The Henningsens is an American country music trio consisting of Brian Henningsen, his son Aaron, and daughter Clara. The trio released their debut single, "American Beautiful", for Arista Nashville in late 2012.

History
The Henningsens, consisting of Brian Henningsen and two of his children, Aaron and Clara, originated in Illinois, where Brian played in bands off and on throughout the 1980s and began songwriting in the early 1990s. He met with music publishers in Nashville in the mid-1990s but he put his career on hold to take over the family farm.

In 2008 at church, Aaron met Wynonna Judd's husband and Highway 101 member Cactus Moser, who in turn shared The Henningsens' demo recordings with producer Paul Worley. The Henningsens co-wrote The Band Perry's singles "You Lie" and "All Your Life", as well as several album tracks on The Band Perry. Their collaborative efforts would later yield several album cuts on Pioneer, including the title track, "Night Gone Wasted", "I Saw a Light", "I'm a Keeper", "Back to Me Without You", and "End of Time". Other songs that The Henningsens wrote include "Love It Out Loud" for Wynonna Judd, "Alone" for Sara Evans, and "Six Gold Coins" by Highway 101. They then signed to Arista Nashville and began working with Worley on their debut album.

On December 17, 2012, the trio released their debut single (and album title track) "American Beautiful". Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the single 3.5 stars out of 5. A self-titled EP was released on May 28, 2013. A full-length album, American Beautiful, was scheduled to be released on July 2, 2013, but has since been postponed.

Clara married Jacob Calaway on May 4, 2013. The trio co-wrote Billy Currington's 2015 single "Drinkin' Town with a Football Problem".

On June 16, 2015 The Sims 4: Perfect Patio Stuff was released including a song recorded in simlish by The Henningsens, Like No One's Watching, radio station backyard (the non-simlish version was released in 2016 on World's On Fire).

In August 2015 The Henningsens parted ways with Sony Nashville.

In the same month they released a tribute song to honour the farmers, Why I Farm, in partnership with Beck's Hybrids.

On May, 11th The Henningsens announced the release of their first LP album, World's On Fire.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

References

American country music groups
Arista Nashville artists
Musical trios from Illinois
Sibling musical trios

The Henningsens


Disce Aut Discede (Latin "Learn or Depart") is a phrase used as the motto of many institutions and schools.

Educational institutions
Disce Aut Discēde is the motto at King's School, Rochester, the second-oldest school in the world, established in 604 AD. It is also the traditional motto of Penistone Grammar School (founded 1392).The Royal College, Colombo in Sri Lanka also uses "Disce aut Discēde" as one of its official mottoes. The author and the date that the motto was adopted by the Royal are unknown. The first mention of the motto was during the tenure of Principal Todd (1871–1878) who constantly reminded dullards that they must learn or depart.

It is also the motto of Gosfield Independent School in Essex, England, and the variation "Aut Disce, Aut Discēde" ("Either Learn or Leave") is the motto of Hutton Grammar School in Preston, Lancashire. It was the motto for Middlesbrough High School, and is also carved above the entrance to the old school and almshouse building in Bunny, Nottinghamshire, built by Sir Thomas Parkyn in 1700.

"Disce aut Discēde" is also the motto of the male only high school, Cornwall College located in Montego Bay, Jamaica.

The coat of arms of the University of Manchester Surgical Society contains the motto "disce aut discede".

An old painting at Winchester College contains an expanded version in the form of a hexameter: "Aut disce, aut discēde; manet sors tertia, caedī" ("Either learn or leave: there remains a third Chance to be Defeated/Stricken/beaten", or more vulgarly "learn, leave or be licked".) "Aut disce" is surmounted by a bishop's mitre; "aut discēde" by a sword and an inkpot, to denote secular professions; the last part of the verse by a rod.

In fiction
"Aut disce aut discede" appears as the motto of the fictitious Roosevelt High School, which April O'Neil attends in the 2012 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV series.

"Aut disce aut discede" also appears as the motto of National City University, a ficticitious University in CW's Supergirl universe (Season 3: Ep. 5).

References
THE MOTTO, royalcollege.lk
Cornwall College, Montego Bay, Jamaica Cornwall College, Jamaica

Latin mottos
Royal College, Colombo

Disce aut discede


An edited volume or edited collection is a collection of scholarly or scientific chapters written by different authors. The chapters in an edited volume are original works (not republished works).

Alternative terms for edited volume are contributed volume, edited collection and multiauthor volume. All these terms emphasize that the book is a collection of chapters contributed by different authors and harmonized by an editor. Edited volumes are of interest in academic publishing because they present different viewpoints and experiences on a common theme.

An edited volume is unlike an anthology, which is a collection of republished short literary works by different authors. It is also not a collected edition, which brings together already-published works by a single author and is edited by a publisher. It is different from a reader, which contains collected texts for learning purposes. Finally, it is different from proceedings, which contain articles written by different authors who present them at a scientific conference.

Role of the editor
The editor (or editors, often there are several) of an edited volume is the key figure in conceiving and producing the book.  He or she is responsible for determining the book's purpose, structure and style (as laid out in a book proposal); for signing a book contract with an interested publisher; and for selecting the individual contributors who will write the chapters (and possibly the foreword). Selecting the contributions may involve an open call for papers or may be conducted privately. The editor is also responsible for keeping the writing process on schedule and serves as the liaison between the publisher and the contributors.  However, the task of "chasing contributions" can be substantial.

The editor may also be a contributor to the volume, by writing some chapters (often with other authors) and especially by preparing a preface, an introduction or an afterword summarizing the main points. The editor also carries out the linguistic and substantive editing of the chapters before submitting the book manuscript to the publisher, and coordinates authors' review and correction of the proofs (preprints).

Contributors' responsibilities
Authors of individual chapters (contributors) sign contributor agreements that outline the topic and length of the chapter they are to write, the deadline for delivery, the copyright policy and the compensation (e.g. copies of the printed book). By accepting to contribute to the volume, they agree to prepare their chapters according to the book's style regarding, for example, the use of headings, illustrations, formatting and other text features.

See also
 Compendium
 Compilation thesis
 Documentation
 Festschrift
 Monographic series
 Treatise
 Volume (bibliography)

References

Books by type
Academic publishing
Publishing
Edited volumes

Edited volume


The Game Game is a game show hosted by Jim McKrell. It was packaged by Chuck Barris and aired during the 1969–1970 season; the show was Barris's first syndicated program.

Gameplay
The game involved one contestant and three celebrities. All four players would participate in a type of personality test, with the intent of answering the focal question of the particular episode (like "How courageous are you?" or "How impulsive are you?"). Before the game, the civilian player would predict whether he/she would score higher or lower than the celebrities; if this prediction proved to be correct at the end of the show, he/she would win a prize (but all players won a small prize for participating). The tests consisted of five questions, all with four multiple-choice answers. Each player answered the question, then host McKrell read the point value for each answer (either 0, 5, 10, or 15 points).

After all five questions had been completed, each celebrity would reveal their scores, and then the civilian player would reveal his/hers. The scores were compared and prizes were awarded corresponding to the civilian player's earlier prediction – $25 for each correct prediction, or $100 if the contestant met his prediction on all three celebs. Additionally, the contestant received a prize just for competing. Each episode of The Game Game featured a different non-celebrity contestant.

Episode status
The series is presumed to be intact, along with most of Barris' other games. GSN has aired only two episodes, while a third (Episode #68/"How Well Do You Make Decisions?") circulates among collectors.

One 1969 episode featured young comedian George Carlin, who seldom participated in the game show circuit. Carlin, however, was a close friend of host Jim McKrell, who worked with Carlin in 1959–60 at Fort Worth radio station KXOL. Snapshots of the video from this episode can be found online.

References

First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
1960s American game shows
1969 American television series debuts
1970 American television series endings
1970s American game shows
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television series by Barris Industries
English-language television shows
Television series created by Chuck Barris
Television series by CBS Studios

The Game Game


Time of Fear () is a 2009 Brazilian thriller film directed and written by Sérgio Rezende. It depicts the May 2006 riots perpetuated by the Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) criminal organization in the state of São Paulo. The Ministry of Culture submitted it for consideration of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the 82nd Best Foreign Language Film Oscar. The Film won the Crystal Lens Award for Best Feature Film at the 2nd Brazilian Film Festival of London.

Plot
The film portrays the fictional story of Lúcia, a widowed middle class piano teacher whose 18-year-old son Rafael is imprisoned before the riots because of his participation in a car accident which resulted in the death of a girl. While visiting her son at jail, Lúcia meets Ruiva (Redheaded), lawyer of "the Professor", leader of the PCC (referred in the movie as "The Command"). The two women soon bond, and Ruiva starts using Lúcia in tasks for the criminal organization. Lúcia needs the money so she ends up accepting the mission, putting herself in the boundary between legality and crime. Meanwhile, The Command is experiencing a turbulent internal dispute for power, while facing a common enemy: the prison system.

Salve Geral lampoons the mass media for generating panic among the population of São Paulo with its sensationalistic coverage of the riot and not revealing the real cause of the revolt, which was the degrading situation of the state prison system.

Cast
Andréa Beltrão as Lúcia
Denise Weinberg as "Ruiva"
Lee Taylor as Rafael
Bruno Perillo as "the Professor"
Guilherme Santana as Pedrão
Chris Couto as Ângela
Juliano Cazarré as Zé
Taiguara Nazareth as Tirso
Giulio Lopes as Dávila
Michel Gomes as Xizão
Kiko Mascarenhas as commissioner Raul
Otávio Martins as China
Rafael Losso as Beto
Fábio Herford as Rubinho
Almir Barros as Tavinho
Celso 'Not Dead' Camargo as Diguinho
Catarina Abdala as Female Guard
Luciano Chirolli as Secretary
Pascoal da Conceição as Dr. Pereira
Fernão Lacerda as Prison guard
Henrique Neves as DEPEN Agent
Marizilda Dias Rosa as Tiana
João Signorelli as "Careca"
Neco Villa Lobos as military Police officer

Background and production

Although Salve Geral'''s main storyline is fictional, its background story is based on actual events that took place on 2006 Mother's Day. The riots caused the deaths of several people, most of them policemen. On May 11, 2006, the state government, based on information indicating the plans of PCC to perform a series of rebellions in prisons, ordered the simultaneous transfer of 765 dangerous inmates to maximum security prisons in the state. In retaliation, the leaders of the criminal organization commanded from within the prisons, through mobile phones, simultaneous riots and attacks on law enforcement officials. The message was clear: a "horror party" was to be done in each one of the neighborhoods of São Paulo. "Salve" (literally "save" or "hail") means "attack" in the Paulistano crime dialect of Portuguese language.

