask that POWs be brought from the Hamlin Camp to the city. Cobbs Hill Park housed 100 Germans, while 175 more were at Edgerton Park. Snow removal by prisoners was done at unannounced locations, with city police guarding the POWs.

Following the war, the "Rochester Plan" called for the development of quality, low rent housing for veterans returning from World War II and their families.  Three garden apartment complexes were built as part of the Rochester Plan: Fernwood Park, Norton Village, and Ramona Park.

1945-1999

By 1950, the population of the city had grown slightly to 332,488, but Rochester was now only the 32nd largest city in the United States. During the 1950s, Xerox Corporation (originally Haloid Corporation) expanded as it exploited Chester Carlson's xerography patents. Xerox went on to become the world leader in xerographic imaging, designing and manufacturing many of its famous products in the Rochester area. Eastman Kodak continued to dominate the film and camera industry and was Rochester's leading industrial employer, but other Rochester companies also employed many technical and manufacturing personnel, including Gleason Works, Stromberg-Carlson, Taylor Instrument, Ritter Dental Equipment, Rochester Products Division of General Motors, and Pfaudler-Permutit. In 1955, the Colleges for Men and Women of the University of Rochester were merged. In 1958, three new schools were created in engineering, business administration, and education.  Smugtown USA by G. Curtis Gerling (Plaza Publishers 1957, reprinted 1993) is a scathing critique of the city's 1940s and 1950s culture.

By the 1960s, as with the rest of the United States, the population was shifting from city to suburb, with substantial growth in the towns immediately adjacent to the city, including Greece, Gates, Chili, Henrietta, Brighton and Irondequoit.

The 1960 census showed a population drop to 318,611 and a drop in rank to 38th. The Rochester 1964 race riot took place in July of that year and marked the beginning of riots throughout the United States during the civil rights period.  The disturbance broke out in Rochester's predominantly African-American districts on 24 July 1964. Peace was restored after 3 days, but only after the National Guard was called out. Although the riot was blamed on "outside agitators", all the rioters arrested were from the Rochester area. This led to a reappraisal of old-time policies and practices which had not changed in face of a tripling of the African-American population in 10 years, who were still mostly assigned to low-pay and low-skill jobs and lived in sub-standard housing. Because of the riots the city soon saw its first African American Public safety director, several African American police officers were hired. City leaders convinced local radio stations to seek African American announcers. WHAM hired Vic Mason and later Lou Paris, but the real change in black relations came when FM WCMF brought in Herb Hamlett who aired a morning R&B show six days a week. Hamlett became the voice of Rochester's black community, and was the most powerful voice in the city.

It was also in the 1960s that the city began a process of urban renewal, with the construction of Midtown Plaza, the first indoor shopping mall in a traditional downtown area in the United States.  In the middle of that decade, when the New York State Department of Public Works decided it would build the Inner Loop expressway through the downtown Rochester Institute of Technology campus, the decision was made to build a new campus in the suburbs. The move to a more spacious location was critical to RIT's 1966 selection as the site for the National Technical Institute for the Deaf, and the 1,300 acre (5.3 km2) campus in suburban Henrietta opened in 1968. Decisions on urban renewal in Rochester had both positive and negative effects. As part of urban renewal several theaters were demolished for new buildings as was the famous New York Central Bragdon Station in 1966.

In the 60s and 70s, Rochester became known as the leading jazz town in upstate New York. Famous jazz musicians would come to Clarissa Street and play all night long moving from club to club. The Pythodd Room had been around for some time but reached its zenith in the late 1960s and 1970s under the ownership of Delores Thomas and her son Stanley Thomas Jr.  The Pythodd was one example of a top Clarissa Street "joint" that hosted jam session including everyone from Little Stevie Wonder to Jimmy Smith and the Mangione brothers (Chuck and Gap).  The Mangiones grew up in Rochester, and Chuck went on to become one of the biggest "cross-over" trumpeters in jazz history, with his records regularly being played on jazz, smooth jazz, and easy listening stations.

As part of continuing urban renewal, in 1969 Xerox Corporation opened a thirty-story office tower (Xerox Tower) at Broad Street East and Clinton Avenue South, although Xerox also moved its corporate headquarters to Stamford, Connecticut at about the same time. Lincoln Rochester Trust Company (now Chase Bank) opened a 28-story office tower, the Chase Tower at Clinton Avenue South and East Main Street. Later in the '70s, new offices and hotels were constructed along State Street, just north of Main Street. Most of Front Street and part of Corinthian Street were obliterated in the process. At Main Street and the Genesee River, a new hotel was opened, as was one at South Avenue and Main Street in a process that involved the almost complete reconstruction of the main street bridge by removing buildings that lined both sides of it. In 1978, city hall moved to the old Federal Building at State and Church. In the mid 1980s, work began on a high-rise hotel in downtown next to the new Rochester Riverside Convention Center. The project was stalled in 1987, and the Hyatt Regency Rochester didn't open until 1992 after being rescued by several local business people in a public-private partnership.

In the 1990s, a new baseball stadium, Frontier Field, was built for the Rochester Red Wings near the Kodak office building. Bausch and Lomb constructed a new world headquarters just south of Main Street straddling Stone Street and a new Central Library expanding the capacity of the Rochester Public Library complex was erected across from the Rundel Library Building on South Avenue.

The new millennium

The population of the City of Rochester at the 2000 census was 219,773, down 33.9% from its peak in 1950. In 2003 Rochester built a ferry terminal to house the Spirit of Ontario I. Product of the William A. Johnson Jr. administration, the "Fast Ferry" was short lived and after troubles with the start-up and operations, newly elected Mayor of Rochester Robert Duffy announced that the city government would be cutting off funds for the ferry. The City sold the Spirit of Ontario I at a financial loss in 2007 to the German company Förde Reederei Seetouristik Gmbh & Co (FRS) for $29.8 million (US).

In 2006, a new stadium funded by private and public sources, PAETEC Park, was opened, not far from Frontier Field, and became the home of the Rhinos professional soccer team. Its naming sponsor has changed and it was later known as Capelli Sport Stadium, and then as Marina Auto Stadium.

The same year, the Census Bureau estimated that Rochester's population had declined further to 206,000. This would prove in the end to be the city's low point, as growth resumed in the second half of the decade. By the 2010 official census, Rochester had built back up to 210,565. More recent estimates indicate a population growth for the city of about 0.25% per year (or a little over 500 persons annually), which could bring the total over 215,000 by the 2020 census if the rate of growth continues.

In 2007, PAETEC Holding Corp. announced that they would be building a new tower downtown in place of Midtown Plaza. The PAETEC Tower was said to be built slightly higher than the Xerox Tower. Since then, however, the company was sold, plans for the tower were scaled down, and a much more modest headquarters building for PaeTec's successor firm, Windstream, was completed in 2013.

Mayor Duffy was both criticized and praised for his efforts to take "mayoral control" of the failing city school district, in a manner similar to school governance re-organizations in New York and Chicago. The issue effectively stalled at the end of 2010 when Duffy was elected New York State Lieutenant Governor, as part of Governor Andrew Cuomo's administration. His successor, Thomas Richards, was elected in a 2011 special election and announced that the issue had been "placed on the back burner".

In 2013, Lovely Warren was elected Rochester's first female mayor. Under Warren, a project to fill in the Inner loop and convert it to a boulevard was undertaken and a plan to build a performing arts center on a parcel of the former Midtown Plaza is underway.

