The Great Northern War (1700–1721), was a war fought between Sweden and the coalition of Russia, Saxony, Poland, and Denmark-Norway. In 1715 Prussia and Hannover joined the war against Sweden. The King of Hannover was also King George II of Great Britain.

After the coalition attacked them, Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea. The Russian Army retreated  so the Swedish Army had to chase them. When winter came it was the coldest winter that Europe had had in a hundred years and half of the Swedish soldiers died in the cold. Eventually the Swedish army caught up to the Russian army and they had a battle, called the battle of Poltava. Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including king Charles XII of Sweden, escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire. Peter, the king of Russia, didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire.  He lost and had to give the town of Azov back to the Ottomans.

Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire in 1714 and went to Stralsund in Pomerania which was owned by Sweden at the time but was under siege.  Charles escaped back to Sweden just before the people in Stralsund surrendered. Then he invaded Norway (which was owned by Denmark at the time.) and was shot and killed there. With their king gone, the Swedish soldiers left Norway and went back to Sweden. On the way back many soldiers died.

When all that was happening Russia had been invading Sweden. Russia conquered  Estonia, Livonia and Ingria. By the time the remaining soldiers had come back from Norway, Russia had completely conquered Finland. Sweden still didn't want peace though, because they would have to give lots of land to Russia. Russia used a newly made fleet of ships to attack and raid the Swedish Coast and Sweden would still not give up.  Eventually the Russian and Swedish ships came together in the Battle of Grengam. Both sides thought they had won the battle so no treaty was signed until the Russians continued using their boats to damage the Swedish coast. Finally Sweden gave up in 1721. Sweden had made peace with Denmark in 1720 and in 1721 Sweden signed the treaty of Nystad.

Treaties
In the Treaty of Nystad Sweden had to give land to other countries. Sweden had to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia but could keep Finland. Sweden also signed other treaties. These were the treaty of Stockholm where Sweden gave Prussia Swedish Pomerania and the treaty of Fredericksborg where Sweden had to pay Denmark-Norway money for the damage the war had done.

This war was significant because it allowed Russia to become the dominant power in Northeastern Europe, instead of Sweden.

Wars involving Russia
1700s in Europe
18th-century conflicts
1710s in Europe

Great Northern War


Trisha Brown (November 25, 1936 – March 18, 2017) was an American choreographer and dancer, and one of the founders of the Judson Dance Theater and the postmodern dance movement.  Brown's dance/movement method, with which she and her dancers train their bodies, remains pervasively impactful within international postmodern dance.

Early life and education
Brown was born in Aberdeen, Washington in 1936, and received a B.A. degree in dance from Mills College in 1958. Brown later received a D.F.A. from Bates College in 2000. For several summers she studied with Louis Horst, José Limón, and Merce Cunningham at the American Dance Festival, then held at Connecticut College.

Work

Dance
In 1960 Brown participated in an experimental workshop devoted to improvisation at the studio of Anna Halprin, in Kentfield, California. Subsequently, at the urging of fellow choreographers, Simone Forti and Yvonne Rainer, Brown moved to New York to study composition with Robert Dunn, who taught a class at Merce Cunningham's studio, based on John Cage's theories of chance.

After moving to New York City in 1961, Brown trained with dancer Anna Halprin and became a founding member of the avant-garde Judson Dance Theater in 1962. There she worked with experimental dancers Yvonne Rainer, Steve Paxton, Twyla Tharp, Lucinda Childs, and David Gordon. She also joined a composition class led by Robert Dunn, a musician from the Merce Cunningham dance studio who was interested in applying the musical ideas of John Cage (Cunningham's partner and regular collaborator) to dance.

In the late 1960s Brown created her own works which attempted to defy gravity, using equipment such as ropes and harnesses, to allow dancers to walk on or down walls or to experiment with the dynamics of stability. These "equipment pieces" were the first dances to comprise a distinct series in what would become a working method for Brown as she went on to create various "cycles" of dances throughout her career. Brown's early works Walking on the Wall (1971) and Roof Piece (1971) were designed to be performed at specific sites.

In 1970 Brown cofounded the Grand Union, an experimental dance collective, and formed the Trisha Brown Dance Company. Accumulation (1971), which is executed with the dancers on their backs, has been performed in public spaces of all kinds, including on water, with the dancers floating on rafts as they methodically work through the piece's graduated gestures. Walking on the Wall involved dancers in harnesses moving along a wall, while Roof Piece took place on 12 different rooftops over a ten-block area in New York City's SoHo, with each dancer transmitting the movements to a dancer on the nearest roof. In 1974, Brown began a residential relationship with the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, MN, that has continued to this day.  With 1978's Accumulation with Talking plus Watermotor, a complex solo combining elements of three other pieces, she demonstrated a mental and physical virtuosity seldom seen in the dance world, then or now. Brown's rigorous structures, combined with pedestrian or simple movement styles and tongue-in-cheek humor brought an intellectual sensibility that challenged the mainstream "modern dance" mindset of this period.

During the 1980s Brown produced large-scale works intended for the stage and began her artistic collaborations, beginning with Glacial Decoy (1979) which had sets and costumes by artist Robert Rauschenberg. This period was most notable for the slithery and highly articulated movement style which characterized much of her work during this time. The Molecular Structure cycle, which included Opal Loop (1980), Son of Gone Fishin (1981) and another collaboration with Rauschenberg, Set and Reset (1983), featuring a score by performance artist Laurie Anderson and a set design by Rauschenberg, solidified Brown's stature as an innovator within the dance world and as an artist of global significance. Three screens simultaneously broadcast separate black and white film collages from five 16 millimeter projectors (more than 20 years before a video component became the norm in new choreography), while the dancers rippled around the stage in part-translucent costumes marked with gray and black figures that resembled newsprint.

Unlike Merce Cunningham and John Cage, who worked separately on projects and left it to the viewer to put the elements together, Brown and her collaborators worked toward a shared vision.

Sculptor Nancy Graves designed the set for Lateral Pass, (1985), which began Brown's Valiant cycle. It used a larger pad, bolder movement phrases to articulate Brown's evolving spatial aesthetics. This led to Newark (1987), with decor and a sound concept by Donald Judd. For Astral Convertible (1989) and Foray Forêt (1990), costumes and sets were once again made by Rauschenberg.  Astral Convertible, in particular, originally was commissioned by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., as part of a major Robert Rauschenberg exhibition in 1991 and presented on the museum's steps, overlooking the National Mall. Performances of Foray Forêt include local marching bands from the presenting city. For M. G. (1991; "M.G." refers to Michel Guy, a former French minister of culture who died in 1990) is sculptural and kinetic, opening with a dancer running in figure-eight circles around the stage, slowing into loping motion down the center.

In You Can See Us (1995), she performed together with Mikhail Baryshnikov at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in 1996. Also in a mirror duet drawn from a solo, If You Couldn't See Me (1994), Brown performed entirely with her back to the audience for ten minutes with an electronic "sound score" on a bare stage.

In the 1990s she also turned more to choreographing classical music, creating M.O. (1995) based on the Musical Offering by German composer Johann Sebastian Bach, and the opera production of L'Orfeo (1998) by Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. Brown found inspiration in jazz for El Trilogy (1998–2000), completed her second opera, Luci mie traditrici (composed by Salvatore Sciarrino) in 2001, and in 2002 choreographed the song cycle Die Winterreise (Winter's Journey) by Austrian composer Franz Schubert for Simon Keenlyside. Brown worked again with Laurie Anderson in 2004 on O Zlozony/O Composite for the Paris Opera Ballet. Among her well-known disciples are Diane Madden and Stephen Petronio, Brown's first male dancer in 1979. Brown choreographed her last piece in 2011.

Drawing
Though Brown has long been known for her collaborations with artists, it is less known that she has also produced a substantial body of drawings. In recent years she has shown these drawings, including during a major multidisciplinary 2008 celebration of her work at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis. In 2009, the Chelsea gallery Sikkema Jenkins & Company, which represents her husband, Burt Barr, presented her first solo exhibition in New York, featuring work dating to the 1970s.

Exhibitions
In 2003, "Trisha Brown: Dance and Art in Dialogue 1961-2001", was organized by the Addison Gallery of American Art at Phillips Academy and the Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College; the exhibition later travelled to the Henry Art Gallery in 2004. In 2007, works of Brown's choreography and drawings were included in documenta 12. In 2008, the Walker Art Center presented  "Trisha Brown: So That the Audience Does Not Know Whether I Have Stopped Dancing." In honor of her company's 40th anniversary season in 2010, the Whitney Museum of American Art hosted several performances as part of "Off the Wall: Part 2 — Seven Works by Trisha Brown".

In 2011, the Trisha Brown Dance Company took over the atrium of the Museum of Modern Art as part of a Performance Exhibition Series in conjunction with the survey "On Line: Drawing Through the Twentieth Century". That same year, "Trisha Brown" was mounted at the Serralves Foundation, Porto.

Recognition
In 1983, Brown received an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Oberlin College.  She has also received numerous honorary doctorates. She received a MacArthur Foundation grant in 1991, and served on the National Council on the Arts from 1994 to 1997.

Brown is an Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1988 she was named Chevalier dans L'Ordre des Arts et Lettres by the government of France. In January 2000 she was promoted to officier and in 2004, was again elevated; this time to the level of commandeur. Brown's Set and Reset is included in the baccalaureate curriculum for French students pursuing dance studies.

Brown was a 1994 recipient of the Samuel H. Scripps American Dance Festival Award, and she was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2002, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts, and in 2005 she won the Prix Benois de la Danse for lifetime achievement.

As part of the Rolex Mentor and Protégé Arts Initiative in 2010-11, Brown selected Australian dancer and choreographer Lee Serle as her protégé.Mackrell, Judith (November 16, 2011) "Lee Serle: following in the footsteps of Trisha Brown" The Guardian; accessed March 20, 2017.

In 2011, Brown won the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize, an award worth about $300,000 that was named after the silent film actresses, and the Bessie Award for lifetime achievement.

In 2012 Brown was the recipient of a United States Artists Fellow award.  She also received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts Robert Rauschenberg Award in 2013.

Death
Trisha Brown died on March 18, 2017, in San Antonio, Texas, after a lengthy illness. She is survived by her son, Adam Brown, his wife Erin, her four grandchildren – and by her brother Gordon Brown and sister Louisa Brown. Trisha Brown's husband, artist Burt Barr, died on November 7, 2016.

