Shinto (神道, Shintō?) is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. It is a type of polytheism, and involves the worship of kami (神, kami?), spirits. Some kami are local and can be regarded as the spiritual being/spirit or genius of a particular place, but others represent major natural objects and processes: for example, Amaterasu, the Sun goddess, or Mount Fuji. Shinto is an animistic belief system. The word Shinto, from the original Chinese Shendao (神道),[1] combines two kanji: "shin" (神, "shin"?) (loanwords usually retain their Chinese pronunciation, hence shin not kami), meaning gods or spirits; and "tō" (道, "tō"?), meaning a philosophical way or path (originally from the Chinese word dao). As such, Shinto is commonly translated as "The Way of the Gods". Some differences exist between KoShinto (the ancient Shintō) and the many types of Shinto taught and practiced today, showing the influences of Buddhism when it was introduced into Japan in the sixth century.[2]

After World War II, Shinto ceased to be Japan's state religion, although it continued to be considered the native religion of Japan. Some Shinto practices and teachings, once given a great deal of prominence during the war, are no longer taught or practiced today, while others still exist as commonplace activities such as omikuji (a form of fortune-telling) and the Japanese New Year to which few people give religious connotations. Important national ceremonies such as coronations and royal marriages are conducted at the Three Palace Sanctuaries in Tokyo.

ශින්ටෝ


Frank Morton (12 May 1869 – 15 December 1923) was a journalist and poet, active in Australia.

Morton was born at Bromley, Kent, England, the son of James Morton, a plumber, and his wife Rhoda, née Hookham. He was educated at a private school at Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, where he obtained a good grounding in the classics and French.

At 16 years of age Morton migrated to Sydney with his family. Early in 1889 he obtained work as a seaman and sailed in the Conqueror for America but left the ship at Hong Kong.  He was a teacher there for a few months, and at the end of the year obtained work on The Straits Times. In 1892 he went to Calcutta and did editorial work on the Englishman.

In 1894 he returned to Australia. He worked for various papers in Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland and Tasmania for about 10 years before joining the staff of the Otago Daily Times in 1905. His most remarkable work in New Zealand, however, was his editing of a monthly journal, the Triad, of which he frequently wrote the greater part himself under various pen-names. In 1908 he published Laughter and Tears, Verses of a Journalist, at Wellington, and in 1909 The Angel of the Earthquake, prose sketches with a poem. The Yacht of Dreams, a novel, was published in 1911.

Morton returned to Australia about 1914 and contributed a significant amount of journalism, both prose and verse, to the Triad, The Bulletin, the Lone Hand, and others. His Verses for Marjorie and Some Others was published in September 1916, followed by The Secret Spring (1919), and Man and the Devil, a Book of Shame and Pity (1922). He was a friend of David McKee Wright. He lived at Manly, New South Wales, for some years and died of acute nephritis on 15 December 1923. In Singapore in 1891 he had married Louise Holloway, who survived him with three sons and two daughters. -Terence, Beaumont James, Marjorie and Enid. Marjorie's third son was Ian Ross, television news presenter. Beaumont's grandson Glenn Myles is also a journalist.

Morton was an excellent journalist, short story writer, and critic.  J. F. Archibald regarded Morton as one of three journalists who "lifted journalism to the plane of literature". About six of his poems have been included in anthologies.

References

B. G. Andrews, Martha Rutledge, 'http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100583b.htm Morton, Frank (1869 - 1923)]', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10, MUP, 1986, p. 598. Retrieved 2009-10-19

External links
Frank Morton at Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Frank Morton entry in the Oxford Companion to Australian Literature

Australian poets
Australian journalists
Australian people of English descent
1869 births
1923 deaths
British emigrants to colonial Australia

Frank Morton (journalist)


Salt Fat Acid Heat is an American cooking documentary television series starring Samin Nosrat. Based on her 2017 book of the same name, the four-part series premiered on Netflix on October 11, 2018.

The show and book's title comes from Nosrat's proposed four elements of successful cooking: salt, fat, acid, and heat. Each installment of the series focuses on a particular element, with Nosrat traveling to a different location to demonstrate how the element is used in local cuisine. In each episode, Nosrat has guides who walk her through their homeland's cuisine while she pulls out the lessons related to each fundamental element. The show is "part how-to guide for home cooks of all skill levels and part aspirational travelogue."

Episodes

Reception
The show has received positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has a 100% approval rating based on nine reviews, with an average rating of 7.5 out of 10. Maura Judkis of The Washington Post called it "unlike any other food show on TV", particularly mentioning the high proportion of women and home cooks featured on the show. For Eater, Greg Morabito described Nosrat as "a charming host", and applauded her and director Caroline Suh for conceiving of a "completely new style of culinary TV show". Doreen St. Félix's review in The New Yorker ascribed the show's success to "Nosrat's uncommon earnestness on camera. St. Félix also described how the show gives viewers a feeling of nostalgia for something most people have not experienced: local, high-quality ingredients enjoyed in the beautiful vistas of their countries of origin.

History
Nosrat began teaching cooking classes in 2007 and found it a very inefficient way of teaching. Even before she wrote the book the TV show is based on, she thought about TV as a great way to reach a wider audience. When recalling this moment, she said, "And after two or three classes, I was like, Man, if I had a TV show, I could get to so many people … Just like I had not seen a book that sets out to teach, I had not seen a show that really sets out to teach."

References

External links
  on Netflix

Netflix original documentary television series
2018 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
2010s American cooking television series
English-language Netflix original programming
2010s American documentary television series
American travel television series
Television shows based on books
2010s travel television series

Salt Fat Acid Heat


Port Essington was a cannery town on the south bank of the Skeena River estuary in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, between Prince Rupert and Terrace, and at the confluence of the Skeena and Ecstall Rivers.  It was founded in 1871 by Robert Cunningham and Thomas Hankin   (father of the interpreter Constance Cox) and was for a time the largest settlement in the region.  During its heyday it was home to an ethnic mix of European-Canadians, Japanese-Canadians, and members of First Nations from throughout the region, especially Tsimshians  from the Kitselas and Kitsumkalum tribes. In the Tsimshian language, the site of Port Essington is called Spaksuut or, in English spelling, "Spokeshute", which means "autumn camping place". This also became the Tsimshian name for the town of Port Essington, and was conferred on Spokeshute Mountain, which stands above and behind the community. It sits on the traditional territory of the Gitzaxłaał tribe, one of the nine Tsimshian tribes based at Lax Kw'alaams. In 1888, the anthropologist Franz Boas visited Port Essington, interviewing Haida and Tsimshian individuals and establishing a working relationship with Odille Morison, the Tsimshian linguist, who lived in Port Essington.

History
In 1871, at the height of the Omineca Gold Rush, one route to the new goldfields led up the Skeena River to Hazelton, overland to Babine Lake and on to the Omineca River. The Provincial Government granted Robert Cunningham and Thomas Hankin the right to build a toll road from Hazelton to Babine Lake, while William Moore was placed in charge of the running pack mules on the trail. Cunningham and Hankin took out a pre-emption on the south bank of the Skeena River and set aside a portion of the property for the use of the local First Nations, while subdividing the rest for into lots which were sold to settlers. The Hudson's Bay Company bought three lots that summer and built a store that became known as the Skeena Post. In 1876 the first salmon cannery was built and by the turn of the century there were seven canneries near the estuary. Robert Cunningham built a hotel, a town hall as well as the first cold storage plant in the north, which began operating in 1892. The town had an active social life with dances, concerts and church activities as well as three hotels and a red-light district. However, despite the appearance of prosperity, the economy of Port Essington fluctuated with the seasons. Salmon fishing was a summer activity and the river was closed for freighting in the winter so many of the residents would migrate south each fall. According to Harris (see below), in the early twentieth century Port Essington's population fluctuated between around 1,000 and, in the winter months, about a quarter of that. The town was almost wiped out by fire in 1899, with only one building remaining.

Port Essington's importance as a town began to wane when the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway along the Skeena was completed in 1914, on the opposite bank from Port Essington. Rail supplanted the riverboat commerce that had been the community's lifeblood. By the 1940s, all of Port Essington's canneries were inactive.  Through the 1950s the population plummeted. Port Essington burned down in a series of fires in 1961 and 1965 and is now a ghost town (despite its continuing to appear as a populated settlement in many maps and atlases).  It sits today on an Indian reserve jointly administered by the Kitselas and Kitsumkalum bands. Currently, there are attempts to shape what remains of Port Essington into a tourist attraction.

Captain Vancouver named it for Sir William Essington.

Prominent residents

 Robert Cunningham, entrepreneur
 Odille Morison, Native linguist
 William Henry Pierce, missionary, author
 Walter Wright, hereditary chief, oral historian

Bibliography

 Bowman, Phylis (1982) Klondike of the Skeena!  Chilliwack, B.C.: Sunrise Printing.
 Harris, E. A. (1990) Spokeshute: Skeena River Memory.  Victoria, B.C.: Orca Book Publishers.
 Large, R. Geddes (1957; reprinted, 1981) The Skeena: River of Destiny.  Sidney, B.C.: Gray's Publishing.
 Pedelty, Donovan (1997) "Constance Cox."  In Pioneer Legacy: Chronicles of the Lower Skeena River, Volume 1, ed. by Norma V. Bennett, pp. 227–230.  Terrace, B.C.: Dr. R. E. M. Lee Hospital Foundation.
 Rohner, Ronald P. (1969) The Ethnography of Franz Boas: Letters and Diaries of Franz Boas Written on the North-West Coast from 1886 to 1931.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Notes

Ghost towns in British Columbia
North Coast of British Columbia
Populated places in the North Coast Regional District
Tsimshian

Port Essington, British Columbia


Vincent is an opera in three acts by Einojuhani Rautavaara first performed in 1990. The libretto is by the composer, and consists of scenes from the life of the artist Vincent van Gogh, told in retrospect.

The opera
Vincent, the composer's fourth full-length opera, was first performed at the Helsinki Opera House on 17 May 1990. The idea of the piece emerged when Jorma Hynninen, showing a photo of himself to Rautavaara, asked the composer who he looked like. The answer was Van Gogh; Hynninen created the title role, and recorded it the same year.
German performances took place in Kiel and Hagen in the following year.
Told in flashback, the opera revolves around Vincent's relationships with the prostitute Maria, his fellow painter Paul Gauguin and his brother Theo. The orchestral preludes are named after three of Van Gogh's paintings. The score covers both serialism and tonal writing, with colourful orchestration. Rautavaara used some material from the opera in his 6th symphony Vincentiana.

