The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardization organization in the field of information and communications. ETSI supports the development and testing of global technical standards for ICT-enabled systems, applications and services.

Overview and history
ETSI was set up in 1988 by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) following a proposal from the European Commission. ETSI is the officially recognized body with a responsibility for the standardization of information and communication technologies (ICT). It is one of the three bodies officially recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization (ESO), the others being CEN and CENELEC. The role of the ESOs is to support EU regulation and policies through the production of harmonised European Standards (ENs) and other deliverables. The standards developed by ESOs are the only ones that can be recognized as ENs.

ETSI develops standards in key global technologies such as: GSM™, TETRA, 3G, 4G, 5G, DECT™.

ETSI's standardization activities are organized around sectors: Home & Office, Better Living with ICT, Content Delivery, Networks, Wireless Systems, Transportation, Connecting Things, Interoperability, Public Safety and Security. Technical activities are carried out in the different ETSI technical groups (Technical Committee (TC), ETSI Project (EP), ETSI Partnership Project (EPP), Industry Specification Group (ISG), and Special Committee (SC).

The organisation is located in Sophia-Antipolis, in the south of France.

In October 2023, ETSI reported a data breach. Hackers stole a database containing information on ETSI's online users.

Membership
ETSI has more than 900 member organizations worldwide from 65 countries and five continents. Its community is diverse and includes all the key stakeholders of the ICT sector: private companies, research entities, academia, government and public bodies as well as societal stakeholders. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Micro-Enterprises (MEs) represent more than a quarter of ETSI's total membership. The list of current members can be found on the ETSI website.

Membership contributions are calculated depending on the type of membership. Members' and associate members' contributions are calculated by class which is derived from the member company's annual ECRT band.

Partnerships

ETSI works in close co-operation with the European Commission (EC) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). ETSI is a European Standardization Organization (ESO) and as such provides standards and specifications to support European Union (EU) legislation and public policies. ETSI also works with European country's national standards bodies or National Standards Organizations (NSO).

NSOs are responsible for the transposition of European Standards (ENs) into national standards and for the withdrawal of any conflicting national standard.

Education about standardization
ETSI has developed a comprehensive suite of educational materials on ICT standardization in collaboration with the EC and EFTA. It includes a comprehensive textbook, "Understanding ICT Standardization: Principles and Practice", and an extensive set of over 380 slides to be used as teaching aides.

The teaching materials are targeted at third-level education, primarily for students of engineering or scientific subjects.

See also
 EN 301 549
 Radio Equipment Directive
 List of EN standards

References

External links
ETSI Official website
ETSI Portal
3GPP website
oneM2M website
ETSI Research section
Small Business Standards (SBS) aisbl

Electrical safety standards organizations
ETSI
Organizations established in 1988
Standards organizations in France

ETSI


Have His Carcase is a 1932 locked-room mystery by Dorothy L. Sayers, her seventh novel featuring Lord Peter Wimsey and the second in which Harriet Vane appears. It is also included in the 1987 BBC TV series. The book marks a stage in the long drawn out courting of Harriet Vane by Wimsey. Though working closely with him on solving the book's mystery, she still refuses to marry him.

Plot
During a hiking holiday on the South West coast of England, the detective novelist Harriet Vane discovers the body of a man lying on an isolated rock on the shore, not far from the resort of Wilvercombe; his throat has been cut. Harriet takes photographs and collects the razor used in the death, and other personal items. The man's blood is still liquid, from which it is concluded that he had died shortly before she arrived. There are no footprints in the sand other than hers and those of the victim. Unfortunately, the corpse is washed away by the rising tide before she can summon help.

Alerted to the discovery by a friend, Lord Peter Wimsey arrives, and he and Harriet start their investigations. The victim is identified as Paul Alexis, a young man of Russian extraction, employed by a Wilvercombe hotel as a professional dancing partner. The police tend to the view that Alexis's death was suicide and that he had cut his own throat.

Wimsey and Harriet discover that in the period leading up to his death Alexis, an avid reader of Ruritanian romances, had believed himself to be a descendant of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. A series of cipher letters received from an unknown source convinced him that he was being called to return to Russia to take his place as the new rightful Tsar.

Alexis had been engaged to a rich widow in her fifties, Mrs Weldon. Her son, Henry Weldon, ten years older than his mother's lover and by all appearances a simple and brutish man, is appalled at the prospect of his mother's remarriage to a gigolo, and at his potential loss of inheritance. He travels to Wilvercombe to monitor the investigation while ostensibly comforting his mother after her loss. Weldon appears to be a likely murder suspect, but he has an unshakeable alibi for the time of Alexis's death – as do a large number of other possible suspects.

Alexis's death, staged to look like suicide, is gradually revealed to be the result of an ingenious murder plot that played upon Alexis's fantasies. He had been lured to the rock by his anonymous correspondent who urged him to be ready to meet a 'Rider from the Sea', a rider who it was said would be carrying instructions for his onward journey to Warsaw.  Once at the rock, Alexis met his death at the hand of the murderer who had ridden his horse along the beach through the incoming tide to avoid leaving tracks.

Wimsey and Harriet ultimately realise that Weldon is not the simple character he has been presenting, but a criminal who has been living under two different identities. Weldon was himself the rider, and had been provided with his alibi by two co-conspirators, a friend and his wife. Although his alibi was secure for the believed time of death, the investigators discover that Alexis had died far earlier than had been thought. He had been suffering from the blood-clotting disorder haemophilia (a disorder known to have affected descendants of the Russian Tsar), resulting in his blood remaining liquid for much longer than would normally be expected.

Weldon and his co-conspirators are undone by their unsuccessful attempts to reshuffle their alibis to match the new information about the time of death.

Even as Wimsey and Harriet solve the case, Mrs Weldon has already moved on to another gigolo at the hotel, a sympathetic French dancer named Antoine.

Title
The novel's title appears in William Cowper's translation of Book II of Homer's Iliad: "The vulture's maw / Shall have his carcase, and the dogs his bones". The phrase  also appears a number of times in The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens, as Sam Weller's distortion of the legal term habeas corpus.

Characters
Lord Peter Wimsey: protagonist, aristocratic amateur detective
Miss Harriet Vane: protagonist, detective novelist with whom Wimsey is in love
Paul Alexis (deceased): professional dancing partner at a hotel
Mrs Weldon: elderly wealthy widow, engaged to Alexis
Henry Weldon: only son of Mrs Weldon
Haviland Martin: suspicious camper who proves hard to trace
William Bright: itinerant hairdresser with a cloudy past
Mr Alfred Morecambe: London commission agent
Mrs Morecambe: actress, wife of Alfred
Inspector Umpelty: local policeman in charge of the investigation
Mervyn Bunter: Lord Peter's gentleman's gentleman.

Chapter heads
All the chapter heads feature quotations from the works of the dramatist and poet Thomas Lovell Beddoes.

Criticism
In their overview A Catalogue of Crime (1971/89) Barzun & Taylor noted that the book was "A great achievement, despite some critics' carping. The people, the motive, the cipher, and the detection are all topnotch. Here, too, is the first (and definitive) use of hemophilia as a misleading fact. And surely the son, the mother, and her self-deluded gigolo are definitive types".

Adaptations
The novel was adapted for radio in 1981 for BBC Radio 4 by Alistair Beaton, starring Ian Carmichael as Lord Peter and Maria Aitken as Harriet Vane.

It was adapted for television in 1987, as part of a series starring Edward Petherbridge as Lord Peter and Harriet Walter as Harriet Vane.  Mervyn Bunter is played by Richard Morant, the brother of Angela Morant who portrays the character Mrs Morecambe. The police officer in charge, Inspector Trethowan in this adaptation, is played by Ray Armstrong.

References

External links

1932 British novels
British mystery novels
Novels by Dorothy L. Sayers
Novels set in the 1930s
Locked-room mysteries
Victor Gollancz Ltd books
British novels adapted into television shows

Have His Carcase


Sir Robert Chambers (14 January 1737 – 9 May 1803) was an English jurist, Vinerian Professor of English Law, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal.

Biography
Born in January 1737 in Newcastle upon Tyne, Chambers was the son of Robert Chambers, an attorney. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School in Newcastle and awarded an exhibition at Lincoln College, Oxford, in May 1754. Chambers was admitted to the Middle Temple in the same year, and was called to the bar in 1761. In that year, he was also appointed to a fellowship at University College, Oxford. On 7 May 1766 he was appointed Vinerian Professor of English Law at the University of Oxford, in succession to William Blackstone. He was also appointed Principal of New Inn Hall in 1766, a post which he held until his death, despite continued absence from it.

A contemporary and friend of Samuel Johnson from at least 1754 and up to Johnson's death in 1784, Chambers was provided references by Johnson in his pursuit of the Vinerian scholarship. Johnson also assisted Chambers in composing his lectures.

By 1773, the East India Regulating Act 1773 had been passed, establishing a supreme council (consisting of a governor-general, the first of whom was Warren Hastings, and four councillors) and judicature (consisting of a chief justice and three puisne judges) of Bengal. Chambers was appointed second judge under Sir Elijah Impey as chief justice, with a promise from the Lord Chancellor that if the Chief Justice's post became vacant, it would be offered to him. The judges departed for Calcutta in May 1774, although Chambers persuaded the Oxford authorities to allow him to retain his professorship for a further three years, in case he did not adapt to the Indian climate. His successor was therefore not appointed until 1777, when he was knighted (on 7 June).

Although Chambers was one of the judges in the notorious case of Maharaja Nandakumar, he escaped criticism, in part through his reputation for integrity. Impey, however, was eventually recalled to the United Kingdom in 1783, leaving Chambers as acting chief justice, but did not resign until 1787, and Chambers was not confirmed in the post until 1791. He served for eight years, returning to England in 1799. Despite frequent efforts to gain preferment, he appears to have acted with integrity despite the controversial administration of which he was part – and to have had a clear understanding that the laws of Georgian England were not always appropriate in the different culture and history of India.

As a result of his time in India, Chambers' health deteriorated, and in 1802 he left England again, this time for the kinder climate of the south of France. Whilst travelling, he fell ill at Paris, where he died in May 1803. He was buried in the Temple Church in London, where his monument was destroyed in 1941 during the Blitz.

In 1774, Chambers married Frances Wilton, daughter of the sculptor Joseph Wilton, who was a founder member of the Royal Academy. She survived him, along with four of their seven children.

