is a visual novel series by Nitroplus with mecha and Cthulhu Mythos elements. Beginning as an eroge visual novel for the PC, it was ported into a PlayStation 2 non-eroge remake, and spawned a sequel visual novel, a prequel novel, an anime television adaptation and a conversion to manga. An English version of the original Demonbane PC game was released by JAST USA. The anime is currently streamed with English subtitles by Crunchyroll.

List of games

 Also known as Deus Machina Demonbane. The first of the series published on April 25, 2003, the title loosely translates to "Demon-Slaying Grand Saint Demonbane".

 The PlayStation 2 port of the original, published on July 1, 2004. The title loosely translates to "Roar of the Machine God Demonbane". Both the anime and the manga adaptations were based on this title, as well as using it in their adaptations. The game was also bundled with a one-episode OVA.

 A direct sequel to Zanma Taisei Demonbane, the title loosely translates to "Flight of the Machine God Demonbane". Unlike the original, players can control the actions of the titular machine Demonbane in battle.

 A spin-off racing game released at the 70th Comiket, the title is a parody on the popular racing manga Initial D.

 Super Robot Wars UX
 Released for the Nintendo 3DS, the anime version of Demonbane appears alongside many mecha from other franchises in this crossover title.

Story
Kurou Daijuuji is a poor detective living in Arkham City. One day, he receives a request from Ruri Hadou of Hadou Financial Group to search for a magic book. While he initially refuses, Ruri offers him a large sum of money upon completion of her request, which leads Kurou to accept. As Kurou searches for the book, he unexpectedly runs into Al, a pretty girl that is actually a powerful grimoire. They forge a contract with each other, bestowing Kurou with powerful magic. Soon afterwards, Al also activates Demonbane, a deus machina owned by the Hadou Financial Group, to combat the mechanical menace from the Black Lodge, beginning the war between the Hadou Financial Group and the Black Lodge.

Setting
Demonbane takes place primarily in a region resembling the Lovecraft Country common to several of the Mythos stories, including Herbert West-Reanimator and The Shadow Over Innsmouth. The majority of the plot is confined to Arkham City, the home and headquarters of the Hadou Financial Group as well as the location of the Miskatonic University.  Arkham City is also the territory of a criminal organization known as the Black Lodge, which has access to an array of giant mecha as well as a number of powerful sorcerers that make it difficult for law enforcement to effectively combat.  A separate portion of the story is set in the coastal town of Innsmouth and one of the climactic battles takes place over the sunken city of R'lyeh.  The town of Dunwich is also referenced.

Characters

The player assumes the role of Kurou Daijūji, a private investigator that specializes in strange and unusual cases.  Kurou used to attend the Miskatonic University, majoring in Archaeology while secretly studying sorcery, but dropped out after an unspecified incident that has caused him to become averse to dealing with occult matters. He has difficulty finding any work and, by the time the events of the story occur, can no longer afford to pay his utility bills.  Kurou does have a good heart and tries to help others, usually explaining that he would be bothered by lingering regrets if anything bad happened that could have been prevented by his intervention.

Kurou often approaches Sister Leica, a nun who runs a church and orphanage in Arkham City, for food. She is very kindhearted and rarely refuses to help Kurou in his times of need but cares deeply about his well-being, constantly pressuring him to go back to his studies, graduate, and find a real job.  She takes care of three orphans named George, Colin, and Alison.  Ruri Hadou, another of Demonbane's heroines, is Kurou's employer and shoulders a heavy burden as the leader of the Hadou Financial Group following the death of her grandfather.  Although outwardly resentful of Kurou for "stealing" her grandfather's legacy, she is also frustrated by her inability to influence the ongoing conflict personally and comes to depend on Kurou's strength.

Demonbane's final main character is Al-Azif, the physical embodiment of the legendary Necronomicon.  Over the millennia, she has fought countless battles alongside countless masters.  When one died she would simply discard them and find another, and inwardly feels deep regret for the way she treated them as mere tools even as they did the same to her.  She is very short-tempered and arrogant but holds absolute confidence in her ability to confront and destroy evil.

Plot

In the space above Earth, the Deus Machina Aeon clashes with another unknown machine but due to its lack of a "master" it is defeated and crashes on the surface of the planet.  Meanwhile, a starving Kurou Daijūji attempts to acquire food from a local church run by Sister Leica, a nun that he has known since he first moved to the city several years prior to the events of the story.  The next day, Kurou is approached by Ruri Hadou, the current head of the Hadou Financial Group and her butler, Winfield.  Ruri offers Kurou a job, citing his familiarity with the occult through his studies at the Miskatonic University: to procure a grimoire.  Unable to refuse the generous pay she is offering, Kurou agrees and begins searching immediately.

The search for an authentic grimoire is fruitless, until Kurou happens upon a previously unknown bookstore with several powerful books.  Unfortunately he is turned away by the store's owner, Nya, who cryptically states that a far more powerful grimoire is meant for him.  This prediction is later proven true when a mysterious girl falls out of the sky onto him, subsequently introduced as Al-Azif, the physical manifestation of the Necronomicon, one of the most powerful grimoires in existence.  Kurou is then attacked by her pursuers, the Black Lodge, under the command of the mad scientist Doctor West and forced by circumstances to enter into a contract with the grimoire.  Doctor West retreats, only to return in one of his giant Destroyer Robots.  Kurou escapes with the aid of Metatron, a masked hero that wages a one-man war against the Black Lodge, and stumbles upon an underground hangar containing an imitation Deus Machina, Demonbane.  After commandeering the mech amidst the protests of its owner, Ruri, Kurou and Al-Azif (or Al, for short) are able to defeat the Destroyer Robot.

Although initially incensed at the prospect of someone outside the Hadou family piloting Demonbane, Ruri agrees to employ Kurou as the Deus Machina's pilot.  Al wants to begin instructing him in the use of sorcery immediately, but before he has a chance to prepare, Kurou is attacked by the leader of the Black Lodge, Master Therion.  Kurou is immediately overpowered but his use of Demonbane forces Therion to reveal his own grimoire: the Pnakotic Manuscripts, also known as Etheldreda.  Therion spares Kurou's life, claiming that Kurou is the only individual who can alleviate his boredom, and vanishes.  Kurou then begins training in sorcery while simultaneously searching for and recapturing pages that Al has lost.  These pages eventually take on a life of their own and threaten the population, forcing him to subdue them physically before Al can reconstitute herself.  Kurou's interference in the Black Lodge's operations causes Master Therion to send two of his elite Anticross sorcerers, Titus and Tiberius, to attack the Hadou headquarters directly. Doctor West also repeatedly attempts to make up for his failure to capture the Necronomicon, assisted by a self-aware gynoid of his own creation named Elsa.  In one incident, West and Elsa are able to steal the pages relating to the Scimitar of Barzai and use them to create a copy of Demonbane that is subsequently defeated.

The story then moves to the coastal town of Innsmouth where Ruri has brought Kurou, Al, the Demonbane support team, and Leica on a beach holiday.  Sensing the presence of evil on an island off the coast, Kurou and Al begin investigating, accompanied by the rest of the group.  On the way they are attacked by Deep Ones and separated but each of the group is able to make their way to the island individually where they discover the inhabitants of Innsmouth, all Deep Ones themselves, performing a ritual to revive their god, Dagon. Overseeing them is another of the Anticross, Vespasianus, along with another powerful grimoire, the R'lyeh Text.  The ritual fails but Dagon is revived in an incomplete, bestial state.  The monster is only defeated when Demonbane channels the raw power of the Great Old One Cthugha, which nearly kills Kurou.  Kurou is later able to acquire Al's pages concerning another Great Old One, Ithaqua, and obtains a pair of handguns that serve as conduits for their power from a mysterious individual known to the Black Lodge as the Tyrant.

In the meantime, it is revealed that both the Necronomicon and the Tyrant are essential to a major Black Lodge undertaking, the C Project, but Master Therion appears unconcerned by the fact that his underlings have had no success in capturing either of them.  He placates the Anticross by explaining that he can use the Pnakotic Manuscripts in place of the Necronomicon and himself in place of the Tyrant but they remain unconvinced and plot rebellion behind his back.  Finally, when the stars are right, the Black Lodge begins a ritual that raises their secret headquarters, the Illusionary Heart Mother, into the sky.  They then reveal their full plan, using the R'lyeh Text to summon and bind another of the Great Old Ones: Cthulhu.  Using an army of Destroyer Robots and the wave of insanity that accompanies the summoning, the Black Lodge lays waste to Arkham City.  The Anticross betray Master Therion at the climax of the battle, seemingly destroying him along with Etheldreda, while Doctor West defects, disgusted by the perceived misuse of his technology.  While Demonbane is able to drive off the Destroyer Robots, the Illusionary Heart Mother is able to teleport away, the Anticross having gained control over Cthulhu through a series of emergency measures.

The Hadou Group is able to locate the missing fortress at 47°9′S 126°43′W and mobilises a multinational taskforce through its connections to begin an attack.  While they engage Cthulhu's forces in the sea, Demonbane is able to penetrate the fortress' defences and defeat the remaining Anticross.  Master Therion then reveals himself, reborn as a result of his unique parentage; his father is the Outer God Yog-Sothoth and the true purpose of the C Project was to sacrifice Cthulhu as the catalyst of a ritual to summon it.  Yog-Sothoth, the Gate and the Key, would then act as a portal through which the Outer Gods could then invade the physical universe. Therion challenges Kurou to follow him through the gate and, after saying his goodbyes, Kurou accepts.  Demonbane then battles Therion's Deus Machina, Liber Legis, throughout time and space leading to a clash between the most powerful weapon in each mech's possession: the Shining Trapezohedron.  Liber Legis is defeated but Al is finally able to access the totality of her sealed knowledge and discovers the identity of the one who orchestrated all of the story's events: Nya, also known as the Outer God Nyarlathotep. Kurou and Al battle the god and defeat it, preventing the destruction of reality. Nyarlathotep acknowledges its defeat but points out that it can always return with another scheme, leaving Demonbane becalmed in time and space.

Adaptations

Kishin Houkou Demonbane OVA
A one episode OVA bundled with the PS2 game Kishin Houkou Demonbane, a port of the original Deus Machina Demonbane (Zanma Taisei Demonbane), it was released on July 1, 2004.