Works
Brown's works include:

 Homemade (1966)
 Man Walking Down the Side of a Building (1970)
 Floor of the Forest (1970)
 Leaning Duets (1970)
 Accumulation (1971)
 Walking on the Wall (1971)
 Roof Piece (1971)
 Primary Accumulation (1972)
 Group Primary Accumulation (1973)
 Structured Pieces II (1974)
 Spiral (1974)
 Locus (1975)
 Structured Pieces III (1975)

 Solo Olos (1976)
 Line Up (1976)
 Spanish Dance' (1976)
 Water Motor (1978)
 Accumulation with Talking plus Water Motor (1978)
 Glacial Decoy (1979)
 Opal Loop (1980)
 Son of Gone Fishin (1981)
 Set and Reset (1983)
 Lateral Pass (1985)
 Carmen (1986)
 Newark (1987)
 Astral Convertible (1989)
 Foray Forêt (1990)
 For M.G.: The Movie (1991)
 One Story as in falling (1992)
 Another Story as in falling (1993)

 If you couldn't see me (1994)
 M.O. (1995)
 Twelve Ton Rose (1996)
 L'Orfeo (1998)
 Winterreise (2002)
 PRESENT TENSE (2003)
 O Zlozony/O Composite (2004)
 How long does the subject linger on the edge of the volume... (2005)
 I love my robots (2007)
 L'Amour au Theatre (2009)
 Pygmalion (2010)
 I'm Going to Toss My Arms – If You Catch Them They're Yours (2011)
 Les Yeux et l'âme(2011)
 Rogues (2011)

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Mazzaglia, Rossella (2007) Trisha Brown''. Palermo: L'Epos.

External links
 Trisha Brown Dance Company Website
NY Times Obituary
NYPL acquisition of Trisha Brown Dance Company's Archive
Archival footage of Trisha Brown Dance Company performing Set and Reset in 1986 at Jacob's Pillow
 Archival footage of Trisha Brown Dance Company performing Lateral Pass in 1986 at Jacob's Pillow
 Archival footage of Trisha Brown performing If You Couldn't See Me in 1994 at Jacob's Pillow
 Archival footage of Trisha Brown Dance Company performing Five Part Weather Invention in 1999 at Jacob's Pillow
 Archival footage of Trisha Brown Dance Company performing Les Yeux et L'Ame in 2011 at Jacob's Pillow, danceinteractive.jacobspillow.org; accessed June 17, 2019.
 Archival footage of Trisha Brown Dance Company performing Les Yeux et L'Ame in 2017 at Jacob's Pillow

1936 births
2017 deaths
American choreographers
Contemporary dance choreographers
Modern dancers
MacArthur Fellows
People from Aberdeen, Washington
Bessie Award winners
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Mills College alumni
Bates College alumni
Prix Benois de la Danse winners

Trisha Brown


Fred Griffith (born October 1, 1964) is an American actor and producer.

Early life
Griffith was born Freddy Merrill Griffith, the son of Victor Merrill Griffith and Linda Gayle Griffith, in Spartanburg, SC. Griffith is of Welsh and Scots-Irish ancestry. His ancestors fought in the American Revolutionary War, The Civil War in the United States, World War I, World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam War. He has a younger sister, Cynthia Lynn. From an early age he knew he wanted to be an entertainer. He studied at University of South Carolina, Spartanburg and Coastal Carolina. He waited to pursue his life's passion of being a professional actor until he was in his thirties.

Career
He has been fortunate enough to work alongside of some of his childhood heroes, such as Robert Duvall in Gods and Generals and David Carradine in Miracle at Creek. He earned his SAG card in 2002 while working on Gods and Generals. The first film he produced was a short entitled Alex and it was nominated for an award at the Myrtle Beach Film Festival for "Best Ensemble". In 2004 he formed Follow Your Dreams Productions, a film production company. Also in 2004 he presented the Elvis Presley Award to the country music group Lonestar for their song "I'm Already There" on the American Veteran Awards show on The History Channel. Although he has never served in the United States Military he was told by a five star General that tonight he was serving his country by supporting them.

Filmography

Television

Producer

References
 Fred Griffith Biography (1964-)

External links

American male film actors
American male television actors
People from Spartanburg, South Carolina
Living people
1964 births

Fred Griffith (actor)


Universal Orlando Resort is a resort in Orlando, Florida. It is in a partnership between NBCUniversal and The Blackstone Group. The resort consists of two theme parks (Universal Studios Florida and Islands of Adventure), CityWalk (a nighttime entertainment destination), and three Loews hotels. CityWalk includes the 20 screen Loews Universal Cineplex, a lot of restaurants, shops, and clubs. There are eight restaurants, five entertainment areas and 11 shopping stores.

Universal Studios Florida
Universal Studios Florida is one of the themes parks in Universal Orlando Resort. It includes rides and many shows.

Attractions
 Fear Factor Live!
 E.T. Adventure
 Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast
 Shrek 4-D
 A Day in the Park with Barney
 Fievel's Playground
 Revenge of the Mummy
 Back to the Future: The Ride
 Earthquake: The Big One
 Men in Black: Alien Attack
 Terminator 2: 3-D Battle Across Time
 Twister...Ride it Out
 Animal Planet Live
 BeetleJuice's Rock 'n' Roll Graveyard Revue
 The Blues Brothers
 Curious George Goes to Town
 Jaws
 Universal's Horror Make-Up Show
 Woody Woodpecker's Nuthouse Coaster

Former Attractions
 King Kong (Replaced by Revenge of the Mummy)
 Murder, She Wrote Television Experience (Replaced by Hercules and Xena)
 Ghostbusters (Replaced by Twister)
 The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (Replaced by Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast)
 Nickelodeon Studios Tour (space currently derelict; queues used by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling for its events in Soundstage 21)
 Animal Actors Stage (Replaced by Animal Planet Live)
 Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Experience (Replaced by Shrek 4-D)
 The Wild, Wild, Wild West Stunt Show (Replaced by Fear Factor Live)
 Stage 54 (Replaced by an interactive experience with Donkey, connected to Shrek 4-D)
 Hercules and Xena Television Experience (space currently derelict)

Islands of Adventure

Islands of Adventure is a theme park in Orlando, Florida. It opened in 1999 as an expansion to the Universal Orlando Resort and CityWalk areas. The park has six "islands", each having its own theme.

The Port of Entry is the area north of the entrance, positioned at the southernmost point of the park. It is primarily a shopping center, and has the feel of an Arabian bazaar. Its main feature is the Confisco Grille, a restaurant. Located next to the Port of Entry, Marvel Super Hero Island has rides similar to Marvel comic books. Its four rides are the Incredible Hulk Coaster, the only launched Bolliger and Mabillard roller coaster, The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man, a simulator ride set in New York, Doctor Doom's Fearfall, a vertically launched ride similar to Power Tower at Cedar Point in Ohio, and Storm Force Accelatron which is a faster version of the traditional Teacup ride.

Toon Lagoon contains mostly water rides and is themed after the cartoons found in the Sunday newspaper. These rides include Popeye & Bluto's Bilge Rat Barges, a whitewater rapids ride, and Dudley Do-Right's Rip Saw Falls, a log flume with a 50 foot drop. Also here is Me Ship, The Olive, a kids play area.  The Comic Strip Cafe and Wimpy's provide food here.

Set in the time of Jurassic Park the movie, the only ride is Jurassic Park River Adventure. The Lost Continent has a theme of a lost medieval city. Dueling Dragons is an inverted roller coaster with two different tracks, Fire and Ice. Poseidon's Fury is a special effects show where you can explore Poseidon's underground tomb. Close by is The Eighth Voyage of Sindbad, a live action stunt show. Outside the entrance to this show is the mystical Talking Fountain which talks to, and soaks people who goes by it. Also in the Lost Continent is the Flying Unicorn, a roller coaster for children and The Enchanted Oak Tavern. Mythos is a casual sit-down restaurant at the entrance to the Continent.

Seuss Landing is the only zone at Islands of Adventure for small children. It is based on the works of the author Dr. Seuss. It has several Seuss-themed rides including the Caro-Seuss-el, The Cat in the Hat Ride, and If I Ran the Zoo. It also features One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish and the Green Eggs and Ham Cafe.

Former Attractions
When the park opened, a boat ride, Island Skipper Tours, took park guests around the central lagoon of Islands of Adventure.  It had stops in Port of Entry across from the Confisco Grille restaurant, and in Jurassic Park next to the Discovery Center.  The ride was closed in 2002.

Originally Toon Lagoon featured a live show with cartoon characters. It was replaced in 2002 by a Dave Mirra-themed BMX stunt show. There used to be a Triceratops Encounter in Jurassic Park that featured a lifelike animatronic dinosaur.

A ride that was supposed to open with the park in Seuss Landing was Sylvester McMonkey McBean's Incredible Driving Machines. This was similar to Pteranodon Flyers in Jurassic Park in that parents and children could ride together in cars that ran on an elevated track that toured Seuss Landing. They were never able to get the ride to work, and the supplier that made most of the components went bankrupt in 1999. The ride never opened, but the tracks are still at the park.

Gallery

Other websites
Official Site

Walt Disney World
1990 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Florida

Universal Orlando Resort


was a samurai of mixed Japanese-Emishi parentage of the late Heian period (794–1185), who was the founder of the Hiraizumi or Northern Fujiwara dynasty that ruled Northern Japan from about 1100 to 1189.

Biography
Kiyohira was the son of Fujiwara no Tsunekiyo and a daughter of Abe no Yoritoki whose name is not known. He was born somewhere in the  in 1056. His father was of the Hidesato branch of the Fujiwara clan which was known for their fighting ability. Even so, Tsunekiyo was a mid-level bureaucrat at Fort Taga in present-day Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture when he married his Emishi wife, left his position and went to live with his wife's family in present-day Iwate Prefecture. Thus, Kiyohira was born in an Emishi household in Emishi territory to a father who was considered a traitor by the Japanese authorities.

Much of his early life was spent in a community at war with the Japanese central authorities. The Earlier Nine Years' War (Zenkunen War, 前九年合戦) was fought on and off from 1050 to 1062 while the Latter Three Years' War (Gosannen War, 後三年合戦) ran from 1083 to 1087. He lost his grandfather, Abe no Yoritoki, in battle in 1057, his uncle Sadato in 1062 and all of his mother's brothers were deported to Kyūshū in the same year. His own father was personally beheaded by Minamoto no Yoriyoshi (源 頼義) with a blunt sword. These are the events which would shape his life and influence his decisions as long as he lived.