Sérgio Rezende wanted to show, with his film, that not only the criminals should be blamed for the riots. "We must be aware that the state also disregards the law, that the detainees are in subhuman conditions. It's not a matter of good guys and bad guys. It is a matter of reality", he said. Rezende said that the editing process was based on the 2006 Stephen Frears film The Queen.

The film cost R$9 million reais (about 4,5 million U.S. dollars), and was mostly shot in Paulínia and Campinas, with scenes in Rio de Janeiro, Foz do Iguaçu, and Ciudad del Este. It was produced by Toscana Audiovisual and Globo Filmes and distributed by Downtown Filmes and Sony Pictures.

Academy Award submission
The Secretariat of the Audiovisual, a body linked to the Ministry of Culture, submitted the film for consideration of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the 2009 Best Foreign Language Film Oscar. According to Silvio Da-Rin, Secretary of Audiovisual, "basically three criteria led us to choose for this movie: its high technical and artistic quality, its high production value invested in the project and the contemporaneity of the issue discussed".

The commission which chose the Brazilian contender for the Oscar comprised Da-Rin, movie critic Carlos Alberto Mattos, producer Beto Rodrigues, researcher and professor Ivana Bentes, director Carlos Gerbase, and exhibitor Luiz Gonzaga De Luca. According to the commission, the decision was not unanimous, but consensual. The ten films analyzed were very different from each other, and the ability of Salve Geral to address both social and political levels would have been the most important factor in choosing the films.Salve Geral disputed the Brazilian submission for the 2010 Academy Award with Besouro, Síndrome de Pinocchio – Refluxo, Jean Charles, Feliz Natal, A Festa da Menina Morta, O Menino da Porteira, Se Nada Mais Der Certo, Budapeste, and O Contador de Histórias''.

According to some sources, the film, specially Andréa Beltrão's performance, was very well received by the 200 members of the Academy which saw it at its official screening for Oscar voters at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater on November 20, 2009. The five film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film will be announced on February 2, 2010. The award will be handed out on March 7, 2010.

References

External links

2009 crime thriller films
2009 films
Brazilian crime thriller films
Crime films based on actual events
Thriller films based on actual events
Films directed by Sérgio Rezende
Films set in São Paulo
Films shot in Campinas
Films shot in Foz do Iguaçu
Films shot in Paraguay
Films shot in Paulínia
Films shot in Rio de Janeiro (city)
2000s Portuguese-language films
Works about organized crime in Brazil

Time of Fear


Woluwe-Saint-Lambert () or Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe (Dutch, ) is ane o the nineteen municipalities locatit in the Brussels-Caipital Region o Belgium. It is a prosperous residential aurie, wi a mixture o flats an detached, semi-detached an terraced hooses, aften compared wi Uccle (Ukkel in Dutch), anither affluent Brussels municipality, an the 7t or 16t arrondissement in Paris.

In French it is aften spelt Woluwé-Saint-Lambert wi an acute accent on the first "e" tae reflect the Frenchifee'd pronunciation o wha wis oreeginally a Dutch place name, but the offeecial spellin is athoot an accent.

The neighbourin municipality o Woluwe-Saint-Pierre / Sint-Pieters-Woluwe an aa lies athin the Brussels-Caipital Region, while the umwhile municipality o Sint-Stevens-Woluwe (Woluwe-Saint-Etienne in French) haes been merged wi three ither municipalities (Zaventem, Nossegem an Sterrebeek) tae form the municipality o Zaventem, which is in the province o Flemish Brabant in Flanders.

Geography

Woluwe hosts the medical faculty o the Université catholique de Louvain an its hospital, the Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, an several shoppin auries, notably the Avenue Georges Henri (Georges Henrilaan) andthe Woluwe Shopping Centre. Some o the municipality's major roads are named efter prominent 20t century Belgian statesmen, sic as the prestigious Avenue de Broqueville/de Broquevillelaan an Avenue Paul Hymans/Paul Hymanslaan. Line 1 (umwhile line 1B) o the Brussels metro runs unner thir roads.

The Woluwe River flows throu the municipality.

History

Medieval oreegins

Several airchaeological fynds on the territory o Woluwe-Saint-Lambert show traces o human activity durin the Bronze Age.  The first historical mention o the veelage, housomeivver, dates frae the 11t century, when some o the forestit land near the Woluwe River wis cleared for fermin.  A kirk wis biggit an dedicatit tae Saunt Lambert, the 7t-century bishop o Maastricht who wis martyred in Liège.  At the end o the 12t century, the richts tae the parish o Saunt Lambert wur gien tae the canons o the chapter o St. Michael and Gudula in Brussels.  Various charitable organisations an hospitals then stairtit acquirin land in this aurie.  Throughoot the Middle Ages, Woluwe wis pairt o the Duchy o Brabant, govrened unner the uisual feudal arrangement o those times.  Amang the Dukes vassals wur some pouerful local lairds an landawners.  Some o Woluwe's territory an aa belanged tae the pouerful abbeys o Forest (Vorst in Dutch) an 't Pairk in Leuven.

Syne the 16t century
Up till recently, the veelage wis maistly rural, focusin mainly on agricultur. Stairtin in the 16t century, affluent nobles an clergymen frae Brussels biggit castles in Woluwe, some o which are still visible the day.  True urbanization, housomeivver, stairtit anerlie aroond 1900.  Well-tae-dae neighbourhuids, which included some o the novel airchitectural styles o the Belle Epoque sic as Art Nouveau then Art Deco, straddled the newly biggit Boulevard Brand Whitlock/Brand Whitlocklaan.

The population o the municipality increased vera quickly at this time. It rose frae 1,649 indwallers in 1880 tae 8,883 indwallers 30 years later. Bi 1960 thare wur 36,960 fowk in the municipality, an syne 1970 the population haes been stable at aroond 47,000.

The day, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert is still maistly a residential aurie, attractin rich an poor indwallers frae neighbourin Brussels.

Sichts
The surroondins o the Woluwe River hae been laid oot as pairk auries, sic as Woluwe Pairk an Pairk Malou. Aulder historical biggins, sic as the Lindekemale watermill (nou a restaurant), the Hof ter Musschen ferm (nou a seminar centre), an the 16t-century Slot castle (nou a chain restaurant), an aa tend tae be foond near the river.
The Saint-Lambert kirk haes a 12t-century Romanesque touer.
The Marie la Misérable chapel (14t century).
The municipality's Art Deco Toun Haw, biggit in the 1930s, is locatit abuin the Tomberg metro station.
The Wolubilis cultural veelage an theatre, locatit on Avenue Paul Hymanslaan, wur inauguratit in 2006.
The neoclassic Château Malou, biggit in 1776.

Internaitional relations

Twin touns — Sister ceeties
Woluwe-Saint-Lambert is twinned wi:
: Meudon, Fraunce
: M'Bazi, Rwanda

See an aa
Woluwe-Saint-Pierre or Sint-Pieters-Woluwe, an adjacent municipality
Woluwe River
Sint-Stevens-Woluwe, a destrict o an adjacent municipality.
White Star Woluwé F.C.

References

Freemit airtins

Official site of Woluwe-Saint-Lambert municipality (anly in French or Dutch)
Wolubilis cultural centre (anly in French or Dutch)
Hof ter Musschen (anly in French or Dutch)
Woluwe Shopping Centre
Université catholique de Louvain

Municipalities o the Brussels-Caipital Region

Woluwe-Saint-Lambert


Boccaccio '70 is a 1962 comedy anthology film directed by Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Mario Monicelli and Luchino Visconti from an idea by Cesare Zavattini. It consists of four episodes, each by one of the directors, all about a different aspect of morality and love in modern times in the style of Giovanni Boccaccio.

Plot

Renzo e Luciana
Directed by Mario Monicelli. Written by Giovanni Arpino, Italo Calvino, Suso Cecchi d'Amico and Mario Monicelli. Music by Piero Umiliani. With Marisa Solinas and Germano Giglioli.

In Renzo e Luciana (Renzo and Luciana), a young couple tries to hide their marriage and the wife's supposed pregnancy from the draconian rules at their place of employment, which has banned female employees from getting married and having children. Their efforts – both at their shared home (having temporarily moved into her family's crowded apartment), and at work (where they go so far as to pretend not to know each other) – causes pressure to mount on the couple. Their hope is to make it through until they have managed to save some money to move out, and are dependent on Renzo going to night school to become an accountant. Finally their life together has some privacy, but they are increasingly separated by their respective shifts: he returns home from work just when she has to leave to go there.

This first episode was only included in the Italian distribution of the film. Out of solidarity toward Monicelli, the other three directors did not go to the Cannes Film Festival for the presentation of the film.

Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio
Directed by Federico Fellini. Written by Fellini, Ennio Flaiano and Tullio Pinelli. Music by Nino Rota. With Peppino De Filippo and Anita Ekberg.

In Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio (The Temptation of Dr Antonio), Dr Antonio Mazzuolo, a middle-aged man, has taken it upon himself to be the protector of Rome's morality and law and order from what he sees as vice, crime and immorality throughout the city. The doctor (in his tiny Fiat equipped with a police spotlight) wages his one-man crusade – shining the spotlight at lovers in parked cars, or bounding on stage of a cabaret, ordering the stage crew (which includes a smiling police officer) to shut the lights, as he closes the curtain behind a line of bewildered chorus girls. He admonishes the audience to 'go home, and spend (their) money' in a 'better way instead of seeing this filth.' His anger knows no bounds when a provocative billboard of Anita Ekberg with the tag line "drink more milk" is put up in a park near his residence. Little does he know how the billboard will impact his life. Throughout the film, children are heard singing the jingle "Bevete più latte, bevete più latte!" ("Drink more milk!"). The image begins to haunt him with hallucinations in which Ekberg appears as a temptress. After his delirium culminates in throwing a spear at Ekberg's image, he is found collapsed on top of the billboard and transported away in an ambulance to the children's song.

