William Thomas "Champion Jack" Dupree (July 23, 1909 or July 4, 1910 – January 21, 1992) was an American blues and boogie-woogie pianist and singer. His nickname was derived from his early career as a boxer.

Biography
Dupree was a New Orleans blues and boogie-woogie pianist, a barrelhouse "professor". His father was from the Belgian Congo and his mother was part African American and Cherokee. His birth date has been given as July 4, July 10, and July 23, 1908, 1909, or 1910; the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc give July 4, 1910.

He was orphaned at the age of eight and sent to the Colored Waifs Home in New Orleans, an institution for orphaned or delinquent boys (about six years previously, Louis Armstrong had also been sent to the Home, after being arrested as a "dangerous and suspicious character"). Dupree taught himself to play the piano there and later apprenticed with Tuts Washington and Willie Hall, whom he called his father and from whom he learned "Junker's Blues". He was also a "spy boy" for the Yellow Pocahontas tribe of the Mardi Gras Indians. He soon began playing in barrelhouses and other drinking establishments.

He began a life of travelling, living in Chicago, where he worked with Georgia Tom, and in Indianapolis, Indiana, where he met Scrapper Blackwell and Leroy Carr. He also worked as a cook. In Detroit, after Joe Louis encouraged him to become a boxer, he fought 107 bouts, winning Golden Gloves and other championships and picking up the nickname Champion Jack, which he used the rest of his life.

He returned to Chicago at the age of 30 and joined a circle of recording artists, including Big Bill Broonzy and Tampa Red, who introduced him to the record producer Lester Melrose. Many of Dupree's songs were later credited to Melrose as composer, and Melrose claimed publishing rights to them.

Dupree's career was interrupted by military service in World War II. He was a cook in the United States Navy and was held by the Japanese for two years as a prisoner of war. Following Franklin D. Roosevelt's death in office, Dupree composed the "F.D.R. Blues".

After the war, his biggest commercial success was "Walkin' the Blues", which he recorded as a duet with Teddy McRae. This led to several national tours and eventually a European tour. In 1959, he played an unofficial (and unpaid) duo gig with Alexis Korner at the London School of Economics.

Dupree moved to Europe in 1960, settling first in Switzerland and then Denmark, England, Sweden and, finally, Germany. In Switzerland he met local guitarist Chris Lange at the Africana Club in Zurich. Lange became Dupree's regular guitarist, and played a lot with him on several albums for the 'Folkways' and 'Storyville' labels and accompanied him also on his many other gigs in Europe between 1961 and 1965. On June 17, 1971, he played at the Montreux Jazz Festival, in the Casino Kursaal, with King Curtis, backed by Cornell Dupree on guitar, Jerry Jemmott on bass and Oliver Jackson on drums. The recording of the concert was released in 1973 as the album King Curtis & Champion Jack Dupree: Blues at Montreux on the Atlantic label.

In the mid-1970s Dupree lived at Ovenden in Halifax, England, after marrying a local woman, Shirley Ann Harrison, whom he had met in London. A piano he used was later discovered at Calderdale College in Halifax.

In 1976 he divorced Shirley and moved to Copenhagen, where he lived in the anarchist-occupied Freetown Christiania, where he met guitarist Kenn Lending. Dupree and Lending would form a partnership that lasted until Dupree's death in 1992. This period of his life was the subject of the 1975 film Barrelhouse Blues - Feelings and Situations by the artists Laurie Grundt and Eva Acking which includes several filmed performances, including one where Dupree plays drum set. Dupree later moved to Hanover, Germany. He continued to record in Europe with Kenn Lending, Louisiana Red and Axel Zwingenberger and made many live appearances. He also worked again as a cook, specializing in New Orleans cuisine. In 1990 Dupree returned to the United States to perform at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. The event was marked with the recording of the album Back Home in New Orleans. He died of cancer on January 21, 1992, in Hanover.

Musical style and output
Dupree's playing was almost all straight blues and boogie-woogie. He was not a sophisticated musician or singer, but he had a wry and clever way with words: "Mama, move your false teeth, papa wanna scratch your gums." He sometimes sang as if he had a cleft palate and even recorded under the name Harelip Jack Dupree. This was an artistic conceit, as he had clear articulation, particularly for a blues singer. He would occasionally indulge in a vocalese style of sung word play (similar to Slim Gaillard's "Vout"), as in his "Mr. Dupree Blues", included on the album The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions.

Many of his songs were about jail, drinking and drug addiction, although he himself was a light drinker and did not use other drugs. His "Junker's Blues" was transmuted by Fats Domino into "The Fat Man", Domino's first hit record. Some of Dupree's songs had gloomy topics, such as "TB Blues" and "Angola Blues" (about Louisiana State Penitentiary, the infamous Louisiana prison farm), but he also sang about cheerful subjects, as in "Dupree Shake Dance": "Come on, mama, on your hands and knees, do that shake dance as you please". He was a noted raconteur and transformed many of his stories into songs, such as "Big Leg Emma's", a rhymed tale of a police raid on a barrelhouse.

The lyrics of Jerry Lee Lewis's version of "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"—"You can shake it one time for me!"—echo Dupree's song "Shake Baby Shake".

On his best-known album, Blues from the Gutter, released by Atlantic Records in 1958, he was accompanied on guitar by Larry Dale, whose playing on that record inspired Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones.

In later years Dupree recorded with John Mayall, Mick Taylor, Eric Clapton and The Band.

Although best known as a singer and pianist in the New Orleans style, Dupree occasionally pursued more musically adventurous projects, including Dupree 'N' McPhee: The 1967 Blue Horizon Session, a collaboration with the English guitarist Tony McPhee, recorded for Blue Horizon (record label).

Since his death, Dupree has undergone a revival of interest on the British vintage dance scene.  His recording of "Shakin' Mother for You" now features on the playlist of most DJ's on the UK Lindy Hop scene and it has become the de facto standard track for the 'Cardiff Stroll'.

