The firemouth cichlid (Thorichthys meeki) is a species of cichlid fish native to Central America. They occur in rivers of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, south through Belize and into northern Guatemala.

Their natural habitat is typically shallow, slow-moving, often turbid, water with a pH of 6.5 - 8.0.  It has also been reported to live in cave systems. As fish with a tropical distribution, firemouth cichlids live in warm water with a temperature range of . The common name "firemouth" is derived from the bright orange-red colouration on the underside of the jaw, while the specific epithet meeki honors American ichthyologist Seth Eugene Meek. Males in particular flare out their gills, exposing their red throats, in a threat display designed to ward off male rivals from their territory.

Like most cichlids, brood care is highly developed; this species is an egg-layer. Firemouth cichlids form monogamous pairs and spawn on flattened surfaces of rocks, leaves or submerged wood. Breeding males are primarily responsible for territorial defense, while females are more intensively involved in raising the fry, though both parents lead the fry in search of food. Firemouth cichlids are omnivorous and opportunistic in their feeding strategies. Their ability to protrude their jaw 6% standard length limits their diet to about 6% evasive prey.  Sexual dimorphism is present, though limited in this species. Males are generally larger than females (up to ), with brighter and more red colouration around the throat. They also have more pointed dorsal and anal fins. Firemouths are suitable for community aquaria, though they may become extremely aggressive to other members of its species and other community fish during spawning.

See also
 List of freshwater aquarium fish species

References

Heroini
Cichlid fish of Central America
Vertebrates of Belize
Fish of Guatemala
Freshwater fish of Mexico
Taxa named by Walter Lannoy Brind
Fish described in 1918

Firemouth cichlid


Voltage regulator is an elecrical component that maintains a constant voltage level. It stabilizes the voltage. For example, when a voltage regulator is fed a voltage that varies betveen 7.5 - 9.0 Volts, the regulator's output stays at exactly 5 Volts. Another way to stabilize voltage is by using a zener diode.

Electronic components

Voltage regulator


Emperor Gaozu of Han (, 256 BC or 247 BC – 195 BC) was the founder of Han Dynasty. He ruled China from 202 BC until 195 BC. His name was Liu Bang () and Ji () was his courtesy name. He was born in Feng County. After defeating his enemy Xiang Yu, Liu Bang ruled China and became the first emperor of Han Dynasty. Emperor Wen of Han, Liu Bang's son, was the second emperor of the Han Dynasty.

Life
One day, Liu Bang's mother slept near the river bank. Suddenly, thick clouds darkened the sky and it thundered. Liu Bang's father, Liu Taigong, felt it strange and he worried over his wife's safety. He went to find his wife immediately. When Liu Taigong arrived, he saw a dragon sleeping on her body. After this incident, Liu Tai Gong's wife had a baby and Liu Bang was born soon.

Emperors of Han Dynasty
Emperor Gaozu of Han
Emperor Gaozu of Han

Emperor Gaozu of Han


The Residency, also called as the British Residency and Residency Complex, is a group of several buildings in a common precinct in the city of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It served as the residence for the British Resident General who was a representative in the court of the Nawab. The Residency is located in the heart of the city, in the vicinity of other monuments like Shaheed Smarak, Tehri Kothi and High Court Building.

History
Construction started during the rule of  Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah  and ended during the rule of Nawab Saadat Ali Khan II, who was the fifth Nawab of the province of Awadh (British spelling Oudh). Construction took place between 1780 and 1800 AD. Between 1 July 1857 and 17 November 1857 the Residency was subject to the Siege of Lucknow, part of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The Residency now exists as ruins.

Architecture

The Residency has been maintained as it was at the time of the final relief, and the shattered walls are still scarred by cannon shot. Ever since Indian Independence, little has changed. The ruined building is now surrounded by lawns and flowerbeds and serves as a tourist attraction. The cemetery at the nearby ruined church has the graves of 2,000 men, women and children, including that of Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence who died during the siege.
There is a weathered epitaph near the grave of Sir Henry that reads "Here lies the son of Empire who tried to do his duty" while another nearby grave reads "Do not weep my children, for I am not dead, but am sleeping here." A light and sound show to display the history of the Residency is also played each evening.