Il Lavoro
Directed by Luchino Visconti. Written by Suso Cecchi d'Amico and Visconti. Music by Nino Rota. With Romy Schneider, Tomas Milian, and Romolo Valli.

Il Lavoro (The Job), is about an aristocratic couple. The husband is caught by the press visiting prostitutes. After saying she intends from then on to work for her income, the wife demands payment from her husband for her sexual services, to which he agrees.

La Riffa
Directed by Vittorio De Sica. Written by Cesare Zavattini. Music by Armando Trovajoli. With Sophia Loren.

In La Riffa (The Raffle), a timid lottery winner is entitled to one night with the attractive Zoe (Sophia Loren). Zoe, however, has other plans.

Cast
 Marisa Solinas as Luciana
 Germano Giglioli as Renzo
 Peppino De Filippo as Dr. Antonio Mazzuolo
 Anita Ekberg as herself
 Romy Schneider as Pupe
 Tomas Milian as Ottavio
 Romolo Valli as Zacchi
 Sophia Loren as Zoe

Artistic legacy
An orchestrated version of the song "Bevete più latte", from Le Tentazioni del Dottor Antonio, was one of 13 tracks, recorded by Italian band Piccola Orchestra Avion Travel and arranged by Fabrizio France, for their 2009 album "Nino Rota, L'Amico Magico," released to mark the 30th anniversary of the 1979 death of composer Nino Rota.

"Bevete più latte" was also used in the song "Milk Sheik" by singer Lizzy Mercier Descloux on her album Mambo Nassau from 1981.

References

External links

1962 films
1962 comedy films
1960s Italian-language films
Commedia all'italiana
Films directed by Federico Fellini
Films directed by Luchino Visconti
Films directed by Mario Monicelli
Films directed by Vittorio De Sica
Films produced by Carlo Ponti
Films scored by Armando Trovajoli
Films scored by Nino Rota
Films scored by Piero Umiliani
Films set in Milan
Films set in Rome
Films with screenplays by Cesare Zavattini
Films with screenplays by Federico Fellini
French anthology films
Giovanni Boccaccio
Italian anthology films
1960s Italian films
Catholic Legion of Decency condemned film

Boccaccio '70


Tyler Neitzel (born September 19, 1991) is an American actor.
He played the role of Young King Leonidas in the Warner Brothers blockbuster film 300.
He appeared in the 2 hour special (2010) of Brothers & Sisters (ABC) episode: 'Time After Time' as Young Aaron.

Recent feature films include Reconciliation, Freeway Killer and Signal Lost.
Neitzel has appeared in numerous national television commercials, print ads, and has lent his voice to many radio and television commercials and voiceovers including the feature film, My Life in Ruins.
He has appeared in such popular television shows as ER, Crossing Jordan and The Guardian.
Some of his earlier works include roles in such feature films as The Big Brass Ring, playing William Hurt as a child, The Young Filmmaker's Club, Wednesday's Child, Black and Blue and Romantic Weirdos. He also made appearances on various television shows as Power Rangers, Prey, Crimestrike and The Disney Channel. He guest starred in Criminal Minds in 2012.

Neitzel was born in San Diego, California.

External links

1991 births
21st-century American male actors
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from San Diego

Tyler Neitzel


Flor do Mar or Flor de la Mar (Flower of the Sea), spelled Frol de la Mar in all Portuguese chronicles of the 16th century, was a Portuguese nau (carrack) of 400 tons, which over nine years participated in decisive events in the Indian Ocean until her sinking in November 1511. Nobleman Afonso de Albuquerque was returning from the conquest of Malacca, bringing with him a large treasure trove for the Portuguese king, when the ship was lost off the coast of Sumatra. A replica of Flor do Mar is housed in the Maritime Museum in Malacca, Malaysia.

History

Career
Flor do Mar was built in Lisbon in 1502, being one of the finest vessels of the time. She was built for the Portuguese India run.  At 400 tons, she was the largest carrack yet built, nearly twice the size of the largest ships that had gone on previous runs.

She took her maiden trip from Portugal to India in 1502, under the command of Estevão da Gama, a cousin of Vasco da Gama. However, her return trip in 1503 met some complications—once loaded with spices, her large size and weight made her hard to manoeuver, particularly in the fast currents of the Mozambique Channel (notably, around Cape Correntes).  Eyewitness Thomé Lopes reports her springing leaks and being forced to stop for repairs on Mozambique Island for nearly two months. She finally arrived in Portugal in late 1503.

Flor do Mar went out again on another India run in March 1505 under the command of João da Nova, as part of the 7th Portuguese India fleet of 22 ships, carrying D. Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy of Portuguese India. On the return trip in 1506, she once again ran into difficulties in the Mozambique Channel.  Springing leaks, she was forced to dock once again in Mozambique island for lengthy repairs.  This time, she would stay stuck in the channel for some ten months. Nova attempted to take her out repeatedly, but the heavy-laden ship kept running into problems, forcing him to return to the island, repair and try again.

The ship and her frustrated captain were still stuck in Mozambique when they were found in February 1507—almost exactly one year after Flor do Mar left India—by the outgoing 8th India armada under the command of Tristão da Cunha.  Cunha ordered his crews to help repair the ship back to seaworthy shape, unload the ship's spice cargo onto another Portugal-bound transport (under the command of António de Saldanha) and then annexed the empty Flor do Mar and her captain into his own India-bound armada.  She was never to return to Portugal.

Flor do Mar and her captain João da Nova participated in Cunha's conquest of Socotra.  In the aftermath, to Nova's surprise, Cunha ordered her to remain in the western Arabian Sea, integrated into the patrol squadron of Afonso de Albuquerque.  Nova and the ship participated in the Albuquerque-led conquest of the cities of Curiati (Kuryat), Muscat in July 1507, Khor Fakkan, (accepting also the submission of the cities of Kalhat and Sohar) and Ormuz in the same year. Two years later in India, she was commandeered to serve as the flagship of D. Francisco de Almeida in the 1509 battle of Diu.  João da Nova died that same year in Cochin, and Almeida (ending his term as vice-roy) planned to bring Flor do Mar back to Portugal himself, taking special care to repair her into shape.  But his successor, Afonso de Albuquerque, forbade it and retained the ship in India, giving Almeida another ship to take home instead.

Under Afonso de Albuquerque's orders, Flor do Mar supported the conquest of Goa in 1510 as well as the conquest of Malacca in 1511.

Capacity

Flor do Mar's longevity was remarkable.  At a time when India ships were built for only three or four years of useful service, Flor do Mar was one of the longest-lasting ships of the India run. However, her service as a cargo ship left a lot to be desired. Dangerously unseaworthy when fully loaded, she only completed one full India run, and not without difficulties.  Nonetheless, much was learned from the ship's experience. Although several larger ships—600t, 900t, 1500t—would be occasionally built, the average India nau would hover around 400–450t. As such, Flor do Mar can be considered the prototype of what would become the typical 16th-century India nau. The ship's experience also led to the institutionalisation of the "outer route", i.e.  captains of heavy-laden large ships were ordered to avoid returning via the fast Mozambique Channel, but rather sail a longer but calmer course east of Madagascar.

Shipwreck
Despite already being deemed unsafe, Flor do Mar served to support the conquest of Malacca, then the largest commercial center of the East Indies. Given her large capacity, Afonso de Albuquerque decided to use the ship to transport the vast treasure looted from the Sultan of Malacca's palace back to Portugal.

When Flor do Mar came out of Malacca in late 1511 and sailed along the north-east Sumatran state of Pasé, in the Strait of Malacca, she was caught in a storm and wrecked on some shoals, causing numerous casualties. The ship did not survive the storm and sank during the night of 20 November 1511, off Timia Point in the Kingdom of Aru, Sumatra.

Afonso de Albuquerque was saved in the most difficult conditions, using an improvised raft, but the cargo was irretrievably lost. Also lost were more than 400 men on board. Flor de la Mar still lies undiscovered in the seabed.

Attempts to locate and salvage the shipwreck have been the cause of controversy. Portugal, Indonesia, and Malaysia all claim salvage rights. A replica of Flor do Mar is housed in Maritime Museum of Malacca.

The lost treasure of the Flor de la Mar plays a significant role in the 2022 BBC Doctor Who episode Legend of the Sea Devils.

See also

 Santa Anna (1522 ship)
 São João Baptista (galleon)
 Peter von Danzig (ship)
 Mendam Berahi
 O Bravo (jong)

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Dieter Dellinger, Texto publicado na REVISTA DE MARINHA em Abril de 1989
 Sérgio Luís de Carvalho, A flor de la mar: 1510 - 1515 com Albuquerque na Índia, Texto Ed., 1993,
 Diffie, Bailey W. and George D. Winius (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. .
 Albuquerque, Braz de (1774). Commentarios do grande Afonso Dalboquerque. Lisbon: Na Regia Officina Typografica. Available in English as The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India. Laurier Books Ltd. /AES 2000.

External links
 Virtual Museum Malacca Malacca's Sea Maritime Museum.

Museums in Malacca
Maritime history of Portugal
History of Malacca
Naval ships of Portugal
16th-century ships
1511 in Portuguese Malacca
1500s in Portuguese Malacca
Museum ships
Museum ships in Malaysia

Flor de la Mar


The Best of 'Allo 'Allo! was broadcast on 17 August 1994, two years after the ending of the BBC sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the broadcast of the first series. The actual pilot for the show had been broadcast nearly 12 years earlier, when this show was broadcast.

The 50-minute episode is a mixture of new footage and archive footage from past episodes.

Plot
The episode is set some time after the end of the war.  No date is given, but clearly it's before the last regular episode (where René elopes with Yvette).

René and Edith are in the Alps celebrating Edith's 35th birthday – Edith has knocked the war years off her true age, including World War I and the Crimean War! This event brings them to remember the incidents which took place during World War II; in particular the events which took place in their hometown of Nouvion.