Roles

Synopsis

After an orchestral prelude (Starry Night), the first act opens in the mental hospital of Saint-Rémy, amidst the sounds of the other inmates, along with Doctor Rey, his secretary, the hospital priest and chief guard. Vincent hears voices and his mind is cast back to his childhood. When called to supper Vincent offers twelve other patients his flesh and blood, but they flee, terrified. Vincent recalls his art and his friendship with his brother Theo. Next Vincent has visions of a mining accident in the village of Borinage, followed by other incidents from his childhood, and then Maria Hoornik. After recalling a meeting where Vincent, as a lay preacher, gives a political and religious sermon, and its aftermath, he promises sun and light for those in darkness. The act closes with an extended duet for Theo and Gaby reflecting on spirit and inspiration.

The second act is prefaced by another orchestral section (Wheatfield with Crows), and the scene changes to an art exhibition where a professor, an artist, an aesthete and a critic discuss the works. After an argument between Paul and Maria, she tells Vincent to look in the mirror to see lies in his reflection. Vincent smashes the mirror; Maria goes, and the critics turn on Vincent. After they have gone, against Theo's advice Paul incites Vincent to experience visions, but stops before these go too far. But the room changes into a bordello, with the women as the professionals of the house and the critics providing entertainment. When they all go upstairs, Vincent is prey to feelings of solitude. He paints a door on the wall, and through it, Gaby enters. They begin to dance and others return, and as the waltz becomes more ecstatic Vincent cuts off his ear, as an offering to the sun. The others reject him and a flock of blackbirds circles around him, blocking out the light.

Act 3 (Epilogue) opens with an orchestral prelude (The Church at Auvers). Back in the hospital in Saint-Remy Vincent shows his latest painting to Doctor Rey, but the doctor declines, afraid of the ridicule the possession of such a piece would bring. The guard and secretary also refuse but the priest takes it, hoping to sell it to get money for good works. His last monologue moves from disillusion to love for the visions of life, and slowly other voices join in; he finishes praising the sun, summer and life.

References

See also
A Turkish language opera of 1956 by Nevit Kodallı, Van Gogh

Finnish-language operas
1990 operas
Operas
Operas by Einojuhani Rautavaara
Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh
Cultural depictions of Paul Gauguin
Operas set in France
Operas set in the 19th century
Operas based on real people

Vincent (opera)


ABC Western Plains is an ABC Local Radio station based in Dubbo, New South Wales. The broadcast region stretches from Wellington north to Goodooga and west from Coonabarabran to Wilcannia. The station covers the top half of the Far West region and part of the Orana region of New South Wales.  This includes Dubbo City and the towns of Bourke, Cobar, Nyngan, Walgett, Mudgee, Lightning Ridge, Gilgandra, Coonamble and Warren

The station also provides services to isolated communities via satellite such as Ivanhoe, Menindee, Talbingo, Khancoban and even Norfolk Island.

ABC Western Plains began operating in 1993 taking over the western and outback region previously covered from Orange by ABC Central West.

In 2008 the station gained full regional status and is now self managed. This saw the establishment of a local morning show.

The station is heard on these main FM and AM frequencies along with a number of low-power FM repeaters:

2WPR 95.9 and 107.1 FM
2BY  657 AM
2WA 1584 AM

References

See also
 List of radio stations in Australia

Western Plains
Radio stations in New South Wales
Radio stations established in 1993
1993 establishments in Australia

ABC Western Plains


Jerome (Jerry) Wright Clinton  (1937 – November 7, 2003) was a Ferdowsi scholar and professor of Persian language and literature at Princeton University.   Clinton was born in San Jose, California.

A graduate of Stanford University, Jerry received his MA in English and American literature at the University of Pennsylvania, spent two years in the Peace Corps in Iran, and received his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in Persian and Arabic literature. He returned to Iran in 1970, where he did his dissertation research, completing his degree in 1972.

After teaching at the University of Minnesota and directing the Tehran Center of the American Institute of Iranian Studies, he was appointed professor of Persian at Princeton University in 1974. He taught there for twenty-eight years in the Department of Near Eastern Studies until his retirement in 2002.

His many articles on classical Persian literature remain landmark studies of individual works or generic characteristics. Chief among these are two essays on the Mada'en Qasida of Khaqani, "Xaqani's Mada'en Qaside (I)", (1976), and "Xaqani's Mada'en Qaside (II)", (1977).  Also notable are his "Esthetics by Implication: What Metaphors of Craft Tell us About the Unity of the Persian Qasida", (1979), and "Madness and Cure in the 1001 Nights: the Tale of Shahriyar and Shahrizad", (1985).

Clinton was a scholar and translator of the Persian epic, the Shahnama (Book of Kings). His work on various aspects of that work have helped define the field of Shahnama studies for over two decades and his translations of episodes from it have been a staple of university classrooms. Most notably, his 1986 "Tragedy of Sohrab and Rostam" was later published in The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces.

In 2002 his rendition of the episode of Esfandiyar, published under the title of "In the Dragon's Claws", won the Lois Roth Persian Translation Prize. In recent years, Jerry's research was focused on the relation between text and illustration in illustrated manuscripts of The Book of Kings. Many of us may still remember his perceptive presentation in the Third Biennial Conference on Iranian Studies, provocatively titled, "What Color Is the White Div?"

Clinton died on Friday November 7, 2003, of biliary cancera, at the age of 66.  In an obituary for Clinton, his colleague and close friend, Ahmad Karimi-Hakkak, writes:

Jerry, a man of impeccable integrity and great decency, was a meticulous and impressively forward-looking scholar of Persian literature whose professional interests spanned literary theory and criticism, translation and translation theory, and in recent years, the esthetics of word-image relations. As early as 1969, decades before the idea of computer-generated reference lists would gain currency, he wrote an article in The Journal of Iranian Studies titled "On the Feasibility of an Automated Bibliography of Iranian Studies."

Impressive as Jerry's scholarship was, it tends to pale before his vast humanity, his profound loyalty to his friends, and his ever-present habit of 'shekasteh nafsi' (the breaking of the self), which he had so well combined with American self-effacement. Even in the throes of the illness that eventually took him, he was a tremendous help to my family and me as we struggled to come to terms with my son's illness.

See also
Persian literature
Ferdowsi
Iranian Studies

References

Iranologists
Stanford University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Michigan alumni
2003 deaths
1937 births

Jerry Clinton


The Cleveland Guardians are a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are part of the American League Central Division. Under the team's former name of Cleveland Indians, the Guardians won two World Series championships in 1920 and 1948.  Currently, they hold the longest championship drought in MLB.

The team was founded in 1894 in Grand Rapids, Michigan as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, playing in the late-1890s Western League, which became the American League in 1900. In that same year, the team moved to Cleveland, taking the name of Lake Shores. The next year, the team became the Cleveland Bluebirds, also known as Blues. Players didn't like that name, and failed in a try to change the name to "Broncos" in 1902. In that same year, the team traded for star player Nap Lajoie, who later became player-manager, and it soon became known as the "Naps" in his honor. The team was called the Cleveland Naps until Lajoie left at the end of the 1914 season.

After Lajoie left, the team looked for a new nickname and settled on "Indians" for the 1915 season, partly in honor of the Boston Braves who had won the 1914 World Series. In more modern times, their nickname was often thought to be a poor choice. It is considered offensive to name a team for a race or ethnic group. However, there was no serious effort to change the name until the 21st century. After growing criticism, the team started to move away from the nickname in 2018, retiring its controversial "Chief Wahoo" logo of a caricatured Native American. In 2020, team owner Paul Dolan announced that the "Indians" name would be retired after the 2021 season. The new nickname of Guardians was announced on July 23, 2021. The name refers to the Guardians of Traffic, statues sculpted into pylons of the Hope Memorial Bridge that crosses the Cuyahoga River near downtown Cleveland. The Cleveland Guardians name took effect on November 19, 2021.

In the 1990s, the then-Indians were in the postseason several times.  They made it to the World Series in 1995 and 1997 but lost to the Atlanta Braves and the Florida Marlins respectively.  They returned to the World Series in 2016, and again they lost, this time to the Chicago Cubs in seven games.  In 2017, they set an American League record of winning 22 straight games.  They won 102 games during the season.  However, they lost to the New York Yankees in the Division Series.

References

Other websites
Official Website

Cleveland Guardians


Le Hibou Coffee House was an internationally known coffee house established in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, operating from 1960 to 1975.

History

Denis Faulkner, an Ottawa francophone, was the founding owner manager from 1960 to 1968.  It was during this period that Le Hibou (le hibou, the owl) became established as a now famous embryo of the arts. There was no arts centre at that time in the capital city. The National Arts Centre opened in 1969. Faulkner presented pocket experimental theater in French and English - some original works, poetry readings, chansonniers from Québec, the Maritime provinces and France, children's programming, comedy, blues, jazz, rock and folk singing. His objective was to provide an environment that encouraged talent and at the same time groomed local audiences.

In 1965, Faulkner, along with friend and Ottawa architect Matt Stankiewicz, selected and converted a larger site at 521 Sussex Drive to what is now most popularly known as the location of Le Hibou. This heritage building was owned by the National Capital Commission.  Le Hibou was not independently wealthy and relied on the Ottawa community to be involved in the experiment. The National Capital Commission was a major contributor to the club through charging below market rent.  The Commission's vision was linked to fostering the development of the Byward Market as the hub of Ottawa night life. Le Hibou and several original boutiques set the concept in motion.  Stankovicz and Faulkner converted an unoccupied warehouse to a friendly cafe with high ceilings and excellent acoustics. They kept the original tin engraved ceilings and brick interior walls. They lined another wall with floor to ceiling roughly finished BC fir, which inhibited sound echo.

On February 28, 1969 George Harrison visited the Le Hibou where he saw The Modern Rock Quartet perform. George was staying at the Chateau Laurier and was in Ottawa primarily to determine whether Apple records should sign American Folk Singer Eric Anderson whom he saw perform at the Capitol Theatre.

Another important contributor to the support of Le Hibou was the Canada Council for the Arts, which subsidized the seminal poetry reading series of Canadian poets. This programme was masterminded by poet Harry Howith, a Le Hibou founding member. Lineups were blocks long, but the then Bank Street venue could only hold about 60 people.