Discography

Studio albums
Blues from the Gutter (Atlantic, 1958)
Champion Jack's Natural & Soulful Blues (Atlantic, 1959)
Champion of the Blues (Atlantic, 1961)
The Women Blues of Champion Jack Dupree (Folkways, 1961)
Trouble, Trouble (Storyville, 1962)
The Best of the Blues (Storyville, 1963)
Champion Jack Dupree Of New Orleans (Storyville, 1965)
From New Orleans to Chicago (Decca, 1966)
When You Feel the Feeling You Was Feeling (Blue Horizon, 1968) with Paul Kossoff, guitar; Duster Bennett, harmonica; Simon Kirke, drums
Scoobydoobydoo (Blue Horizon, 1969, UK), also released as Blues Masters, Vol. 10 (Blue Horizon, 1972)
The Heart of the Blues Is Sound (BYG, 1969)
The Incredible Champion Jack Dupree (Sonet, 1970), 12 tracks recorded in Copenhagen in 1960-63.
The Hamburg Session (Happy Bird, 1974)
Champion Jack Dupree "1977" (Isadora, 1977), also released as Hamhark & Limer Beans
Back Home in New Orleans (Bullseye Blues, 1990)
Forever and Ever (Bullseye Blues, 1991)
One Last Time (Bullseye Blues, 1993)

Live albums
Champion Jack Dupree (Festival, 1971)
Alive, "Live" and Well (Chrischaa, 1976)
The Blues Jubilee Album (Pinorrekk, 1984)
Live at Burnley (JSP, 1989)
Jivin' with Jack: Live in Manchester, May 1966 (Jasmine, 2002)
Bad Luck Blues: Live with Freeway 75 (Bad Luck Blues, 2003)

Collaborations
Champion Jack Dupree And His Blues Band featuring Mickey Baker (Decca, 1967)
Tricks, with Mickey Baker (Vogue, 1968), also released as Anthologie du Blues, Vol. 1 (Disques Vogue, 1968, France)
I'm Happy to Be Free, with Mickey Baker and Hal Singer (Vogue, 1971)
Blues at Montreux, with King Curtis (Atlantic, 1973)
Freedom, with the Monty Sunshine band (Pinorrekk, 1980)
Real Combination, with Henry Ojutkangas (Dig It, 1980)
I Had That Dream, with Kenn Lending (Pinorrekk, 1982)
Get You An Ol' Man, with Brenda Bell and Louisiana Red (Paris, 1984)
Rockin' The Boogie, with Kenn Lending (Blue Moon, 1988)
Sings Blues Classics, with Axel Zwingenberger (Vagabond, 1990)

References

External links

 Illustrated Champion Jack Dupree discography (lists 185 separate records, 1940–2010)
 Barrelhouse Blues: Feelings and Situations a 1975 film by Jack Dupree, Eva Acking and Laurie Grunt, Dansk Filmcentrum, at vimeo.com

1910 births
Year of birth uncertain
1992 deaths
American blues pianists
American male pianists
Boogie-woogie pianists
Chicago blues musicians
Blues musicians from New Orleans
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
American rhythm and blues musicians
American street performers
African-American pianists
King Records artists
Groove Records artists
Charly Records artists
Apollo Records artists
American prisoners of war in World War II
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians

Champion Jack Dupree


Christina Applegate (born November 25, 1971) is an American actress. She was born in Hollywood, California, the daughter of record producer Robert Applegate and singer-actress Nancy Priddy (born 1941). Many people know her from playing the role of Kelly Bundy in the television series Married... with Children between 1987 and 1997. She has appeared in the television series, Samantha Who?, and in the movie Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy.

In summer 2008, Applegate was diagnosed with breast cancer and a BRCA1 gene mutation, for which she had a double mastectomy. In 2021, she revealed that she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Hollywood
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
People with multiple sclerosis
Emmy Award winners

Christina Applegate


勞萊士表(Rolex)又是一只羅馬手錶,可能今天呒拨人看得懂表盤浪寫眼啥。照樣賣天價。

信息
勒香港,冒牌貨勞力士表賣500港幣,越南貨價格更平。

外部链接
 劳力士官方网站
 劳力士中文论坛

oysterinfo, a non-commercial website about Rolex history, models and other information e.g. serial numbers=year of manufacture, workshops.
Rolex Watch Index, a handy reference index of current Rolex watches, listing by calibre, case material, water resistance, diameter, thickness(height) and model number.
Rolex Reference Page, a website on Rolex, with articles, reviews, images, wallpapers and other information.
Rolex Information & Tidbits Comparisons between Rolex watches, Rolex price list and watch maintenance information.

名表

劳莱士表


A gristmill (usually flour mill in British English) grinds grain into flour. Grist can refer to both the grain that has been separated from its chaff and to the ground grain.

Most old ones are watermills.
They typically have a waterwheel and from 1 to 3 stones for grinding. Some have more. Water pours on to the wheel causing it to spin. This movement causes an axle inside to turn. The axle is connected to a gear which causes the grinding stones to spin. At the top, there is a chute filled with grain. The grain slowly falls through into the grinding stones.

There are different ways to transmit power from the waterwheel to the stones. The simplest method is known as a single-geared drive. Only one set of gears is used to drive a single stone. This arrangement was used since vertical waterwheels were used in gristmills. It was used until the 19th century.

Another method was known as spur-wheel drive. This method used a set of bevelled gears that would drive a horizontal 'spur-wheel', a large gearwheel that would then drive up to 3 or 4 millstones.

Another arrangement was known as a layshaft drive. The waterwheel would drive a horizontal 'layshaft' with gears mounted on it. Each gear would drive one set of stones.

Grains
Machines

Gristmill


Epsilon Aurigae, also called Maaz or Almaaz, is a yellow supergiant star forming part of the Auriga constellation.

It is orbited by a binary star which is surrounded by a thick dusk cloud. The dust cloud only creates infrared light.

The dust cloud was originally thought to be the largest star known, before it was later revealed to not be a star. The largest star was later found to be VY Canis Majoris, and  even later, WOH G64.

Another theory says that the dusk cloud could be a black hole, but this theory is no longer believed in.

Supergiants

Epsilon Aurigae


James W. Armsey (December 13, 1917 – November 2, 2008) was an American who served as an executive at the Ford Foundation where he oversaw the distribution of nearly a half billion dollars in grants. Through his efforts in the 1960s, the foundation denied grants to segregated universities, leading to the admission of the first black students at several major universities in the United States.

Early life
Armsey was born in Olney, Illinois on December 13, 1917 and attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in journalism in 1941. He served for five years in the United States Army during World War II as a public relations officer at various posts in the United States and in New Delhi in the India-Burma Theater, and left the Army with the rank of Major. After his military service, he returned to the University of Illinois was awarded a master's degree in political science in 1946.

Career
He was director of public relations at the Illinois Institute of Technology from 1947 to 1952 under the Institute's president Henry T. Heald, and was assistant to the Chancellor of New York University from 1952 to 1956 when Heald moved there. When Dr. Heald took a position with the Ford Foundation, Armsey followed him again.

Armsey was at the Ford Foundation until 1975, in a variety of positions, including as director of its programs in higher education, journalism and public broadcasting. The programs he oversaw distributed grants from the foundation totaling $497 million in foundation grants.

From 1960 to 1967, Armsey was the director of the higher education programs, which gave grants to colleges and universities with few strings attached, other than requirements than the schools raising matching funds from other sources. These grants, which gave $362 million to colleges and universities during this period, were some of the largest offered at the time. The grants included $220 million to 16 private universities, $125 million to a group of 68 liberal arts colleges and $13 million to 13 historically black colleges and universities.

