Anson Cars was a British racing car constructor.

In 1975, Formula One mechanics Gary Anderson (who worked for Brabham) and Bob Simpson (who worked for Tyrrell), built a Formula 3 car called the Anson SA1. It was based on the Brabham BT38 and was raced by Anderson in Formula Libre. Anderson left Brabham at the end of 1976 to focus on designing the Anson SA2 Formula 3 car for 1977. Last minute withdrawal of sponsorship left the project in great difficulties and part-way through 1977 the car was withdrawn.

Anderson rejoined Formula One as chief mechanic at McLaren. He remained there for two years after which he joined the Ensign team. In 1980, Anderson, Simpson and ex-Rolls-Royce employee Jeff Hills formed Anson Cars, which built Formula 3 and Formula Super Vee cars for the next six years.

In 1985, Anderson went to America to become the chief engineer of the Galles Indycar team.

In 1988, Mike McHugh purchased the company, with the goal of building Super Vee cars in California. Two months later, the two top executives in Volkswagen America who were instrumental in VW's support of the Super Vee series were killed in the Lockerbie air disaster and the market for the cars disappeared.

Anson's greatest achievements as a constructor were Franz Konrad winning the 1983 German F3 Championship and Tommy Byrne finishing 6th in the 1984 European F3 Championship.

See also
Lola Cars
Reynard Motorsport
Van Diemen
Crosslé Car Company
Swift Engineering

References

External links
History of Anson F3 cars

British racecar constructors

Anson Cars


Sir Norman James Blacklock  (5 February 1928 – 7 September 2006) was a surgeon in the Royal Navy and later a consultant in urology and professor of medicine at Manchester University.  He served as Medical Officer to The Queen on her overseas tours for 17 years, from 1976 to 1993.  He became known to the accompanying press corps as "the Queen's Witch Doctor", and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh nicknamed him "Hemlock".  He was appointed an Extra Gentleman Usher in 1993.

Blacklock was born in Glasgow.  His family were doctors with leanings towards the Royal Navy.  Evacuated from his home in the Second World War, he was educated McLaren High School in Callander, and read medicine at Glasgow University.  He worked as a junior registrar at Glasgow Royal Infirmary and the Western Infirmary in Glasgow, and then did National Service in the Royal Navy from 1951, serving on board HMS Theseus and HMS Warrior, treating trauma cases.

He returned to medicine in 1954, working as a surgical registrar and lecturer in surgery at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and then at hospitals in Ipswich and London from 1956.  He married Marjorie Reid in 1956, and they had one daughter (Fiona) and one son (Neil) together, both of whom became doctors.

He rejoined the Royal Navy in 1958 to help fill a shortage of surgeons, and served at Navy hospitals in Chatham, Plymouth, Malta and Haslar in Gosport.  At Gosport, he started to specialise in urology, founding a new department.

He was appointed the director of surgical research in the Royal Navy in 1974, when he was also appointed OBE.  He stood in as Medical Officer to the Queen on a royal visit to Luxembourg in 1976, when the incumbent surgeon fell ill at the last minute, and he continued in that role until 1993.  He was always well prepared: the HMY Britannia contained a full operating theatre; aircraft of the Queen's Flight carried emergency medical equipment; and he carried a case containing medical supplies, a resuscitator and a defibrillator; but his services were seldom required.  He also co-ordinated with local hospitals, and ensured that food served in host countries was acceptable.  In Belize, he approved a local delicacy, the gibnut (a large rodent).  He was appointed CVO in 1989, and advanced to KCVO and appointed an Extra Gentleman Usher in 1993, after his last royal tour to Hungary. In 1990, Blacklock was awarded the New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal.

After retiring from the Royal Navy in 1978, with the rank of Surgeon Captain, he became professor of urology at Victoria University of Manchester.  He was based at the Withington Hospital in south Manchester, where he set up the first NHS lithotriptor unit, using ultrasound to break down kidney stones.  He published over 80 academic papers and contributed to numerous textbooks.  He gave up his chair in 1992.

He died on the afternoon of his 50th wedding anniversary after a fall on a staircase in Portsmouth.

References

 Obituary, The Times, 15 September 2006
 Obituary, The Independent, 28 September 2006
 Biography in Plarr's Lives of the Fellows Online

1928 births
2006 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
20th-century Scottish medical doctors
Military personnel from Glasgow
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
Accidental deaths in England
Medical doctors from Glasgow
Gentlemen Ushers
Royal Navy Medical Service officers

Norman Blacklock


The Khmer Rumdos (), also spelt Khmer Rumdos or Khmer Rumdoh ("Liberation Khmer" in the Khmer language), were one of several groups of guerrillas operating within the borders of Cambodia during the Cambodian Civil War of 1970–1975. They were a part of the National United Front of Kampuchea (Front Uni National du Kampuchea, FUNK), an association between Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who had been ousted from power in 1970, and communist forces.

Origin and history
Although the boundaries between the different factions were somewhat confused, the Khmer Rumdo are generally identified as those elements which were nominally loyal to Prince Sihanouk, but which were also leftist and supported by North Vietnam.

The faction had its origins partly in the history of the Communist Party of Kampuchea and of the early Khmer Issarak (independence) movement. Many of the early Cambodian communists had strong links with the Viet Minh, received training and support from the Vietnamese Party, and in many cases supported Sihanouk as a figure of national unity. These cadres retained senior positions in many of the areas east of the Mekong and near the Vietnamese border. The 'Khmer Rumdo' forces, accordingly, were recruited largely in the east of the country.

They were differentiated from the forces loyal to the hardline 'Centre' of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, who were strongest in the west and south-west, and who were generally referred to by European and American observers as the Khmer Rouge (a name originally coined by Sihanouk to refer to Cambodian communists in general). The 'Centre', led by Saloth Sar, Son Sen and Ieng Sary, had a strongly nationalistic ideology, and did not cooperate so much with North Vietnam, receiving most of its support from China; it also disliked Sihanouk, regarding him as a 'feudal' figure. There were even periodic reports of clashes between the 'Centre' troops on the one side, and the eastern forces (and their Vietnam People's Army support) on the other – although both factions coordinated their efforts against the Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK), the armed forces of Lon Nol's Khmer Republic.

During the early part of the Civil War, the Khmer Rumdo were estimated to be by far the stronger element of the Cambodian forces opposing Lon Nol. In August 1971, the Khmer Republic official In Tam estimated the non-Vietnamese insurgents to number around 10,000: of these, he was forced to admit that only 4000 were true 'Khmer Rouge', the remainder being made up of Sihanoukists and Khmers fighting what they regarded as an "American occupation".

After Sihanouk's 1973 visit to the 'liberated areas', however, where he was greeted with vocal support from the peasants, the 'Centre' began to quietly remove both the Sihanoukists and pro-Vietnamese cadres from the administration in the areas they controlled. By 1974, it was reported that the forces loyal to the 'Centre' were using the term Khmer Krahom – i.e. Red Khmer or Khmer Rouge – to identify themselves, rather than 'Khmer Rumdo'.

As time went by there were reports that Khmer Rumdo were, in some cases, directly involved in activities against the Khmer Rouge administration within the 'liberated areas'. There were at least three incidents in Region 35 (Kampot Province) late 1973 in which Khmer Rumdo forces took part in action against hardline Communist Party troops, and rallied peasants protesting against attempts by Party cadres to requisition rice crops. By early 1974, a large pro-Sihanouk force was reported to be attempting to gain military control of main roads in the province. In Region 37 in the Western Zone, 742 Khmer Rumdo surrendered en masse to the Lon Nol regime in March 1974, claiming they were part of a force of ten thousand who would follow if Nol gave them operational autonomy to carry on their fight against their Communist Party rivals.

The administration in eastern Cambodia, 1970–75
Accounts obtained from refugees stated that not only did the eastern forces, under the command of Chan Chakrey, dress differently to the Khmer Rouge (wearing green military fatigues rather than the black peasants' clothing adopted by Khmer Rouge soldiers) but that in their zones of control they behaved with considerably more moderation (captured FANK officers, for example, were merely ordered to perform labour, rather than being executed as was invariably the case with the Khmer Rouge). There is also evidence that there was a greater degree of religious and economic freedom permitted in the eastern areas, even after the fall of the Lon Nol regime in 1975.

