Underground (), is a 1995 comedy-drama film directed by Emir Kusturica, with a screenplay co-written with Dušan Kovačević. It is also known by the subtitle Once Upon a Time There Was One Country (), the title of the five-hour miniseries (the long cut) shown on Serbian RTS television.

The film uses the epic story of two friends to portray a Yugoslav history from the beginning of World War II until the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars. It is an international co-production with companies from Yugoslavia (Serbia), France, Germany, Czech Republic and Hungary. The theatrical version is 163 minutes. Kusturica stated in interviews that his original version ran for over five hours, and that co-producers forced edits.

Underground received critical acclaim, and won the Palme d'Or at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival. It was Kusturica's second win following When Father Was Away on Business (1985). It went on to win other honours.

Plot
In the early morning of 6 April 1941 in Belgrade, the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, two roguish bon vivants Petar Popara, nicknamed Crni (Blacky) and Marko Dren are heading home. They pass through Kalemegdan and shout salutes to Marko's brother Ivan, an animal keeper in the Belgrade Zoo. Marko lets Blacky's pregnant wife Vera know that they enrolled Blacky in the Communist Party (KPJ).

Part One: War
Later, the hungover Blacky is eating breakfast while pregnant Vera complains about his supposed affair with a theatre actress. Suddenly, the roar of the planes is heard, and German bombs begin falling on Belgrade. After the air raid is over, Blacky goes out against the wishes of his wife and inspects the devastated city. Encountering building ruins and escaped wild animals from the zoo, he also runs into disconsolate Ivan carrying a baby chimp named Soni. The Royal Yugoslav Army's resistance is quickly broken, and German troops soon occupy and dismember the entire Kingdom. Blacky starts operating clandestinely as a communist activist along with Marko and others. Blacky occasionally visits his mistress Natalija Zovkov who has been assigned to a special actors' labour brigade that is helping the city's rebuilding effort under German occupational control. An acclaimed, pampered, and celebrated actress in the National Theatre, Natalija has caught the eye of a high-ranking German officer named Franz.

Marko has set up a weapons stash in the cellar of his grandfather's house. Following their interception of a large trainload of weapons, Marko and Blacky are identified as dangerous bandits in German radio bulletins. While Blacky is off hiding in the woods as Germans are intensifying door-to-door raids in the city, Marko takes Vera, Ivan and many others into the cellar to hide. Vera is due and gives birth to a baby boy, who she names Jovan before dying.

In 1944, Blacky is in town to celebrate his son's birthday at a local communist hangout. The two best friends head for the theatre in a jovial mood. They see Natalija performing on stage in front of Franz and other German officers, and Blacky shoots Franz in the chest. With Natalija, Blacky manages to reach the river boat anchored just outside Belgrade. Naturally, Marko is along as well, and all are getting ready for a forced wedding despite Natalija's protestations.

The party is interrupted by German soldiers surrounding the anchored boat. Suddenly, Franz is seen yelling, demanding Blacky and Marko release Natalija, who runs to Franz. Blacky is captured by Germans and tortured in the city hospital with electric shocks while Franz and Natalija visit her brother Bata at the same hospital. Meanwhile, Marko has found a way to enter the building through an underground sewer passage. Sneaking up on Franz, Marko strangles him to death with a cord in front of Natalija who switches sides once again. Marko then proceeds to free Blacky. They leave with fatigued Blacky hidden in a suitcase, but Blacky is injured by a grenade.

A few days later on Easter 1944, Marko and Natalija, now a couple, are watching a comatose Blacky. In late October, the Red Army accompanied by Yugoslav Partisans enters Belgrade. Marko gives fiery speeches from the National Theater balcony during the Trieste crisis, socializes with Josip Broz Tito, Ranković and Edvard Kardelj, and stands next to Tito during military parades through downtown Belgrade.

Part Two: Cold War
In 1961, Marko is one of Tito's closest associates and advisors. The physically recovered Blacky and company are still in the cellar under the impression that the War is still going on above. Marko and Natalija attend a ceremony to open a cultural center and unveil a statue of Petar Popara Blacky, who everyone thinks died, becoming a People's Hero. With the help of his grandfather who is in on the devious con, Marko oversees the weapons manufacturing and even controls time by removing hours to a day so the people in the cellar think that only 15 years passed since the beginning of World War II instead of 20. They're continuously making weapons, and Marko profits from it enormously.

The filming of an epic state-sponsored motion picture based on Marko's memoirs titled Proleće stiže na belom konju (Spring Comes On A White Horse) begins above ground. Soon, Blacky's 20-year-old son Jovan will marry Jelena, a girl he grew up with in the cellar. Marko and Natalija are naturally invited for a celebration. Ivan's chimpanzee Soni has wandered into a tank and fires a round blowing a hole in the wall. Soni wanders off, and Ivan follows.

Blacky, with his son Jovan, emerges from underground for the first time in decades. They encounter the set of Spring Comes On A White Horse and believing the war is still on, kill two extras and the actor playing Franz. In the manhunt, Jovan drowns but Blacky escapes.

Part Three: War
In 1992 at the height of the Yugoslav Wars, Ivan re-emerges with Soni, whom he was recently reunited with. He stumbles upon Marko, who is attempting to broker an arms deal in the middle of a conflict zone. The deal falls through and Ivan catches up with Marko and beats him to unconsciousness, then commits suicide. Natalija arrives and rushes to Marko's side, proclaiming her love for him. They are captured by militants and they are ordered to be executed as arms dealers by militants' commander, Blacky.

Blacky moves his people out to the cellar that he lived years ago, taking Soni with him. He sees an image of Jovan in a well, and inadvertently falls in while reaching for him.

In a dreamlike ending sequence, Blacky, Marko, and others are reunited at an outside dinner party, celebrating Jovan's wedding. Ivan gives a few parting words, ending with "Once upon a time, there was a country."

Cast
 Miki Manojlović as Marko Dren, a career-climbing Communist Party activist who becomes its high-ranking official and organizer of the communist resistance weapons manufacturing during World War II as well as the lucrative arms trade after the war ends. In parallel, he becomes an influential and wealthy arms dealer as well as a post-war Communist Yugoslavia state dignitary.
 Lazar Ristovski as Petar "Blacky" Popara, an electrician who idealistically joins the Communist Party right before World War II and goes on to mark himself out as a skilled and determined Partisan guerilla resistance fighter during the war's early stages only to end up in a weapons manufacturing cellar for the remainder of it. Once he finally emerges from the cellar, many decades after World War II ended, he becomes a Yugoslavian patriot during the Yugoslav Wars.
 Mirjana Joković as Natalija Zovkov, an opportunistic theatre actress constantly switching loyalties
 Slavko Štimac as Ivan Dren, Marko's stutterer brother who cares for zoo animals
 Ernst Stötzner as Franz, a Wehrmacht officer in charge of occupied Belgrade during World War II. Stötzner also portrays the actor playing Franz in Proleće stiže na belom konju.
 Srđan Todorović as Jovan Popara, Blacky's son, who lives almost his entire life underground
 Mirjana Karanović as Vera, Blacky's wife
 Danilo Stojković as Grandfather, Marko's grandfather who owns the cellar and helps perpetuate his ruse
 Bora Todorović as Golub, the leader of the brass orchestra that frequently accompanies Blacky and Marko
 Davor Dujmović as Bata, Natalija's crippled brother
 Mirsad Tuka as Investigator
 Predrag Zagorac as Tomislav

Production
The shooting of the film began in fall 1993 and lasted off-and-on until early spring 1995. The state-owned Radio Television of Serbia had a small role in financing the film, and the film used rented Yugoslav Army (VJ) equipment as props.

Soundtrack

The film's soundtrack includes music by Goran Bregović and the participation of Cesária Évora.

Reception

Critical reception
Underground has not been widely reviewed by English-language critics, though it has gained generally favorable reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports an 86% approval rating based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Offering an insightful look at Communist Eastern Europe through the microcosm of a long friendship, Underground is an exhausting, exhilarating epic."

In the New York Daily News, Dave Kehr lauded the film as "ferociously intelligent and operatically emotional," and Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times called it a "sprawling, rowdy, vital film laced with both outrageous absurdist dark humor and unspeakable pain, suffering and injustice". Variety'''s Deborah Young reviewed the film after seeing it at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival, praising it as "a steamroller circus that leaves the viewer dazed and exhausted, but mightily impressed", and adding that "if Fellini had shot a war movie, it might resemble Underground".

Writing in Sight & Sound in November 1996, British author Misha Glenny delivered a stinging attack on critics who view Underground or Srđan Dragojević's Lepa sela lepo gore through a simplistic, reductionist pro- or anti-Serb critical lens.

Janet Maslin of the New York Times wrote that the film's "real heart is its devastating idea of a morning after: the moment when, after being in the grip of a political delusion lasting several decades, a man can emerge from a subterranean hiding place in his native Yugoslavia and be told that there is no Yugoslavia any more". While acknowledging that "the politics of Underground have been assailed and dissected by international audiences", she feels that "this debate is largely specious as there's no hidden agenda to this robust and not terribly subtle tale of duplicity with Mr. Kusturica's central idea being a daringly blunt representation of political chicanery that fools an entire society, and of the corruption that lets one man thrive at the expense of his dearest friend". In her article "Europe (Un)Divided: How Peace Was Won and the War Never Lost in Wim Wender's Lisbon Story (1995) and Emir Kusturica's Bila Jednom Jedna Zemlja/Underground (1995)" for the Journal for Contemporary European Studies, Evelyn Preuss points out how the film critiques dominant Western ideologies by showing East and West as well as past and present in a continuity rather than divided or marked by caesuras. This critique explains the fervent political response to the film.

Political response
Critics saw the characters Marko and Blacky as "Kusturica's idealization of Serbs trapped into desperate acts by history and others' evil while the cowardly characters in the film were Croats and Bosnians, who chose betrayal and collaboration."

Stanko Cerović, director of the Serbo-Croatian editorial department of Radio France Internationale, strongly denounced the film in June 1995, accusing Kusturica of spreading Serbian propaganda, using historical footage in cases except "the bombardment of Vukovar, or the three-year-long destruction of his native city by the Serbian army". However, in 2012 Cerović said that it was not propaganda and "It's quite possible that Underground will age well".

Throughout the 1990s, Kusturica was frequently attacked by French public intellectuals Bernard-Henri Lévy and Alain Finkielkraut in the French media over his life and career choices. Generally, the two viewed Kusturica as a "traitor who crossed over to the enemy side thus turning his back on his city, his ethnic roots, and his nation". Finkielkraut had not seen the film, but wrote in Libération "that offensive and stupid falsification of the traitor taking the palm of martyrdom had to be denounced immediately". Meanwhile, Lévy called Kusturica a "fascist author" while reserving his further judgment upon seeing the film. After watching Underground, Lévy called Kusturica a "racist genius in the mold of Louis-Ferdinand Céline". Other intellectuals such as André Glucksmann and Peter Handke joined the debate.

