Károly Ferenczy (February 8, 1862 – March 18, 1917) was a Hungarian painter and leading member of the Nagybánya artists' colony.

He was among several artists who went to Munich for study in the late nineteenth century, where he attended free classes by the Hungarian painter, Simon Hollósy. Upon his return to Hungary, Ferenczy helped found the artists colony in 1896, and became one of its major figures. Ferenczy is considered the "father of Hungarian impressionism and post-impressionism" and the "founder of modern Hungarian painting".

He has been collected by the Hungarian National Gallery, which holds 51 of his paintings, as well as other major and regional institutions, including the Ferenczy Károly Museum, founded in his birthplace of Szentendre, and private collectors.

In 1966 the Hungarian National Gallery had a major exhibition of the colony's work: The Art of Nagybánya. Centennial Exhibition in Celebration of the Artists' Colony in Nagybánya. In November 2011, it opened a large retrospective of Ferenczy, featuring him for six months, to enable more viewers to appreciate the breadth of his work.

Early life and education
Károly Ferenczy was born in 1862 in Vienna, Austria. His mother died soon after he was born. He first studied law and completed a degree from the College of Economy.

His future wife, Olga Fialka, encouraged Ferenczy to explore painting and he traveled in Italy. After studying in Paris in 1887 and starting to paint in Hungary, in 1893 he took his young family to Munich. They lived there until 1896, while he studied with the Hungarian painter Simon Hollósy and the circle of young artists around him.

Marriage and family
He married Olga Fialka, also a painter. He went to study at the Académie Julian in Paris in 1887. In 1889 he and his wife settled in Szentendre, a small town near Budapest. They had two sons and a daughter together: Valér (b. 1888) and Béni and Noémi, fraternal twins born in 1890. Olga gave up her painting to support her family and husband's career.

Among Ferenczy's 51 works held by the Hungarian National Gallery are portraits of his children, including one of the three of them as young adults, and one of Noémi and Béni at age 18. All the children became artists; Valér became a painter, Noémi founded modern Hungarian tapestry, in which she became a "master", and Béni Ferenczy became a sculptor.

Career
In Hungary, Ferenczy started painting in a naturalistic style, as he had been influenced by Jules Bastien-Lepage. Seeking more training, he took his young family with him to Munich in 1893, the art center of Central and Eastern Europe. They lived there until 1896. There he encountered Simon Hollósy, a Hungarian painter not much older than he, who ran free classes that were more open to new influences than those at the Munich Academy. Hollósy encouraged an appreciation of French painters and their techniques, including en plein air painting. Ferenczy met the young Hungarian artists István Réti and János Thorma in Hollosy's circle in Munich, and the men collaborated on their ideas.

Returning to Hungary in 1896, Ferenczy joined Réti and Thorma at Nagybánya, and they persuaded Hollósy to bring his classes there. They founded an artists' colony in Nagybánya (today Baia Mare, Romania) where they taught and mentored many Hungarian artists. Even in the first years, Ferenczy had a studio in Budapest during the winter, which he maintained throughout his career.

Ferenczy's first exhibit in 1903 in Budapest marked his entry into making a living as an artist. In 1906, the painter was offered a teaching position at the Hungarian Royal Drawing School, now the Hungarian University of Fine Arts. He returned to Nagybanya in summers to teach, and has been strongly associated with the colony.

His studio paintings were most important to his art, and he painted a traditional array of genres: nudes, still lifes, the urban scenes of circus performers. By his own work and his teaching, Ferenczy is considered the "father of Hungarian impressionism and post-impressionism" and the "founder of modern Hungarian painting."

In his later years, Ferenczy painted subjects ranging from portraits, to nudes, and Biblical scenes. In this period, "[t]he reconciliation of the abstract aesthetic ideal with sensual beauty became a central concern of his art."

Ferenczy was highly productive, and he worked in a variety of materials and genres. In November 2011, a major retrospective exhibition opened for six months at the Hungarian National Gallery, featuring nearly 150 paintings and 80 prints and drawings, together with about 50 documents (photographs, letters, catalogues and books) related to his art and life. It was the first major exhibit of his work in nearly a century. The works were drawn from private holdings as well as public collections.

Exhibits
2011, The Retrospective Exhibition of Károly Ferenczy (1862–1917), 30 November 2011 – 17 June 2012, Hungarian National Gallery.
2009, "Munich in Hungarian, Hungarian Artists in Munich 1850–1914, 2 Oct. 2009 – Jan. 2010", Hungarian National Gallery.
1991–1992, Standing in the Storm: The Hungarian Avant-Garde from 1908–1930, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, Santa Barbara, California.
1966, The Art of Nagybánya. Centennial Exhibition in Celebration of the Artists' Colony in Nagybánya.