In discussions with the Ford Foundation's President Henry T. Heald in 1962, Armsey urged that the colleges and universities that were recipients of the organization's grants should be required to admit black students. The foundation's board approved the proposal. the new policy was not announced publicly, and all notifications of the affected schools were done in private. As a result of these changes, several schools that had been effectively segregated admitted their first black undergraduate students, including Duke University, Emory University, Tulane University, Vanderbilt University and a number of major private colleges.

The Foundation initiated a program in 1968 with the goal of preparing minority students to become college instructors. Directed by Armsey, the program offered grants to Native American and Mexican-American students studying for doctoral degrees, and was later expanded to include black students. Grants offered through the program totaled $36 million.

Death
Armsey died at age 90 on November 2, 2008 at his home in Urbana, Illinois.

References

1917 births
2008 deaths
People from Olney, Illinois
People from Urbana, Illinois
United States Army officers
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Media alumni
Illinois Institute of Technology faculty
United States Army personnel of World War II
Military personnel from Illinois

James Armsey


Quartzite is a hard metamorphic rock. It is formed when sandstone is squeezed and heated under a chain of mountains.

Although pure quartzite is white, it usually occurs in shades of pink and red. This happens when it contains some iron oxide (Fe2O3). Other colours, such as yellow and orange, are due to other mineral impurities.

When sandstone is changed to quartzite, the individual quartz grains and cement material recrystallizes.  Most of the original texture of the sandstone is destroyed by the metamorphism. Minor amounts of cementing materials, iron oxide, silica, carbonate and clay, often move when this is happening. It causes streaks and lens shapes to form in the quartzite.

Notes

Metamorphic rocks
Sandstones

Quartzite


Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American socialite, media personality, model, singer, author, fashion designer, actress, businesswoman and DJ. Her great-grandfather founded the Hilton Hotels. She is an heiress (meaning she will receive part of the Hilton Hotel fortune which her family runs). Right now she lives in the city of Los Angeles, which is in the state of California. She used to have a little dog named Tinkerbell, who was a small type of Chihuahuha.

Hilton has been in the media for various reasons. She has become well known for the bad behaviour she sometimes shows in public. Another reason for her fame is that a home-made sex video (with her former boyfriend, Rick Salomon) leaked onto the Internet in 2003. Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie were the stars of the reality show The Simple Life for five seasons.

Early life and background
Paris Hilton was born in New York City. Paris is the oldest of four children. Her father is Richard and her mother is Kathy. She has a sister named Nicky who is three years younger than she is, and younger brothers, Conrad and Barron. Her grandfather is Barron Hilton and her great-grandfather was Conrad Hilton. Her step-great-grandmother was actress and socialite Zsa Zsa Gabor.

Paris Hilton lived in the Waldorf-Astoria area of Manhattan, which is part of New York City. She also lived in Beverly Hills, which is part of Los Angeles, and the Hamptons, which is on Long Island in New York. As a child she was good friends with Nicole Richie and Kim Kardashian. Her other childhood best friend is Nicky Hilton, her sister, who she spent a lot of time with and she still does. She went to her first year of high school at the Marywood-Palm Valley School in Rancho Mirage, California. Then she went to the Dwight School in New York for her second and third years of high school. She then had to move to the Canterbury Boarding School, in New Milford, Connecticut. Hilton played ice hockey there. She was forced to stop going to the school in the year 1999 because she did not follow the school rules.

Hilton has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Career

As a model
When Paris Hilton was a child she began modeling, most often at charity events. When she was 19, she joined with Donald Trump's modeling agency, T Management. Hilton has also worked with Ford Models in New York, Models 1 Agency in London, Nous Model Management in Los Angeles, and Premier Model Management in London. Her picture is in many advertisements, and some of them are Iceberg Vodka, GUESS, Tommy Hilfiger, Christian Dior, and Marciano. In 2001, people started looking at her as a socialite, and everyone called her "New York's leading 'It Girl'" (a girl who is good at knowing what clothes are stylish to wear and knows the latest gossip).

Actress film roles
Paris Hilton has appeared in a few movies. Her biggest role was in a scary movie called The House of Wax.  She also played small roles, called cameo roles, in the movies Zoolander, Wonderland, and The Cat In The Hat. She played supporting roles in Nine Lives, Raising Helen, and The Hillzu. She was the hottie in the 2008 movie The Hottie and the Naughty. More recently, Hilton plays Amber Sweet, the surgery- and painkiller-addicted daughter of a biotech magnate in the goth/rock musical Repo! The Genetic Opera. Hilton is most famous in her movie career for a sex tape she filmed with then-boyfriend Rick Salomon. The tape was soon leaked onto the internet and became very famous. It features Hilton performing oral sex on Solomon and copulating with him and features some night-vision camera.

Reality television
Paris Hilton is known for television shows the Simple Life and The Simple Life 2. She did the show with her friend Nicole Richie. It was broadcasted on FOX TV until 2004 and was then picked up by E! Network for two more seasons before cancellation in 2006. Hilton mclaren p1 has also played guest roles, in episodes of The O.C., The George Lopez Show, Las Vegas, American Dreams, Dogg After Dark, and Veronica Mars. Also, she was in a few music videos, for example "It Girl" by John Oates and "Just Lose It" by clawfinger zeroes and heroes . In April 2008, she guest starred on the My Name is Earl episode "I Won't Die with a Little Help from My Friends". Another famous show she is on right now is Paris Hilton's My New BFF. On this show girls try to become Paris's new best friend.

Singer
Paris released her debut studio album which is called Paris. They include the songs Screwed, and Stars are Blind, which was a hit in 17 different countries.

Author
In early 2004, Paris Hilton began selling a book about herself, Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose, which was mostly written by Merle Ginsberg. The book has hundreds of photographs of her and contains her advice on life as an heiress. Hilton reportedly received a $100,000 advance payment for this book.  The book was made fun of by Robert Mundell on The Late Show with David Letterman. The book became a New York Times bestseller. Hilton then made a designer diary, also mostly made by Merle Ginsberg, called Your Heiress Diary: Confess It All to Me.

References

1981 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American socialites
American television actors
American television producers
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American dance musicians
American hip hop singers
American reggae musicians
American blue-eyed soul singers
American DJs
American fashion designers
Participants in American reality television series
Singers from New York City

Paris Hilton


Charles Boone (born Cleveland, on June 21, 1939) is an American composer of contemporary classical music, living in San Francisco.