Purges after 1975
The senior Khmer Rouge leaders who had publicly collaborated with Sihanouk, either prior to 1970 or in the 'Unified Front', were either killed (as in the case of Hou Yuon and Hu Nim) – or marginalised (as in the case of Khieu Samphan) – after the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea.

The Eastern Zone was purged by the Party Centre in 1976–77. Chakrey was executed in Tuol Sleng Detention Centre in 1976, the first high-ranking official to be sent there; while So Phim, the Eastern Zone Secretary, committed suicide. Some of the ousted Eastern Zone cadres – such as Heng Samrin – would later go on to lead the People's Republic of Kampuchea after the 1979 Vietnamese invasion.

See also
National United Front of Kampuchea

References

Rebel groups in Cambodia
Guerrilla organizations
Cambodian Civil War
Factions of the Vietnam War

Khmer Rumdo


WSMO or Web Service Modeling Ontology is a conceptual model for relevant aspects related to Semantic Web Services.
It provides an ontology based framework, which supports the deployment and interoperability of Semantic Web Services.

The WSMO has four main components:
 Goals - The client's objectives when consulting a Web Service.
 Ontologies - A formal Semantic description of the information used by all other components.
 Mediators - Connectors between componentes with mediation facilities. Provides interoperability between different ontologies.
 WebServices - Semantic description of Web Services. May include functional (Capability) and usage (Interface) descriptions.

The WSMO working group, part of the ESSI Cluster aligns the research and development efforts in the areas of Semantic Web Services between several European FP6 research projects.

WSMO working group includes the WSML working group, which aims at developing a language called Web Services Modeling Language (WSML) that formalizes the Web Services Modeling Ontology (WSMO).

External links
 WSMO Working Group Web Site
 WSMO tools

Web services
Semantic Web

WSMO


The Ganz (Ganz vállalatok, "Ganz companies") electric works  in Budapest is best known for making tramcars. It was also one of the first to use three-phase alternating current on electric railways. Ganz also made / makes: ships (Ganz Danubius), steel bridges (Ganz Acélszerkezet), high voltage electrical equipment (Ganz Transelektro). Famous engineers employed by Ganz were Kálmán Kandó and Ottó Bláthy. The company is named after Ábrahám Ganz.

Transport companies of Europe
Budapest

Ganz (tramcars)


Ogaden is one of the three names for the largest region of Ethiopia. It is named after the Ogaden tribe. The area is also called the Somali Region. The Ogaden tribe shares borders with Dir to the northwest, Isaaq to the north, reer Darawiish to the northeast, Oromo to the west and Rahanweyn to the south.

References

East Africa

Ogaden


Clement Hoyt "Clem" Beauchamp (August 26, 1898 – November 14, 1992), also known as Jerry Drew in his acting career during the 1920s and 1930s, first worked as a second unit director in 1935, netting the Academy Award for Best Assistant Director for his work on The Lives of a Bengal Lancer. He was nominated in the same category the following year for The Last of the Mohicans.

Born in Bloomfield, Iowa, Beauchamp was one of two sons of Charles and Ula Beauchamp. His father was a druggist. The family later moved to Denver, Colorado and then to Fort Worth, Texas. After his parents divorced, his mother took her sons to Los Angeles, California where Beauchamp started working in motion pictures at age 16 as a stuntman. His first known film is Stupid, But Brave.  He would later appear in The Painted Desert, sharing screen time with Clark Gable and William Boyd. In 1933, he appeared in the W.C. Fields comedy International House, in a non-credited part as a newsreel cameraman.

From 1926 to 1930, Beauchamp was married to actress and comedian Anita Garvin, who is best remembered for the 11 films she made with comedians Laurel and Hardy. In 1935, he married script girl Sydney Hein.

He went on to work on several Tarzan and Dick Tracy movies, eventually becoming a production manager. In this capacity, he worked on such films as Fred Zinnemann's The Men (1950) and High Noon (1952), Death of a Salesman (1951) and Stanley Kramer's The Defiant Ones (1958), Judgment at Nuremberg (1961) and It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963). He later worked on Blake Edwards' The Great Race (1965) and William A. Graham's Waterhole No. 3 (1967).
He was also the production manager on The Adventures of Superman television series, starring George Reeves.

Beauchamp told The Literary Digest his name was pronounced "Bo-shawm, both syllables accented alike." (Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)

Selected filmography
 Painted Faces (1929)

References

External links

Clem Beauchamp at Virtual History

1898 births
1992 deaths
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
Male actors from Iowa
Best Assistant Director Academy Award winners
20th-century American male actors
People from Bloomfield, Iowa
Silent film producers
Film directors from Iowa

Clem Beauchamp


Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons. It was formed by the merger of John Wiley & Sons Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing in 2007.

Wiley-Blackwell is now an imprint that publishes a diverse range of academic and professional fields, including biology, medicine, physical sciences, technology, social science, and the humanities.

Blackwell Publishing history
Blackwell Publishing was formed by the 2001 merger of two Oxford-based academic publishing companies, Blackwell Science, founded 1939 as Blackwell Scientific Publishing, and Blackwell Publishers, founded 1922 as Basil Blackwell & Mott. Blackwell Publishers, founded in 1926, had its origins in the 19th century Blackwell's family bookshop and publishing business.

The merger between the two publishing companies created the world's leading learned society publisher. The group then acquired BMJ Books from the BMJ Publishing Group, publisher of The BMJ, a British medical journal, in 2004. Blackwell published over 805 journals and 650 text and reference books in 2006, across a wide range of academic, medical, and professional subjects.

On November 17, 2006, John Wiley & Sons announced it had "entered into a definitive agreement to acquire" Blackwell Publishing. The acquisition was completed in February 2007, at a purchase price of £572 million. Blackwell Publishing was merged into Wiley's Global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to create Wiley-Blackwell. From June 30, 2008, the journals previously on Blackwell Synergy were delivered through Wiley InterScience.

Controversy
In April, 2022, the journal Science reported that a Ukrainian company, International Publisher Ltd., run by Ksenia Badziun, operates a Russian website where academics can purchase authorships in soon to be published academic papers. During the 2 year period analyzed by researchers, they found that at least 419 articles "appeared to match manuscripts that later appeared in dozens of different journals" and that "More than 100 of these identified papers were published in 68 journals run by established publishers, including Elsevier, Oxford University Press, Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, Wolters Kluwer, and Wiley-Blackwell." Wiley-Blackwell claimed that they were examining the specific papers that were identified and brought to their attention.

See also
 List of journals published by Wiley-Blackwell

References

External links

Academic publishing companies
Publishing companies established in 1922
Companies based in Oxford
Commercial digital libraries
Publishing companies of the United Kingdom
American companies established in 1922
American digital libraries
Wiley (publisher)
1932 establishments in the United States

Wiley-Blackwell


Nigel George Planer (born 22 February 1953) is an English actor, comedian, novelist and playwright.

He played Neil in the cult BBC comedy The Young Ones and Ralph Filthy in Filthy Rich & Catflap. He has been in many West End musicals.

He won a BRIT award in 1976 and has been nominated for Olivier, TMA, What's On Stage, and BAFTA awards.

Early life
Planer was born in Westminster, London. He studied at the University of Sussex. He left to become an actor.

Career
He is a founding member of the London Comedy Store. He is an original member of The Comic Strip. They were pioneers of the alternative comedy movement in the United Kingdom. Planer worked with Peter Richardson. They were a double act called "The Outer Limits". Planer and Richardson also wrote the That's Life! parody on Not the Nine O'Clock News.

He went on to star in film, theatre and television. He created the spoof actor character "Nicholas Craig", with help from Christopher Douglas. The Craig character appears in book, radio, TV and articles as well as live. The character appeared at the Royal Festival Hall, London, in Stewart Lee's At Last the 1984 show.

Planer is also the author of several books, plays, radio plays, and TV scripts as well as a small volume of poetry. In June 2011, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Edinburgh Napier University.

Television
Planer is best known for his role as Neil, the hippie housemate in the cult BBC comedy The Young Ones. The series ran from 1982 to 1984. He has starred in The Comic Strip Presents..., a series of short films broadcast from 1975 onwards, as various odd outsiders.