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Lucknow
India–United Kingdom relations
Ruins in India
Residencies of British India
1780 establishments in India

The Residency, Lucknow


Cocks & Féret or simply Féret, is the colloquial name of a Bordeaux wine directory originally created by Charles Cocks and Michel-Édouard Féret in 1846, which was published under the name Bordeaux, its Wines and the Claret Country and translated into French and published as the first edition of Bordeaux et ses vins in 1850. It is regarded as the classic reference work on Bordeaux wines, and is to date considered the most comprehensive information source on Bordeaux' wineries.

History
Jean-Baptiste Féret founded the publishing house La Librairie Féret in Bordeaux in 1812, which became Féret et fils in 1841. In 1846 Michel-Édouard Féret approached Charles Cocks, an English schoolmaster and wine enthusiast living in Bordeaux since 1840, to publish a directory of wine aimed at his compatriots. At 84 pages containing historical observations and assessment of Bordeaux wine, Bordeaux, its Wines and the Claret Country was published in London that year.

It was not the first publication dealing solely with Bordeaux wines however, in many ways its forerunner is cited as Traite sur les vins du Medoc (1824) by William Franck.

A French translation was proposed by Féret, which led to Guide de l'étranger à Bordeaux et dans la Gironde. Bordeaux, ses environs et ses vins classés par ordre de mérite published in 1850, with further emphasis on classifying wines in order of merit. This directory would be considered the first edition of Bordeaux et ses Vins.

Charles Cocks died in 1854, while the second edition, Bordeaux et ses Vins 2ème édition, appeared in 1868, and the succession of publications provide a useful historical record of the evolution of different properties' and districts' reputations.

Revisions are published to date, usually referred to as "Le Féret", most recently with the 2007 edition of Bordeaux et ses Vins 18ème édition. The English language translations are titled Bordeaux and Its Wines, with the seventeenth edition published in 2004.

Early classification
Nearly a decade before the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, Cocks assessed Château Lafite, Château Latour, Château Margaux and Château Haut-Brion as First Growths, while ranking as Second Growths Château Mouton, Château Léoville (present day Château Léoville-Las Cases, Château Léoville-Poyferré and Château Léoville Barton)
Château Rauzan (present day Château Rauzan-Ségla and Château Rauzan-Gassies), Château Durfort, Château Gruaud-Larose, Château Lascombes and Château Gorse (present day Château Brane-Cantenac).

Notes

References

 Historique  Les Éditions Féret

External links
 Les Éditions Féret

Books about wine
Publications established in 1846
1846 establishments in France

Cocks & Féret


Off-label use of a prescription drug is when this drug is used for other indications that for those which it was approved, or that is given to a group for which it was not approved, or the dosage prescribed is different from the one mentioned. Off-label use of drugs is very common. In many countries, drugs need to show that they are effective against a given condition in clinical trials. Before these trials are done, drugs cannot legally be used for indications other than those for which they were tested.

Pharmacy

Off-label use


Barnim X, or according to another account Barnim XII (15 February 1549, in Wolgast – 1 September 1603, in Szczecin) was a duke of Pomerania and a member of the House of Griffins. He administered from 1569, the Rügenwalde district. From 1600 until his death, he ruled in Pomerania-Stettin.

Life
Barnim was the sixth child of Duke Philip I of Pomerania-Wolgast and his wife Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania. Philip died in 1560 and was survived by five of his sons; in addition to Barnim, they were his older brothers John Frederick (1542–1600), Bogislaw XIII (1544–1606) and Ernest Louis (1545–1592) and Barnim's younger brother Casimir VI (1557–1605). A guardianship government was set up for all the brothers. It consisted of the Lord Chamberlain Ulrich von Schwerin as a regent and a regency council of eleven people.