What follows is a collection of highlights from the show's eighty-five episodes, interwoven with Edith and René's reminiscences. A complete list of the archive footage:

 LeClerc the forger turns up at the café, and Lt. Gruber meets René for the first time (Pilot).
 Hans and the Colonel are forced to hide the priceless cuckoo clock and the Fallen Madonna, when Herr Flick turns up looking for them (Pilot).
 A collection of Michelle's catchphrase – "Listen Carefully, I shall say this only once..."
 Michelle announcing that the British airmen, whilst wearing German uniforms, have been captured by the Communist Resistance (1.02).
 Maria dressed as a boy, delivering a pigeon to René (1.02)
 Herr Flick and Helga strip to change into their onion-seller disguises.(1.02)
 René appears before General Von Klinkerhoffen, who orders him to be shot (1.04).
 Gruber places flowers on René's grave; just as René rises from the ground on the Resistance's hidden radio mast (6.01).
 René, Mimi, and the Flying Nun incident (4.04).
 Crabtree tells René of his latest "nose" (2.04).
 René, the Colonel, Gruber, Herr Flick and the exploding nose incident (5.10).
 René dressed as a Resistance girl, and giving Gruber the wrong idea (2.06).
 René, LeClerc and the dreaded circular-saw incident (5.04).
 A collection of René's various affairs with Maria and Yvette.
 Interviewing possible candidates for the waitress job (4.03).
 René's affair with Mimi (series 4).
 A collection of Madame Fanny's bedroom incidents.
 A collection of LeClerc's catchphrase – "It is I, LeClerc!"
 The marriage ceremony of Ernest LeClerc and Madame Fanny (6.07).
 Monsieur Alfonse expresses his love for Madame Edith (2.04).
 Herr Flick and Helga repair a puncture (3.04).

At the end of the episode, René and Edith re-affirm their love for each other; the archive clip of them singing When You Were Sweet Sixteen together (5.18) is shown; and the final scene is of them clinking champagne glasses together.

The familiar "You have been watching" credits roll at the end of the episode, crediting every actor who played in the show, as well as the directors and producers.

References

'Allo 'Allo!
1994 television specials
1994 in British television
British television specials
Television episodes set in France
Television episodes about World War II

The Best of 'Allo 'Allo!


The common toad or European toad (Bufo bufo) is an amphibian.  They are found in most of Europe, except for Ireland, Iceland and some Mediterranean islands. The toad usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump.  It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.

The toads in this genus are known as true toads.  They have no teeth, a dry warty skin and horizontal pupils to the eyes.

Description

The common toad can grow to about  in length. Females grow larger than males. Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north. The head is broad with a wide mouth.  The nose has two small nostrils. There are no teeth. The large, protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils. They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin.  It is used to keep away predators. The head joins the body without a noticeable neck. There is no external vocal sac. The body is broad and squat. The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards. At breeding time, the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers.  These are to hold the female. The back legs are short and the back feet have long, unwebbed toes. There is no tail. The skin is dry and covered with small warts. The colour is brown, olive-brown or greyish-brown.  Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade. The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic. The females are browner and the males greyer.
 The underside is a dirty white spotted with grey and black patches.

Common toads can live for many years.  They have lived for fifty years in captivity. In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. Their age can be found by counting the number of yearly growth rings in the bones of their phalanges.

Behaviour

The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs. It spends the day hiding.  It comes out at dusk.  It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting. It is most active in wet weather. By morning it has returned to its base.  It may live in the same place for several months. It has a large appetite and eats woodlice, slugs, beetles, caterpillars, flies, worms and even small mice. Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue. Larger items are grabbed with the jaws. Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps. It will try to eat any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night. A research study showed that it would snap at a moving  piece of black paper as if it were prey. It would ignore a larger moving piece. On occasion, the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces. The skin is then eaten.

When attacked, the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered. Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion. It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators. Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it. Other predators of adult toads include hedgehogs, rats and mink, and even domestic cats. Birds that feed on toads include herons, crows and birds of prey. The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt. Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include dragonfly larvae, diving beetles and water boatmen. These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices.

A parasitic fly, Lucilia bufonivora, attacks adult common toads. It lays its eggs on the toad's skin. When these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad's nostrils and eat its flesh.

Reproduction

The common toad comes out of hibernation in spring.  Large numbers of toads move towards the breeding ponds. The toads meet on certain ponds that they favour. Adults use the same pond year after year. Over 80% of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned.

The males arrive first and stay for several weeks.  The females only stay long enough to mate and spawn. Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads use the pitch of their voice. Croaking gives a sign of body size and prowess. Fights do sometimes happen. Male toads outnumber female toads at breeding ponds.

The males mount on the females' backs.  They hold the females with their front limbs in a grip called amplexus. The males are very enthusiastic.  They will try to grasp fish or inanimate objects and often mount on the backs of other males. Sometimes several toads form a heap, each male trying to grasp the female at the base. It is a stressful period and deaths are high among breeding toads. A successful male stays in amplexus for several days. The female lays a long, double string of small black eggs.  He fertilises them with his sperm. The egg strings may have 3,000 to 6,000 eggs and be  in length.  They get tangled in plant stalks.

The strings of eggs absorb water and swell in size. Small tadpoles hatch out after two to three weeks. At first they hold onto the remains of the strings and feed on the jelly. They later attach themselves to the underside of the leaves of water weed before becoming free swimming. The tadpoles look like those of the common frog (Rana temporaria).  They are a darker colour, being blackish above and dark grey below. They can be told apart from the tadpoles of other species by the fact that the mouth is the same width as the space between the eyes, and this is twice as large as the distance between the nostrils. Over a few weeks their legs develop and their tail slowly gets reabsorbed. By twelve weeks of age, they are small toads measuring about  long and ready to leave the pond.

The common toad reaches maturity at three to seven years.

Conservation
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species says the common toad is of Least Concern. This is because it lives in many areas and is common in those areas. It is not threatened very much by habitat loss.  It can live in many different areas. Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in Spain and the United Kingdom.  This may affect some populations.

Cultural significance
The toad has long been thought to be an animal of ill omen or a connection to the other world. This may be because it is at home both on land and in the water. It may cause people to not like it because of its blackish, warty skin, its slow movements and the way it comes from some dark hole.

One of the earliest references to toads as being linked to the forces of darkness was when Zoroaster said in 600 BC that all toads should be killed. In Europe in the Middle Ages, the toad was associated with the Devil, whose coat-of-arms has three toads on it. It was thought that the toad could poison people.  It was also thought that it was the witch's familiar and thus had magical powers. In France it was thought that witches could be found because they were marked by a toad's foot somewhere on their body. In Dorset it was believed that if one found a toad in the house it should be removed without harming it or the householder would face the wrath of the witch whose familiar it was. In some areas, the finding of a toad in a house was seen as evidence that a witch was present. The saliva of the toad was thought to be poisonous.  It was believed that it could spit or vomit poisonous fire. It was thought unlucky for a toad to jump over one's foot and in some regions, this was a sign of death.  Toads were associated with devils and demons and in "Paradise Lost".  John Milton showed Satan as a toad when he poured poison into Eve's ear. The First Witch in Shakespeare's Macbeth gave instructions on using a toad in the making of spells:

The toad is also associated with female fecundity. Models of toads were left at shrines by women who wanted to conceive. In Romania it was believed that someone who killed a toad was able to kill their own mother. In Scottish folklore it was said that the tongue of a toad, carried by a man in his breast pocket, would let him have his way with any woman. It was also believed that there was a jewel inside a toad's head called a "toadstone".  It was said that when worn as a necklace or ring would warn the wearer of attempts to poison them. Shakespeare mentioned this in As you like it:

Touching a toad has long been thought to cause warts. This has been shown to be a myth and warts are actually caused by the human papillomavirus.  They are transferred by direct contact from person to person.

Mr. Toad Esq. is one of the main characters in the children's novel, The Wind in the Willows, by Kenneth Grahame. This has been dramatized by several authors including A. A. Milne who called his play Toad of Toad Hall. Mr Toad is a very conceited,anthropomorphic toad.

References

Other websites

Amphibians of Europe
 BBC nature on the common toad

Toads
Frogs of Europe

Common toad


John Eddie (born 1959, Richmond, Virginia) is an American rock singer. Eddie moved to New Jersey in the 1970s and became a popular club circuit musician there, occasionally performing with Bruce Springsteen.

Music career
John's first studio presence was singing backing vocals on Bryan Adams' song "Somebody" on the 1984 album Reckless. John then signed with Columbia Records and released two albums including his 1986 self-titled debut, John Eddie. The first single, "Jungle Boy", from John Eddie peaked on Billboard at #17 Rock and #52 Hot 100. At the label's behest, his long-time band, the Front Street Runners, was replaced for the album by members of Springsteen's E Street Band. He opened for Bob Seger and The Kinks in the late 1980s but was dropped by the label early in the 1990s after the release of his second album, The Hard Cold Truth. He then signed with Elektra Records where he was chosen to represent Elektra on their 40th Anniversary record called Rubaiyat with his version of The Cure's "In Between Days" and recorded a third album, Still in the Same Cage, which, after a lengthy legal dispute, was never released. Since then Eddie has recorded independently and toured extensively; his career saw a resurgence when independent radio promotion person and long-time fan Michele Clark became his manager in 2000.  Clark secured a record deal for Eddie with Lost Highway Records and executive produced the 2003 release of Who the Hell is John Eddie? The album subsequently produced three top 10 singles at the Triple-A Radio format.  Kid Rock has covered "Lowlife", "Forty" and "Happy New Year" all written by John Eddie.

His latest album, entitled Same Old Brand New Me, was released in February 2012, featuring 18 songs. In 2013, the song Eddie co-wrote with Brantley Gilbert, "More Than Miles", became a top country hit for Gilbert, peaking at No. 7 on the Billboard country charts.  Eddie also had a song featured in the Zac Efron film, At Any Price, entitled "The Man I Am" that was released as a single April 19, 2013.

On August 16, 2019, it was announced that he, in conjunction with Priscilla Presley and Sony Pictures, will create and produce "Agent Elvis", a Netflix adult animated series focusing on Elvis Presley's nightly incursions as a spy for the US Government,  while remaining a musician during the day.

Discography
John Eddie (Columbia Records, 1986) US #83
The Hard Cold Truth (Columbia Records, 1989)
Still in the Same Cage (Elektra Records, 1991) (unreleased)
Seven Songs Since My Last Confession (EP) (Lost American Thrill Show, 1997)
Happily Never After (Lost American Thrill Show, 1999)
Guy Walks Into a Bar... John Eddie Live (Lost American Thrill Show, 2001)
Who the Hell is John Eddie? (Lost Highway Records, 2003)
Same Old Brand New Me (Play My Records, 2012)

In Popular Culture
John Eddie's name appears on the club letterboard shown in the closing scenes of Bruce Springsteen's Born in the USA video.