Legacy and honours
1972, the Ferenczy Museum was founded in Szentendre, to honour all the artists in the family, an effort led by his daughter-in-law Erszi Ferenczy, widow of Béni (it is now named the Ferenczy Károly Múzeum, after the most prominent member).
1993, the Ferenczy Family Foundation was set up by Erszi Ferenczy to preserve the works of the family and educate people about them.

Gallery

Notes

Further reading
Boros, Judit, "Kép és Érósz – Ferenczy Károly utolsó festői korszaka [Image and Eros: The Last Period of Károly Ferenczy's Art]," Ferenczy Károly (1862-1917) gyűjteményes kiállítása [The Retrospective Exhibition of Károly Ferenczy], eds. Judit Boros and Edit Plesznivy, Budapest: Hungarian National Gallery, 2011, pp. 49–66. [summary in English: p. 67.]

External links

 Works by Károly Ferenczy

1862 births
1917 deaths
Painters from Vienna
Hungarian Impressionist painters
Hungarian realist painters
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
Academic staff of the Hungarian University of Fine Arts
19th-century Hungarian painters
19th-century Austrian male artists
20th-century Hungarian painters
Hungarian male painters
19th-century Hungarian male artists
20th-century Hungarian male artists
Painters from Austria-Hungary
Expatriates in the German Empire

Károly Ferenczy


In mathematics, a degenerate distribution is, according to some, a probability distribution in a space with support only on a manifold of lower dimension, and according to others a distribution with support only at a single point. By the latter definition, it is a deterministic distribution and takes only a single value.  Examples include a two-headed coin and rolling a die whose sides all show the same number. This distribution satisfies the definition of "random variable" even though it does not appear random in the everyday sense of the word; hence it is considered degenerate.

In the case of a real-valued random variable, the degenerate distribution is a one-point distribution, localized at a point k0 on the real line. The probability mass function equals 1 at this point and 0 elsewhere.

The degenerate univariate distribution can be viewed as the limiting case of a continuous distribution whose variance goes to 0 causing the probability density function to be a delta function at k0, with infinite height there but area equal to 1.

The cumulative distribution function of the univariate degenerate distribution is:

Constant random variable
In probability theory, a constant random variable is a discrete random variable that takes a constant value, regardless of any event that occurs.  This is technically different from an almost surely constant random variable, which may take other values, but only on events with probability zero.  Constant and almost surely constant random variables, which have a degenerate distribution, provide a way to deal with constant values in a probabilistic framework.

Let   X: Ω → R  be a random variable defined on a probability space  (Ω, P).  Then  X  is an almost surely constant random variable if there exists  such that

and is furthermore a constant random variable if

A constant random variable is almost surely constant, but not necessarily vice versa, since if  X  is almost surely constant then there may exist  γ ∈ Ω  such that  X(γ) ≠ k0  (but then necessarily Pr({γ}) = 0, in fact Pr(X ≠ k0) = 0).

For practical purposes, the distinction between  X  being constant or almost surely constant is unimportant, since the cumulative distribution function  F(x)  of  X  does not depend on whether  X  is constant or 'merely' almost surely constant. In either case,

The function  F(x)  is a step function; in particular it is a translation of the Heaviside step function.

Higher dimensions

Degeneracy of a multivariate distribution in n random variables arises when the support lies in a space of dimension less than n. This occurs when at least one of the variables is a deterministic function of the others. For example, in the 2-variable case suppose that Y = aX + b for scalar random variables X and Y and scalar constants a ≠ 0 and b; here knowing the value of one of X or Y gives exact knowledge of the value of the other. All the possible points (x, y) fall on the one-dimensional line y = ax + b.

In general when one or more of n random variables are exactly linearly determined by the others, if the covariance matrix exists its rank is less than n and its determinant is 0, so it is positive semi-definite but not positive definite, and the joint probability distribution is degenerate.

Degeneracy can also occur even with non-zero covariance. For example, when scalar X is symmetrically distributed about 0 and Y is exactly given by Y = X 2, all possible points (x, y) fall on the parabola y = x 2, which is a one-dimensional subset of the two-dimensional space.

References

Discrete distributions
Types of probability distributions
Infinitely divisible probability distributions

Degenerate distribution


N-Methyl-1,3-benzodioxolylpentanamine (MBDP; Methyl-K, UWA-091), also known as 3,4-methylenedioxy-α-propyl-N-methylphenethylamine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is the N-methyl analogue of 1,3-benzodioxolylpentanamine (BDP; K). Methyl-K was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin ("Sasha" Shulgin). In his book PiHKAL ("Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved"), the minimum dosage is listed as 100 mg, and the duration is unknown. Very little is known about the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, effects, and toxicity of Methyl-K.