In 1995, Planer played Professor Dumbledore in a Harry Potter parody, Harry Potter and the Secret Chamber Pot of Azerbaijan.  He appeared on a BBC 4 programme in the guise of "Nicholas Craig" in 1999, in which he was interviewed by Mark Lawson.

Planer guest-starred in "The Pale Horse", a 2010 episode of Agatha Christie's Marple. In 2011's The Hunt for Tony Blair, he played Peter Mandelson.

In 1998-2001, He Was Narrator in UK Dub of First Base and His Friends and William and Millie, Meanwhile Alan Marriott, He Was Narrator in US Dub of First Base and His Friends and Animal Stories While Alec Baldwin Narrator William and Millie and Thomas and Friends - Series 5-6.

Planer's guest appearances include programmes such as The Bill, French and Saunders, Jonathan Creek, Blackadder III, The Last Detective, the Paul Merton Show, the Lenny Henry Show, Death in Paradise (TV series) and Gary Wilmot's Songs from the Shows. He also guest-starred in an episode of This is Jinsy entitled "Nameworm", and in the BBC series Boomers.  Planer played Matt LeBlanc's lawyer in the TV series Episodes.

Leading roles on television include Shine on Harvey Moon, Filthy, Rich and Catflap, The Grimleys, King and Castle, Bonjour La Classe and Roll Over Beethoven. He also starred in Michael Palin's Number 27, Simon Gray's Two Lumps of Ice, Emma Tennant's Frankenstein's Baby, and Blackeyes by Dennis Potter.

Theatre
His first break in the theatre was understudying David Essex as Che Guevara in the original West End run of Evita.

Planer played Amos Hart in the original London cast of Chicago.

He played Pop in the original West End cast of Ben Elton's Queen musical We Will Rock You.

In 1990, he replaced Michael Gambon in Alan Ayckbourn's Man of the Moment in the West End. Leading roles followed in other productions at the Bush Theatre, the Lyric Theatre, the Traverse, the Young Vic, the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Regent's Park Open-Air Theatre, Chichester Festival Theatre, Plymouth Drum and the Hampstead Theatre.

In 2006, he was the narrator in The Rocky Horror Show, taking on the role in Manchester and Bromley. He then starred as The Wizard in the original West End production of Wicked alongside Idina Menzel. The show opened at the Apollo Victoria Theatre on 27 September 2006. Planer ended his run on 7 June 2008 and was replaced by Desmond Barrit.

In 2009, he took over the role of Wilbur in the West End production of Hairspray.

In 2010, Planer returned to the role of the narrator in the UK Tour of The Rocky Horror Show, playing in Cambridge and Northampton. He reprised the role of Wilbur in Manchester and Leeds. He was in Doctor Who: Live touring the UK, as Vorgenson The Inter-Galactic Showman. He then played Captain Hook in Pantomime at the Lyceum Theatre in Sheffield.

In 2013, Planer starred as Grandpa Joe in the original production of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in London's West End.

From September 2018 to November 2018, Planer toured with Ade Edmondson in a play that they wrote together called Vulcan 7.

Film
Planer has appeared in films, including Flood, Virgin Territory, Bright Young Things, Hogfather, The Colour of Magic, The Wind in the Willows, The Land Girls, Clockwork Mice, Carry on Columbus, Brazil, The Supergrass, I Give It a Year, The Apple Picker and Yellowbeard.

Music
Planer played Den Dennis, one of the four members of the 1980s spoof rock band, Bad News. They made two albums which were produced by Brian May. They also performed at the Hammersmith Apollo as well as the Donington and Reading Rock Festivals.

In 1984, as Neil from The Young Ones, Planer had a number two hit single called "Hole in My Shoe". This had originally been a hit for 1960s band Traffic). A cover of Tomorrow's "My White Bicycle" was a less successful follow up, only reaching No.97 in the charts. After that, an album was produced, entitled Neil's Heavy Concept Album. Planer also toured Neil's stage act in the "Bad Karma in The UK" tour. This culminated in a month-long run at St. Mary's Hall at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

In 1986, The Young Ones appeared on Cliff Richard's charity rerecording of "Living Doll". This spent three weeks at number one in the UK. Planer has a silver and a gold disc and has a Brit award from his musical career.

In 2015 he started a new music project called Rainsmoke with Chris Wade, of Dodson and Fogg, and Roger Planer.

In 2017 he recorded two songs for the album Wit & Whimsy - Songs by Alexander S. Bermange. One he performed solo and one featured all of the album's 23 artists. It reached No. 1 in the iTunes comedy album chart.

Voice acting
Planer is the main reader for the audiobook editions of many of Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels. He also appeared in the television adaptations of both Terry Pratchett's Hogfather and The Colour of Magic, and performed as a voice artist in the games Discworld 2 and Discworld Noir.

Discworld Audiobooks narrated by Planer
(the number in brackets indicates the order of the book in the Discworld series)

 The Colour of Magic (1)
 The Light Fantastic (2)
 Mort (4)
 Sourcery (5)
 Wyrd Sisters (6)
 Pyramids (7)
 Guards! Guards! (8)
 Moving Pictures (10)
 Reaper Man (11)
 Witches Abroad (12)
 Small Gods (13)
 Lords and Ladies (14)
 Men at Arms (15)
 Soul Music (16)
 Interesting Times (17)
 Maskerade (18)
 Feet of Clay (19)
 Hogfather (20)
 Jingo (21)
 The Last Continent (22)
 Carpe Jugulum (23)

Other voice roles
Planer was the narrator of Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids, the title character of Romuald the Reindeer, and Dr. Marmalade in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants (alongside Young Ones co-stars Christopher Ryan and Rik Mayall).

Planer has also been the narrator of many of BBC Four's Britannia series of documentaries, including Prog Rock Britannia, Blues Britannia and Heavy Metal Britannia.

Planer voiced Frodo in The Adventures of Tom Bombadil from the 1992 radio series Tales from the Perilous Realm. He was a narrator in a direct-to-video version of Val Biro's Gumdrop book series in 1994. He also narrated two short surreal monologues on the album In A Strange Slumber, by Dodson and Fogg, Chris Wade's progressive folk rock project.

Planer narrated as a thirty-something Adrian Mole in the radio adaptation of Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years.

In 2018, he voiced the character of Henry Davenant Hythe in the Big Finish Productions original production, Jeremiah Bourne in Time, which he also wrote.

Credits
His television comedy and satire work includes:
 Boom Boom...Out Go The Lights (1980)
 Shine on Harvey Moon (1982)
 The Young Ones (12 episodes) (1982–84)
 Yellowbeard (1983)
 The Comic Strip Presents… (25 episodes) (1983–2012)
 Roll Over Beethoven (9 episodes) (1985)
 Brazil (1985)
 King and Castle (12 episodes) (1986–88)
 Filthy Rich & Catflap (6 episodes) (1987)
 Blackeyes by Dennis Potter (1989)
 Frankenstein's Baby (1990)
 Nicholas Craig – The Naked Actor (1990)
 Nicholas Craig's Interview Masterclass (1990)
 Oh, No! Not THEM! (1990)
 Nicholas Craig's Masterpiece Theatre (1992)
 The Nicholas Craig Masterclass (1992)
 Carry On Columbus (1992)
 The Magic Roundabout (English adaptation and narrator on previously unseen episodes)
 Bonjour la Classe (1993)
 Sherlock Holmes (1993)
 Let's Get Divorced (1994)
 Wake Up! With Libby And Jonathan (1994)
 Blackadder the Third
 French & Saunders
 Jonathan Creek
 The Grimleys (1997–2001)
 Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids (1999–2007)
 First Base and His Friends (1998–2001) (UK Dub)
 William and Millie (1998—2001) (UK Dub)
 Wicked (2006–08)
 Terry Pratchett's Hogfather (2006)
 Flood (2007)
 Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic (2008)
 Hairspray (2009)
 M.I.High (2009)
 Death in Paradise (TV series) (2018)

He has published several books including the novels The Right Man (2000) () and Faking It (2003) (). Planer also wrote A Good Enough Dad (1992) () after his first son was born, talking about coping with becoming a father.