References

External links

http://articles.mcall.com/1986-08-28/entertainment/2536781_1_rock-n-roll-contracts-and-lawyers-john-eddie/2

Guitarists from Virginia
Guitarists from New Jersey
Jersey Shore musicians
1959 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Musicians from Richmond, Virginia
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

John Eddie


Moon magic is associated with the Moon. There is a belief common to many cultures that working rituals at the time of different phases of the moon can bring about physical or psychological change or transformation. These rituals have historically occurred on or around the full moon and to a lesser extent the new moon. Such practices are common amongst adherents of neopagan and witchcraft systems such as Wicca. Witches in Greek and Roman literature, particularly those from Thessaly, were regularly accused of "drawing down the Moon" by use of a magic spell. The trick serves to demonstrate their powers (Virgil Eclogues 8.69), to perform a love spell (Suetonius Tiberius 1.8.21) or to extract a magical juice from the Moon (Apuleius Metamorphoses 1.3.1). These beliefs would seem to be consistent with many other cultures traditions, for instance; casting of the spell is often done during the full moon's apex.

Books
Moon Magic is the title of a number of neopagan and new age books:
 Fortune, Dion (1979) Moon Magic. Boston: Weiser Books. . A novel by esoteric author Dion Fortune which is a sequel to The Sea Priestess.
 Jaffer, Hassan (2005) Moon Magic. Willowdale: Astrograph Inc. An annually published astrological self-help guide by astrologer Hassan Jaffer, using lunar cycles.
 Reid, Lori (1998) Moon Magic: How to Use the Moon's Phases to Inspire and Influence Your Relationships, Home Life, and Business. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. . A self-help guide using the Moon's cycles by astrologer Lori Reid.

See also

 Esbat
 Magic (supernatural)
 Magic and religion
 Modern paganism and New Age
 Wicca
 Witchcraft

Ceremonial magic
Magic (supernatural)
Moon myths
New Age

Moon magic


Andrea Castellani (born 15 May 1972 in L'Aquila) is a former Italian rugby union player and a current coach. He played as a prop.

Castellani played for L'Aquila Rugby (1993/94–1995/96), where he won the Italian Championship in 1993/94, Benetton Treviso (1996/97), winning once more the Italian Championship, L'Aquila Rugby (1997/98) and Rugby Roma Olimpic (1998/99–2002/03), winning his third national title for a different team in 1999/2000.

Castellani had 20 caps for Italy, from 1994 to 1999, scoring 1 try, 5 points in aggregate. He was called for the 1995 Rugby World Cup, never leaving the bench, and for the 1999 Rugby World Cup, where he played two games.

After retiring from playing, he became assistant coach for Unione Rugby Capitolina, from 2003/04 to 2007/08.

External links

1972 births
Living people
Italian rugby union players
Italy international rugby union players
Rugby union props
Sportspeople from L'Aquila
1995 Rugby World Cup players
1999 Rugby World Cup players

Andrea Castellani


He Xiangning (; 27 June 1878 – 1 September 1972) was a Chinese revolutionary, feminist, politician, painter, and poet. Together with her husband Liao Zhongkai, she was one of the earliest members of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary movement Tongmenghui. As Minister for Women's Affairs in Sun's Nationalist government in Guangzhou (Canton), she advocated equal rights for women and organized China's first rally for International Women's Day in 1924. After her husband's assassination in 1925 and Chiang Kai-shek's persecution of the Communists in 1927, she stayed away from party politics for two decades, but actively worked to organize resistance against the Japanese invasion of China.

In 1948, she cofounded the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang. She served in many high-ranking positions after the foundation of the People's Republic of China, including Vice Chairwoman of the CPPCC (1954–64), Vice Chairwoman of the National People's Congress (1959–72), Chairwoman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (1960–72), and Honorary Chairwoman of the All-China Women's Federation.

He Xiangning was a renowned painter of the Lingnan School of Chinese art and served as Chairwoman of the China Artists Association in the 1960s. The National He Xiangning Art Museum was opened in Shenzhen in 1997, and her paintings have been featured on Chinese stamps.

Early life
On 27 June 1878, He Xiangning was born as He Jian (何諫, also He Ruijian 何瑞諫), into a wealthy family in Hong Kong. Her father, He Binghuan (), originally from Nanhai, Guangdong Province, started a successful business trading tea and investing in real estate. She persuaded her father to allow her to be educated together with her brothers, and was a diligent student from a young age.

A determined feminist since she was young, He Xiangning fiercely resisted her father's order to have her feet bound per traditional Chinese custom. Because of her "big feet", in October 1897 she was arranged to marry Liao Zhongkai, an American-born Chinese who did not want a wife with bound feet. Although it was an arranged marriage, He and Liao had much in common, sharing a love for knowledge and art, and a passion for China's salvation. She financially supported her husband's desire to study in Japan, using her personal savings and selling her jewelry to raise 3,000 silver dollars. Liao went to Japan in November 1902, and she followed two months later. She studied at the prep school for Tokyo Women's Normal School.

Revolution

While in Tokyo, He and Liao met the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen in 1903. They became two of the earliest members of Sun's anti-Qing revolutionary movement Tongmenghui, and Huang Xing taught them to use guns in preparation for revolution. She rented a house as a front for Tongmenghui's secret operations.

After returning to Hong Kong to give birth to her daughter, Liao Mengxing, she left the girl with her family, and went back to Tokyo. She studied painting at Tokyo Women's Arts School with the imperial artist Tanaka Raishō (), and assisted in Tongmenghui's propaganda work, including designing and sewing revolutionary flags and emblems. In 1908, she gave birth to her son, Liao Chengzhi.

She and Liao Zhongkai went back to Hong Kong in 1911, the year of the Xinhai Revolution. She met Soong Ching-ling, Sun Yat-sen's future wife, in 1913. They followed Sun's lead in revolting against General Yuan Shikai who had betrayed the revolution, but were forced to return to Japan as exiles in 1914.

Sun Yat-sen government
In 1916, He Xiangning and her husband moved to Shanghai to advance the revolutionary cause. In 1921, Sun Yat-sen established his revolutionary government in Guangdong, and appointed Liao as his finance minister. He Xiangning persuaded the commanders of seven naval warships to join Sun's government. In Guangzhou, she and Soong Ching-ling organized a women's association to raise funds and provide medicine and clothing for the soldiers. She also sold many of her paintings for the war effort. When General Chen Jiongming rebelled against Sun in 1922, He Xiangning arranged for Sun's reunion with his wife, and took great risk to win the release of her husband, who had been held by the rebels.

In August 1923, she was appointed a member of the Kuomintang (KMT) Central Executive Committee, and Minister for Women's Affairs in Sun's government. She proposed the "complete equality of women with regard to legal, social, economic, and educational rights", and organized China's first rally for International Women's Day on 8 March 1924. She also opened hospitals and schools for women in Guangzhou.

Assassination of Liao Zhongkai and wartime career

After Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, the left and right wings of the KMT competed for the party leadership. Liao Zhongkai, the leader of the left wing, was assassinated in Guangzhou in August. He Xiangning was beside him at the time, her clothes soaked with his blood.

Chiang Kai-shek eventually emerged as the party's new leader, and launched the Northern Expedition against the northern warlords. In support of the Expedition, He Xiangning organized Red Cross units composed of working-class women and brought them to Wuhan. However, when Chiang's KMT turned against the Communists in 1927, many of these women were killed. Following the setback, she largely stayed away from party politics for the next 20 years. She moved to Hong Kong and Singapore, and travelled extensively in Europe, exhibiting her paintings in London, Paris, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland.

She returned to Shanghai after the Mukden Incident and the ensuing Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, and organized the National Salvation Association with Shen Junru to advocate resistance against Japanese aggression. She also partnered with prominent activists as Soong Ching-Ling and Luo Shuzhang to specifically train women to support soldiers. She was forced to flee Shanghai after it fell to the Japanese in 1937, and Hong Kong after that city's fall in 1941. She spent several years in Guilin during the remainder of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

People's Republic of China

In 1948, during the Chinese Civil War, He Xiangning, Li Jishen, and other KMT members who opposed Chiang Kai-shek's leadership founded the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (Minge). After the Communists won the Civil War and established the People's Republic of China in 1949, she moved to Beijing and served in a number of high-ranking positions in the Communist government, including Vice Chairperson of the CPPCC (1954–64), Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (1959–72), Chairwoman of the Minge (1960–72), Chairwoman of the Overseas Affairs Committee, and Honorary Chairwoman of the All-China Women's Federation.

He Xiangning kept working until she turned 80 in 1959, and continued to hold many official positions afterwards. On 1 September 1972, she died of pneumonia at the age of 94. She was buried in the Liao Zhongkai Mausoleum in Nanjing, alongside her husband.

Art
A renowned painter of the Lingnan School of Chinese art, He Xiangning was elected the third chairperson of the China Artists Association in July 1960. She particularly enjoyed painting plum blossoms, pine trees, tigers, and lions. A collection of her paintings was published in 1979 in Guangdong. On 18 April 1997, He Xiangning Art Museum was opened in Shenzhen. It was China's first national-level art museum named after an individual artist, and Communist Party general secretary Jiang Zemin wrote the calligraphy for the museum's name. In June 1998, China Post issued a set of three stamps (1998-15T) featuring her paintings.

Family
He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai had two children. Their daughter, Liao Mengxing, was a well-known translator who was proficient in Japanese, English, and French. Their son, Liao Chengzhi, served as a Politburo member, Vice Chairperson of the National People's Congress, and was designated to be China's vice president before his sudden death in 1983. Liao Chengzhi's son, Liao Hui, was Director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office and Vice Chairman of the CPPCC (The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference).

References

External links

Paintings by He Xiangning at He Xiangning Art Museum
Life of He Xiangning

1878 births
Cantonese people
1972 deaths
Tongmenghui members
20th-century Chinese women politicians
Chinese women painters
Hong Kong painters
Members of the Kuomintang
Members of the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang
Chinese feminists
Chinese women's rights activists
Chinese expatriates in Japan
Chinese women poets
Burials in Nanjing
People's Republic of China politicians from Hong Kong
Hong Kong women artists
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Chinese suffragists
Women government ministers of China
All-China Women's Federation people

He Xiangning


Alamat ng Gubat (Legend of the Forest) is the fourth book published in 2003 by Bob Ong, a Filipino contemporary author noted for using conversational Filipino to create humorous and reflective depictions of life as a Filipino. Among Bob Ong's works, it is notable for being the first one to be a self-contained straightforward narrative rather than a collection of anecdotes. Bob Ong later came up with another book written as a straightforward narrative, MacArthur, but it is a very different work because it does not have Bob Ong's signature humorous tone.