During the September 2008 discussion between the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek and Bernard-Henri Lévy on the issues surrounding the historical and social significance of May 1968 in France, Žižek brought up Underground and Kusturica to Lévy by saying: "Underground I think is one of the most horrible films that I've seen ... What kind of Yugoslav society you see in Kusturica's Underground? A society where people all the time fornicate, drink, fight - a kind of eternal orgy." Lévy answered that he considers himself an "enemy of Kusturica, the man", but that Underground is "not a bad movie" before going on to commend the film's narrative structure and conclude that "Kusturica is one of the cases, we have some writers like this, where the man is so, so, so more stupid than his work". Bosnian-American novelist Aleksandar Hemon criticized Underground in 2005, saying that it downplayed Serbian atrocities by "presenting the Balkan war as a product of collective, innate, savage madness."

AccoladesUnderground won the Palme d'Or (Golden Palm) award at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival, considered the festival's highest honor. It was director Emir Kusturica's second such award after When Father Was Away on Business. Underground was selected as the Serbian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 68th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. Underground also nominated for Best Foreign Film at the 13th Independent Spirit Awards nearly 3 years after the film won Palme d'Or, but lost to The Sweet Hereafter.

Libel lawsuit
On 8 March 2001, Serbian newsmagazine Vreme published an op-ed piece by Serbian playwright Biljana Srbljanović under the headline "Hvala lepo" in which she refers to Underground in passing as "being financed by Milošević" and accuses Kusturica of being "an immoral profiteer". She goes on to accuse the director of "directly collaborating with the regime via his friend Milorad Vučelić". On 20 March 2001, Kusturica decided to sue Srbljanović for libel.

Before the first court date in September 2001, Vreme magazine organized a mediation attempt between the two parties, with Kusturica and Srbljanović meeting face to face in the magazine's offices. At the meeting Kusturica expressed willingness to drop the charges if Srbljanović issued a public apology, which Srbljanović refused. The next day at the first court date Srbljanović once again rejected the offer of a public apology. The court case thus continued with Kusturica's lawyer Branislav Tapušković presenting details of the film's financing sources, most of which were French production companies. On 11 December 2003, the municipal court ruled in Kusturica's favour, ordering Srbljanović to pay damages as well as to cover the court costs.

See also
 List of Yugoslav films
 Who's That Singing Over There''
 List of submissions to the 68th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
 List of Serbian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

References

External links

1995 films
1990s Serbian-language films
1990s war comedy-drama films
Films directed by Emir Kusturica
Films scored by Goran Bregović
Films set in Serbia
Palme d'Or winners
Films with screenplays by Dušan Kovačević
Serbian war comedy-drama films
Serbian black comedy films
1995 black comedy films
Yugoslav Wars films
Historical epic films
1990s pregnancy films
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in Germany
Films set in the 1990s
History of Serbia on film
Films about Josip Broz Tito
Films set in Belgrade
1995 comedy films
War films set in Partisan Yugoslavia
Films shot in Serbia
Films shot in Belgrade
Cultural depictions of Yugoslav people
Cultural depictions of Serbian men
Serbian political films
Serbia in fiction
Serbian pregnancy films
Serbian World War II films

Underground (1995 film)


The Late Mattia Pascal ( ) is a 1904 novel by Luigi Pirandello. It is one of his best-known works and was his first major treatment of the theme of the mask.

Plot summary

The protagonist, Mattia Pascal, finds that his promising youth has, through misfortune or misdeed, dissolved into a dreary dead-end job and a miserable marriage.  His inheritance and the woman he loved are stolen from him by the same man, his eventual wife and mother-in-law badger him constantly, and his twin daughters, neglected by their mother, can provide him with joy only until an untimely death takes them. Death robs him even of his beloved mother.

To escape, he decides one day to sneak off to Monte Carlo, where he encounters an amazing string of luck, acquiring a small fortune.  While reading a newspaper on his return home, he discovers, to his immense shock and delight, that his wife and mother-in-law declared an unknown corpse to be his own.  Faced with this sudden opportunity to start afresh, he first wanders about Europe, and finally settles down in Rome with an assumed identity.   His character develops in unexpected, even admirable, ways.  Yet one admirable act brings the protagonist a crisis, followed by additional crises that lead him to conclude that continuing with his plans will entail only misery for those he loves, precisely because his entire life, including the precious liberty he thought he had gained from his past, is now a lie.  He ultimately decides to fake his own death and return to his original life.  But even that proves difficult; his family and town have long since adjusted to his "death,"  and his own adjustment of character prompts him to have mercy on his now remarried wife.  So the twice-dead Late Mattia Pascal reduces himself to a figure outside the mainstream of society, a walk-on part in his own life.

Translations into English

 Arthur Livingston (Dent/Dutton, 1923)
 William Weaver (1964)

Adaptations
Several film adaptations of the novel have been made:
 Feu Mathias Pascal, a 1925 French silent film directed by Marcel L'Herbier.
 L'Homme de nulle part (The Man from Nowhere), a 1937 French film directed by Pierre Chenal.  An Italian-language version, under the title Il fu Mattia Pascal (The Former Mattia Pascal), was simultaneously directed by Chenal.
 Le due vite di Mattia Pascal (The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal), a 1985 Italian film directed by Mario Monicelli.

References

External links
 Complete text of The Late Mattia Pascal in Italian

1904 Italian novels
Italian novels adapted into films
Novels by Luigi Pirandello
NYRB Classics

The Late Mattia Pascal


Johnny Hiland is a legally blind American musician/guitarist.

Early life
Hiland grew up in Maine, with an eye disease called nystagmus. He started playing guitar at age 2, played his first talent show at age 5, performed on Dick Stacey's Jamboree on local TV at age 7, and won Talent America at age 10, with sister Jodi and brother Jerry, "The 3 J's," playing bluegrass country. The 3 J's broke up when Johnny turned 15, due to his voice changing. Having picked up electric guitar at the age of 12, Johnny left bluegrass, and started playing country, rock, and blues.

Career
In 1996, Hiland moved to Nashville and worked as a session musician for country artists including Toby Keith, Ricky Skaggs, Janie Fricke, and Hank Williams III. Meanwhile, he played with the Don Kelley Band at Robert's Western World. Hiland signed with Steve Vai's Favored Nations label as a solo artist.

Discography
2002 "Lovesick, Broke and Driftin," Hank Williams III, Curb
2002 "Forgive," Jesus and Bartenders, Rebecca Lynn Howard MCA
2004 Johnny Hiland (Favored Nations)
2004 "The Bluegrass Sessions," Lynn Anderson,DM Nashville
2004 "The Bluegrass Sessions," Janie Fricke,DM Nashville
2004 "Passing Through," Angels, Randy Travis, Word Records
2005 "R.I.D.E.," Trick Pony, Curb
2005 "Honky Tonk University," She Left Me, Toby Keith, Dreamworks Records Nashville
2006 Straight to Hell (album), Hank Williams III, Curb
2007 "Brand New Strings," Brand New Strings, Ricky Skaggs, Skaggs Family Records,Inc
2007 Jennifer Brantley, Breakdown, Mountainside Productions
2008 Damn Right, Rebel Proud, Hank Williams III, Curb
2009 Loud And Proud (O.I.E. Records)
2010 "Rebel Within," Hank Williams III, Sidewalk Records Inc.
2011 All Fired Up (Shrapnel Records)
2011 Rebel Within Audio, Hank Williams III, Curb
2011 Ghost to a Ghost/Gutter Town, Hank Williams III, Megaforce Records
2013 "Brothers of the 4x4," Hank 3, Hank 3 Records
2013 Higher To Go – A tribute To Forrest Lee, Sr., Out West Records
2015 "80 and Pickin' with my Friends," Nokie Edwards

References

External links
Official website

American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American country songwriters
American male songwriters
American session musicians
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee
Guitarists from Maine
Songwriters from Tennessee
Songwriters from Maine
1975 births
Guitarists from Tennessee
Country musicians from Tennessee
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male musicians
Favored Nations artists
Shrapnel Records artists
Provogue Records artists

Johnny Hiland


The Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America.  It was formed in 2004.  The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).  Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL. The Minnesota Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs continue to be active teams and are playing a number of exhibition games as the league expands to include several new teams.

Teams in the WWHL
 Manitoba Maple Leafs
 Minnesota Whitecaps

Champions
 2010-11 - Minnesota Whitecaps
 2009-10 - Minnesota Whitecaps
 2008-09 - Minnesota Whitecaps
 2007-08 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
 2006-07 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
 2005-06 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
 2004-05 - Calgary Oval X-Treme

Other websites
WWHL website
Manitoba Maple Leafs
Minnesota Whitecaps

Ice hockey leagues in Canada

Western Women's Hockey League


The Women's Caucus for Art (WCA), founded in 1972, is a non-profit organization based in New York City, which supports women artists, art historians, students, educators, and museum professionals. The WCA holds exhibitions and conferences to promote women artists and their works and recognizes the talents of artists through their annual Lifetime Achievement Award. Since 1975 it has been a United Nations-affiliated non-governmental organization (NGO), which has broadened its influence beyond the United States. Within the WCA are several special interest causes including the Women of Color caucus, Eco-Art Caucus, Jewish Women Artist Network, International Caucus and the Young Women's Caucus. The founding of the WCA is seen as a "great stride" in the feminist art movement.

Overview
The Women's Caucus for Art membership includes artists, students, educators, art historians, and professionals from museums and galleries. The organization holds conferences, produces exhibitions, conducts research and issues awards.

Along with the founding of the National Museum of Women in the Arts, its creation is seen as one of the "great strides [that] have been made in developing an institutional infrastructure for women's art and art history since the 1970s."

History

Background

Within the broader feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a feminist art movement began to contest women's under-representation in professional art organizations, art exhibitions and art history textbooks. The movement "was a major watershed in women's history and the history of art." Its slogan was "the personal is political."

In 1969, Women Artists in Revolution (WAR) formed in response to the inclusion of "only 8 women among the 143 artists shown" at the Whitney Museum's 1969 Annual. WAR "demanded that the museum change its policies to include more women artists." In 1971, Linda Nochlin's "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?"  and Judy Chicago and Miriam Schapiro started the Feminist Art Program at Cal Arts, which provided a new arts education for women based on mentorship, training in tools, research about women artists, consciousness-raising, and role-playing. The following year, "Paula Harper and twenty-one participants in the Feminist Art Program" conceived of "a landmark collaborative installation staged in an empty house in Los Angeles" and called Womanhouse

College Art Association Women's Caucus
At its annual conference in San Francisco, women within the College Art Association formed a women's caucus on 28 January 1972, electing Ann Sutherland Harris as the first president (1972-1974). However, tensions developed between this group and the CAA board, and in November 1973 the CAA executive asked "the Women's Caucus, which is not officially affiliated with the CAA, to drop the use of the phrase 'of the CAA' from its name."