Civil unrest
 Riot at Corinthian Hall
 Canal Strike of 1855
 Put down by the Union Gray militia
 The Howard Riot (1872)
 Put down by the army
 The Gorham Street Riot (June 1887)
 The Street Car Strike of 1889
 Rochester 1964 race riot
 Put down by the National Guard
 1967 Unrest
 2020 unrest caused by the killing of Daniel Prude

Footnotes

Further reading
 Briggs, John W. An Italian Passage: Immigrants to Three American Cities (Yale UP, 1978) on Utica NY, Rochester NY, and Kansas City, MO, 1890-1930. online
 Fisher, Donald. "The Civil War Draft in Rochester: Part I and II." Rochester History (Winter/Spring, 1991 ), vol 53, nos. 1–2.
 Frank, Meryl, and Blake McKelvey. "Some Former Rochesterians of National Distinction." Rochester History July 1959: 21
 Glaeser, E. L., S. P. Kerr, and W. R. Kerr. "Entrepreneurship and Urban Growth: An Empirical Assessment with Historical Mines (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2247635). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network." (2013).
 Johnson, Paul E. A Shopkeeper's Millennium: Society and Revivals in Rochester, New York, 1815-1837 (1978)
 Keene, Michael. Folklore and Legends of Rochester:: The Mystery of Hoodoo Corner and Other Tales (2011) excerpt and text search
 McKelvey, Blake. Rochester: A Brief History (Edwin Mellen Press, 1984)
 McKelvey, Blake. A panoramic history of Rochester and Monroe County, New York (1979) online
 McKelvey, Blake.   Rochester on the Genesee: the growth of a city (1993) excerpt and text search; 292pp A brief history
 McKelvey, Blake. Rochester (4 vol, Syracuse University Press, 1961–73), the standard scholarly history.
 McKelvey, Blake. Rochester: The Water Power City, 1812-1854 (1945) online
 McKelvey, Blake. Rochester: The Flower City, 1855-1890 (1949)
 Mckelvey, Blake. Rochester: The quest for quality 1890-1925 (1956). online
 Mckelvey, Blake.  Rochester: An Emerging Metropolis 1925-1961 (1961). online
 McKelvey, Blake. "The Germans of Rochester: Their Traditions and Contributions." Rochester History (1958) 20#1 pp: 7–8. Online
 McKelvey, Blake. "The Irish in Rochester An Historical Retrospect." Rochester History 19: 1–16. online
 McKelvey, Blake. "Rochester's Mid Years: Center of Genesee County Life: 1854-1884." Rochester History. no. 3 (July, 1940).
 McKelvey, Blake. "The Theater in Rochester During Its First Nine Decades." Theater  (1954) 16#3 online
 McKelvey, Blake. "The Men's Clothing Industry in Rochester's History." Rochester History (July 1960) (1960): 26–27. online
 McKelvey, Blake. "The Italians of Rochester An Historical Review." Rochester History 22 (1960): 1-24. online
 McKelvey, Blake. "Rochester's Part in the Civil War." Rochester History (January, 1961). online
 McKelvey, Blake.  "A History of the Police of Rochester, New York." Rochester History (1963) 25#4 pp 1–27.  Online
 Perkins, Dexter. "Rochester One Hundred Years Ago." Rochester History Vol. I, No. 3. July, 1939.
 Rosenberg-Naparsteck, Ruth. "Two Centuries of Industry and Trade in Rochester." Rochester History (1989) 51: 1-20. online
 Salamone, F. Italians in Rochester, New York, 1900-1940 (Edwin Mellen Press, 2000).
 Schantz, Brian. "The Presidential Election of 1840 in Rochester, New York." (2012). Online

External links
 Rochester Population 1812-1990. University of Rochester
 History of Jazz in Rochester from Noal Cohen's Jazz History Website
 Shilling Donovan A. Rochester's Romantic Rogue: The Life and Times of Ebenezer Allan
Rochester Publications 1834-1860 by Robert G. Koch
Rochester's Do-It-Yourself Solution to a Budget Crunch by Gerard E. Muhl
Millers and Milling in Rochester, New York by Robert G. Koch
1894: A Vintage Year for Rochester? by Robert G. Koch
Myron Holley's Days in Rochester by Donovan A. Shilling
Tobacco: Rochester Connections by Robert G. Koch
Cows and Milk in Rochester by Robert G. Koch
How Rochester Lamps Helped Light Up the World by Donovan A. Shilling
Horse Cars and Trolleys by Robert G. Koch
The Glory Days at the Driving Park by Donovan A. Shilling
George B. Selden's Road Engine by Robert G. Koch
Early Automobiles in Rochester by Robert Koch
Interurban Electric Trolley Cars by Robert G. Koch
The Great Iron Ore Odyssey by Donovan A. Shilling
Rochester's Urban Development Projects by Donovan A. Shilling
Horace McGuire and Black Artillery by Robert G. Koch
Henry A. Ward by Robert G. Koch
Margaret Woodbury Strong and her Museum of Fascination by Donovan A. Shilling
The Extraordinary Kate Gleason: How She Put the World in Gear by Donovan A. Shilling

External links
 "Pictures of Rochester and Monroe County, NY"
 Rochester History
 Rochester Images
 Walking Tour of Downtown Rochester
 The Rochester Wiki
 The Riot of July 1964
 Ontario's Historical Plaques
 The Strong museum

Erie Canal

History of Rochester, New York


William Kimmel (August 15, 1812 – December 28, 1886) was a U.S. Congressman from the third district of Maryland, serving two terms from 1877 to 1881.

Kimmel was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and attended St. Mary's College and Baltimore College. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar, commencing practice in Baltimore. He became interested in agricultural and business pursuits, and served as State director of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad company, director in the Union Railroad company, and in the Western Maryland extension.

Kimmel served as a member of the State Democratic committee from 1862 to 1866, and as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1864. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1864 to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and served as a member of the Maryland State Senate from 1866 until 1871. He served as a director of the Canton Company of Baltimore from 1869 until 1873, and as solicitor and land agent of the company in 1871 and 1872.

Kimmel was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses (serving March 4, 1877—March 3, 1881). He resumed the practice of his profession in Baltimore, and died there in 1886. He is interred in Loudon Park Cemetery.

References

1812 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
Burials at Loudon Park Cemetery
Democratic Party Maryland state senators
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad people
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Maryland
19th-century American legislators

William Kimmel


Piotr Jerzy Naszarkowski (born 1952) is a Polish engraver. He has been living in Sweden since 1989. He has engraved on many supports : book illustrations, banknotes, postage stamps, etc.

Born in 1952 in Warsaw, Poland, he graduated in 1980 from the Fine Art school of Warsaw. From 1978 to 1980, he worked as stage designer for the Guliwer puppet theatre. He entered 1980 the Polish television. He quit it next year with another artists to protest the proclamation of the martial law after Solidarność union's strike.

Naszarkowski found a place at the Polish Banknote Printing House where he was taught the art of engraving on copper and steel. He became well-known when his ex-libris Lucas Cranach was printed in Belgium.

His first engraved postage stamp is issued in 1985. His 99th and 100th stamps were issued September 2005 for the Greta Garbo joint issue between Sweden and the United States.