The story is about a little crab named "Tong" searching for a banana heart to cure his father from sickness. While he begins his journey he finds he and his friends also fight the evil animals in the forest.

Alamat ng Gubat is notable for its allegorical references to Philippine society.

Main characters
 Tong - the main protagonist of the story. Tong is a small crab () who went to look for a banana blossom (heart of a banana) in the forest to cure his sickly father, Haring Talangka (translates to King Crab in English). He is engaged to a fish named Dalagang bukid. Tong is pinkish red and is the youngest in the pack of their crab family. Tong also has a brother called Katang who planned to take revenge on him at the middle of the story. His name is derived from the Visayan nursery rhyme Tong Tong Tong Pakitong-kitong, which is about crabs.
 Pagong -  a tortoise who is helping Tong in his adventure. He amazes Tong with his collection of turtle eggs.
 Aso - a wild dog. He is a lost dog living in a forest (which he likes). He also helps Tong to find the banana heart, the whole forest will likely die. Aso has a spot on his left eye and is a little confused with everything he says. He also likes playing.
 Kuneho - is mostly described as a Filipino version of Rabbit. He also joins Tong in his adventure in finding the banana heart. Kuneho is a little demanding on everything he says and is a little of always angry. He is tall and gray.
 Buwaya - a crocodile who at the end, eats Tong's friends and Tong left behind. He announces Tong his "best friend". But Tong doesn't agree. Buwaya joins an evil gang in the forest which includes Leon, the gang leader, daga, and Maya, a small bird, who is also buwaya's sidekick and whose main job is to clean buwaya's teeth.
 Daga - a rat living in the woods of Saging Republic. He is the tiny sidekick of Leon, Leon influenced Daga to Roar like lions and now, Daga is a part of the gang of evil animals in the forest.
 Leon - a lion and is the leader and the founder of the evil packed gang. He influenced Tong's brother, Katang, in joining the evil gang of animals in the forest. Now, his gang is an obstacle to Tong's journey in finding the banana heart and saving his beloved father.
 Maya - a sparrow which has his own mystery in the book : Good or Evil. Still, even at the end of the book, no one knows what side is he. He is Buwaya's sidekick but since his job is to clean Buwaya's teeth, he always ends up being eaten by the reptile although he manages to escape just in time.
 Katang - the brother of Tong and decided to join the gang because of Tong. He is planning revenge for Tong because of Tong tricking him that getting defecated on an Adarna bird was good for his asthma. Now he has stolen Tong's is now part of the gang. But at the end, he got squashed by a bamboo stick.

Plot
Tong and his friends help find the banana heart in the forest. When Langgam won as the new leader of the forest, he got squashed by an animal. And also, they are being threatened by a gang of evil animals. So Tong, Pagong, Aso and Kuneho fight for the forest and are planning to save Tong's father. But when Tong's friends were eaten by Buwaya. Tong eventually got the banana heart with the help of an annoying but wise monkey. He has also not harmed the forest but saved it and made it a better place to live in. But of course, no one still knows what has happened to Leon and his gang.

References

External links
Alamat ng Gubat by Bob Ong

2003 novels
Novels by Bob Ong
Novels set in the Philippines

Alamat ng Gubat


Percy Cunningham Mather (; 9 December 1882 – 24 May 1933) was a pioneer British Protestant Christian missionary to China, the second China Inland Mission missionary to Xinjiang.

Mather was born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, England in 1884, the son of a railway employee and an Irish nurse. Mather went into railway service like his father. In 1903 he was converted to Christianity through the ministry of J. H. Doddrell of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Mather soon became a Sunday school teacher and local preacher. While his ordination was delayed, he learned about the China Inland Mission (CIM) and decided to go to China after assisting his sister financially to get an education.

In 1910 Mather sailed to Shanghai, then moved up the Yangtze river to attend the Anqing language school. Afterward he was stationed in Ningguo in Anhui Province. Mather was influenced by reading Roland Allen's book, Missionary Methods: St. Paul's or Ours? and then he volunteered to join George Hunter in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, arriving there in 1914. Until 1926 the two itinerated in Xinjiang and Outer Mongolia. When Mather joined him, Hunter had a work among all the different peoples of Central Asia. Mather joined full heartedly in the work, but his specific focus was towards the Mongols. Quickly he set about learning Mongol, but the only Mongol teacher he could find in the city with extra time was in the local jail. Afterward he produced a grammar, and a dictionary in Oirat Mongolian, as well as a grammar and dictionary of Manchu, but they were never published, and it is unclear what became of the manuscripts.

Following intensive medical studies while on furlough in 1927, Mather returned to China to concentrate on medical work as well as on translations, grammars, and dictionaries of Mongolian languages.

Mather was caught up in hostilities in China during the Chinese Civil War, and was accused of political intrigue. He died on 24 May 1933 of typhus, during the siege of Ürümqi, when caring for people wounded during the Kumul Rebellion led by Ma Zhongying. He was buried in Ürümqi.

Bibliography
 George Hunter: Apostle of Turkestan by  Mildred Cable and Francesca French, (1948)
 Percy Mather: The Making of a Pioneer  by Alice Mildred Cable & Francesca Law French
 Mather, Percy (1882-1933)
 SOAS Archives Information
 Past auction of some Mather letters and Pictures

References

See also
Historical Bibliography of the China Inland Mission
George W. Hunter
Emil Fischbacher
Otto F. Schoerner
List of China Inland Mission missionaries in China

1882 births
1933 deaths
English Methodist missionaries
Methodist missionaries in China
British lexicographers
People from Fleetwood
Christian missionaries in Central Asia
British expatriates in China
Missionary linguists
20th-century lexicographers
Christianity in Xinjiang

Percy C. Mather


1765 (MDCCLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar.

Events
 The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul
 Nicholas Cugnot pioneers the automobile with a three-wheel gun tractor
 James Watt supersedes the 1705 Newcomen engine with a more effective steam engine
 In Lisbon, the auto-da-fé parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished
 Josef II becomes Holy Roman Emperor
 Horace Walpole publishes The Castle of Otranto
 The birth of Mary Bryant, one of the first successful escapees from the fledging Australian penal colony.

1765


Bruce Shingledecker (August 9, 1945 – January 8, 2007) was an American painter. He was best known for his acrylic paintings of Alaskan wildlife, some of which included glacial silt in the paint for texture. In addition to painting, he was also a composer and musician.

Shingledecker was born in Defiance, Ohio, where he grew up. Graduating from Defiance High School in 1963, he studied at Defiance College, where he played football. He also studied at the Chicago Academy of Art, after which he taught high school for several years. Shingledecker then volunteered for the United States Peace Corps and was an English instructor at Bansomdet Teachers College (now Ratchaphat University Bansomdet) in Bangkok, Thailand in 1973 and 1974. Following his Peace Corps service, he taught English in Yokohama, Japan, which is where he met his wife, Kazumi.

In the late 1980s Shingledecker moved to Gustavus, Alaska, where he could paint without being disturbed. He received world recognition for his painting "The Sky is Falling" when the National Wildlife Federation chose it for a greeting card.

Bruce Shingledecker died of an apparent heart attack at the age of 61 in 2007, while riding his recumbent bicycle down a snowy highway near his home. He was survived by his wife and two brothers.

In 2008 his family donated two of his signed, framed prints to Defiance College and two to the Defiance Public Library.

References

External links
 Bruce Shingledecker's Photos
 Bruce Shingledecker site
 Obituary

1945 births
2007 deaths
Artists from Alaska
Defiance College alumni
People from Defiance, Ohio
Painters from Ohio
20th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American male artists

Bruce Shingledecker


"Smile" is a song with music composed by Charlie Chaplin. This music was the theme for the soundtrack of one of Chaplin's movies, Modern Times (1936). The music had no lyrics. It was originally written in D minor. John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons added lyrics and a title in 1954. The lyrics are based on lines and themes from the movie. The singer is telling the listener to smile and be optimistic. "Smile" has become a popular song since its original use in Chaplin's movie.

The song, with its lyrics, was originally sung by Nat King Cole

in Judy Garland sang a memorable version of "Smile" on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1963.

Michael Jackson recorded his own version of the song in March 1993 for his album HIStory: Past, Present and Future in 1995. The song was also recorded by Jimmy Durante as part of his album Jackie Barnett Presents Hello Young Lovers. Durante's version was used prominently in the teaser trailer of the 2019 film Joker and is part of the film's soundtrack.

References

1936 songs
Jazz songs
Michael Jackson songs
Nat King Cole songs
Michael Bublé songs
Tony Bennett songs
Eric Clapton songs
Lady Gaga songs
Janelle Monáe songs
Barbra Streisand songs
Westlife songs
Jerry Butler songs

Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)


The House of Habsburg was a family of dukes, kings, and monarchs that was very important in European history. It first ruled parts of Switzerland in the 13th century and then ruled Austria, later Austria-Hungary, for more than 600 years. It ruled owned Spain and the Netherlands for a while, the Holy Roman Empire from about 1280 to 1806 and the Kingdom of Sardinia until the mid-19th century.

A treaty was made in Vienna in 1515 between the king of Poland and duke of Lithuania from the Jagiellon dynasty and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, the duke of Austria from the Habsburg family. It stated that if the Jagiellon kings of Bohemia and Hungary died without a male heir, Maximilian and his heirs would take over the territory.

The senior branch of the House of Habsburg became extinct in the 18th century, when Charles II of Spain died in 1700 and was replaced by the House of Bourbon. Charles had mental and physical handicaps, which were probably caused by inbreeding between relatives in the royal houses of Continental Europe. Marriages of close relatives had occurred for the five generations before him. He was the son of Philip IV, who married his sister's daughter.

The remaining branch went extinct in the male line in 1740 with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI and completely in 1780 with the death of his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria. It was succeeded by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine, which styled itself formally as House of Habsburg-Lorraine (German: Habsburg-Lothringen), but it was often referred to as simply the House of Habsburg.