Women's Caucus for Art founded
In 1974 Mary Garrard, president of the caucus from 1974 to 1976, oversaw the formation of the Women's Caucus for Art (WCA) as an independent non-profit organization. Arlene Raven, who, with Judy Chicago and Sheila Levrant de Bretteville, founded the Feminist Studio Workshop of Women's Building, was also part of WCA's roots as was Eleanor Dickenson.  The WCA grew, establishing regional chapters and publishing research on women's art. Membership broadened from predominantly art historians to a majority of women artists, and the third president, Judith K. Brodsky, was herself an artist rather than art historian.

In 1977 the Coalition of Women's Art Organizations (CWAO) was formed as a political arm of the WCA.

Organizational structure
The Women's Caucus for Art is a national member organization with 23 regional chapters located throughout the United States. The headquarters, in New York City, is an umbrella organization governed by a national board of directors consisting of an executive committee (president, president elect, treasurer/secretary, vice president/chair of national exhibitions, past president/chair of legacy, vice president of chapter relations, vice president for organizational outreach, vice president for development and vice president of special events), regional vice presidents, standing committee chairs, directors (including chairs of internal caucuses)) and board-appointed advisors. The National President is voted in by the membership for two-year terms. Half of the board is nominated by the incoming president and approved by the board, and the other half is voted in by chapter representatives.

Many of the regional chapters are organized as separate 501(c)3 non profit organizations. The Northeast Region consists of WCA New Hampshire, Central Mass WCA, WCA New York, and Philadelphia WCA. The Southeast Region consists of Greater Washington DC WCA, WCA Georgia, WCA Alabama, WCA Florida, and WCA Louisiana. The Midwest Region consists of Chicago WCA, WCA Michigan, WCA Minnesota, WCA Indiana, WCA Nebraska, and St. Louis Missouri WCA. The Southwest Region consists of WCA Colorado and Texas WCA. The Pacific Region consists of WCA Northern California, WCA Peninsula, WCA Monterey Bay, Silicon Valley WCA, Southern California WCA and Oregon WCA.

Special-interest caucuses
Within the WCA are several special interest causes including the Women of Color caucus, Eco-Art Caucus, Jewish Women Artist Network, International Caucus and the Young Women's Caucus.

After being appointed to Vice President of Minority Affairs by the President Ofelia Garcia in 1986, artist and activist Faith Ringgold proposed the formation of a women of color caucus. It was within this context that "Coast to Coast", an arts organization for women of color, was created.

The Jewish Women Artist Network (JWAN) was founded by Francia Tobacman. From 2006 to 2012 it organized national conferences of Jewish related themes. The International Caucus maintains WCA's involvement with the United Nations, develops art exhibitions related to the UN Goals, develops collaborative projects with other global organizations, collects data about WCA's art and activism projects, and shares this information with the larger WCA membership. The Young Women's Caucus supports women artists of who are college students, returning students and young professionals seeking to create a career in art. It provides networking resources to established women artists within the broader organization.

National presidents

 1972–1974: Ann Sutherland Harris
 1974–1976: Mary D. Garrard
 1976–1978: Judith K. Brodsky
 1978–1980: Lee Ann Miller
 1980–1982: Susan DeRenne Coerr
 1982–1984: Muriel Magenta
 1984–1986: Ofelia Garcia
 1986–1988: Annie Shaver-Crandell
 1988–1990: Christine Havice
 1990: Carol Heifetz Neiman
 1990–1992: Iona Deering
 1992–1994: Jean Towgood
 1994–1996: Helen Klebesadel
 1996–1998: Imna Arroyo
 1998: Transition Leadership Committee (Magi Amma, Catherine Carilli, Margaret Lutze, and Gail Tremblay)
 1999: Gail Tremblay
 2000–2002: Magi Amma
 2002–2004: Noreen Dean Dresser
 2004–2006: Dena Muller
 2006–2008: Jennifer Colby
 2008–2010: Marilyn J. Hayes
 2010–2012: Janice Nesser-Chu
 2012–2014: Priscilla Otani
 2014–2016: Brenda Oelbaum
 2016–2018: Susan M. King
 2018–2020: Margo Hobbs
 2020–present: Donna Jackson

Lifetime Achievement Awards

In 1979 the WCA created the National Lifetime Achievement Awards. The goal was to acknowledge the work of notable women in the arts and stimulate the growth of opportunities within the arts. An important annual function, honorees are selected by a group of notable WCA scholars and artists. A few honorees include painter Georgia O'Keeffe, painter Alice Neel, art historian Lucy R. Lippard, sculptor and painter Selma Burke, and women's museum founder Wilhelmina Holladay.

Awardees
 1979: Isabel Bishop, Selma Burke, Alice Neel, Louise Nevelson, Georgia O'Keeffe
 1980: Anni Albers, Louise Bourgeois, Caroline Durieux, Ida Kohlmeyer, Lee Krasner
 1980 Alternate Awards: Bella Abzug, Sonia Johnson, Sister Theresa Kane, Grace Paley, Rosa Parks, Gloria Steinem
 1981: Ruth Bernhard, Adelyn Breeskin, Elizabeth Catlett, Sari Dienes, Claire Falkenstein, Helen Lundeberg
 1982: Bernice Abbot, Elsie Driggs, Elizabeth Gilmore Holt, Katherine Kuh, Charmion von Wiegand, Claire Zeisler
 1983: Edna Andrade, Dorothy Dehner, Lotte Jacobi, Ellen Johnson, Stella Kramrisch, Leonore Tawney, Pecolia Warner
 1984/1985: Minna Citron, Clyde Connell, Eleanor Raymond, Joyce Treiman, June Wayne, Rachel Wischnitzer
 1986: Nell Blaine, Leonora Carrington, Sue Fuller, Lois Mailou Jones, Dorothy Miller, Barbara Morgan
 1987: Grace Hartigan, Agnes Mongan, Maud Morgan, Honoré Sharrer, Elizabeth Talford Scott, Beatrice Wood; President's Award: Patricia Hills
 1988: Margaret Burroughs, Dorothy Hood, Miriam Schapiro, Edith Standen, Jane Teller
 1989: Bernarda Bryson Shahn, Margret Craver, Clare Leighton, Betye Saar, Samella Sanders Lewis
 1990: Ilse Bing, Elizabeth Layton, Helen Serger, May Stevens, Pablita Velarde
 1991: Theresa Bernstein, Mildred Constantine, Otellie Loloma, Miné Okubo, Delilah Pierce
 1992: Vera Berdich, Paula Gerard, Lucy Lewis, Louise Noun, Margaret Tafoya, Anna Tate
 1993: Ruth Asawa, Shifra M. Goldman, Nancy Graves, Gwen Knight, Agueda Salazar Martinez, Emily Waheneka
 1994: Mary Adams, Maria Enriquez de Allen, Beverly Pepper, Faith Ringgold, Rachel Rosenthal, Charlotte Streifer Rubinstein
 1995: Irene Clark, Jacqueline Clipsham, Alessandra Comini, Jean Lacy, Amalia Mesa-Bains, Celia Alvarez Muñoz
 1996: Bernice Bing, Alicia Craig Faxon, Elsa Honig Fine, Howardena Pindell, Marianna Pineda, Kay WalkingStick
 1997: Jo Hanson, Sadie Krauss Kriebel, Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, Moira Roth, Kay Sekimachi; President's Award: Tee Corinne, Ofelia Garcia
 1999: Judy Baca, Judy Chicago, Linda Frye Burnham, Evangeline J. Montgomery, Arlene Raven, Barbara T. Smith
 2001: Joyce Aiken, Marie Johnson Calloway, Dorothy Gillespie, Thalia Gouma-Peterson, Wilhemina Holladay, Ellen Lanyon, Ruth Waddy
 2002: Camille Billops, Judith K. Brodsky, Muriel Magenta, Linda Nochlin, Marilyn J. Stokstad; President's Award: Barbara Wolanin
 2003: Eleanor Dickinson, Suzi Gablik, Grace Glueck, Ronne Hartfield, Eleanor Munro, Nancy Spero
 2004: Emma Amos, Jo Baer, Michi Itami, Helen Levitt, Yvonne Rainer; President's Awards: Elizabeth A. Sackler, Tara Donovan
 2005: Betty Blayton-Taylor, Rosalynn Carter, Mary D. Garrard, Agnes Martin, Yoko Ono, Ann Sutherland Harris; President's Award: Andrea Barnwell
 2006: Eleanor Antin, Marisol Escobar, Elinor Gadon, Yayoi Kusama; President's Award: Maura Reilly
 2007 (co-hosted with the College Art Association Committee on Women in the Arts): WCA Recipients: Barbara Chase-Riboud, Wanda Corn, Buffie Johnson, Lucy R. Lippard, Elizabeth Murray; President'sAward: Connie Butler; CWA Award Recipients: Ferris Olin, Judith K. Brodsky
 2008: Ida Applebroog, Joanna Frueh, Nancy Grossman, Leslie King-Hammond, Yolanda López, Lowery Stokes Sims; President's Award: Santa Barraza, Joan Davidow, Tey Marianna Nunn
 2009: Maren Hassinger, Ester Hernandez, Joyce Kozloff, Margo Machida, Ruth Weisberg; President's Award: Catherine Opie, Susan Fisher Sterling
 2010: Tritobia Hayes Benjamin, Mary Jane Jacob, Senga Nengudi, Joyce J. Scott, Spiderwoman Theater (Lisa Mayo, Gloria Miguel, Muriel Miguel); President's Award: Juana Guzman, Karen Reimer
 2011: Beverly Buchanan, Diane Burko, Ofelia Garcia, Joan Marter, Carolee Schneemann, Sylvia Sleigh; President's Award for Art & Activism: Maria Torres
 2012: Whitney Chadwick, Suzanne Lacy, Ferris Olin, Bernice Steinbaum, Trinh T. Minh-ha; President's Award for Art & Activism: Karen Mary Davalos, Cathy Salser
 2013: Tina Dunkley, Artis Lane, Susana Torruella Leval, Joan Semmel; President's Award for Art & Activism: Leanne Stella
 2014: Phyllis Bramson, Harmony Hammond, Adrian Piper, Faith Wilding; President's Award for Art & Activism: Hye-Seong Tak Lee, Janice Nesser-Chu
 2015: Sue Coe, Kiki Smith, Martha Wilson; President's Award for Art & Activism: Petra Kuppers
 2016: Tomie Arai, Helène Aylon, Sheila Levrant de Bretteville, Juana Guzman; President's Award for Art & Activism: Stephanie Sherman
 2017: Audrey Flack, Mary Schmidt Campbell, Charlene Teters, Martha Rosler; President's Award for Art & Activism: Kat Griefen
 2018: Lee Bontecou, Lynn Hershman Leeson, Gloria Orenstein, Renée Stout; President's Award for Art & Activism: Kathy Gallegos and Amelia Jones
 2019: Olga de Amaral, Mary Beth Edelson, Gladys Barker Grauer, Mira Schor; President's Award for Art & Activism: L. J. Roberts and Aruna S'Souza
 2020: Joyce Fernandes, Michiko Itatani, Alison Saar, Judith Stein; President's Award for Art & Activism: Rose B. Simpson
 2022: Lynda Benglis, Beate Minkovski, Gladys Nilsson, Lorraine O'Grady, Linda Vallejo; President's Award for Art & Activism: Sabrina Nelson; WCA Emerging Artist Award: Ashley January