Chambers left no publications, though he did consolidate a valuable collection of Sanskrit manuscripts while in India. Later biographers characterise him as a perfectionist, excessively conscientious and scrupulous, to the point where considerations of detail prevented him from completing much. In his legal career, his attempts to act conscientiously often had the appearance of indecisiveness and lack of conviction.

Chambers was a contributor to Hyde's Notebooks during his term on the bench of the Supreme Court of Judicature. The notebooks are a valuable primary source of information for life in late 18th century Bengal and are the only remaining source for the proceedings of the Supreme Court. Chambers continued the notebooks after Hyde's death in 1796.

See also
British East India Company
The Literary Club

Notes

Sources
 Hanbury, H. G., 1958. "The Vinerian Chair and Legal Education". Oxford: OUP.

References
 Chambers, R., ed. T. M. Curley, 1986. "A course of lectures on the English law ... 1767–1773". 2 vols.
 Chambers, R., ed. C. H. Chambers, 1824. "A Treatise on Estates and Tenures".
 Rosen, F., 1838. "Catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts collected by the late Sir Robert Chambers ... with a brief memoir by Lady Chambers".
 Redford, B. (ed.), 1992–94. "The letters of Samuel Johnson". 5 vols.

British India judges
1737 births
1803 deaths
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
Fellows of University College, Oxford
Members of the Middle Temple
People educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne
Streathamites
English legal scholars
Vinerian Professors of English Law
Principals of New Inn Hall, Oxford
Knights Bachelor
18th-century British judges

Robert Chambers (English judge)


Joseph William "Jody" Gage (born November 29, 1959) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He was drafted in the third round, 45th overall, by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft.

Biography
As a youth, Gage played in the 1972 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Toronto.

Gage played junior hockey in the Ontario Hockey Association from 1976–79 with the St. Catharines Fincups, Hamilton Fincups, and Kitchener Rangers before turning pro in 1979–80, splitting time with the Kalamazoo Wings of the International Hockey League and the Adirondack Red Wings of the American Hockey League. In his AHL debut on October 11, 1979, Gage scored four goals in an 8-3 win over the Hershey Bears. With his help, Adirondack would win the Calder Cup championship in 1981.

Prior to the 1985–86 season, Gage signed with the Buffalo Sabres as a free agent and was assigned to the AHL's Rochester Americans, where Gage would soon become one of the important figures in the history of the franchise. His Amerks debut was a mirror image of his AHL debut in 1979, scoring four goals in a win over Hershey. In ten seasons, Gage became the Amerks' all-time leader in games played (653), points (728), goals (351), and assists (377). Gage won the Les Cunningham Award in 1987–88 after a 60-goal season (second player in league history to accomplish this feat). He was the third player in AHL history to score 1000 points, the fifth player to play 1000 AHL games, and the fifth member of the AHL's 500-goal club. Gage led Rochester to a Calder Cup in 1986–87 and back to the Calder Cup Finals in 1989–90, 1990–91, and 1992–93.

The man dubbed "Mr. Amerk" retired during the 1995–96 season and finished his AHL career with 504 goals, 1,048 points, seven 40-goal seasons, and 51 playoff goals. In 68 career NHL games with Detroit and Buffalo, Gage totaled 14 goals, 15 assists, and 26 penalty minutes. Immediately after his retirement, Gage accepted a position as assistant general manager and helped the Amerks capture the 1995–96 Calder Cup championship in a thrilling seven-game series over the defending champion Portland Pirates.

Gage was named general manager of the Americans before the 1996–97 season and has since overseen five division titles, two more trips to the Calder Cup Finals, and a Macgregor Kilpatrick Trophy after a 51-win season in 2004–05. In addition to his work with the Amerks, Gage also served as GM for the Rochester Rattlers of Major League Lacrosse and was GM of the National Lacrosse League's Rochester Knighthawks until new ownership took control of both the Amerks and Knighthawks in 2008.

In 2006, Gage was a member of the inaugural induction class of the American Hockey League Hall of Fame.

On February 3, 2011, Gage was named the new general manager for the Hamilton Nationals of Major League Lacrosse.

Gage is now the vice president of player personnel for the Rochester Knighthawks Lacrosse Club.

Career statistics

References

External links

 AHL Hall of Fame Bio

1959 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Detroit Red Wings players
Hamilton Fincups players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Kitchener Rangers players
Rochester Americans players

Jody Gage


Mary Frizzell (later Thomasson, January 27, 1913 – October 12, 1972) was a Canadian athlete who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.

She was born in Nanaimo, British Columbia and died in North Vancouver.

Frizzell competed for Canada in the 1932 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles, United States in the 4x100 metres where she won the silver medal with her team mates Mildred Fizzell, Lillian Palmer and Hilda Strike who had won the silver medal on the 100 metres. In the 100 metre event Frizzell was eliminated in the semi-finals

At the 1934 British Empire Games she finished fourth in the long jump competition.

She continued to support track and field by coaching, serving on the Amateur Women's Athletic Federation and acting as the Women's commandant for the 1954 British Empire Games (Commonwealth Games).

Mary lost a long fought battle with cancer in 1972 at the age of 59. She was survived by husband Gilbert Thomasson and her daughters Louise and Vonna.

In May 2007 Mary Frizzell (Thomasson) was inducted posthumously into the British Columbia Sports Hall of Fame as a Pioneer .

External links
 sports-reference.com

1913 births
1972 deaths
Canadian female sprinters
Canadian female long jumpers
Deaths from cancer in British Columbia
Olympic track and field athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 1934 British Empire Games
Sportspeople from Nanaimo
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)

Mary Frizzell


The Agnatha is a superclass of fish. It is paraphyletic. This means it is a convenient catch-all term, which does not follow the rules of cladistics.

For example, most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group (ancestral group) of gnathostomes. But according to the rules, one sister group should not contain ancestors of another sister group.

The living Agnatha (lampreys and hagfish) are known as cyclostomes. Recent molecular data from rRNA, and from mtDNA, show that these living agnathans  are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae during their lifestyle adaptations.

The lifestyle of the lamprey (an ectoparasite on other fish) and hagfish (a scavenger) means that they are not typical of the fossil groups, which were free-swimming and often armoured.

Classification
 Agnatha: the jawless fish. Cambrian to present day.
 †Pteraspids: the head-shields
 Anaspids: gills opened as holes. Silurian to end-Devonian.
 †Cephalaspids: early jawless fish
 Cyclostomes: Lampreys and Hagfish
 †Osteostraci: bony-armoured jawless fish.

Characteristics

Anatomy
Agnathans do not have jaws, and have a cartilaginous skeleton. There is a notochord in both larvae and adults. They do not have  paired fins. They have seven or more paired gill pouches.

Agnatha have no identifiable stomach and are cold-blooded. The heart is simple, with two chambers.

Physiology
There is a light-sensitive pineal eye. Fertilization and development of young are both outside the body, and there is no parental care.

Fossil agnathans
The oldest fossil agnathans are found in Cambrian deposits.

Many Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian agnathans were armoured with heavy bony-spiky plates. The first armoured agnathans were the Ostracoderms ("shell-skinned"). By the upper Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. They declined in the Devonian and never recovered.

References

Agnatha


The 13th Light Bomber Squadron (, 13 ΜΕΒ), was one of the three World War II aircraft squadrons in service with the Royal Hellenic Air Force, exiled in the Middle East, that fought under the auspices of the British Royal Air Force. It was the first Greek military unit founded after the German invasion and conquest of Greece in April–May 1941.

Background
After the failed Italian attack against Greece (October 28 – November 13, 1940), the Greek forces counterattacked and penetrated deep into Italian held Albanian territory. However, with the German intervention in April 1941, Greece capitulated.

By April 15, 1941, the Royal Hellenic Air Force was virtually eliminated by the numerically and technically superior German Luftwaffe. Part of the Greek air force personnel managed to escape to Egypt together with five Avro Anson aircraft. These aircraft formed the 13th Light Bomber Squadron during the summer of 1941, which was thus the first Greek military unit formed in the Middle East. During the following months two additional Greek squadrons were founded, the 335th and 336th Pursuit Squadrons.

Activity

Middle East
Its first commander was Squadron Leader Spyros Dakopoulos and its initial personnel was mainly provided from the former 13th Naval Cooperation and 32nd Bomber Squadrons to be finally manned by volunteers recruited from the then large Greek resident communities in Egypt. Its first mission was assigned on July 14, 1941.

At December 1941 the Squadron was equipped with Bristol Blenheims Mk IV and based at Dekheila Airfield. The following months it was reequipped with Blenheims Mk V, which were used primarily for maritime patrol missions. Convoy escort and anti-submarine patrols were the main missions of the Squadron during 1942. In various occasions enemy submarines were spotted in the Eastern Mediterranean and bombed.

From early 1943 the Squadron operated with Martin Baltimores. Apart from anti-submarine patrols and convoy escorts, the Squadron also executed reconnaissance and bombing missions in the occupied Greek islands. At November 12, the fortified German positions at the port of Souda, in Crete, were bombed. In general, the 13th Sqr based in the Middle East counted a total of 1,600 missions with over 4,550 flying hours.

Italy and Greece
On May 14, 1944, the Squadron was transferred to southern Italy, where operations included bombing of enemy positions in Yugoslavia and Albania, as part of the Allied Balkan Air Force. During this period it executed a total of 1,400 operations that included bombing train stations, bridges, ammunition and fuel depots.

On November 14, while the Axis troops were retreating from Greece, the aircraft of the Squadron landed in Hassani Airfield (later the Hellenikon Air Base and Ellinikon International Airport), near Athens. Although mainland Greece was liberated, Crete and other islands were still under German occupation. Alongside the Spitfire fighters of the two other Greek Squadrons, 335th and 336th, which had also arrived in Greece, the 13th was engaged in bombing missions against the remaining German garrisons in the Aegean islands and Crete (April–May 1945). The Squadron was disbanded on April 19, 1946.

References

Sources

External links
The Baltimore at the 13th Hellenic Squadron, Michail Solanakis.

Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations of Greece in World War II
Squadrons of the Hellenic Air Force
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
1941 establishments in Greece
1946 disestablishments in Greece

13th Light Bomber Squadron


"Silence in the Library" is the eighth episode of the fourth series of the revived British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was first broadcast on BBC One on 31 May 2008. It is the first of a two-part story; the second part, "Forest of the Dead", aired on 7 June. The two episodes make up the second two-parter Steven Moffat contributed to the series after "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" from the first series. It is also the final story that Moffat wrote before replacing Russell T Davies as head writer and showrunner starting from the fifth series in 2010.