Plot
Lily Bridge, a young journalist, arrives at Arkham City, hoping to find a big scoop. However, with all the strange things occurring around the city, only the exceptional findings are news-worthy, such as the mysterious mecha known as Demonbane. However, upon finding a small piece of machinery that seemed to be connected with the Hadou Combine, Lily is determined to find the truth. Little does she know, she enters into a dark world, involving herself with Demonbane and the powerful forces that control the city.

Kishin Houkou Demonbane TV
Kishin Houkou Demonbane is a TV series animated adaptation of the  first Demonbane game, which began airing on May 18, 2006, and ended on August 17, 2006. The characters showcased in the TV series differ slightly from those in the game. For example; Metatron has a few seconds of screentime in the first few episodes then never shows up again, Sandalphon is never seen, Ryuuga is seen only in the ending sequence, and Dagon's design was changed entirely.

Plot
Kuro Daijuuji is a poor detective living in Arkham City. One day, he is asked by Ruri Hado of Hado Financial Group, to search for a magic grimoire. As Kuro searches for the book, he unexpectedly runs into Al Azif, a pretty girl who turns out to be the grimoire Kuro is searching for. While being chased by the Black Lodge, Al forges a contract with Kuro, bestowing him with powerful magic. Soon afterwards, Al also activates Demonbane, a Deus Machina owned by the Hado Financial Group, to combat the mechanical menace from the Black Lodge. With this, the war between the Hado Financial Group and the Black Lodge begins ...

Ending
The ending of the Demonbane anime series is original, made up for the TV series. It at first takes after Al's good ending, but instead of having her drift through space for aeons, it has the Elder Gods Kurou and Al-Azif (from Al's true ending) rescue her and bring her right back to Arkham, and Kurou's waiting arms.

Episodes

Theme Songs
Opening theme "Man God Machine" by Yuuichi Ikuzawa
Ending theme "Modern Rose" by Kanako Ito

Connections to Lovecraft works
Miskatonic University is a fictional university in the fictional town of Arkham, Massachusetts created by H.P. Lovecraft, an author of horror from the early 20th century. The Necronomicon is also a creation of HP Lovecraft who used the book of forbidden and maddening knowledge in several of his short stories.  Other lovecraftian tomes that appear in the story include the Pnakotic Manuscripts, the Book of Eibon, De Vermis Mysteriis and many others.

Eps 1 "I AM PROVIDENCE" is named after a line in one of the letters HP Lovecraft had written during his life. In 1977 fans of Lovecraft had created a headstone to mark his burial place and on it they put the line from his letter "I AM PROVIDENCE."

Eps 3, "Reaninator" [sic] is likely a reference to Herbert West–Reanimator.

Eps 4, "The Invaders" is also the name of a Cthulhu Mythos story by Henry Kuttner.

Eps 5, "The Shadow Over Innsmouth" is also a story of the same name by HP Lovecraft. The fishlike Deep Ones in the episode also feature in the short story.

eps 9, "The Hunt" is also the name of a Cthulhu Mythos story by Henry Kuttner.

Eps 11 "The Return of the Sorcerer" would but a nod to Clark Ashton Smith's "The Return of the Sorcerer." Clark Ashton Smith was a correspondent of HP Lovecraft while he lived. In the story itself, the Necronomicon is quoted.

Eps 12, "Strange Eons" is a name taken from the book written by Robert Bloch of the same name. Bloch was a good friend of HP Lovecraft. Bloch is best known for the novel turned movie he wrote called "Psycho." It references a line from the Necronomicon mentioned in several of Lovecraft's stories, "That is not dead which can eternal lie / And with strange aeons even death may die."

Al Azif's name is derived from the Arabic name for the Necronomicon, "Kitab al-Azif."

Azrad's name was taken from the name of the author of the Necronomicon, Abdul Alhazred.

The Shining Trapezohedron is also the name of an ancient artifact in the HP Lovecraft story "The Haunter of the Dark".

The guns of the Demonbane, Cthuga and Ithaqua, are names of creatures that appear in other Lovecraftian horror stories.

Often, Al is seen either sitting or sleeping on a squishy, large, orange object, with a single eye, which occasionally speaks "Tekeli-li". It is a Shoggoth named Dunsany.

Novels
There are currently six novel adaptations. While the first three retell events originally covered in Zanma Taisei/Kishin Houkou, the other novels feature new story content.

Zanma Taisei's story retold
斬魔大聖デモンベイン 無垢なる刃 (Deus Machina Demonbane Muku naru Yaiba - "The Innocent Blade")

斬魔大聖デモンベイン 魔を断つ剣 (Deus Machina Demonbane Ma o Tatsu Tsurugi - "The Demon-slaying Sword")

斬魔大聖デモンベイン  明日への翼 (Deus Machina Demonbane Asu e no Tsubasa - "The Wing towards Tomorrow")

New stories
斬魔大聖デモンベイン  機神胎動 (Deus Machina Demonbane Kishin Taidō - "The Embryonic Movements of Machine God"): Direct prequel to Zanma Taisei/Kishin Houkou.

斬魔大聖デモンベイン  軍神強襲 (Deus Machina Demonbane Gunshin Kyōshū - "The Assault of the War God"): Sequel to Kishin Taidou, but its relationship to the games is not apparent.

斬魔大聖デモンベイン  ド・マリニーの時計 (Deus Machina Demonbane Do Marinī no Tokei - "De Marigny's Clock")

References

External links
Official site

2003 Japanese novels
2003 video games
2004 anime OVAs
2004 manga
2006 anime television series debuts
2006 video games
Anime television series based on video games
Cthulhu Mythos video games
Eroge
Video games about mecha
PlayStation 2 games
Television shows written by Yōsuke Kuroda
Shōnen manga
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
Windows-only games
Super robot anime and manga
Works based on The Shadow over Innsmouth

Demonbane


Straw is the stems of cereal grains like oats or wheat, after the seeds have been removed. It is often used as bedding for animals (hay is used to feed animals). It can also be used as fuel, to make baskets, and many other things.  In older times, it was used for thatch roofs, or mixed with clay and sand for the cob and adobe used in building houses.

Related pages
 Drinking straw
 Hay
 Thatching

Other websites

Natural materials

Straw


A culă (plural: cule; from Turkish kule "tower, turret") is a semi-fortified building found in the Oltenia region of Romania with a number of examples located in the historical province of Muntenia. They were originally built as homes for the ruling Boyar class to defend against violent raids by rebels from the south of the Danube during the eighteenth century and also against riots by local population against the boyars (e.g. Osman Pazvantoğlu). Similar constructions exist throughout the Balkans, see Tower houses in the Balkans.

List of cule
Oltenia:
Cula Barbu Poenaru (1750), from Almăj, Dolj
Cula Izvoranu, from Brabova, Dolj
Cula Crăsnaru (1808), from Groşerea, Aninoasa, Gorj
Cula Cornoiu from  Curtişoara, Gorj
Cula Cartianu from Cartiu, Gorj
Cula Grecescu (1818), from Şiacu, Slivileşti, Gorj
Cula Cuţui (1815) from Broşteni, Mehedinţi
Cula Tudor Vladimirescu (1800) from  Cerneţi, Mehedinţi
Cula Nistor (1812), from  Cerneţi, Mehedinţi
Cula Galiţa (1790), from Câmpu Mare, Dobroteasa, Olt
Cula Bujoreanu from Bujoreni, Vâlcea
Cula Greceanu from  Măldărești, Vâlcea (the oldest in Romania, approximately 1517)
Cula Zătreanu from  Zătreni (1754), Vâlcea

Muntenia:

Cula Racoviţa, from Mioveni, Argeş
Cula Drugănescu from Retevoieşti, Pietroșani, Argeș
Cula lui Costea, from Frăsinet, Teleorman

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160124230850/http://www.kule.ro/en/ Romanian kulas

Oltenia
Architecture in Romania

Culă


The Education of Shelby Knox is 2005 documentary film that tells the coming-of-age story of public speaker and feminist Shelby Knox, a teenager who joins a campaign for comprehensive sex education in the high schools of Lubbock, Texas. TEOSK was an official selection of the Sundance Film Festival in 2005 and aired on PBS' P.O.V. series that same year. It was directed and produced by Marion Lipschutz and Rose Rosenblatt.

Overview
Lubbock has some of the highest teen pregnancy and STD rates in the nation, the "solution" to which is a strict abstinence-only sex education curriculum in the public schools and a conservative preacher who urges kids to pledge abstinence until marriage.

Shelby Knox is a deeply religious Southern Baptist teenager who joins the Lubbock Youth Commission, a group of high school students representing a youth voice in city government. When the teens confront Lubbock's sexual health crisis and campaign for comprehensive sex education, Knox throws herself into the battle with missionary fervor, struggling to reconcile her newfound political beliefs with her conservative religious views. When the campaign broadens to include a fight for a gay-straight alliance, Knox must confront her family and pastor in this coming-of-age story.

Awards
The Education of Shelby Knox has received a number of awards:
2005 Sundance Film Festival (Excellence in Cinematography, Documentary Category)
2005 SXSW Film Festival (Audience Award)
2005 Sonoma Valley Film Festival (Jury Prize)
2005 Miami Gay & Lesbian Film Festival (Jury Prize, Best Documentary)
2005 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival (Emerging Pictures Audience Award)
Council on Foundations (2005 Henry Hampton Award for Excellence in Film & Digital Media)
2005 Fresno Reel Pride Film Festival (Audience Award, Best Feature)
2006 The Index on Censorship's Freedom of Expression Film Award (Nominee)

Shelby Knox in the News
The Dixie Chicks' 2006 album Taking the Long Way features a track titled "Lubbock or Leave It", which is based on The Education of Shelby Knox. When the song came out, the group's member Emily Robison told the press: "We'd seen a documentary called The Education of Shelby Knox, which was about a girl ... trying to get Lubbock to teach sex education in the schools. Lubbock has one of the highest rates of teen pregnancy and STDs in the U.S., so it really showed what happens when you keep that information away from people." Lead singer Natalie Maines, who is from Lubbock, subsequently spoke (during a 2006 episode of VH1 Storytellers) about watching the film and drawing from her own experiences of living there to write the song.

In the 2013 documentary How to Lose Your Virginity, scenes from The Education of Shelby Knox are featured alongside interviews with Shelby Knox.

As of June 2011, Shelby Knox is living in New York City and serving as the Director of Organizing, Women's Rights for Change.org.