The last empress was Zita of Bourbon-Parma, who died in Switzerland in 1989. She had ruled with her husband, Charles I of Austria, from 1916 to 1918.

The current head is Karl Habsburg-Lothringen.

House of Habsburg


Endemism is an ecological word meaning that a plant or animal lives only in a particular location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone. For example, many species of lemur are endemic to the island of Madagascar.

There are two types of endemism - paleoendemism and neoendemism. Paleoendemism means that a species used to live in a large area but now lives only in a smaller area. Neoendemism means that a species has recently appeared which is closely related to the main species or one that has formed following hybridization and is now classified as a separate species. This is a common process in plants especially those which exhibit polyploidy.

The opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution.

Endemic types are most likely to develop on islands because they are isolated. This includes remote island groups, like the Hawaiian Islands, the Galápagos Islands, and Socotra. Endemism can also occur in areas which are separated from other similar areas like the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water like Lake Baikal.

Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct because of only living in a small area. They are also vulnerable to the actions of man, including the introduction of new organisms. There were millions of both Bermuda petrels and "Bermuda cedars" (actually junipers) in Bermuda when it was settled at the start of the 17th century. By the end of the century, the petrels were thought to be extinct. Cedars, whose numbers were low as a result of centuries of shipbuilding, were nearly made extinct in the 20th Century by the introduction of a parasite. Both petrels and cedars are very rare today, as are other species endemic or native to Bermuda.

Endemic organisms are not the same as indigenous organisms — a species that is indigenous to somewhere may be native to other locations as well. An introduced species, also known as a naturalized or exotic species, is an organism that is not indigenous to a given place or area.

Ecoregions with high endemism
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic plants:

 Fynbos in the Cape flower region (South Africa)

 Hawaiian tropical dry forests (United States)
 Hawaiian tropical rainforests (United States)

 Kwongan heathlands (Australia)
 Madagascar dry deciduous forests (Madagascar)
 Madagascar lowland forests (Madagascar)
 New Caledonia dry forests (New Caledonia)
 New Caledonia rain forests (New Caledonia)

 Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (Mexico)
 Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (Guatemala)

 Luzon montane rainforests (Philippines)
 Luzon rain forests (Philippines)
 Luzon tropical pine forests (Philippines)
 Mindanao montane rain forests (Philippines)
 Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests (Philippines)
 Palawan rain forests (Philippines)

Threats to highly endemistic regions

Some of the principal threats to these special ecosystems are:

 Large scale logging operations
 Slash-and-burn techniques (which are sometimes a part of shifting cultivation)
 Destruction of habital or vegetation leads to endangering of the endemic species

References

Related pages
Biodiversity

Ecology

Endemism


Letters From the Inside is a young adult novel written by Australian author John Marsden. It was first published in 1991.

Plot summary
The story is told in the form of letters exchanged between fifteen-year-old girls, Mandy and Tracey. They begin writing after Tracey places an ad in fictional magazine GDY.

The two girls share information about their lives from school, to family, to relationships. Mandy reveals that her brother is abusive and violent, information which Tracey tries to ignore. It appears to Mandy that Tracey's life is perfect, as she has a wonderful boyfriend, rich and caring parents, and she is close to her siblings. However, inconsistencies start appearing in Tracey's letters, and when Mandy questions her on them, Tracey stops writing. Mandy refuses to give up, and finally Tracey replies with the information that she is in fact in a juvenile detention center, and will be there for a long time. Tracey expects Mandy to no longer want to write to her, but Mandy continues to do so.

Their relationship becomes even deeper now that they are completely honest with each other. Mandy, however, occasionally frustrates Tracey with her naivete as Tracey claims she is not as "nice" as Mandy claims, and becomes angry when Mandy makes a joke about tunneling into her cell and staying with her.

Throughout their letter writing, Tracey seems to get in touch with her "softer" side, which includes writing an essay about her Nanna. She wins an award for the story, and asks Mandy to celebrate for her.

Towards the end of the book, Tracey finally confesses the truth about her family and gives her reason for not wanting to hear about Mandy's brother. Mandy never replies to the letter and never writes again. Tracey continuously writes, getting increasingly worried, especially when her letters are sent back to her with "Return To Sender" on them, not in Mandy's hand writing.

Characters
Tracey, a young troubled girl, is the protagonist of the book; her letters start the novel off. Tracey lies about her real life at first, but after she realizes she has been caught in her lies, she starts to tell the truth. When Mandy first tells her about her brother, she tried to avoid the whole subject because she wants Mandy's life to be the perfect teenage life. Tracey is 15.
Mandy is a girl who seems to be lost in the world, but compared to Tracey, her life is well defined. She is the other protagonist of the book. Mandy is afraid of her older brother, and she thinks there is something seriously wrong with him. Desperate to talk with someone about her fears, she turned to Tracey. Mandy is also 15.

Reception
Anita Silvey of Horn Book Magazine in her review of Letters from the Inside wrote: "John Marsden writes another riveting story of young women with much to say and much to escape from."

References

External links

1991 Australian novels
Epistolary novels
Australian young adult novels
Novels by John Marsden
Pan Books books

Letters from the Inside


The Neale electric car was made in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1897 by Douglas Neale of 21 Rutland Square, Edinburgh. The car was described as electrically driven, with a range of speed from 3 to 12 miles per hour. Only a limited number, possibly four, of these vehicles were made and none survive. The car was displayed at the 1897 Motor Car Exhibition at Crystal Palace.

Douglas Neale was an electrical engineer and inventor.

Specification

Battery and motor
Its battery was a Planté or pure lead 15 cell. Each cell had a 115 amp hour capacity. The traction system was covered by seven patents. It was direct drive from the armature shaft on to the wheel of the vehicle.

Weights
The battery weighed 405 lbs. The car's motor was 1 bhp and weighed 100 lbs. The car itself (excluding the battery, motor, and any load) weighed 448 lbs. Its range was 35 miles at a total weight of 9 cwt.

Controls
The vehicle's steering was direct to the axle, meaning the axle moved at the same rate as the steering handle. The other driver control was a switch that enabled the driver to move either forward or back at any speed, brake, ring the electric gong, and stop. There was also a foot brake to comply with the Board of Trade regulations.

See also
 Robert Davidson (inventor) Scottish creator of the first battery powered locomotive in 1842.
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Scotland
1897 establishments in Scotland
Electric cars
Vintage vehicles
1890s cars
Companies based in Edinburgh
Cars introduced in 1897

Neale (electric car)


Preludes, Op. 28 is a collection of 24 short musical works for solo piano, written by Frédéric Chopin between 1837 and 1838 and published in the middle of 1839, just after the composer's winter stay on the isle of Majorca with George Sand.

Chopin was greatly influenced by Johann Sebastian Bach when he wrote these preludes. Each of the works in the collection is in a different major or minor key, with not one being left out, just like Bach's 24 preludes and fugues in The Well-Tempered Clavier. But unlike Bach, Chopin arranges the preludes in order through the circle of fifths. The first prelude in the set is in C major, the next in A minor, then G major, E minor, and so on, until the last two, which are in F major and finally D minor.

The Preludes are all very different. Many are very short (they take only about one minute each to play), so the atmosphere changes quickly, and this can make the overall structure seem out of place. Artists have recorded the entire set of preludes on CDs, and they are often performed in concerts as well.

One of the well-known pieces from the Preludes is Prelude No. 15, in D-flat major and nicknamed "Raindrop". This nickname refers to the monotonous repetition of one note in the accompaniment. It reminded early music lovers of the dripping of raindrops. Another well-known number is Prelude No. 4, in E minor, with its melancholy descending chords in the accompaniment.

Besides the 24 preludes of Op. 28, Chopin would write three more preludes, Op. 45 in C-sharp minor (composed in 1841), one in A-flat major (1834), and the so-called "Devil's Trill" Prelude, in E-flat minor, which Chopin never ended up finishing.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. p. 290. .

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
Solo piano pieces

Preludes (Chopin)


The Bikaner Camel Corps was a unit of Imperial Service Troops from India that fought for the Allies in World War I and World War II.

The Corps was founded by Maharaja Ganga Singh of the Indian state of Bikaner, as the Ganga Risala after the British government of India accepted his offer to raise a force of 500 soldiers. The state of Bikaner had a long tradition of using soldiers mounted on camels. For instance, in 1465 Rao Bika led a force of 300 sowar (or camel riders) to conquer neighbouring territories. Ganga Singh led the Ganga Risala  when it fought in the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, in Somaliland in 1902-1904 in failed effort at defeating the Somali Uprising and in Egypt in World War I. At the Suez Canal in 1915 the corps routed the opposing Turkish forces in a camel cavalry charge. The Corps fought in the Middle East in World War II, when it was supported by the camel-mounted Bijay Battery, which became a mule team battery.

After India's Independence the Bikaner Camel Corps was merged with camel troops from Jaisalmer in 1951 to become the Ganga Jaisalmer Risala and joined The Grenadiers as the 13th Battalion. It took part in the actions to foil Pakistani raiders in the Bikaner and Jaisalmer regions during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.

After 1975 all of the Indian Military Camel Corps, including the Ganga Jaisalmer Risala, were disbanded. A brief attempt was made to resurrect them but the plan never came to fruition. The Ganga Risala still survives though as a part of the Border Security Force, retaining the name Bikaner Camel Corps. While primarily employed for ceremonial purposes, it is one of the few camel cavalry units still retained by present-day armed forces.

The Ganga Jaisalmer Risala was dismounted in 1974 and underwent conversion into standard infantry. The Mortar borne troops went on to became 44 Field Battery of Regiments of Artillery. The battery is a part of 38 Medium Regiment and uses the soubriquet of "Ganga Risala Battery".   It continues to serve as a regular infantry battalion under the name 13 Grenadiers (Ganga Jaisalmer). Post 1971 the unit has seen action in counter insurgency operations in the states of Punjab and Assam. It has to its credit one Kirti Chakra and one Shaurya Chakra among numerous other awards.

Notes

Sources

Camel cavalry
Bikaner district
Regiments of the Indian Army
Military units and formations of the princely states of India
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
1889 establishments in British India

Bikaner Camel Corps


"Go God Go XII" is the thirteenth episode in the tenth season of the American animated television series South Park. The 152nd episode of the series overall, it first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 8, 2006. Written and directed by series co-creator Trey Parker, the episode is the second in a two-part story arc, after "Go God Go".