Barnim and his brother Ernest Louis studied from 1563 at the University of Wittenberg, where they lived until 1565 at the home of a Martin Luther, the son of the reformer Martin Luther. In Wittenberg he served as Rector in the summer semester of 1564.

In 1569 government in Pomerania was reorganized. Duke Barnim IX, who had no surviving sons, abdicated in favour of his second cousins John Frederick and Barnim X. Barnim waived the co-regency and agreed with his brother that he would rule the district of Rügenwalde. On 25 July 1569, the division of Pomerania was settled in the Treaty of Jasenitz.

Also in 1569, a marriage with a Polish princess was planned, but this did not come about. In Rügenwalde Barnim reigned since 1569 in quiet seclusion with reasonable economy. In 1581 he married Anna Maria of Brandenburg, a daughter of Elector John George of Brandenburg. The marriage produced no children.

After John Frederick's death of in 1600 Barnim succeeded him as ruler of Pomerania-Stettin. In 1602 he moved from Rügenwalde to the capital city of Stettin. In Rügenwalde, he was succeeded by his younger brother Casimir VI.

Barnim didn't enjoy governing Pomerania-Stettin. John Frederick had lived beyond his means, leaving substantial debts and districts pledged to his creditors. Barnim cut expenses, which made him unpopular. He died on 1 September 1603 in Stettin, and was buried in the Castle Church in Stettin. He left no children. His widow Anna Maria died in 1618 in her Wittum in Wolin.

Normally, Barnim's younger brother Casimir would have succeeded him as ruler of Pomerania-Stettin. However, Casimir in decided favour of his older brother Bogislaw XIII, who, in turn, appointed his son Philip II as Regent.

Numeral
Counting the rulers of the House of Griffins has always been complicated. From ancient times there were differences, which caused some confusion. The modern interpretation of Barnim as "the tenth" results if one counts only the members of the House of Griffins, who reached adulthood. If one counts even with those who deceased as a child, he would be Barnim XII. This numeral was common in older literature.

Ancestors

See also
 House of Griffins

References
 Martin Wehrmann: Genealogy of the Pomeranian Dukes, Verlag Leon Sauniers Buchhandlung, Stettin 1937, p. 122–123.
 Martin Wehrmann: History of Pomerania, vol. 2, Second Edition, Verlag Friedrich Andreas Perthes, Gotha 1921. (Reprinted: Augsburg 1992, )

Footnotes

1549 births
1603 deaths
Dukes of Pomerania
People from Wolgast

Barnim X, Duke of Pomerania


The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, published in 1966.

It includes an introduction entitled "Pandora's Box" that describes some of the difficulties in making predictions about the near future. Heinlein outlines some of his predictions that he made in 1949 (published 1952) and examines how well they stood up to about 15 years of progress in 1965. The prediction was originally published in Galaxy magazine, February 1952, Vol. 3, No. 5, under the title "Where to?" (pp. 13–22).

Following the introduction are five short stories:
 "Free Men" (written c. 1947, but first published in this collection, 1966)
 "Blowups Happen" (1940)
 "Searchlight" (1962)
 "Life-Line" (1939)
 "Solution Unsatisfactory" (1940)

In 1980, the entire contents of this collection, with an updated version of "Pandora's Box", were included in Heinlein's collection Expanded Universe.

External links

1966 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert A. Heinlein
Ace Books books

The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein


"The Foxtrot" is the 18th episode of first season of the British BBC anthology TV series Play for Today. The episode was a television play that was originally broadcast on 29 April 1971. "The Foxtrot" was written by Rhys Adrian, directed by Philip Saville and produced by Irene Shubik. It is an early example of the series' departure from socially aware, issue-based drama towards comedy and non-naturalism.