References

External links
 P.O.V. The Education of Shelby Knox - PBS' website dedicated to the film
 Women Make Movies

2005 films
2005 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about education in the United States
Documentary films about sexuality
Education in Texas
Films set in Texas
Films shot in Texas
Sex education in the United States
Sexuality and society
Documentary films about feminism
Films about activists
History of women in Texas
Lubbock, Texas
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Education of Shelby Knox


Communist Workers League (), was a small communist group in Norway. It was formed in 1972 by a group of Communist Party of Norway militants, who had either been expelled or left voluntarily. First KA oriented itself towards China, and later towards Albania.

KA published Den Røde Arbeideren (The Red Worker) annually in connection with May Day until 2005.

During the 1970s KA published Røde Fane (Red Flag).

In the spring of 2006 the group announced that it had dissolved itself.

External links
Den Røde Arbeideren

Communist parties in Norway
Defunct political parties in Norway
Maoist organizations in Europe
Political parties established in 1972
1972 establishments in Norway
2006 disestablishments in Norway
Political parties disestablished in 2006

Communist Workers League (Norway)


U.S. Route 441 (US 441) in the U.S. state of Georgia is a  north–south United States Highway through the east-central portion of the state. It travels from the Florida state line near the Fargo city area to the North Carolina state line, in the northern part of Dillard. It is a spur route of US 41, although it has no intersections with its "parent" route within the state. It does have an intersection with another spur route of US 41 however, specifically US 341 in McRae–Helena.

US 441 is signed concurrently with various state highways. The highway is concurrent with State Route 89 (SR 89) for the first . Other concurrencies include SR 64 in the Pearson area, SR 31 from south of Pearson to Dublin, SR 30 in the vicinity of McRae–Helena, SR 117 from near Rentz to south of Dublin, SR 19 within Dublin, SR 29 from Dublin to Milledgeville, SR 24 from Milledgeville to northwest of Watkinsville, SR 15 from the Watkinsville area to the North Carolina state line, and SR 365 from Cornelia to Mount Airy.

Concurrencies of US 441 with US Highways in Georgia include US 221 from south of Pearson to Douglas, US 319 from south of Jacksonville to Dublin, US 280 in the vicinity of McRae–Helena, US 129 from Eatonton to Athens, US 278 in the Madison area, US 29 and US 78 within Athens, US 23 from Cornelia to the North Carolina state line, and US 76 in Clayton.

Route description

Florida state line through McRae-Helena
US 441/SR 89 begins at the Florida state line in Echols County, but has no major junctions in the county. US 441 enters Clinch County southwest of Fargo. South of Fargo, it concurs with SR 94. SR 94 splits off in downtown Fargo. SR 89 heads north. In Homerville, US 441 junctions with US 84, SR 38, and SR 187. North of Homerville, SR 89 junctions with SR 122. SR 89 then enters Atkinson County south of Pearson. Just south of town, SR 89 terminates at US 221/SR 31/SR 64, however US 441 continues north along that multiplex until it reaches the town where SR 64 leaves at US 82. North of US 82, US 221/US 441/SR 31 becomes a four-lane undivided highway that runs northeast then after the bridge over Pudding Creek curves to the northwest along the left bank of the Satilla River, then turns straight north to finally cross that river. Six miles later the routes enter Douglas. Right at Douglas Municipal Airport US 221 leaves the US 441 multiplex at the intersection of SR 135/SR 32 Truck/SR 158 Truck and the southern terminus of SR 206. Shortly after this, US 441/SR 31 splits into a one-way pair just south of Trojan Lane. Northbound US 441/SR 31 now runs along Madison Avenue, while southbound US 441/SR 31 runs along South Peterson Avenue. The streets intersect College Park Road, which leads to South Georgia State College off to the west, but three blocks later intersects its first major intersection as the one way pair, SR 158 (Baker Highway). One block after the intersections with Cherry Street, Madison and Peterson Avenues enter the Downtown Douglas Historic District where they both cross Seaboard Coast Line Railroad grade crossings. Two to three blocks after the tracks, it has intersections with SR 32 which is also a one-way pair along Ashley Street (eastbound) and Ward Street (westbound). Leaving the historic district at Jackson Street, South Peterson Avenue moves away from Madison Avenue, but the two streets start to move closer together again north of Church Street. The one-way pair ends north of North Chester Avenue and McNeal Drive, and US 441/SR 31 crosses the Private First Class DeWayne King U.S.M.C. Memorial Bridge over Twenty Mile Creek.

After Frank Vaughn Road, the route crosses an underground petroleum line right-of-way and an abandoned railroad line right-of-way next to it. From there the street name changes from North Peterson Avenue to Douglas–Broxton Highway. North of a power line right-of-way it has an intersection with SR 206 Connector (SR 106 Conn., North Connector Road). US 441/SR 31 continues straight north until it reaches the intersection of Leroy Sapp Road then turns slightly to the north-northeast before crossing a bridge over Seventeen Mile River. North of Riverbend Road, the routes curve from north-northeast to northwest and runs through local farmland. Within Broxton, the road is named Alabama Avenue. It makes a turn to the west just after the intersection with South Railroad Street and has a brief concurrency with SR 268 between Ocmulgee Street and west of Porea Street. Curving back to the northwest, it approaches the eastern terminus of former SR 706 (Fitzgerald Highway), and resumes its presence in Southern Georgia farm and ranch territory. The road briefly turns straight north before encountering an intersection with SR 107, which joins US 441/SR 31 in a short concurrency, then turns northwest again. Right after the bridge over Mill Creek, the concurrency with SR 107 is replaced by the one with US 319, as westbound SR 107 turns onto southbound US 319, and northbound US 319 joins US 441/SR 31. The first major landmark along US 319/US 441/SR 31 is the Jacksonville Ferry Bridge over the Ocmulgee River at the Coffee–Telfair county line, then the routes curve from northwest to northeast as they enter Jacksonville itself, where the road has a signalized intersection with SR 117. North of SR 117,  US 319/US 441/SR 31 runs straight north and the first intersection is with Old Scotland Road, a de facto connecting road with SR 149. It continues to run straight north until it crosses a bridge over Alligator Creek, and then another one over Horse Creek, before curving north-northeast. The route briefly curves to the northeast again as it runs through Workmore, which has a blinker light intersection with Telfair CR 240, and a high school named for the community. North of there, the surrounding retain their rural status, with untouched forest land on the west side and random farm and ranch land, (some of which is abandoned) on the east side. A pair of roadside parks can be found south of Telfair CR 108. North of there, the road encounters the northern terminus of Telfair County Road 152 right next to the western terminus of Georgia State Route 149 Connector.

McRae-Helena through Dublin
US 319/US 441/SR 31 enters the city limits of McRae-Helena at the northern terminus of SR 132, which on the northwest corner contains Telfair County High School. The school property runs along the west side of the road which becomes a divided highway and the school grounds end at the southwest corner of the southern terminus of the concurrency with US 280/SR 30. After the bridges over Sugar Creek, the divided highway comes to an end. The surroundings consist of fledgling commercial zoning, but two blocks after the signalized intersection with West Willow Creek Lane, becomes more residential after the intersection with Poplar Street. Just before running through Downtown McRae, it approaches another major intersection in the form of a one-way pair with US 341/US 23/SR 27. Immediately after the northwest-bound section of US 341/US 23, it has a grade crossing with a former Southern Railway line (now the Norfolk Southern Railway's Brunswick District). Curving to the east-northeast starting at Bowen Street through the intersections of Centre Avenue and Spaulding Drive before crossing a bridge over the Little Ocmulgee River, as well as the Telfair–Wheeler County line, US 319/US 441/SR 31 leaves US 280 onto the McRae–Dublin Highway just to cross a bridge over a former Seaboard Air Line Railroad line. North of that bridge it runs between the Telfair-Wheeler Airport, and across from that, the Wallace Adams Memorial Golf Course and Little Ocmulgee State Park and Lodge. North of the park, the routes intersect some unmarked county roads and cross the Wheeler–Dodge county line at New Bethel Church Road, but have no important intersections until after crossing the Dodge–Laurens county line. That intersection is west of Cedar Grove (not to be confuse with the Cedar Grove in Walker County) and is a blinker-light intersection with SR 46/SR 126. The rest of the way, US 319/US 441/SR 31 intersects mainly dirt roads, many of which are unmarked county roads. One intersection in particular is the shared intersection with Baker Church Road (Laurens CR 525) and Rentz Road (Laurens CR 198), the latter of which is unpaved, and the former of which leads to the community for which the dirt road is named. Northeast of Rentz, SR 117 is encountered again and includes an intersection with Doyle Taylor Road (Laurens CR 195), but this time it joins US 319/US 441/SR 31 concurrency.

The routes pass through Garretta, then widens to four lanes which crosses a bridge over Turkey Creek. Just south of the intersection with New Pinehill Road and Hartley Road US 319/US 441/SR 31 becomes a divided highway in order to facilitate traffic coming on and off Interstate 16 (I-16) at exit 51. North of there, the road remains four lanes but with continuous center-left turn lanes. The divider briefly resumes just south of where SR 117 leaves US 319/US 441/SR 31 as it shifts northwest to a new concurrency with the US Route 441 Bypass (US 441 Byp.). Roughly around the culvert over a creek named Long Branch, the routes enter the City of Dublin, the name of the road becomes Telfair Street and later serve as the eastern terminus of SR 257. At SR 19, US 441 makes a turn to the north and leaves the concurrency with US 319/SR 31, which continues straight east for two more blocks. US 441/SR 19 immediately crosses a railroad line after that intersection. The concurrency with SR 19 only lasts for two more blocks when it encounters US 80/SR 26 along the front and west side of the Laurens County Superior Courthouse. SR 19 turns west onto US 80/SR 26, and is replaced by a concurrency with SR 29. North of Courthouse Square, US 441/SR 29 is a two-lane road with center left-turn lane provisions, sometimes continuously. North of Hillcrest Parkway, the road gains two more lanes and crosses a bridge over Strawberry Creek only to narrow back down to two lanes between the Dublin Middle School and Immaculate Conception Catholic Church. US 441/SR 29 makes a turn before approaching the northern terminus of US 441 Byp./SR 117, and then turns right onto the four-lane divided highway, which rejoins the trajectory of the previous two-lane road.