External links
 Personal site of the artist (English, polish and Swedish)

1952 births
Living people
20th-century engravers
21st-century engravers
Polish engravers
Polish stamp designers

Piotr Naszarkowski


Porta Lodovica was a city gate of the Spanish walls of Milan, Italy, named after Ludovico Sforza. Today, the name refers to the district (quartiere) of Milan where the gate used to be, which is part of the Zone 5 administrative division. The gate was demolished at the end of the 19th century. Plans were made to rebuild it inside the Parco di Monza city park in Monza, but they were not implemented.

The gate
A "Porta Lodovica", roughly facing the same direction as that of the Spanish walls of Milan, was already part of the city's medieval walls. It was located by the postern of Saint Euphemia. The gate was named after Ludovico Sforza because he had the idea of enlarging the former "Porta di Sant'Eufemia" to facilitate access to the Santa Maria presso San Celso sanctuary, which was visited by many pilgrims. An inscription on the medieval Porta Lodovica read: "Ludovico Maria Sforza opened this gate, named Lodovica after him, together with his wife Beatrice, so that that religious rushing up of his citizens to the house of Mary, Mother of God, be easier and shorter".

When the medieval walls were replaced by the Spanish walls, the old Porta Lodovica was demolished and the new one was built.

In the late 19th century, when new districts developed in the periphery of Milan, several gates and several tracts of the city walls were demolished to make traffic easier. Porta Lodovica was demolished in 1905.

The district
The district of Porta Lodovica marks the transition from the historic centre to the "Bastions", i.e., the part of the city that was enclosed by the Spanish walls. Major streets in the area include Via Col Di Lana, Viale Gian Galeazzo, Viale Beatrice d'Este, and Viale Bligny. The Bocconi University has its headquarters in this district.

Footnotes

Districts of Milan
Buildings and structures demolished in 1905
Demolished buildings and structures in Italy

Porta Lodovica


Friedrich Franz Bauer (1903–1972) was a German SS photographer known for his images of propaganda made for the Nazis.

History

Bauer trained as a photographer in the studio of his parents in Pfaffenhofen an der Ilm, Bavaria. After that he studied at the "Bavarian State School for Photographers". Bauer was awarded several times for his photographic work. During the 1920s and 1930s he opened his own photography studio in Munich with his younger brother Karl Ferdinand. Due to financial difficulties his photography studio was acquired by the SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt (SS Main Economic and Administrative Department) and renamed "Friedrich Franz Bauer GmbH" in 1937.

During the Nazi regime he was used to document events due to his personal contacts with Heinrich Himmler. He was known as Himmler's personal photographer.

On July 16, 1933, Bauer wrote and published a propaganda photo report about the Dachau concentration camp in the journal Munich Illustrated Press. It was under the title "Die Wahrheit über Dachau" (The Truth about Dachau). This report was intended to refute criticism of treatment of prisoners at the concentration camp by showing photos of prisoners' appearances to be "normal" and "well dressed".

He was present at important events such as the Anschluss and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia .

External links

1903 births
1972 deaths
Photographers from Bavaria
Nazi propagandists
Holocaust photographers
People from Pfaffenhofen (district)

Friedrich Franz Bauer


Azaria Chamberlain (11 June 1980 – disappeared on 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby who was born in Mount Isa, Queensland, and went missing in 1980 near Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia. The family were camping in a tent at the base of the rock. Her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, said that she had been taken by a dingo and killed. Police said that Lindy Chamberlain had murdered the baby and had lied about the dingo. After a long trial which was reported around the world, Chamberlain was convicted of murder and sent to jail. Chamberlain kept arguing that she was innocent. On August 24, 1980 Wally Goodwin found Azaria's bloodstained jumpsuit, booties, nappy and singlet near the base of the Rock near a dingo's den, the case was reopened since the 1980s.

After a long legal battle which involved three inquests, three appeals and a royal commission, she was released. In 2012, a fourth inquest found that Azaria had been taken by a dingo, and the death certificate has now been changed to show this. The inquest noted that there had been other dingo attacks in the region.

Lindy Chamberlain was released from jail on February 7 1986, but not cleared until September 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991. She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20 1992.

Azaria in popular culture
The disappearance of Azaria became one of the most argued about events in Australia. Many people thought that a dingo would be unable to kill a baby. This meant that the mother must have lied. People in Australia say "a dingo stole my baby" as a joke, when they think someone is lying. After a dingo killed a nine-year-old boy on Fraser Island in 2001, people have had to rethink their beliefs about dingos.

Author John Bryson wrote a book about the case, called Evil Angels. This was later made into a movie called Evil Angels and starred Meryl Streep and Sam Neill. The movie was released in other countries as A Cry in the Dark.

In 2005, a woman called Erin Horsburgh said that she was really Azaria Chamberlain and wanted police to do a DNA test to check. But police said that the woman was lying and they did not need to check. This created interest in the media, but there was no truth to the story.

References

1980 births
1980 deaths
Australian children
Missing people
People from Queensland

Death of Azaria Chamberlain


Finnairin Palloilijat, or FinnPa as the club is more commonly known as, was a Finnish association football club established in 1965. The club was based in Helsinki and it operated from 1965 to 1998.
FinnPa was founded by staff of the Finnish national airline Aero as "Aeron Pallo". When the company changed its name to Finnair, the club was also renamed Finnairin Palloilijat (Ball players of Finnair).

In 1976 the club's men's team was promoted to the Second Division, the third highest level of football in Finland. It remained at the three highest levels for the rest of the club's existence with the absolute peak being the club's promotion to the Premier Division in 1993. In 1997 the club finished at third place in the league table.

1998 became the club's last season of existence when FinnPa was relegated to the First Division after losing to Tampereen Pallo-Veikot in the relegation playoffs. Finnair wasn't willing to support the club financially anymore, so it folded.

FinnPa played a total of six seasons at the highest level of football in Finland.

Season to season

6 seasons in Veikkausliiga
11 seasons in Ykkönen
10 seasons in Kakkonen
3 season in Kolmonen
3 season in Nelonen

References

External links
 FinnPa at 90minut.pl

Defunct football clubs in Finland
Association football clubs established in 1965
Association football clubs disestablished in 1998
1965 establishments in Finland
1998 disestablishments in Finland
Football clubs in Helsinki
Finnair

FinnPa


Pi Alpha Phi Fraternity, Inc. (, also Pi Alpha Phi or PAPhi) is an American university-level fraternity.  It was founded in 1929 at the University of California, Berkeley, and is the oldest active Asian-American interest fraternity in the nation. As of 2019, the fraternity has 11 active chapters and 4 colonies nationwide.  Pi Alpha Phi Fraternity is a member of the National APIDA Panhellenic Association.

History
In 1928, three members of the class of 1930 conceived the idea to form a fraternity to serve the several hundred students of Chinese descent at the University of California, Berkeley. Wing C. Chan, from the Central California town of Oroville; Dong Wing Tom, from San Francisco; and Elmer Leong from Berkeley, did much of the preliminary work towards the formation of the Fraternity. In the fall of 1928, the three approached Tim Jang, a freshman starting his first year at the university to join.

On , the six founding fathers signed the fraternity's constitution in both Chinese and English and officially established Pi Alpha Phi at the University of California, Berkeley. The six founders were D. Wing Tom, Wing Chan, Elmer Leong, Chack Chan, Tim Jang, and George Lee.

Founders
The founding fathers of Pi Alpha Phi hailed primarily from the state of California. Elmer Leong, George Lee, and D. Wing Tom were from the San Francisco Bay area. Tim Jang, Wing Chan, and his younger brother Chack Chan came from the Central Valley region of California. All were born in America with the exception of Wing Chan, who came from China at an early age.