Synopsis
The play is a domestic drama concerning two couples nearing retirement age: Arthur and Gwen, and their friends Harry and Maisie. Gwen, however, is a little too close to Tom — a mutual friend who has recently returned after a long absence. The apparent intimacy between the two has not gone unnoticed; Maisie speculates to Harry that Gwen and Arthur's son, now living in America, seems to bear more of a likeness to Tom than his presumed father. Harry, meanwhile, is more preoccupied with his now sexless marriage and the ever encroaching sound of the new motorway outside their house.

Despite Maisie's concerns about the state of their marriage, Gwen and Arthur appear close to Tom – Arthur regularly meeting him at the local pub, and Tom visiting them at home. One afternoon, while Arthur is at work, Tom invites himself round, foxtrots with Gwen, and reveals that he has always loved her. Gwen questions the sincerity of this declaration because he moved away and left her with Arthur, but does not dismiss his obvious passion for her. Shortly afterwards, Gwen's father dies. At the memorial service, Arthur and Tom sit upfront with Gwen and, to Maisie's amazement, both men console her by placing a hand on her shoulder.

After the funeral, Arthur confronts Tom about his son's legitimacy, contesting his paternity by producing a photograph that shows Tom has more in common with his child than he does. Tom, on the other hand, asserts that Arthur is the natural father, and also presents a photograph to support his claim. In the last scene, Tom is invited back to Arthur and Gwen's and we discover that Tom is Gwen's real husband, and that he left her upon discovering she was having an affair with Arthur. Gwen pleads for Tom and Arthur to put their differences aside and for the former to move in with them. As the end credits roll, the three of them blissfully watch television together, their hands interlinked.

Principal cast
 Michael Bates as Arthur
 Thora Hird as Gwen
 Donald Pleasence as Tom
 John Collin as Harry
 Diana King as Maisie

Structure and themes
The action of "The Foxtrot" is broken up into several distinct sections, each one allocated an appropriate intertitle. While many of these captions simply describe the scene taking place — "At the pub", "After the funeral", and so on — there are also instances where Adrian uses the intertitles to explicitly reference the tone and undercurrent of particular sequences. During the opening scene, Arthur is asked by a canvasser about his attitude towards the permissive society, at which point a caption appears on screen that reads "Gwen hasn't told Arthur about Tom"; that night, as Arthur and Gwen are talking in bed, a caption introduces the scene as "A tender moment"; towards the end of the play, during one of Tom's many visits to the house, a title announces this as "The Tom, Gwen and Arthur Show".

The play constantly blurs the boundary between what is seen on television and how it relates to, and even shapes, "real life". Gwen's father's death is synchronised with a shoot out he is watching in a television Western: as he reaches into his dressing gown to clutch his chest, the cowboys on television believe their unseen assailant is reaching for a gun and fire — Gwen's father dying instantly of heart failure. On occasion, dialogue from the television programmes the characters are watching is used to comment on the action of the play itself. When Gwen, Arthur and Tom are sat watching an American sitcom together at the end of the play, the characters in that programme fondly bid each other good night ("Good night, Tom! Good night Arthur!") much to the delight of the central protagonists. Canned laughter is also frequently heard in several instances throughout the play, most notably in the pre-title sequence where Tom addresses the camera to asks the viewer, "You wouldn't believe I'm 57, would you?"

The conflict between change and nostalgia forms another important theme in the play. Harry's chagrin at the constant sound of traffic outside his bedroom window leads him to recall a simpler, slower pace of life before "the erosion of people by progress". Alongside Harry's preoccupation with "the way things were", throughout the play Tom is constantly attempting to re-engage with his lost past. 'The tender scene' features an exchange between Arthur and Gwen where the former describes a visit to Tom's place, only to discover him wearing a wig and a pair of sunglasses – this follows a scene where Tom has been rocking backwards and forwards in bed, playing air guitar to a 1950s rock 'n' roll track. It is also noted that he "has his old snapshots re-photographed every three years to keep them bright". Harry and Tom are not the only characters who dwell on the past; Arthur's encounter with the canvasser at the start of the play leads him to consider the nature of sex in light of the permissive society with a sense of cynical outrage, while the conclusion of the piece, where Gwen encourages Tom and Arthur to overcome their differences, offers both an acceptance of a more liberal, relaxed age and an attempt to rekindle a past innocence.