Plot
Cartman is still trapped in the year 2546, after his plan to submit himself to cryogenic suspension to avoid waiting for the release of the Nintendo Wii goes awry. In the year 2546, worldwide atheism, founded by Richard Dawkins and his wife Mrs. Garrison, has eradicated religion. Atheism has in turn split into three hostile denominations at perpetual war over the so-called "great question": the super-intelligent sea otters of the Allied Atheist Alliance (AAA), the humans of the United Atheist Alliance (UAA), and a rival human faction, the Unified Atheist League (UAL). Cartman is considered a valuable asset by all three groups.

Cartman manages to obtain a Wii from a museum. However, he learns that the Wii is incompatible with viewing screens of the 26th century. He decides to use a "Time Phone" to call the past and thereby prevent his self-freezing plan from ever happening. Although Cartman successfully uses the Time Phone to call several people in the past, they all hang up on him, and thus the attempt to prevent his do-it-yourself cryonics experiment fails.

A massive battle between the three atheist groups begins, during which Cartman discovers the nature of the "great question": the war is being fought over which denomination name is the most logical for atheists to call themselves. Cartman desperately tries again to call the past, and this time interrupts sex between Garrison and Dawkins, who picks up the phone. As a result, Dawkins learns from Cartman that Mrs. Garrison is actually a post-op transsexual, prompting him to end the relationship.

Now that the two are no longer destined to marry, the future is altered significantly. Cartman suddenly finds himself in a room with members of all three factions, who live in peace with each other. Cartman is sent back to the 21st century. However, he is sent back to two months before the Wii's release, rather than three weeks. He receives a phone call from a future Cartman, warning him to not freeze himself, but he dismisses it as a prank call from Kyle.

Production

"Go God Go XII" is intentionally unusually titled as a reference to the montage at the beginning of the episode.

Reception
IGNs Dan Iverson gave the episode a positive review, with a score of 9.0 out of 10, summarizing with: "Even though it wasn't as funny as the episode before it, ["Go God Go XII"] more than made up for any lack of laughs with a massive intertwining story. By having the story go full circle with Cartman ending up where he started, and even starting back on the path he first took (having Cartman contemplate freezing himself again was hilarious) was a genius take on the character. So, with an incredible story, clever humor and multiple sci-fi references we can't help but highly recommend watching [the two episodes.]"

Richard Dawkins reacted to his depiction in the two episodes by saying, "I'm buggered if I like being portrayed as a cartoon character buggering a bald transvestite. I wouldn't have minded so much if only it had been in the service of some serious point, but if there was a serious point in there I couldn't discern it." When asked about the episode in a 2012 interview with Playboy magazine, Dawkins, who said it was the only episode of South Park he had seen, thought the future war among the different atheists sects, which he felt had "a certain amount of truth in it", harbored a greater potential for satire, as it reminded him of the Judean People's Front and the People's Front of Judea from the film Monty Python's Life of Brian, but felt that too much of the episode was devoted to ridiculing him by depicting him having sex with Ms. Garrison, commenting, "That isn't satire because it has nothing to do with what I stand for. And the scatological part, where they had somebody throwing shit, which stuck to my forehead—that's not even funny."

References

External links
 "Go God Go XII" Full episode at South Park Studios

Fiction set in the 26th century
Atheism in television
Criticism of New Atheism
Fiction about suspended animation
LGBT-related South Park episodes
Richard Dawkins
South Park episodes in multiple parts
South Park (season 10) episodes
Television episodes about time travel
Transgender-related television episodes
Wii

Go God Go XII


Abraham Owen or Abram Owen (1769–1811) was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, in 1769. He moved to Kentucky in 1785.

Owen served in the wars with the Indians under generals James Wilkinson and Arthur St. Clair in 1791, and served with colonel John Hardin.

Owen was surveyor of Shelby County, Kentucky, in 1796. He was in the Kentucky Legislature in 1798, and a member of the state constitutional convention the next year.

Owen served as a colonel and as aide-de-camp to William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe, where he was killed in 1811.

The city now known as Owensboro, Kentucky established itself in 1817 with the name "Owensborough," in honor of Owen. Two years later, in 1819, counties in Kentucky and Indiana were formed and named for him.

Welsh connection
Owen was the son of Brackett Owen, who was of Welsh descent, and Elizabeth McGehee. Brackett Owen (son of John Owen and Sara Brackett) was born June 10, 1739, in Prince Edward County, Virginia, and died March 14, 1802, in Shelby County, Kentucky. He  was also a soldier, who established Owen's Station, a small frontier fort used during the later part of the Revolutionary War for protection against the Indians; Owen's Station was located about four miles from present-day Shelbyville. John Owen's great grandparents Humphrey Owen and Catherine Nannau had migrated  from Dolserau, near Dolgellau, north Wales.

References

External links

1769 births
1811 deaths
American military personnel killed in the War of 1812
American military personnel of the Indian Wars
American surveyors
American explorers
Kentucky pioneers
People from Owensboro, Kentucky
Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
People from Prince Edward County, Virginia
United States Army colonels
Virginia colonial people

Abraham Owen


The can-can (also spelled cancan) is a music hall dance, performed by a chorus line of female dancers who wear costumes with long skirts, petticoats, and black stockings, like the fashions of the 1890s. The can-can was first danced in low class ballrooms of Montparnasse in Paris about 1830. The dancers of the 1890s, such as La Goulue and Jane Avril, were highly paid for their appearances at the Moulin Rouge and elsewhere. The female dancers of the French Second Empire and the fin de siècle developed the various cancan moves.

The Galop from Jacques Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld is the tune most often played with the can-can (a somewhat simplified form and a more evolved one Can-Can (Orpheus in the Underworld). Performed on the accordion ).

The can-can was adapted as an American movie titled "Can Can"(1960), acted by Frank Sinatra and Shirley MacLaine  with music by Cole Porter.

Dances
French culture
American movies

Can-can


Kongolo (or Nkongolo) was a leader of Luba people in the region of Katanga, and the first king of the Luba Empire. He built his capital in Mwibele, near Lake Boya.
Kongolo Mwamba was trying to extend his kingdom by conquering the neighbouring Songye chiefdoms.

He met a prince of the Kunda people on behalf of Ilunga Mbidi through its sisters who had met at the lake; Mbidi, being a late military strategist, helped Kongolo expand his Kingdom. The popularity and the growing power of Mbidi Ilunga overshadowed that of Kongolo, who was advised by his entourage to organize a conspiracy to eliminate Mbidi. With the help of his wives, Ilunga Mbidi absconded by leaving women and children while returning to Kunda.

A son of Ilunga Mbidi and nephew of Kongolo, Kalala Ilunga, took the place of his father as one of the generals among the warring forces. He also became very powerful, which overshadowed Kongolo. Kongolo tried several times to remove his nephew but failed. At the last attempt, Kalala Ilunga decided to end it, and defeated and killed Kongolo after a victory on the battlefield. After severing the head and genitals of Kongolo, he was proclaimed Emperor, or Mulopwe.

References

Kings in Africa
Year of death unknown
Year of birth unknown

Kongolo Mwamba


A revolution is a very sharp change made to something. The word comes from Latin and is related to the word revolutio (which means turnaround).

Revolutions are usually political in their nature. Some people feel unhappy with their lives, and others are not happy with whole systems. They might join together, share their ideas, and make something change. Often, revolutions include fighting and civil unrest, but there are also revolutions that happen without fighting.

The Soviet Union was started by the Russian Revolution, which killed millions, and the country later fell apart in another revolution without much fighting. However, in the French Revolution (1789), there was much bloodshed., which included the Reign of Terror.

Other events often called "revolutions" include:
 Neolithic revolution
 Industrial Revolution, a shift from an agrarian society to an industrial one(1750).
 Second Industrial Revolution, a shift from horse and wood to electricity and steel
 Green Revolution of scientific agriculture
 Green Industrial Revolution, a shift from consuming fossil fuels to clean energy (Boris Johnson, June 2021, at a G7 meeting).
 The shift from an industrial society to a post-industrial one:
 Cybernetic Revolution (1960- present).
 American Revolution
 Shift from a Communist society to a capitalist one: perestroika in the former Soviet Union (1991-2000).

The opposing idea in politics is called gradualism.

 Revolution

Revolution


A boson is a particle which carries a force. It has a whole number spin (spin is a property of subatomic particles).  Bosons carry energy.

A photon is an example of a boson as it has a spin of 1 and carries electromagnetism. Mesons are also bosons as they carry nuclear force.

Bosons are different from fermions, which are particles that make up matter, because bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics. (This means that you can put two of them in the same place at the same time; the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply.)

Gauge bosons carry fundamental forces. There are three known gauge bosons, which are elementary particles.  For example, the photon carries the electromagnetic force. The three types of gauge bosons are: photons for electromagnetism, gluons (eight kinds) for strong force, and W and Z bosons (three kinds) for weak force. Other theoretical gauge bosons are predicted, such as gravitons for gravity. The Higgs boson is another fundamental particle of a type called a scalar boson.

Paul Dirac named this class of particles "bosons" in honor of a famous Indian scientist called Satyendra Nath Bose.

The bosons include the photon, the gluon, the Z boson, W boson and the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson also might be classified by itself. Since none of them have a charge, the antimatter version of them will also not have any charge.

Elementary particles
| Subatomic particles

Boson


In military terminology, a missile is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight. In general, a missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". It is not always harmful to people.

For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage. Missiles are also one of the causes of explosions.

Types of missiles
The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control.

Cruise missiles are big missiles that carry large payloads to hit ground targets or to badly damage/sink ships. Ballistic missiles look similar, but they keep the engine off and don't stay at a lower height to be more accurate like cruise missiles do. Instead, they go high up to the edge of space and turn off the engine. Since there's no air friction in space, they don't need the engine on to continue moving forward at the same speed. They then crash into the target from the sky. The Topol M is the missile in the picture and is a ballistic missile. In short, cruise missiles have an engine always running and fly low through the atmosphere to get to a target. Ballistic missiles go to the edge of space and turn off their engine to fall to a target. You could say cruise missiles fly while ballistic missiles fall.

The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little pilotless airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket.

Related pages
 Intercontinental ballistic missile
 Scramjet
 V-2 rocket

References

Missiles

Missile