After he lost his father during the Zenkunen War, his mother became the concubine of his enemy, Kiyohara no Takehira, who had helped Minamoto no Yoriyoshi in the last war. Kiyohira was brought up in this enemy clan as Kiyohara no Kiyohira, with his elder stepbrother Sanehira and younger half-brother Iehira. The Later Three Years' War involved a struggle among the three brothers in this complex relationship.

Kiyohira won the final victory in the war in 1087, with the aid of Minamoto no Yoshiie(源 義家), the son of another of his old enemies, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi. Kiyohira, however, lost his wife and son during the war, killed by his half-brother Iehira.

Victorious in the Latter Three Years' War, Kiyohira returned to his home at Fort Toyota (Iwayadō Castle), in present-day Esashi Ward, Ōshū City, Iwate prefecture, to plan his future. Sometime around 1090 to 1100 he built a new home on Mount Kanzan, "Barrier Mountain" in what is now Hiraizumi Town. There appear to be three main reasons for his choice of site. First was its location directly on the Frontier Way, the main highway leading south to the capital and other major cities and north to the lands he controlled. Secondly it was determined to be the center of their realm, Ōshū, as measured from the Shirakawa River Barrier in the south to Sotogahama in present-day Aomori Prefecture in the north. Thirdly this location is on the Southern side of the Koromo River, in what had traditionally been Japanese territory. Previously Emishi forts were always built on the North side of East or West flowing rivers.

There is evidence that Kiyohira did not use the name Fujiwara but the name Kiyohara until 1117, when he was more than 60 years old. But he did use it and passed it on to his children. Kiyohira had several wives and consorts including a Taira wife from Kyōto who was called the mother of his six children. She seems to have tired quickly of life on the remote frontier, returned to Kyōto, married a policeman and never returned. He is also known to have had two Emishi wives, a Kiyohara and an Abe. His eldest son and rightful heir was Koretsune. His second son and eventual successor was Motohira, born about 1105, likely to one of Kiyohira's Emishi wives.

After setting up house in Hiraizumi, Kiyohira began an ambitious Buddhist temple building program on the top of Mount Kanzan, Chūson-ji. This complex of temples, pagodas, repositories and gardens was to be his legacy, the embodiment of his vision for himself, his family and his domain for all time.

References

1056 births
1128 deaths
11th-century Buddhists
12th-century Buddhists
11th-century Japanese people
12th-century Japanese people
People from Iwate Prefecture
Fujiwara clan
Heian period Buddhists
People of Heian-period Japan

Fujiwara no Kiyohira


Denis McGrath (September 21, 1968 – March 23, 2017) was a Canadian screenwriter and producer. Born in New York City, he resided and worked in Toronto.

McGrath started his career as a TV producer at the educational network TVOntario. In 1993, he was hired by Moses Znaimer and went to work at Toronto's groundbreaking Citytv station.  As a producer on the Gemini Award-winning MediaTelevision, McGrath made the program on the intersection of digital culture and marketing one of the first in Canada to maintain an email address. Between 1993 and 1997, he did over five hundred stories on the first wave of dot.com entrepreneurs, interviewing new media figures such as John Perry Barlow, Bruce Sterling, Peter Gabriel, and Nicholas Negroponte, as well as authors and TV types from P. J. O'Rourke to Chris Carter.

In 1997, McGrath signed on as the first producer for Space: The Imagination Station, Canada's Sci-Fi channel. There, he pioneered several of the station's early program segments, including a recurring comedy segment called "Conspiracy Guy". He also created and hosted the show's late-night movie show, Spacebar.

In late 2000, McGrath left Space: The Imagination Station to become a resident of the Canadian Film Centre's Prime Time TV program.

A graduate of Ryerson Polytechnic University, McGrath taught writing part-time at his alma mater between 1994–2006.

He was a regular contributor to the CBC Radio program Q and was elected to the Writers Guild of Canada Governing Council in April 2008.

In October 2017, the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television announced that McGrath will be the posthumous recipient of its Margaret Collier Award for distinguished lifetime achievement in television writing at the 6th Canadian Screen Awards.

Television
In April 2008, McGrath won a Canadian Screenwriting Award for Best Dramatic Writing for the series he co-created, Across the River to Motor City.

On August 26, 2008, Across the River to Motor City received seven Gemini Award nominations. McGrath was nominated for Best Dramatic Writing in a Miniseries, along with Bob Wertheimer and Jocelyn Cornforth.

McGrath briefly worked as a story editor on the CTV series Flashpoint.

Theatre
In 2002, on a lark, McGrath wrote the book and lyrics for a satirical musical based on the movie Top Gun: Top Gun! The Musical, which became the highest grossing show in the history of the Toronto Fringe Festival. It was remounted in a successful commercial production at the Factory Theatre in June 2003, and was nominated for two Dora Mavor Moore Award for Best Musical and Best Leading Performance Male, Dmitry Chepovetsky.

Top Gun! The Musical has received several productions, in Texas and Halifax, N.S. In 2004, the original cast and creative team, led by Director Colin Viebrock, producer Derrick Chua, and writers McGrath and Scott White took the show to the inaugural New York Musical Festival. McGrath wrote several other plays, including Press'd, American Without Tears and Pavlov's Brother (co-written with Flashpoint co-creator Mark Ellis).

Blog
In August 2005, McGrath started a blog called "Dead Things on Sticks."  Initially a personal screenwriting blog, the site soon morphed into a much-read daily discussion covering the Canadian television industry.

He appeared on a TV critics' panel at the 2007 Banff Television Festival along with Entertainment Weekly's Gillian Flynn, Bill Carter of The New York Times, and John Doyle, Television Critic for The Globe and Mail. In 2007, in an article criticizing the lack of discerning Canadian TV criticism, Doyle wrote that "McGrath's site is thoughtful, learned and provocative about creating Canadian TV."

McGrath essentially shut down the blog in June 2010, though archival posts remained.

Death
Denis McGrath died on March 23, 2017, aged 48, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Selected filmography
Charlie Jade (2004)
Skyland (2005)
Rent-A-Goalie (2006)
Across the River to Motor City(2006)
Blood Ties (2007)
The Border (2007–2008)
Stargate Universe (2010)
XIII: The Series (2011)
Flight of the Storks (2012)

References

External links

 Dead things ON Sticks, Denis' blog on screenwriting and the Canadian television industry
 Blog T.O. profile, interview, July 2007

1968 births
2017 deaths
Canadian Film Centre alumni
Canadian male television writers
Canadian male screenwriters
Deaths from cancer in Ontario
Screenwriters from New York City
Screenwriters from Toronto

Denis McGrath


The Museum of Berkshire Aviation is a small aviation museum in Woodley, a suburb of Reading in Berkshire, England. The museum is on the edge of the site of the former Woodley Aerodrome and many of its exhibits relate to the Phillips & Powis company, later renamed Miles Aircraft, which was based there from 1932 to 1947. Other aircraft exhibited were built by Handley Page (Reading) Ltd, and by Fairey Aviation at White Waltham near Maidenhead.

Despite being a small museum, several of the exhibits are unique survivors. These include a Miles Martinet (a World War II target tug), the only Miles Student two-seat side-by-side jet trainer ever built, and a Fairey Jet Gyrodyne — a composite helicopter and autogyro, or gyrodyne.

Other exhibits include:
 A Fairey Gannet carrier-borne anti-submarine aircraft, formerly operated by the Royal Navy.
 A Handley Page Herald turboprop airliner, designed by Miles and built at Woodley after Handley Page took over Miles' aircraft contracts.
 A Miles Magister two-seat basic trainer aircraft.

External links

 Unofficial guide to the Museum of Berkshire Aviation

Aerospace museums in England
Museums in Berkshire
Borough of Wokingham

Museum of Berkshire Aviation


ADO16 is the codename for the development of what became the Morris 1100, a smaw faimily caur biggit bi the Breetish Motor Corporation (BMC) an, later, Breetish Leyland. Throughoot the 1960s, the ADO16 wis consistently the UK's best-selling caur.

Awtho maist o the caurs wur manufactured in Ingland, the model wis an aa biggit in Spain bi Authi, in Italy bi Innocenti an at the company's ain plant in Belgium.   It wis the basis for locally adapted seemilar caurs manufactured in Australie an Sooth Africae.

The vehicle wis launched as the Morris 1100 on August 15, 1962.  The range wis expanded tae include several rebadged versions, includin the twin-carburettor MG 1100, the Vanden Plas Princess (frae October 1962), the Austin 1100 (August 1963), an finally the Wolseley 1100 (1965) an Riley Kestrel (1965).  The Morris badged 1100/1300 gae up its showroom space tae the Morris Marina in 1971, but Austin an Vanden Plas versions remained in production in the UK till Juin 1974.

The estate version followed in 1966, cried Countryman in the Austin version an Traveller in the Morris ane, continuing the established naming scheme.

In 1964 the 1100 wis Wheels magazine's Car of the Year.

ADO16
ADO16
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Issigonis vehicles
Compact caurs
Sedans
Station wagons
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles

BMC ADO16


Lawrence Langner (May 30, 1890 – 1962) was a playwright, author, and producer who also pursued a career as a patent attorney.

Life

Born near Swansea, South Wales and working most of his life in the United States, he started his theatrical career as one of the founders of the Washington Square Players troupe in 1914. He was also involved in patent law and founded the National Inventors Council.

In 1919 he founded the Theatre Guild, where he supervised over 200 productions. He was also founder and Chairman of the American Shakespeare Festival, and with his wife, Armina Marshall, he created and operated the Westport Country Playhouse.

Besides theatre, Lawrence Langner wrote several books, including an autobiography, titled Magic Curtain. He was awarded the 1958 Tony Award for best play production (together with his wife and partners, Theresa Helburn and Dore Schary) for Sunrise at Campobello.

Best known works
 The Pursuit of Happiness
 Sunrise at Campobello
 Magic Curtain (autobiography)
 The Importance of Wearing Clothes

References
Ladas & Parry (Intellectual Property Firm) - A Brief History
 * Scott Langston, "Exodus in Early Twentieth Century America: Charles Reynolds Brown and Lawrence Langner," in Michael Lieb, Emma Mason and Jonathan Roberts (eds), The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible (Oxford, OUP, 2011), 433–446.