In the episode, the archaeologist River Song (Alex Kingston) summons the alien time traveller the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) to a planet-sized library in the 51st century, where thousands of visitors disappeared without a trace a hundred years earlier when the library was shut off. The episode establishes that River Song has met the Doctor on many occasions but at this point in his life the Doctor does not recognise her.

The Hugo Award-nominated episode is also significant for introducing the character of River Song, who went on to play an important role in future stories.

Plot

The Tenth Doctor and Donna land on a planet-sized library in the 51st century simply called the Library. The Doctor has been summoned there, but a scan for life shows the Doctor and Donna as the only humanoid life signs but trillions of nonhuman life forms they cannot see or hear are present. An information node tells the Doctor and Donna that the library sealed itself, but that it has been breached and others are coming.

Just then, a team of explorers led by archaeologist River Song (who sent the message) and financed by Strackman Lux, whose grandfather originally built the Library, arrives. The team has come to determine why the library sealed itself 100 years previously. River acts like she knows the Doctor and has a diary with a cover decorated like the TARDIS with her. She discovers the Doctor has not met her yet.

The Library's operation system appears to be connected to the mind of a young girl living on 21st-century Earth. When the Doctor attempts to access the library computers, the girl causes books to fly from the shelves. The events happening in the library appear to her as television shows. The girl's psychiatrist Dr Moon tells her that the library in her imagination is actually real and that her real world is a lie. He implores her to save the people who have arrived at the library.

Lux's secretary Miss Evangelista is attacked by Vashta Nerada which strip her flesh clean to the bone instantly. The Doctor and Donna learn that the team are wearing communication devices which can store their thought patterns even after death, and are disturbed to hear Miss Evangelista still talking but acting confused until her pattern degrades. The Doctor explains that the Vashta Nerada are creatures that appear as shadows to hunt but are usually not as aggressive.

After noticing the pilot Proper Dave has two shadows, the Doctor and River seal him in his space suit, with the Doctor discovering River has a sonic screwdriver. The Vashta Nerada still get in, stripping Dave to his bare skeleton. The creatures animate Dave's suit and chase after the others. The Doctor attempts to teleport Donna back to the TARDIS for her safety, but Donna fails to materialise properly. The Doctor finds an information node with Donna's face on it which tells him that Donna has left the library and been saved.

Continuity
According to Steven Moffat, the squareness gun used by Song to help the party escape from the Vashta Nerada is intended to be the same sonic blaster that was used by Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) in the episode "The Doctor Dances". Moffat suggests that it was left in the TARDIS after "The Parting of the Ways", and taken by Song in the Doctor's future.  The name "squareness gun" was coined by Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) in the former episode.

Production

Writing
Originally, the two-parter was scheduled to take place during the show's third series. Initially, Moffat had wanted to introduce the villainous Weeping Angels in the entry after seeing an angel statue in a graveyard whilst on a family holiday. However, after withdrawing from the writing of series three's first two-part story—Helen Raynor took over these episodes, writing "Daleks in Manhattan" and "Evolution of the Daleks"—Moffat volunteered to write the series' Doctor-lite episode and opted to use the Weeping Angels in what would become "Blink". Later, during the fourth series, Moffat revisited his previous ideas. He felt that the library would be a "great setting" for Doctor Who that was not too exotic. The character of River Song was originally created for the plot to make more sense. Moffat knew that the team of archaeologists would have to trust the Doctor, but that the Doctor's psychic paper could not explain and convince the team why he had appeared in a sealed-off library. Therefore, Moffat intended for the Doctor to know one of the archaeologists. Later, he decided that this idea was too "dull", and instead opted to have one of them know him.

Casting
For the role of River Song, whom executive producer Russell T Davies described as "sort of the Doctor's wife", the production sought to cast Kate Winslet. One of Winslet's first acting roles was in the BBC1 teen drama Dark Season, written by Davies. The role of River Song eventually went to Alex Kingston, known for starring in the popular US drama ER. On Kingston's casting, Davies said "I bloody love her!" Kingston had been a fan of Doctor Who as a child. Kingston did not initially expect her role to be recurring, only later learning that Moffat had always intended for Song to come back for return appearances. Kingston enjoyed getting to play an unusual action hero female role, and praised the show for its variety of settings and opportunities "to relive one's childhood fantasies" playing with laser guns and wearing varied costumes from one appearance to the next. In regards to having to speak complicated dialogue, she said that she had "work[ed] with a medical consultant on ER, who'd explain what we were saying, so I'd say it with a purpose and a truth. On Doctor Who, I've no idea what some of my lines mean!"

Discussing her role alongside Tennant and Tate in her 2008 introductory episode, Kingston said, "We just clicked. I've done guest roles on other shows, but rarely have I felt such a warm bond." About working with Kingston, Tate later said that, "I'm a huge ER fan. When you hold people in awe, it's almost a disappointment when they come in and they're utterly normal. But Alex isn't disappointing at all. She's such a lovely person." Tennant was quoted as saying that, "Alex is terrific. When she's telling you stories about hanging out with George Clooney, you know she's pretty cool."

In 2020, Moffat revealed that he had envisioned Colin Salmon's character as a future incarnation of the Doctor.

Salmon later played Salway in the audio play Wirrn Dawn.

Daniel Peacock, the brother of Harry Peacock, who here plays Proper Dave, had previously appeared in the 1988 serial The Greatest Show in the Galaxy as Nord the Vandal.

Filming and effects
Filming took place in the closed Old Swansea Central Library in late January and early February 2008, and the Brangwyn Hall in Swansea, Wales.

The presence of the Vashta Nerada was created with lighting managed by director of photography Rory Taylor. To draw the eye toward the shadows, they were deepened in post-production by visual effects company The Mill.

The establishing shots of the CGI cityscape of the Library was created in Cinema 4D using the Advanced Render 3 module. This effort was nominated for a VES Award in 2009.

Broadcast and reception

Release and ratings
Before the episode was aired, The Sun obtained a copy of the script and threatened to release it, to which Moffat responded: "'let them' – I'd like to see The Sun publish that many words in a day!" Just as in 2007, the BBC pushed Doctor Who a week further due to their coverage of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 which took place on 24 May. "Silence in the Library" was scheduled against the final of ITV's talent contest Britain's Got Talent and suffered in the ratings as a result. BARB's final figures recorded an audience 6.27 million when adjusted for time shifting, whereas Britain's Got Talent was viewed by 11.52 million in comparison. This was the first time since the series' revival in 2005 that Doctor Who did not have the largest audience share in its timeslot. However, the episode did receive an Appreciation Index score of 89 (considered "Excellent"), the joint highest figure the new series had received to date, alongside "The Parting of the Ways", "Doomsday" and the following episode "Forest of the Dead". BBC Three's repeat of the episode was watched by 1.35 million viewers, almost double the figures for the equivalent repeat of the previous episode, "The Unicorn and the Wasp".

Critical reception and accolades
The episode has received positive reviews from critics. William Gallagher of Radio Times labelled it the "best story so far" and was positive toward the character of River Song. IGN's Travis Fickett gave it a rating of 9.2 out of 10, praising the setting of a library with books and "terrifically entertaining dialogue, one mind boggling concept after another, terrific character moments" between all the characters. However, he thought the concept of the Vashta Nerada were "a bit goofy", especially when they took the form of the skeletons. Ben Rawson-Jones on Digital Spy gave "Silence in the Library" four out of five stars, praising the "wonderfully inventive concepts" of the Data Ghosts and Nodes as well as guest stars Kingston, Salmon, and Newton. However, his "slight criticism" was that some aspects were similar to other episodes Moffat had written for Doctor Who. Richard Edwards, reviewing for SFX, gave the episode five out of five stars and called it the "best of the series so far". He particularly praised the fear instilled by the Vashta Nerada and the "intriguing parallel plotline" of the little girl.

Den of Geek listed the cliffhanger for "Silence in the Library" among the ten greatest of the show in 2011. IGN named the two-parter the fourth best episode of Tennant's tenure, as did Sam McPherson of Zap2it. This episode, along with "Forest of the Dead", was nominated for a Hugo Award in the Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form category, but lost out to Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog. The episode won the 2009 Constellation Award for Best Script in Film or Television.

References

External links

 Episode commentary from producer Phil Collinson and director Euros Lyn

Tenth Doctor episodes
2008 British television episodes
Television episodes written by Steven Moffat
Fiction set in the 6th millennium
Works set in libraries

Silence in the Library


The Libertine is a 2004 period drama film, the first film directed by Laurence Dunmore. It was adapted by Stephen Jeffreys from his play of the same name, and stars Johnny Depp and Samantha Morton as John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester and Elizabeth Barry, with John Malkovich, Rosamund Pike, Rupert Friend, and Kelly Reilly in supporting roles. Set in 1675 England, the film chronicles the life of the decadent but brilliant Earl of Rochester, who is asked by King Charles II to write a play celebrating his reign, while simultaneously training Elizabeth Barry to improve her acting.

The film was shot on location on the Isle of Man and Wales. The setting for Rochester's home of Adderbury house was filmed on location at Montacute House, Montacute, Somerset and Charlecote Park, Warwickshire.

Plot
In 1675, John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester, delivers a prologue of themes of his fondness for drink, his sexual proclivities, and his disdain for his audience.

King Charles II retracts his banishment of the earl as he has need of him in the House of Lords. Back in London, Rochester finds his "Merry Gang" friends, George Etherege and Charles Sackville, in a bawdy house. Rochester encounters on the street the thief Alcock. Impressed by his dishonesty, Rochester hires him as his gentleman. The Merry Gang introduce Rochester to its newest member, 18-year-old Billy Downs. Rochester warns Downs, "Young man, you will die of this company."

The Merry Gang attend a play where the actress Elizabeth Barry is booed off the stage, then refuses to participate in a curtain call and is fired. Rochester is taken with Barry, secures her re-employment with the theatre company, and undertakes to coach her in acting. Barry's acting improves dramatically and she delivers a brilliant performance in her next production. The King approaches Barry to spy on Rochester as to the progress of the intended tribute to the French Ambassador.