Metro Dublin through Athens
Further north of Dublin, US 441/SR 29 serves as the northern terminus of SR 338, at an intersection shared with a local street named Holly Hill Road. The rest of the way it continues to run northwest, winding through the hills of Central Georgia. The last community within the county that the routes run through is Chappells Mill. As US 441/SR 29 crosses the Laurens-Wilkinson County Line it enters Nicklesville where it intersects SR 112. North of there it passes by the Mount Tilla Baptist Church and Cemetery. The two routes begin to curve to the north-northwest and meet the eastern terminus of SR 96. The only other landmark in this vicinity is the Calvary Hill Church, and one private house across from that. A large sand mine is hidden away from the west side of the road by trees and an embankment just south of the bridge over Porter Creek. Further north and to the northeast is a former segment of US 441 named Bacon Street, which leads to downtown Irwinton. A more important intersection that also runs through downtown Irwinton is SR 57 (Main Street), which spans from East Macon towards Eulonia. Then, they travel through McIntyre where it crosses a bridge over Commissioner Creek. Much further north, US 441 passes under the interchange with SR 540 (Fall Line Freeway; proposed Interstate 14 (I-14)) and crosses the Wilkinson–Baldwin county line at the northbound off and on ramps. Past this the roads run through the Bartram Forest Wildlife Management Area. In Scottsboro, a dead end street named Irwinton Road that was once a former section of US 441 can be found at the southeast corner of the intersection with the southern terminus of US 441 Bus. and SR 29 Bus. in Milledgeville. North of there the route passes through Hardwick, and later Allenwood where it intersects SR 49. North of there, the route passes through the territory of the Georgia College & State University West Campus, then turns northeast to intersect Georgia State Route 22 and the eastern terminus of SR 212 and becomes a commercial strip named Roberson Mill Road, which curves through northern Milledgeville. Next to Hatcher Square Mall they intersect US 441 Bus./SR 24 (North Columbia Street). This intersection marks the northern terminus of both US 441 Bus. and SR 29, but not US 441 which turns onto SR 24. A city street named Dunlap Road continues east from Roberson Mill Road.

US 441 continues to the northwest as it follows SR 24. During this time it passes only local roads, primarily of commercial zoning, although across from that development is the Andalusia Farm, the former home of Flannery O'Connor. Further up, the intersection with Log Cabin Road Northeast leads to the Baldwin County Airport. Between a cluster of unfinished condominiums and a Georgia Power-owned park called "Little River Park", US 441/SR 24 crosses a bridge over Lake Sinclair. Crossing part of the lake the road enters Putnam County on an island between the T.D. Cheek Fishing Area and the Plant Harllee Branch Power Plant. After passing by the Sunset Marina and Inn, the road crosses a second bridge back to the mainland. A former segment named Old Milledgeville Road branches off to the right, leading to two drag racing tracks, while US 441/SR 24 climbs a bridge over a railroad line, and the old road leads back to it. In southern Eatonton a second Milledgeville Road branches off to the right near a series of warehouses before the road encounters the southern terminus of a concurrency with US 129 and US 129 Bus./US 441 Bus./SR 24 Bus. Throughout much of Central Georgia, US 129/US 441 follows SR 24 north of Eatonton, and includes an interchange with I-20 at exit 114 south of Madison. Shortly after this US 129/US 441/SR 24 will encounter the southern terminus of US 129 Byp./US 441 Byp./SR 24 Byp. (Madison Bypass), followed by SR 24 Spur which serves as the westbound connector to US 278/SR 12/SR 83. US 129/US 441/SR 24 will later join these routes in yet another concurrency, although SR 83 leaves at Washington Street. After passing by the Madison Airport, US 129/US 441/SR 24 leaves the concurrency with US 278/SR 12 at the north end of the Madison Bypass, and turns northeast as it crosses a bridge over a railroad line. West of another section of Oconee National Forest the multiplex runs through communities such as Apalachee, Farmington, and Bishop where it encounters the eastern terminus of Georgia State Route 186.

US 441 Bus./SR 24 Bus. branch off to the northeast towards Watkinsville, while mainline US 129/US 441/SR 24 runs along the Watkinsville Bypass, which contains one intersection with New High Shoals Road, a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 53 near the University of North Georgia Oconee Campus, and one other intersection with a small unfinished industrial park. SR 24 ends at SR 15 in Woodridge North as does US 441 Bus./SR 24, but US 129/US 441 continues onto SR 15. This concurrency remains in its existing form until all three routes join the Athens Perimeter at US 29/78 (exit 4). For a short period, the perimeter is an eight-highway concurrency, consisting of US 29/US 78/US 129/US 441/SR 8/SR 10 Loop/SR 15/SR 422 (the latter of which is unsigned). Part of this concurrency ends when US 78 leaves at exit 8. All the while the perimeter gradually moves more to the northeast rather than east, as US 29 leaves at exit 10B, when US 129/US 441/SR 10 Loop makes a turn on a loop ramp to the northern segment of the perimeter heading west. US 441/SR 15 leaves the Athens Perimeter at exit 12 and heads north onto Commerce Road.

Athens through Baldwin
After leaving the Athens Perimeter, US 441/SR 15 runs along a bridge over Sandy Creek through the Sandy Creek Nature Center. North of the vicinity of the nature center, a second northbound lane starts, and then another southbound lane, as the road becomes a four-lane undivided highway with center-left-turn facilities. South of the intersection with Bob Holman Road a railroad line flanks the west side of the routes, but north of a wide power line right-of-way, that line curves away from the road although it stays in close proximity to it. After the intersection with Newton Bridge Road, the road becomes a four-lane divided highway. Roughly around Richmar Road (CR 369) and Jarrett Road (CR 429) US 441/SR 15 enters Nicholson where a ceramics factory, a recycling plant and one other factory can be found. The tracks curve away again, just before the southwestern terminus of SR 334 across from Old US 441. North of SR 334, new US 441 bisects a local street named Wages Bridge Road with dead ends on both sides, and another one named Ed Bennett Road with one dead end on the southwest side, and an intersection on the northeast one. From there, the road briefly curves west-northwest to approach a bridge over the same railroad line and Old US 441, then curves back to the northeast. After the north end of Old US 441, the road runs along the east side of those tracks although it curves away from those tracks south of the first intersection with Old Athens Drive and south of the intersection with Old Kings Bridge Road, which is also where the road becomes a four-lane undivided highway with center-left turn provisions. Around downtown Nicholson, the tracks move away from the road again before the intersection with Birch Street and the south end of Broad Street to follow the east side of Broad Street never to run along either side of US 441 again. The next intersection, however is the eastern terminus of SR 335 (Jefferson Drive), which is shared by a short local intersection named Mulberry Street. US 441 leaves downtown at the north end of Broad Street and the south end of Memorial Drive, which is at a small cemetery. A much larger cemetery can be found at the intersection with the north end of Memorial Drive. Just after the intersection with Berea Road, the road becomes a divided highway again, eventually entering Commerce.

The road curves to the east-northeast before encountering another intersection with SR 334 which also begins as the southern terminus of US 441 Bus. in Commerce just before a grade crossing with the same railroad line that followed the route since the area south of Bob Holman Road. North of US 441 Bus./SR 334, the road is named Veterans Memorial Parkway which after the grade crossings curves back to the north and has an intersection with SR 98 just before curving north again. Descending along a slight hill as it takes a slight northwest curve to run parallel to a power line right-of-way, US 441 runs along the west side of those power lines which are partially obstructed by trees and then runs through a blinker-light intersection with SR 326. Crossing another power line right-of-way, the route takes a slight reverse curve to the north and back to the northwest before encountering the northern terminus of US 441 Bus./SR 15 Alt. and southern terminus of SR 59 in a shared intersection. Here the Veterans Memorial Parkway ends, and the street name Homer Road moves from US 441 Bus./SR 15 Alt. to mainline US 441/SR 15.

North of Steve Reynolds Industrial Parkway, the divided highway ends, but US 441 still remains four lanes wide with a semi-continuous center-left-turn lane. This status continues through the Interchange over I-85 at exit 149, and ends north of Faulkner Road where it becomes a four-lane divided highway again, which it will remain throughout most of the rest of the state. As it passes the Atlanta Dragway, US 441 makes a short curve in order to cross a pair of bridges over Black Creek, then turns back to the north-northwest, where it will later have a short concurrency with SR 164 which ends at Webbs Creek Road and the Historic Homer Highway, a former segment of US 441, that as the name described used to run through Homer. SR 164 turns northwest onto that former US 441 segment. The next major intersection along this segment is SR 51 (Old Federal Highway), which spans from Lula to Lake Hartwell. The north end of the now unmarked Historic Homer Highway is shared with an intersection with English Road, and US 441/SR 15 continues to wind though rural Banks County. Another former segment named "Old Highway 441 North" begins on the west side in a shared intersection with Caudell Road. Then as the road curves from northeast to northwest as it passes under some power lines it serves as the western terminus of Georgia State Route 198 in Hollingsworth. A former segment of SR 198 can be found on the northeast corner of that intersection leading from Daily Road to an embankment along the northbound lanes. Beginning at Apple Pie Ridge Road, Old Highway 441 North runs closer to the west side of the road than before. Further along this segment, the road is joined by a concurrency with SR 105 (Ty Cobb Parkway). Between there and the intersection with Wofford Creek Road, a former segment of SR 105 is bisected by the US 441/SR 15 highway, which lead to Old Highway 441 North.

Baldwin to North Carolina
Almost immediately after US 441/SR 15/SR 105 enter the Baldwin City Limits, Old Highway 441 North ends on the west side of existing US 441 with a closed section of the road on the northwest corner of the intersection leading to a frontage road named Sunrise Ridge, which ends on the southwest corner of the shared intersection with Stonepile Street and Smokerise Drive. The next major intersection in the city is Willingham Road, which to the east is the southern terminus of US 441 Bus./SR 385, and also serves as the north end of the concurrency with SR 105. Turning directly northwest at this intersection, US 441/SR 15 (the SR 15 Bypass) crosses a bridge over a railroad line then curves straight north after the intersection of Industrial Boulevard. The last intersection in Baldwin is with a local street name Professional Park Drive, which serves a cluster of medical offices, just before crossing the bridges over the North Fork of Little Mud Creek. Immediately after entering Cornelia US 441/SR 15 passes by the Cornelia Community Church, and across from that some local roads leading to the Habersham County Airport. Two blocks later, it has an intersection with Level Grove Road, which is also the southwestern terminus of SR 15 Conn. From there the median widens as US 441 is reunited with US 23 at SR 365, which includes a southbound flyover from the southbound US 23/SR 365 lane over the northbound US 23/SR 365 lane.