Le Hibou relied primarily on admission charges to cover the costs of the theatre, comedy and music programmes, although some presentations were sponsored by the CBC (radio and television) - especially for local jazz groups. Posters advertising events were in themselves works of art - created by local established graphic artists at no charge.  The famous owl logo was created by Frank Mayers. Other poster ads were frequently created by artists Chris Wells, the Rosewarns, David Sutherland, Georges de Niverville, James Boyd and Dennis Pike.  Le Hibou served food during the day and, for after hours jazz programmes, both food and alcohol.  Many Canadian and international folk, blues and jazz artists, anglophone and francophone, developed their reputations through appearances at Le Hibou.  Actor Dan Aykroyd, a regular at Le Hibou, said he jammed with Muddy Waters before he moved to New York City as an original cast member of the TV program Saturday Night Live.

Le Hibou closed in 1975.

References

External links
 Cafe Le Hibou Recollections

Music venues in Ottawa
Coffeehouses and cafés in Canada

Le Hibou Coffee House


Tom Stacey FRSL (11 January 1930 – 24 December 2022) was a British novelist, publisher, screenwriter, journalist and penologist. He was a prominent member of White's.

Early life
Stacey attended Wellesley House School (1938–1943), originally at Broadstairs, Kent, but from September 1939 was evacuated to the Scottish Highlands.

At Eton College (1943–48) Stacey became a fourth-generation successive Stacey pupil at Eton, where he was a solo treble, the founder of Wotton's Society in the field of philosophy, editor (with Douglas Hurd) of the weekly Eton College Chronicle, winner of the Essay Prize, and House Captain.
With the Scots Guards (1948–50), in which he received his commission as Second Lieutenant, on active service in what is now known as peninsular Malaysia, he spent his leave with the Temiar aborigines in the jungle, and wrote his first book (The Hostile Sun).

At Worcester College, Oxford, England (1950–51), he left without taking a degree but founded and co-organised the controversial students' tour operation, Undergrad Tours, during the 1951 Festival of Britain year.

Journalistic career
Stacey was staff writer at the Lilliput Magazine (1951–52), as a colleague of Patrick Campbell and Maurice Richardson. He then became feature writer and foreign correspondent for Picture Post (1952–54). During 1954 he became the Daily Express (London) 'Express Explorer' in which he crossed Africa overland from the Atlantic to East Africa, accompanied by Ugandan Cambridge university graduate Erisa Kironde, and lived with the Bakonzo people of the Ruwenzori Mountains.

Briefly a roving correspondent for the Montreal Star (1955–56), he rejoined the Daily Express in 1956–60 as foreign correspondent and diplomatic correspondent, with a spell as daily America columnist in 1957. He joined The Sunday Times as roving correspondent and chief foreign correspondent (1960–65), with a worldwide brief, covering the dismantling of the British Empire globally, and major conflict zones of the period, and interviewing many heads of state (including Nikita Khrushchev, Morarji Desai, Ayub Khan, Harold Macmillan, and Éamon de Valera).

Stacey then moved to the London Evening Standard (1965–67), where he was a columnist and roving correspondent, while standing for Parliament. Subsequent freelance assignments were undertaken for The Times, The Sunday Telegraph, The Daily Telegraph, The Observer, Daily Mail, and The Spectator. In all, Stacey reported from over 120 countries, many of them several times.

Publishing career
From 1967 to 1970, he was editor and creator of Correspondents World Wide, a current affairs service for schools and universities, mobilising the skills of several distinguished journalistic colleagues.

From 1969 to 1973, he was creator and joint managing director of general publishers Tom Stacey Ltd and subsidiaries (Tom Stacey Reprints, Tom Stacey Education Ltd), which published, inter alia, the Prospect for Man ecological series, and created the 20-volume Peoples of the Earth series, conceived by Stacey and released by Tom Stacey Ltd, Grolier (US) and Mondadori in 14 languages.

In 1974, he founded Stacey International, the book publisher, originally majoring extensively on the Middle East and Islamic world, later expanding into general book publishing and initiating  the literary fiction imprint Capuchin Classics, the Independent Minds series campaigning on heterodox climate science and the legalisation of all drugs; and the "return of real history" with the reissue of Carter & Mear's History of Britain for schools, in 9 volumes.

Personal life, politics and penology
In January 1952 he married Caroline Clay who was to become a widely exhibited sculptor, mostly in clay for bronze. They have five children (Emma, healer, born 1952; Tilly, potter,  born 1954; Isabella, born 1957 (married to Christopher Simon Sykes, the photographer and biographer), who as an international stage and opera designer/director works as Isabella Bywater (being the name of her first husband, Michael Bywater); Sam, born 1966, a civil engineer and mountaineer; and Tomasina, a midwife, born 1967.

The couple lived at Clementi House, Kensington Church Street, an early 18th-century house which became Felix Mendelssohn's base during his early sojourns in London.

In October 1954, in Uganda, Stacey co-founded the Bakonzo Life History Research Society, which, throughout a tempestuous campaign demanding his consistent  involvement, was to  emerge as the vehicle of a recognised Kingdom of Rwenzururu 55 years later.

In March 1963, Stacey was urgently invited by Milton Obote, Prime Minister of newly independent Uganda, to mediate between the Government and secessionist Bakonzo tribe in the Ruwenzori Mountains (Rwenzururu) while furloughed from the Sunday Times.

Stacey contested the parliamentary seat of Hammersmith North for the Conservatives in 1964, and was defeated; and of Dover in 1966, where, again defeated, he increased the Party vote against a landslide to Labour nationally. Re-adopted for Dover, he decided to quit active politics the following year to allow for his creative life.

In 1968 he jointly led the first water-borne expedition descending the upper reaches of the Blue Nile from its source.

In 1974 he became a prison visitor, following his own imprisonment (as a foreign correspondent) in India in 1965. He continued in the role ever since.

In 1981 he conceived the electronic tag for (appropriate) offenders, as an alternative to imprisonment, and in 1982 formed and launched the Offender's Tag Association as a pressure group for the adoption and exploitation of the tag (a term adopted by Stacey from the inception of the scheme). Offender tagging has subsequently become widely used in penological reform in Britain and throughout the world. Stacey remained Director of the OTA.

In 1999 he conceived and organised 'Pilgrimage 2000', a nationwide Christian pilgrimage, starting at eight sacred sites and converging upon Canterbury to herald the new Millennium.

In 2001 Stacey ascended to the Ruwenzori glaciers following the defeat of the ADF guerilla invaders from the Congo. His 500-page work Tribe, the Hidden History of the Mountain of the Moon (2003) proved to be of decisive influence in Uganda's recognition of the Kingdom of Rwenzururu as one of the five Kingdoms of the country's Bantu south.

In 2009 Stacey was hailed by the approximately 800,000 people of the Ruwenzori Mountains as 'catalytic agent' in the recognition by the Government of Uganda of their ethno-cultural entity, Rwenzururu, with its King who is now in remand (28/11/2016) in Kampala for allegedly inciting violence, rebellion and calling for independence from Uganda, in clashes reported to leave over 50 people dead.

Stacey died from pneumonia on 24 December 2022, at the age of 92.

Literary work
Tom Stacey wrote his literary work in response to the inner clamour of each work to be written. The flow of such work is consequently irregular.

Stacey's novel Deadline was filmed to his own screenplay in 1989, starring John Hurt and Imogen Stubbs, but he has disowned the film in disgust at its editing.

Stacey was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1977. His awards include the John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize, and the (Granada) Foreign Correspondent of the Year Award (1961). Various of his novels have been Book of the Year choices by critics of national journals, including Decline (Sunday Telegraph), Tribe (TLS), and The Man Who Knew Everything (New Statesman). Most of his fiction has been separately published in the US, and some in translation. Works-in-progress include two novels, and two further collections of long-short stories.

Profiles of Stacey have been published in the Observer Magazine and elsewhere. His early fiction is assessed in Contemporary Novelists (St Martin's Press, New York, 1972).

Bibliography
The Hostile Sun (Duckworth, 1952), describing his journey into the Malayan rainforest in 1950.
The Brothers M (Secker and Warburg, 1960), a novel, set in Africa and Britain, also published in the US and in translation
Summons to Ruwenzori (Secker and Warburg, 1965), being the account of his attempt to mediate peace between the Rwenzururu rebellion and the Uganda government
Today's World, a map-book of world affairs (Collins, 1970)
Immigration and Enoch Powell (Stacey, 1971)
The Living and the Dying (Macmillan, 1976), a novel
The Pandemonium (WH Allen, 1980), a novel
The Twelfth Night of Ramadan (Heinemann, 1983), a novel written under the nom-de-plume of Kendal J Peel
The Worm in the Rose (Heinemann, 1985), a novel
Deadline (Heinemann, 1988), a novel, made into a TV film the same year
Bodies and Souls (Heinemann, 1989), collected long-short stories
Decline (Heinemann, 1991), a novel
Thomas Brassey, the Greatest Railway Builder in the World (Stacey International, 2005) a biographical monograph
Successive long-short stories: The Same Old Story, The Tether of the Flesh, Golden Rain, Grief, The Swap, Boredom or the Yellow Trousers, Mary's Visit, and The Kelpie from Rhum (published in Confrontation, New York, between 1999 and 2009), Ngungha 2016
Tribe, the Hidden History of the Mountains of the Moon (Stacey International, 2003), a work of travel and Kingdom-building in Rwenzururu in central Africa
The First Dog to be Somebody's Best Friend (Stacey International 2007), for children
The Man Who Knew Everything (Capuchin Classics 2008), being a revised version of Deadline
A Dark and Stormy Night (Medina Publishing 2018)

References

Sources
The Journal of Offender Monitoring, Vol 22, No.1 2010
Interview: Tom Stacey: "Founder" of Electronic Monitoring in the UK.

External links
Official website
Capuchin Classics
Journal of Offender Monitoring

1930 births
2022 deaths
People educated at Eton College
20th-century British novelists
21st-century British novelists
John Llewellyn Rhys Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
British male novelists
20th-century British male writers
21st-century British male writers
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Deaths from pneumonia

Tom Stacey


The Pushkin studies is the branch of literary criticism which researches the life and works of Aleksandr Pushkin. It was established by Pavel Annenkov and Pyotr Bartenev in the mid-19th century. The greatest flowering of the field lasted from the 1910s to the 1940s.

The Wisconsin–Madison Prof. Aleksandr Dolinin divides the modern Pushkin studies into the two currents, based in the Pushkin House and in Moscow. He describes the latter as "weak", noting that it tries to follow the traditions of Russian religious philosophers from the 1st half of the 20th century.