Charles, in need of money from France, asks Rochester to write a play in honour of the French Ambassador's visit. The king requests it be a "monument" to his reign. Rochester writes Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, a scathing satire of the king's reign, which he claims is "a monument to Charles" — just what the king had asked for. The play involves vulgar language, simulated sex acts, and Rochester portraying the king being serviced. At the premiere, the king, clearly offended, interrupts the play and confronts Rochester on the stage, whereupon Rochester flees London.

Later, Downs is mortally wounded in a sword fight outside the home of a Constable; Rochester backs away from his dying friend, whispering, "I told you."

Hiding from the king in the English countryside and sick with symptoms of syphilis, Rochester peddles phoney gynaecological "treatments" for women, including the selling of "potions" made from Alcock's urine. Rochester's face has become disfigured by syphilitic gummata, which he hides beneath a mask. Charles eventually tracks down Rochester, but decides that the worst punishment possible is to simply "let you be you." Rochester returns to his estate and wife, Elizabeth, admitting to having been constantly for five years under the influence of "the drink." Elizabeth declares her love for him.

Charles' choice of heir, his Roman Catholic brother James, Duke of York, leads to a showdown in Parliament over the Exclusion Bill that would deny James the throne. Rochester uses make-up and a silver nose tip to hide the indications of syphilis as he enters the House of Lords hobbling on two canes. His denunciation in the Lords of the bill ingratiates the appreciation of the king when it is defeated. When Rochester reveals his desire to have wanted Barry as his wife she reveals she never had the desire to be the wife of anyone, she had a daughter by him that he was unaware of, and this daughter is called Elizabeth.

Rochester returns to his estate where he is bedridden in the care of Elizabeth and his mother. A priest is summoned to "bring God to him" as his mother did not want Rochester to die as an atheist, and Alcock. Before he dies, Rochester asks the priest to recite from Book of Isaiah, chapter 53; he also asks his wife to retell the story of how he had abducted her when she was 18 years old and they fell in love. Rochester's death is followed by a scene of Elizabeth Barry playing the role of his wife in The Man of Mode, the play about him written by his friend Etherege.

The epilogue depicts Rochester slipping into the darkness of an increasingly fading candlelight, asking "Do you like me now?"

Cast

Music

The score to the film was composed by Michael Nyman, and released as The Libertine: Music for the Film by Laurence Dunmore in November 2005.  The music represents Nyman's last score for a major motion picture to date, and his last soundtrack release.

Reception

Critical response
The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that  of 122 sampled critics gave the film positive reviews and that it got a rating average of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Despite Johnny Depp's zealous performance, muddled direction and murky cinematography hinder The Libertine." Metacritic calculated an average score of 44 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4 praising Johnny Depp's performance, stating "Libertines are not built for third acts. No self-respecting libertine lives that long. Johnny Depp finds sadness in the earl's descent, and a desire to be loved even as he makes himself unlovable. What a brave actor Depp is, to take on a role like this. Still, at the screenplay stage, 'The Libertine' might have seemed a safer bet than Pirates of the Caribbean, a movie [which] studio executives reportedly thought was unreleasable."

Box office
The film has grossed $4,835,065 in North America and $6,016,999 in other territories, for a total of $10,852,064 worldwide.

Awards and honours

The Libertine was nominated in eight categories in the British Independent Film Awards for 2005:

 Best Performance by a Supporting Actor or Actress in a British Independent Film (won by Rosamund Pike)

The other nominations were:

 Best British Independent Film
 Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film (Johnny Depp)
 Best Performance by a Supporting Actor or Actress in a British Independent Film (Tom Hollander)
 Best Technical Achievement (Ben van Os)
 The Douglas Hickox Award (Laurence Dunmore)
 Best Director of a British Independent Film (Laurence Dunmore)
 Most Promising Newcomer (Rupert Friend)

Home media
The Libertine is available on DVD as of 2004.

References

External links

 The Libertine Press Notes

2004 films
2000s historical drama films
British historical drama films
British biographical drama films
2004 biographical drama films
British films based on plays
Films set in the 1670s
Films set in the 1680s
Films shot in Wales
Films set in England
Films set in London
Mr. Mudd films
Films scored by Michael Nyman
2004 directorial debut films
Australian biographical drama films
Australian historical drama films
2004 drama films
2006 drama films
2006 films
Cultural depictions of Charles II of England
2000s English-language films
2000s British films

The Libertine (2004 film)


243 Ida is a Main belt asteroid with pictures taken by the Galileo spacecraft on August 28, 1993. It was the first binary asteroid to be found and is a member of the Koronis family of asteroids.

Discovery and name
Ida was found by Johann Palisa on September 29, 1884 in Vienna. It is named after Ida, a Cretan nymph in Greek mythology who lived on a mountain that has her name (see Mount Ida, Crete).

Moon
Ida has a small moon, Dactyl, which was found on February 17, 1994 by Galileo mission member Ann Harch, while examining the delayed image downloads. The moon was given the designation S/1993 (243) 1 and later named (243) Ida I Dactyl. The pictures where it was first seen were taken on 28 August 1993, hence the designation. The moon was reported on 12 March 1994.

Dactyl is only 1.4 km in diameter. Some researchers believe that Dactyl formed from debris blown off from Ida because of cratering, while others suggest that Ida and Dactyl formed as a pair a billion or more years ago when Ida's parent body was disrupted. Both of these theories present difficulties that are unresolved at this time. Since Dactyl was found, other sightings have suggested that asteroid moons are common.

Although Ida's dimensions, measured along the principal axes (based on its rotation) are 53.6×24.0×15.2 km, the best-fit ellipsoid measures 60.0×25.2×18.6 km. Since its mass is well known thanks to its little moon, one can calculate that its surface gravity can be between 0.0031 and 0.0324 m/s². The rotation axis is within one degree of the shorter dimension axis, which means the centrifugal effect can reach a value as high as 0.0042 m/s² — at the tips of its longest axes, Ida is actually under tension.

Related pages
 Comet
 Asteroid

References

 P. C. Thomas, M. J. S. Belton, B. Carcich, C. R. Chapman, M. E. Davies, R. Sullivan, and J. Veverka; The shape of Ida, Icarus, Issue 1, No. 120, pp. 20–32, 1996.
 M. E. Davies, T. R. Colvin, M. J. S. Belton, P. C. Thomas, J. Veverka, The Galileo Imaging Science Team, The North Pole Direction and the Control Network of the Asteroid 243 Ida, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 26, p. 1154, June 1994
 Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites, 2000
 The Asteroid Orbital Elements Database
 Minor Planet Discovery Circumstances
 IAUC 6082 announcing Dactyl's naming

Asteroids

243 Ida


Arthur Pelkey (27 October 1884 – 18 February 1921) was a Canadian boxer who fought from 1910 to 1920. Born Andrew Arthur Pelletier in Pain Court, Ontario, the 	6′ 1½″  Pelkey fought in the heavyweight division at a weight of between 206 and 210 lbs.  He was one of the "White Hopes"  of the time that African American Jack Johnson was the world heavyweight champion.

The height of his pro career and its nadir happened simultaneously when on 24 May 1913, he met Luther McCarty at Tommy Burns's Arena in Calgary, Alberta for McCarty's World White Heavyweight title. Burns had been the world heavyweight champ who had lost his title to Jack Johnson, and the title had been created to crown a white heavyweight champ in light of the failures of successive White Hopes to wrest the title from Johnson.

Approximately two minutes into the first round of the scheduled 10-round bout, the 210 lbs. Pelkey K.O.-ed the 200 lbs.
McCarty. Eight minutes later, McCarty was pronounced dead. Pelkey reportedly broke down and wept when told of McCarty's death. Tommy Burns's Arena burned down the following day, likely as a result of arson.

A coroner's jury ruled that McCarty had died of a cerebral hemorrhage.  The ruling held that he had not been killed by a blow delivered by Pelkey but that the hemorrhage likely was the result of a previous injury. Pelkey later claimed that his legal expenses linked to McCarty's death bankrupted him.

Pelkey reportedly was never the same after killing McCarty. He lost the white heavyweight title to Gunboat Smith on New Year's Day 1914 at Coffroth's Arena in Daly City, California United States via a T.K.O. in the 15th round of the scheduled 20-round bout.

When he retired in 1920, he had compiled an official career record of 27 wins (17 by K.O.) against 21 losses (having been K.O.-ed 16 times) and three draws. This also included 10 newspaper decisions: five wins, two losses and three draws.

|-

References

1884 births
1921 deaths
Sportspeople from Chatham-Kent
Heavyweight boxers
World white heavyweight boxing champions
Canadian male boxers
Boxing people from Ontario

Arthur Pelkey


Iona () is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the western coast of Scotland. When Columba arrived with twelve monks in 563 he founded a great monastery. From that time Iona was known as a holy place. It was the center of Scottish Christianity for many centuries. Today it is a popular tourist attraction and a place for retreats. Its modern Gaelic name means "Iona of (Saint) Columba" (formerly anglicised "Icolmkill").

The village

The main settlement, located at St. Ronan's Bay on the eastern side of the island, is called Baile Mòr. It is known locally as "The Village". The primary school, post office, the island's two hotels, the Bishop's House and the ruins of the Iona nunnery are here. The abbey and MacLeod Centre are a short walk to the north. There are a number of offshore Islands nearby. Eilean Annraidh (island of storm) and Eilean Chalbha (calf island) are larger islands to the north. Rèidh Eilean and Stac MhicMhurchaidh Islands lay to the west of Iona. Eilean Mùsimul (mouse holm island) and Soa Island are to the south.

History

Dál Riata

At the start, Iona was a part of the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata.  The island was the site of a highly important monastery during the Early Middle Ages. According to tradition the monastery was founded in 563 by the monk Columba, also known as Colm Cille, who had been exiled from his native Ireland. Columba and twelve companions went into exile on Iona and founded a monastery there. The monastery was very successful, and played a large part in the conversion of the Picts to Christianity. It also had an influence on the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Many other monasteries were founded in Scotland and Iona became the center of a great monastic system. The scriptorium produced many very important documents.

Christian center

The monastery itself became the center of Celtic Christianity. Iona was a major supporter of the "Celtic" system for calculating the date of Easter. The missionaries and bishops who came to Britain from Rome used a Roman calculation for the date of Easter. This issue was settled when they adopted the Roman system at the Synod of Whitby in 664. Pictland adopted the Roman system in the early 8th century. Iona changed systems in 716, according to the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede. Iona's prominence was reduced over the next centuries as a result of Viking raids and the rise of other powerful monasteries in the system, such as the Abbey of Kells. The Book of Kells was created on Iona about the year 800. At about the same time the island's high crosses were erected. They had a ring around the top part that became the symbol called a "Celtic cross". The series of Viking raids on Iona began in 794 and, after its treasures had been plundered many times, Columba's relics were removed and divided two ways between Scotland and Ireland in 849 as the monastery was abandoned.