Discography
"Hole in My Shoe" (1984)
Neil's Heavy Concept Album (1984)
"Living Doll" (1986)
"Rough with the Smooth" (1986)
Bad News (1987)
Bad News Bootleg (1988)
Bad News The Cash In Compilation (1992)
The Last Night (1993)
Chicago cast recording (1995)
The Dreaded Lurgie (1998)
Three Men in a Boat (1999)
Adrian Mole the Cappuccino Years (2000)
There was also a soundtrack to The Grimleys (2000), Planer's character appearing on the album.
We Will Rock You (The Original London Cast Recording) (2002)
Cabaret (2005)
The Robe of Skulls (2008)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (The Original London Cast Recording) (2013)
Dodson and Fogg – In A Strange Slumber (2014)

References

Other websites
 Official Nigel Planer website

 The Times Article September 2006 article about Planer

1945 births
Living people
People from Westminster
People educated at Westminster School, London
British movie actors
British stage actors
British television actors
British voice actors
Writers from London
British singers

Nigel Planer


The military uniforms of the Union Army in the American Civil War were widely varied and, due to limitations on supply of wool and other materials, based on availability and cost of materials. The ideal uniform was prescribed as a dark blue coat with lighter pants, with a black hat. Officer's ranks were denoted with increasing levels of golden decoration. Specific jobs, companies, and units had markedly different styles at times, often following European customs such as that of the Zouaves. Officers uniforms tended to be highly customized and would stray from Army standard. Ironically, several main pieces of gear had been created by order of the U.S. War Secretary Jefferson Davis before the war; he later became Confederate President.

Generalization
The standard U.S. Army uniform at the outbreak of the war had acquired its definitive form in the 1858 regulations. It consisted of a Campaign Uniform, a Parade (Dress) Uniform, and a Fatigue Uniform.

During the war, enforcement of uniform regulations was imperfect. Uniforms were adapted to local conditions, the commander's preference, and what was available. For example, shoulder straps began replacing epaulets in dress occasions. As a result, almost any variation of the official uniform could be found as officers and men abandoned some items, adopted others and modified still others.

Described in general terms this uniform consisted of:

Service and campaign
The service and campaign uniform consisted of the following:

 Headgear: A black felt Hardee hat, the Model 1858 Dress Hat, with one brim being secured by means of an embroidered eagle for officers and a metallic eagle for enlisted men,  after the U.S. coat of arms of the day. Forage caps were regulation for service and non-dress occasions, while the non-regulation kepi was also widely used.
 Coat: In Prussian blue, tight fitting and almost knee length, trimmed in the arm of service piping along the collar edges; and in the French-peak styled cuff trim, for all enlisted ranks. Company officers wore an untrimmed single-breasted coat, with shoulder straps to signify rank and branch of service. Cavalry and horse artillery used a short jacket, which was more practical for riding. Field and general officers wore a double-breasted version, with generals wearing dark blue velvet collars and cuffs. A sack coat was also issued as a fatigue uniform, being lined for recruits, and unlined for a service uniform. Rank insignia was worn on the coat, the same as the dress frock.
 Greatcoat: In sky blue, with standing collar and French cuffs and a fixed short cape. Officers could wear this or a dark blue variant.
 Trousers  for all enlisted men and regimental officers were sky blue. NCOs had a vertical stripe in the arm of service colors. General officers, and staff officers wore trousers of the same shade of blue as the coat. General officers and officers of the Ordnance Department had no stripes on their trousers, with all other officers wearing piping with their respective branch of service or gold for staff officers. The army had changed all trousers, except for light artillery, to dark blue on March 13, 1861, but this was reversed on December 21, 1861.

Parade order
The parade uniform consisted of the following:

 Headgear: The hat described with trimmings in the arm of service colors. Some units such as marines and mounted artillery retained shakos for ceremonial purposes.
 Coat: The same described (frock or short shell-jacket) with metallic epaulets resembling scales. Officers wore French-type epaulets and a sash.
 Greatcoat: As described.
 Trousers: As described.
Short jacket: As described

Fatigue
The fatigue uniform consisted of the following:

 Headgear: A forage cap with a floppy crown. Officers tended to privately purchase more elaborate versions after the French Army model subsequently known as chasseur caps. Generals wore a variant having a black velvet band. Insignia was pinned on top of the crown or -in officers- in front of the cap.
 Coat: A cheaply made dark blue sack-coat of a simple and unsophisticated design, having a loose cut, fall collar, and no pockets.
 Greatcoat: A large sky blue overcoat double-breasted for cavalry, single-breasted for infantry. Both had capes
 Trousers: Sky blue baggy wool trousers cut with pockets. Officers had dark blue or uniforms tailored to suit individual needs.

In general terms, as the war went on, the service uniform tended to be replaced by the cheaper and more practical fatigue uniform.

Description

Variations

A rifle green coat was issued to Berdan's Sharpshooters, 1st and 2nd Sharpshooter Regiment as an early form of camouflage. These had black rubber Goodyear buttons that would not reflect the light and give away the sniper's position.
Marine bandsmen wore red. Infantry musicians had braid on the front of their uniforms, known as a birdcage, in the same color as the facings.
Troops from Ohio or New York were equipped with dark blue shell jackets with shoulder straps and 9 brass buttons down the front and colored tape around edges denoting their branch of service. Depending on the unit, there are variations of this patterned jacket. The Veteran Reserve Corps were issued a similar pattern but in sky blue with navy blue tape. The number of buttons on these jackets varied between 12 and 8. Some had shoulder straps, belt loops and piping while others did not.
One of the more unusual uniforms was worn by the 79th New York. The tunic resembled that worn by the 79th Highlanders in the British Army and was worn with a Glengarry cap, sporran and kilt for a full dress or tartan trews (later replaced with regulation light blue trousers) and a kepi when on a campaign.
Buttons featured the US eagle which originally showed on the eagles' shields, letters denoting the soldier's branch of service: I for Infantry, C for Cavalry, D for mounted infantry or Dragoons, A for Artillery (and on some earlier uniforms then still in use: R for Rifleman, V for Voltigeur). This was done away with early in the war to cut costs; although officers continued to use such buttons well after the Spanish–American War.
Later in the war soldiers of all branches were issued loose-fitting blue sack coats with 4 brass buttons, based on the civilian work jacket, which remained in service during the Indian Wars. However, most of the artillery and cavalry preferred to wear the color-trimmed shell jackets because of their appearance and comfort. By mid-war volunteers were issued a lined version of the sack-coat.
Officers had to purchase their own equipment and thus tended to wear tailor-made uniforms. The frock coat had epaulettes (for dress occasions) and shoulder straps (nicknamed sardine boxes by the men), and was first issued during the Mexican War. These coats were single-breasted for lieutenants and captains and had between seven and nine buttons. It was double-breasted for senior officers and generals, with black velvet facings and buttons placed in orders of twos and threes according to rank.
On campaign many officers, including Ulysses S. Grant, wore sack coats, either private purchase or of the type issued to enlisted men with shoulder boards from the frock coat added to show rank.
High-ranking mounted officers would sometimes wear double-breasted shell jackets in dark blue. These had the same domed buttons and velvet collar and cuffs as the frock coat.
The most common color for the army-issue shirt was gray, followed by navy blue or white. The shirt was made of coarse wool and was a pullover style with 3 buttons. It was often replaced with civilian clothing such as white linen or plaid flannel shirt sewn by the soldier's family.
Bright red overshirts were often worn as uniforms by volunteer regiments early in the war, modeled on the shield-front shirt worn by Victorian firefighters.
Overcoats were single-breasted for infantry, double-breasted for cavalry with a rain cape. On campaign, this was sometimes replaced with a rubber poncho that doubled as a groundsheet. Officers' greatcoats were made of dark blue wool and had black braid on front and on the cuffs.
Depending on region, unit officers' preferences, and other variables; Cadets and the state militias occasionally wore gray.
The 7th New York National Guard Regiment, (among others), wore cadet gray tail-coats with matching trousers and dark blue epaulettes with white fringe, and 1830s style shakos, as late as 1861. The fatigue and service uniform of the 7th New York was a single-breasted shell jacket, with a 9-button front, and black cuff flashing and shoulder straps, with piped collar trim; and a cadet gray kepi, with a piped crown and dark blue band. This appearance, with their white dress gloves, gave them the nickname of "Kid Glove", when the 7th New York arrived in Washington City, in 1861.