External links

 Lawrence Langner papers, 1915-1962, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 Lawrence Langner Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1890 births
1962 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American lawyers
American theatre directors
People from Westport, Connecticut
People from Swansea
Welsh emigrants to the United States
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers

Lawrence Langner


Chitose Hajime (元ちとせ Hajime Chitose) is a singer from Japan. She is from Amami Ōshima and sings in a style particular to that region, with distinctive falsetto effects. Because of this, it is said that her voice has a relaxing effect that has been observed in electroencephalograms taken from the brains of people listening to her singing.

Chitose Hajime was recognized as a gifted folk singer at a young age. She won many folk song competitions, released two traditional folk albums on an indie label, and was approached by many record labels. She decided to study to become a beautician instead of pursuing music. However, Hajime had severe allergic reactions to many of the chemicals used by beauticians. She withdrew from school, and seriously considered a music career.

In 2001, she released a self-titled mini-album on the indie label Office Augusta. The album was covers of older songs, but was so well received that Hajime was pushed to release another mini-album. In August 2001, Chitose released her second mini-album with Augusta Records entitled Kotonoha ( コトノハ, Kotonoha) . This release featured 5 original tracks.

In 2002 she released her first major label single on Epic Records - "Wadatsumi no Ki" ( ワダツミの木, "Wadatsumi no Ki") . It was the third highest selling single of the year behind only Hikaru Utada 's " traveling ", and Ayumi Hamasaki 's " H ". Three months later, she released a brand new single, "Kimi wo Omō" ( 君ヲ想フ, "Kimi wo Omō") . While also very popular, it was not nearly the success that her first single was, although it did help to cement her as a permanent artist.

Her first major album, Hainumikaze ( ハイヌミカゼ, Hainumikaze), followed later in the year. It sold 800,000 copies, charted for 57 weeks, and was the 16th highest selling album of the year.

She released 3 more singles before her second major album, Nomad Soul ( ノマド・ソウル, nomado souru ), was released in 2003. Shortly after a concert tour, and the release of a live album and DVD in 2004, Hajime announced that she would be taking time away from the music scene to get married, and have a child. Her first child miscarried, but she successfully gave birth to a girl on January 20, 2005.

She returned to the music industry in November 2005 with the single "Kataritsugu Koto" ( 語り継ぐこと, "Kataritsugu Koto"), the ending theme for the anime BLOOD+ . The single was a hit, reaching #12 on the Oricon charts. She followed this success with her next come-back single, "Haru no Katami" ( 春のかたみ, "Haru no Katami"), the ending theme for the anime AYAKASHI - Japanese Classic Horror . This single sold 6050 copies in its first week, and remained on the charts for 7 weeks total. A third single was released before her next album. The single, "Ao no Requiem" ( 青のレクイエム, "Ao no Requiem"), was the theme song for the Studio GAGA film Hatsukoi . It featured 1 extra track, and charted for 3 weeks. The following week, Hajime released her third original major album, Hanadairo ( ハナダイロ, Hanadairo) . The album was available in both a regular edition, and a limited edition. The limited edition featured a 13th track, "Shinda Onna no Ko" ( 死んだ女の子, "Shinda Onna no Ko") with Ryuichi Sakamoto, as well as a DVD containing the music videos for "Kataritsugu Koto", and "Haru no Katami".

Japanese singers
1979 births
Living people
People from Kagoshima Prefecture

Chitose Hajime


The Reporter is the local newspaper based out of Lansdale, Pennsylvania owned by Journal Register Company. It primarily serves the communities in the North Penn Valley and the Souderton Area School District, including Lansdale Borough, Montgomery Township, Hatfield Township, Hatfield Borough, North Wales Borough, Towamencin Township, Skippack Township, Souderton Borough, Telford Borough, and other municipalities in northwest suburban Montgomery County in southeast Pennsylvania.

The Reporter traces its founding to October 27, 1870 when the Lansdale Reporter was a weekly four-page advertising missive. Its founder was Frederick Wagner.

The early Lansdale Reporter focused on close-knit community news, with articles discussing trivial news ranging from Miss Grendle's visit to the Bauer Family on a Friday to John Smith making the crowd laugh at his birthday bash. By 1915, the paper was a bona fide information tool. "Even after Lansdale became a borough in 1872, The Reporter didn't cover council meetings right away", Lansdale Historical Society President Dick Shearer said. "The Reporter was primarily a print shop device."

By 1918, the region at three newspapers: The Lansdale Reporter, The Republican and The North Penn Review. The Review was bought out by The Republican and became the Republican-Review.

In 1923, Walter Sanborn, the owner of the Lansdale Reporter sold the newspaper to Republican-Review publisher Chester Knipe, who merged it with his paper.

The Republican-Review-Reporter was shortened to The Reporter-Review. In 1927, Sanborn bought the paper back from Knipe and renamed it The North Penn Reporter.

Prior to the merger on August 17, 1922, an edition called The North Penn Review featured Lansdale's 50th anniversary on its front page.

The paper celebrated its 100th anniversary on November 1, 1970. At this time subscription rates were $17 for one year.

In 1980 The Reporter was sold to Gannett Corporation, which also used the presses as a print site for USA Today in the Philadelphia region. In 2001 Gannett sold The Reporter to Journal Register Company, currently based in Yardley, Pennsylvania.

, Journal Register Company also owns 18 other daily newspapers, 152 non-daily publications and 128 web sites affiliated with print publications, in five geographic locations of the  United States, in the east and midwest.

In May 2008, Journal Register Company was delisted from the New York Stock Exchange due to low share prices.

References
 "The Reporter Remembers: Covering Our Community for 135 years." Published by The Reporter, Lansdale, Pennsylvania.

External links

Journal Register Company Web site

Newspapers established in 1870
Lansdale, Pennsylvania
Daily newspapers published in Pennsylvania
1870 establishments in Pennsylvania

The Reporter (Lansdale)


Normal force is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with; If there was no normal force, you would slowly seep into the ground.

The normal force on a object is always perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface the object is on.

On a flat surface, the normal force of an object is  (the object's weight, that is its mass multiplied by the force of gravity).

On an inclined plane, the normal force is reduced by the angle, and the normal force is .

Note that on a flat surface,  (angle)would be 0, and so  would be 1. Thus, the two equations are equal.

Mechanics

Normal force


The Ford flathead V8 (eften cried simply the Ford flathead, flathead Ford, or flatty when the context is implicit, sic as in het-rodding) is a V8 ingine o the valve-in-block teep designed bi the Ford Motor Company an biggit bi Ford an various licensees. During the ingine's first decade o production, when owerheid-valve engines war rare, it wis uisually kent simply as the Ford V‑8, an the first car model in which it wis installed, the Model 18, wis (an still is) eften cried simply the "Ford V‑8", efter its new ingine. Awtho the V8 configuration wis nae new when the Ford V8 wis introduced in 1932, the latter wis a mercat first in the respect that it made an 8-cylinder affordable an a V ingine affordable tae the emerging mass mercat consumer for the first time. It wis the first independently designed an biggit V8 ingine produced bi Ford for mass production, an it ranks as ane o the company's maist important developments. A fascination wi ever-mair-powerful engines wis aiblins the maist salient aspect o the American car an truck mercat for a hauf century, frae 1923 until 1973. The Ford flathead V8 wis perfectly in tune wi the cultural moment o its introduction, leadin the wey intae a future o which the Ford company wis a principal architect. Sicweys it became a phenomenal success. The ingine design, wi various changes but no major ones, wis installed in Ford passenger cars an trucks until 1953, makin the ingine's 21-year production run for the U.S. consumer mercat langer than the 19-year run o the Ford Model T ingine for that mercat. The ingine wis on Ward's leet o the 10 best engines o the 20t century. It wis a staple o het rodders in the 1950s, an it remains famous in the classic car hobbies even the day, despite the huge variety o ither popular V8s that followed.

Ford ingines
Petrol ingines by model

Ford flatheid V8 ingine


Macarius (; 1482 – 12 January 1563) was the Metropolitan of Moscow and all Rus' from 1542 until 1563. He was the tenth metropolitan in Moscow to be appointed without the approval of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople as had been the norm.

Early life and work on the Menaion
Macarius was born in the region around Moscow.  His parents' names (at least his mother's monastic names) are known because he dedicates the Great Menaion Reader to them.  His secular name is thought to have been Mikhail.

In the late 15th century, Macarius became a monk at the  in Borovsk, where he would serve as a reader, subdeacon, deacon, and priest. It was here that Macarius mastered the art of icon painting. He is also known to have been a firm supporter of Joseph Volotsky and his disciples. He was a notable Russian cleric, writer, and icon painter.

In 1523, Metropolitan Daniel raised Macarius to the rank of archmandrite of a monastery in Mozhaisk. It was there that Macarius became acquainted with the Grand Prince of Moscow, Vasili III. He was one of a few clerics who supported Vasili III's divorce from the barren Solomonia Saburova and blessed his second marriage with Elena Glinskaya.

In 1526, Macarius was appointed Archbishop of Novgorod, where he conducted pro-Muscovite policies.  In 1533 and again in 1535, he sent the monk Il'ia and others on missionary work among the Balto-Finnic peoples along the Neva, Lakes Ladoga and Onega, and up into the Kola Peninsula.  (His successor in Novgorod, Feodosii, send missionaries to the same region a decade later.) In 1541, Macarius and his companions finished work on the first edition of their great work, the Great Menaion Reader (Velikie Minei-Chetii in Russian). This compilation of lives of the Russian saints comprised 12 volumes arranged on monthly basis.  He is also credited with beginning the Stepennaia Kniga (The Book of Degrees of Royal Genealogy) which traced Ivan the Terrible's lineage back to a fictitious brother of Caesar Augustus named Prus.  He is also said to have painted the icons in the little iconostasis of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Novgorod.

Metropolitan of Russia

Having secured the support of powerful Prince Andrey Shuisky, Macarius was elected Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia on 16 March 1542. During Ivan IV's nonage and Shuiskys' regency, Macarius's relations with the Boyar Duma gradually worsened due to his constant "grief" over the disgrace of courtiers and church dignitaries. His independent-mindedness induced a number of attempts to dislodge him. In the summer of 1544, Macarius escaped a sure death in the fire raging in the Moscow Kremlin. Three years later, he took part in removing Ivan's maternal relatives, the Glinskys, from the Russian government.