Kingdom of the Isles

As the Viking control of the west coast of Scotland advanced, Iona became part of the Kingdom of the Isles. Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin, died in 981 while on Iona. Still, the island was sacked twice by his successors. On Christmas night 986 and again in 987. The ruling dynasty of Alba traced its origin to Iona, and the island thus became an important religious icon of the new kingdom. Many of its early kings are buried there. The kings of the Isles were at times vassals of the King of Norway, High King of Ireland, or the King of Scotland. By the 11th century they were nominally attached to the Kingdom of Norway, but in reality they were independent.

A convent for Benedictine nuns was established in about 1208, with Bethóc, daughter of Somerled, as first prioress. The present Benedictine abbey, Iona Abbey, was built in about 1203. The monastery itself flourished until the Reformation when buildings were demolished and all but three of the 360 carved crosses destroyed.

Kingdom of Scotland

According to tradition, the first "King of Scots" was Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín). He founded the beginnings of what we know as Scotland in 843. The Reilig Cemetery on Iona was from that time until the 11th century the place where Scottish kings were buried. In total there are about forty-eight Scottish kings buried at Iona. In addition, eight kings of Norway and four kings of Ireland are buried on Iona.

Following the 1266 Treaty of Perth the Isles (Hebrides) were restored to Scottish rule. An Augustine nunnery survives as a number of 13th century ruins, including a church and cloister. The nunnery continued to be active until the Reformation. By the 1760s little more of the nunnery remained standing than at present, though it is the most complete remnant of a medieval nunnery in Scotland.

In the 19th century green-streaked marble was commercially mined in the south-east of Iona; the quarry and machinery survive.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Isle of Iona, Scotland (A visitors guide to the Isle)
The Iona Community
 Computer-generated virtual panorama Summit of Iona Index
Photo Gallery of Iona by Enrico Martino
National Trust for Scotland property page

Islands of Scotland

Iona


A costume is a set of clothes that someone wears to look different from what they normally wear. Some costumes are special to countries or regions. Some people wear them because they are proud of their country. Actors in theatres wear costumes because they are pretending to be a person in a play or ballet. Costumes can also be worn for carnivals or parties.

National costume
National or regional costume is worn to show that people come from a country or region. Int the past, many groups of people wore national costume every day. Today, most people do not wear costumes. Usually people dress up in national costume for special celebrations or for national dancing.

Some well-known examples of national costume are the kilt which is worn by people in Scotland and the kimono worn in Japan.

Theatrical costume

When actors perform in the theatre they usually wear a costume. These are the special clothes they wear to pretend they are a particular character in the story which they act out. They might be pretending to be any kind of person: a beggar, king, businessman, ancient god, etc. Some theatrical costumes stretch the truth about characters. Examples are Harlequin and Pantaloon in the Commedia dell'arte.

Carnivals and festivals

Costumes are worn at festivals such as Mardi Gras and Halloween. For example, during Halloween children wear scary masks and costumes.

Related pages
Cosplay
Fashion
Fashion design
Fursuit

References

Costumes

Costume


A roasting pan is a piece of cookware used for roasting meat in an oven, either with or without vegetables or other ingredients. A roasting pan may be used with a rack that sits inside the pan and lets the meat sit above the fat and juice drippings.

A shallow roasting pan is normally used for roasting small cuts of meat, but large-size roasting pans are also used for cooking large poultry such as turkey or goose, or for larger cuts of meat. A deep roasting pan can hold vegetables and other ingredients that meat can sit on rather than a rack, letting the vegetables absorb the fat and juice from the meat while cooking. A deep roasting pan can also be used as a baking dish or basin, holding smaller baking dishes that must be surrounded by boiling water.

Materials
Roasting pans are made in various materials that offer different benefits:
 Aluminum foil: inexpensive and disposable after one use
 Stainless steel: may have a non-stick coating
 Coated enamelware: has a non-stick surface
 Cast iron: cast-iron cookware conducts heat well and can be used to brown meat on the stovetop before placing into the oven for roasting
 Clay cooker: a covered clay pot can brown food if the temperature of the oven is raised toward the end of cooking

Covered or uncovered roasting pans
Covering or uncovering a roasting pan will depend upon the type of meat being roasted, or the recipe being followed. Generally, meat that is high in fat content, such as duck, has no need of being covered during roasting. A lean cut of meat, however, will benefit from being covered during a long roasting time, to retain juices and soften the meat (for example, in using a tajine for roasting meat).

Roasting racks
A roasting rack may be an accessory part of the roasting pan. A rack may be horizontal and lay flat on the roasting pan, or it may be a standing rack that sits vertically in the pan. A standing rack is most commonly used for roasting poultry. A variation of the roasting pan standing rack is the beer can chicken recipe.

See also
 Roasting
 Broiling
 List of cooking vessels

References

Cooking vessels
Kitchenware
Food preparation

Roasting pan


Raphael Kirchner (1876 – 2 August 1917) was an Austrian artist, principally a portrait painter and illustrator best known for Art Nouveau and early pin-up work, especially in picture postcard format. His work served as an early inspiration to Peruvian painter Alberto Vargas, who had a career in the United States for the film and men's magazine industry.

Early life
Kirchner was born in 1876 in Vienna, Austria, and attended the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna. He moved to Paris in the year 1900, making illustrations for such magazines as La Vie Parisienne.

In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Kirchner moved to the United States. He lived in New York City until his death in 1917.

Work

Raphael Kirchner produced over a thousand published paintings and drawings in his lifetime, mostly in the form of picture postcards. His orientalist "Geisha" series was among his most popular, with over 40,000 cards sold. The series is a notable example of the cross-influence between Art Nouveau in the West and Japanese art of the Meiji and Taishō periods.  Kirchner's often mildly erotic paintings of feminine beauty, in convenient postcard and magazine page form, were among the early pin-ups favored by European and American soldiers in World War I.

Peruvian painter Alberto Vargas cited Kirchner as an influence, and was noted for his own paintings of beautiful women in a related style. He painted for movie posters and later illustrations in men's magazines.

Kirchner's lasting influence on the pin-up genre was still recognized in the World War II pin-up heyday period.  Kirchner also produced a small number of sculptures, some of which were photographed for postcards as well.  In New York, he also produced costume designs for musical theatre productions.

See also
List of Orientalist artists
Orientalism

References

Links

1875 births
1917 deaths
Postcard artists
19th-century Austrian painters
19th-century Austrian male artists
20th-century Austrian painters
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Art Nouveau painters
Art Nouveau illustrators
Artists from Vienna
Austrian male painters
Austrian erotic artists
Austrian illustrators
Austrian emigrants to France
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
Orientalist painters
Expatriates from Austria-Hungary in France
20th-century Austrian male artists

Raphael Kirchner


The Battle of Klokotnitsa (, Bitkata pri Klokotnitsa) occurred on 9 March 1230 near the village of Klokotnitsa (today in Haskovo Province, Bulgaria) between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Empire of Thessalonica. As a result, Bulgaria emerged once again as the most powerful state in South-Eastern Europe.

Origins of the conflict

Around 1221–1222 Emperor Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria made an alliance with Theodore Komnenos Doukas, the ruler of Epirus. Secured by the treaty, Theodore managed to conquer Thessalonica from the Latin Empire, as well as lands in Macedonia including Ohrid, and establish the Empire of Thessalonica. After the death of the Latin emperor Robert of Courtenay in 1228, Ivan Asen II was considered the most probable choice for regent of Baldwin II. Theodore thought that Bulgaria was the only obstacle left on his way to Constantinople and in the beginning of March 1230 he invaded the country, breaking the peace treaty and without a declaration of war.

The battle

Theodore Komnenos summoned a large army, including western mercenaries. He was so confident of victory that he took the whole royal court with him, including his wife and children. His army moved slowly and plundered the villages on its way. When the Bulgarian tsar learned that the state was invaded, he gathered a small army of a few thousand men (including Cumans, that Akropolites describes as Scyths) and quickly marched southwards. In four days the Bulgarians covered a distance three times longer than Theodore's army had travelled in a week.

On 9 March, the two armies met near the village of Klokotnitsa. It is said that Ivan Asen II ordered the broken mutual protection treaty to be stuck on his spear and used as a flag. He was a good tactician and managed to surround the enemy, who were surprised to meet the Bulgarians so soon. The battle continued until sunset. Theodore's men were completely defeated, only a small force under his brother Manuel managed to escape from the battlefield. The rest were killed in the battle or captured, including the royal court of Thessalonica and Theodore himself.

Ivan Asen II's Tarnovo Inscription
In order to commemorate the battle, the Bulgarian emperor had an inscription carved in one of the marble columns of the Church "Holy Forty Martyrs" in the capital of the Bulgarian empire Veliko Tarnovo. Among all existing documents the text of this inscription is the most accurate evidence of the outcome and the aftermath of the battle:

"In the Year of the World 6738 (1230), third indiction. John Asen in Christ God true Tsar and sovereign of the Bulgarians, son of the old Tsar Asen, raised from the foundations and decorated with art this holy church in the name of the Holy 40 Martyrs, with the help of whom in the twelfth year of my reign when this temple was being decorated. I went to war in Romania and defeated the Greek army and captured their Tsar, Kyr Teodore Komnenos, together with all his boyars. And I conquered all of his land from Odrin (Adrianople) to Drach (Dyrrhachium), Greek and also Albanian and Serbian; and the towns around Tsarigrad and this very town were ruled by the Frazi (Latins), but they also were subjugated to my empire; because they had no other Tsar but me and thanks to me they spent their days, because God ordered this, because without Him neither a deed, nor a word is done. Glory to Him forever, Amen."

Aftermath

Ivan Asen II immediately released the captured soldiers without any conditions and the nobles were taken to Tarnovo. His fame for being a merciful and just ruler went ahead of his march to the lands of Theodore Komnenos and Theodore's recently conquered territories in Thrace and Macedonia were regained by Bulgaria without resistance. Thessalonica itself became a Bulgarian vassal under Theodore's brother Manuel. However, after the passing of Ivan Asen II, the vassalage of Epirus to the Bulgarian Empire ceased and Bulgaria passed into a rapid political decline, meanwhile the Despotate of Epirus grew once more under the leadership Michael II of Epirus who reconquered many lands from the decayed Tsardom.