The men studied science and engineering, which was considered a better path to employment after graduation since discrimination prevented most Asians from entering into law, medicine or other graduate disciplines.

Their challenges grew as they found out that student lodging was often not rented to those of Asian heritage. It was especially difficult for Tim, Wing and Chack from the Central Valley for whom commuting was not an option. The problem was solved by the goodwill of a sympathetic German woman known as Mother Tusch, who also had been a victim of racism. The seeds of brotherhood were planted in the cabin she rented to Wing, Elmer and D. Wing Tom behind her house near Sather Gate.

The six men proceeded with their college careers, engaging in academic and social events, as well as athletics. Elmer Leong even joined the university track team. They found great comfort and camaraderie in their small group but felt compelled to turn their group into more than a circle of friends, more than a club, more than a social gathering. They decided to form a formal fraternity of brothers that would bind them forever; a fraternity that would break the status quo and seek recognition by the university system.

Following graduation in the early 1930s, the founding fathers found life difficult. The country was in the midst of the Great Depression and discrimination against those of Asian heritage for jobs was even more prevalent. Four of the six—Wing Chan, Chack Chan, D. Wing Tom and George Lee—went to southern China to find employment and new lives. Tim and Elmer decided to stay in America to continue their education and start a career despite the difficult circumstances. The four in China prospered, with Wing teaching chemistry at a university in Canton, Chack Chan working in the local aircraft industry, George Lee pursuing a medical degree, and all four became married and started their families.

In 1937, with the advent of war in China, all returned home to America with the exception of Wing, who returned after World War II. During wartime, each of the founding fathers made contributions to their country. For example, Tim enlisted in the U.S. Navy Seabees. He served as a construction corpsman for the 132nd Naval Construction Battalion in the Pacific. Chack put his engineering skills to use as a draftsman at the famed Henry J. Kaiser naval shipyard in Richmond, California, where many of the country's great warships were built.

Mission statement
Pi Alpha Phi focuses itself on several core values, which are written into its constitution. The five pillars of the fraternity are: academic excellence, Asian awareness, brotherhood, leadership, and philanthropy.

Academic excellence
The fraternity creates a studious environment and encourages each of its members to achieve their greatest academic potential. The fraternity supports all educational endeavors and recognizes exceptional academic achievement.

Asian-American Awareness
The fraternity believes in learning Asian-American culture, heritage, and history. The fraternity encourages its members to pass on this knowledge to others.

Cross-cultural acceptance
When Pi Alpha Phi was founded in the 1920s, traditional Greek fraternities along with the rest of the nation, legally discriminated against men of color. Since they were banned from joining a traditional Greek fraternity, Pi Alpha Phi's founding fathers wanted to ensure that Asian-American awareness would forever be an important part of the fraternity.

Today, the basic premise of the fraternity remains largely unchanged. Although the fraternity is open to people of all ethnic backgrounds it still retains its Asian-American character. With an emphasis on brotherhood, the fraternity works to create lifelong bonds that extend far beyond the university setting. The basic goals of brotherhood attained through shared experience, friendship and academics remain unaltered. Although the organization evolves from generation to generation, the underlying vision and heart of the fraternity are as solid today as it was for six young Berkeley men in 1926.

Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
Established in 1975, a non-profit organization dedicated to bringing together people with a common interest in the history of Chinese and Chinese Americans in Southern California. The Society conducts research, collects materials and artifacts, and disseminates information.
Pi Alpha Phi Alumnus is mentioned quite a few times in this book.
Refer to the Notable Alumni section.

San Francisco Chinese New Year Parade
From the mid-1980s to the early 2000s, Pi Alpha
Phi was a mainstay in the parade, operating what had
affectionately become known as the "Pi Alpha Phi
Dragon".
It was an event that truly exemplified the close bonds
of brotherhood among the chapters of the fraternity:
an opportunity for fraternity members all over to come
together, have fun, and celebrate a cultural tradition.

Since 2002, due to several factors including the retiring
of our dragon as well as criteria changes for
participating organizations, the fraternity has not
participated in the parade.

Their efforts were rewarded when the parade committee
graciously extended a parade invitation to Pi Alpha
Phi and its partner the Jade Ribbon Campaign to operate
a Jade Ribbon Dragon.

Philanthropy

The fraternity is committed to its responsibility to serve others and encourages participation in activities for the betterment of not only the Asian-American community but the community as a whole.  One of its national events is the Jade Ribbon Campaign.

Jade Ribbon Campaign

The Jade Ribbon Campaign spreads awareness of the
greatest health disparity between Asian Americans and
white Americans: liver cancer, 80% of which is caused
by chronic hepatitis B infection.

The dragon the fraternity purchased was thought to
have a capacity of only 20 people, but when it was put
together, it was much longer. Although the dragon may
not have been the most elaborate of the parade, it was
definitely the longest, as the crowd surely recognized
as the dragon snaked through the downtown parade
route.

The fraternity members took advantage of our opportunity
by having a great turnout: almost 100 fraternity
members showed up to participate and share in the
bonds of Brotherhood. Running a dragon at the parade
has always been a great opportunity for the fraternity's
members to work together, build the bonds of Brotherhood,
and celebrate cultural traditions. This year, they
were also able to support a great philanthropic cause:
the Jade Ribbon Campaign.

Brotherhood
The fraternity encourages mutual trust, respect, and loyalty among its members. The fraternity creates an extended family that nurtures lifelong "friendships" through the shared bonds of tradition, shared values, and unity.

National Conventions

First Annual - Arcadia, CA (Embassy Suites) - hosted by Epsilon chapter, UC Riverside CA
2001 - San Francisco, CA - hosted by Alpha chapter, UC Berkeley, CA
2002 - Los Angeles, CA (Bonaventure Hotel) hosted by Epsilon chapter, UC Riverside, CA
2003 - Irvine, CA -  hosted by Eta chapter, UC Irvine, CA
2004 - San Francisco, CA - hosted by Alpha chapter, UC Berkeley, CA
2005 - Koreatown, CA - hosted by Theta chapter, UC San Diego, CA
2006 - Las Vegas, NV - hosted by Kappa chapter, U of Arizona
2007 - Orange County, CA - hosted by Eta chapter, UC Irvine, CA
2008 - Berkeley, CA hosted by Alpha chapter, UC Berkeley, CA
2009 - San Diego, CA - hosted by Theta chapter, UC San Diego, CA
2010 - San Francisco, CA - hosted by National Fraternity
2011 - Berkeley, CA - hosted by National Fraternity
2014 - Raleigh, NC - hosted by Colony chapter, North Carolina State, NC
2015 - Evanston, IL - hosted by Colony chapter, Northwestern, IL
2016 - Las Vegas, NV - hosted by National Fraternity
2017 - Santa Barbara, CA - hosted by Omicron chapter, UC Santa Barbara, CA
2018 - Chicago, IL - hosted by National Fraternity
2019 - Chinatown, Oakland, CA - hosted by National Fraternity

Joint Conventions

2002 - Joint Convention with Alpha Phi Gamma sorority
2003 - Joint Convention with alpha Kappa Delta Phi sorority
2008 - Joint Convention & Leadership Workshop with Sigma Omicron Pi sorority
2020 - Joint Convention cancelled due to COVID-19.