The first interchange along the US 23/US 441 concurrency is a reunification with US 441 Bus., which is also known as "Old Historic US 441," running south into Baldwin and north through Demorest and Clarkesville. Most intersections from that point on are strictly local street built at grade, however a single connecting ramp from both directions of US 23/US 441 runs down to the southwest corner of the bridge over the southern terminus of SR 197. Crossing three more local intersections, the routes enter Mount Airy, where SR 365 leaves at a flyover interchange with US 123 and shortly afterwards US 23/US 441/SR 15 has an intersection with SR 17. Winding north through Mount Airy, the routes have an intersection with Antioch Church Road, cutting off Cobb Road before, and Rockford Cove Road from Rockford Creek Road afterwards. The road climbs a hill approaching Hollywood Hills Road, then descends before making another right curve where the north end of US 441 Bus. is encountered again, across from SR 17A, although historic US 441 still runs along the west side as an unmarked route. Later the road passes through Turnerville, but encounters no intersections with other numbered highways. Unmarked Historic US 441 ends just before the routes passes through Tallulah Falls, where they intersect another former section that's marked as SR 15 Loop on the east side which is a scenic overlook for the falls. Halfway between the two ends of this loop, it intersects School Road and Gilbert Gate Road then immediately enters Tallulah Gorge State Park. The road curves to the right before approaching the other end of the scenic loop then curves back to the left again, passing by the Valley Springs Lodge before finally entering Rabun County.

Continuing to follow its concurrency with US 23, the road leaves Tallulah Gorge Park then crosses over the Riley C. Thurmond Memorial Bridge before reentering the park. From there it passes through the Blue Ridge Mountain communities of Wiley, Lakemont, and Tiger, the latter of which includes the Rabun County Middle School interchange, right next to Rabun County High School. After passing a Wal-Mart Supercenter on one side of the road, and a local road leading to WGHC, the divider comes to an end and US 23/US 441/SR 15 remains undivided through the rest of the state with either three or four lanes as it enters Clayton. Beginning here, it is primarily a four-lane undivided highway, flanked along the west side by Stekoa Creek. Many of the buildings begin to reflect the design features of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Contemporary commercial development is mixed in with rustic mountain themed buildings, among them a Quality Inn and Suites motel named "Mount Chalet," and a Swiss A-framed business on the northeast corner with US 76/SR 2 at Chechero Road. US 76 then has a two-block concurrency with US 23/US 441 which ends at the shared intersection between East Savannah Street and Rickman Drive, when US 76/SR 2 turns west onto East Savannah Street. After that the routes lose one southbound lane, even at the northern terminus of North Main Street. The road returns to four lanes in Mountain City north of Cross Street and remains that way through York and Rabun Gap, where it crosses a bridge over the Little Tennessee River, followed by a small cluster of flea markets. Unfortunately within Rabun Gap it narrows back down to three lanes again north of Kelly's Creek Road, this time with only one northbound lane. Even within "downtown" Dillard, there's no second northbound lane, other than right-turn lanes. Like Clayton, it has a mix of mountain themed buildings with standard commercial buildings, albeit not as many as Clayton. The last resemblance to a major intersection in the state is SR 246, which runs northeast across the state line becoming North Carolina Highway 106 (NC 106), and leads toward Highlands, North Carolina. All other roads after this are strictly local, including the unmarked Rabun CR 23 (State Line Highway). One last strip mall can be found on the east side before US 23/US 441 finally crosses the Georgia–North Carolina state line, and SR 15 comes to an end.

National Highway System
The entire length of US 441 in Georgia is part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense. This includes the entire length of SR 89, which is completely concurrent with US 441 from the Florida state line southwest of Fargo to the intersection of US 221/SR 31/SR 64 south of Pearson.

Major intersections

See also

Special routes of U.S. Route 441

References

External links

 Georgia @ SouthEastRoads - U.S. Highway 441
  US 441 (Georgia Highways)
 US 441 in Georgia (Mile by Mile)
 GDOT Official Website

 Georgia
41-4
Transportation in Echols County, Georgia
Transportation in Clinch County, Georgia
Transportation in Atkinson County, Georgia
Transportation in Coffee County, Georgia
Transportation in Telfair County, Georgia
Transportation in Wheeler County, Georgia
Transportation in Dodge County, Georgia
Transportation in Laurens County, Georgia
Transportation in Wilkinson County, Georgia
Transportation in Baldwin County, Georgia
Transportation in Putnam County, Georgia
Transportation in Morgan County, Georgia
Transportation in Oconee County, Georgia
Transportation in Clarke County, Georgia
Transportation in Jackson County, Georgia
Transportation in Banks County, Georgia
Transportation in Habersham County, Georgia
Transportation in Rabun County, Georgia
Transportation in Athens, Georgia

U.S. Route 441 in Georgia


The crossbow, or arbalest, is a bow which consists of a bow-like arc called prod and cross-wise body called stock and trigger mechanism. The crossbow is an invention in which the stock, a piece of wood is mounted on two other crossing pieces. Crossbows shoot short arrows called bolts which are similar to arrows. The crossbow was first created by the Chinese people in circa 6 B.C. The crossbow was introduced to China during the Warring States period. This period lasted over three centuries where neighbouring Chinese states fought mercilessly for dominance and territory. Throughout this span of time the crossbow evolved which made it easier to carry and improved firing accuracy. This highly sought after weapon led to the success of the Han and Song empires.

The Greeks invented crossbow separately in 4th century B.C. The Romans called the weapon arcuballista. Crossbow was a very popular weapon in the Middle Ages as it was strong and accurate and could be used as a sharpshooter weapon. The Arabs call crossbow qaws Ferengi, "Frankish bow", as the Crusaders used crossbow a lot. A good crossbow can shoot the bolt with such immense power that it may pierce armour. Against unarmoured light opponents, even a single bolt may be lethal.

Compared to the ordinary bow, the crossbows have good and bad sides to them. They fire much stronger and much more accurately than ordinary bows, and shooting accurately with a crossbow is easier to learn than shooting with an ordinary bow. On the other hand, because the prod is short and therefore very stiff, a crossbow will take much longer time to load, and a crossbow does not have as good accurate range than a longbow.  Many crossbows have crank or windlass mechanisms to pull the string in drawn position. Also many crossbows do have safety mechanisms to prevent an accidental shot.

Crossbow shooting is today a popular sport.

References

Archery
Weapons

Crossbow


Wenche Synnøve Myhre (born 15 February 1947), known internationally as Wencke Myhre, is a Norwegian singer who has had a great number of hit songs since the 1960s in the Norwegian, Danish, German and Swedish markets and languages.

Early career
Myhre was born in Kjelsås, Oslo. She got her first recording contract with composer and producer Arne Bendiksen at age of 13, after winning a talent contest staged by Verdens Gang newspaper at the Chat Noir theatre in Oslo in 1960. In 1963 she became the first performer to have three songs in the Top 10 at the same time. She got her first film role the same year.

Eurovision
Myhre made her first appearance in the Norwegian heats for the Eurovision Song Contest 1964 with the songs "God gammel firkantet vals," which the juries placed second, and "La meg være ung" which placed third but went on to become a big hit.  She also participated in 1966, again with two songs, "Lørdagstripp," which was placed fourth, and "Vims," which came fifth.

Myhre represented Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 with the song "Ein Hoch der Liebe" where she placed sixth. It would be another fifteen years before she attempted Eurovision again and did so via the German national heat, singing "Wir beide gegen den Wind" with her son. In the same year (1983) she was one of Jahn Teigen's chorus girls in the Norwegian final. When Teigen won the Norwegian heats, the potential prospect of singing both for Norway and for Germany became too much and she was replaced by Teigen's girlfriend Anita Skorgan in the international final in Munich.

In 1992, she took third place in the Norwegian selection with "Du skal få din dag i morgen". She participated in the Norwegian selection again for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Moscow, Russia. Wencke performed the song "Alt har en mening nå" in the second semi-final on Saturday 31 January, but she was eliminated from the competition.

Television appearances
In 1974, she had the first in a long series of TV shows on the German channel ZDF. The show was called Das ist meine Welt and was a musical journey through many countries with Wenche as guide. Myhre hosted the German qualifying heat for the Eurovision Song Contest 1986, "Ein Lied für Bergen".

In Sweden, she has worked together with Povel Ramel, and has become very popular with a wide audience. She has starred in movies both in Norway and Sweden.

Myhre has been married to Danish dentist Torben Friis-Møller, German movie director Michael Pfleghar and Norwegian investor Arthur Buchardt. She has four children from her two first marriages. She currently (2021) lives with Swedish musician and conductor Anders Eljas in Nesøya in Asker, Norway.

Major hits in Germany
Hey, kennt Ihr schon meinen Peter (1964)
Geht ein Boy vorbei (1965)
Beiß nicht gleich in jeden Apfel (1966)  # 1
Komm allein (1967)                       # 9
Ein Hoch der Liebe (1968)                No. 18
Flower Power Kleid (1968)                No. 17
Abendstunde hat Gold im Munde (1969)     No. 36
Er steht im Tor (1969)                   # 4
Er hat ein knallrotes Gummiboot (1970)   # 1
Eine Mark für Charlie (1977)             # 9
Lass mein Knie, Joe (1978)               # 5
Für immer und ewig (I'll Love You Forever) (1994)

References

External links

 Home page
 Discography

1947 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1968
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Germany
Schlager musicians
Melodi Grand Prix contestants
Norwegian artists
20th-century Norwegian women singers
Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Asker
Musicians from Oslo

Wenche Myhre


Clarens is a village in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is part of the municipality of Montreux.

It was made famous throughout Europe by the immense success of the book La Nouvelle Héloïse by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Whilst in Clarens, the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky wrote his ballets The Rite of Spring and Pulcinella and in March 1878, Tchaikovsky wrote his Violin Concerto.

Paul Kruger, hero of South African independence from Britain, died here. For this reason, a village in South Africa was given the same name.

The anarchist and geographer Élisée Reclus resided in Clarens.