Exhibitions

National exhibitions

 1996, Beijing and Beyond, as part of "One Year After Beijing" event in the Public Lobby of the United Nations, September 9, 1996
 1996, Transforming Tradition: Women's Caucus for Art National Juried Exhibition, Bromfield Gallery, and Chinese Culture Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, juried by Susan Fisher of National Museum of Women in the Arts, Eugenie Tsai of the Whitney Museum at Champion, and Boston artist Magdelena Campos Pons
 1997, Beijing and Beyond: Women Artists Respond to the World Conference on Women, traveled to Minneapolis Women's Consortium Building, Minnesota, the HUB Formal Gallery of Portland State University, Oregon, the University of Texas at Dallas, Mills College, California and the ARC Gallery, Chicago
 2010, From the Center, Juror: Lucy Lippard, Venue: WomanMade Gallery, Chicago, Dates: January 22 – February 25
 2011- Sanctuaries in Time, The Kraft Center for Jewish Life at Columbia/Barnard University, New York, NY, JWAN show, Juror: Maya Balakirsky Katz of Touro College, New York, Co-Directors: Janice Nesser-Chu & Brenda Oelbaum, January 18-March 1, 2011. Co- Chairs: Fay Grajower, Simone Soltan
 2011, Reversing the Gaze: Man as Object, Organized by Brenda Oelbaum, Priscilla Otani, Karen Gutfreund, and Tanya Augsburg, SOMArts, Dates: November 4–30, Kinsey Institute, Dates April 13-June 29, 2012
 2011, Hidden Cities, Juror: Lisa Philips, Director of the New Museum, New York City, Venue: New Century Artist Gallery, NYC, Director: Karen Gutfreund, Dates: February 1 – February 12
 2012 Song of the Land, Hebrew Union College- Institute of Religion – Los Angeles, CA JWAN show, Juror: Ruth Weisberg, Former Dean, Roski School of Fine Arts, University of California, Co-Chairs: Fay Grajower, Simone Soltan
 2012 Petroleum Paradox: For Better or For Worse?, Juror: Eleanor Heartney, Venue: Denise Bibro Fine Art, Dates: May 24 – June 23
 2012, Momentum: Celebrating 40 Years of WCA Women Artists, Juror: Rita Gonzales, Venue: Gallery 825, Los Angeles, Director: Karen Gutfreund, Dates: February 17 to March 2
 2013, Bound, Juror: Cora Rosevear, Director: Karen Gutfreund, Venue: Phoenix Gallery, New York City, Dates: Jan 30 - Feb 23.
 2014, Equilibrium, Art for a Changing World, Jurors: Beate Minkovski and Mary Stoppert, Venue: Woman Made Gallery, Chicago, Dates: January 17 to February 27
 2015, National Juried Exhibition, with four exhibitions presented by the Women's Caucus for Art, Jurors: Petra Kuppers, Karen Gutfreund and Fay Grawjower, Venue: Westbeth Center for the Arts, New York, Dates: February 7 to 22.

International exhibitions

 2012, Woman + Body, collaboration with Korean artists, Exhibition Director: Hye-Seong Tak Lee, Exhibition Co-Director: Sherri Cornett, Juror for US works: Tanya Augsburg, Venues/Dates: Kepco Art Center Gallery, Seoul, South Korea, October 13–19, MediaCube 338, Gwangju, South Korea, October 23-November 6

United Nations affiliation
The Women's Caucus for Art has been a United Nations-affiliated NGO (non-governmental agency) since 1975. An NGO is "any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level. Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information." As the liaison group between WCA and the United Nations, WCA's International Caucus members have participated in, and created exhibitions, side events at UN DPI/NGO conferences in support of UN goals and priorities and participated in UN Commission on the Status of Women conferences.

In the fall of 1995, the UN-sponsored Fourth World International Conference on Women was held in China. "The purpose of the conference was to discuss the advancement and involvement of women in world affairs." The WCA sent 100 women artists, art educators and art activists to attend conferences and workshops. "As a reaction to this expedition, the artists were asked to create works depicting their experiences. From this was born the exhibit Beijing and Beyond: Women Artists Respond To The World Conference On Women."

See also
 Ann Rowles, Board member 2004–present
 College Art Association
 Women's Caucus for Art Lifetime Achievement Award

References

External links
 Official Women's Caucus for Art website

Arts organizations based in New York City
Feminist art organizations in the United States
Women's occupational organizations
Women's conferences
Arts organizations established in 1974
1974 establishments in New York (state)
1974 in women's history
Women in New York City

Women's Caucus for Art


The Felix Culpa was a four-piece band from Rockford, Illinois on the Illinois/Wisconsin border.  Best described as a Progressive Indie band with post-hardcore elements, they had released two full-length albums ("Commitment" and "Sever Your Roots"), an EP/DVD combo ("Thought Control"), a digital EP ("SoSo Remission") and were signed to No Sleep Records.  The band has since broken up and they played their last show on December 9, 2011, though later staging a live reunion in 2014.

History

Formation
The band originally started life in the spring of 1998 as "twostepsback", formed by Timothy Wisniewski, Mark Hladish, and Joel Coan as teens. They met at a series of youth groups in Walworth and Beloit, Wisconsin. Mark and Timothy had a love for "good" indie/punk music. Their goal was to write thought-provoking lyrics matched by music with exceptional time signatures and arrangements. After a short time of playing together and exchanging ideas, Mark introduced Timothy to Joel Coan, saying, "He is one of the most talented musicians in this hemisphere." twostepsback played together for just under two years. Timothy was asked to leave the band due to irreconcilable differences. Through a series of line-up changes (including the mutual departure of second vocalist Jacob Clark and bassist Justin Uppenkamp), Mark and Joel eventually added Tristan Hammond as their bassist and backing vocalist in late 2003/early 2004; Tristan had, by this time, formed a friendship with both Mark and Joel due to their bands playing shows together.

The name "The Felix Culpa" loosely translates to "the fortunate fault", "the blessed fault", "the fortunate fall", or "the happy mistake", and it refers to Adam and Eve's fall through original sin; it was taken from John Milton's Paradise Lost.

Ancoro Imparo EP
Also called 'The Black EP', this was The Felix Culpa's first recorded release. Featuring 4 songs, the third track, "Numbers", would eventually see re-release on 'Commitment' with an updated recording and mix.

Commitment
The Felix Culpa's debut full-length release, Commitment (2004, Common Cloud Records), rapidly evolved them into a band with near-national distribution and attention from a rabid fan base.
Commitments release show took place at Mad Planet (Milwaukee, WI) with Engine Down and These Arms Are Snakes, September 18, 2004.

"If there was some sort of midpoint between dreams and nightmares, this would be the soundtrack."
- PunkNews.org

Thoughtcontrol
For their second release, The Felix Culpa released THOUGHTCONTROL (2005, Common Cloud Records) - an EP/DVD combo that featured 4 new songs, a video for "A Murderer" (Commitment), a live set at the Knights of Columbus, Arlington Heights, IL, and roughly 2 hours of random tour footage.
The release show for THOUGHTCONTROL was held at the very same Knights of Columbus hall during the later half of 2005.

"The songs on THOUGHTCONTROL have a better sense of melody, dissonance and all-around importance than whatever you're currently listening to."
- Scott Hiesel, Alternative Press #210

SoSo Remission EP
After a long, quiet period, 2009 held the release of a digital EP called SoSo Remission. The release consisted of two re-worked songs and a previously unheard track and was offered up for free; the band also had a link to donate to their PayPal if you felt so inclined; it was comparable to the model that Radiohead used for the release of their 7th album, In Rainbows. SoSo Remission was intended to tide fans over until a new full-length could be finished.

"This is what indie rock loves. This is what indie rock wants."
- Stephen Carradini, Independent Clauses

Sever Your Roots (self-release)
On January 23, 2010, The Felix Culpa released their 2nd full-length album, Sever Your Roots, to a crowd of 800 people at the Metro in Chicago, IL. The album was completely self-funded and self-released; the CD was wrapped in packaging cut from a custom die and is now out of print.

The double LP on vinyl, which was released the same day, is available in two colours - clear and black - and is still in print.

Sever Your Roots is being re-released on No Sleep Records in early 2011, which includes a 2nd, bonus disc with 3 previously unreleased songs.

"Sever Your Roots has that "no one is making music like this anymore" impact.
...a bona fide post-hardcore epic... the album runs the gamut in terms of textures.
Above all, there's this overarching aura of importance emanating from just about all of it, commanding your attention and demanding that you take heed... (Sever Your Roots) is an example of near perfect execution."
- AbsolutePunk

Press
The band has been featured in Alternative Press Magazine more than half a dozen times, making appearances in sections such as "100 Bands to Know," and "Top 10 Songs Over 10 Minutes Long."
The publication gave Commitment a 4/5 rating and hailed it as a "Post-Hardcore masterpiece" and "one of 2004's most underrated full-lengths," as well as stating that the follow-up EP, Thought Control, had "a better sense of melody, dissonance and all-around importance than whatever you're currently listening to."

The biggest surge of attention from the press for The Felix Culpa has come with the release of 2010's Sever Your Roots, however. The album has been making its way into numerous end-of-year lists 1 2 3, as well as receiving critical praise from a plethora of music magazines and blogs.

Discography

Albums

EPs

Tribute albums

Music videos
"A Murderer" from Commitment
"Our Holy Ghosts" from Sever Your Roots

External links

No Sleep Records

Musical groups from Illinois
No Sleep Records artists

The Felix Culpa


The cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis) is a species of small dogfish shark in the family Dalatiidae. This shark, also called the cigar shark, lives in warm, oceanic waters around the world. It often lives near islands. It has been recorded as deep as .

The name "cookiecutter shark" refers to its biting. It takes round plugs, as if cut out with a cookie cutter, out of larger animals. Marks made by cookiecutter sharks have been found on many marine mammals and fishes, as well as on submarines, undersea cables, and even human bodies.

Sharks

Cookiecutter shark


Berringa is a small township in west-central Victoria, Australia. It is situated in Golden Plains Shire, about 43 km southwest of Ballarat.

The township and surrounding rural community are located on the southern extremity of a range of Silurian slate and sandstone rock. The area was a centre of intensive gold mining in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The township was known as Kangaroo prior to 1900, the Post Office opening in
January 1878 as Kangaroo, being renamed Berringa in 1900 and closing in 1955.
Gold has been mined at Berringa since the 1850s, with the main period of production being from 1898 to 1917, during which time about 280,000 ounces of gold were extracted from five major mines and several other, smaller operations. Mining continued after World War I on a lesser scale until the area was abandoned in the 1950s.