Broadcast and reception
"The Foxtrot" was first broadcast on BBC1 on 29 April 1971 to a mixed critical reception. In his review for the Financial Times, T.C. Worsley described the play as "appallingly ill-constructed" and attacked Philip Saville's direction, which he considered "pretentious" and "gimmicky". Martin Jackson's rather more positive review for the Daily Express stated that despite the play's "marvellously observed characters", Adrian's "gift for comedy" and Saville's "strikingly photographed" direction, he lamented "the erosion of the simple art of storytelling"; this sentiment was shared by several other critics. The Guardians Peter Fiddick was more enthusiastic, however, and praised its "miraculous combination of precise characterisation and dialogue and bold television technique". Similarly, in The Daily Telegraph, Sean Day-Lewis complimented Saville's "stylish and resourceful production", Adrian's "considerable talent for compassionate comedy" and declared that the play signposted the strengths of the new Play for Today format: "the best hope for original television drama now extant".

Originally made using colour video tape, the play now only survives as a black and white 16mm film recording.

Intertextuality
The subject of enforced, or even accidental, polygamy is explored in several Rhys Adrian works — most notably Evelyn (1969; adapted for television in 1971), which features two lovers engaged in an extra-marital and over-crowded affair. Unlike the central characters in "The Foxtrot", however, the protagonists of Evelyn are unable to accept the complications of such a relationship and become increasingly alienated from each other as a result.

Adrian's 1982 radio play Watching the Plays Together is an answer of sorts to both the critics who derided the episode's non-naturalistic bent and the central theme of that play, exploring the relationship between the audience and television itself. Largely comprising a conversation between a middle-aged married couple troubled by the trend towards social realism in television drama, Watching the Plays Together utilises several of the devices Adrian employed in "The Foxtrot", most notably in the programme content playing out on the couple's television mirroring the characters' own preoccupations and concerns.

References

Sources
 Best Radio Plays of 1982 (Methuen; 1983)
 John Drakakis (Ed.), British Radio Drama (Cambridge University Press; 1981)

External links

 The British Television Drama Website

1971 British television episodes
1971 television plays
Play for Today
Works by Rhys Adrian

The Foxtrot


'Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (; 7 December 903 – 25 May 986), known as al-Sufi, was a Persian astronomer. The lunar crater Azophi and the minor planet 12621 Alsufi are named after him. Al-Sufi wrote his Book of Fixed Stars in 964, in text and pictures.

Biography
Al-Sufi was one of the nine noted Muslim astronomers. His name implies that he was a Sufi Muslim. He lived at the court of Emir Adud ad-Daula in Isfahan, Persia. He translated and expanded Greek astronomical works, especially the Almagest of Ptolemy. He made several corrections to Ptolemy's star-list and did his own brightness and magnitude estimates which often differed from those in Ptolemy's work.

He was a major translator into Arabic of the Hellenistic astronomy done mainly in Alexandria. This was the first attempt to connect the Greek with the traditional Arabic star names and constellations, which had been unrelated and overlapped in complicated ways.

Astronomy

He identified the Large Magellanic Cloud, which is visible from Yemen, though not from Isfahan. It was not seen by Europeans until Magellan's voyage in the 16th century. He also made the earliest recorded observation of the Andromeda Galaxy in 964 AD; describing it as a "small cloud". These were the first galaxies other than the Milky Way to be observed from Earth.

He observed that the ecliptic plane is inclined with respect to the celestial equator and more accurately calculated the length of the tropical year. He observed and described the stars, their positions, their magnitudes and their colour, setting out his results constellation by constellation. For each constellation, he provided two drawings, one from the outside of a celestial globe, and the other from the inside (as seen from the earth).