Notes

References

 Akropolites, George, The History, (Oxford, 2007), translated by Ruth Macrides
Дуйчев, Иван. Из старата българска книжнина, т.II, С. 1944, с.38–39
 Златарски, Васил Н., История на българската държава през средните векове, Т.III, Второ българско царство, с. 587–596
 Uspensky, Fyodor, О древностях города Тырнова, Известія Руского Археалогического Института в Константинополе, 1901, VII, вып 1, с.6–7 и табл. 5

1230 in Europe
13th century in Bulgaria
Battles involving the Second Bulgarian Empire
Battles of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars in Thrace
Military history of Bulgaria
History of Haskovo Province
Empire of Thessalonica
Battles involving the Despotate of Epirus
Conflicts in 1230
Haskovo
Old Bulgarian inscriptions

Battle of Klokotnitsa


Assia Ahhatt (; born 3 June 1965) is a Ukrainian musician. She plays the violin. She has been a nominee and a winner of many international competitions in Italy and France. She has recorded several songs in which singing and violin were of equal importance.

Ahhatt was born in Kiev, in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.  She started to take violin classes at the age of five. She graduated from the National Music Academy in Kiev. She then studied at the Music Academy in Nice, France. She regularly performed in concert halls in Germany, France, Italy and other European countries. She was the soloist of the Ukrainian National Philharmonic. In 1999, she released her debut album Homo Novus, featuring modern instrumental music. In 2000 a nationwide promo tour of Homo Novus took place. Same year, Assia Ahhatt signed a contract with EMI records (Poland).  Later Assia signed a contract with Universal Poland, and recorded a song Where are you now? with Polish-born Hollywood actor Bogusław Linda. Linda also starred in the video for the above-mentioned song, which instantly became a hit in several European countries. Assia began her career as a singer in 2002. The same year, Assia Ahhatt was signed to a record label, Universal Ukrainian Records. She released an album Tebe, Anais (; For You, Anais).

In 2003, she released an album Shokolad (; Chocolate), which includes songs in Russian, Polish and French. Her next album was titled Dysha Bolela (; Soul Hurt), and was released in 2005. Same year she founded a group "69", and became it's producer co-songwriter. Assia released the albums Goryachiy pocelui (; Hot Kiss) and I Like It in 2006. In 2007, she released Ya lychshaya (; I Am The Best).

After this, she took a three-year break from her musical career. She did this to focus on her newly born son, Philip. In 2010, Assia released an album Angeli ne kuryat (, Angels Don't Smoke). In 2011, Assia made some changes in her music career by introducing modern violin music, as her main creative direction.

She performed with musicians such as Kurt Elling and trumpet player Chris Botti, and  award-winning music composer Eric Serra. Assia Ahhatt records in the leading studios in Europe and the West Lake Studio in Los Angeles, USA. Studios was recorded her debut U.S. single "If only tonight" (2013) that instantly became a hit in America and headed several U.S. Charts:

 Billboard's Hot Single Chart (#6 in Billboard's 2014 - Singles Chart);
 DRT National Airplay Top 50 Independent Chart;
 DRT National Airplay Top 50 R&B/ Hip Hop Chart; and
 Indie Label Report-Rhythmic.

'If Only Tonight' remix, made by legendary DJ Ralphi Rosario became an instant hit in all featuring dance clubs and discos from New York to Miami, L.A., and Honolulu, and, also, was in Billboard's National Dance Club Chart for several weeks in a raw.
After the remarkable success of  "If Only Tonight" Assia brought her attention to the Latin market.

The next Ahhat's single, 'Fiesta in San Juan', which was recorded ft. Puerto Rican rapper, Wisin, is a dynamic dance composition, infused with the sounds of the wonderful violin solo.  'Fiesta in San Juan' was again in Billboard's Latin Tropical Chart, and its remix rapidly approaches Top 10 in Billboard's National Dance Club Chart.

Discography
 1999 — "Homo Novus".
 2002 — "For You, Anais".
 2003 — "Chocolate".
 2005 — "Soul Hurt".
 2006 — "Hot Kiss" with band "69"
 2006 — "I like it…"
 2007 — "I Am The Best!"
 2010 — "Angels Don't Smoke" with band "69"

Filmography
 2010 - "In-Laws New Year Eve"

References

Other websites
 Official website

1965 births
Ukrainian singers
Violinists
Living people

Assia Ahhatt


Marco Marazzoli (1602? – 26 January 1662) was an Italian priest and Baroque music composer.

Early life
Born at Parma, Marazzoli received early training as a priest, and was ordained around 1625. He moved to Rome in 1626, and entered the service of Cardinal Antonio Barberini. In 1631, he and other musicians such as Filippo Vitali and Landi accompanied the cardinal on a trip to Urbino and may have accompanied him on other official travels. In 1637, Marazzoli was appointed Barberini's aiutante di camera, and became a tenor in the papal chapel that same year; in 1639 he was awarded the position of musico under Barberini.

Barberini patronage
About this time, it becomes possible to trace some of Marazzoli's compositions to specific places and functions. In 1638, he composed the music for a ballet La piazza d'Orlando for the Carnival of Venice and the intermedi for Chi soffre, speri for the Carnival of 1639. These two pieces were performed at the Palazzo Barberini.

After 1640, he began composing more for patrons in Ferrara and Venice, including an opera, L'Amore trionfante dello Sdegno (or L'Armida), for a Ferrarese wedding in 1641.

Also in 1641, the Barberini were embroiled in the Wars of Castro, and Marazzoli set the events of the battle fought by Taddeo Barberini and Luigi Mattei in October 1641 to music in Le pretensioni del Tebro e del Po, probably composed late in 1641. Marazzoli's L'Armida was performed in a revised version in January 1642 at a celebratory fete. At Carnival in 1642, Marazzoli had another opera performed, Gli amori di Giasone e d'Isifile; following this, Marazzoli returned to Ferrara and directed another performance of Le pretensioni to celebrate Taddeo Barberini's return to the city in March 1642.

Returning to Rome by midyear, Marazzoli composed the opera Il giudito della ragione tra la Beltà e l'Affetto (or Il Capriccio), which was first given at Carnival 1643. Towards the end of 1642, Marazzoli was granted papal permission to travel to Paris with a group of Italian musicians; here he was employed at the court of Anne of Austria, composing chamber cantatas which greatly pleased his patron.

Barberini exile

In April 1645 he returned again to Rome, finding to his chagrin that the Barberini family had been exiled to France (where they would remain until 1653). He then turned to composing oratorios both in Latin and Italian, some of which were written for the Arciconfraternita del SS Crocifisso.

Barberini return

Upon Antonio Barberini's return, he commissioned an opera from Marazzoli for the wedding of Taddeo Barberini's son Maffeo Barberini; pressed for time, Marazzoli collaborated with Antonio Maria Abbatini to create Dal male il bene, given at Carnival 1654 at Barberini's theater.

Le armi e gli amori was to be given at Carnival 1655, but the papal conclave of 1655 interrupted production, and it was not given until 1656, alongside Dal male il bene and Marazzoli's latest opera, Vita humana (composed to honor the visiting Queen Christina of Sweden).

Marazzoli may have composed the prologue to a ballet by Jean-Baptiste Lully in 1657 entitled L'Amour malade, but this is not certain. From 1655 Marazzoli composed works commissioned by Pope Alexander VII, including festival cantatas. Alexander named him cameriere extra in 1656, but a plague hit that year, and musical life in Rome ebbed until 1660.

Marazzoli was also a famed harpist, and played the gilded three-rank "Barberini harp", which was painted by Giovanni Lanfranco and which is now owned by the Museo degli Strumenti Musicali in Rome.

Marazzoli was seriously hurt in an accident during a mass at the Sistine Chapel on 25 January 1662, and died the following day.

Works

Stage works
Operas
La pazzia d'Orlando (1638, music lost)
La fiera di Farfa (1639)
L'Amore trionfante dello Sdegno (L'Armida) (1641)
Gli amori de Giasone e d'Isifile (1642, music lost)
Le pretensioni del Tebro e del Po (1642)
Il giudito della ragione tra la Beltà e l'Affetto (Il Capriccio) (1643, music lost)
Dal male il bene (1654)
La Vita humana (1656) - libretto by Rospigliosi, the future pope Clement IX. Revived by Le Poème Harmonique, dir. Vincent Dumestre at the Ambronay Festival 2006.
Le armi e gli amori (1656)
Other
Intermedio for Troades (1640, doubtful)
Prologue to Lully's L'Amour malade (1657, doubtful)

Oratorios
(all composed 1645-1653)
Latin oratorios
Erat fames in terra Canaan
Erat quidam languens Lazarus
Erat quidem languidus
Homo erat pater familias
Venit Jesus in civitatem Samarie
O mestissime Jesu

Italian oratorios
Per il giorno della resurrezione
S Tomaso
S Caterina
Natale di N.S. (lost)
Per ogni tempo (lost)
S Giustina di Padova (lost)
Ecco il gran rè de regi
Poiché Maria dal sui virgineo seno
Qual nume omnipotente che diè leggi
Udito habbiam Giesù

Cantatas
Marazzoli wrote a large number of cantatas, for one to six voices with continuo accompaniment. Eleanor Caluori in her article of Marco Marazzoli in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 1st edition gives a complete list of his cantatas.

References
Witzenmann, Wolfgang. "Marazzoli, Marco". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians online.

Italian Baroque composers
Italian Baroque
1600s births
1662 deaths
Musicians from Parma
Italian male classical composers
Papal chamberlains
17th-century Italian composers

Marco Marazzoli


Onèsphore Nkunzimana (born July 23, 1985 in Burundi) is a male long-distance runner

His first major competition was the 2000 World Junior Championships in Athletics, where he finished ninth in the 5000 metres

He switched from Burundi to represent Qatar and adopted a new name Sultan Khamis Zaman while competing for them. He ran under his new name and country at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He finished eighth in the short race at the 2004 IAAF World Cross Country Championships and won a team silver medal with Qatar.

He ran at the 2005 World Championships and the 2005 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, finishing in 16th and 19th place, respectively. He won the Eurocross meeting in 2005 and 2007. He won the bronze medal in the 5000 m at the 2006 Asian Games.