Writer Vladimir Nabokov is buried there.

The 19th century writer, diplomat and MP David Urquhart of Braelangwell, who introduced the Turkish bath to Britain, is buried here.

Villages in Vaud

Clarens, Switzerland


An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within a body.

Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals. These are also called pulmonary alveoli. These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.

When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.

In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli. Their total surface area is around 75 square meters.

Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange happens. Gas exchange is how different gases (usually two) move in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system to exchange them  is extremely important. It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.

References

Anatomy of the respiratory system

Alveolus


Tom Tom Magazine is a quarterly print magazine and website based out of New York City. It was founded in 2009 by Mindy Abovitz who currently serves as editor-in-chief. It is the only magazine in the world that is dedicated to female drummers. According to the magazine's website, "Tom Tom's purpose is to raise awareness about girl and women percussionists from all over the world, to inspire females of all ages to drum, and to strengthen and build the otherwise fragmented community of female musicians.". Tom Tom Magazine is distributed in the United States, as well as in Europe, Australia, South America and Japan and has many international subscribers and readers.

Features
Tom Tom Magazine includes many features including news, reviews, fashion and art. It also covers many topics such as technique for drummers, reviews of bands with female drummers, and reviews of equipment. Other segments of Tom Tom include "One Drummer One Question" in which female drummers respond to one particular question, and "Throwback" which features bands with female drummers from the past.

Many notable female drummers have been featured in Tom Tom Magazine. These drummers include Stella Mozgawa (Warpaint), Kim Schifino (Matt and Kim), Erica Garcia, Morgan Doctor, Bianca Sparta (Erase Errata), MNDR, Tune-Yards, Boom Boom Satellites, Terri Lyne Carrington, Patty Schemel, Carla Azar, Dawn Richardson and Paulina Villarreal, The Warning (band).
 'Cover'''
Drummers featured on the cover of Tom Tom Magazine include Cindy Blackman, Susie Ibarra, Kim Thompson (Beyoncé), Sheila E., Palmolive, Janet Weiss, Suphala, Evelyn Glennie, Yoshimi and Sara Lund (Unwound).

Events
In addition to being a print magazine, a website, and a social media community, Tom Tom Magazine throws events that celebrate female drummers, beat makers, musicians and DJ. Tom Tom has also set up panels and events at universities and colleges. These panels promote and discuss feminism, and women's representation in the media. Tom Tom has held events in
Brooklyn, NY
Manhattan, NY
Portland, OR
Austin, TX
Miami, FL
Los Angeles, CA
Palm Springs, CA
Barcelona, Spain
London, UKTom Tom Magazine has also hosted panels at schools such as   Carnegie Mellon University, Smith College, UCSD, New School, Guilford College and Cal Arts. Tom Toms panels have included prominent figures and celebrities including Yuka Honda,  Kim Gordon of  Sonic Youth, Shirley Braha, creator of the television show New York Noise, Marisa Meltzer author of "How Sassy Changed My Life", and Emily Rems of  Bust Magazine.

Among the artists that have performed at Tom Tom events are Kim Thompson, Vivian Girls, Mi-Gu, Tune-Yards, Emily Wells, The Suzan, and MNDR.

Contributors and staff

Mindy Abovitz (Publisher/Creator/Editor-in-Chief)

Marisa Kurk (Head Designer)

Rebecca DeRosa (Reviews Editor)

Melody Berger (Managing Editor)Photographers Bex Wade, Bek Andersen, Stefano Galli, Jee Young Sim, Jennifer Leigh Aschoff, Erin Nicole Brown, Rebecca Smeyne, Piper Fergueson, Aaron Wojack, Andrew Strasser, Meg Wachter, Ports Bishop, Jay Oligny, Dan Watkins, Holly Andres.Tom Tom TV  Anthony Lozano, Anthony Buhay, Karl LindRegional Correspondents Lisa Schonberg, Valentine Freeman (Northwest Correspondent), Liv Marsico, Nicole Turley (LA Correspondents),Laura Fares, Megane Quashie (London Correspondents), Kiran Gandhi (DC Correspondent), Emi Karaya (Japan Correspondent), Rachel Thorne (Australia Correspondent), Sam Low & Sal Harrington (Bristol Team)Writers/Contributors''' Evelyn Glennie, Allie Alvarado, Temim Fruchter, sts, Rachel Bloomberg, Farah Joan Fard, Dawn Richardson, Leslie Henkel, Adam Katzman, Sara Magenheimer, Caryn Havlik, Melanie Glover, Morgan Doctor, Alex Carulo, Bianca Russelburg, Adee Roberson, Michael Lowe, Fiona Campbell, Courtney Gillette,  Stephanie Barker (Tech Editor), Anika Sabin (Review Editors), Fred Armisen, Brian Chase

Past Contributors include:  Jessica Moon (Design Team), Harlo Holmes (Webmistress/Coder), Katyann Gonzalez (Web Editor), Candice Ralph (Head Designer), Angela Cheng, Tiny Favorite, Alex Carulo, Sean Desiree (Events), Cathy Hsiao, Teri Duerr (Copy Editors) Hannah Cristina, Linnea Lamon, Lindsay Birk, Stephanie Monohan, Katie Dvorsky, Jami Forshee (Interns)

References

External links
Official website

Drumming
Magazines established in 2009
Magazines published in New York City
Music magazines published in the United States
Quarterly magazines published in the United States

Tom Tom Magazine


The Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin is the state seal of the U.S. state of Wisconsin.

Description
The seal has the words "Great Seal of the State of Wisconsin" at its top. At the bottom, it has a cornucopia alongside bars of lead, above 13 stars, one for each of the original 13 states. Also at the top is Forward, the state motto, and a badger. There are a sailor and a miner to represent mining and shipping, which were major industries when Wisconsin was established. On the four corners of the shield are a plough, a pick and shovel, an arm and hammer, and an anchor. In the center of the shield is the United States shield with the motto E Pluribus Unum.

The state flag features the state seal on a blue background.

Wisconsin
Wisconsin

Seal of Wisconsin


Non-interventionism or non-intervention is a foreign policy that holds a country should avoid all wars unless it is defending itself from attack. It promotes neutrality and discourages alliances with other nations, but still encourages diplomacy.

The original, more formal definition is that non-interventionism is a policy of not interfering in the affairs of another country without its permission.

Related pages
 Non-Aligned Movement
 Peace of Westphalia

References

International relations

Non-interventionism


Nature photography is photography of natural things such as landscapes, wildlife, and plants. It can include close-ups of natural scenes and textures. Nature photography tends to put a stronger emphasis on making the photo look good than other forms of photography like photojournalism and documentary photography. Nature photographs are published in scientific, travel and cultural magazines.

Photography

Nature photography


Monica Huggett (born 16 May 1953 in London, England) is a British conductor and leading baroque violinist.

Biography
At the age of 16, Huggett started studying at the Royal Academy of Music, London, with Manoug Parikian and Kato Havas, baroque violin with Sigiswald Kuijken.

Huggett co-founded and served as leader of the Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra under Ton Koopman from 1980 to 1987. She was made a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music in 1994, and serves as professor of baroque violin at the Hochschule für Künste Bremen, Germany. She won Gramophone Awards for her recordings of Bach's Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin (1997) and Biber's violin sonatas (2002).

Huggett was Artistic Director of the Portland Baroque Orchestra from 1995 until 2021. She has also served as the director of The Hanover Band and guest director of the Arion Baroque Orchestra, Montreal; Tafelmusik, Toronto; Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment; Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra; Philharmonia Baroque, San Francisco; Norwegian Chamber Orchestra; and Concerto Copenhagen. Huggett also worked with Christopher Hogwood at the Academy of Ancient Music; with Trevor Pinnock and the English Concert; and toured the US in concert with James Galway.

Huggett continues as Artistic Director of the Irish Baroque Orchestra and is guest director of the Seville Baroque Orchestra. She also founded the baroque Ensemble Sonnerie and Hausmusik London as a chamber ensemble which concentrates on romantic music.

Huggett's expertise in the musical and social history of the baroque era, coupled with her unique interpretation of baroque music, has made her a much sought-after resource for students of the baroque violin. She has given master classes in Banff, Dartington, Vicenza, Dublin, The Hague, Medellin and The Royal College of Music.

In 2008 she was appointed director of the new graduate program in historical performance at The Juilliard School in New York City.

Reviews

Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber: Violin Sonatas, Nisi Dominus, Passacaglia (Sonnerie / Huggett with Thomas Guthrie)

"This is a disc that merits the attention of anybody who appreciates the highest flights of violin playing, from whatever period"
The Daily Telegraph, August 2001

ASV Gramophone Award Winner 2002 (Baroque Instrumental)

5* BBC Music Magazine, October 2001

"9" rating in Repertoire Magazine (France)

BBC Music Magazine Critics' Choice - December 2001

Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber: Mystery Sonatas (vol. 1)

"With the tonal sweetness of Huggett's three violins resonating pleasingly through the many double- and multiple-stoppings and her bowing demonstrating a delicious lightness and freedom, she admirably displays her eloquent command of Biber's sublime and richly symbolic language. Huggett's [approach] is ravishing in its sonorities, her supporting cast adding significantly to the exotic sounds of the various scordaturas and the overall effect of her intelligent, stylish and expressive playing."
The Strad Magazine, November 2004

Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber: Mystery Sonatas (vol. 2)

"Huggett's playing - on three violins - shines with ease and expression"
The Times

"Huggett's imaginative approach and lively response to detail are among the most rewarding aspects of her version of these emotionally rewarding pieces."
5* BBC Music Magazine, December 2004

"Of all the recordings now available of Biber...this [is] by far and away the most spectacular, exuberant, colourful and downright ravishing of them all. Huggett positively revels in the virtuosity of Biber's original...Huggett's beautifully crafted performance of the complex and, at times, profoundly moving solo Passacaglia rounds off what is a matchless recording from every perspective."
International Record Review, Nov 2004

Johann Sebastian Bach: Violin Concertos BWV 1041, 1042, 1052 & 1056 (Monica Huggett, Sonnerie)

"No matter how many versions of the Bach violin concertos you already own, this one is a must."
International Record Review

Recordings
Vivaldi: (The four seasons inside).
Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione Op.8. Virgin Classics.
La cetra Op.9. Virgin Classics.