One of the most prominent American Pushkinists was J. Thomas Shaw. The Wisconsin Center for Pushkin Studies has published The Pushkin Handbook.

Notes

External links
Publications of the Wisconsin Center for Pushkin Studies
The Pushkin Review / Пушкинский вестник, the North American Pushkin Society's international, bi-lingual, peer-reviewed journal.

Alexander Pushkin
Literary criticism

Pushkin studies


Sir William Henry Perkin  (12 March 1838 – 14 July 1907) was a British chemist and entrepreneur best known for his serendipitous discovery of the first commercial synthetic organic dye, mauveine, made from aniline. Though he failed in trying to synthesise quinine for the treatment of malaria, he became successful in the field of dyes after his first discovery at the age of 18.

Perkin set up a factory to produce the dye industrially. Lee Blaszczyk, professor of business history at the University of Leeds, states, "By laying the foundation for the synthetic organic chemicals industry, Perkin helped to revolutionize the world of fashion."

Early years
William Perkin was born in the East End of London, the youngest of the seven children of George Perkin, a successful carpenter. His mother, Sarah, was of Scottish descent and moved to East London as a child. He was baptized in the Anglican parish church of St Paul's, Shadwell, which had been connected to James Cook, Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother of Thomas Jefferson) and John Wesley.

At the age of 14, Perkin attended the City of London School, where he was taught by Thomas Hall, who fostered his scientific talent and encouraged him to pursue a career in chemistry.

Accidental discovery of mauveine
In 1853, at the age of 15, Perkin entered the Royal College of Chemistry, now part of Imperial College London, where he began his studies under August Wilhelm von Hofmann. At this time, chemistry was still primitive: although the major elements had been discovered and techniques to analyze the proportions of the elements in many compounds were in place, it was still a difficult proposition to determine the arrangement of the elements in compounds. Hofmann had published a hypothesis on how it might be possible to synthesise quinine, an expensive natural substance much in demand for the treatment of malaria. Having become one of Hofmann's assistants, Perkin embarked on a series of experiments to try to achieve this end.

During the Easter vacation in 1856, Perkin performed some further experiments in the crude laboratory in his apartment on the top floor of his home in Cable Street in east London. It was here that he made his great accidental discovery: that aniline could be partly transformed into a crude mixture which, when extracted with alcohol, produced a substance with an intense purple colour. Perkin, who had an interest in painting and photography, immediately became enthusiastic about this result and carried out further trials with his friend Arthur Church and his brother Thomas. Since these experiments were not part of the work on quinine which had been assigned to Perkin, the trio carried them out in a hut in Perkin's garden to keep them secret from Hofmann.

They satisfied themselves that they might be able to scale up production of the purple substance and commercialise it as a dye, which they called mauveine. Their initial experiments indicated that it dyed silk in a way which was stable when washed or exposed to light. They sent some samples to a dye works in Perth, Scotland, and received a very promising reply from the general manager of the company, Robert Pullar. Perkin filed for a patent in August 1856, when he was still only 18.

At the time, all dyes used for colouring cloth were natural substances, many of which were expensive and labour-intensive to extract—and many lacked stability, or fastness. The colour purple, which had been a mark of aristocracy and prestige since ancient times, was especially expensive and difficult to produce. Its extraction was variable and complicated, and so Perkin and his brother realised that they had discovered a possible substitute whose production could be commercially successful.

Perkin could not have chosen a better time or place for his discovery: England was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution, largely driven by advances in the production of textiles; the science of chemistry had advanced to the point where it could have a major impact on industrial processes; and coal tar, the major source of his raw material, was an abundant by-product of the process for making coal gas and coke.

Having invented the dye, Perkin was still faced with the problems of raising the capital for producing it, manufacturing it cheaply, adapting it for use in dyeing cotton, gaining acceptance for it among commercial dyers, and creating public demand for it. He was active in all of these areas: he persuaded his father to put up the capital, and his brothers to partner with him to build a factory; he invented a mordant for cotton; he gave technical advice to the dyeing industry; and he publicised his invention of the dye.

Public demand was increased when a similar colour was adopted by Queen Victoria in Britain and by Empress Eugénie, wife of Napoleon III, in France, and when the crinoline or hooped-skirt, whose manufacture used a large quantity of cloth, became fashionable. Perkin's mauve was cheaper than traditional, natural purple dyes and became so popular that English humourists joked about the 'mauve measles'. Everything fell into place: with hard work and lucky timing, Perkin became rich. After the discovery of mauveine, many new aniline dyes appeared (some discovered by Perkin himself), and factories producing them were constructed across Europe.

Later years

William Perkin continued active research in organic chemistry for the rest of his life: he discovered and marketed other synthetic dyes, including Britannia Violet and Perkin's Green; he discovered ways to make coumarin, one of the first synthetic raw materials of perfume, and cinnamic acid. (The reaction used to make the last became known as the Perkin reaction.) Local lore has it that the colour of the nearby Grand Union Canal changed from week to week depending on the activity at Perkin's Greenford dyeworks.

In 1869, Perkin found a method for the commercial production from anthracene of the brilliant red dye alizarin, which had been isolated and identified from madder root some forty years earlier in 1826 by the French chemist Pierre Robiquet, simultaneously with purpurin, another red dye of lesser industrial interest, but the German chemical company BASF patented the same process one day before he did.

During the next decade, the new German Empire was rapidly eclipsing Britain as the centre of Europe's chemical industry. By the 1890s, Germany had a near-monopoly on the business and Perkin was compelled to sell off his holdings and retire.

Death

Perkin died in 1907 of pneumonia and other complications resulting from a burst appendix. He is buried in the grounds of Christchurch, Harrow, Middlesex. His will was proved on 28 August 1907 at £86,231 4s. 11d. (roughly equivalent to £ in ).

Family
Perkin married Jemima Harriet, the daughter of John Lissett, in 1859, which resulted in two sons, (William Henry Perkin Jr. and Arthur George Perkin). Perkin's second marriage was in 1866, to Alexandrine Caroline, daughter of Helman Mollwo. They had one son (Frederick Mollwo Perkin) and four daughters. All three sons became chemists.

Honours, awards and commemorations

Perkin received many honours in his lifetime. In June 1866, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1879, received their Royal Medal and, in 1889, their Davy Medal. He was knighted in 1906, and in the same year was awarded the first Perkin Medal, established to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of his discovery of mauveine. Today, the Perkin Medal is widely acknowledged as the highest honour in the U.S. industrial chemistry and has been awarded annually by the American section of the Society of Chemical Industry. He was President of the Society of Chemical Industry from 1884-85.

Perkin was a Liveryman of the Leathersellers' Company for 46 years and was elected Master of the Company for the year 1896–97.

Today blue plaques mark the sites of Perkin's home in Cable Street, by the junction with King David Lane, and the Perkin factory in Greenford, Middlesex.

A portrait, by Edward Railton Catterns (1838–1909), is owned by the University of Strathclyde.

On 12 March 2018, search engine Google showed a Google Doodle to mark Perkin's 180th Birthday.

William Perkin High School
In 2013, the William Perkin Church of England High School opened in Greenford, Middlesex. The school is operated by the Twyford Church of England Academies Trust (which also operates Twyford Church of England High School). The school is named after William Perkin, and has adopted a mauve uniform and colour scheme, in tribute to his discovery of mauveine.

Imperial College London
Since 2007, when Imperial College London gained its own Royal Charter, the Academic dress of Imperial College London features purple across the range of garments to celebrate the work of Perkin. In 2015, President of the College, Professor Alice Gast, stated that: "The colour purple symbolises the spirit of endeavour and discovery, and the risk-taking nature that characterises those with an Imperial education and training."

References

Further reading

 Garfield, Simon, Mauve: How One Man Invented a Colour that Changed the World,  (2000).
 Travis, Anthony S. "Perkin, Sir William Henry (1838–1907)" in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited C. Matthew et al. Oxford University Press: 2004. .
 Farrell, Jerome, "The Master Leatherseller who Changed the World" in The Leathersellers' Review 2005–06, pp. 12–14

External links

1838 births
1907 deaths
English people of Scottish descent
People from Wapping
Alumni of Imperial College London
19th-century British chemists
19th-century British inventors
Knights Bachelor
People of the Industrial Revolution
Academics of Imperial College London
Chemical industry in London
Textile workers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Medal winners
Deaths from pneumonia in England
Scientists from London

William Henry Perkin


Cinta Fitri (Fitri's Love) is an Indonesian soap opera television series. Spanning 7 seasons and 1,002 episodes, the series was produced by MD Entertainment headed by Manoj Punjabi and Dhamoo Punjabi. It aired at 20:30 on SCTV from 2 April 2007 until 28 November 2010. The show moved to Indosiar on 11 January 2011 and aired until 8 May 2011. This series gained high viewership, both domestic and overseas (Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei).