Biography
Charles Boone studied at the Akademie für Musik und darstellende Kunst in Vienna, the University of Southern California, and San Francisco State College. Karl Schiske, Adolph Weiss, and Ernst Krenek were among his teachers. He has been awarded three National Endowment for the Arts Commissions as well as a two-year Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) artist-in-residency in Berlin. His works have been performed by the San Francisco Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic, as well as the Berlin, Avignon, and Ojai Festivals. Performers have included Seiji Ozawa, Edo de Waart, Michael Tilson Thomas, Phyllis Bryn-Julson, Jan Williams, Bertram Turetzky, and Karl Kohn. An archive of the composer's scores, manuscripts, recordings, letters, and other documents is being gathered at the Jean Gray Hargrove Music Library, University of California, Berkeley.

Boone has encountered a number of young people, through teaching and otherwise, who have been meaningful to him. They include Jon Beacham, Dicky Bahto, Claire Jackel, Prumsodun Ok, Rebecca Milsop, Sanghee Park, Jhinryung Oh, Taeko Horigome, Michael Dodge, Masako Tanaka, Ben Wood,  Kai-Ting Chuang, Daniel Shin, Peter Varga, and many others.

Selected works
A Cool Glow of Radiation for flute and electronic sounds (1966)
Matrix II: The Edge of the Land for orchestra (1968)
First Landscape for orchestra (1971)
Vocalise for solo soprano (1972)
Second Landscape for fifteen players (1973), orchestra version (1980)
Raspberries for three percussionists (1974)
Linea Meridiana for nine players (1975)
San Zeno/Verona for thirteen players (1976)
String Piece for twelve strings (1978)
Little Flute Pieces for solo flute (1979)
Streaming for solo flute (1979)
The Watts Towers for solo percussionist (1981)
Weft for six percussionists (1982)
Trace for solo flute and ten accompanying players (1983)
Solar One for flute and trumpet (1985)
Lightfall, Twenty-Seven Lines, & Last Gleaming for solo percussionist (1989)
Usuyuki for seven players and electronic sounds (1994)
Ellipse for cello and electronic sounds (1999)
Seasons for alto flute and electronic sounds (2004)
Elementary Particles for two violins (2010-2012)
Diverse Texts for soprano and violin (2011)
There Are Blossoms for solo violin (2014)
In die Regionen der Eisgebirge for two guitars (2016)
Things Reverberate All Around for flute quartet (2016)

External links
 The Quickening Pollen with Lowell High School Orchestra
 San Francisco Chronicle Article, The Quickening Pollen
 1972 interview with Charles Boone by Charles Amirkhanian, includes performances of five of Boone's compositions
 Salabert catalogue

1939 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
Living people
Musicians from Cleveland
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

Charles Boone (composer)


ad:tech is an international series of digital advertising and technology conferences and exhibitions for the interactive marketing profession. ad:tech hosts events in New York, San Francisco, London, New Delhi, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Melbourne and Tokyo. The events are produced by ad:tech Expositions, LLC, which is owned and operated by DMG Events, part of Daily Mail and General Trust.

Conference panels and educational sessions address a range of relevant  subjects: online advertising strategy, performance-based marketing, emerging advertising platforms, integrated marketing, social media, search, mobile, analytics and brand marketing. Shows have a combination of high-profile keynote speakers, topic-driven panels. and workshops.

Awards
Since 1997, the events has Gemini for outstanding technical Achievement Awards, honoring  industry leaders; the awardees are chosen  by an CTV.

Since April 2011, the events also include Innovation Awards,  honoring startup companies with relevant services and technologies. An advisory board selects    companies to present at the events and determines the  winners.

References

External links
Official Website

Affiliate marketing
Daily Mail and General Trust
Internet marketing trade shows

Ad:tech


The KYK-13 Electronic Transfer Device is a common fill device designed by the United States National Security Agency for the transfer and loading of cryptographic keys with their corresponding check word. The KYK-13 is battery powered and uses the DS-102 protocol for key transfer. Its National Stock Number is 5810-01-026-9618.

Even though the KYK-13 was first introduced in 1976 and was supposed to have been made obsolete by the AN/CYZ-10 Data Transfer Device, it is still widely used because of its simplicity and reliability. A simpler device than the CYZ-10, the KIK-30 "Really Simple Key Loader" (RASKL) is now planned to replace the KYK-13s, with up to $200 million budgeted to procure them in quantity.

Components

 P1 and J1 Connectors - Electrically the same connection. Used to connect to a fill cable, COMSEC device, KOI-18, KYX-15, another KYK-13, or AN/CYZ-10.
 Battery Compartment - Holds battery which powers KYK-13.
 Mode Switch - Three-position rotary switch used to select operation modes.
 "Z" - Used to zeroize selected keys.
 ON - Used to fill and transfer keys.
 OFF CHECK - Used to conduct parity checks.
 Parity Lamp - Blinks when parity is checked or fill is transferred.
 Initiate Push Button - Push this button when loading or zeroizing the KYK-13.
 Address Select Switch - Seven-position rotary switch.
 "Z" ALL - Zeroizes all six storage registers when Mode Switch is set to "Z."
 1 THROUGH 6 - Six storage registers for storing keys in KYK-13.

References

Key management
National Security Agency encryption devices
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s

KYK-13


Frank Wilkeson (March 8, 1848 – April 22, 1913) was an American journalist, soldier, farmer and explorer. He wrote several books, including an autobiography of his service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was among the first white men to explore and map the Cascade Pass in the state of Washington.

Early life and education
Wilkeson was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1848 to a prominent and wealthy family. He was the youngest son of famed journalist Samuel Wilkeson Jr. (1817–1889) and Catherine Cady, a sister of social activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Their next-door neighbor was U.S. President Millard Fillmore. One of his older brothers, Bayard Wilkeson, would be killed during the Civil War at the Battle of Gettysburg while commanding an artillery battery on what became known as Barlow's Knoll. Frank was educated at New London, Connecticut and at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.

Their father, Samuel Wilkeson, was a newspaper correspondent who covered the Civil War for The New York Times and was present at Gettysburg during the battle in which 19-year-old Bayard was killed. A year later, 16-year-old Frank ran away from home and on March 26, 1864, joined the Union Army. Claiming he was an 18-year-old farmer, young Wilkeson enlisted in the 11th Battery of the New York Light Artillery.

Career

Military career
Wilkeson was sent to serve in the Army of the Potomac in Virginia, where he took part in the Overland Campaign of General Ulysses S. Grant.  Wilkeson's unit was not actively engaged in the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5–6, 1864, so Wilkeson, overcome by youthful curiosity, took an unauthorized leave of absence from his battery and fought as an infantryman alongside elements of General Winfield Scott Hancock's Second Corps using a discarded musket he picked up on the battlefield.  The following day he returned to his battery where he was punished for his absenteeism, then diligently remained with them during the subsequent Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, Battle of Cold Harbor, and opening stages of the Siege of Petersburg.