Al-Sufi also wrote about the astrolabe, finding numerous additional uses for it: he described over 1000 different uses, in areas as diverse as astronomy, astrology, horoscopes, navigation, surveying, timekeeping, Qibla, Salah prayer, etc.

References

903 births
986 deaths
Astronomers
Persian people

Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi


Conall mac Áedáin was a king in Scotland in the years around 800. It is thought that he was a king, or sub-king, in Dál Riata.

He is mentioned once in the Annals of Ulster, for 807, when he defeated and killed Conall mac Taidg in Kintyre.

Conall is thought to be mentioned in the Duan Albanach: "The two years of Conall of glorious career, And the four of another Conall." The first is presumed to be Conall mac Taidg, the second Conall mac Áedáin. His reign is therefore reconstructed as beginning in 807 and ending in about 811.

He is thought to have been followed by Domnall mac Caustantín.

References
 Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990.
 Broun, Dauvit, "Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development" in Sally M. Foster (ed.), The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections. Four Courts, Dublin, 1998.

8th-century births
Kings of Dál Riata
9th-century deaths
9th-century Scottish monarchs

Conall mac Áedáin


Campbell is a town in the middle of the Mississippi River in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the La Crosse, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 4,358 as of the 2010 Census.

All of the town's population resides in its eastern portion, on the section of French Island denoted French Island CDP by the United States Census Bureau. Some of the island is part of the city of La Crosse. The Town of Campbell borders the city of La Crosse.

Two origins of Campbell's name
The town was originally created in 1851, and was officially named after Erasmus D. Campbell, a former Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. Today, the town of Campbell is confined to part of a large island bordered by the Mississippi and Black rivers and Lake Onalaska. This island has been traditionally known as "French Island."  Joseph French, one of the earliest settlers of the town arrived in May 1851. French's family originated from Leicestershire, England. Later, French-Canadian settlers, primarily farmers from the Canadian province of Quebec, settled on the island-part of Campbell, then a much larger town between the incorporated settlements of Onalaska and La Crosse.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 12.57 square miles (32.556 km2).Of this, 3.84 square miles (9.95 km2) is land and 8.73 square miles (22.6 km2) of it (69.44%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 4,410 people, 1,754 households, and 1,266 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,148.0 people per square mile (443.4/km2). There were 1,823 housing units at an average density of 474.5 p|er square mile (183.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.49% White, 0.52% African American, 0.52% Native American, 1.09% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population.

There were 1,754 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $44,736, and the median income for a family was $55,439. Males had a median income of $37,165 versus $25,267 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,741. About 4.6% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 1.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The French Island Generating Plant is located in the town.
The French Island Generating Plant is located at the south end of French Island, within the La Crosse city limits.

Transportation
The La Crosse Regional Airport occupies the northern part of French Island.

Notable people
Dan Kapanke, businessman and politician
Ron Kind, lawyer and politician

Notes

References
Campbell town, La Crosse County, Wisconsin United States Census Bureau

Towns in La Crosse County, Wisconsin
Towns in Wisconsin

Campbell, Wisconsin


Economic elasticity is at elasticity (economics)

Something that is elastic can be stretched or deformed (changed) and returned to its original form, like a rubber band. It tries to come back to its first shape. The stress is the force applied; the strain is how much the shape is changed, and the elastic modulus is the ratio between those numbers.

This idea was first suggested by Robert Hooke in 1675.

The simplest model for elasticity is Hooke's law. It says that the force to stretch something (F) is proportional to the distance it is stretched (x). This is usually written as , where  is a constant called the spring constant. If it is easy to stretch a material, that material has a lower k value.

Elastic materials are different than plastic materials. A plastic material can be stretched or deformed, but it will not return to its original form.

References

Basic English 850 words

Elasticity (physics)