Upon becoming one of the closest advisers of Ivan the Terrible, Macarius arranged his coronation on 16 January 1547. That year, he blessed the tsar's marriage with Anastasia Zakharyina-Yuriyeva. Macarius was an active participant at the zemsky sobors of 1547, 1549, and 1550, advocating conciliation between the opposing boyar groups.

During the synod of 1542, Macarius achieved the excommunication of Maximus the Greek's associate Isaac Sobaka (archmandrite of Chudov Monastery). Curiously enough, Macarius would later correspond with the exiled Maximus the Greek and include some of his essays in his the Great Menaion Reader, rejecting, however, his appeals for pardon. During Stoglav and other such synods (traditionally known as Macarius's synods in Russian historiography), Macarius carried out canonization of 39 all-Russian saints. In 1551, Macarius (together with the tsar) convened the so-called Stoglavi Sobor. He also blessed the Russian army before its departure to Kazan in 1552.

During his Kazan campaign in 1559, Ivan the Terrible left Macarius in Moscow to "protect the tsardom", which made him a temporary head of state. In 1552 and 1554, Macarius completed the second and third editions of the Grand Menaion. During the church councils in 1553-1555, Macarius supported the accusations of heresy, aimed at a boyar son Matvei Bashkin, starets Artemiy, and monk Feodosiy Kosoy. However, he took the side of Silvester, a monk at the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin, who had been accused by diak Ivan Viskovatyi in uncanonical wall-painting of the above-mentioned cathedral.

When the tsar was away from Moscow, Macarius was in charge of diplomatic negotiations and dispatching messengers abroad with different deeds. The painting of the Saint Basil's Cathedral and Kremlin's Golden Chamber was carried out with his assistance. He also took part in compiling the Chronicle of the Beginning of Tsardom of Tsar and Grand Prince Ivan Vasiliyevich, i.e., an official chronicle of Ivan the Terrible's reign and the Regal Book, an illuminated manuscript about Ivan's reign and policies.

Later years

In his declining years, Macarius moved away from the affairs of the state. He supervised the creation of the Stepennaya kniga (or the Book of Generations), supported Ivan Fyodorov's book-printing, and renovated icons. Metropolitan Macarius died on 12 January 1563 and was buried in the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin. After his death, they wrote his life and A Tale of the Last Days of Metropolitan Macarius. Macarius was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988 (he, however, is found in lists of saints dating back to the 18th century).  His icon hangs in a niche over the archway of the entrance to the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents in Moscow.

References

Metropolitans of Moscow and all Russia
1482 births
1563 deaths
Russian saints
Burials at Dormition Cathedral, Moscow
16th-century Christian saints
Russian icon painters
Medieval Russian painters

Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow


The second inauguration of Andrew Jackson as the seventh president of the United States took place in the House chamber of the U.S. Capitol on Monday, March 4, 1833.

The inauguration was the beginning of the second term of Andrew Jackson as President and the only term of Martin Van Buren as Vice President.

Jackson was sworn in by Chief Justice John Marshall. This was the first inauguration for which two inaugural balls were held.

References

1833
1830s in the United States
Andrew Jackson
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson, Andrew

Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson


Tie-dye is a colorful pattern used on clothing. It is made by tying a piece of clothing into a tight bundle, and then dyeing it with various colors. This became very popular in the 1960s and '70s. It was often made to represent signs like 'peace' and 'flower power'.

Tie dye is an expression of emotion and is a very colourful and expressive type of art.

Cloth
Textile arts

Tie-dye


Claude Monet (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French impressionist artist.
One of his most famous paintings was called Water Lilies, which he repeated many times in various conditions.

Monet was born in Paris, France. His father wanted him to help run the family's grocery business. However, Monet wanted to be an artist. When he was young he met the painter Eugène Boudin who taught him to use oil paints, and encouraged him to paint out of doors.

Monet joined the French Army in Algeria for two years from 1860 to 1862. When he became ill he left the army to study art at university. He did not like the way art was taught, and joined the painter Charles Gleyre in his studio. He met other artists here, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They shared their ideas about painting.

In 1866 Monet had a child with Camille Doncieux, who had been his model. They married in 1870 and had two children, Michel and Joseph. In 1870 he moved to England to escape the Franco-Prussian War, and in 1871 he moved to Argenteuil near Paris where he painted some of his most famous pictures. In 1873 he painted Impression, Sunrise, showing the sea at Le Havre. When this picture was shown in 1874 one critic took its title and called the group of artists "Impressionists". He intended to make fun of the artists, but the name has stuck and this is what people today call this style of painting.

In 1879 Camille died of tuberculosis. Alice Hoschedé decided to help Monet by taking care of his children as well as her own. In 1883 they moved to a house in Giverny where Monet planted a large garden. Monet married Alice in 1892.

Monet found that his garden inspired him to paint pictures of it, particularly the water lilies. Alice died in 1911, and his son Jean was killed in World War I in 1914.

Monet used broad brush strokes to build up his pictures, and painted quite quickly to try and get the idea of the light he could see into his paintings. If you go very close to one of his pictures it is hard to see what it shows, but if you stand back everything becomes clear.

His later paintings include series, in which he paints the same subject in different lights. For example, he painted a series of pictures of haystacks in a field, and another series of pictures of the west front of Rouen Cathedral. There are many paintings of the lilies in his garden at Giverny.

Related pages
 Impressionism
 Giverny

References

Artists from Paris
French painters
Impressionist painters
1840 births
1926 deaths

Claude Monet


Margarine is an artificial butter. It can be made from vegetable oil, or animal fat. It may also contain skimmed milk, salt and emulsifiers. Margarine is used in many baked products. It contains less fat than butter, so is often chosen instead of it. There are also "low fat" margarines, which contain even less fat. However, many types of margarine are made with hydrogenated oils. Products with hydrogenated oil have trans fats, which are unhealthy and can cause heart disease. Other fats, like olive oil, and butter, are a better choice for cooking.

Spreads

Margarine


Ryan Wayne Donowho (born September 20, 1980) is an American actor and musician.

Early life
Born and raised in Houston, Texas, Donowho appeared as an uncredited extra in "Varsity Blues (film)", a film shot in his home state of Texas. Donowho moved to Brooklyn, New York and then to Los Angeles. He was a street musician in New York City as a "bucket" drummer. Donowho was bucket drumming in New York City when he was discovered by a modeling agent. He has an older brother, Matthew and a younger brother, Joseph.

Career
His official movie debut was in 2001's The Car Thief and the Hit Man. Donowho co-starred alongside Emile Hirsch in The Mudge Boy. In 2003 he was featured as the drummer for a song in The Hermitt's "& The Story of The Insects". Donowho is known for his work in 2004's Imaginary Heroes with Emile Hirsch. In the film, Donowho plays a sexually ambiguous character.

Donowho's roles in Imaginary Heroes and later in A Home at the End of the World created for Donowho a positive relationship with the gay community. He appeared with brother Matthew at the 2004 Outfest, a gay and lesbian film festival held annually in Los Angeles along with the cast and crew of A Home at the End of the World. He appeared in Bringing Rain with Rodrigo Lopresti and Alexis Dziena. For the third season of The O.C., the producers cast Donowho as Johnny Harper. Donowho played Stanley in the 2006 film adaptation of Strangers With Candy but does not appear in the released version of the film.

Donowho appeared in the thriller film Altitude. He played the lead character of Nathan in Rites of Passage.

Filmography

Television

Film

Awards
Donowho is the recipient of several awards; he was awarded twice  for his role in the 2006 film The Favor at the San Diego Film Festival, receiving the Festival Award, and the Achievement in Acting Award, both for Best Actor. For his portrayal in the 2016 film Salvation, he was received the award for Best Actor at the Los Angeles Cinema Festival of Hollywood.

References

External links

1980 births
American drummers
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Houston
Musicians from Houston
Male actors from Los Angeles
Musicians from Los Angeles
21st-century American drummers

Ryan Donowho


Molars are special teeth found in mammals, and also the most complex sort of teeth. They are used for grinding food.

Humans have 12 molars in total, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The molar which is the farthest back in each group is called a wisdom tooth. The wisdom teeth are the last teeth to appear, usually at around the age of eighteen. These final molars do not erupt in many people.

All molars and premolars have a structure for grinding food. They have elevated (~pointed) parts called cusps. These cusps are characteristics of the species in question, but in general they are found on the molars, and to a lesser extent on premolars.

Teeth

Molar


Sven Adolf Hedlund (24 February 1821 – 16 September 1900), also known as S. A. Hedlund, was a Swedish newspaper publisher and politician.
He was editor-in-chief of Göteborgs Handels- och sjöfartstidning and served as a Member of the Parliament of Sweden.

Biography
Sven Adolf Hedlund was born on the island of Eldgarn, now in Ekerö Municipality  at Mälaren, Stockholm County, Sweden,
He was the son of the farmer Carl Adolf Hedlund and his wife Regina (née Björner).
He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1845 from Uppsala University.

In 1847 he was employed at the Swedish Ministry of Education and at the Swedish National Library in Stockholm.
In the same year he also became a contributor for the publications  Hermoder  and Dagligt Allehanda.
In 1849 he became managing editor of Örebro Tidning.
In 1851 he joined the editorial staff of Aftonbladet.
In 1852 he became managing editor of Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning, a position he held for the rest of his life.
As managing editor of one of leading Swedish newspapers, he became a major figure in the Swedish press.

Hedlund was elected as a Member of Parliament, representing Gothenburg Municipality in the lower house from 1867 to 1869 and from 1879 to 1883. He later represented Gothenburg and Bohus County in the upper house from 1875 to 1876, and Kristianstad County from 1886 to 1889.

During his first period in the parliament Hedlund opposed the agrarian Lantmanna Party, which put him in opposition to the liberal government of Prime Minister Louis De Geer. Although he later decided to side with the party he never became a devoted party member. Both as a publisher and politician, Hedlund was a prominent proponent of liberal reforms. He was a strong proponent of political liberties such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion and free trade. He also supported the  Swedish representative reform  of 1866, in which the old Estates Assembly was replaced with a bicameral parliament.

Hedlund was also active as a local politician and served in the Gothenburg Municipal Council for over thirty years. As such he contributed to the reforms and establishment of many local institutions, particularly in the educational system. He was a force behind the founding of Gothenburg Museum in 1861 and a proponent behind the establishment of the University of Gothenburg (Göteborgs högskola) in 1887.