Leadership
The fraternity provides opportunities to fulfill important duties within the organization and helps members develop leadership skills in preparation for their future careers and endeavors.

Chapters
Active chapters listed in bold. Inactive chapters listed in italic.

Notable alumni

Delbert Wong — Retired Superior Court judge, World War II veteran. First person of Chinese descent to be appointed to the judiciary in the continental United States. Appointed as the special master in the O.J. Simpson murder trial.
Evan Jackson Leong — filmmaker, director of Linsanity, "Forging a Feature: The Journey of BLT", "Better Luck Tomorrow", "Finishing the Game: The Search for a New Bruce Lee",The Fast and "the Furious: Tokyo Drift"

References

http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx?n=ralph-fong&pid=144335993&fhid=5486

External links

Websites
Official Online Home of Pi Alpha Phi
Chinese Historical Society of Southern California
Brian Gee IMDB

News Articles
Asian-Nation, September 29, 2005
Arizona Daily Wildcat, February 17, 2006

Asian-American culture in California
Fraternities and sororities in the United States
Asian-American fraternities and sororities
Philanthropic organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in California
University of California, Berkeley
1929 establishments in California
Student organizations established in 1929

Pi Alpha Phi


Dildo is a town on the southeastern Dildo Arm of Trinity Bay on the island of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is about 100 kilometres west-northwest of St. John's. South Dildo is a neighbouring unincorporated community. It has been noted for its name, which is considered funny or strange due to being the same as the sex toy called a Dildo.

History
Dildo's history goes back to 2000 BC, when Maritime Archaic aboriginal people lived at Anderson's Cove. By 700 AD, the Dorset culture was on Dildo island. In 1613, the Beothuks, who were living on Dildo Island at this time. Henry Crout met them, traded with them, and left gifts. In 1711, the people of Trinity Bay were ordered by Governor Crow to leave their homes during the winter, to defend themselves against the French who burned their houses. Dildo Island was one of the places designated for this purpose. The town of Dildo was created in the late 1700s and settled to use the marine resources such as fish (mostly cod), whales and seals.

All Saints' Anglican Church
The first church was built in 1878. It was a simple structure with no tower. It was  wide by  long. It could hold 250 people. It was heated by two coal stoves, one at each end, which shared a chimney. This church served the community until 1964 when the present (larger) building was constructed.

Present
Dildo has a fast-growing tourist industry. It has picturesque scenery, several bed and breakfasts, places to eat, the Dildo Museum interpretive centre, the Historic Dildo Days celebration in August, boat tours, the Society of United Fishermen, the Lions centre, several heritage structures, walking trails, many businesses and road sign souvenirs.

Dildo has been in many media outlets. It was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's On the Road Again and Land and Sea. It was also on a live radio broadcast from the interpretation centre. In August 2006, Dildo was the subject of the "What the...?" segment on the Australian television talk show Rove Live. The town is mentioned in the song "A Night in Dildo" by The Arrogant Worms.

South Dildo
South Dildo is an unincorporated community. In 2008, 205 people lived there. At the beginning of the 20th century, South Dildo had lumbering work. It supplied a schooner to the Labrador fishery. It had the roadside attraction of a wooden life-size humpback whale head. (The whale head was destroyed at the beginning of the 2006-2007 winter.)

Other websites
All Saints' Anglican Church website

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Dildo, Newfoundland and Labrador


Thomas Joiner is an American academic psychologist and leading expert on suicide. He is the Robert O. Lawton Professor of Psychology at Florida State University, where he operates his Laboratory for the Study of the Psychology and Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, Suicide, and Related Conditions. He is author of Why People Die by Suicide (Harvard University Press 2005) and Myths about Suicide (Harvard University Press 2010), and the current editor-in-chief of Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior.

In Why People Die by Suicide, Joiner posits the interpersonal theory of suicide, a three-part explanation of suicide which focuses on ability and desire. The desire to die by suicide comes from a sense of disconnection from others and lack of belonging, combined with a belief that one is a burden on others. The ability to die by suicide comes from a gradual desensitization to violence and a decreased fear of pain, combined with technical competence in one or more suicide methods. Under this model, a combination of desire and ability will precede most serious suicide attempts.

Joiner holds a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin.

In 2023, Joiner appeared on the history-centered podcast, Out of the Box with Jonathan Russo.

References

External links
 Myths about Suicide, from Harvard University Press
 Florida State University faculty profile
 Lab Webpage

Living people
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Florida State University faculty
21st-century American psychologists
1965 births
Suicidologists
Academic journal editors
20th-century American psychologists

Thomas Joiner


The Scopes trial is formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes. It is also referred to as the Scopes monkey trial.

It was a famous American legal case in 1925. A substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act. This Act made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school.  The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held.

Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.

Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity. National reporters came to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes.

The trial publicized the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy.  This set "Modernists", who said evolution was not inconsistent with religion, against Fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern evolutionary biology should be taught in schools.

The Tennessee law was not repealed until 1967.

References

Trials in the United States
Science and culture
Creation myths
1925 in the United States
20th century in Tennessee

Scopes trial


Virpi Sinikka Niemelä (Helsinki, 26 Dizember 1936 - Argentinae, 18 Dizember 2006) wis a leadin Finnish Argentine astronomer. She wis the seicont Argentine tae be electit for Associate o the Royal Astronomical Society.

Born in Helsinki, Finland, she emigratit wi her faimily tae Argentinae in 1954. She became a citizen, marriet an haed twa sons.

She became a student o Jorge Sahade, got a PhD in 1974, an for her whole career collaboratit wi him. Her wirk haes haed a strang influence in the auries o massive starns an close binaries, especially Wolf-Rayet starns. She pioneered wirk on Wolf-Rayet starns in the Magellanic Clouds, massive starns in stellar associations an interstellar bubbles aroond massive starns. She helpit tae develop astronomie in Argentinae an aw, inspirin mony students.

Tae mark her seiventiet birthday, an internaitional wirkshop on massive starns wis held in Carilo on 11-14 December 2006. Durin the wirkshop, it wis annooncit that asteroid 5289 would be named Niemela in her honour. Housomeivver, she dee'd juist afore her birthday, o breast cancer.

References
 Obituary, Astronomy and Geophysics, June 2007, 48(3) page 3.37

Finnish astronomers
Argentine astronomers
Finnish emigrants tae Argentinae
1936 births
2006 daiths
Fowk frae Helsinki

Virpi Niemelä


Biphobia is the fear of or bad treatment of bisexual people. Biphobia is different from homophobia. Members of the LGBTQIA+ community can be biphobic as well as cisgender heterosexual people can be biphobic. Bisexual people may feel like their sexual orientation is less real than that of a monosexual (person who is attracted to one gender). This is internalized biphobia.

Stereotypes
A biphobic stereotype is that bisexual people have more sex than monosexual people. Some people associate bisexuality with polyamory. Bisexual women may be called nymphomaniacs. Another belief is that bisexuality does not exist. Some people think that bisexual people are heterosexual or homosexual people who are confused.

Discrimination
In May 2013 the results of the European Union lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender survey were released. They found that bisexual people are discriminated against at work more than gay men.

References

Discrimination
Bisexuality

Biphobia


Robert Francis Furchgott (June 4, 1916 – May 19, 2009) was an American biochemist.