Due to the political influence of his family, Wilkeson was offered a commission as a second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Artillery. He initially declined the assignment which was first offered to him during the Battle of Cold Harbor, but several weeks later at Petersburg, suffering from what his memoirs indicate was post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), he accepted the promotion and left the grueling life of a combat soldier behind.  As an officer he was sent to help man the defenses of Washington, D.C., and later served in command of an artillery detachment guarding Confederate prisoners at Elmira Prison in Upstate New York.  Finally, he was transferred to the Chattanooga, Tennessee, area as the war was winding down and Reconstruction beginning. He resigned his commission and was honorably discharged in March 1866.

Post-military career
After the war, Wilkeson worked as a mining engineer in Pennsylvania and married Mary Crouse in 1869.  The couple then settled in Johnstown but in 1871 they moved to Gypsum, Kansas, where they managed a large cattle ranch and wheat farm.

In the 1880s, Wilkeson wrote for several newspapers including The New York Times, as well as contributing articles to periodicals such as Harper's Weekly.

A memoir of his military experiences, highly critical of how the war was conducted by corrupt politicians and incompetent officers, was published in 1887 under the title Recollections of a Private Soldier in the Army of the Potomac, 1864–1865.  Wilkeson's book included a startling chapter entitled "How Men Die in Battle" that graphically described the various ways men were killed in combat during the Civil War particularly noting their facial expressions.  Highly regarded by historians for its no-holds-barred style, the book was reprinted in 1997 as Turned Inside Out: Recollections of a Private Soldier in the Army of the Potomac () with an introduction by Pulitzer Prize-winning author James M. McPherson.

He was active in the Democratic Party, and sought its nomination for representative to Kansas's 5th congressional district in 1908, but was not successful.

Death
Wilkeson died from complications of diabetes at a hotel in Chelan, Washington, on April 22, 1913. He was buried in Gypsum Hill Cemetery in Salina, Kansas.

Honors
The town of Wilkeson, Washington, was not named in his honor, but rather in honor of his father, Samuel Wilkeson.

See also

 Samuel Wilkeson, Sr.

References

External links
 Skagit River Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2008.

1848 births
1913 deaths
19th-century American newspaper people
19th-century American biographers
19th-century American engineers
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20th-century American biographers

20th-century explorers
American autobiographers
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Burials in Kansas
Deaths from diabetes
Explorers of Washington (state)
Journalists from Upstate New York
The New York Times writers
Writers from Buffalo, New York
People from Johnstown, Pennsylvania
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People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
Writers from Kansas
Writers from Pennsylvania
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Frank Wilkeson


A toll road (also called a turnpike, toll highway, or express toll route) is a road for which vehicles must pay a fee to use, called a "toll". Toll roads are there in part to control the number of people using it. They may be built to allow some users to travel faster and avoid traffic congestion, speeding up traffic. In the past, tolls were collected to give income to governments or landowners. Today, tolls can be considered a form of tax which pays for the cost of road construction and maintenance that are not charged on those who do not use that road.

How toll roads work

There are many types of toll roads. Tolls might be charged to use a bridge, tunnel, or highway. On some roads, the amount of money you pay depends on how far along the road you go, and/or whether you are driving a car, motorcycle, bus, or truck. On other roads, you pay the same amount no matter how far you go or what you drive.

There are also many ways tolls can be collected. In the first toll roads, you had to stop at a booth along the road and pay the toll to a person, called a "collector". Depending on the road, you might have to do so when you get on, when you get off, or both. Because many vehicles may be waiting to pay the toll, the area around "toll plazas", which are a bunch of booths blocking the whole road, can be crowded. Recently, there are roads that have "electronic toll collection", which makes use of computer chips and RFID technology to identify drivers and charge their tolls on their bank accounts.

Tolls might be collected by vehicles traveling on one or more lanes of a road which is otherwise free to use. These lanes are often called "high occupancy toll lanes" because in most cases, vehicles with more than one person do not have to pay to use the lane. These lanes are there to encourage carpooling. If there are fewer cars on the road, more people can get to where they want to go without getting stuck in traffic.

All roads have to be paid for somehow, and so are never truly "free". Normally, road construction costs are paid for by the taxes on gasoline, diesel, or other  fuel. Users of toll roads still pay these taxes and the tolls for using this particular road or lane.

History

Mythology
Tolls are mentioned in Greek mythology where Charon the ferryman charged a toll to carry the dead across the rivers Acheron and Styx to Hades. If the soul paid a toll, Charon ferried it across the river. If not, it wandered between death and life for eternity.

Ancient times
Toll roads are at least 2700 years old, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the Susa–Babylon highway under the regime of Ashurbanipal, in the seventh century BC.
Aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia.  In India, before the 4th century BC, the Arthasastra notes the use of tolls. Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes.

Economics
Investor's bonds may be sold to those who are paying for the road to be built, and it is expected that they will be paid back over time by charging tolls. Once the bonds are paid off, the road is usually given back to the government agency that owns the land it was built on and had allowed the road to be built.

United Kingdom turnpikes

The need to build better roads than the existing ones was a reason for turnpikes. Turnpike trusts were established in England and Wales from about 1706. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual Acts of Parliament, with powers to collect road tolls Britain. At the peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts  had about  of turnpike road in England and Wales. They had almost 8,000 toll-gates. The trusts were responsible for keeping and improving most main roads in England and Wales. This helped distribute agriculture and industrial goods and kept prices low. The Turnpike trusts  were gradually abolished starting in the 1870s.  Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new ones, usually only short stretches of road, were also built. Thomas Telford's Holyhead road (now the A5 road) is exceptional: it was a long new road, built in the early 19th century with many toll booths along its length.

References

Roads

Toll road


A bead is a small item with a hole in it for stringing.  Beads can be threaded together on a string. Beads can be made from many different things including wood, glass, and gemstones.  The oldest known beads are over 100,000 years old. Beads, made from stones, have been found in the graves of the kings of Egypt. Clay beads have always been made in abundance. They were first painted in patterns similar to those used on bowls or pots.

Making beads in clay is a skill which is easy to learn. The clay material presents a design opportunity limited only by the imagination and expertise of the maker.

During the last century in the western hemisphere, the wearing of beads has become the prerogative of woman. Yet throughout history, men have worn great quantities of beads to show their masculinity and virility. As early as 5000 BC men and women alike valued wearing strands of shell, stone, teeth and bone beads. Faience and Carnelian beads found in an Egyptian tomb date back to 4000 BC. Phoenician trade ships carried beads to and from Egypt as early as 2500 BC so it is impossible to know for sure how long beads were really in circulation. The graves of Egypt reveal the development of the craft of bead making better the those of other civilizations due to the trade routes established in continental Europe. From 3000-1900 BC, the Amber Routes ran from Moravia, France and Austria to Russia, England and Spain. Ancient trade routes went to the Far East as well as Africa.