Headgear

 The Hardee hat was black, with an eagle badge keeping the left side of the brim pinned up. For parades an eagle feather was added, with brass designating the soldier's regiment, company and branch of service (bugle for infantry, cannons for artillery or sabres for cavalry). Western units like the Iron Brigade preferred the Hardee hat as its wide brim provided protection from the sun and rain. These hats were personalized by the men, usually shaped into civilian styles like the center crease, which was the precursor of the cowboy hat.
Kepis were worn on the campaign and for fatigue duty. The design varied from a tight-fitting cap resembling the one adopted by the French in the 1840s to a tall floppy "bummer's cap" described by the troops as resembling a feedbag. The leather peak could be stiff and rectangular or crescent shaped (known as the McDowell pattern). The hatband was sometimes a contrasting color to the normal blue: yellow for cavalry, red for artillery, or green for medics and soldiers belonging to the Irish Brigade. Officers' kepis might have black or gold braid to display their rank. Early in the war kepis were supplied with a waterproof cover. Other troops purchased a "havelock" which, like the contemporary Foreign Legion cap had a neck flap to protect the wearer from the sun. The havelock was made of a grayish-blue cotton mesh and was not liked by the troops, who usually used them to filter tea or coffee. So their issue was discontinued in the later years.
Many troops would replace their regulation kepis with civilian hats (normally in black). Popular styles included the slouch hat with either a flat or round top (the latter was issued to the Garibaldi Guard with black feathers added to resemble the Italian bersaglieri hat), pork pie hat, telescope crown hat, flat cap, bowler hat or smoking cap (worn in camp when off-duty)
Marines were issued tall leather shakos before the war but in the field these were replaced with kepis (often with the red enameled brass M badge from the shako added)
Early in the war the Mexican War era M1839 forage cap was still in use among some regular soldiers. This peaked cap with a neck flap had officially been replaced by the kepi in 1858, but continued to be issued by quartermasters eager to use up old stock.
General officers could also wear for undress order a cocked hat with black ostrich plumes and a black rosette surmounted with the U.S. eagle either metallic or embroidered.

Trousers
 These were sky blue with tin buttons. NCOs had a dark blue (infantry), red (artillery), crimson (ordnance and medical) or yellow (cavalry and engineers) stripe down the leg. The stripes were a half inch wide for corporals, and an inch and a half wide for sergeants and higher rank.
 Regimental officers wore sky blue trousers with an eighth inch welt in the color of the arm of service.  Staff officers wore dark blue with a gold welt. Generals and all officers of the Ordnance Department wore plain dark blue trousers.

Footwear
 Jefferson Davis boots were black with the rough side out, with hobnails and heel irons resembling modern-day dress boots. Recent research suggests smooth-side-out boots were equally common for volunteer regiments.
Cavalry and artillery were issued calf-high riding boots, originally designed for the drivers of artillery limbers. Some also wore thigh-high trooper boots as protection from the elements and in imitation of European cavalry.
Gaiters were issued to regular troops, sharpshooters, zouaves and the Iron Brigade but were quickly discarded as impractical.

The enlisted infantry uniform was completed with a black leather belt and oval buckle with the letters US. Officers, NCOs and cavalry troopers were equipped with a sword belt with a rectangular buckle with eagle motif.

Ranks and insignia

Officers

Rank was displayed on epaulettes (dress occasions) or shoulder straps (field duties): no insignia for a second lieutenant, one gold bar for a first lieutenant, two gold bars for a captain, a gold oak leaf for a major, a silver oak leaf for a lieutenant colonel, a silver eagle for a colonel and one, two or three silver stars for a general, depending on his seniority.

On the epaulettes, the bars for captains and first lieutenants were silver and majors wore no badge.

The color of the shoulder strap fields – with trims in gold braid – were as follows:

 Dark blue: General officers, General staff, Judge advocates, Medical Department, Ordnance, Pay Department, Aides-De-Camp, Adjutants, Engineers, Inspectors and Quartermasters
 Sky blue: Infantry
 Yellow: Cavalry
 Orange: Dragoons (until August 1861)
 Green: Mounted Riflemen (until August 1861)
 Scarlet: Artillery
 Dark green: Sharpshooters

Contemporary photographs and a Winslow Homer painting, Playing Old Soldier, show staff officers occasionally added their departmental initials within the shoulder straps between the rank insignia. "M.S." for "Medical Staff" appears to have been the most common.

With the exception of slight changes to the representing insignia for the more junior commissioned grades as well as additional color combinations for new career fields, the shoulder strap insignia and color scheme survives largely unchanged in the modern era on the Army Service Uniform.

Generals wore sashes of buff silk, other officers wore sashes of crimson silk, except medical officers who wore green and pay officers who did not wear sashes.

Individual officers would sometimes add gold braid Austrian knots on their sleeves but this practice was uncommon as it made them easy targets and risked friendly fire as this was the standard insignia for Confederate officers.

Nevertheless, many officers personalized their uniforms. For instance, the "Jeff Davis" hat would be pinned back with eagle badges. Many cavalry officers were adorned with eagles and belts with eagle motifs. The designs were based on the Great Seal of the United States.

Non-commissioned officers

Ranks were worn as chevrons on the right and left sleeves above the elbow. They were colored according to service branch:
Infantry = Blue
Artillery = Red
Cavalry/Engineers = Yellow
Mounted Rifles/Sharpshooters/Berdan = Green
Dragoons = Orange
Ordnance = Crimson

Brass shoulder scales were worn on dress uniforms, with different features to signify enlisted ranks. Shoulder scales were not normally worn on service or fatigue uniforms. When in full dress and sometimes also in battle, Sergeants in non-mounted service branches carried the M1840 NCO Sword suspending on a leather belt (except for Hospital Stewards who carried a special sword model). Additionally all ranks above Sergeant (i.e. First Sergeant, Ordnance Sergeant, Hospital Steward, Sergeant Major etc.) wore red worsted waist sashes (In the Confederate States Army, all Sergeant ranks wore swords AND worsted waist sashes: red for Artillery and Infantry, yellow for Cavalry).   Company QM Sergeants (with one horizontal bar across the top of the Sgt Stripes) worked with the Regimental QM Sergeants to disperse food and transport company items.

Corps

Corps badges were originally worn by Union soldiers on the top of their army forage cap (kepi), left side of the hat, or over their left breast. The idea is attributed to Gen. Philip Kearny who ordered his men to sew a two-inch square of red cloth on their hats to avoid confusion on the battlefield. This idea was adopted by Gen. Joseph Hooker after he assumed command of the Army of the Potomac, so any soldier could be identified at a distance, and to increase troop morale and unit pride – the badges became immensely popular with the troops, who put them anywhere they could, and the badges accomplished the objectives they had been created for, and the idea soon spread to other corps and departments.

Gen. Daniel Butterfield was given the task of designing a distinctive shape of badge for each corps. Butterfield also designed a badge of each division in the corps a different color.

The badges for enlisted men were cut from colored material, while officer's badges were privately made and of a higher quality. Metallic badges were often made by jewelers and were personalized for the user. The badges eventually became part of the army regulations.

Division badges were colored as follows:
Red – First Division of Corps
White – Second Division of Corps
Blue – Third Division of Corps
Green – Fourth Division of 6th, 9th and 20th Corps
Yellow – Fourth Division of 15th Corps
Multicolor – Headquarter or Artillery Elements (certain Corps)

European and civilian influence
The uniform itself was influenced by many things, both officers' and soldiers' coats being originally civilian designs.

Leather neck stocks based on the type issued to the Napoleonic-era British Army were issued to the regular army before the war. These were uncomfortable, especially in hot weather, and were thrown away by the men at the first opportunity to be replaced with cotton neckerchiefs, bandanas or (in the case of officers) neckties or cravats.

The basic cut of the uniform adopted in 1851 was French, as was the forage cap worn by some men, and the frock coat was a French invention. However, some parts of the French uniform were ignored, such as enlisted men wearing epaulettes and collar ornaments.