He discovered a substance in endothelial cells that relaxes blood vessels. He called it endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). He later worked out EDRF's nature and mechanism of action, and determined that EDRF was nitric oxide (NO), which is an important compound in many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. The research that was done was important in explaining the action of Viagra, treatment of blue babies, and other medical as well as health-related issues. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1998 "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system". He shared the prize with Louis Ignarro and Ferid Murad. He also won a Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1991 and a Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research in 1996.

References

1916 births
2009 deaths
American biochemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from South Carolina
People from Charleston, South Carolina
American pharmacologists

Robert F. Furchgott


Kenneth Charles Freeman  (born 27 August 1940) is an Australian astronomer and astrophysicist who is currently Duffield Professor of Astronomy in the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Mount Stromlo Observatory of the Australian National University in Canberra. He was born in Perth, Western Australia in 1940, studied mathematics and physics at the University of Western Australia, and graduated with first class honours in applied mathematics in 1962. He then went to Cambridge University for postgraduate work in theoretical astrophysics with Leon Mestel and Donald Lynden-Bell, and completed his doctorate in 1965. Following a postdoctoral appointment at the University of Texas with Gérard de Vaucouleurs, and a research fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge, he returned to Australia in 1967 as a Queen Elizabeth Fellow at Mount Stromlo. Apart from a year in the Kapteyn Institute in Groningen in 1976 and some occasional absences overseas, he has been at Mount Stromlo ever since.

His research interests are in the formation and dynamics of galaxies and globular clusters, and he is particularly interested in the problem of dark matter in galaxies: he was one of the first to point out that spiral galaxies contain a large fraction of dark matter. He regularly visits the Space Telescope Science Institute as Distinguished Visiting Scientist.

He is very active in supporting graduate students and has acted as primary supervisor for 60 PhD students and 12 postdocs. He currently supervises Stephanie Monty on globular cluster populations in the Milky Way. Five of his students have won Hubble Fellowships. He is active in international astronomy, as a division past-president of the International Astronomical Union, and serves on visiting committees for several major astronomical institutions around the world. He has been an invited speaker at 154 international conferences since 1969. He has co-authored a book on dark matter.

Appointments and honours

1972 Pawsey Medal of the Australian Academy of Science
1981 Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
1990 Aaronson Lecturer at the University of Arizona
1993 Distinguished Achievement Award, University of California Institutes
1994 Oort Professor at Leiden University
1997 Visiting fellow at Merton College, Oxford
1998 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London
1999 Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics of the American Institute of Physics and the American Astronomical Society
2001 Tinsley Professor at the University of Texas
2001 Bishop Lecturer at Columbia University
2001 Named by ISI as one of Australia's 35 most highly cited scientists (ranked number 5)
2001 Gave the Robert Ellery Lecture for the Astronomical Society of Australia
2002 Associate of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2002
2003 Blaauw professor at the University of Groningen
2003 Centenary Medal from the Australian Government
2004 Antoinette de Vaucouleurs Lecture and Medal at the University of Texas
 2008 Johann Wempe Award, Astrophysical Institute Potsdam
2012 Prime Minister's Prize for Science
2013 Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture (Australian Academy of Science)
2013 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (American Astronomical Society)
2014 Gruber Prize in Cosmology (jointly with Jaan Einasto, Brent Tully and Sidney van den Bergh) from the Gruber Foundation
2014 Peter Baume Award of The Australian National University
2016 Dirac Medal, University of New South Wales
2017 United States National Academy of Sciences, Foreign Associate
2017 Companion of the Order of Australia
2020 Elected a Legacy Fellow of the American Astronomical Society

References

1940 births
Living people
20th-century Australian astronomers
21st-century Australian astronomers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
University of Western Australia alumni
Academic staff of the Australian National University
Winners of the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
Companions of the Order of Australia
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Astronomical Society

Ken Freeman (astronomer)


Michael D. Maltz (born 1938) is an American electrical engineer, criminologist and Emeritus Professor at University of Illinois at Chicago in criminal justice, and adjunct professor and researcher at Ohio State University.

Biography
Michael Maltz was born in Brooklyn, New York on December 18, 1938. He attended Stuyvesant High School in New York City, graduating in 1955, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, graduating with a degree in electrical engineering in 1959. In 1963, Maltz earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

In 1967, his son David Maltz was born.

Maltz was a professor (1972–2002) at University of Illinois at Chicago in criminal justice and in Information and Decision Sciences, and is currently an adjunct professor of sociology and researcher at Ohio State University. He was also the editor of the Journal of Quantitative Criminology from 1996 to 2000. In addition he was a visiting fellow for research and policy studies at the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, from 1995 to 2000.

In 1985 Maltz was awarded the prestigious Lanchester Prize by the Operations Research Society of America, recognizing his book Recidivism  as that year's "best contribution to operations research and the management sciences published in English". This book also won the Leslie T. Wilkins Award for the Outstanding Book in the Fields of Criminology and Criminal Justice. In 1996 Maltz had a Fulbright Scholarship at El Colegio de Michoacán in Mexico.

Work
Michael Maltz's research focuses on the application of operations research and data visualization to the field of criminology.  In addition to authoring books on recidivism and crime mapping, he has been a strong advocate of ensuring that inferences made from data are not attributable to biases in the data used, nor to the way they were collected, nor to the methods used to analyze them. This interest has surfaced most publicly in his critique of John Lott's More Guns, Less Crime (see "A Note on the Use of County-Level Crime Data" and "Measurement and Other Errors in County-Level UCR Data: A reply to Lott and Whitley" below) based primarily on a detailed analysis of the validity of the Uniform Crime Reports data set that Lott used to draw his conclusions. A further critique, of the way Lott responded to his analysis, was contained in a blog entry.

He led an effort to clean the FBI-collected Uniform Crime Reports crime data, which is available in a zip file on the web from the Historical Violence Database, housed at Ohio State University.

A particularly lucid explanation of the pitfalls of improper use of statistics in social science (and, in particular, criminology) is contained in his article "Deviating from the Mean: The Declining Significance of Significance".

Publications
Maltz has published numerous books and articles on techniques for making valid and useful inferences from data. Among his books are two which are available on his academia.edu website (see below):
 1984. Recidivism. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, Inc.
 1991 Mapping Crime in Its Community Setting: Event Geography Analysis. With Andrew C. Gordon and Warren Friedman. New York : Springer-Verlag Inc.
 Envisioning Criminology, coedited with Steven K. Rice, Springer 2015.
 Envisioning Criminology, coedited with Steven K. Rice, Springer 2018.

Articles and book chapters, a selection:
 1994. "Deviating from the Mean: The Declining Significance of Significance". In: Journal of research in crime and delinquency, Vol. 31 No. 4, November 1994 434-463.
 1996. "Power to the People: Crime Mapping and Information Sharing in the Chicago Police Department". Paper with Marc Buslik.
 1999. "Bridging Gaps in Police Crime Data". Report published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
 1999. "Displaying Violent Crime Trends Using Estimates from the National Crime Victimization Survey" With Marianne Zawitz. Published by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
 2000. "Crime and Justice". With Arnold Barnett and Jonathan Caulkins. In: Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science. Saul I. Gass and Carl M. Harris (Editor). Springer.
 2002. "A Note on the Use of County-Level UCR Data". With Joseph Targonski. In: Journal of Quantitatiûe Criminology, Vol. 18, No. 3, September 2002.
 2006. "Some p-baked thoughts (p > 0.5) on experiments and statistical significance". Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 2, 211-226.
 2009. "Waves, particles, and crime", in Putting Crime in Its Place:Units of Analysis in Geographic Criminology, W. Bernasco, G. Bruinsma,  and D. Weisburd, Eds., Springer-Verlag.
 2009. "Look before you analyze: Visualizing data in criminal justice," in the Handbook of Quantitative Criminology, A. Piquero and D. Weisburd, Eds., Springer-Verlag.
 2011. "Homicide rates in the Old West" (with Randolph Roth and Douglas L. Eckberg), Western Historical Quarterly, 42, 2.
 2019. "Can We Trust the FBI's Crime Estimation Procedures?" The Criminologist, American Society of Criminology.