Personal life
Hedlund became engaged to Christina Maria Rudenschöld (1832-1905) and married her in 1854. They were the parents of five children.
In 1860, Hedlund became a member of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg.

After suffering apoplectic stroke in 1889, Hedlund retired from his publishing works and public duties. He died in his home in Gothenburg in 1900. His funerary urn is located in the Viktor Rydberg Mausoleum at Östra kyrkogården in Gothenburg.

References

1821 births
1900 deaths
People from Ekerö Municipality
Uppsala University alumni
Swedish newspaper publishers (people)
Members of the Första kammaren
Members of the Andra kammaren
19th-century Swedish journalists
Male journalists
19th-century male writers
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg

Sven Adolf Hedlund


Gaspar Gil Polo (1540? - 1591), Spanish novelist and poet, was born at Valencia.

He is often confused with Gil Polo, professor of Greek at Valencia University between 1566 and 1573; but this professor was not named Gaspar. He is also confused with his own son, Gaspar Gil Polo, the author of De origine et progressu juris romani (1615) and other legal treatises, who pleaded before the Cortes as late as 1626.

A notary by profession, Polo was attached to the treasury commission which visited Valencia in 1571, became coadjutor to the chief accountant in 1572, went on a special mission to Barcelona in 1580, and died there in 1591. Timoneda, in the Sarao de amor (1561), alludes to him as a poet of repute; but of his miscellaneous verses only two conventional, eulogistic sonnets and a song survive.

Polo finds a place in the history of the novel as the author of La Diana enamorada, a continuation of Montemayor's Diana, and perhaps the most successful continuation ever written by another hand. Cervantes, punning on the writer's name, recommended that the Diana enamorada should be guarded as carefully as though it were by Apollo himself; the hyperbole is not wholly, nor even mainly, ironic.

The book is one of the most agreeable of Spanish pastorals; interesting in incident, written in fluent prose, and embellished with melodious poems, it was constantly reprinted, was imitated by Cervantes in the Canto de Caliope, and was translated into English, French, German and Latin.

The English version of Bartholomew Young, published in 1598 but current in manuscript fifteen years earlier, included both Montemayor's original and Gil Polo's continuation.  Yong's translation is said to have suggested the Felismena episode (originally in Montemayor) in The Two Gentlemen of Verona; the Latin version of Kaspar von Barth, entitled Erotodidascalus (Hanover, 1625), is a performance of uncommon merit, as well as a bibliographical curiosity.

Notes

References

External links

1530s births
1591 deaths
Writers from the Valencian Community
Spanish poets
Spanish dramatists and playwrights
Spanish male dramatists and playwrights
Spanish male poets

Gaspar Gil Polo


Coral fungi or clavarioid fungi, are mushrooms that are usually shaped like coral, but can also be shaped like forks, worms or clubs. They are rubbery and at times are brightly coloured.

Originally, such fungi were put in the genus Clavaria, and called "clavarioid", which means Clavaria-like. It is now known that clavarioid species are not all closely related. Since they are often studied as a group, we keep the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "clavarioid fungi", and it is frequently used in research papers.

Habitat
Most coral fungi grow on the ground, but some grow on well decayed logs and stumps.
They are usually found in forests but some can also be found in fields. They are decomposers.

Eating
Although they are not poisonous, some kinds are a laxative and some can cause stomach pain.

Other websites

Mushrooms

Coral fungi


Samuel Bogart (2 April 1797 – 11 March 1861) was an itinerant Methodist minister and militia captain from Ray County, Missouri who played a prominent role in the 1838 Missouri Mormon War before later moving to Collin County, Texas, where he became a Texas Ranger and a member of the Texas State Legislature. He is best remembered, however, for his role in leading opposition to Mormon settlers in northwestern Missouri, and for the active role he took in operations against them in the fall of 1838. These operations led to the expulsion of nearly all Mormons from the state following the issuance of Governor Lilburn Boggs' infamous Extermination Order in October of that year.

Early years and family
Samuel Bogart was born in Carter County, Tennessee, the son of Cornelius Bogart (1761–1809) and Elizabeth Moffett. Orphaned at the age of fifteen, Bogart enlisted in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, serving in Capt. Wm. McLeland's company, 7th Infantry. He fought at the Battle of New Orleans, then later in the Black Hawk War in Illinois, where he served as a Major in the Illinois state militia.

Bogart was married to Rachel Hammer on 19 May 1818, in Washington County, Tennessee, and had two sons and three daughters:

1) Eliza Ann, born 15 November 1821 in Jacksonville, Morgan County, Illinois; died 17 April 1917 in Caddo County, Oklahoma.
2) Cornelius H. Bogart, born 10 March 1823, Morgan County, Illinois; died 3 December 1846 in Illinois.
3) William Bogart, born 1826, Schuyler County, Illinois; died August 1828 in Schuyler County, Illinois.
4) Jane Elizabeth Bogart, born 17 July 1832, McComb, Schuyler County, Illinois; died 14 April 1918 in Decatur, Wise County, Texas. She married Leroy Clement on 25 July 1846, in Fannin County, Texas. Son Lee Clement married Julia Clement August 24, 1883 in Whitesboro, Texas and had seven children.
5) Margaret Ellen Bogart, born 29 Jan 1835, Ray County, Missouri; died 7 May 1906 in Weatherford, Parker County, Texas.

Opposition to the Mormons
Bogart relocated from Illinois to Missouri in 1833, where he settled in rural Ray County in the northwestern part of the state. Here, he served as a farmer and itinerant Methodist minister, as well as the captain of his local militia unit. Peter Burnett, a lawyer from Ray County who would later become the first Governor of California, wrote that Bogart was "not a very discreet man, and his men were pretty much of the same character".

During the fall of 1838, Bogart became involved in an ongoing dispute between members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, commonly known as "Mormons," and their non-Mormon neighbors in Daviess County. Having been forcibly expelled from Jackson County in 1833, the Mormons had migrated north to a county specially created for them by the legislature, Caldwell. However, the influx of new Mormon converts into Missouri caused them to start settling in adjacent counties (including Daviess), which many older settlers felt they had no right to do. Fears arose that the Mormons would take control of all political offices in nearby counties, and this combined with prejudice and fears about the Mormons' economic practices, attitudes toward Native Americans and slaves, and other factors to create an explosive situation by the fall of 1838.

Bogart first took an active role in anti-Mormon activities during a disturbance in Carroll County, where Mormons had established a settlement called De Witt, in violation of an alleged agreement with non-Mormons not to settle in that county. No written agreement to this effect was ever produced, but this did not stop renegade Missouri militiamen from laying siege to the Mormon settlement from October 1 to October 10, 1838. When General Hiram Parks arrived with militia troops—Bogart and his company among them—to restore order, Bogart and his unit immediately sided with the anti-Mormon mob, refusing to obey General Parks' orders to such a point that Parks had to order them back to Ray County to prevent them from joining the vigilantes. Parks unsuccessfully endeavored to have Bogart expelled from the State Guard for his insubordination.

Following a fight between Mormons and non-Mormons during a county election in Gallatin, county seat of Daviess County, Bogart impetuously called out his militia unit, ostensibly to prevent an imminent invasion of Ray County by the Latter Day Saints. No such invasion was actually contemplated, but Bogart decided to act aggressively against the Mormons, anyway. He marched his company to the Caldwell County line, picking up volunteers along the way, then obtained permission from his new superior, General David Atchison, to "range the line" between the two counties to prevent any invasion of Ray County. However, Bogart and his men decided that the defensive posture ordered by Atchison was not to their liking, and so they divided into smaller units and proceeded to disarm Mormons living first in northern Ray County, then in southern Caldwell, as well. Though clearly exceeding his original mandate, Bogart continued to harass and threaten local Mormon settlers and even threatened to give Far West—county seat of Caldwell County, and the main Mormon settlement in Missouri—"thunder and lightning" if the Mormons did not leave the area forthwith. However, Mormon assertions that Bogart plundered Mormon farms and houses have not been substantiated by contemporary witnesses, according to Stephen LeSueur, a modern historian of this conflict.  Nevertheless, lurid reports of alleged depredations by Bogart, who was already known for his vehemently anti-Mormon stance, were readily believed by Mormon leaders and historians.

Battle of Crooked River

On the afternoon of 24 October 1838, some of Bogart's men, operating independently of Bogart's main command, took two Mormon spies prisoner at a home where the Mormon "spy company" (a group of Mormons who had been assembled to scout the movements of Bogart and other anti-Mormon vigilantes in the area) was quartered. The two prisoners, after being threatened with death, were taken together with a third prisoner to Bogart's camp on the Crooked River, in northern Ray County, where they were interrogated and further threatened by Bogart's men. Other Mormons living in the house were warned that they would be killed if they had not vacated the county by morning, and they took news of the spies' capture to Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders in Far West. Although Bogart apparently intended only to hold his prisoners overnight and then release them the next day, the Mormons in Far West believed that he intended to execute them, and accordingly resolved upon a rescue operation.

Led by Mormon apostle David W. Patten, a unit of Mormon militia from Caldwell County crossed into Ray County early in the morning of 25 October, and attacked Bogart's sleeping men at approximately 3 am in their camp alongside the river. A savage fight ensued, resulting in the deaths of three Mormons (including Apostle Patten) and seven wounded, to one dead and six wounded for Bogart's company.  The Mormons rescued their hostages and drove Bogart from the field; however, when exaggerated accounts of the battle reached Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs (a notorious anti-Mormon), the governor responded by issuing his infamous "Extermination Order," which directed that the Mormons be "exterminated, or driven from the state"; the State Guard was directed to carry out this order.

Following the Crooked River battle, Bogart (who had survived unscathed) took part in the Missouri militia siege of Far West, which resulted in the final surrender of the Latter Day Saints and their agreement to leave Missouri completely. During the subsequent preliminary hearing before Judge Austin King of Ray County, Bogart and his men were detailed to guard Joseph Smith and other high-ranking Mormon prisoners, as well as those witnesses assembled to testify in their behalf. Bogart and his men intimidated the Mormon leaders and witnesses, even threatening to shoot them on more than one occasion.  Following the conclusion of the hearing and the confinement of the Mormon leaders at the jail in Liberty, Missouri, Bogart commenced a search for any Mormons who had participated in the attack on him at Crooked River, intending to shoot any that he might find; he was unsuccessful in this effort, however.  Later, after the Mormons and their leaders (who had been permitted to escape from custody) had relocated to Nauvoo, Illinois, Bogart wrote a letter to the postmaster at nearby Quincy, Illinois; he described the Crooked River battle, and named nine alleged participants whom he asked the postmaster's help in locating and apprehending, together with property he claimed the Mormons had stolen from him.  No record exists as to whether Bogart ever recovered any of his alleged belongings.