The army went even further than simply having a French-influenced uniform, with some regiments wearing French Imperial Guard voltigeur uniforms, or many even wearing zouave uniforms, such as the 62nd Pennsylvania Infantry, 63rd Pennsylvania Infantry, New York Fire Zouaves as well as the 18th Massachusetts. These consisted of a short blue jacket with red facings, fez, red or blue pants, a red sash and a blue waistcoat with brass buttons or alternatively a red overshirt.

The late-war sack coat was copied from the fatigue jacket worn by the 19th century Prussian Army.

The Hardee hat was inspired by the headgear of the Danish Army but was later abandoned.

Gallery

See also

American Civil War
Union Army
Uniforms of the Confederate military
Uniforms of the United States Army

References

Union Army
United States military uniforms
Civil War military equipment of the United States

Uniforms of the Union Army


John O'Donoghue (born Mey 1956) is a politeecian in the Republic o Ireland, an a member o the Irish pairlament in Dublin, representin the pairty Fianna Fáil.  He represents the Sooth Kerry consteetuency in Dáil Éireann.

1956 births
Livin fowk
Alumni o Varsity College Cork
Fianna Fáil politeecians
Local cooncillors in Coonty Kerry
Members o the 25t Dáil
Members o the 26t Dáil
Members o the 27t Dáil
Members o the 28t Dáil
Members o the 29t Dáil
Members o the 30t Dáil
Members o the Cooncil o State o Ireland
Meenisters for Juistice (Ireland)
Meenisters o State o the 26t Dáil
Presidin afficers o Dáil Éireann
Teachtaí Dála

John O'Donoghue


Richard Leos Jenkins (3 June 1903 – 30 December 1991) was an American psychiatrist known for his work in child psychiatry and juvenile delinquency.

Jenkins earned his A.B. from Stanford University in 1925 and his M.D. from University of Chicago.

In the 1930s he published on intelligence and "mongolism." His work on psychometrics with Louis Leon Thurstone found that the youngest child is usually the smartest, and children of older parents are usually smarter than peers.

Jenkins held teaching appointments at several schools, including Acting Superintendent of the Institute for Juvenile Research and Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Illinois College of Medicine. He served as the Veterans Administration psychiatric research chief and psychiatric evaluation project chief from 1949 to 1961. He then was appointed professor and child psychiatry division chief at the University of Iowa. He was on the committee which oversaw the second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

In later life he co-edited several books and self-published a volume of poems. Jenkins died in Iowa City, Iowa of a cerebral hemorrhage.

Selected publications

Thurstone LL, Jenkins RL (1931). Order of birth, parent-age, and intelligence. The University of Chicago Press, ISBN B000JNDQWM
Jenkins RL (1932). Periodicals for child-guidance clinics. Mental hygiene, vol. XVI, no. 4, pp. 624–630, October, 1932.
Jenkins RL (1939). Etiology of mongrelism. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 1933 45, 506-519.
Brown AW, Jenkins RL, Cisler LE (1938). Influence of lethargic encephalitis on intelligence of children, as determined by objective tests. American Journal of Diseases of Children February 1938, vol. 55, p. 304-321.
Jenkins RL (1939). Adoption practices and the physician. Journal of the American Medical Association, Aug. 11, 1934, vol. 103, pp. 403–408.
Jenkins RL, Hewitt LE (1944). Types of personality structure encountered in child guidance clinics. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1944.
Jenkins RL (1946). Common syndromes in child psychiatry: I. Deviant behavior traits. II. The schizoid child. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, vol. XVI, no.2, April, 1946.
Hewitt LE, Jenkins RL (1946). Fundamental patterns of maladjustment: The dynamics of their origins. Springfield, IL: D. H. Green.
Jenkins RL (1947). To Parents about Delinquency. The Quarrie Corp.
Jenkins RL (1954). Breaking Patterns of Defeat: The Effective Readjustment of the Sick Personality. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co.
Jenkins RL (1955). The Medical Significance of Anxiety. Washington DC, The Biological Science Foundation, Ltd., 1955
Jenkins RL, Cole JO (1964). Diagnostic Classification in Child Psychiatry. Papers presented under auspices of the State University of Iowa College of Medicine and Psychopathic Hospital, the Iowa Psychiatric Society, and the American Psychiatric Association's Committee on Research American Psychiatric Association
Tyler BB, Tyler FB, Rafferty JE, Smith LM, Hudgins BB, Jenkins RL, NurEddin E, Shapiro I (1966). The Development of Behavior Patterns in Children. Genetic Psychology Monographs. Provincetown, Mass. v. 74, 2d half (1966).
Jenkins RL (1966).  Psychiatric syndromes in children and their relation to family background. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1966 Apr;36(3):450-7.
Jenkins RL, NurEddin E, Shapiro I. Children's Behavior Syndromes and Parental Responses. Genetic Psychology Monographs 1966 Nov;74(2):261-329.
Field E, Lester Hewitt LE, Jenkins RL (1967). Types of Delinquency and Home Background, a Validation Study of Hewitt and Jenkins' Hypothesis. Home Office Studies in the Causes of Delinquency and the Treatment of Offenders. No. 1o. London: H.M.S.O.
Jenkins RL (1968). The varieties of children's behavioral problems and family dynamics. Am J Psychiatry. 1968 Apr;124(10):1440-5.
Jenkins RL (1973). Behavior Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence. Thomas,
Harms E, Jenkins RL (1976). Understanding Disturbed Children: Professional Insights into Their Psychiatric and Developmental Problems. Special Child Publications,
Henn FA, Bardwell R, Jenkins RL (1980). Juvenile delinquents revisited. Adult criminal activity. Archives of General Psychiatry 37:1160-1163.
Jenkins RL, Gowdey E (1981). Prediction of Violence: Attitudes as Projected in Sentence Completion.
Jenkins RL (1982). Verses of the Shrink-age, Or, Rhyme Against Reason. [self-published].
Jenkins RL, Howard RL, Millard PL, eds. (1985). No Single Cause: Juvenile Delinquency and the Search for Effective Treatment.
Jenkins RL, Brown WK, eds. (1988). The Abandonment of Delinquent Behavior: Promoting the Turnaround.

References

External links
Poetry by Richard L. Jenkins via Masonic Poets Society

1903 births
1991 deaths
Stanford University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
University of Iowa faculty
American psychiatrists
20th-century American physicians

Richard L. Jenkins


Otmar Suitner (German pronunciation: [ˈɔtmaʁ zuˈiːtnɐ]; 16 May 1922 – 8 January 2010) was an Austrian conductor who spent most of his professional career in East Germany. He was born in Innsbruck and died in Berlin. He was Principal Conductor of the Staatskapelle Dresden from 1960 to 1964, and then Music Director at the Berlin State Opera in East Berlin from 1964 to 1990.

A fairly prolific recording artist, he was particularly notable in Austro-German music, having conducted discs of works by Max Reger and Paul Hindemith as well as the first Beethoven symphony cycle to be released on CD. He taught at the Mozarteum for twenty years. From 1977 to 1990 Suitner was professor of conducting at the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna. Among his prize students was American Conductor Donald Covert, who received the "Swarovsky Conducting Diploma" in 1984.

He was awarded the National Prize of the German Democratic Republic, 2nd Class for art and literature, in 1963.

In East Berlin, Suitner was married to Marita Wilckens (1924–2008), daughter of the composer . In 1965 he became acquainted with the West German student Renate Heitzmann and had a son, Igor, with her in 1975 in West Berlin. Igor produced a documentary in 2007 about his father, A Father's Music.

References

External links

 Discography

1922 births
2010 deaths
Musicians from Innsbruck
Musicians from East Berlin
20th-century Austrian conductors (music)
20th-century Austrian male musicians
Male conductors (music)
Music directors (opera)
Music directors of the Berlin State Opera
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
20th-century German musicians

Otmar Suitner


A raised shoreline is an ancient shoreline exposed above current water level.  These landforms are formed by a relative change in sea level due to global sea level rise, isostatic rebound, and/or tectonic uplift.  These surfaces are usually exposed above modern sea level when a heavily glaciated area experiences a glacial retreat, causing water levels to rise.  This area will then experience post-glacial rebound, effectively raising the shoreline surface.