These and other papers can be found on his academia.edu website.

References

External links
 Michael Maltz's homepage on academia.edu.
 Criminal Justice Research Center at The Ohio State University.
 El Colegio de Michoacán
 Journal of Quantitative Criminology

1938 births
American criminologists
Living people
Ohio State University faculty
American operations researchers
Stanford University alumni
Information visualization experts
University of Illinois Chicago faculty

Michael D. Maltz


Peter Fischli (born 8 June 1952) and David Weiss (21 June 1946 – 27 April 2012), often shortened to Fischli/Weiss, were a   Swiss artist duo that collaborated beginning in 1979. Their best-known work is the film Der Lauf der Dinge (The Way Things Go, 1987), described by The Guardian as being "post apocalyptic", as it concerned chain reactions and the ways in which objects flew, crashed and exploded across the studio in which it was shot. Fischli lives and works in Zürich; Weiss died on 27 April 2012.

Education and early career
Peter Fischli (born 8 June 1952) was born in Zürich.

David Weiss (21 June 1946 – 27 April 2012) grew up as the son of a parish priest and a teacher. After discovering a passion for jazz at the age of 16, he enrolled in a foundation course at the Kunstgewerbeschule, Zürich, where in his first year of study he befriended fellow artist Urs Lüthi. Having rejected careers as a decorator, a graphic designer and a photographer, Weiss soon came to view a career as an artist as a realistic prospect. He studied at the Kunstgewerbeschule, Zürich (1963–64), and the Kunstgewerbeschule, Basel (1964–65); he subsequently worked as sculptor with Alfred Gruder (Basel) and Jaqueline Stieger (England). In 1967, he worked at the Expo 67 in Montreal, before travelling to New York, where he got to know the important minimalist art of the time. Between 1970 and 1979 he published books in collaboration with Lüthi. For most of 1975–78, he spent a great deal of time drawing in black ink, and had exhibitions at galleries in Zürich, Amsterdam, Cologne, and Rotterdam.

Fischli and Weiss met in 1978 and subsequently formed a short-lived rock band, Migros. Their first collaborative venture was a series of ten colour photographs, Wurstserie ("sausage series", 1979), depicting small scenes constructed with various types of meat and sausage and everyday objects, with titles such as "At the North Pole" and "The Caveman".

Works
Art critics often see parallels to Marcel Duchamp, Dieter Roth or Jean Tinguely in Fischli and Weiss' parody bearing work.

Wurstserie (1979) was Fischli and Weiss' first collaborative project, setting the tone for their future work. In the series, ordinary sausages and slices of sausages became the protagonists of scenarios, alluding to situations such as cars in a traffic accident in an urban setting, layers of carpets and other situations.

By the end of the 1980s, the duo had expanded their repertoire to embrace an iconography of the incidental, creating deadpan photographs of kitsch tourist attractions and airports around the world. For their contribution to the 1995 Venice Biennale, at which they represented Switzerland, Fischli and Weiss exhibited 96 hours of video on 12 monitors that documented what they called "concentrated daydreaming"—real-time glimpses into daily life in Zürich: a mountain sunrise, a restaurant chef in his kitchen, sanitation workers, a bicycle race, and so on. For the Skulptur Projekte Münster (1997), Fischli and Weiss planted a flower and vegetable garden conceived with an ecological point of view and documented its periodic growth through photographs.

Suddenly This Overview
Suddenly this Overview (1981) is a collection of unfired clay sculptures imaginatively recreating various events in human history. The figures range from those rendered in meticulous detail, to coarse, sketch-like pieces. As is implied by "The World We Live In" – the title originally envisaged for the work – this panorama of interwoven happenings in the world arising out of the artists' subjective viewpoint, with its assembly of events both large and small, questions what it means to be alive. First unveiled in 1981 as an installation consisting of around 200 objects, a new version comprising about 90 was presented in 2006.

Rat and Bear
The artists' first Rat and Bear film, The Least Resistance (1981) was set in urban Los Angeles, where the artists were living at the time. The Right Way (1982–83) was their second appearance and shows the two characters rambling through a mountainous landscape, of the kind that filled 19th-century artists with thoughts of the sublime. A book called Order and Cleanliness (1981), setting out the ideas of Rat and Bear, is crammed with charts and diagrams, each attempting to impose a crazed order on the world. Rat and Bear (2004) is a sculpture that incorporates the original costumes worn by the artists, presented in life-size boxes out of dark, barely-translucent Plexiglas, suspending the costumes inside.

Polyurethane Objects and Rubber Sculptures
In 1982, the artists began their ongoing series of hand-carved and painted polyurethane objects depicting ordinary items found in their studio. Each object is a replica, down to the strewn peanut shells and scatter of rainbow M&M's, carved from dense, rigid foam and painted. In a 2006 interview Peter Fischli remarked, "Unlike Pop art, which turns one particular object into an icon, they are a collection of replicas of worthless everyday objects." For a series of Rubber Sculptures, they cast ordinary objects, such as a desk drawer Divider (1987), a Vase (1986/87) and a Dog Dish (1987) in a heavyweight black rubber.

The Way Things Go
The Equilibres photographs (1984–1987), a series of images of household objects and studio detritus arranged to form tenuously balanced assemblages, developed into the artists' celebrated film The Way Things Go (Der Lauf Der Dinge) (1986–1987). The resulting film enlists an assortment of objects, including tyres and chairs, as components in a domino-like chain reaction lasting thirty minutes. Using such common industrial objects, Fischli and Weiss created a continuous chain of actions and reactions involving balloons deflating, tires rolling, liquids draining, candles melting, balls dropping, fuses burning, wheels spinning, and much more. The film's humour lies in the deliberate misuse of these objects, as they are co-opted into performing roles outside their normal function. Reminiscent of the physical comedy of silent films starring Charlie Chaplin or Buster Keaton, here the actors are steaming-kettles mounted on roller-skates, rotating dustbin bags, rickety stepladders set in motion, buckets, tyres, bottles and planks.

Well known in film circles, The Way Things Go won awards at the Berlin and Sydney film festivals and was described by The New York Times as a "masterpiece". For their retrospective at Tate Modern in 2006, Fischli/Weiss unveiled Making Things Go (1985/2006), a documentary that gave a behind-the-scenes look of the many experiments, rehearsals, and failures behind the controlled catastrophes of The Way Things Go. It was shot over three days in 1985 by a friend, Swiss writer and publisher Patrick Frey, but went unreleased for 20 years. The Way Things Go became the inspiration for the even more famous Honda advert Cog (made by Wieden+Kennedy), in which parts of a Honda Accord are used in the chain instead of fire and foam. Fischli and Weiss had previously declined offers to use their film commercially, and briefly threatened legal action against Honda for use of their ideas, although in the end no lawsuit was filed.