Cast
Shireen Sungkar as Fitri Rahayu
Teuku Wisnu as Farrel Emeraldy Hutama
 as Aldo
 as Moza
 as Mischa
 as Sita
 as Faiz
 as Maya
 as Bram
 as Kayla
 as Hadi
Dea Lestari as Rita
 as Lia
Ochie Anggraini as Pinkan
 as Lik Rini
 as Asifa
 as Rita
 as Ferdi
 as Fika
Bemby Putuanda as Norman
Elsye Virgita as Salsa (Seasons 2 - Seasons 3, Seasons 7)
Shenny Andrea as Sherly (Season 1 - Seasons 7)
Windy Wulandari as Senny (Seasons 4 - Seasons 6, Seasons 7)
Arthur Tobing as Iman
Bobby Rakhman as Cecep
Djalu as Koko
Hendrik Beta as Beta (Seasons 6)
Celia Nadia Agatha Thomas as Nadine adult character (Seasons 7)
Cahya Rizky Zaputra as Raffa adult character (Seasons 7)
Wesley Andrew as Rifky adult character (Seasons 7)
Gaxel Anyndra Shanie as Aliza adult character (Seasons 7)
Didit Aditya as Alif adult character (Seasons 7)
 as Arya adult character (Seasons 7)
Rio Bhaskara as Yuga adult character (Seasons 7)
Marsha Aruan as Abel adult character (Seasons 7)
Akri Patrio as Babe Marzuki (Seasons 7)
Omaswati as Enyak Marzuki (Seasons 7)
Raffa Nemaja as Raffa child character (Seasons 4 - Seasons 7)
Anbo Ontocheno as Yuga child character (Seasons 1 - Seasons 7)
Angelina Quartiana as Abel child character (Seasons 2 - Seasons 7)
Chilla Irawan as Nadine child character (Seasons 1 - Seasons 3, Seasons 5, Seasons 7)
Fabian as Alif child character (Seasons 1 - Seasons 7)
Hans Joshua as Anwar (Seasons 6)
Lyra Virna as Mariska (Seasons 6)
 as Hartawan (Seasons 4 - Seasons 6)
Rini Yulianti as Joana (Seasons 6)
Yoppie Beda as Herman (Seasons 6)
Addy Irwandi as Giman (Seasons 6)
 as Randy (Seasons 6)
Ida Kusumah as Oma (Seasons 1 - Seasons 6)
 as Hutama (Seasons 1 - Seasons 3, Seasons 7 episodes 105)
El Manik as Handoko (Seasons 5 - Seasons 6)
Randy Pangalila as Tristan (Seasons 1, Seasons 3 - Seasons 4)
Silvana Herman as Doli (Seasons 4)
Rizky Hanggono as Firman (Seasons 1)
Metha Yunatria as Nabila (Seasons 1)
 as Kayla first character (Seasons 1 - Seasons 2)
 as Aish (Seasons 1 - Seasons 4)
Revand Narya as Fathan (Yadi) (Seasons 5)
 as Hendry (Erwin) (Seasons 5)
Ajeng Kartika as Diana (Seasons 4)
Nurul Hidayati as Dinita (Seasons 3 - Seasons 4)
Restu Sinaga as Binsar (Seasons 5)
Indah Ayu Putri as Angel (Seasons 5 - Seasons 6)
 as Iman (Seasons 5)
Marizcha Fayn as Jamilah (Seasons 3)
 as Vino (Seasons 2)
 as Edo (Seasons 1 - Seasons 2)

International broadcasts

Synopsis

Season 1
Fitri is a countryside girl who is naive, old-fashioned, cheerful, kind-hearted and far from being judgemental towards others. She came from a place called Wonogiri and lived with her aunt, as her parents had long died. She had a relationship with a man named Firman, a man who came from Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia.

As her wedding with Firman was drawing near, Fitri came to Jakarta to meet Firman's family. But as soon as she arrives in Jakarta, she is informed about Firman's death. So instead of attending her own wedding, she attends her fiancé's funeral. But that didn't deter Fitri. Fitri decided to stay in Jakarta, but she told Firman's family that she's going back to her village.

Fitri is shy, which was why she didn't tell Firman's family the truth. The other reason why she chooses to stay in Jakarta is to not let down her aunt. As if Fitri was blessed with unluckiness, her wallet was stolen at the bus station when she was wondering where to go next.

Fortunately, Fitri gets a job at a Soto and Rice food stall owned by Maya, a woman who was kicked out by her own father, Mr. Hutama, a very successful and wealthy businessman. The main reason was for marrying Bram, a man who was poor but hardworking who was not acknowledged by his father.

Moza is the daughter of Mr. Hutama's late best friend. Because of this, Mr. Hutama is hoping to see his son, Farrel, to marry Moza someday. Farrel himself is not up for another relationship especially after the departure of his ex-girlfriend, Mischa, to study abroad. Farrel then met Fitri. After various incidents, the relationship between Farrel and Fitri slowly building, but the jealous and scheming Moza kept on disrupting the relationship between the two. Hence, Farrel must choose between Fitri or his family business.

Farrel convinced Moza there's nothing between him and Fitri. But just when everything started to cool down, Mischa returned. Farrel then again was forced to choose between these two women. Alas, Farrel chose to be with Fitri instead. They became one of the most enviable couples for those around.

Season 2
After Fitri fell at a bridge in Wonogiri, Farrel and their family panicked. Bulik Rini was also agitated, but luckily Fitri was safe and was found by some villagers. The wedding party was held with joy. Since they lived together, conflict between in-laws automatically appeared. Grandma was always provoking Lia, as a result, Fitri and Lia often has conflicts. Aldo and Kayla's conflict also heated up, Aldo was assumed too busy taking care of his parents and Norman. The household life of Maya and Bram was also a dead end. Their decision of working together in one office, at Emil's property agency, became a boomerang. At the moment, Maya and Bram kept their husband and wife status a secret. And Emil not knowingly, ends up liking Maya.

Moza also has a story. Vino who is prideful, is the new working partner at Retro, this makes Moza irritated. Vino's cynical attitude towards women is caused by his past of bad experiences with romance. They fight frequently. Many people thought Vino will end up with Moza. Fate says differently. Moza is destined to be with Aldo. Norman and Yuga had rented a house. Yuga was happy to meet Nabila again who is now a teacher in the school.

Season 3
While Fitri became pregnant, Farrel was jailed accused of murdering Bram. Hutama and Lia are shocked, but not Maya, who filed for this case. Alas, Farrel was free; however Mischa provoked Maya to get inheritance from Hutama using Alif as an excuse. Maya succeeded in her provocation and she took over her father's wealth. This made Hutama, Lia, and Oma even unhappier. They moved to Fitri and Farrel's rented house and were pleased there. Unexpectedly, Kayla got into a coma donating her bone marrow for Finza. Hadi changed towards Aldo and Moza who were then married. A cold war between them was unavoidable.

One day, Fitri was shocked to see Bram in a public place. Everyone thought that Fitri was hallucinating. Mischa found a new partner through Bram's disappearance to attack Fitri and Farrel's happiness, Faiz claimed to be Hutama's only true son. Not Farrel. Hutama's entire family was in shock.

Season 4, Ramadhan 1
Through the hardest and longest struggle, Farrel and Fitri's son was delivered safely. Farrel asks Mrs. Lia to name their son because Mrs. Lia is his most beloved and respected mother. Mrs. Lia was overwhelmed with the given honour, she named Farrel and Fitri's son, Raffa Emeraldi Hutama.

Mrs. Lia reminds Farrel of Mr. Hutama's last wishes before he died, to protect his family and the company, Retro, from anything and anyone. Farrel and Fitri are in no position to refuse this. Mischa and Faiz were surprised to see the return of Farrel, Fitri, and Oma. Moreover, Mrs. Lia asks Farrel to return to work at Retro.

In the meantime, Bram managed to get hold of the CCTV master video and witnessed how Mr. Hutama died. Bram has always been looked down by Mischa and Faiz. So when he found it was them who killed Mr. Hutama, Bram selfishly uses the opportunity to threaten both to get what he wants instead of handing them to the authority.

Tristan kidnaps Moza from Aldo while they were on a holiday in a villa. Aldo had searched for Moza everywhere but he still could not find her for a while. When Aldo had found Moza, she had already become Tristan's wife.

So how will Farrel and Fitri know and finally get Mischa and Faiz to confess that they killed Mr. Hutama? Will Mischa and Faiz ever leave Fitri, Farrel, and Raffa alone and let them live happily? What exactly happened to Aldo and Moza? How's the relationship going between Maya and Bram?

Season 5
Lia is trapped under the debris of the hotel after an earthquake rocks Yogyakarta. This unlucky event happens just after the secret that Faiz is not her real son was revealed. Lia is badly injured and she is hanging on for dear life. Mischa and Faiz are afraid and make use of this disastrous situation to run away.

Farrel is very anxious and nervous when Lia finishes talking and hangs up the phone from there. He gets this uneasy feeling in his heart. And it turns out to be right because not long after that Farrel gets the news about the earthquake in Yogyakarta. Farrel panics and worries, even more so as he cannot get in touch with his mother. He immediately decides to go to Yogyakarta as he feels that Lia is in danger and needs help.

Oma is shocked and is hospitalized after she hears the news about the earthquake and Lia being trapped in this national calamity. The entire family cries and pray to God to help save Lia and Oma.

Meanwhile, Mischa continues trying to ascertain Lia's condition, hoping for her death. Faiz asks and even forces her to run away but she insists that she will not leave Yogyakarta before knowing for sure if Lia is dead. Farrel arrives in Yogyakarta, and after a great deal of difficulty, finds a body resembling Lia. At that exact moment, Faiz sees this and thinks that the body Farrel is looking at is Lia's body; he immediately informs Mischa, who is overjoyed and finally agrees to return to Jakarta. Mischa and Faiz are wrong: Lia is still alive under the debris of the hotel, and Farrel finally succeeds in rescuing her. Unaware of this, Faiz and Mischa are surprised when Farrel brings Lia home in an unconscious state. Back in Jakarta, Lia's condition worsens and she goes into a coma. The truth about Mischa lying about Faiz which had to be spoken about did not happen. Mischa does not sit and wait: she tries to kill Lia at the hospital. During her attempt, Mischa almost succeeds when suddenly Lia awakens from her coma. Mischa is very scared and tries to escape but she is caught. Farrel's temper shoots up when he hears the story from Lia, and Mischa and Faiz are finally taken by the police. As the court case goes on, Mischa and Faiz are charged with fraud, attempted homicide and murder.

After the arrest, happiness returns to the family, but Bram and Maya's household is getting worse. Handoko, the brother of the late Hutama, appears and intends to destroy the happiness of the family. Lia and Hutama hate Handoko, because he once made Hutama's secretary, Asifa, have an affair with Hutama. Since then Handoko would not be regarded as a family.

Mischa gives birth to her son in jail, which, afterwards, was under the care of the Hutama family. Hutama had left a DVD for Fitri at the bank. It turns out Asifa really had an affair and have children of Hutama. Hutama pleaded Fitri to find the boy. Handoko also see the DVD. Asifa turned out to be in Jakarta. Handoko starts to find out about the boy by asking Asifa.

After investigation, it turns out the child Asifa and Hutama is Faiz. Handoko told Asifa and Asifa also intends to help her son, Faiz to get out of jail. Faiz and Mischa get out of jail. Faiz then hates Mischa after knowing that he had killed his own father.

Mischa still wants to destroy the happiness of Family Hutama and cooperate with Handoko. But Faiz and Asifa ignored this. Faiz becomes good and is willing to set up a company and does not interfere with the family's happiness.

All is changed when Fahmi, Faiz and Mischa's child is involved in a car accident. The car involved belongs to Farell, but someone had stolen the car. Faiz and Mischa are very sad and both promise to take revenge on his son's death. Faiz and Mischa demand Farell to be imprisoned and severely punished. On the other hand, the Hutama family who believe that Farrell not guilty, try to free Farrell. Mischa later learned that Handoko killed Fahmi. He became angry and would not cooperate again with Handoko. But after Handoko pleaded, Mischa finally agreed.