Ballarat Goldfields NL, through its subsidiary, Berringa Resources Pty. Ltd., still conducts exploration operations at Berringa.

Gold mining had a direct effect on Berringa's population, which increased from 150 in 1899 to a peak of about 4000 in 1908. By 1922, with the gold mining boom over, the population had fallen to about 100. As of the 2016 census, Berringa and the surrounding area had a population of 167.
The Berringa district is showing a modest population revival with the tree change phenomenon. The district was the site of a significant bushfire in February 1995.

References

Menhennet, Marion Joy. 1987. The History of Berringa. Australian Print Group, Maryborough, Victoria.

External links
Golden Plains Shire Municipality website
Ballarat Mining company with operations at Berringa
Berringa Gold Field: Victoria Geol. Survey 1904 W.M. Bradford: Geological and Historical description of the Berringa Gold Field.
DSE Berringa Bushfire 1995

Towns in Victoria (state)
Golden Plains Shire
Mining towns in Victoria (state)

Berringa, Victoria


The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) is the largest and most influential Armenian American advocacy organization in the United States. Working in coordination with a network of offices, chapters, and supporters throughout the country and affiliated organizations around the world, the ANCA advances the concerns of the Armenian American community on a broad range of issues.

Beyond the Central offices of ANCA are in Washington DC, Boston and Los Angeles, ANCA has more than fifty local chapters and thousands of activists, it is cooperating with a large web of regional Armenian National Committees (or Armenian Cause/Hay Tad Offices) in Armenia, Russia, France, the Middle East, Canada and Australia.

The executive director of ANCA is Aram Hamparian.

Other websites
 Armenian National Committee of America website.
 ANC of Central California Official site
 An interview with ANCA executive director Aram Hamparian

Armenian diaspora
Political organizations based in the United States

Armenian National Committee of America


Mars Williams (born May 29, 1955) is an American jazz and rock saxophonist. Exposed to big band and dixieland jazz by his trumpet-playing father, Williams played classical clarinet for ten years, then migrated to saxophone in his last year of high school, citing the influence of Eric Dolphy, John Coltrane, and Charlie Parker. He attended De Paul University and later the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians where he studied under founders Anthony Braxton and Roscoe Mitchell. In 2004 he was selected by the Moers Festival as their featured artist.

Williams is a musician, orchestrator, and arranger who has played with The Waitresses and The Psychedelic Furs. He was only to tour with The Furs in Australia for a month in 1983 as then sax-player Gary Windo was unable to make the trip. After a successful tour with The Furs and the breakup of the Waitresses, he was asked to stay on as a permanent member of The Psychedelic Furs, which he did until 1989 and later rejoined in 2005. He has also performed with Billy Idol, the Power Station, Billy Squier, Massacre, Ministry, and Die Warzau and the Ike Reilly Assassination.

He has toured and recorded with the Peter Brötzmann Tentet, the Vandermark 5, Cinghiale, Our Daughter's Wedding, and Mark Freeland's Electroman, and is the bandleader of several spin-off jazz groups: Grammy Award nominated, acid jazz pioneer Liquid Soul, Hal Russell's NRG Ensemble, Witches & Devils, Slam, and XmarsX. He is active in the Chicago improvisational jazz underground scene both individually and as a member of the quartet Extraordinary Popular Delusions.

Discography

As leader/co-leader
Eftsoons (Nessa, 1981 [1985]) with Hal Russell
 Cinghiale: Hoofbeats of the Snorting Swine (Eight Day, 1996) with Ken Vandermark
 Witches & Devils: At the Empty Bottle (Knitting Factory, 2000)
 Moments Form (Idyllic Noise, 2013)

With Boneshaker (Mars Williams, Paal Nilssen-Love, Kent Kessler)
 Boneshaker (Trost, 2012)
 Unusual Words (Soul What, 2014)
 Thinking Out Loud (Trost, 2017)
 Fake Music (Soul What, 2019)

With the NRG Ensemble
 Calling All Mothers (Quinnah, 1994)
 This Is My House (Delmark, 1996)
 Bejazzo Gets a Facelift (Atavaistic, 1998)

With Liquid Soul
 Liquid Soul (1995)
 Make Some Noise (1998)
 Here's the Deal (2000)
 Evolution (2002)
 One-Two Punch (2006)

As sideman
With Harrison Bankhead
 Morning Sun/Harvest Moon (Engine, 2011)
 Velvet Blue (Engine, 2013)

With Peter Brötzmann
 The Chicago Octet/Tentet (Okka Disc, 1998)

With Hal Russell / NRG Ensemble
 Elixir (Atavistic, 1979 [2001])
 Hal on Earth (Abduction, 1989)
 The Finnish/Swiss Tour (ECM, 1991)
 The Hal Russell Story (ECM, 1993)

With Ken Vandermark
 Standards (Quinnah, 1995)
 Barrage Double Trio: Utility Hitter (Quinnah, 1996)
 Vandermark 5: Single Piece Flow (Atavistic, 1997)
 Vandermark 5: Target or Flag (Atavistic, 1998)

With The Swollen Monkeys
 Afterbirth of the Cool  (Cachalot, 1981) produced by Hal Willner

References

1955 births
Living people
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American rock saxophonists
The Psychedelic Furs members
The Waitresses members
People from Elmhurst, Illinois
21st-century saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Illinois
American male jazz musicians
NRG Ensemble members
Atavistic Records artists
Delmark Records artists

Mars Williams


The Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome is a living museum in Red Hook, New York. It owns many examples of airworthy aircraft of the Pioneer Era, World War I and the Golden Age of Aviation between the World Wars, and multiple examples of roadworthy antique automobiles.

History

The aerodrome was the creation of Cole Palen, who was partially inspired by the Shuttleworth Collection in England. He regularly flew many of the aircraft during weekend airshows as his alter-ego, "The Black Baron of Rhinebeck" (loosely based on the Red Baron). These airshows still continue mid-June through mid-October, and biplane rides are available before and after the shows. The simple early shows led to a philosophy of not only showing the aircraft in their natural environment, but also providing a fun and entertaining day out for the whole family. From this the series of weekend air shows that the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome featured — still running to this day — was to become famous for what was developed. This included a zany melodrama, inspired by the storylines of silent film melodramas of the past, featuring Palen-created characters such as the daring Sir Percy Goodfellow doing battle with the evil Black Baron of Rhinebeck for the hand of the lovely Trudy Truelove.
Several associated antique/vintage auto club and vintage aircraft "type specific" events occur through the Aerodrome's event schedule, which has also included radio control scale aircraft "fly-in" low-pressure events, for flying scale models of aircraft of the 1903-1939 era that the museum's own full scale aircraft collection covers.  These events have been ongoing ever since the Aerodrome's opening year in 1966, with at least one aeromodeling event each year occurring over the early September weekend following the United States' Labor Day holiday, in co-operation with a local AMA-chartered RC model aircraft club, with entrants regularly coming from places as distant as Canada and Florida.

When Palen died in 1993, the non-profit Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum assumed ownership. RAM is a Museum chartered by the New York State Board of Regents.

The museum's gift shop and model collection were destroyed in a fire on 20 August 2015.

Aircraft

Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome features numerous aircraft ranging from Wright-era reconstructions to biplanes and monoplanes of the 1930s. Among Palen's earliest additions to the museum in the mid-1960s was a Fokker Triplane reproduction, powered with a vintage Le Rhône 9J 110 hp rotary engine. It was built by Cole Palen for flight in his weekend airshows as early as 1967 and actively flown (mostly by Cole Palen) within the weekend airshows at Old Rhinebeck until the late 1980s. This aircraft, and a pair of Dr.I reproductions, each powered by radial engines, were flown for nearly two decades by Palen.  Both Cole's first rotary-engined reproduction, and the second of the stationary radial-powered reproductions, are now on static display. One of these is on loan at the New England Air Museum with the Le Rhône engine.

The Allied opponent for Palen's Triplane in the early years was mostly provided by a Sopwith Pup. It was begun in May 1964 and first flown three years later (May 1967) by his friend, Richard King, considered the co-founder of Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome with Palen, who flew his authentic 80-hp Le Rhône 9C-powered Pup reproduction in Old Rhinebeck's weekend airshows for many years, finally retiring the aircraft in the 1980s from active flying at Old Rhinebeck.  King eventually sold the aircraft in 1992 to the Owls Head Transportation Museum in Maine. It has returned and flies regularly,

In 1971 a replica was produced of the 1910 Short S.29 using a 60 hp ENV V-8 engine. An accurate Sopwith Dolphin reproduction was built by Palen, the first known airworthy reproduction of the Dolphin ever known to have been attempted. Powered by a vintage direct-drive Hispano-Suiza V-8 engine, this aircraft regularly flew at Palen's weekend air shows from 1980 onward. In September 1990, the aircraft's engine suffered a fuel pump failure, resulting in a crash landing into the trees surrounding the Old Rhinebeck museum's airstrip, with little damage to the reproduction Dolphin's airframe and no injuries to the pilot. The aircraft never directly struck the ground in the crash, and largely remained suspended in the tree canopy after the accident. The Dolphin was placed on static display until November 2007, when Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome began restoring it to flying condition. When completed, the aircraft will once again be painted in the markings of No. 19 Squadron.

Another German aircraft in the collection is an Albatros D.Va reproduction, which in 2015 was finished in the colors of Eduard Ritter von Schleich. It is powered by a modified six-cylinder, "uprighted" Fairchild Ranger engine, fitted after the original liquid-cooled Mercedes D.II engine sheared its crankshaft.

The collection also includes a restored 1909 Bleriot XI (including an original three cylinder Anzani radial engine) that is believed to be the second oldest airworthy aircraft in the world

In 2016 an extremely accurate reproduction of the Spirit of St. Louis was added to the collection following a 20-year building process and first test flight in December 2015.

Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome has had two airworthy Fokker D.VIII reproductions, each powered with a restored Gnome 9N Monosoupape rotary engine, both being built by Brian Coughlin of New York State — these have since been sold to Javier Arango in California for his private collection of reproduction WW I aircraft, and to Kermit Weeks' Fantasy of Flight living aviation museum in Florida. One of the Coughlin DVIII Fokkers returned to the Aerodrome in 2016.

Fatal accident
At Rhinebeck, New York on August 17, 2008, around 4 p.m. during the performance of a simulated dogfight at the aerodrome, Vincent Nasta of Wading River, New York died of injuries sustained when his plane crashed in to a heavily wooded area 1000 feet from the runway and performance area. The aircraft being used was part of the aerodrome's World War I collection and was reported to be a reproduction French Nieuport 24, obtained from a New Zealand facility.  It was the first fatality during an airshow at the facility.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 King, Richard. "Pushing My Luck (One Time Too Often)". The Skies Over Rhinebeck: A Pilot's Story. Bloomington, Minnesota: Jostens, 1997. .