Today, there are many types of the beads including silver beads, stone beads, fire polish, and swarovsky crystal beads. Stringing beads on beading wire is one of the most popular methods for making beaded jewellery and motifs. This can be worn as bracelets, necklaces, and anklets. In Japan, beads making came into fashion when Crown Princess Masako made her swarovski beads necklace by herself. Bead art shows are held in November every year, and beads lovers publish their work. They often become trendsetters.

Place or period of origin
African trade beads
slave beads

References

Jewelry
Textile arts

Bead


Trimming the Tree is a Mannheim Steamroller album of Christmas music, released in 2007. It is a compilation album, having copyrights listed as 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2007.  Although released by American Gramaphone as its other albums have been, the album was exclusive to Lowe's, a major home-improvement retailer in the United States It was packaged in shrink wrap (but in separate jewel cases) as a two-disc set, along with Christmas Extraordinaire. It is the third such compilation (after 2005 and 2006) in the Lowe's series, the fourth was Morning Frost in 2008.

Track listing
O Little Town of Bethlehem
Joy to the World
Lo How a Rose E'er Blooming
In Dulci Jubilo
The First Noel
The Holly and the Ivy
Coventry Carol
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
Los Peces en el Rio
Away in a Manger

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110714030046/http://www.mannheimsteamroller.com/lowes/

2007 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Mannheim Steamroller albums
American Gramaphone compilation albums
Classical Christmas albums

Trimming the Tree


Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: Sword of Destiny () is a 2016 American-Chinese wuxia film directed by Yuen Woo-ping and written by John Fusco, based on the novel Iron Knight, Silver Vase by Wang Dulu. It is also a sequel to the 2000 film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon. The film stars Donnie Yen, Michelle Yeoh, Harry Shum Jr., Natasha Liu Bordizzo, Jason Scott Lee and Eugenia Yuan. The film was released in Hong Kong on February 18, in mainland China on February 19 and worldwide on Netflix outside China on February 26, 2016.

Plot

After eighteen years of solitude, renowned warrior-maiden Shu Lien emerges from retirement and travels to Peking, where the Green Destiny—the legendary sword of her deceased love Li Mu Bai—is located. In the forest, Shu Lien's carriage is attacked by several warriors from the West Lotus clan. As she fights them, a masked horseman comes to her aid, and together they defeat the attackers, revealing one of them to be a young man called Wei Fang.

At the tower of the West Lotus warlord Hades Dai, a young woman named Snow Vase arrives asking to join his ranks. As Dai approaches, she draws a sword and attempts to kill him, although he easily fights her off, and she flees. As Wei Fang makes his way through the forest, he is approached by a blind enchantress, who orders him to take her to Dai. She tells Dai that his great sword is surpassed by the Green Destiny, and prophesizes that if he is to rule the Martial World, he must obtain the sword. Dai is reluctant to storm the home of the emperor's brother, but the enchantress tells him to send Wei Fang, as the boy and the sword are bound by destiny itself.

Shu Lien arrives in Peking, and is taken to the house of Sir Te, who has recently died. Te's son greets her and reveals that the Green Destiny is kept on display at the house. That night, Wei Fang breaks into the house and attempts to steal the sword; Snow Vase appears and fights him. During the fight, Snow Vase sees a birthmark on Wei Fang's chest, which distracts her and allows him to escape. She calls for help and Shu Lien arrives and captures the boy. Snow Vase asks Shu Lien to train her in the Iron Way.

At a tavern, Meng Sizhao (known as Silent Wolf in the West), the horseman who came to Shu Lien's aid, posts a warrant for warriors to join him protecting the House of Te. One warrior offers his thirty swordsmen for a high price, and attacks when rebuffed. Four warriors join Silent Wolf in the fight, and he recruits them to his cause: Flying Blade of Shantung; Thunder Fist Chan, famed in Zhejiang; Silver Dart Shi, famed in Fuzhou; and Turtle Ma, famed in that tavern.

Shu Lien begins Snow Vase's training. That night, Silent Wolf and his warriors arrive at the Te compound. Shu Lien is shocked to see Silent Wolf, her former betrothed, as he was thought to have been killed by Hades Dai many years before. He explains that he was in love with Shu Lien, but knew that Mu Bai was her true love, and had feigned his demise to seek a life of enlightenment in the mountains, as he knew that as long as he was alive, Li Mu Bai would not have asked Shu Lien for her hand.

Hades Dai rages that Wei Fang has failed in his raid, and sends his elite warrior, Mantis, to retrieve the sword. She arrives with her raiding party, and Silver Dart Shi and Turtle Ma are killed in the attack. Snow Vase attempts to free Wei Fang from his cage in the courtyard, but she is attacked by Mantis, and Wei Fang reveals the sword's location. The blind enchantress fights Shu Lien in the sword chamber, killing Sir Te's son when Shu Lien refuses to relinquish the sword.

As the inhabitants of the House of Te mourn the loss of their dearest companions, Snow Vase explains her connection to Wei Fang's past. His birth mother was the legendary swordswoman Han Mei. However, as a baby, he was swapped for the infant Snow Vase by her mother, a concubine. Han Mei raised Snow Vase as her own daughter, but never stopped looking for her son. Eventually finding him at West Lotus, she was mortally wounded by Hades Dai and, as she died, implored Snow Vase to find Wei Fang.

Knowing that Dai will send people to kill Wei Fang, Snow Vase frees him, and is horrified to later hear that he has stolen the sword. Silent Wolf tracks the boy down and they fight on a frozen lake. Wei Fang's master, Iron Crow, arrives and wounds Silent Wolf, allowing Wei Fang to escape and reach West Lotus. Wei Fang offers the sword to Hades Dai, but then attempts to kill him with it to avenge his mother. Shu Lien and the others arrive and fight Dai's army. Shu Lien fights the enchantress and kills her, using her skills to see through the witch's illusions. Mantis kills Flying Blade and Thunder Fist, then fights Snow Vase, who defeats her but is badly wounded. Silent Wolf fights Hades Dai on the tower, eventually killing the warlord with his own sword as he reaches for the Green Destiny.

Snow Vase survives her injuries, and joins Shu Lien, Silent Wolf and Wei Fang as they take the Green Destiny to the Wudang Mountains where it will be kept safe yet again.

Cast

Production
In January 2013, it was reported that a sequel to the 2000 film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon would begin shooting in May, with Harvey Weinstein producing. Fight choreography would be by Yuen Woo Ping, The script by John Fusco would be based on the fifth and final book of the Crane-Iron Series, Iron Knight, Silver Vase. On March 18, 2013, actor Donnie Yen confirmed rumors that he had been offered a role in the new film. Around the same time, there were also conflicting reports on whether Michelle Yeoh had been asked to reprise her role of Yu Shu Lien.