He took the 3000 metres gold medal at the 2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships. He won his second world cross country team medal shortly after with a 22nd-place finish at the 2008 World Championships. He represented Qatar at a major competition for a final time at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, but he did not progress beyond the heats.

He changed his allegiance again in 2010, returning to Burundi, and changed back to compete under his birth name, Onèsphore Nkunzimana. He won the Eurocross for a third time in February 2010.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Burundian male long-distance runners
Qatari male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Qatar
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games
Naturalised citizens of Qatar
Qatari people of Burundian descent
Asian Games bronze medalists for Qatar
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Place of birth missing (living people)

Onèsphore Nkunzimana


Consumables (also known as consumable goods, non-durable goods, or soft goods) are goods that are intended to be consumed. People have, for example, always consumed food and water. Consumables are in contrast to durable goods. Disposable products are a particular, extreme case of consumables, because their end-of-life is reached after a single use.

Consumables are products that consumers use recurrently, i.e., items which "get used up" or discarded. For example consumable office supplies are such products as paper, pens, file folders, Post-it notes, and toner or ink cartridges. This is in contrast to capital goods or durable goods in the office, such as computers, fax machines, and other business machines or office furniture. Sometimes a company sells a durable good at an attractively low price in the hopes that the consumer will then buy the consumables that go with it at a price providing a higher margin. Printers and ink cartridges are an example, as are cameras and film as well as razors and blades, which gave this business model its usual name (the razor and blades model).

Printing consumables include items like toner cartridges, which are consumed, utilized and then exhausted. These supplies are considered to be a major element of printing process.

For arc welding one uses a consumable electrode. This is an electrode that conducts electricity to the arc but also melts into the weld as a filler metal.

Consumable goods are often excluded from warranty policies, as it is considered that covering them would excessively increase the cost of the premium.

See also
 Durability
 Durable good
 Fast-moving consumer goods
 Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
 Repairable component

References

External links
 Defining consumable relative to waste

Environmental design
Goods (economics)

Consumables


Govert (or Govaert) Teuniszoon Flinck (25 January 16152 February 1660) was a Dutch painter of the Dutch Golden Age.

Life
Born at Kleve, capital of the Duchy of Cleves, which was occupied at the time by the United Provinces, he was apprenticed by his father to a silk mercer, but having secretly acquired a passion for etching and drawing, was sent to Leeuwarden, where he boarded in the house of Lambert Jacobszoon, a Mennonite, better known as an itinerant preacher than as a painter.

Here Flinck was joined by Jacob Backer, and the companionship of a youth determined like himself to be an artist only confirmed his passion for painting. Amongst the neighbours of Jacobszon at Leeuwarden were the sons and relations of Rombertus van Uylenburgh, whose daughter Saskia married Rembrandt in 1634. Other members of the same family lived at Amsterdam, cultivating the arts either professionally or as amateurs. The pupils of Lambert probably gained some knowledge of Rembrandt by intercourse with the Ulenburgs. Certainly Joachim von Sandrart, who visited Holland in 1637, found Flinck acknowledged as one of Rembrandt's best pupils, and living habitually in the house of the dealer Hendrick van Uylenburgh at Amsterdam.

For many years Flinck laboured on the lines of Rembrandt, following that master's style in all the works which he executed between 1636 and 1648. With aspirations as a history painter, however, he looked to the swelling forms and grand action of Peter Paul Rubens, which led to many commissions for official and diplomatic painting. Flinck's relations with Cleves became in time very important. He was introduced to the court of the Great Elector, Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, who possessed the Duchy and who married in 1646 Louisa of Orange. He obtained the patronage of John Maurice of Nassau, who was made stadtholder of Cleves in 1649.

In 1652 a citizen of Amsterdam, Flinck married in 1656 an heiress, Sophie van der Houven, daughter of a director of the Dutch East India Company. Flinck was already well known in the patrician circles over which the brothers Cornelis and Andries de Graeff and the alderman Jan Six presided; he was on terms of intimacy with the poet Joost van den Vondel and the treasurer Johannes Uitenbogaard. In his house, adorned with casts after the Antique, costumes, and a noble collection of prints, he often received the stadtholder John Maurice, whose portrait is still preserved in the work of the learned Caspar Barlaeus. Flinck died in Amsterdam on 2 February 1660.

Works

The earliest of Flinck's authentic pieces is a portrait of a lady, dated 1636, in the gallery of Brunswick. His first subject picture is the Blessing of Jacob  (1638), in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Both are thoroughly Rembrandtesque in effect as well as in vigour of touch and warmth of flesh tints. The four civic guards of 1642, and the twelve musketeers with their president in an arm-chair (1648); in the Stadhuis, Amsterdam, are fine specimens of composed portrait groups. But the best of Flinck's productions in this style is the peace of Münster in the Rijksmuseum, a canvas with 19 life-size figures full of animation in the faces, "radiant with Rembrandtesque colour," and admirably distributed. Flinck here painted his own likeness to the left in a doorway. The mannered period of Flinck is amply illustrated in the Marcus Curius Dentatus refuses the gifts of the Samnites, and Solomon receiving Wisdom, in the Palace on the Dam at Amsterdam. Here it is that Flinck shows most defects, being faulty in arrangement, gaudy in tint, flat and shallow in execution, that looks as if it had been smeared with violet powder and rouge.

The chronology of Flinck's works, so far as they are seen in public galleries, comprises, in addition to the foregoing, the Grey Beard of 1639 at Dresden, A Young Archer from 1640 in the Wallace Collection, the Girl of 1641 at the Louvre, a portrait group of a male and female (1646) at Rotterdam, a lady (1651) at Berlin.

In November 1659 the burgomaster of Amsterdam contracted with Flinck for 12 canvases to represent four heroic figures of David and Samson and Manius Curius Dentatus and Horatius Cocles, and scenes from the Batavians and Romans. Flinck was unable to finish more than the sketches.  After his death Rembrandt was asked to fill one of the commissions, and produced his last great history picture, the Conspriracy of Claudius Civilis, which the authorities rejected.

In the same year he received a flattering acknowledgment from the town council of Cleves and the completion of a picture of Solomon which was a counterpart of the composition at Amsterdam. This and other pictures and portraits, such as those of Friedrich Wilhelm and John Maurice, and the allegory of Louisa of Orange attended by Victory and Fame and other figures at the cradle of the first-born son of the elector, have disappeared. Of several pictures which were painted for the Great Elector, none are preserved except the Expulsion of Hagar in the Berlin museum.

Gallery

References

External links

Flinck at WGA
Works and literature on Govert Flinck at PubHist

1615 births
1660 deaths
People from Kleve
Dutch Golden Age painters
Dutch male painters
Pupils of Rembrandt
Remonstrants

Govert Flinck


Spektrum is a brand of radio control systems designed for use with hobby radio-controlled cars and aircraft. Spektrum is a division of Horizon Hobby.

The R/C hobby in the United States, Japan, and Europe typically used to employ FM radio control in HF and VHF bands such as 27 MHz, 35 MHz, 49 MHz, and 72 MHz. Most manufacturers of radio gear (all non-toy manufacturers) now use the 2.4 GHz band for their transmitters and receivers. Spektrum systems are distinguished in that they use direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology on the 2.4 GHz ISM band. Spektrum refers to their technology as "Digital Spectrum Modulation."  Each transmitter has a globally unique identifier (GUID), to which receivers can be bound, ensuring that no transmitter will interfere with other nearby Spektrum DSMx systems. The Spektrum system is also one of the manufacturers which offers "Model Match" in which the receiver in a particular model can be bound to one and only one transmitter model definition. This prevents a user from flying their RC helicopter while the transmitter is still programmed for their RC airplane.

Spektrum is the original application of 2.4 GHz spread spectrum radio systems to radio control models. It was originally developed by Paul Beard.

Spektrum broke the run of twelve consecutive Readers' Choice Award by Radio Control Car Action for Best Transmitter achieved by one of its rivals, Airtronics with the DX4R in 2008 and has maintained its consecutive run since.
Bind-N-Fly is a model that is ready to fly or drive once bound to an existing compatible transmitter. Spektrum was instrumental in bringing this term and concept into mainstream RC model vocabulary.

References

External links

Radio-controlled transmitter

Spektrum RC


Kenneth Bullington (January 11, 1913 – May 30, 1984) was an American electrical engineer known for his studies of radio propagation.

Bullington work at Bell Labs, Holmdel, New Jersey. Between 1950–1951, he performed pioneering research on tropospheric scatter, collecting data over paths ranging 200 to 300 miles in length, and pointed out the potential applications for communications in papers published in the Proceedings of the I.R.E. in 1950 and 1953. In 1953 he also published the first article foreshadowing cellular radio systems in "Frequency Economy in Mobile Radio Bands".

Bullington received the 1956 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for his contributions to the knowledge of tropospheric transmission beyond the horizon, and to the application of the principles of such transmission to practical communications systems", and the Franklin Institute's 1956 Stuart Ballantine Medal for his studies of space communications.

Selected works
 "Frequency Economy in Mobile Radio Bands", Bell System Technical Journal, volume 32: 42 et. seq. January 1953.
 K. Bullington, W. J. Inkster, and A. L. Durkee, "Some tropospheric scatter propagation measurements near the radio-horizon", Proceedings of the IRE, October 1955, pages 1336–1340.
 "Radio Propagation Fundamentals", The Bell System Technical Journal, vol. XXXVI, no. 3, pages 593-626, May 1957.
 "Radio Propagation for Vehicular Communications", IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. VT-26, no. 4, November 1977.

References
 T. Carroll, "In memoriam: Kenneth Bullington", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Newsletter, Volume 26, Issue 4, page 30. August 1984.
 Exploring Unknown, Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program, Volume III: Using Space, page 25

1911 births
1984 deaths
American electrical engineers
Scientists at Bell Labs
20th-century American engineers

Kenneth Bullington


The 1964 United States presidential election happened on November 3, 1964. It was between Democrat Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States, and his running mate Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, against Republican Barry Goldwater, a Senator from Arizona, and his running mate, Congressman William Miller of New York.

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated and Johnson (his vice president) became president of the United States.

Lyndon Johnson campaigned to continue many of Kennedy's policies and ideas such as civil rights. He supported a series of programs called the "Great Society" to improve the quality of living for poor people which included programs like Medicare, Medicaid, and environmental programs.