References

External links
 Official homepage
 MONICA HUGGETT IN CONVERSATION WITH GEOFFREY NEWMAN (oct. 2016)
 Biographie on Bach-cantatas.com

1953 births
Living people
Musicians from London
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Music
British women conductors (music)
English classical violinists
English conductors (music)
British performers of early music
Women performers of early music
Juilliard School faculty
Baroque-violin players
Concertmasters
Virgin Classics artists
British women violinists
Women classical violinists
21st-century British conductors (music)
British women educators
British women music educators
21st-century English women musicians
21st-century classical violinists

Monica Huggett


For use of the ditch as obstacles for horses, see ditch (obstacle)

A ditch is created to channel water and can be described as a small or moderate depression. A ditch can be used for drainage, to drain water from low-lying areas, alongside roadways or fields, or to channel water from a more distant source for plant irrigation. A trench can be defined as a long narrow ditch.

Ditches are commonly seen around farmland, especially in areas that have required drainage, such as The Fens in the UK and the pro-water management The Netherlands.

Roadside ditches can provide a hazard to motorists, especially in poor weather conditions.

Fortification

In military engineering and fortification, a distinction is made between a ditch and a trench. A ditch is a barrier, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is a cover, intended to provide protection to the defenders. In Medieval fortification, a ditch was often constructed in front of a defensive wall. When filled with water, such a defensive ditch is called a moat. Today ditches are of no importance as an obstacle for persons, but are still often used as anti-vehicle obstacles.

Landforms
War

Ditch


John Wesley Baldwin  (July 13, 1929 – February 8, 2015) was an American historian. He was Charles Homer Haskins professor of history at the Johns Hopkins University.

Life and career
Born in Chicago, he received his Hopkins Ph.D. in 1956 and joined the faculty in 1961. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. Author of nine books, he was elected to numerous academies including the American Philosophical Society, the Medieval Academy, the British Academy, the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, and the Académie des inscriptions et belles lettres. In 2007 Northwestern University conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Humane Letters.  He was decorated by the French Government with the Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

For an autobiographical sketch see "A Medievalist and Francophile Despite Himself," in Why France? American Historians Reflect on an Enduring Fascination, edited by Laura Lee Downs and Stéphane Gerson (Cornell University Press, 2007), French translation in Pourquoi la France? (Seul, 2007).

Books
 Medieval Theories of the Just Price. Romanists, Canonists and Theologians in the twelfth and thirteen centuries (Philadelphia: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1959)
 Masters, Princes, and Merchants; the Social Views of Peter the Chanter & his Circle (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1970), 2 vol.
 The Scholastic Culture of the Middle Ages, 1000-1300 (Lexington: Heath, 1971)
 Universities in Politics; Case Studies from the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern period. Edited with Richard A. Goldthwaite (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1972)
 The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages (Berkeley: University of California, 1986, French translation (Paris, Fayard, 1991).
 Les registres de Philippe Auguste (Paris :Imprimerie nationale, 1992)
 The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200 (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1996), French translation (Paris, Fayard, 1997)
 Aristocratic Life in Medieval France: The Romances of Jean Renart and Gerbert de Montreuil, 1190–1230. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2000)
 Paris, 1200 (Paris: Flammarion, 2006), American edition (Stanford University Press, 2010)

References

External links
 Paris, 1200
  p. 15 on the death of his daughter Birgit

1929 births
American medievalists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2015 deaths
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America

Members of the American Philosophical Society

John W. Baldwin


The Portrait of Bia de' Medici is an oil-tempera on wood painting by Agnolo Bronzino, dating to around 1542 and now in the Uffizi in Florence. For a long time it was displayed in the Tribuna at the heart of the museum, but since 2012 it has been moved to the "sale rosse" of the Nuovi Uffizi. A second portrait, by Pontormo, has also been argued to show Bia de' Medici, but this identification is disputed.

Description
After her death, many art historians believe her father commissioned a posthumous painting of her by Agnolo Bronzino, which art historians regard as one of his finest works. The work is 64 cm by 48 cm and was painted in tempera on wood. In the famous painting, which is on display in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence, Bia wears a medallion with her father's profile on it, emphasizing her bond with her father.

Bronzino shows the child half-length and sitting on a chair, similar to the pose in his Portrait of Lucrezia Panciatichi – a rigid official pose offset by some hints of hand movement, as if the character was about to get up, along with an intense but emotionless gaze straight at the viewer. The face is lit and highlighted by the blue background, whilst the cold light and absence of any strong chiaroscuro effect accentuates the smoothness of the subject's complexion and idealises her features. Her complexion is a pale white because Bronzino painted the portrait using her death mask as a model.

Bia has her hair parted in the middle of her forehead and a falling bob, with two carefully tied braids framing the face. She wears pearl earrings, a gold chain with a pendant or medallion with her father's profile on it, emphasizing her bond with her father. She also wears a sumptuous dress, made of blue satin with puffy sleeves, produced in the silk factories Cosimo was setting up in Florence at the time. With her right hand she is fiddling with the end or tassel of a golden chain or belt around her waist.

It was not an official state portrait, but would have hung in the family's private rooms as a reminder to them of the dead child and an inspiration and guide on the path to salvation. As art historian Gabrielle Langdon argues, Bronzino painted the child with a halo effect, in "light-emitting white satin and pearls" as a metaphor for both her name "Bianca," which means "white" and her childish innocence. "Like (Petrarch's) 'Laura,' the posthumous Bia is a riveting emanation from Heaven who bestows purifying grace on the beholder," Langdon wrote in the 2004 collection The Cultural World of Eleanora Di Toledo.

Identification

Maike Vogt-Lüerssen argues that the famous painting actually depicts Bia's younger, legitimate half sister, Maria de' Medici. Vogt-Lüerssen noted in an article in Medicea – Rivista interdisciplinare di studi medicei that the subject of the portrait was identified as Maria until the 1950s and the pearls depicted in the portrait were a common symbol of the Medicis, often worn by legitimate female members of the house.  Vogt-Lüerssen believes that the child depicted in a famous portrait by Pontormo with Maria Salviati is actually Bia, her eldest granddaughter, because group portraits in that era depicted family members with close blood relationships and Salviati's two younger granddaughters, Maria and Isabella, were too young at Salviati's death to be the 5- or 6-year-old girl in the portrait.

Influence
Regardless of which Medici daughter it depicts, the painting has continued to inspire modern artists. American sculptor Joseph Cornell's 1948 sculpture Medici Princess incorporates Bronzino's portrait of the girl. The sculpture, one of a series depicting members of the Medici family, shows an enameled reproduction of Bronzino's portrait in a dark wooden box, behind a blurred, deep blue glass pane. On either side of the main portrait are smaller vignette reproductions of the same portrait, behind glass as well. Below the girl's image, in a pull-out drawer, are a feather and a floor plan of the palace in Florence that was once her home. The sculpture, which is owned by a private collector, was on display during a recent retrospective of Cornell's work originating with the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

Bia de' Medici
Bianca de' Medici, usually known as Bia de' Medici, ( – 1 March 1542) was the illegitimate daughter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, born before his first marriage.

The identity of Bia's mother is not known, but Cosimo I was likely no older than sixteen when he fathered her. According to Edgcumbe Staley's The Tragedies of the Medici, some stories  said the girl's mother was a village girl from Trebbio, where the Medicis had built one of their first villas, while others said she was a gentlewoman from Florence. Only Cosimo I and the girl's paternal grandmother, Maria Salviati, knew the identity of the girl's mother, but Salviati refused to reveal it, though she did acknowledge Bia was the daughter of Cosimo.

Staley wrote that the little girl was called La Bia, short for Bambina (little girl or baby). The name might also have been short for Bianca. Staley wrote that her father's new wife, Eleonora di Toledo, refused to tolerate her presence in the palace after their marriage, so Cosimo sent her off to the Villa di Castello, her paternal grandmother's chief residence north of Florence. However, other more reliable reports indicate that her stepmother "brought her up very lovingly." Her paternal grandmother supervised the nurseries for all of the children of Cosimo I. All of them, not only Cosimo's illegitimate daughter, spent most of their time at the Villa di Castello and were raised by nurses, with minimal day-to-day contact with their parents, though both Cosimo and Eleonora heard reports of their progress and offered directions for their education, their living arrangements, and the clothing they wore. Bia shared her nursery with Giulia de' Medici, the illegitimate daughter of Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, who was close to her in age. She grew into a high-spirited, loving little girl who kept her grandmother and nurses entertained with her antics. Bia's father adored his first-born child, and her paternal grandmother, Maria Salviati, said the little girl "was the comfort of our court, being so very affectionate."

Both Bia and her cousin Giulia contracted a fast-moving fever in February 1542, from which Giulia recovered but Bia did not. Cosimo I received almost daily reports of Bia's worsening condition from his mother, Maria Salviati. The child grew weaker between 25 February and 28 February and finally died on 1 March 1542. She was buried in the Medici family crypt in San Lorenzo.

When her legitimate half-sister Isabella de' Medici was born six months after her death, her father rejoiced to have another daughter. Contemporaries who might normally have consoled him on his wife's failure to present him with a second son instead congratulated him on her birth, knowing how he had grieved for the loss of Bia. "(I) congratulate you on the beautiful baby girl God has conceded to you in recompense for the one he has taken to join him in paradise," wrote Paolo Giovio after the birth of Isabella. A comparison of portraits of Bia and Isabella reveal that, had she lived past early childhood, Bia likely would have closely resembled her half-sister Isabella, who shared her reddish-blonde hair, brown eyes, and dainty features.

Pontormo painting

In a portrait by Pontormo, the child's identification, according to the Walters Art Museum and scholarship sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities is likely to be Giulia de' Medici. However, Maike Vogt-Lüerssen argues in an article in Medicea – Rivista interdisciplinare di studi medicei that the child in the portrait with Maria Salviati is actually Salviati's granddaughter Bia de' Medici. She believes that the child does not resemble the known portrait of an adult Giulia de' Medici and that the relationship between Maria Salviati and Giulia was not close enough to have warranted a portrait. Most group portraits were of family members with close blood ties.