Visible World
Originally made for documenta X (1997), Sichtbare Welt (Visible World) comprises three monitors each displaying an eight-hour video made up of the artists' still photographs. The series includes much-photographed views such as the New York skyline, Sydney Harbour and the Pyramids. Others are the kind of pictures taken by amateur photographers, conventionally composed, sharply focused, with appealing subject matter such as woodland glades and sunlit gardens. The images, taken in arbitrary locations around the world, slowly dissolve one into another and, as is also the case with their slide shows, there is no sound track. The work was shown on late night television in Germany every night for three months. Visible World exists in a number of other formats; as an artists' book and as an installation of fifteen light tables displaying a vast slide archive.

A later version of Visible World (2003) is a collection of 3,000 small-format photographs displayed on a specially fabricated 90-foot long light table. The encyclopedic collection of images – of cities, jungles, deserts, airports, stadiums, monuments, mountains, and tropical beaches, from all over the world – is composed of photographs taken by the artists over the course of fifteen years. An Unsettled Work (2000–06), originally titled Freakshow; Monsters, grew out of Visible World and consists of pictures rejected from the prior work. A marked aesthetic departure from their earlier pieces, this slide projection issues forth violent, sumptuous and otherworldly images. A later series is Views of Airports, a slide presentation of 469 photographs the artists took over a period of two decades. His Work Schilf, 2004, is by Museo Cantonale d'Arte of Lugano.

Questions
 Fragenprojektion (Questions, 1981–2003) is a three-part, 15-channel slide installation, consisting of 243 handwritten questions, with three questions projected at a time. Each set of questions slowly dissolves into the next. The questions range from the profound to the trivial. Examples include: "Can I restore my innocence?," "Why does the earth turn around once a day?," "Does a hidden tunnel lead directly to the kitchen?" and "Does a ghost drive my car around at night?" The installation was the culmination of a series of works composed of absurd questions, including a book called Will Happiness Find Me? (2002). In the later Question Pot (Big) (1986), a large container molded from polyurethane, questions were written all over the inside of the pot in spiral formation.

Walls, Corners, Tubes
In Walls, Corners, Tubes (2012), the artists present a series of objects with geometrical bodies which have the form of walls, corners, and tubes and are made alternately of black rubber and unfired clay placed on high, white pedestals. Both the shapes of the objects and their titles such as Wand aus Ton (Wall of Clay, 2012) or Röhre aus Gummi (Tube of Rubber, 2012) recall functional objects, such as those often found at building supplies stores.

Rock on Top of Another Rock

This was a pair of installations – one on the Valdresflye plateau in Norway and the other at the Serpentine Gallery in London in 2013.

Exhibitions
Fischli and Weiss had their first solo exhibition in 1981 at the Galerie Balkon in Geneva. After showing Suddenly This Overview at the Galerie Stähli in 1981, they became regulars on the international art scene. Their first solo exhibition in the United States was shown at the Sonnabend Gallery in New York in 1986. In more than 25 years of activity, the pair exhibited in some of the most important institutions and museums worldwide including Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona (2000); Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam (2003); Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporáneo in Mexico City (2005); and the Rencontres d'Arles festival, France. A U.S. retrospective of their work was organised by the Walker Art Center in 1996 and subsequently traveled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco; and Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Another retrospective of their work was held at Tate Modern, London in 2006, and traveled to the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Kunsthaus Zürich and the Deichtorhallen, Hamburg. Recent solo exhibitions were held at the Art Institute of Chicago (2011) and the Serpentine Gallery, London (2013).

In 1995 they represented Switzerland in the Venice Biennale and in 2003 were included in the "Utopia Station" exhibition of the Venice Biennale curated by Rirkrit Tiravanija for which they were awarded the leone' d'oro for best work in the main exhibition.

In 2000, the exhibition Aprendiendo menos (learning less) united Fischli and Weiss with Gabriel Orozco and Richard Wentworth. Three different perspectives through photography, where the artists are a means to portray street findings within the urban landscape, its surroundings and its objects. It was curated by Patricia Martín.

Peter Fischli and David Weiss have been represented by the Matthew Marks Gallery since 1999.

The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City presented their first survey in New York in 2016. The exhibition was accompanied by a display of their text-based monument to labour, How to Work Better (1991), as a wall mural at the corner of Houston and Mott Streets, and by screenings of Büsi (Kitty) on multiple advertising screens on Times Square every night in February at midnight.

Collections
Their works are held, among others, in the collections of the Tate, and the Guggenheim.

Recognition
Fischli and Weiss won the Golden Lion prize at the 2003 Venice Biennale for Questions, an installation of over 1,000 photographic slides of handwritten existential questions the artists had collected over many years. In 2006 they received the Roswitha Haftmann Prize, Switzerland.

Notable works

Movies
 2003 Hunde (Dogs), DVD, color, 30 minutes
 2001 Büsi (Kitty), DVD of a cat drinking milk, 6 minutes, 30 seconds
 1995 Adventures close to Home, Fischli and Weiss exhibited 96 hours of video on 12 monitors that documented what they called "concentrated daydreaming"—real-time glimpses into daily life in Zürich: a mountain sunrise, a restaurant chef in his kitchen, sanitation workers, a bicycle race, and so on.[5]
 1995 Arbeiten im Dunkeln (Works in the Dark), 96 hours of video material with everyday scenes from Zürich on multiple monitors simultaneously
 1992 Kanalvideo (Sewage Video). Video compilation of previously existing recordings of the sewage monitoring service Zürich
 1987 Der Lauf der Dinge (The Way Things Go), 16 mm, 30 minutes, color, sound. The camera follows the course of the Rube Goldberg Machine with several cuts
 1983 Der rechte Weg (The Right Way), 16 mm, 52 minutes, color, sound. Journey of the artist through Switzerland, as a rat and a bear
 1981 Der geringste Widerstand (The Least Resistance), Super 8, 30 minutes, color, sound. The artists walk through Hollywood, as a rat and a bear

Books
 Wurstserie, 7/10 printed in HOW TO magazine #2, 2007, ISSN 1864-8614
 Fischli/Weiss: Fragen & Blumen, Vice Versa; edition: 1 (2006),
 Peter Fischli & David Weiss. Fotografias, Walther König, Cologne 2005,
 Der Lauf der Dinge, PAL-DVD, 2005;
 Findet mich das Glück?, Walther König, Cologne 2003,
 Sichtbare Welt, Walther König, Cologne 2000,
 Musée d'art moderne Paris, 35 prints, Walther König, Cologne 2000
 Gärten, Edition Florian Matzner, Oktagon, Cologne 1998,
 Peter Fischli/David Weiss. Biennale Venedig 1995, 1995,
 Siedlungen, Agglomeration, Edition Patrick Frey, Zürich 1992
 Bilder, Ansichten, Edition Patrick Frey, Zürich/Secession, Vienna 1990
 Airports, photo book, Edition Patrick Frey/IVAM, Valencia 1989
 Der Lauf der Dinge, VHS-Kassette, 1989
 with Elizabeth Armstrong, Arthur C. Danto, Boris Groys: In a Restless World, 1996,  (English)

Contributions
 2008 Life on Mars, the 2008 Carnegie International

References

External links
Artists' Official Website
Fischli/Weiss at Matthew Marks
First Run Icarus Films Site for The Ways Things Go
T&C Film Site for The Way Things Go
Fischli/Weiss at Fondazione Nicola Trussardi

Swiss contemporary artists
Art duos
Artists from Zürich
Zurich University of the Arts alumni

Peter Fischli & David Weiss