Barry Goldwater had the opposite belief that the government should be smaller and he was against government programs. During his campaign, actor Ronald Reagan made a famous speech called "A Time For Choosing" in support of Goldwater. Goldwater, during the campaign, was portrayed as an extremist who condoned the actions of the KKK and would cause nuclear war. His beliefs were radical at the time, but they would later influence many libertarian and conservative politicians.

Lyndon Johnson won the election by a landslide, and this was the last presidential election where Democrats carried any of 8 particular states.

Candidates

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates:
Lyndon B. Johnson, President of the United States from Texas
George Wallace, governor of Alabama
Pat Brown, governor of California

Candidates gallery

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
John W. Byrnes, U.S. representative from Wisconsin
Hiram Fong, U.S. senator from Hawaii
Barry Goldwater, U.S. senator from Arizona
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., former U.S. senator and 1960 vice-presidential nominee from Massachusetts
Richard Nixon, former vice president and 1960 presidential nominee
Nelson A. Rockefeller, Governor and candidate for the 1960 nomination from New York
Margaret Chase Smith, U.S. senator from Maine
William Scranton, governor of Pennsylvania
Harold E. Stassen, former Minnesota Governor and candidate for the 1944, 1948 and 1952 nominations, running from Pennsylvania

Candidates gallery

Other websites
 1964 Presidential General Election Results

presidential election
United States presidential elections


David V (, born as Khariton Devdariani (ხარიტონ დევდარიანი) (April 6, 1903 – November 9, 1977) was a Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia from July 2, 1972, until his death. His full title was His Holiness and Beatitude, Archbishop of Mtskheta-Tbilisi and Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia.

Born in the village of Mirotsminda (now Kharagauli Municipality, Imereti), David became a priest in 1927 and a bishop in 1956. From 1959 to 1972 he served as a chorbishop to Catholicos-Patriarch Ephraim II, upon whose death he succeeded to the position of primate of the Georgian Orthodox Church.

David V's ascension to the patriarchal see was followed by some controversy. Unlike his predecessor Ephraim II, who frequently appealed to Georgian patriotism, David never gained popularity because of his perceived loyalty to the Soviet regime. Furthermore, Georgian dissidents suspected that the Soviet security arm (KGB) was involved in David's election by rigging it and destroying Ephraim's will, which had allegedly endorsed Bishop Ilia of Sukhumi and Abkhazia as his successor. The Georgian nationalist underground claimed in their samizdat publications that corruption and moral depravity flourished in the church under David V. He was also accused of being involved, along with Georgian Communist party officials and the KGB, in the robbery of Georgian church treasures.

David V died in Tbilisi and was buried at the Sioni Cathedral in 1977. He was succeeded by Ilia II, whom the Soviets had allegedly tried to keep out of office.

References

1903 births
1977 deaths
Catholicoses and Patriarchs of Georgia (country)
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Georgia (country)

David V, Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia


Craftsman Farms is a historic house located in Parsippany-Troy Hills, Morris County, New Jersey, United States. It was founded by noted early 20th century designer Gustav Stickley as a farm and school for the Arts and Crafts movement.  It remained in use until 1915 when it was sold to a family and became a private house.

When threatened by development in 1989, the home was purchased by the Township of Parsippany-Troy Hills through eminent domain.  The property is operated as a museum, also known as the Stickley Museum at Craftsman Farms, and is operated by the Craftsman Farms Foundation.

History of the house
Craftsman Farms is a log house built in 1911, and the site, which consists of  of the original  tract, has been designated a National Historic Landmark. Craftsman Farms is also an Official Project of Save America's Treasures, a public-private partnership between the White House Millennium Council and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, dedicated to the preservation of our nation's irreplaceable historic and cultural treasures for future generations.

Around 1905 Stickley moved his headquarters from Syracuse to New York City. In 1908 he began acquiring the property on what is now the western edge of Parsippany-Troy Hills, an area formerly part of Morris Plains, where he envisioned establishing a farm school for boys. The focal point of his "Garden of Eden" was a large, log house constructed of hewn chestnut logs found on-site and local stone also found on-site.

Stickley originally designed the main house at Craftsman Farms as a "club house", a gathering place for workers, students and guests. In its huge kitchen, meals could be prepared for 100 people. The living and dining rooms, reaching fully  and warmed by copper-hooded fireplaces, made ideal meeting rooms. The porch opened to a vista of the farm and brought in light and air. The house is T-shaped, with a one-story kitchen attached to the rear. The large gabled roof has long shed dormers at the front and back, which allow for light and ventilation in the bedrooms.

A separate home for the Stickley family was originally planned to be built further up the hill. When Stickley decided that the school's opening would have to be delayed for several years, he modified the upstairs plans to accommodate his family, consisting of his wife, Eda, five daughters and a son.

Stickley designed Craftsman Farms to be self-sufficient, with gardens for vegetables and flowers, orchards, dairy cows and chickens; the produce grown on the farm was used in the restaurant operated by Stickley as part of his furniture showroom and department store in Manhattan. Stickley commuted to his New York showroom by train from Morris Plains.
The property contains numerous support buildings including craft workshops, stables, a dairy barn, chicken coop, other farm buildings, and three cottage dwellings.

Stickley and his family lived at Craftsman Farms until 1915, when he filed for bankruptcy after several years of financial difficulties. By then the taste of the American people that 15 years earlier had embraced the clean, strong lines of Craftsman furniture changed, this time towards the revival of early American and other styles.

In 1917, Major George and Sylvia Wurlitzer Farny purchased the property in the bankruptcy sale and their descendants lived on or owned the property until 1989. After Stickley left Craftsman Farms, the Farny family maintained the farm in Stickley's tradition, adapting certain interior features for modern family life. When the property was threatened with development for 52 town houses, the Township of Parsippany-Troy Hills, with the encouragement of community groups and others interested in the importance of the site, obtained the property through eminent domain.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Morris County, New Jersey
List of museums in New Jersey

References

External links
Official Site

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Museums in Morris County, New Jersey
Decorative arts museums in the United States
Houses in Morris County, New Jersey
Arts and Crafts architecture in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Morris County, New Jersey
Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey
American Craftsman architecture in New Jersey

Craftsman Farms


iPhone art is a form of Interactive art that takes place on the screen of the iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch. It is distinct from pictorial works of art produced with an iPhone using paint apps such as Brushes or ArtRage.

iPhone Art evolved from screen-based interactive art that formerly appeared on PC computer screens or on wall-mounted displays in galleries and museums. Due to the portability and ease of distribution with the iTunes App Store, these forms of art are currently experiencing a renaissance as interactive works of art from the 1990s and 2000s are adapted to the iPhone and iPad, some even becoming bestsellers in the Entertainment and Music categories where these apps normally appear, since there is currently no Art category in the iTunes App Store.

Some of the first iPhone artists include Miltos Manetas and Memo Atken who created the JacksonPollock app, Theo Watson who created FATTAG, Scott Snibbe who created Gravilux and Bubble Harp, and Golan Levin, creator of Yellowtail.

Artists such as David Hockney, Corliss Blakely and Meri Aaron Walker (iPhoneArtGirl) have held art exhibits with art made exclusively on their iPads. Musician Damon Albarn created the entirety of the 2010Gorillaz album The Fall, with his iPad with various apps while on his North American tour.

iPhone art may pose a threat to traditional gallery distribution of digital art because individual artist can distribute their apps directly to the general public without working through a gallery dealer.

References

Visual arts genres
Contemporary art
Computer art
Digital art
New media art
New media
IOS software

IPhone art


Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox née Cavendish (31 March 1555 – 16 January 1582) was an English noblewoman and the wife of Charles Stuart, 1st Earl of Lennox. She was the mother of Arbella Stuart, a close relation to the English and Scottish thrones.

Family
Elizabeth Cavendish was born in Chatsworth House, Derbyshire, on 31 March 1555, the daughter of Bess of Hardwick and her second husband Sir William Cavendish. Catherine Grey was one of her godmothers. Bess was a Lady of the Bedchamber to Queen Elizabeth I and became one of the wealthiest women in England. Elizabeth Cavendish had seven siblings, two of whom died in early infancy.

Marriage to the Earl of Lennox

In 1574, Elizabeth Cavendish secretly married Charles Stuart, 1st Earl of Lennox, the younger brother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and a claimant to the English throne. Queen Elizabeth I became enraged at the two sets of parents for arranging such a controversial marriage without her permission.  The Queen sent Elizabeth's mother and mother-in-law, Margaret Douglas, to imprisonment in the Tower of London.

In 1575, Elizabeth gave birth to her only child, Arbella Stuart. Her husband died in 1576 of tuberculosis.

Elizabeth herself died six years later on 21 January 1582 at age 26. The Earl of Shrewsbury wrote to William Cecil that his wife, Bess of Hardwick, "takes my daughter Lennox's death so greivously that she neither does nor can think of anything but of lamenting and weeping."

References

 Antonia Fraser, Mary, Queen of Scots, Dell Publishing Co., Inc. New York, 1971
 David N. Durant, Arbella Stuart: A Rival to the Queen, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978
 Mary S. Lovell, Bess of Hardwick, First Lady of Chatsworth, Little, Brown, 2005

1555 births
1582 deaths
Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox
16th-century English women
Scottish countesses
16th-century English nobility

Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox


Naughty by Nature are a Grammy winning rap trio from New Jersey. They formed in 1988, and their songs include O.P.P. from 1991 (on their own self titled album). Other hit songs by the rap group followed over the years.

1988 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rap music groups
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical trios
1980s establishments in New Jersey

Naughty by Nature


Amalia Euphrosyne Lindegren (22 May 1814 – 27 December 1891) was a famous Swedish painter.

Life
She became an orphan when her mother died in 1817. Then, she was adopted by the widow of Benjamin Sandel. Benjamin Sandel is thought to have been her real father.

Amalia liked to draw and wanted to become an artist. When the artist Qvarnström saw her drawings, he got her a permission to study art at the Swedish Academy of Arts in 1849. They thought she was very promising and had great talent. In 1850, she became the first woman who got a scholarship by the Academy to study art in Paris.

In 1856, she was elected to become a member in to the Swedish Academy of Arts. She showed people her paintings in the exhibitions in Paris in 1867, Philadelphia in 1876, and in Chicago in 1893.

Related pages
 Lea Ahlborn
Düsseldorf school of painting

Sources
 Österberg, Carin et al., Svenska kvinnor: föregångare, nyskapare. Lund: Signum 1990. ()

1814 births
1891 deaths
Swedish painters

Amalia Lindegren