Examples of raised shorelines can be found along the coasts of formerly glaciated areas in Ireland and Scotland, as well as in North America.  Raised shorelines are exposed at various locations around the Puget Sound of Washington State.

See also
 Isostasy
 Landform
 Machair
 Marine terrace
 Parallel Roads of Glen Roy
 Raised beach
 Terrace (geology)
 Wave-cut platform

References

Coastal geography
Coastal and oceanic landforms

Raised shoreline


Kalmar is a town on the coast of Småland in south-eastern Sweden. Kalmar is the central city of Kalmar Municipality, the seat of Kalmar County and the former diocese of Kalmar diocese (which became part of Växjö diocese in 1915). Kalmar got a college in 1977 and a university city in 2010. Kalmar's central city had 41 388 inhabitants in 2020. Kalmar is Småland's third largest urban centre after Jönköping and Växjö.

Etymology
The Old Swedish place name Kalmarnir or Kalmarnar contains the joint kalm, 'stone cairn' and the plural form arnar of arin, 'gravel island'. The name may have referred at the earliest to the area of Stensö (Stone Island) just south of the town. Kalmar had a large German population in the Middle Ages and possibly influenced by the name of the German town Wismar (from the high german wisa and mara, both meaning 'swamp') a reduction of the suffix may have taken place.

An older piece evidence than the one mentioned is Kalmarna sutuma, 'Kalmarsund' on a rune stone from the 11th century at Ärja ödekyrka in Åkers sn. Södermanland.

The name Calmar had long had the genitive form Calmare. Even in the so-called Kalmarvisan it is spoken of as "Kalmare town". A 17th-century ship known from early Swedish emigration history was called Calmare Nyckel, a name that still occurs in various contexts. In today's Standard Swedish, place names ending in a vowel do not receive the genitive s in established fixed compounds, while place names ending in a consonant do. The genitive-e in the word Kalmar, which has been removed today, explains why the grammatical form of the name violates this rule. It is thus "Kalmar län", "Kalmar domkyrka", "Kalmar Slott" and so on, without -s, and respectively "Blekinge län", "Lund domkyrka" and "Ovanåkers kommun", "Wismar town hall". In more occasional constructions, the word Kalmar has the genitive-s in the usual way, for example "Kalmar's population."

The place name was spelled Calmar from the 13th century until the mid-19th century. Through initiatives in 1851 by the newspaper "Calmarposten" (published 1795-1819) and especially through the newspaper "Kalmar" founded in 1864 (which was renamed "Kalmar-Kalmar läns tidning" in 1918) and its efforts to modernise, the spelling gradually changed to the present day spelling. The C spelling (and also the genitive form Calmare) still appears in some company and association names, e.g. Calmar Stadshotell, Calmareboden, Calmare Internationella Skola (CIS).

The Iowian city Calmar got it's name through a kalmar-born swedish immigrant.

Transport and communications
The city is connected to the outside world by train (Öresund trains, Kust till Kust and Stångådalsbanan), bus and air (Kalmar Öland Airport). The Öland Bridge and the connecting roads run through the northern part of the city. The city is located on the E22 between Malmö and Norrköping and is the start/end point of the Riksväg 25 towards Halmstad and Växjö. Within the city and the county, urban and rural traffic is operated by Kalmar Läns Trafik. Sweden's longest bridge, Ölandsbron, runs between Kalmar and Färjestaden on Öland. Kalmar Öland Airport is Småland's largest airport.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Kalmar County

Kalmar


The Ganymede Takeover is a 1967 science fiction novel by American writers Philip K. Dick and Ray Nelson. It is an alien invasion novel, and similar to Dick's earlier solo novel The Game-Players of Titan.

Plot summary

The novel takes place on a future Earth (vidphones, telepaths, androids, ionocraft are normal) recently conquered by aliens from Ganymede: limbless, worm-like creatures whose physical needs are attended to by a slave-race of specialist 'creeches'.  Mekkis is the leader of a Ganymedean faction that opposed the war when his Oracle (a creature capable of precognition) foresaw a 'coming darkness'.  The apparent success of the invasion means he is now discredited.  As a result, Mekkis is saddled with the troublesome Bale of Tennessee, home to the last remaining core of resistance, the 'Neeg-parts' led by Black Muslim leader Percy X.  Unknown to all concerned, another resistance movement operates covertly under cover of the World Psychiatric Association.  One of its agents, Doctor Paul Rivers, is seeking to protect Percy X by assassinating his former girlfriend, TV host Joan Hiashi who is collaborating with the Ganymedeans to capture Percy X.  Although Joan Hiashi switches sides after discovering that Percy X is a trained telepath who can read her mind, Percy X is still captured thanks to a tracking device planted on her by racist landowner Gus Swenesgard.

Mekkis offers Percy X the chance to become the puppet ruler of Tennessee.  When the offer is violently declined, Mekkis sends Percy X and Joan to the Norwegian clinic of psychiatric genius Rudolph Balkani, who has had exceptional success turning resistors into enthusiastic collaborators via sensory deprivation therapy.  Dr. Rivers manages to free Joan and Percy X, replacing them with androids.  On discovering the ruse, Rudolph Balkani commits suicide.  This along with a number of other suicides (encouraged by the World Psychiatric Association) lead the Ganymedians to wrongly assume that Balkani has helped the resistance infiltrate their collaborationist regime.  Judging their proxy rule of Earth to be impractical, they decide to withdraw from the planet and destroy all life through a device that will block the sun's rays.

Meanwhile, the Neeg-parts have seized a cache of weapons developed by Rudolph Balkani during the war — machines that turn illusions thought up by their users into reality, and a 'hell-weapon' that was never used against the aliens, as it would destroy humanity as well.  After most of his troops desert due to the psychological problems caused by the illusion machines, Percy X is finally defeated by an army of robots created by Gus Swenesgard.  Dr. Rivers is sent to kill Percy X, both to prevent his capture and stop him activating the hell-weapon.

Mekkis has become obsessed with the theories of Rudolph Balkani.  In order to get revenge on his enemies he forms a telepathic link with Percy X that will enable the hell-weapon to destroy those Ganymedians who are not on Earth.  After killing Percy X, Rivers is able to switch off the device before humanity is destroyed, but the Ganymedians instinctively form a group mind in times of danger, and so become trapped in a permanent existential and experiential 'hell' within a dark void, unable to contact their creeches for help.

The novel ends with the creeches returning to Ganymede to start their own society, and the World Psychiatric Association supporting Gus Swenesgard as a useful puppet ruler until democracy is restored, though Dr. Rivers can't help wondering as to their true motives.

References

1967 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Philip K. Dick
1967 science fiction novels
Ace Books books
Alien invasions in novels
Novels about androids
Novels about telepathy
Flying cars in fiction
Fiction set on Ganymede (moon)
Fiction about assassinations
Fiction about suicide
Hive minds in fiction

The Ganymede Takeover


George Coles Stebbins (1846–1945) was a gospel song writer. Stebbins was born February 26, 1846, in Orleans County, New York, where he spent the first 23 years of his life on a farm. In 1869 he moved to Chicago, Illinois, which marked the beginning of his musical career.

Background
Stebbins became the musical director of Chicago's First Baptist Church in 1870, a position he held till the autumn of 1874, when he resigned to take up residence in Boston. During his residence in Chicago he became acquainted with Dwight L. Moody and Ira D. Sankey and also with Philip Paul Bliss and Major D. W. Whittle, both of whom early joined the great evangelistic movement inaugurated by Moody.

Shortly after his move to Boston, Stebbins became the musical director of the Clarendon Street Baptist Church where Adoniram Judson Gordon was minister. In January 1876 he became the musical director of Tremont Temple, alongside George O. Lorimer.

Moody's Direction
In the summer of that year Stebbins had occasion to spend a few days with Moody at his home in Northfield, Massachusetts, and during his visit Moody persuaded him to enter evangelistic work under Moody's direction, which Stebbins did that autumn. Stebbins' first work in this connection was to organize the choir for the meetings which Moody and Sankey were to hold in the great building erected for them in Chicago and which were to continue through October, November, and December. During the remainder of the season Stebbins assisted other evangelists, and in the summer following he became one of the editors of Gospel Hymns and subsequently of the series of hymnbooks used by Moody during the remainder of his life. Afterward Stebbins became the sole editor of Northfield Hymnal.