All the witnesses and the evidence held by Mischa. Mischa offer evidence to freedom Farrell but will lose ownership Retro and Metro. The Hutama family agrees. Farrell is freed and upon learning that, he was furious, and aims to establish a new company. All Retro workers who do not cooperate with Mischa, resign from Retro and joins Farrell's company. Revolution, Farrell's company, becomes competition for Retro. Mischa and Faiz try to impose Farrell with Revolution. Farrell sent Bram to spy Mischa.

Handoko and Mischa's cooperation was almost revealed, but Mischa makes Hartawan the cause of the problem. Maya and Bram's relation is almost toward divorce. Fitri is pregnant again. Mischa is not willing to try to kill Fitri's new son. Faiz, who feels unfair because Fitri becomes pregnant while her son died, helps Mischa in the effort to kill the child.

Bram is caught spying Mischa, who then slandered Bram, which made him go to jail. Maya is angry with Farrel and does not allow Farell to meet Raffa before Bram is freed. Efforts to frighten Mischa for admit the truth about Fahmi and Faiz fails.

Fitri finally helps, and succeeds to reveal the truth about Faiz, and Faiz intends to help the Hutama family. Farrel and Faiz cooperation has a result. Tino, Mischa's messenger was arrested, and Farell upon knowing Handoko's bad intentions, is pushed off a cliff by Handoko. Mischa tries not to be sad, although her loved one has died. Fitri, who is still grieving awakens and becomes the leader of Revolution.

Apparently, Farrel is still alive, helped by Mischa and kept in a house. Farrel is conscious but suffers amnesia. But after all, crime will not be eternal. Sure enough, Mischa's efforts to hide Farrel is known. The Hutama family find Farrel. But unfortunately Fitri has to sacrifice for Farell. Farrel would die if he tried to remember his past.

Once again Mischa enters the Hutama household and become Farell's wife, with Fitri being a maid. Fitri once again faces the test of her love with Farrel. Fitri challenges Mischa to get Farell's heart, while Farell himself begins to remember his past.

Farrel who sees Fitri wonders. Where a Fitri's husband? Remembering Farell's effort to win the heart of Bu Lik by pretending to be Fathan, Fitri also tells Farell about Fathan. Fitri also use the name Fathan to get closer to Farrel. The situation was also exploited by Mischa.

Mischa pay Yadi to act as Fathan. Fitri, with the help of all his family, can survive against Mischa and Yadi, which are cornering. Mischa's efforts are useless. Yadi is successfully removed by Fitri with the help of Faiz, Norman, Bram, and family Hutama. Wanting to get rid of Mischa, Fitri also hires a new man, Henry, who becomes Erwin, a rich businessman from Australia.

Fitri and the family take advantage of the materialistic character of Mischa to get rid of her. He made it appear that Mischa had an affair with Henry, aka Erwin; and succeeds. Mischa is expelled from the family home by Farrel. Because Mischa has been out of the residence Hutama, Handoko would not want to clean up all this in a way to kill Farrell. Farrell has an accident on the steps of the mosque. Accused of trying to kill Farrell, Mischa blurred.

Fitri asks Handoko about Farell because she was worried about his condition. Handoko also explains that he succeeded in blocking Mischa from entering Farell's room. Mischa is upset having been slandered by Handoko. She threatens to reveal Handoko's intentions to everyone. Meanwhile, Aldo admits that Angel is having his child. Meanwhile, Moza is hysteric upon realizing that her daughter, Aliza, is not moving. Handoko threatens to kill Farrel and instead attempts unsuccessfully to kidnap him. During the action, Handoko was almost stabbed.

Season 6, Ramadhan 2
After Mischa's accidental stabbing, Fitri takes her to the hospital in an ambulance and waits for her, because she is in critical condition. Meanwhile, Farrel runs after Handoko but he manages to escape.  When Oma and Lia return home, they are unaware that Handoko is already there, determined to finish them all, and has taken Rafa hostage. Lia, Oma and Bulik confront him, and Lia informs Farrel of this situation. Police surround Handoko, who flees while Farrel chases him. Finally, just before dying, Handoko admits to all that he has done.  Meanwhile, Mischa's condition improves, but instead of being thankful upon regaining consciousness, she renews animosity by trying to take Farrel away from his home and family. Lia becomes ill from stress, and her condition worsens amid the chaos. As Mischa succeeds in overpowering Farrel, Lia dies, and the entire scene disintegrates. Maya promises to marry Hartawan after getting a divorce, but her feelings for Bram return. Amid severe illness, Kayla begins to feel useless, while Aldo is unable to help Farrel and Fitri because his daughter Aliza is critical; he can only help her if he divorces Mozza and marries Angel.

Season 7
Oma is now no more, and the Hutama family is in mourning. Mischa returns with a vengeance: she has accidentally burnt half of her face, and needing to take out her anger on Fitri and Farrel, she comes up with a plan to kidnap Raffa. The Hutama family were reunited after Farrel's recovery from his minor paralysis. All worry because Mischa almost succeeds in entering their house, and Fitri wants to take no risks, so she finally agrees to Lia Hutama's suggestion of hiding Raffa somewhere out of the house. It turns out that Mischa continuously spies on the family and she discovers of their plan, so the Hutamas contact the police for protection, but Mischa is sly enough to avoid capture while continuing to follow Fitri. When Fitri gets a bit careless, Mischa finally succeeds in grabbing Rafka from her arms and takes him away. Meanwhile, Kayla forces Hadi to marry Rita immediately because her condition is worsening day by day. Abel finally learns of Kayla's condition and approves of Hadi marrying Rita. But after the wedding, Kayla's condition improves. As time passes, Aldo's business corporation improves. His company surpasses other companies. Automatically, Aldo's family wallow in wealth. This changes Mozza, causing her to feel all the more prestigious especially in educating Aliza, whom she pampers.

Reboot

On 20 February 2021, Manoj Punjabi announced that they will be producing a reboot version of Cinta Fitri on WeTV. With the cast like Tissa Biani and Rizky Nazar. On 15 September 2021, the first promo was released. The reboot version was broadcast from 5 October 2021 and ended on 17 November 2021.

References

Indonesian television soap operas
SCTV (TV network) original programming
Indosiar original programming
2007 Indonesian television series debuts
2011 Indonesian television series endings

Cinta Fitri


Graphic designer is a professional related with Graphic design's and Graphic art's industry. They build piece of designs through assembling typography and motion graphics(animation). Mainly graphic designers creates graphics for published, printed, or electronic media, such as brochures (sometimes) and advertising usages. Sometimes they are also part of typesetting, illustration, user interface construction and web designs. They are presenting information as accessible and memorable form.

Qualifications

Academic degrees
A Bachelor's degree or certificate from accredited trade school is considered as usually essential for the position as a graphic designer. After a career history has been established, though, the graphic designer's experience and number of years in the business are considered the primary qualifications. A portfolio, which is the primary method for demonstrating these qualifications, is usually required to be shown at job interviews, and is constantly developed throughout a designer's career.

One can obtain an AAS, BA, BFA, BCA, MFA or an MPhil / PhD in graphic design. Degree programs available vary depending upon the institution. Although typical U.S. graphic design jobs may require at least some form of degree.

Needed skills
Current graphic designer jobs demand proficiency in one or more graphic design software programs. A common software package used in the graphic design industry is Adobe Creative Cloud. This software package contains the three main programs used by graphic designers, which are Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign. These are the industry standard applications for many graphic design positions. Another example of a common software package is CorelDraw Graphics Suite.

Outside the graphic design industry, many people use Microsoft Word or Microsoft Publisher to create a layout or design. However, depending on the job at hand, most designers create the layout in either InDesign, CorelDraw, or QuarkXPress. Specifically, the designer will type or import the text in the layout program, also importing the graphics and images they created in Photoshop or Illustrator. There are a couple of reasons a designer builds a layout in this fashion:

Files going to press are generally printed at 300 dots per inch. As a result, the file size can become very large, depending upon the photos and graphics used in it. By using a layout program and linking these graphics and images (but not saving all of them in the file itself), the working file is a fraction of the file size. When the designer is ready to go to press, s/he will either create a press-ready PDF; or use the "Package" function in InDesign, or the "Collect For Output" function in QuarkXpress or CorelDRAW (which gathers the layout document, plus all fonts and images used therein, and saves them in one folder which can be provided to a commercial printing company for final output).
InDesign, CorelDRAW, or QuarkXPress make it possible to work with large multiple page layouts, such as catalogs and booklets.
Since InDesign, CorelDRAW, and QuarkXPress the original file, linking to the graphics and images, the designer can change the "original file" and it will update all instances throughout the document to save time.
A web designer should understand how to work with XML, HTML, and basic web programming scripts. A print designer should understand the processes involved in printing (including, notably, offset printing) to be able to produce press-ready artwork.

Communication
Designers should be able to solve visual communication problems or challenges. In doing so, the designer must identify the communications issue, gather and analyze information related to the issue, and generate potential approaches aimed at solving the problem. Iterative prototyping and user testing can be used to determine the success or failure of a visual solution. Approaches to a communications problem are developed in the context of an audience and a media channel. Graphic designers must understand the social and cultural norms of that audience in order to develop visual solutions that are perceived as relevant, understandable and effective.

Rendering methods
Graphic designers should also have a thorough understanding of production and rendering methods. Some of the technologies and methods of production are drawing, offset printing, photography, and time-based and interactive media (film, video, computer multimedia). Frequently, designers are also called upon to manage color in different media.

References

Graphics
Designers

Graphic designer


Grappa Musikkforlag (established 1983 in Norway) is a Norwegian music company initiated and directed by Helge Westbye. It is one of the oldest and biggest independent record companies in Norway today. The company represents prominent Norwegian artists, and the catalog consists of more than 35 000 tracks in all genres of music. The classic catalog is marketed through Simax Classics. Folk and world music is released on the Heilo label which was taken over by Grappa in 1995. Besides representing the labels Blue Mood (blues and country), Hubro (contemporary jazz) and Barneselskapet (children's music). Grappa is also engaged in several other music companies such as Drabant Music, Curling Legs and Rune Grammofon. Grappa has a close cooperation with the "Norsk Komponistforening" for the marketing of their contemporary music published on the Aurora label and with Norsk Jazzforum for the jazz label Odin. Grappa is the Norwegian Music Publishing company with the most nominations for the Norwegian Grammy, Spellemannprisen. The company's DVD releases have also set Norwegian sales records. Grappa is part of FONO.