On May 16, 2013, it was officially announced that the sequel had been approved by the studio. Initially titled Iron Knight, Silver Vase (the same title as its source material), the film was then re-titled Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon: The Green Legend. Donnie Yen was confirmed to star as Silent Wolf while Michelle Yeoh was confirmed to be reprising her role as Yu Shu Lien.

On August 20, 2013, it was reported that Zhang Ziyi was in talks to reprise her role as Jen Yu, but Zhang's agent Ji Lingling told the media that that was not true and stated, "Zhang would reprise her role only if the director was Ang Lee".  If talks happened they did not result with Zhang's addition to the production.  Instead Shuya Chang was cast while the character appears to have been renamed Han Mei, who is very similar in background as a rogue swordswoman of Wudan to the Jen Yu character.

On June 16, 2014, it was announced that the film would be co-produced by Pegasus Media, China Film Group Corporation, and The Weinstein Company, with a release date in 2016. On July 30, 2014, actor Harry Shum, Jr. was cast in the role of Wei-Fang.

While it was initially announced that production on the film would begin in June 2014 with location shooting in New Zealand and China, shooting was later bumped to August 2014. In September 2014, Variety reported that principal photography was underway in New Zealand.

The leaked order from the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film, and Television (SAPPRFT) Department of Film Management revealed the film's production was approved with amendments, including replacing the White Lotus Society with a fictitious martial arts faction, downplaying "Oppose the Qing, Restore the Ming" content, controlling the amount of gore and violence, and amending Yu Xiulian's line "A superior army breaks its enemy without fighting," to "The army which breaks its enemy without fighting is the superior one."

The film was shot in English and dubbed to Mandarin, unlike its predecessor which was the other way around.

Release
On September 29, 2014, it was announced that Netflix and The Weinstein Company's Harvey Weinstein had made a deal to release the feature film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon II: The Green Legend on Netflix. The sequel would be released via RADiUS-TWC simultaneously on Netflix and in selected IMAX theatres on August 28, 2015. The day after Netflix's announcement, American cinema chain Regal Entertainment Group announced that they would not show the film in their theaters. Regal's Russ Nunley declined to be part of "an experiment where you can see the same product on screens varying from three stories tall to 3 inches wide on a smart phone", as opposed to a regular theater experience. The same day, AMC, Carmike Cinemas, Cinemark Theatres, and Cineworld also announced they would not show the film. IMAX's CEO Richard Gelfond argued on the rejection by some chains, saying, "This is a test, and I can't tell you for sure that it's going to work, but I can tell you for sure that attempting to innovate is a good idea because as technology changes, viewers change, and we have to figure out what does or doesn't work". On July 7, 2015, the film was removed from the August 28, 2015 slot and was moved back to a fourth-quarter day and date release. A trailer for the film was released on December 7, 2015. The film was scheduled to be released in China on February 8, 2016, but was pushed back to February 19. The film was released worldwide outside China on Netflix and in 10–15 IMAX screens in the United States on February 26, 2016.

Reception
The film grossed  on its opening weekend in China.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 20% based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 5.15/10. The critics consensus reads, "Paling in comparison to its predecessor in every conceivable way, Sword of Destiny is a lazy sequel that never justifies its own cynical existence." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 47 out of 100 based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Justin Chang of Variety wrote: "Trading on the pedigree of Ang Lee's 2000 Oscar winner but capturing none of its soulful poetry, this martial-arts mediocrity has airborne warriors aplenty but remains a dispiritingly leaden affair with its mechanical storytelling, purely functional action sequences and clunky English-language performances."

Novel
In March 2015, Weinstein Books announced that a film tie-in novel had been written by Justin Hill. The novel was released on January 26, 2016.

References

External links

2010s English-language films
Chinese-language films
Films directed by Yuen Woo-ping
American action adventure films
Chinese action adventure films
American martial arts films
Chinese martial arts films
Martial arts fantasy films
2016 action films
2010s adventure films
2016 fantasy films
China Film Group Corporation films
Films shot in New Zealand
Films shot in China
Films based on Chinese novels
Wuxia films
American sequel films
Films produced by Harvey Weinstein
Chinese sequel films
IMAX films
Films set in 18th-century Qing dynasty
English-language Netflix original films
Films scored by Shigeru Umebayashi
2016 martial arts films
2016 films
Films with screenplays by John Fusco
2010s American films


Spaceflight is when an object (or spacecraft) made by man flies into outer space. A spaceflight can occur with or without humans on board.

The Russian Soyuz program, the American Space Shuttle and the International Space Station are examples of manned missions. (Manned means the spacecraft has humans on board.) On the other hand, examples of unmanned flights are space probes which fly into deeper space, and satellites which travel around and orbit the Earth or other planets. (Unmanned means the spacecraft does not have any people on board.) Space probes and satellites are both machines that work either by radio control from Earth or are fully automatic.

Spaceflight is used for space exploration such as manned missions to the Earth's moon or unmanned missions to other planets in the solar system. Spaceflight can also be used for tourism and satellite telecommunications. A spaceflight begins with a rocket launch, which provides enough energy to get out of Earth's atmosphere and to orbit the Earth. Once the rocket is in space, the activity of the rocket is watched and studied by scientists back on Earth. Some rockets may remain in space forever, some break apart when they re-enter Earth's atmosphere. Some spacecraft are made to land on other planets, and most manned spacecraft are made to land back on Earth, most of the time using a parachute to land safely.

On October 3, 1942, a German V-2 missile crossed the Kármán line ( above the Earth) on October 3, 1942. This was the first spaceflight. The first man-made satellite to travel around Earth was the Russian Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957.

Some examples of manned spacecraft are Soyuz, Starship, Starliner, Gemini, Apollo, Crew Dragon, Mercury (It is both the name of a spacecraft and a planet), the Space Shuttle, and Orion.

Unmanned spacecraft include communications satellites, space telescopes, space probes and planet rovers.

Spaceflight


Doctor Fischer of Geneva or The bomb party (1980) is a novel by the English novelist Graham Greene. The eponymous party has been examined as an example of a statistical search problem.

Plot summary
The story is narrated by Alfred Jones, a translator for a large chocolate company in Switzerland. Jones, in his 50s, lost his left hand while working as a fireman during The Blitz. Jones is a widower when he meets the young Anna-Luise Fischer in a local restaurant. Jones is surprised to learn that Anna-Luise is the daughter of Dr Fischer, who has become rich after inventing a perfumed toothpaste and whose dinner parties are famous (or infamous) around Geneva. After a brief courtship, the two are married.