Move to Texas and later years
Following the conclusion of the Mormon War, Bogart was involved in an altercation with fellow-citizen Alexander Beattie during a militia election, during which Bogart shot and killed Beattie, then fled to Texas with a thousand-dollar bounty on his head.  He settled in Washington County, where he joined the Texas Rangers and became a company commander in that organization.  While in the Rangers, Bogart participated in the abortive Mier Expedition in 1842–43 into Mexico, which resulted in the infamous "black bean" incident, where seventeen Texans were executed after drawing black beans in a random death lottery instituted by orders of Mexican President Santa Anna. Bogart survived his experiences in Mexico, and upon his return to Texas in 1844, settled down in Collin County. Here he would serve four two-year terms in the state legislature, including one as a senator.

Bogart was never brought to justice for his murder of Beattie, nor for any of the depredations he had committed against the Mormons in Missouri.

Bogart resigned from the Texas legislature in 1861 on account of ill health, after signing the Texas ordinance of secession. He died on 11 March 1861, and is buried in Collin County in an unmarked grave.

References

1797 births
1861 deaths
1838 Mormon War
History of the Latter Day Saint movement
American people of the Black Hawk War
United States Army personnel of the War of 1812
People from Carter County, Tennessee
People from Collin County, Texas
Religious leaders from Missouri
Texas state senators
Members of the Texas House of Representatives
People from Ray County, Missouri

Samuel Bogart


The Johnston–Felton–Hay House, often abbreviated  Hay House, is a historic residence at 934 Georgia Avenue in Macon, Georgia. Built between 1855 and 1859 by William Butler Johnston and his wife Anne Tracy Johnston in the Italian Renaissance Revival style, the house has been called the "Palace of the South." The mansion sits atop Coleman Hill on Georgia Avenue in downtown Macon, near the Walter F. George School of Law, part of Mercer University.  It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its architectural uniqueness.

The , 24-room home was designed by the New York architect T. Thomas and Son. It was built in part by craftsman and artisans brought from Italy who were supervised by local master builder James B. Ayers. It has four levels and is crowned by a three-story cupola. Commissioned by imaginative owners and constructed by the most skillful workers of the time, its technological amenities were unsurpassed in the mid-nineteenth century: hot and cold running water, central heat, a speaker-tube system connecting 15 rooms, a French lift equivalent to today's elevator, in-house kitchen, and an elaborate ventilation system.

House history
Two families lived in Hay House, the first over four generations. Most of the home's present-day furnishings date from the Hay family's occupancy (1926–1962). A few pieces are from the Johnston family (1860–1896), most notably the Eastlake-style dining room suite. The most notable piece in the collection may be the 1857 marble statue, "Ruth Gleaning", by American expatriate sculptor Randolph Rogers.

The home was a place of comfort for the Johnston family and their daughters until the late 1800s. In 1896 after the death of Mrs. Johnston, their daughter Mary Ellen Felton and her husband lived in the home. The Feltons updated the plumbing and electricity and stayed in the home until the time of their deaths in 1926.

The Johnstons

William Butler Johnston obtained his substantial wealth through investments in banking, railroads and public utilities rather than from the agrarian cotton economy. In 1851, he married Anne Clark Tracy, 20 years his junior, and the couple embarked on an extended honeymoon in Europe from 1852 to 1855. During their trip, the Johnstons visited hundreds of museums, historic sites and art studios. They collected fine porcelains, sculptures and paintings as mementos during their grand tour. Inspired by the Italian architecture they observed, the Johnstons constructed the monumental Italian Renaissance Revival mansion in Macon upon their return to America. Only two of the Johnstons' six children survived to adulthood. Caroline and Mary Ellen Johnston were born in 1862 and 1864, respectively, and grew up in the house on Georgia Avenue.

The Feltons
After the death of Mrs. Johnston in 1896, daughter Mary Ellen and her husband, Judge William H. Felton, lived in the house. They remodeled and redecorated parts of the house, updated the plumbing and added electricity. Their only child, William Hamilton Felton Jr., was born in 1889. He married Luisa Macgill Gibson in 1915, and the newlywed couple soon moved in with the Feltons. They and their two sons, William Hamilton Felton III and George Gibson Felton, lived in the house until 1926.

The Hays
After the deaths of William Sr. and Mary Ellen Felton, the house was sold to Parks Lee Hay and his wife, Maude. After purchasing, the Hays redecorated the entire home, updating it to fit the new twentieth-century décor. The home was seen as a local landmark to all in middle Georgia. Mr. Hay died in 1957, and Mrs. Hay died in 1962.

Present day
Following Mrs. Hay's death, her heirs established the P.L. Hay Foundation and operated the house as a private house museum.  By virtue of its national architectural significance, Hay House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.  In 1977, the ownership and operation of the house was formally transferred to The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation to ensure its long-term preservation.

In 2000, the White House Millennium Council designated Hay House an Official Project of Save America's Treasures in 2000.  Today, Hay House is one of Macon's most popular tourist attractions with 20,000 visitors each year.  The house is also a prominent rental venue for special events.

Hay House campaign
Recently, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation which oversees the management and maintenance of  Hay House embarked on a successful $7.6 million capital campaign for the restoration and maintenance of the building.  Of the money raised in the capital campaign, $3.5 million was earmarked to establish an endowment for ongoing maintenance.  A need of $17.5 million has been identified to fund a complete restoration of the Hay House and permanently endow all future maintenance and management.

The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation received a number of donations and grants including a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, a grant from the National Endowment of the Arts, and an Architectural Conservation grant from the Getty Foundation.

Restoration
Today, Hay House is open to visitors. Tours are held daily. Some of the plants in the landscaping of the home date back to the 19th century. Renovations continue to occur to keep Hay House up to date. Upcoming projects include a redesign of the gift shop, including new insulation, and writing specifications for mortar repairs outside of the building.  Half of the money raised in the capital campaign was allocated for restoration of the exterior, cupola, and most public rooms of the house. Other restoration efforts include repairing the porch and stairs, masonry, and window and door shutter; conserving the stained glass; installing UV protection on windows; restoring the ground floor, attic, and cupola; lighting the 8,000-gallon water tank interior to illustrate the technological innovations of the house; conserving the collections of paintings and porcelain; and repairing the exterior grounds. Original furnishings and decorations in the downstairs rooms are also being researched in order to accurately restore the wall coverings, paint finishes, and furniture upholstery to their appearance during the Hay family's residency in the house.

Popular culture
The house served as the filming location for the debutante ball scene in Borat Subsequent Moviefilm.

Gallery

See also
Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation
Rhodes Hall
List of National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bibb County, Georgia

References

Jones, Tommy H.; Margaret Hall, editor, The Johnstons, Feltons, & Hays: 100 Years in the Palace of the South, Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, 1993.
Linley, John.  The Georgia Catalog, Historic American Buildings Survey: A Guide to the Architecture of the State, University of Georgia Press, 1983.*National Historic Landmarks Program: Hay House.  http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1084&ResourceType=Building
National Register of Historic Places: Johnston-Hay House.  http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=27
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation (2009). "Annual Report 2008".
The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation (2007-11-11). The Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation Announces Successful $7 Million Fundraising Campaign.  Press Release.

External links

Hay House (official website), at Georgia Trust.  Includes visiting hours.

Houses completed in 1859
National Historic Landmarks in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses in Macon, Georgia
Museums in Macon, Georgia
Historic house museums in Georgia (U.S. state)
Italian Renaissance Revival architecture in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Bibb County, Georgia
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)

Johnston–Felton–Hay House


The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German ; Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party, was a far-right German political party. It was started in 1920 from the German Workers' Party (German: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP), which would later be renamed the NSDAP. On the day it was created, the party published its 25-point manifesto (book of ideas). The items in this list of ideas included getting rid of the Treaty of Versailles; gaining more land for the German people; taking away any income people had not earned by working; taking away Jewish people's citizenship; changing the education system; and setting up a strong central government. It is most known for being Hitler's political party.

From 1920 until 1923, Hitler the NSDAP became to most popular in Bavaria since the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 . In June 1934 the Nazi Party started Night of the Long Knives to kill SA leader Ernst Röhm and German Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher .

History

In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers Party. In 1920 the party changed its name, and Hitler took control in 1921.

In 1923, the Nazi Party tried to start a coup d'état in Munich to take over Germany, but failed. This battle was called the Beer Hall Putsch.  Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for treason.  However, he was let out of prison after nine months.  Other people who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch were given the death penalty or 5-6 years imprisoned. The government also made the NSDAP illegal in Germany.

While he was in prison, Adolf Hitler wrote most of Mein Kampf ('My Struggle'). In this book, he wrote down his political ideas and his future plans for Germany.

In 1924, Hitler was let out of prison early. He restarted the NSDAP. He wanted to gain power legally, through elections. At this time, the NSDAP was only one of a few extreme right-wing, nationalist political parties in Germany. There were many other parties with similar ideas then. Important people like Fritz Thyssen and Emil Kirdorf, both leaders of big industries, supported the Nazi Party.

The next elections to the Reichstag were held in 1928.  In these elections, the Nazi Party won 2.6% of the vote. The party decided to decrease its anti-Semitic slogans in order to do better in the next election. Instead, the NSDAP focused more on foreign policy and on terrorising the German people.  In local elections in 1929 and 1930, the NSDAP won about 10% of the vote.

In 1930, President Paul von Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag. The Nazi Party saw this as an opportunity. In the elections on 14 September, 1930, the NSDAP won 18.3% of the vote, and had become the second biggest party in Germany.

At this time, most German people wanted to get rid of the Weimar Republic (the Weimarer Republik). Weimar was the German city where the German constitution was written after the First World War. People also wanted a stronger Germany, with more soldiers. The Treaty of Versailles had made it illegal for Germany to have some types of weapons and ships.