Catalogs

References

External links

Grappa Music Official Website

Norwegian independent record labels
Record labels established in 1992
Norwegian jazz
Classical music record labels
Jazz record labels
Traditional music
Grappa Music artists

Grappa Musikkforlag


José Eduardo González Navas known as Pepe Gonzalez (born 14 April 1951, Íllora, Granada, Spain) is a Spanish politician, established in Catalonia since 1965. In 1972 he won the poetry prize of Olot City. He graduated in economics from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, and now is socialist councilor at Castellar del Vallès.

Affiliated with the UGT union and the Catalan Federation of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since 1974, played a crucial role in the unification of Catalan socialism during the founding congress of the Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (PSC). After the unification occupied different roles at different party organs. He was elected Member of Parliament of Catalonia during the elections in Catalonia in 1980 and 1984. During his position as deputy was one of the speakers of the first law about Catalan and the law about school councils.

In 2003 he was elected councilor for the PSC at Castellar del Vallès in the opposition. With the victory Ignasi Giménez Renom passed in 2007 to occupy positions within the government team, a situation that would be repeated in 2011, after the socialist victory by an absolute majority in this village.

References

1951 births
Living people
Socialists' Party of Catalonia politicians
Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni

José Eduardo González Navas


Most countries have armed forces, which are usually called regular army. Very often, the constitution of a country talks about this army. This is different from rebel groups or militia, who may also train forces. The regular army is a official army of a official country. They are temporary army's. Still, the person in charge of the army is the president or King or the head of the government. Very often, a regular army has two parts:
 Most of the army, are people under arms, even in peace time.
 Part of the army are people who can be called to arms, on request (for example, in case of a conflict)

Military terminology

Regular army


Lise Darly (born 27 December 1981) is a French singer and was selected to represent Monaco in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest, held in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv.

Lise was born in Nice. She made her mark by beating over a hundred rivals to win the Graine de Star Tour in 1999. She subsequently became a professional singer in 2001, and in 2003 entered a casting process designed to find a suitable singer to represent Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, Lise Darly came second in the process. She was later selected to represent Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest 2005.

In Kyiv, Lise sang a love song entitled Tout de moi (All of me), written by Philippe Bosco, who also wrote the 2004 Monegasque Eurovision entry, Notre planète (Our planet), then performed by Maryon. Maryon had ended the 2004 semi-final in 20th place, and because of this modest placing in 2004 Lise started in the semifinal line-up, from which only ten countries would progress to the grand final.
In the running order of the semifinal, Monaco sang 6th (between Latvia and Israel).

Lise ended up 24th out of 25 countries in the semifinal, therefore placing 38th out of 39 total countries, beating only Lithuania. Monaco received 10 points from Andorra (who were using a jury due to an insufficient number of televotes made in the tiny principality), 10 points from France and 2 points from Moldova.

Now she is living and working in Monaco. Lise Darly was one of stars on New Year Party in Monaco.

External links
 Official Website
 Official MySpace Page
 Lyrics of "Tout de Moi" in French and English

1981 births
Living people
Musicians from Nice
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Monaco
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2005
The Voice (franchise) contestants
21st-century French  women singers

Lise Darly


Angèle Arsenault,  (October 1, 1943 – February 25, 2014) was a Canadian-Acadian singer, songwriter and media host.

Early life
Arsenault was born to Acadian parents Arthur and Joséphine in Abrams Village, Prince Edward Island, Canada in 1943. She was the eighth child out of fourteen children. She grew up surrounded by music because this medium was very popular among her family. The family would gather for kitchen parties, an important aspect of Acadian culture, and each would play a different musical instrument, and would sing songs passed down from older generations. By the age of 14, she was playing the piano and the guitar and won a televised singing contest in Charlottetown.

In 1965, she received her BA from the Université de Moncton followed by her MA from Université Laval in 1968. She then taught for one year, before moving to Montreal, Quebec, where her singing/songwriting career started in earnest.

Career
Arsenault had started to perform in Moncton in 1963. She would play the guitar and piano and sing and collect traditional Acadian songs. After 1966 she lived in various places in Quebec, and appeared on television and in radio. She then toured parts of Canada. However, it was not until 1973 that she began to write and sing her own songs (in English and in French). Among these were Évangéline, Acadian Queen and Le monde de par chez nous.

For TVOntario, she hosted several shows, among others was the educational program Avec Angèle.  In 1974, the program won a Gold Hugo Award at the Chicago International Film Festival. During the '70s, she released Première and an English album entitled Angèle Arsenault. However, it was with the release of her 1977 album Libre with which Arsenault garnered much success and fame.

Libre, which went triple platinum, contained songs that Arsenault is still remembered for today, such as Moi j'mange and De temps en temps moi j'ai les bleus. In 1979, she received the prestigious Felix Award for best-seller (Libre) in Quebec, and performed at a sold-out concert at the Place des Arts.

In 1979, she recorded her fourth album Y'a une étoile pour vous and the following year she received much acclaim at the Festival de Spa in Belgium. She then returned to Canada to record her fifth album. She also kept up her radio and television career, as much in Quebec as in the Maritimes. Arsenault collaborated with Sylvie Toupin to write a play entitled Pour le meilleur et pour le pire, which deals with violence against women.

Following the 1970s, the singer had built up a sizable fan base and solidified her popularity, as much as a singer as an Acadian pioneer in modern music. In 1975, she published a collection of poems entitled Première, released at the same time as her first album.

She appeared in several films for the National Film Board of Canada including Le temps de l'avant (1975). She also founded the Société de production et de programmation de spectacles with the impresario Lise Aubut and the singers Edith Butler and Jacqueline Lemay.

In 1994, she returned to music with the release of the album Transparente, which continued to show the world the artist's musical talents. This album featured the well-known songs Grand-Pré and Papa Arthur. She also continued to do tours in Quebec, as well as throughout Canada.

In 1996, she returned to Prince Edward Island to be closer to her family.

In 1997, she received the Ordre de la Pléiade de l'Association des parlementaires de langue française, recognizing her work in the promotion of the French language and culture.

She is also an honorary member of the Association canadienne des éducateurs de langue française, for which she sang and gave workshops.

She continued to write new songs and appeared at many festivals worldwide.

In 1999, she received an honorary doctorate from the University of Prince Edward Island. She also released that year an album of twelve songs entitled Amour, meant specifically for children (Arsenault herself had no children of her own).

In 2000, she received the title of Woman of the Year from Zonta International.

Her last known television work was with PassepArts, a television show for which she was its correspondent in Charlottetown and her last known place of residence was Summerside, Prince Edward Island.

On February 23, 2003, Arsenault received the Order of Canada.

Death
Arsenault died on February 25, 2014, in Saint-Sauveur, Quebec, after a battle with cancer. She was 70.

Discography
 Première (1975)
 Angèle Arsenault (1976)
 Libre (1977)
 C'est la récréation (1977) (with Édith Butler and Jacqueline Lemay)
 Y'a une étoile pour vous (1979)
 Chanter dans le soleil (1980)
 Paniquez pas pour rien (1982)
 Bonjour Madame Bolduc (1993)
 Transparente (1994)
 Noël c'est l'amour (1995)
 J'ai vécu bien des années (1995)
 Amour (1999)
 Des étoiles pour vous (2010)
 De souvenirs et d'amitié (2013)
 Vivre! (2014)

References

External links

1943 births
2014 deaths
Acadian people
People from Prince County, Prince Edward Island
Université de Moncton alumni
Université Laval alumni
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian women radio hosts
Canadian television hosts
Musicians from Prince Edward Island

Members of the Order of Prince Edward Island
Officers of the Order of Canada
French-language singers of Canada
Canadian women television hosts
20th-century Canadian women singers
21st-century Canadian women singers
20th-century Canadian singer-songwriters
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters

Angèle Arsenault


Aji Pasun Devacheryh Patyeunum
I have trusted only in God until today

Type: Mando

Lyrics and Music: António Francisco Sardinha of Benaulim

Musical form: Ternary

Literary form: Monologue

Translated by Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Goa,

Aji pasun Devacheryh patyeunum,

I have trusted only in God until today,

Sonxtalyhim mujem burgeponnom.

I was bearing my youth.

Sorgim surya noketram tsoinum,

Watching the sun and the stars in the sky,

Vellu muzo passar kortalylim y aum-um.

I would vile away my time.

The text of verses 2 and 3 are not published.

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Vodorho morho ailearyh rê moga,

Even if a handsome young peacock should come by, my love,

Kedinch y aum sanndduchim nam rê tuka.

I will never, ever leave you.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Aji Pasun Devacheryh Patyeunum - Mando


The Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium is the successor to the Montreal Planetarium, and is located in the Space for Life, near the Olympic Stadium and the Biodome in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The new installation has two separate theatres as well as exhibits on space and astronomy. It was officially opened in April 2013.

The building, designed by Cardin + Ramirez et Associés, Architectes, is certified as LEED Platinum.

History

The Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium is the successor to the Montreal Planetarium, formerly known as the Dow Planetarium, which operated from April 1, 1966, to October 10, 2011.

The Dow Planetarium was sponsored by Dow Breweries, which later became O'Keefe Breweries, now a part of Molson Breweries. Important in the brewery's decision to found a planetarium was Pierre Gendron, a past professor of chemistry and amateur astronomer who was the founding dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of Ottawa. Gendron was also president of the board of directors of Dow Breweries. It was Gendron's influence that led to Dow's decision to endow Montréal with a planetarium in time for Expo 67.

The planetarium was constructed at Chaboillez Square, a former parking lot outside downtown Montréal. It was designed by the architectural firm of David-Barott-Boulva and constructed at a cost of $1.2 million. The building and projection equipment were completed in February 1966, and the inaugural show, New Skies for a New City, premiered on April 4, 1966.

Between 1966 and 2011, some six million spectators attended over 250 original productions created by the planetarium. Some 50 lecturers and educators presented more than 58,000 shows in the Star Theatre.

The Montréal Planetarium ceased its public activities on October 10, 2011.

Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium

The new planetarium is part of the Space for Life museum complex, a cluster of museums focusing on nature. Sustainable development is a focus for the Space for Life, as reflected in the planetarium's architecture and its status as a LEED Platinum certified building. Constructed of aluminum and concrete, the building contains an exhibition area and two dome theatres named "Chaos" and "Milky Way". Artistic direction was by Michel Lemieux and Victor Pilon.