Further reading
 Bainbridge, E. Gordon.The Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome. Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Exposition Pr of Florida, 1977. .
 King, Richard & Wilkinson, Stephen. The Skies Over Rhinebeck: A Pilot's Story. Bloomington, Minnesota: Jostens, 1997. .
 Vines, Mike. Return to Rhinebeck: Flying Vintage Aeroplanes. Ramsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1999. .
 Vines, Mike. Wind in the Wires: A Golden Era of Flight, 1909-1939. Ramsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1995. .

External links

 Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome website
 Website dedicated to Cole Palen, founder of ORA
Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome, Photos of the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome Museum and World War I era airshow in Rhinebeck, New York
 Photos of the Aerodrome Collection
 Photographs of Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome
 Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome: Museum Collection & Air Show Guide – Issuu

Aerospace museums in New York (state)
Airports for antique aircraft
Automobile museums in New York (state)
Aviation in New York (state)
Museums in Dutchess County, New York
Red Hook, New York
Transportation buildings and structures in Dutchess County, New York
World War I museums in the United States

Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome


The Inner Niger Delta, also known as the Macina or Masina, is the inland delta of the Niger River. It is an area of fluvial wetlands, lakes and floodplains in the semi-arid Sahel area of central Mali, just south of the Sahara desert.

Location and description
The delta consists of the middle course of the Niger River, between the bifurcated Niger and its tributary the Bani, which from here run north towards the desert. The Niger is the longest river in West Africa. Towns such as the river-port of Mopti, Sévaré and Djenné, with its mud-brick Great Mosque lie in the 400 km-long region.

The Fulani and Dogon inhabit the Macina region and the surrounding area, which has a population of over 500,000. Most of the year the area has a hot and dry climate, with hot winds from the nearby Sahara raising the temperature up to . During the wet season, which generally lasts from June to September but is longer the further south one goes, the swamp floods into a lake and naturally irrigates the land. When the dry season comes, the Macina turns into a network of lakes and channels. Cattle, pearl millet, and rice are its important agricultural products. The Macina inland delta also provides water and fish for the Malians living there and during the wet season is a haven for large numbers of birds.

Due to its proximity to the widening Sahel, there have been concerns that the Macina may be getting less rain every year.

In the early 19th century, Seku Amadu founded a Massina Empire in the region, building a capital at Hamdullahi in 1820.  The Massina fell to El Hadj Umar Tall's Toucouleur Empire in 1862, who in turn fell to the French army.  The region became a part of the country of Mali on its independence in 1960.

Ecology

The Niger inland Delta  lies in the Sahelian zone, and has an ecosystem that is largely dependent on the amount of flooding it receives.

Precipitation in the water basins of the  upper course of the Bani and Niger rivers makes for rising waterlevels downstream. The rising water floods varying parts of the low-level delta area, with the water rise determined by the amount of rain fallen upstream. This in turn, is influenced by the northward movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. A delay exists between the peak amount of precipitation and the maximum water level in the inland delta area. While the wet season lasts three months from July till September, the western and southern edges of the delta area are not flooded until early to mid-October. The consequence is that parts of the delta are flooded while the dry season is well under way.  Note that only the lowest patches are flooded annually: higher elevations receive flooding in more intermittent periods due to the changing degrees of waterlevel rises. This division in roughly three zones (flooded, periodically flooded and not-periodically flooded), makes for patches that vary in their nature according to their proximity to a main body water and elevation.

In turn, this strongly affects land use in and around the inland delta, as human impact is driven by agriculture, both irrigated and rainfed, grazing and browsing of herds and flocks and the collection of wood for fuel, all dependent on the availability of water.

Flora

The Inland Delta forms a green oasis in its semi-arid surroundings. Its vegetation growth is limited by the availability of water, thus giving patches more often or longer subject to flooding a denser and more tree-like vegetation cover. As said, flooding cycles follow the precipitation cycle. The vegetation cycle in its turn follows the flooding cycle with a certain delay: it takes days for grasses to germinate after flooding, but months before trees die of a lack of water when floodwater has once again receded.

When classifying vegetation in a grass, shrub and tree layer, up to 80% of vegetation cover in the Sahel consists of grass. In the delta area however, water is more readily available and a larger proportion of cover consists of bushes and trees.
Vegetation cover itself changes as well, reaching 100% during and shortly after the flood season. Only low lying patches near a persistent water body are vegetated year-round.

The area is not uniform: according to relief, proximity to a water body and soil type, different species exist. Roughly, three regions with characteristic species can be discerned:

Southern Delta The low-lying floodplains can sustain aquatic plants and grasses including the grasses Acroceras amplectens and Echinochloa pyramidalis, burgu millet (Echinochloa stagnina) and the lovegrass Eragrostis atrovirens.

Outer fringes  - The grasslands on the edges of the watercourses, are heavily grazed. Plants include the beardgrass Andropogon gayanus, dūrvā grass Cynodon dactylon, and the thatching grass Hyparrhenia dissoluta. Along the many watercourses, Mimosa asperata and Salix chevalieri grow above a Cyperus maculatus understory.

Northern Delta Characterized by emergent sand ridges which sustain the palm trees Hyphaene thebaica and Borassus aethiopum, the gum arabic tree Acacia nilotica, Guarea senegalensis, Mimosa asperata and Ziziphus mauritiana.

Fauna
The delta is home to birds in large numbers including hundreds of thousands of wintering garganeys, pintails and ruffs and breeding colonies of cormorant, heron, spoonbill, ibis and other waterbirds including the endangered West African subspecies of black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina pavonina). Most large mammals have been removed from the area by the human population. Mammals remaining include the African manatee, known as the sea cow which lives in the rivers and feeds on underwater plants. And the rivers are rich in fish including two endemics; the Mochokidae catfish Synodontis gobroni and a cichlid, Gobiocichla wonderi.

Threats and preservation
The construction of a large irrigation project upstream of the Inner Niger Delta threatens its ecology and the livelihoods of its inhabitants. The 100,000 ha project is an extension to the area irrigated by the Office du Niger through the Malibya canal. The extension, which was under construction in 2010, is financed by the Libya Africa Investment Portfolio which will also have the right to exploit the irrigated land. According to James Leten, a researcher, the project will reduce the area under deep inundation in the Inner Niger Delta by 43 percent. The area under deep inundation is crucial for pastoralists, because only there Borgou (Echinochloa stagnina) grows, a plant which is particularly nutritious for cattle. Nomadic pastoralists come from as far away as Burkina Faso and Mauritania to allow their cattle to graze on the Borgou of the Inner Niger Delta. According to a report in Jeune Afrique, the researcher tried to alert the authorities about the need to find alternative livelihoods for the pastoralists, apparently without success.

Three Ramsar sites, a total of 1,620 km2 have been declared in the delta; Lac Horo, Lac Debo, and the Séri floodplain. But the delta is largely unprotected and at the same time fishing and farming in the delta is vital to the livelihoods of the people of Mali. Low water levels in the rivers, lack of rain, increasing human population and a break-up of the traditional tribal arrangements for sharing the resources of the delta are all factors that may contribute to severely damaging the ecosystem. In particular fishing is less regulated (in the past only two tribes were permitted to fish) and fish stocks in the rivers are declining. In a similar way lack of control is also causing over-grazing. Finally the Selingue Dam and other water control projects affect the levels and seasonal behaviour of the rivers.

See also
 River delta
 Flooded grasslands and savannas

References

Further reading

 Link includes both volumes. Volume 2 includes 8 maps. The L'Institut de recherche pour le développement site also has pdf files containing individual chapters.
  Also published in French with the title  Le Niger: une Artère vitale. Gestion efficace de l'eau dans le bassin du Haut Niger.

External links

Inner
Floodplains of Africa
River deltas of Africa
Flooded grasslands and savannas
Afrotropical ecoregions
Ecoregions of Mali
Freshwater ecoregions of Africa
Grasslands of Mali
French West Africa
Massina Empire
Mopti Region
Ramsar sites in Mali
Landforms of Niger

Inner Niger Delta


Anzaze was a queen of the Elymais (a Parthian vassal kingdom in what is now Iran). She appears on coins together with king  Kamnaskires III (about 82/81 BC to  75. BC following dates on the coins). They perhaps ruled together as on the coins she is called βασιλίσσης (the Genitive case of queen - βασίλισσα [basílissa]). Furthermore it was not common on Ancient coins that king and queens appear together, again supporting her special status.

Literature
D. T. Potts: The Archaeology of Elam, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999, 399

1st-century BC queens regnant
Arsacid dynasty of Elymais

Anzaze


The Salesforce tower is a skyscraper in the City of London, England. Its official name is 110 Bishopsgate and was formerly The Heron Tower, which it is still often called. When completed in 2011 it became the third tallest building in the United Kingdom and the tallest in the City of London after Tower 42. The Heron Tower is  on Bishopsgate.

Construction lasted from 2007 to 2011. It is owned by Heron International. In 2014 there was naming dispute between Salesforce.com and Heron International. The City of London ruled in favour of it being named 110 Bishopsgate.

Construction
In March 2007, it was confirmed that Heron had signed a funding deal with the State General Reserve Fund of Oman to provide the equity for the development. The works were carried out by Skanska and completed in January 2011.

References

Buildings and structures in the City of London
Skyscrapers in the United Kingdom

Heron Tower


The "Gloamin" is the tid o day whan it is nae fell daurk thareoot, but the sun is nae up. This stairts whan The Yird fare frae day tae nicht. The sky leuks the lit oranger while in Gloamin.

Harry Lauder

"Roamin' in the Gloamin'" wis a sang made famous bi Sir Harry Lauder, ane o the maist famous early 20t century entertainers and this wis ane o his signature tunes. Sir Harry wis actually born Henry Lauder on August 4, 1870 in Portobello, Edinburgh. He wis Britain's best kent entertainer and he eventually performed in mony countries. Oreeginally issued circa mid-late 1911 as a Zonophone recording, the words and muisic war bi Harry Lauder. The sang wis later issued and sauld as a 78rpm record bi Victor on its purpie label (PL) 70061 "Roamin' in the Gloamin'" (Lauder) Harry Lauder wi orchestra.

"Roamin' in the Gloamin'" wis ane o Sir Harry's maist famous and best loved sentimental sangs. It wis an aa issued in the 1930's as a 12" recording on HMV no.C.4091.

A reid label scroll Victor wi the sang electrically recorded haes an oval "VE" pressed intae the shellac an the label indicates the pressing wis bi the "Victor Talking Machine Company". This dates the pressing (and recording) sometime atween early 1926 when the scroll logo wis first uised and mid-1929 when RCA bought the Victor Talking Machine Company.

In popular cultur
"Roamin' in the Gloamin'" wis sung in the Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation film Harry and Tonto. Paul Mazursky's Oscar-winnin film aboot auld age, faimily and luve stars Airt Carney as Harry who sings this sang tae Tonto (his pet cat) as he lay dying in a very sentimental and touching scene. Airt Carney won the 1974 Academy Awaird for Best Actor beatin oot Dustin Hoffman, Jack Nicholson and Al Pacino, for thair performances in Lenny, Chinatown and The Godfather Part II respectively. Carney an aa won the Golden Globe for Best Actor Muisical/Comedy.