Anna-Luise is estranged from her father, the Fischer of the book's title. Jones goes to see Fischer to inform him that he and Anna-Luise are married, but Fischer is indifferent to the information. Later, however, he invites Jones to one of his dinner parties; Anna-Luise warns Jones not to go, saying that these parties are nothing more than an opportunity for her father to humiliate the rich sycophants (whom she calls "the Toads," her malapropism for "toadies") in his coterie. Jones goes anyway when Anna-Luise relents, saying that one dinner party can't corrupt him.

At the party, Fischer and his guests explain some of the rules: If a guest follows all the rules, he or she receives a present (or prize) at the end of the meal. The presents are usually tailored to each guest and are worth a substantial amount of money. However, the rules include complete submission to the humiliations of Fischer, which always include barbed verbal taunts that focus on each guest's failings or insecurities.

At this particular party, the dinner consists solely of porridge. One guest asks for sugar, but Fischer only provides salt. Fischer explains to Jones that the guests must eat the porridge to receive their presents, and that this is all part of his experiment to see how far the rich will go to debase themselves for more riches. The guests all eat the porridge except for Jones, who earns himself the enmity of the Toads by abstaining. Jones doesn't receive another invitation for some time.

Anna-Luise fills Jones in on the dissolution of her parents' marriage. Her mother had developed a friendship with an employee of Mr Kips, one of the Toads, based on their mutual love of Mozart. When Fischer found out, he paid Kips' firm fifty thousand francs to fire the man, and then hounded his wife until she "willed herself" to die. Jones and Anna-Luise encounter the man, Steiner, in a local record shop, and Anna-Luise's resemblance to her mother (Anna) gives Steiner a heart attack.

Meanwhile, he and Anna-Luise discuss having children, but she says she would prefer to wait until after the skiing season is over because she wouldn't want to ski while pregnant. The two go on a skiing trip, and while Jones (who doesn't ski) waits in the lodge, Anna-Luise collides with a tree after swerving to avoid a young boy who had sprained his ankle while skiing a course that was too tough for him. She suffers a severe head injury and bleeds enough to stain the front of her white sweater red. She later dies at the hospital, leaving Jones broken and lonesome. He attempts suicide by drinking whiskey laced with aspirin, but it only leaves him drowsy.

The next day he responds to an invitation to visit Fischer in his office. Fischer offers to give Jones the money held in trust for Anna-Luise, but Jones refuses it. Fischer is surprised, and asks Jones to attend his next dinner party with the Toads, which he promises will be the last.

This party, the "Bomb Party" of the novel's alternative title, fills the longest chapter of the book. The party is held outside sometime around New Year's Day, where enormous bonfires keep the guests warm around Fischer's lawn. The meal is exquisite. Following dinner, Dr. Fischer explains the rules for that night's experiment. He has hidden six crackers in a bran tub. Inside five of them are cheques for two million francs apiece, with the name left blank. Inside the sixth is a small bomb. The guests are expected to draw crackers and open them one by one.

One of the Toads, a stooped man named Kips, says that gambling is immoral and refuses to take part, leaving the party instead, and leaving Jones to consider that it is only Kips and himself who take the Doctor's threat of a bomb in the last cracker seriously; the other Toads seem to be disbelieving, especially Mrs Montgomery, who passes off Fischer's bomb threat as playful, untrue banter. The other Toads begin to take the crackers; a hack actor named Deane, immediately goes into a role from one of his movies as a soldier volunteering for a dangerous mission, rambling dialogue to himself while he stands near the bucket. Two other Toads, the widow Montgomery and the accountant Belmont, rush up and draw their crackers, realising that the odds favour the earlier selectors. Both draw crackers with cheques inside. Deane finally snaps out of his delusion long enough to draw a cracker, and when he finds a cheque inside, he passes out from either shock or inebriation.

This leaves just Jones and the retired military officer, the Divisionnaire. The Divisionnaire takes a cracker but won't open it. Jones, still considering suicide as a way to avoid his lonely future, takes a cracker, opens it, and finds a cheque. The Divisionnaire remains paralysed by fear, so Jones roots around for the last cracker (which would have gone to Kips) and opens it as well, finding the last cheque, meaning that the Divisionnaire must hold the bomb. While Fischer torments the Divisionnaire for his cowardice, Jones offers to buy the Divisionnaire's cracker for two million francs. Over Fischer's objections, Jones takes the fatal cracker and runs off into the snow, where he opens the cracker to find nothing. Steiner suddenly wanders up to Jones, saying he came to confront Fischer and to spit in his face. Fischer arrives and after a brief conversation about whether he has achieved his goals with his experiment, says that it is "time to sleep" but heads away from the house. A few moments later, Jones and Steiner hear a crack, and rush off to find Fischer, who has shot himself with a revolver.

The novel ends with Jones saying that he is no longer considering suicide and has even struck up a small friendship with Steiner where the two meet for coffee and mourn their lost loves. Jones says he rarely sees any of the Toads and avoids Geneva for the most part; he did once see Mrs. Montgomery, who called him "Mr Smith," allowing Jones to pretend he didn't hear her and walk away.

Characters

Alfred Jones: The narrator, a widower in his 50s with a glove over his artificial left hand. He marries Anna-Luise Fischer.
Anna-Luise Fischer: The daughter of the title's Dr Fischer and wife of narrator Alfred Jones. She despises her father for the way he treats people, especially how he treated her late mother.
Dr Fischer: A fabulously wealthy man who made his fortune via the invention of perfumed toothpaste. Fischer is a widower who throws dinner parties to humiliate his rich guests.
Mrs Montgomery: A wealthy widow who can never remember Jones' name and keeps calling him "Smith." She is the only female guest at the dinner parties.
Deane: A former pin-up actor whose looks are fading. He is a guest at the dinner parties.
The Divisionnaire: A retired Swiss military officer, sometimes mistakenly called "The General" by his fellow dinner party guests.
Belmont: A tax accountant and guest at the dinner parties.
Kips: A secretive man with a severely deformed spine that causes him to stoop so far that he faces the ground. He appears to be involved in arms smuggling.
Steiner: The former love interest of Mrs Fischer, now a clerk in a Geneva record store. Steiner was fired by Mr Kips after Dr Fischer found out about his friendship with Mrs. Fischer.

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations
The novel was made into a TV film, Dr. Fischer of Geneva, in 1985, starring James Mason (in his last role) as Dr Fischer, Alan Bates as Alfred Jones, and Greta Scacchi as Anna-Luise. It was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg.

References

Novels by Graham Greene
1980 British novels
1985 films
Films based on works by Graham Greene
Novels set in Geneva
The Bodley Head books
British novels adapted into films

Doctor Fischer of Geneva