On January 30, 1933, Franz von Papen offered to make Adolf Hitler the Chancellor of Germany in a nationalist cabinet. He did this in secret. This was a Machtübergabe, or 'transfer of power'. However, later on, the NSDAP started to call it the Machtergreifung ('seizing power').  It was better for Nazi propaganda to say that they took power from the Weimar Republic, instead of being made the Republic's legal government.

The last free election in Weimar Germany was in March 1933.  The Nazi Party won 44% of the vote. This was not a majority. After the Reichstag fire, they managed to get the two-thirds majority they needed to pass the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act). With this new law, they dissolved parliament; gave Hitler the power to do anything he wanted; and made all political parties (except the Nazi party ) illegal.

After this, the Nazi party became very important. People had to be party members to get some jobs, or to get promoted. The Nazi party ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies on 8 May 1945, who banned the party and all other Nazi organizations.

Laws of the Nazi Party
On March 23, 1933, the German Parliament passed the "Law of Rectification of the Distress of Nation and Reich" or commonly known as the "Enabling Act". Since this law required a two-thirds majority vote in parliament, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party used intimidation and persecution tactics to silence their opposition. They detained all 81 Communists and 26 out of the 120 Social Democrats in Nazi-controlled camps, effectively preventing them from participating in the voting process or expressing their opinions. Later, the only party that voted against it were the remaining Socialists. The laws were not questioned and challenged by the German judges as they viewed Hitler's government legitimate.

The "Enabling Act" then allowed Hitler to propose and sign legislation into law without the need and permission of Germany's parliament. The following are examples of laws the Nazi Party created and kept during their time of control.

 "Reich Citizenship Law"                                                                                Often seen and regarded as one of the most significant and important law the Nazi Party issued, this law separated and defined who were pure German and who were Jews. According to the Reich Citizenship Laws and other related decrees, only people of that were pure German or had mixed blood could be citizens of Germany. Because of this, many Jews gave up traditional practices and Judaism. Some even started celebrating Christmas with Christians.
 "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service"                                                                         This law removed Jews and political opponents of the Nazis from working in jobs. People were exempt only if they had a job before August 1914, had fought in World War I, or lost a father or son in the war.
 "Law Against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities"                                                                           The law stated that the maximum amount of Jewish students in any public school or university should be no more than 5 percent of the student population. They also taught students racial ideas about the superiority of "Aryans" and the inferiority of Jews.
 "Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases"                                                                 This law allowed the Nazis to forcibly sterilize people with disabilities so they couldn't have children and wouldn't pass on their disabilities to future generations.
 "Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor"                                                                                This law banned pure Germans from having any sexual relations between Jews or mixed bloods. These relationships were labeled as "Rassenschande" and thousands of people were sent to concentration camps because of it. It also banned marriage between Jews and Non-Jews. The law also forbade Jews from employing German maids under the age of 45.
 "Law on the Alteration of Family and Personal Names"                                                                               This law forced Jews who didn't have "Jewish first names" to get a new identity card with their new middle names as "Israel" for males and "Sara" for females. Their documents were then labeled "J".
 "Decree on the Exclusion of Jews from Economic Life"                                                                              This law banned Jews from owning a business or being involved in a trade. The Jews then had to sell their business and company to a Non-Jew employee or a Nazi Supporter for little money.

Impact
The NSDAP was dissolved on 8 May 1945.  After that, the NSDAP no longer existed.

They made some reforms which still exist today.  For example:
 In 1934 they decided that when two people marry, their belongings are still separate.
 When paying taxes, a person can deduct the costs of getting from home to work and back again.
 They made it harder for places that gave out loans to take goods away from people who owed them money
 In 1933, they created extensive animal welfare and protection laws - the basis of animal protection laws today.

But the Nazis did so many bad things that it is now illegal in Germany to display the swastika symbol (shown on the flag above) or use slogans such as Sieg Heil. In November 2010, a British member of the European Parliament, Godfrey Bloom, was forced to leave Parliament. This happened after he shouted the Nazi slogan 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer' at a German member of Parliament.

Sayings, mottos, and slogans

 "Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!"
 "Hail Victory" (a common Nazi chant at rallies)
 "Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer!"
 "One people, one country, one leader!"
 "Deutschland, erwache!"
 "Germany, Awake!" (A popular Nazi song by Dietrich Eckart.  The Nazis put this slogan on many propaganda banners.)
 "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!"
 "The Jews are our misfortune!" (An 1880 quote by German historian Heinrich von Treitschke)
 "Lang lebe unser ruhmvoller Führer!"
 "Long live our glorious leader!"
 "Heute Deutschland, morgen die Welt!"
 "Today Germany, tomorrow the world!"
 "Die Deutschen immer vor dem Ausländer und den Juden!"
 "The German always before the foreigner and the Jews!"
 "Sicher ist der Jude auch ein Mann, aber der Floh ist auch ein Tier"
 "Certainly the Jew is also a man, but the flea is also an animal"

References

Other websites
 Nazi Party - Citizendium

1920 establishments in Europe
1945 disestablishments in Germany
1920s establishments in Germany
Fascism

Adolf Hitler

Nazi Party


The internal auditory meatus (also meatus acusticus internus, internal acoustic meatus, internal auditory canal, or internal acoustic canal) is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear.

Structure
The opening to the meatus is called the porus acusticus internus or internal acoustic opening. It is located inside the posterior cranial fossa of the skull, near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone.  The size varies considerably. Its outer margins are smooth and rounded.

The canal which comprises the internal auditory meatus is short (about 1 cm) and runs laterally into the bone.

The lateral (outer) aspect of the canal is known as the fundus. The fundus is subdivided by two thin crests of bone to form three separate canals, through which course the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve branches. The falciform crest first divides the meatus into superior and inferior sections; a vertical crest (Bill's bar, named by William F. House) then divides the upper passage into anterior and posterior sections. Although there are three osseous canals, the fundus is conceptually divided more commonly into four quadrant areas according to the four major nerve branches of the inner ear:

 anterior superior - facial nerve area (contains facial nerve and nervus intermedius)
 anterior inferior - cochlear nerve area (contains cochlear nerve)
 posterior superior - superior vestibular area (contains superior division of vestibular nerve)
 posterior inferior - inferior vestibular area (contains inferior division of vestibular nerve)

The cochlear and vestibular branches of cranial nerve VIII separate according to this schema and terminate in the inner ear. The facial nerve continues traveling through the facial canal, eventually exiting the skull at the stylomastoid foramen.

Function

The internal auditory meatus provides a passage through which the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), the facial nerve (CN VII), and the labyrinthine artery (an internal auditory branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery in 85% of people) can pass from inside the skull to structures of the inner ear and face. It also contains the vestibular ganglion.

Additional images

See also
 External auditory meatus

References

External links

  ()
 Diagram of Porus acusticus internus
 Diagram of Porus acusticus internus

Foramina of the skull

Internal auditory meatus


Clint Warwick (born Albert Eccles; 25 June 1945 – 15 May 2004) was an English musician and the original bassist for the rock band the Moody Blues.

Life and career
Warwick was born in Aston, Birmingham, England.

He was drawn to music during the skiffle boom of the late 1950s, joining Danny King and the Dukes and playing in Birmingham pubs and other venues. Ray Thomas and Mike Pinder, who had played together in Hamburg with the Krew Kats, decided to form a group with the addition of Denny Laine, who had fronted the Diplomats, Graeme Edge, who had been a member of Gerry Levene and the Avengers, and Eccles—who changed his name to Clint Warwick by putting together the names of his favourite singer, Dionne Warwick, and his favourite actor, Clint Walker.

The Moody Blues released one album with Warwick on bass, Go Now - The Moody Blues #1 (USA release on London Records), whereas The Magnificent Moodies was released on Decca in the UK, with sleeve notes by Donovan and a different track listing. The album yielded the hit single "Go Now", which reached No. 1 in the UK in January 1965, and the Top Ten in the U.S. Warwick took one co-lead vocal on that album with Laine, on the track "I've Got A Dream" (which featured Ray Thomas on flute). The closing track "'Bye Bye Bird" was issued as an overseas single and became a hit in France.

Warwick was also on the EP The Moody Blues issued on Decca in 1964, and appeared on all their Decca singles, beginning with their debut, "Steal Your Heart Away" (1964), then "Go Now", "I Don't Want to Go On Without You", "Everyday", "From The Bottom Of My Heart (I Love You)" (all 1965), plus "Boulevard De La Madeline" (1966) up to "Life's Not Life" in 1966.

Warwick's and Laine's era of the Moody Blues was featured on various compilation albums on both vinyl and CD, such as The Moody Blues Collection. A later CD issue of The Magnificent Moodies in 2006 included the rare track "People Gotta Give" (mistitled as "People Gotta Go") - a Pinder-Laine composition from the Boulevard De La Madeline French EP release.

Film footage survives of the original line-up of The Moody Blues performing "Go Now" on BBC2's The Beat Room (later included in the BBC series Sounds of The Sixties) plus the first single's B-side "Lose Your Money (But Don't Lose Your Mind)" on Ready Steady Go! in August 1964 with Warwick and Laine performing, and has been re-screened in recent years.

Feeling stressed by touring, Warwick left the band and his music career in 1966 to become a carpenter and spend time with his family. He released his first solo recording in 2002, a CD single entitled "My Life, the Waltz," and was working on another solo recording at the time of his death from hepatitis at the age of 58.

References

1945 births
2004 deaths
English bass guitarists
English male guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English rock singers
English rock bass guitarists
British rhythm and blues boom musicians
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
The Moody Blues members
Deaths from hepatitis
English male singers
20th-century English singers
English carpenters
English rhythm and blues musicians
Rhythm and blues bass guitarists
English rhythm and blues singers
20th-century bass guitarists
20th-century British businesspeople
20th-century British male singers

Clint Warwick


Cargo or freight means goods which people transport, often using a vehicle made for that purpose rather than for passenger service. The vehicle is usually a truck or freighter or cargo aircraft or freight train.

Prefabricated cargo is a type of cargo for transportation in prefabricated batches, which are completed at the expense of piece units and container volumes.

The noun is used as not countable; people will talk about some freight.  Today, goods other than bulk cargo are usually packed in shipping containers, which are carried.  A place which loads or unloads cargo is usually called a cargo terminal.

Related pages
 Cargo plane
 Cargo ship

References

Other websites
 The Gallery of Transport Loss -- Photos & Lessons of Disaster

Transport

Cargo