Scots sang

Roamin' in the gloamin


Gerhard Ertl (; born 10 October 1936) is a German physicist and a Professor emeritus at the Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft in Berlin, Germany. Ertl's research laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce energy without pollution, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts and even why iron rusts, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said.

His work has paved the way for development of cleaner energy sources and will guide the development of fuel cells, said Astrid Graslund, secretary of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry.

He was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces. The Nobel academy said Ertl provided a detailed description of how chemical reactions take place on surfaces. His findings applied in both academic studies and industrial development, the academy said. "Surface chemistry can even explain the destruction of the ozone layer, as vital steps in the reaction actually take place on the surfaces of small crystals of ice in the stratosphere," the award citation reads.

In 2015, Ertl signed the Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change on the final day of the 65th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, François Hollande, as part of the COP21 climate summit in Paris.

Biography
Ertl was born in Stuttgart, Germany, where he studied physics from 1955 to 1957 at the Technical University of Stuttgart and then at the University of Paris (1957–1958) and Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich (1958–1959). He completed his Diplom in Physics at the Technical University of Stuttgart in 1961, followed his thesis advisor Heinz Gerischer from the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart to Munich and received his PhD degree from the Technical University of Munich in 1965.

Academic career
After completing his PhD, he became an assistant and lecturer at Technical University of Munich (1965–1968). From 1968 to 1973, he was Professor and Director at Technical University of Hannover; then, he became a professor at Institute for Physical Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (1973–1986). During the 1970s and 80s, he was also a visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology (1976–1977), the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (1979) and the University of California, Berkeley (1981–82).

He became the director at the Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG from 1986 till his retirement in 2004. In 1986, as honors, he was named "Honorary Professor" at the Free University of Berlin and at the Technical University of Berlin, and in 1996 at the Humboldt University of Berlin.

From 2008 to 2016, Ertl served as a member of the university council of Technische Universität Darmstadt.

Research
Gerhard Ertl is known for determining the detailed molecular mechanisms of the catalytic synthesis of ammonia over iron (Haber Bosch process) and the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over platinum (catalytic converter). During his research he discovered the important phenomenon of oscillatory reactions on platinum surfaces and, using photoelectron microscopy, was able to image for the first time, the oscillating changes in surface structure and coverage that occur during reaction.

He always used new observation techniques like low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) at the beginning of his career, later ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) yielding ground breaking results.
He won the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1998 along with Gabor A. Somorjai of the University of California, Berkeley for "their outstanding contributions to the field of the surface science in general and for their elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of heterogeneous catalytic reactions at single crystal surface in particular."

Gerhard Ertl was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces. The award, worth SEK 10 million (US$1.7 million, £1.15 million), was announced on Ertl's 71st birthday. "I am speechless", Ertl told Associated Press from his office in Berlin. "I was not counting on this."

, Ertl has an h-index of 124 according to Scopus.

Personal life
Ertl and his wife Barbara have two children and several grandchildren. His hobbies include playing the piano and also playing with his cats when he is not doing experiments. He identifies as Christian.

Publications
Ertl is one of the editors of the Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis. ()

Ertl is the co-editor of Engineering Of Chemical Complexity. 2013, World Scientific Publishing. ()

References

External links

Homepage and list of publications
 with the Nobel lecture Reactions at Surfaces: From Atoms to Complexity
The Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1998

1936 births
Living people
German physical chemists
German Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Scientists from Stuttgart
German Christians
University of Hanover alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Technical University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Wolf Prize in Chemistry laureates
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of the Free University of Berlin
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Max Planck Society people
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Physical chemists
Max Planck Institute directors

Gerhard Ertl


Edward Vincent Jr. (June 23, 1934 – August 31, 2012) was elected to the California State Senate in November 2000, and represented the 25th Senatorial District until 2008, which included Compton, Gardena, Hawthorne, Inglewood, Lawndale, Lynwood, Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Pedro, and the Palos Verdes Peninsula. Vincent and his wife Marilyn lived in Inglewood from 1968. Together they had two daughters and three grandchildren. Vincent died on August 31, 2012.

Life before politics
Born in Steubenville, Ohio, Vincent showed a love for sports and a desire to succeed. This helped him to gain an athletic scholarship to the University of Iowa in 1952. There, he majored in Public Relations and Advertising. Moreover, Vincent excelled on the football field, receiving All Big Ten and All-American honors. As the third draft choice of the 1956 Los Angeles Rams, Vincent played in several games before being sidelined by injuries.

While serving in the military, Vincent received all Army and all Service Football Team honors. After an honorable discharge from the U.S. Army in 1959, Vincent continued his education, earning a BA degree in Corrections and Social Welfare from California State University, Los Angeles. He then embarked upon a 35-year career with the Los Angeles County Probation Department.

Local politics
Vincent was elected to the Inglewood Unified School District's Board of Trustees, where he served as president from 1978 to 1979. Moreover, he represented the residents of District No. 4 on the Inglewood City Council from 1979 to 1983. In 1983, Vincent began his term as the first African-American mayor of the City of Inglewood and was re-elected for three additional terms. He was also commissioner of the State of California World Trade Commission.

State Assembly
Vincent served as a member of the California State Assembly  from 1996 to 2000, representing the 51st Assembly District. In the Assembly, he chaired the Elections, Reapportionment, and Constitutional Amendments Committee as well as the California Horse Racing Industry Committee. On October 24, 2000, Vincent received the Cuactemoc Award for outstanding public service on behalf of farm workers. The award was presented by La Cooperativa.

State Senate
Between 2000 and 2008 Vincent served in the State Senate. He was a member of the Senate Committees on Agriculture, Governmental Organization, and Health. He also chaired the Select Committee on the Horseracing Industry. In this function, he authored legislation on gambling licenses, state teacher retirement benefits, horse racing, and community care facilities. He was forced to leave the Senate in 2008 due to term limits.

References

External links
Join California Edward Vincent

African-American mayors in California
African-American state legislators in California
California state senators
Members of the California State Assembly
Mayors of Inglewood, California
1934 births
2012 deaths
Politicians from Greater Los Angeles
Politicians from Steubenville, Ohio
21st-century American politicians
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people

Edward Vincent Jr.


Apacheria chiricahuensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Crossosomataceae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Apacheria. It is known by the common names Chiricahua rock flower, cliff brittlebush, and Apache bush. The genus is named in honor of the Apache people who inhabit the region; the specific epithet refers to the Chiricahua Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona.

This plant is a shrub up to half a meter tall and one meter wide. The hard, spine-like twigs are lined with opposite clusters of leaves each a few millimeters long. The solitary flowers have four white to cream-colored, or occasionally pink, petals 5 to 6 millimeters long. The fruit is a follicle with 1 or 2 brown seeds.

Apacheria is similar to Crossosoma species, which can be differentiated by their alternate leaves and five-parted flowers.

This plant grows in many types of rocky desert habitat, such as cliffs, riparian woodlands, and chaparral.

References

Crossosomataceae
Flora of Arizona
Flora of New Mexico
Plants described in 1975

Apacheria chiricahuensis


Robert Jay Creasy (November 15, 1939 – August 11, 2005) was the project leader of the first full virtualization hypervisor, the IBM CP-40, which later developed into IBM's highly successful line of mainframe VM operating systems.

Biography

Robert J. Creasy was born on November 15, 1939, in Honesdale, Pennsylvania.  He graduated from MIT in 1961, marrying Rosalind Reeves that year.  After graduation, he worked as a programmer on the CTSS timesharing system and on Project MAC. Disappointed with the direction of MAC, when he heard that Norm Rasmussen, Manager of IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center, intended to build a time sharing system based on IBM's System/360 and needed someone to lead the project, Creasy left MIT to join IBM.

Robert and Rosalind moved to California in 1965.

He retired from IBM's Scientific Center in Palo Alto in 1993.

He died on August 11, 2005, in Pioneer, California, survived by his wife, Rosalind, son Robert W. and wife Julie; daughter, Laura and husband Joel; grandson, Joel Alexander; brother, John and wife Kathy, and other relatives.

Origins of VM

In the fall of 1964, the future development of time sharing was problematical.  IBM had lost the Project MAC contract to GE, leading to the development of Multics.  IBM itself had committed to a time sharing system known as TSS. At the IBM Cambridge Scientific Center, Manager Norm Rasmussen was concerned that IBM was heading in the wrong direction.  He decided to proceed with his own plan to build a timesharing system, with Bob Creasy leading what became known as the CP-40 Project.

Creasy had decided to build CP-40 while riding on the MTA. "I launched the effort between Xmas 1964 and year's end, after making the decision while on an MTA bus from Arlington to Cambridge. It was a Tuesday, I believe." (R.J. Creasy, private communication with Melinda Varian, 1989.)

Creasy and Les Comeau spent the last week of 1964 joyfully brainstorming the design of CP-40, a new kind of operating system, a system that would provide not only virtual memory, but also virtual machines. They had seen that the cleanest way to protect users from one another (and to preserve compatibility as the new System/360 design evolved) was to use the System/360 Principles of Operations manual to describe the user's interface to the Control Program. Each user would have a complete System/360 virtual machine (which at first was called a "pseudo-machine").

The idea of a virtual machine system had been bruited about a bit before then, but it had never really been implemented. The idea of a virtual S/360 was new, but what was really important about their concept was that nobody until then had seen how elegantly a virtual machine system could be built, with really very minor hardware changes and not much software.

Back during that last week of 1964, when they were working out the design for the
Control Program, Creasy and Comeau immediately recognized that they would need a second system, a console monitor system, to run in some of their virtual machines. Although they knew that with a bit of work they would be able to run any of IBM's S/360 operating systems in a virtual machine, as contented users of CTSS they also knew that they wouldn't be satisfied using any of the available systems for their own development work or for the Center's other time-sharing requirements. Rasmussen, therefore, set up another small group under Creasy to
build CMS (which was then called the "Cambridge Monitor System").

Like Multics, CMS would draw heavily on the lessons taught by CTSS. Indeed, the CMS user interface would be very much like that of CTSS.

The combination of CP-40 and CMS evolved into CP/CMS which was made available to IBM customers in 1967.  In 1972, a revised version was released as IBM's VM/370 product.

Notes

References

1939 births
2005 deaths
American computer scientists
VM (operating system)

Robert Creasy


Kate Rooney Mara ( ; born February 27, 1983) is an American actress. She is known for work in television, playing reporter Zoe Barnes in the Netflix political drama House of Cards (2013–2014; 2016), computer analyst Shari Rothenberg in the Fox thriller series 24 (2006), wronged mistress Hayden McClaine in the FX miniseries American Horror Story: Murder House (2011), Patty Bowes in the first season of the FX drag ball culture drama series Pose (2018), and a teacher who begins an illicit relationship with an underage student, in the FX miniseries A Teacher (2020). For the latter, she received an Independent Spirit nomination for Best New Scripted Series as an executive producer.