Stebbins married Elma Miller before commencing his musical career. When he began his evangelistic work, she became actively involved, assisting him most efficiently in his singing, besides conducting meetings and giving Bible readings for ladies.

During the nearly 25 years of his association with Moody, Stebbins assisted Moody and Sankey in their work both in this country and abroad besides working with other evangelists, among whom were George F. Pentecost and Major Whittle.

In the autumn of 1890, Stebbins, with his wife and son, went with Pentecost to India for a season of work among the English-speaking inhabitants of that country; and during their stay there Mr. and Mrs. Stebbins and their son gave services of song in several of the principal cities of the country. On their return home they gave services of song also in Egypt and Palestine and in Naples, Rome, Florence, Paris, and London.

From the beginning of Moody's work in Northfield, Stebbins has been one of the leaders of the singing at the summer conferences there and was the only one having official connection with the work at all general conferences for their first 30 years. He was also the last surviving member of the original group of men Moody had associated with him in his evangelistic work including Sankey, Whittle, Bliss, and James McGranahan.

Gatherings
Regarding Stebbins' work, aside from his occupying important positions in churches and his leadership in the great movement with which he was connected for so many years, he was frequently engaged to lead the singing at international and state conventions of YMCA, Sunday schools, Christian Endeavor, and other religious gatherings. Among these gatherings were the two greatest of the Christian Endeavor conventions, one held in New York City's Madison Square Garden, at which there were 30 thousand delegates and one held in Boston when there were 50 thousand present. There was also the great Ecumenical Missionary conference held in Carnegie Hall and the 50th anniversary of the founding of the American YMCA, in Boston.

During these years his voice was not only heard in leading others, but it was also in constant demand in solo singing and on many occasions in singing with Sankey and others.

Legacy

Stebbins was well equipped in the musical department of his work, as well as in the others, for he studied voice with some of the most celebrated teachers in the United States. Much as his voice was heard in different parts of the world, he is remembered foremost by the music which he composed, which has long survived him and demonstrated an appeal across time and cultural boundaries.
Stebbins' lasting legacy, the hymns that have become gospel music classics. Among those are Jesus Is Calling, Jesus I Come, Have Thine Own Way, Lord, and Take Time to Be Holy.

References

External links

1846 births
1945 deaths
People from Orleans County, New York
American male composers
American composers
American entertainment industry businesspeople
American gospel singers
American Christian hymnwriters
American male singers
American performers of Christian music
Baptists from New York (state)
Composers of Christian music
American evangelists
Singers from New York (state)
19th-century American writers
Songwriters from New York (state)
Baptists from Illinois
American male songwriters

George Coles Stebbins


Artemisia filifolia,  known by common names including sand sagebrush, sand sage  and sandhill sage, is a species of flowering plant in the aster family. It is native to North America, where it occurs  from Nevada east to South Dakota and from there south to Arizona, Chihuahua, and Texas.

Description
Artemisia filifolia  is a branching woody shrub growing up to  tall. The stems are covered narrow, threadlike leaves up to  long and no more than half a millimeter wide. The leaves are sometimes split into segments. They are solitary or arranged in fascicles. The inflorescence is a panicle of hanging flower heads. Each head contains sterile disc florets and 2 to 3 fertile ray florets. The fruit is a tiny achene. The achenes do not tend to disperse far from the parent plant. The leaf color is grayish-green. The flower color is either yellow or brown. The bloom time is between the months of August, September, October, and November.

Ecology
Artemisia filifolia is a dominant species across much of the west-central United States, particularly in areas where the substrate is a deep, sandy soil. It is an indicator of sandy soils. It is efficient for preventing erosion on such soils. It is common in parts of the Great Plains, where it is a dominant component of prairie, grassland, and shrubland ecosystems alongside grasses such as sand bluestem, grama grasses, sand reedgrass, little bluestem, and sand dropseed. Some regions dominated by this sagebrush include the occurrences of the sandsage prairie from Nebraska to central Texas, various river systems in eastern Colorado and Kansas, the sandhills and mixed-grass prairies of Colorado, and parts of southeastern Wyoming. In Texas, it is common in the Trans-Pecos region, where it grows with honey mesquite, and many other areas in the state where it grows with sand shinnery oak.

This ecosystem is most commonly affected by fire and grazing. Before modern fire suppression, the ecosystem was maintained by a pattern of disturbance caused by natural wildfire and grazing by bison, a pattern which is called pyric herbivory.

Rangeland impact
When humans began to use this terrain as rangeland, this system was altered, causing a homogenization of life forms in the habitat. A balanced regime of fire and grazing is required to sustain the biodiversity of this type of rangeland. Fire also helps prevent the succession of woody vegetation onto shrublands. The sagebrush is tolerant of fire, resprouting vigorously after its aboveground parts are burned away.

Ecosystem
Sand sagebrush ecosystems are important habitat types for many animals. Prairie dogs build towns in sandy sage grassland, and when they abandon them, burrowing owls move in. Sage grouse live in sand sagebrush, though they prefer big sagebrush. Some animals eat the seeds, such as lesser prairie chickens and scaled quail. Lesser prairie chickens also use it for cover and nesting purposes. Extensive removal of sand sagebrush has been shown to reduce the diversity and abundance of breeding birds in the habitat.

Despite its importance in numerous ecosystems, this sagebrush can become a troublesome weed. One method of control is burning, then placing livestock where they will graze the new sprouts as they come up. It is also controlled with herbicides and mowing.

Commercial use
Sand sagebrush seed is sold commercially. It is sometimes used for revegetation efforts on rangeland and coal fields. The Navajo had several uses for the plant. It was used medicinally and for ritual purposes. Being quite soft, it was used as toilet paper.

References

External links
Medicinal Plants of the Southwest
Southwest Colorado Wildflowers
Utah State University, Range Plants of Utah
United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Arches National Park, Old Man Sage (Old-man Sagebrush; Sand Sage; Sand Sagebrush)
Oklahoma Biological Survey

filifolia
Plants described in 1828
Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Flora of Northern America

Artemisia filifolia


Amputation is the remuival o a limm bi trauma, medical ill, or surgery. As a surgical meisur, it is uised tae control pyne or a disease process in the affectit limm, sic as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is cairit oot on individuals as a prevenative surgery for sic problems. A speicial case is that o congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, whaur fetal limms hae been cut aff bi constrictive bands. In some kintras, amputation o the haunds, feet or ither bouk pairts is or wis uised as a form o puinishment for fowk wha committed crimes. Amputation haes awso been uised as a tactic in war an acts o terrorism; it can awso occur as a war injur. In some culturs an religions, minor amputations or mutilations are conseedered a ritual accomplishment.

Whan duin bi a person, the person follaein oot the amputation is an amputator. The amputatit person is cawed an amputee.

In the US, the majority o new amputations occur due tae complications o the vascular seestem (the bluid veshels), especially frae diabetes. Atween 1988 an 1996, thare war an average o 133,735 hospital discharges for amputation per year in the US. In 2005, just in the US, thare war 1.6 million amputees.  In 2013, the US has 2.1 million amputees.  Approximately 185,000 amputations occur in the United States each year.  In 2009, hospital costs associated wi amputation totaled maire than $8.3 billion. Thare will be an estimated 3.6 million fowk in the US living wi limm loss bi 2050. African Americans are up tae fower times maire likely tae hae an amputation than European Americans.

Human body

Amputation


Neutering is castration, the act of removing the sexual organs from an animal (usually dogs and cats). Females get spayed, males get fixed. It is regarded by some as important to neuter your pet. It is said to allow them to live longer and healthier lives. Neutering is done by  vets.

Humane societies, animal shelters, and rescue groups urge pet owners to have their pets neutered. This prevents the births of unwanted litters, which lead to the increased number of unwanted animals. Some countries  require all adopted cats and dogs be sterilized before going to their new homes.

Pets
Veterinarians

Neutering