Some art historians once identified the child as a young Cosimo I de' Medici, but it is now generally accepted to be Giulia. The child in the portrait appears to be a little girl, rather than a boy, and her expression is anxious. Maria Salviati, who is dressed soberly as befitted a widow, is seen sheltering the vulnerable child against her side. Art historian Gabrielle Langdon argues that the girl's demeanor in the portrait is different than would have been expected for the child Cosimo, whose family anticipated his role as a strong leader from his earliest days. It would have been to Cosimo I's advantage to commission a portrait depicting his mother as an exemplary widow, affectionately bringing up the orphaned daughter of Cosimo I's predecessor. The child's full lips, round nose, and curly reddish hair also bear little resemblance to known portraits of Cosimo as a child, though they do to portraits of the young Alessandro. Other girls of about the right age who were at court during this period also do not resemble the child in the portrait. The portrait might be one of the first in Renaissance-era Europe of a girl of presumed African and European ancestry. This painting is in the permanent collection of The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland.

The portrait has also been identified with other women, such as Isabella or Maria.

References

Bibliography
AA.VV., Galleria degli Uffizi, collana I Grandi Musei del Mondo, Roma 2003.
Langdon, Gabrielle (2006). Medici Women: Portraits of Power, Love, and Betrayal. University of Toronto Press.
Eisenbichler, Konrad (2004). The Cultural World of Eleanora Di Toledo. Ashgate Publishing, Inc.
Murphy, Caroline P. (2008). Murder of a Medici Princess. USA: Oxford University Press.
Staley, Edgcumbe. The Tragedies of the Medici.
Vogt-Lüerssen, Maike. The True Faces of the Daughters and Sons of Cosimo I de' Medici
Schultes, Lothar (2017). Der Tod und das Mädchen – Bia oder Maria de' Medici? In: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für vergleichende Kunstforschung in Wien, 69, Nr. 1/2, Febr. 2017, 1–6.

External links
 Catalogue page

Medici, Bia
Medici, Bia
1542 paintings
Medici, Bia
Medici, Bia
Medici, Bia
Paintings by Bronzino in the Uffizi
Paintings of children

Portrait of Bia de' Medici


Year 1132 (MCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 June – A fire breaks out in the Song Dynasty Chinese capital of Hangzhou. It destroyed 13,000 homes and forced many to flee to nearby hills. Due to large fires such as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed to the poor, and the government temporarily suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.
 July 24 – Battle of Nocera: Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily.
 Dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped. He becomes king of the province of Leinster.
 St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church.
 Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales.
 Barnwell Castle is erected in Northamptonshire, England.
 The Japanese era 長承 (Choushou) begins.
 Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq.
 Champa again invades Vietnam.
 Under the Song Dynasty, China's first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai.
 Abd al-Mu'min becomes Almohad caliph in North Africa.

Births
 Joachim of Fiore, Italian mystic and abbot (d. 1201)
 Rhys ap Gruffydd, ruler of Deheubarth (d. 1197)

Deaths
 April 14 – Prince Mstislav of Kiev (b. 1076)
 Hugh of Grenoble, French saint (b. 1052)

References

1132


Charles Dietrich Eberhard Konig or Karl Dietrich Eberhard König, KH (1774 – 6 September 1851) was a German naturalist.

He was born in Brunswick and educated at Göttingen. He came to England at the end of 1800 to organize the collections of Queen Charlotte.  On the completion of this work he became assistant to Dryander, librarian to Joseph Banks. In 1807, he succeeded George Shaw as assistant keeper of the department of natural history in the British Museum. On the death of his superior in 1813, he took his place as keeper.

He later became keeper of geology and mineralogy, and turned his attention to minerals and fossils, arranging the recently acquired collection of Mr. Greville. He retained the post until his sudden death in London in 1851.

Konig anglicized his name upon his appointment as assistant keeper in 1807.  In 1837, following a House of Commons Select committee report on the British Museum, the Department of Natural History was divided into three branches, with Konig being put in charge of the Mineralogical and Geological branch.

Besides writing various papers for journals, Konig was associated with John Sims in the issue of Annals of Botany from 1805 to 1807. He described many fossils in the British Museum in a classic work entitled Icones fossilium sectiles (1820–1825).

References

1774 births
1851 deaths
Scientists from Braunschweig
People from Brunswick-Lüneburg
Fellows of the Royal Society
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
German naturalists
19th-century German geologists
Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Employees of the British Museum
University of Göttingen alumni
German emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain

Charles Konig


The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Dragonborn is the third and final add-on for the action role-playing open world video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim. It was developed by Bethesda Game Studios and released by Bethesda Softworks on the Xbox Live Marketplace on December 4, 2012. The Microsoft Windows version was released on February 5, 2013, and the PlayStation 3 version was released on February 12, 2013.

Dragonborn involves the player character (the current Dragonborn) coming into contact with the first Dragonborn, Miraak. The game takes place on the island of Solstheim, previously featured in the Bloodmoon expansion for The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind.

Gameplay

Dragonborn follows the same gameplay style as Skyrim, with the player free to explore the island of Solstheim at will, pursuing quests at their leisure. New armors, weapons, locations, and enemies have been introduced. A new feature in Dragonborn is the ability to tame and ride dragons. The player can use a dragon to target and attack enemies, but does not have complete control of the flight. New dragon shouts have also been introduced.

Setting
The expansion is set on the island of Solstheim, located off the north coast of Morrowind. Solstheim was a territory belonging to Skyrim until the High King gave the island to Morrowind to serve as a refuge for the Dunmer fleeing Morrowind after the eruption of the Red Mountain volcano. Geographically, half of Solstheim is similar to northern Skyrim, covered in icy glaciers and snow. The other half is barren, and covered in ash following the Red Mountain disaster. The island's settlements and buildings also reflect the differing cultures, with the Nordic half of the land featuring architecture similar to Skyrim's. The rest of the island follows a Dunmeri (Dark Elves) architectural style, even containing a giant mushroom transformed into a house. The island's main settlement, Raven Rock, is governed by House Redoran, one of five Great Houses who rule over Morrowind, and protected by their personal hold guards, the Redoran Guard.

Plot
Dragonborn'''s main quest line is initiated following an attack on the player, the Last Dragonborn, by cultists worshipping someone named Miraak, who is also referred to as First Dragonborn. The player defeats the cultists and, upon investigating them, discovers a set of orders revealing their origins: the island of Solstheim. The player then journeys to Solstheim to confront Miraak and his followers by chartering a ship, the Northern Maiden, out of Windhelm to take them to Raven Rock.

After arriving on the island, the player begins interrogating the citizens of Solstheim about Miraak. It immediately becomes apparent that a majority of Solstheim's population has been unconsciously enslaved by Miraak and forced to work on several runic monoliths called "All-Maker Stones", scattered across the island. Among the unaffected observers is a Telvanni wizard, Neloth, who directs the player to the Temple of Miraak. The player reaches the Temple and encounters a Nord named Frea, who is immune to Miraak's control, attempting in vain to break his spell over her people, the Skaal. She accompanies the player into the Temple. Inside, the player discovers a "Black Book", and after reading it, is unwittingly transported into a realm of Oblivion called Apocrypha, where they witness Miraak planning his invasion of Tamriel. Miraak discovers their presence, incapacitates them, and dismisses the player as inferior before having a pair of Seekers, guardians of Apocrypha, return them to Solstheim.

Upon their return, the player visits Skaal Village and, advised by the Skaal shaman Storn, performs a special dragon shout on an All-Maker Stone, purifying the monolith and freeing the Skaal and the other denizens of the island from Miraak's control, while also having to contend with Lurkers, the other guardians of Apocrypha, sent by Miraak to reclaim the All-Maker Stones. Storn then sends the player to Neloth, who reveals that the Black Books are relics belonging to Hermaeus Mora, the Daedric Prince of Fate, Knowledge, and Memory, who is otherwise known as the "keeper of forbidden knowledge", and the source of Miraak's power.

Neloth accompanies the player to the Dwemer ruin of Nchardak to retrieve another Black Book sealed inside a complex container. They release the mechanism and learn of a shout called "Bend Will", which is believed to be instrumental in defeating Miraak. Through the Black Books, the player journeys into Apocrypha again, and personally encounters Hermaeus Mora. Mora explains that if the player wishes to defeat Miraak, he must gain the same knowledge that Miraak possesses. He agrees to impart such knowledge in exchange for the secrets of the Skaal, one of the few remaining pieces of knowledge kept from the Daedric prince to place in his vast library in Apocrypha. After encountering and killing the dragon Krosulhah outside Nchardak, sent by Miraak to eliminate the player, they return to Skaal Village and persuade Storn to surrender the tribe's secrets. If the Water, Earth, Wind, and Beast stones have been freed from Miraak's control, Storn will agree. Despite Frea's protests, Storn communicates directly with Mora, who then proceeds to sap him of his knowledge, killing him in the process in front of the entire village. The player then learns the final word of "Bend Will", enabling them to defeat Miraak.

The player returns to Apocrypha and uses "Bend Will" to subdue Miraak's dragon, Sahrotaar, allowing them to mount him in flight. Sahrotaar flies the player to Miraak's tower, the Summit of Apocrypha. There, the player and Miraak battle, with Miraak sacrificing Sahrotaar and his other two dragons, Relonikiv and Kruziikrel, to replenish his strength until Hermaeus Mora intervenes, fatally impaling Miraak while expressing anger at his rebellion and betrayal of Mora's trust with the knowledge he was granted by the Daedric Prince. Mora transfers Miraak's soul and power to the player, who is then transported back to Solstheim. The Summit of Apocrypha becomes a place where the player can exchange dragon souls for recovering perk points to place on other skills, customizing their skills to their liking for other quests both in Solstheim and back in Skyrim.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack associated with Dragonborn includes music previously used in The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, as well as several new tracks composed by Jeremy Soule, who composed the soundtrack for several other games in The Elder Scrolls series.

ReleaseDragonborn was originally announced via a trailer on November 5, 2012. Dragonborn was released on the Xbox Live Marketplace on December 4, 2012. The  Microsoft Windows version was released on February 5, 2013. The PlayStation 3 version was released on February 12, 2013 in North America, and February 13, 2013 in Europe.

ReceptionDragonborn has received mainly positive critical reception. GamesRadar applauded the number of side quests, and the new weapons and dragon shouts, but dismissed the dragon riding feature as "gimmicky". Eurogamer gave the content 9 out of 10, praising the quests, new enemies and new location. Joystiq applauded the amount of content in Dragonborn'', including the new settings and enemies, but felt that the narrative was too familiar.

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