Mara made her film debut in Random Hearts (1999). She has since appeared in Brokeback Mountain (2005), We Are Marshall (2006), Shooter (2007), Transsiberian (2008), Stone of Destiny (2008), The Open Road (2009), Transcendence (2014), The Martian (2015), Fantastic Four (2015), Morgan (2016), Megan Leavey (2017), My Days of Mercy (2017), and Chappaquiddick (2018).

Early life
Kate Mara was born on February 27, 1983, in Bedford, New York. Her parents are Timothy Christopher Mara, an NFL scout and vice president of the New York Giants for player evaluation, and Kathleen McNulty Mara (née Rooney). She is the second of four siblings, with one older brother, Daniel; one younger sister, the actress Patricia "Rooney"; and one younger brother, Conor. Her ancestry is Irish, one quarter Italian, and smaller amounts of German, French-Canadian, and English. Her father is one of 11 children, through whom she has 20 aunts and uncles, and 40 cousins.

She is a great-granddaughter of both New York Giants founder Tim Mara and Pittsburgh Steelers founder Art Rooney, Sr. Her mother's side of the family has held ownership in the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers football team since its formation in 1933, and her father's side of the family has held ownership in the NFL's New York Giants since its formation in 1925. Her paternal grandparents were Wellington Mara and Ann Mara. Wellington co-owned the Giants football team from 1959 until his death in 2005, and was succeeded by his son (Kate Mara's uncle), John Mara, who is currently President, CEO, and co-owner of the team. Kate Mara's maternal grandfather, Timothy James "Tim" Rooney, has operated Yonkers Raceway in Yonkers, New York since 1972. Her granduncle, Dan Rooney, chairman of the Steelers, was a former United States Ambassador to Ireland and the co-founder of the charitable organization The Ireland Funds. Her first cousin, once removed, Art Rooney II, is the current President and co-owner of the Steelers.

Mara began acting at the age of nine in a school musical. She attended several youth theater-arts schools and appeared in community theater and in school plays. In an Esquire magazine interview, she says she was "painfully shy" growing up, adding she only had one friend.

Her first audition was for the NBC police drama Homicide: Life on the Street. She did not get the role, but knew from then on she wanted to act. Mara graduated from Fox Lane High School a year early, and was accepted into the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University to study musical theater, but deferred her slot to work as an actress.

Career

Television and stage
Mara's first television role was in the NBC legal drama Law & Order in 1997. She went on to guest star on numerous television series, including Madigan Men, Ed and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Mara landed two recurring roles in 2003, as Kate on Everwood, an 18-year-old who is impregnated by her piano teacher and then gets an abortion, and as Vanessa on Nip/Tuck, a bisexual cheerleader involved in a love triangle with her boyfriend Matt McNamara (John Hensley) and another cheerleader (Sophia Bush). Mara also appeared on Cold Case, Boston Public, CSI: Miami and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation that same year.

Mara was cast as the lead in the 2004 The WB pilot Prodigy, about a teenage child prodigy. She had a recurring role on the WB's Jack & Bobby in 2005 and a five-episode arc on the Fox TV series 24 in 2006, playing computer analyst Shari Rothenberg. Mara joined the cast of the HBO comedy-drama Entourage for the series' sixth season in 2009. She played Brittany, Eric "E" Murphy (Kevin Connolly)'s assistant at his talent-management company and a potential love interest. Mara filmed four episodes for the series in 2009. In 2011, she guest starred on the FX horror series American Horror Story, as Hayden McClaine, a student who becomes Dr. Ben Harmon (Dylan McDermott)'s dead mistress, a spirit trapped in the Harmon house. Mara was offered the role by Ryan Murphy, her former producer on Nip/Tuck.

In 2012, Mara joined the cast of House of Cards, playing the part of Zoe Barnes, an intrepid reporter from Washington, D.C. who becomes a major ally to Frank Underwood by leaking stories that undermine his rivals. She filmed a second season of the series, which was released on February 14, 2014. On July 10, 2014, she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.

Mara's stage debut, in 2003, was at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in John Guare's Landscape of the Body with Lili Taylor. Mara starred in The Alice Complex, a play by Peter Barr Nickowitz, at Dixon Place in New York City in 2005, and at the Blank Theatre in Los Angeles in 2006. The production co-starred Tony Award-winner Harriet Harris. In 2006, she told WFAN radio that theater is a "dream" because it was "all I really wanted to do as a kid. I didn't care about movies or TV, I just wanted to do Broadway".

Film
Mara made her film debut in Random Hearts, with Harrison Ford in 1999, directed by Sydney Pollack. She played Jessica Chandler, the daughter of a congresswoman (Kristin Scott Thomas). She next appeared in the Sundance Film Festival award-winning films Joe the King (1999) and Tadpole (2002), alongside Sigourney Weaver. Mara co-starred in Peoples (2004), a drama and coming of age story filmed in Louisville, Kentucky. She starred in the direct-to-video horror film Urban Legends: Bloody Mary and appeared with Noah Wyle and Illeana Douglas in the 2005 film The Californians. Her supporting role as the daughter of Heath Ledger's character in the Academy Award-winning film Brokeback Mountain that year brought her more widespread critical notice.

Mara signed with the William Morris Agency, and was included on the New York Daily News list of "10 young actors who have a shot at making it big" at the start of 2006. She appeared in Zoom that year as Summer Jones (aka Wonder), a 16-year-old girl with telekinetic and empathic abilities. She next appeared in We Are Marshall, starring Matthew McConaughey, which recalled the aftermath of the 1970 Marshall University plane crash that took the lives of most of the football team. Mara played cheerleader Annie Cantrell.

In 2007, she appeared in the comedy Full of It with Ryan Pinkston for New Line Cinema. The film later aired on television as Big Liar on Campus. Mara was also featured in an advertising campaign for clothing retailer Gap called, "khakis with attitude." She appeared in Shooter, a thriller about a master sniper portrayed by Mark Wahlberg, lured out of retirement to prevent an assassination. Mara played a Kentucky widow, Sarah Fenn, adopting a southern accent for the role.

Also in 2007, she finished her work in the film Transsiberian, by Brad Anderson, which takes place on the Trans-Siberian Railway that runs from China to Moscow. She spent three months shooting the thriller in Vilnius, Lithuania, starting in December 2006. The film also shot on location in Beijing and Russia. Mara played Abby, a 20-year-old runaway from Seattle. Transsiberian premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival in January.

Mara starred in the 2008 film Stone of Destiny, written and directed by Charles Martin Smith, about the theft of the Stone of Scone on Christmas Day, 1950. Mara played Kay Matheson, one of four students that removed the stone in a Scottish nationalist plot. The period adventure-comedy co-starred Billy Boyd, Robert Carlyle and Charlie Cox. Filming began in June 2007 in locations around Glasgow. Mara felt lucky and proud to play a role that was important to people's heritage. She stayed near the Botanic Gardens in the city's West End while filming, attending the film premiere at the Edinburgh International Film Festival on June 21, 2008. The film closed the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2008.

In December 2008, Mara appeared in T Takes: Brooklyn 09, a series of 6 improvised short films directed by Brody Baker. She starred in The Open Road as Lucy.

In 2009, Mara filmed the independent comedy Peep World, starring Michael C. Hall, Sarah Silverman and Rainn Wilson, and joined the cast of Marvel's Iron Man 2, making a cameo appearance as a U.S. Marshal who serves Tony Stark a subpoena. Mara shot the ensemble romantic comedy Happythankyoumoreplease in New York City in July 2009. She plays a waitress and aspiring singer named Mississippi, in a story about six single New Yorkers in their 20s. The film was written and directed by actor Josh Radnor (How I Met Your Mother). The film won the U.S. Dramatic Audience Award at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. In 2010, Mara played hiker Kristi Moore in the survival drama 127 Hours, a true story directed by Danny Boyle about Aron Ralston, a climber trapped while mountaineering in Utah.

Mara appeared in Ironclad (2011), which tells the story of the siege of Rochester Castle by King John in the year 1215. It is her first film where she speaks in an English accent. Mara appeared in the short film Ten Year, produced by Channing Tatum to attract financing for a feature film. The full-length feature went into production in Albuquerque in January 2010, with Mara starring in a large ensemble cast film about a 10-year high school reunion. In 2012, Mara starred in Stefan Ruzowitzky's thriller Deadfall with Eric Bana and Olivia Wilde. In 2013, Mara starred in Broken Bells video for the song Holding On For Life. Mara appeared in Transcendence (2014), starring Johnny Depp and directed by Wally Pfister.

In 2015, she played Sue Storm, the Invisible Woman, in the Fantastic Four reboot. In that year, she also had a supporting role as astronaut Beth Johanssen in director Ridley Scott's film The Martian. She also starred as Ashley Smith in the movie Captive.

In 2017, Mara starred in Megan Leavey, playing Megan Leavey, a real-life U.S. marine who bonded with her military working dog. The film was directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite, and released on June 9, 2017.

She also starred alongside Elliot Page in My Days of Mercy, which she co-produced.

Personal life
Mara was in a relationship with Max Minghella between 2010 and 2014. In 2014, Mara briefly dated her My Days of Mercy co-star Elliot Page before beginning a relationship with her Fantastic Four co-star Jamie Bell in 2015. In January 2017, the couple were engaged. On July 17, 2017, the couple announced that they had married. As a result, Mara became the stepmother to Bell's son from his marriage to Evan Rachel Wood. In May 2019, the couple's daughter was born. On November 17, 2022, Mara announced on Instagram that she had given birth to a son the week before. Mara lives in Los Angeles and Manhattan.

Mara credits her vegan diet and regular workouts for keeping fit. "I'm a massive animal lover, too," she explained. "Being vegan has been so good for me. I never felt better." Mara is one of the faces of the Humane Society of the United States. In 2015, she was featured in one of their campaign videos to promote Meatless Monday.

As a descendant of the owners of the New York Giants and Pittsburgh Steelers, Mara is a fan of both teams; she joked, "If I'm mad at my mom, I root for the Giants, and if I'm pissed at my dad, I root for the Steelers." This relationship contributed to her role in We Are Marshall. Mara has sung at both teams' games, and after missing the Steelers' 2006 victory at Super Bowl XL due to work, her contracts state she can attend if either team goes to the Super Bowl. She was in attendance for the Giants' victory in Super Bowl XLII, the Steelers' victory the next year in Super Bowl XLIII, and the Giants' victory in Super Bowl XLVI.

Filmography

Film

Television

Podcasts

Music videos

References

Further reading
 Kernan, Kevin (September 24, 2006). "Hollywood Giant". New York Post.
 Vranish, Jane (February 26, 2006). ""The Insiders: 2/26/06"". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

External links

1983 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New York (state)
American child actresses
American film actresses
American people of English descent
American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of German descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Living people
Kate
People from Bedford, New York
Rooney family
Tisch School of the Arts alumni

Kate Mara