Visitors choose one of two programs, then view two presentations, one in each theatre. One presentation focuses on the science of astronomy while the other presents a more artistic view of space. There is also an exhibition area with exhibits on meteorites and an area, Exo, which uses touchscreen panels to discuss the origin of life and the possibility of life on other worlds (exobiology). All exhibits and presentations are in French and English.

Shows

A 40-minute presentation about the aurora borealis, Aurōrae, combines images of the Northern Lights with music and live commentary by the planetarium's science interpreters. The origin of the phenomenon is described. A team from the planetarium gathered over 179,000 images in March 2015 in Yellowknife. At that location, light pollution is low and the aurora is visible, on average, 240 nights per year.

Other films shown at the planetarium, some presented with live commentary, include the American Museum of Natural History's Dark Universe and National Geographic's Asteroid: Extreme Mission.

Elevators
In 2012, installation the passenger elevators (Ascenseurs Néoservices inc.)

See also
 Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Montreal

External links
 Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium - official site

Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve
Museums established in 2013
Museums in Montreal
Planetaria in Canada

Rio Tinto Alcan Planetarium


Cosmopolitan is a word considered first made by Diogenes of Sinope and is made of two parts, cosmos and politics.  It can be used for:
A place or person that is proud of its multicultural heritage
World citizens think that all the people of the world should have and follow the same ideals or international law, especially on human rights and that the idea of nation-states will be therefore outdated, before international organizations.
Cosmopolitan (magazine), an American women's magazine.
A living thing has a cosmopolitan distribution if it lives on all parts of Earth.

Cosmopolitan


Telemetry intelligence (TELINT) is a subdiscipline of FISINT which is concerned with missiles and other remotely monitored devices sending back continuous streams of data about their location, speed, engine status and other metrics. This data can provide information on the performance of the missile and especially its throw-weight, i.e. the potential size of its warheads.

Strategic significance of TELINT
TELINT is one of the "national means of technical verification" mentioned, but not detailed, in the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT) between the US and USSR. The SALT I treaty language "the agreements include provisions that are important steps to strengthen assurance against violations: both sides undertake not to interfere with national technical means of verification. In addition, both countries agree not to use deliberate concealment measures to impede verification." refers to, in part, a technical agreement not to encrypt strategic test telemetry and thus impede verification by TELINT.

See also
SIGINT
ELINT
COMINT
FISINT

References

Signals intelligence

Telemetry intelligence


Most common meanings
 Inductive reasoning, used in science and the scientific method
 Mathematical induction, a way of proving things in math
 Electromagnetic induction in physics and engineering

Other articles
 Induction (play), an opening scene in a play, notably used in early English plays
 Rite of passage
 Orientation week, an induction program for new students at Universities
 Teacher induction, the support and guidance provided to novice educators in the early stages of their careers
 Induction (teachers), the period of one year following qualification as a teacher in the United Kingdom
 Induction program, the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role

In biology and chemistry:
 Induction (biology) is the initiation or cause of a change or process in developmental biology
 Enzyme induction and inhibition is a process in which a molecule (e.g. a drug) induces (i.e. initiates or enhances) or inhibits the expression of an enzyme
 Induction (birth), induction of childbirth
 asymmetric induction is the formation of one specific stereoisomer in the presence of a nearby chiral center

In psychology:
 Induction procedure, the act of inducing a hypnotic state
 Post Induction Therapy, a therapy which is based on the theory that childhood trauma, including child abuse and neglect, is the origin of developmental immaturity
 Inductive reasoning aptitude, an aptitude or personality characteristic

In philosophy, logic, and computer science:
 Inductive reasoning, used in science and the scientific method
 Rhetorical induction
 Backward induction in game theory and economics
 Concept learning is the induction of a concept (category) from observations
 Theoretical foundations of induction, see:
 Computational learning theory
 Version Space
 Statistical Learning Theory
 PAC Learning
 Algorithmic Information Theory.
 Concept learning, for citations to foundational work by Watanabe, Solomonoff, Rendell, etc.

In mathematics:
 Mathematical induction, a method of proof in the field of mathematics
 Strong induction, or Complete induction, a variant of mathematical induction
 Transfinite induction, a kind of mathematical induction
 ∈-induction, a kind of transfinite induction
 Structural induction, a generalization of mathematical induction
 'Statistical induction', also known as inferential statistics

In physics:
 Electromagnetic induction in physics and engineering
 'Magnetic induction', see magnetic field
 Electrostatic induction
 Radio frequency induction
 Induction heating
 Induction cooker uses induction heating for cooking.
 Induction sealing
 forced induction, with combustion engines, is the use of a gas compressor added to the air intake

Induction


Brad Ascalon (born in 1977), is an American industrial designer who grew up in the Philadelphia suburb of Cherry Hill, New Jersey.  He earned a bachelor's degree at Rutgers University, and received a master's degree in industrial design from New York's Pratt Institute.  His early artistic and design influences included his grandfather, the Hungarian-born Art Deco sculptor and industrial designer Maurice Ascalon, as well as his father, the American sculptor and stained glass artist David Ascalon, founder of Ascalon Studios.

Ascalon started his eponymous studio in 2006, working in the areas of furniture, product and packaging design. Among his first clients was the cosmetics conglomerate L'Oreal. His first international recognition, however, came while he was still a graduate student, when the international design magazine Wallpaper* selected Ascalon as one of the year's top ten up-and-coming designers in the world. Since then, Ascalon's multi-disciplinary design studio has worked with clients around the world within a number of industries, most notably the furniture industry. Ascalon's furniture work has been exhibited globally, from Milan's Salone del Internazionale del Mobile, the world's largest stage for design, to Germany's IMM Cologne, Paris' Maison et Objet and NYC's International Contemporary Furniture Fair (ICFF). Ascalon's first showing at the ICFF was in 2007 as part of the ICFF Bernhardt Design Studio Exhibition, a high-profile juried competition whose primary goal is to promote emerging designers around the world. In 2008, Ascalon became one of only two Americans ever to have designed for the French furniture powerhouse, Ligne Roset; in 2010, his work started being produced by "Bernhardt Design"; and in 2011 by "Design Within Reach".

References

"Design Now: Renderings" by Cristian Campos, Harper Collins (2010).

External links
 Brad Ascalon's site

1977 births
Living people
Pratt Institute alumni
Rutgers University alumni
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
People from Cherry Hill, New Jersey

Brad Ascalon


Pretendre (1963–1972) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse who came within a neck of winning the 1966 Epsom Derby. Bred by The Princess Mary, Princess Royal, Pretendre's damsire was Verso II, winner of the 1943 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. He was sired by Doutelle, a multiple stakes winning son of Prince Chevalier. Racing in France in 1945/46, Prince Chevalier's wins included what are now Group One races, the Prix du Jockey Club and Prix Lupin. Prince Chevalier was the sire of the 1951 Epsom Derby winner, Artic Prince. In 1960, Prince Chevalier was the Leading sire in France and Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland in 1972.

Pretendre was purchased by J. A. Claude Lilley, a textile manufacturer and the proprietor of Quarry Stud on Duffield Bank in Makeney, Derbyshire. Conditioned for racing by Jack Jarvis, the colt was one of the top two-year-olds racing in 1965. After winning the Blue Riband Trial Stakes as a three-year-old he went into the 1966 Epsom Derby as the betting favourite. In a fierce stretch run, Pretendre finished second by a neck to Charlottown. That year Pretendre won the King Edward VII Stakes at Ascot Racecourse and was third in the Eclipse Stakes at Sandown Park Racecourse.

Sire of a Kentucky Derby/Preakness Stakes winner
Retired after the 1966 racing season, Pretendre was sent to the United States to stand at stud in Kentucky. Part of his first crop foaled in 1968 was a bay colt born with a noticeably crooked foreleg. Considered to have no future in racing, he was sold as a yearling for a mere $1,200 at the Keeneland Sales. Acquired by Venezuelan interests, the horse was named Canonero and raced at age two in Venezuela where it earned an undistinguished record. At age three, because of his American birth, the colt was sent to run in the 1971 U.S. Triple Crown series. Canonero stunned the racing world when he won both Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes, the latter in race record time.

Pretendre was returned to stud duty in England. In 1970 he became one of the first stallions to be shuttled across the world when he was sent to stand at Waikato Stud, near Matamata in New Zealand. Of his offspring there, he was the damsire of Leica Pretender, the dam of the Australian horse Nothin' Leica Dane who won the Group One Victoria Derby and Group One Spring Champion Stakes.

Pretendre unexpectedly died in 1972 at the age of nine.

References
 Pretendre's pedigree and partial racing stats
 Daily Telegraph newspaper article on Claude Lilley and Pretendre

1963 racehorse births
1972 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 1-w

Pretendre


The year 1776 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings and structures

Buildings

 The Landhaus (Dresden), designed by Friedrich August Krubsacius, is completed.
 City Hall, Weesp in the Netherlands, designed by Jacob Otten Husly with Leendert Viervant the Younger, is completed.
 Rauma Old Town Hall in Finland, designed by Christian Friedrich Schröder, is built.
 Hôtel du Châtelet town house in Paris, designed by Mathurin Cherpitel, is built.
 Château Malou near Brussels in the Austrian Netherlands is built.
 Curtea Nouă palace in Bucharest, Principality of Wallachia, is completed.
 New Wardour Castle in Wiltshire, England, designed by James Paine, is built to replace the ruined Wardour Castle.
 Woolverstone Hall in Suffolk, England, designed by John Johnson, is built.
 The Wenyuan Chamber, an imperial library in the Forbidden City of Beijing, is built.
 The Palazzi di S. Apollinare in Rome is extended by Pietro Camporese il Vecchio and Pasquale Belli.
 The church of San Barnaba, Venice, is reconstructed by Lorenzo Boschetti.
 The Villa del Poggio Imperiale near Florence in Tuscany is remodelled by Gaspare Paoletti.
 11–15 Portman Square, London, designed by James Wyatt, are completed.
 The Dobbin House Tavern in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, is built and is later used as a home on the Underground Railroad.
 New Aray Bridge on Inveraray Castle estate in Scotland, designed by Robert Mylne, is completed.

Births
 June 8 – Thomas Rickman, English architect and architectural antiquary (died 1841)
 June 11 – James Gillespie Graham, Scottish architect (died 1855)
 August 22 – Carlo Amati, Italian architect (died 1852)

Deaths
 June 4 – Johann Gottfried Rosenberg, German-Danish rococo architect (born 1709)

References

Architecture
Years in architecture
18th-century architecture

1776 in architecture