Legality

United Kingdom
This substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.

See also
 Pentylone (bk-MBDP)
 Ethylbenzodioxolylpentanamine (EBDP; Ethyl-K)
 Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (MBDB; Methyl-J)
 UWA-101

References

Phenethylamines
Designer drugs
Benzodioxoles

1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylpentanamine


Montuno has several meanings pertaining to Cuban music and its derivatives. Literally, montuno means 'comes from the mountain', and so son montuno may refer to the older type of son played in the mountainous rural areas of Oriente. Another possibility is that the word montuno comes from the word montura, the Spanish word for "saddle", because the rhythm in son music is like riding a horse. Or it may mean the final section of a song-based composition; in this sense it is simply part of a piece of music. Here it is usually a faster, brasher, semi-improvised instrumental section, sometimes with a repetitive vocal refrain. Finally, the term montuno is also used for a piano guajeo, the ostinato figure accompanying the montuno section, when it describes a repeated syncopated piano vamp, often with chromatic root movement.

References

See also
Son montuno
Call and response (music)
Coro-pregón

Cuban music
Son cubano
Musical techniques

Montuno


Edmee Sophie Gail née Garre (28 August 1775 – 24 July 1819) was a French singer and composer.

Life
Sophie Garre was born in Paris in the parish of Saint Sulpice, the daughter of Marie-Louise Adelaide Colloz and surgeon Claude-Francois Garre (1730–1799). She studied piano as a child and published her first composition, a romance, at the age of 14. At the age of 19, she married editor Jean-Baptiste Gail (1755–1829) and had one son, Jean François Gail.

She and her husband divorced in 1801, and Sophie Garre toured as a singer in Europe. She studied with Fétis, Perne and Sigismund Neukomm and wrote an opera comique as her first work for theater. She died in Paris.

Works
Selected works include:
1797, Deus airs for the drama Montoni
1813, Les deux jaloux, opéra comique in one act
1814, Il est vrai que Thibaut mérite, romance
1853, Ma Fanchette est charmante, trio
1813, Mademoiselle de Launay à la Bastille, opéra-comique in one act
1813 Ma liberté, ma liberté, romance
1814, Angela ou L'atelier de Jean Cousin, opéra comique in 1 act
1814, La Méprise, opéra comique in 1 act
1818, La Sérénade, opéra
1807, N'est-ce pas elle, romance with piano accompaniment
1807, La jeune et charmante Isabelle, romance
1808, Heure de soir, romance with piano and harp accompaniment
1814, Les devoirs du chevalier, romance on a poème de Creuzé de Lesser
1814, Variations concertantes for flute and piano
1861, Transcription variée de Moeris for piano
1815, Prière aux songes, nocturne à deux voix sur un poème de M. Cheurlin, with piano and harp accompaniment
1815, Le souvenir du diable
1838, Le Diable, chansonnette sur un poème d'Arnault with piano
1838, A mes fleurs, with piano
1820, Les langueurs et le Le Serment, nocturnes with piano

References

External links

1775 births
1819 deaths
18th-century classical composers
19th-century classical composers
French women classical composers
French opera composers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French composers
Women opera composers
18th-century French composers
19th-century women composers
18th-century women composers

Sophie Gail


Actors

 Chirakkal Kalidasan, one of the tallest elephants in Kerala, also notable for acting in some films, including the 2017 epic film, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
 Tai, known for featuring in the films Larger than Life (1996) and Water for Elephants (2011)

Fame by proxy to owner

 Abul-Abbas, Charlemagne's elephant
 The Cremona elephant, given to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II by the Sultan of Egypt in 1229
 Elephant of Henry III ( 1245–14 February 1257), given to Henry III of England by Louis IX of France
 Hanno the elephant, pet elephant of Pope Leo X
 Jayathu, elephant gifted by J. R. Jayewardene to Ronald Reagan in 1984
Shanthi, elephant gifted by Sri lanka to Jimmy Carter and the American children in 1976
 Suleiman the elephant, presented in 1551 to Maximilian II, the Holy Roman Emperor, by John III, the King of Portugal, and named after the Ottoman Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent

Wild elephants

 Echo, "most studied elephant in the world, the subject of several books and documentaries, including two NATURE films"
 Isilo of Tembe Elephant Park was one of South Africa's largest African elephants and the largest living tusker in the southern hemisphere before his death in 2014
 Kongad Kuttisankaran, a famous native elephant lived in Kerala
 Padayappa a wild elephant in Munnar known for its frequent visits in residential areas
 Raja Gaj, bull elephant that lived in the Bardiya National Park, Nepal who was considered to be the world's largest Asian Elephant of modern times
 Satao, one of Kenya's largest African elephants, had unusually large tusks and was killed by poachers in 2014

Working elephants

Circus elephants

 Fanny the elephant, former circus elephant that resided in Slater Park Zoo in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, from 1958 to 1993. She was moved to the Cleveland Amory Black Beauty Ranch sanctuary in 1993 because the city closed the zoo exhibits due to financial crises. She lived the last ten years of her life at the sanctuary and died in 2003. A statue to her memory stands in Slater Park.
 Hansken, toured many European countries from 1637 to 1655 demonstrating circus tricks
 John L. Sullivan (1860–April 1932), boxing elephant in Adam Forepaugh's circus. In 1922, he made a pilgrimage from Madison Square Garden to the Elephant Hotel in Somers, New York, to pay tribute to Old Bet the elephant.
 Jumbo, P. T. Barnum's elephant whose name is the origin of the word jumbo (meaning "very large" or "oversized"). The African elephant was given the name Jumbo by zookeepers at the London Zoo. The name was most likely derived from the Swahili word jumbe meaning "chief". The Tufts University mascot is named after Jumbo. In Mysore, India Vijayadashami Elephant procession during Dasara is called as Jumbo Savari (referred to as Jumbo Savari by the British during their control of Mysore State). The original name to this procession is Jumbi Savari (going to the Banni(Shami)tree). Now Goddess Chamundeshwari is taken in procession on an Elephant. But the "Jumbo" name is still intact. Jumbo was the name of another elephant, used by John Hoyte et al. to cross the Alps in 1959 to retrace Hannibal's march across the Alps.
 Lallah Rookh, elephant with Dan Rice's circus. She died of a fever in 1860 after swimming across the Ohio River.
 Mademoiselle D'Jeck, performed in plays in Europe and the United States in the 19th century
 Old Bet, early American circus elephant owned by Hachaliah Bailey. On July 24, 1816, she was shot and killed while on tour near Alfred, Maine, by a farmer who thought it was sinful for poor people to waste money on a traveling circus. Old Bet's owner responded by building a three-story memorial called the Elephant Hotel, which now serves as a town hall.
 Old Hannibal, part of Isaac A. Van Amburgh's menagerie
 Salt and Sauce, considered the most famous British elephants of their era and mentioned in several circus books
 Tillie, the mascot of the John Robinson Circus known for wintering and spending her retirement in Terrace Park, Ohio
 Tusko, billed as the meanest elephant

Carrying elephants

 Arjuna, lead elephant of the Mysore Dasara procession and carries the idol of the deity Chamundeshwari on the Golden Howdah
 Balarama, preceded Arjuna (see above); Golden Howdah-carrier between 1999 and 2011
 Guruvayur Keshavan, an Indian elephant which was associated with the Guruvayur temple in Kerala, India. The elephant was known for its extremely devout behaviour.
 Heiyantuduwa Raja, carried the Relic of the tooth of the Buddha from 1989 to 2000
 Lizzie, who in 1916–1918 worked hauling goods in Sheffield in England
 Millangoda Raja, believed to be the longest-tusked Asian elephant during his lifetime
 Nadungamuwa Raja, main casket bearer of the procession of Esala
 Pampadi Rajan, one of the tallest elephants in Kerala
 Paramekkavu Rajendran, an elephant from Kerala with the record for participating in most number of Thrissur Poorams
 Raja, elephant who carried the holiest Buddhist shrine in Kandy, Sri Lanka

War elephants

 Kandula, the royal war elephant of the Sri Lankan prince Dutugamunu in the 2nd century BC. The king and his elephant grew up together. A Sri Lankan elephant born 25 November 2001 at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., is named after Kandula.
 Lin Wang, Burmese elephant that served with the Chinese Expeditionary Force during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and later moved to Taiwan with the Kuomintang army. Lin Wang became a fond childhood memory among many Taiwanese. When he died at 86 years old in 2003, he was (and still is) the longest-living captive elephant.
 Maha Pambata, war elephant belonging to Tamil King Ellalan
 Surus ("the Syrian"), mentioned as the bravest of Hannibal's 37 war elephants which crossed the Alps in 218 BC during the Second Punic War, by Cato the Elder in his book Origines

Notorious elephants
 Arikomban, a rogue elephant in Kerala
 Black Diamond, Indian elephant with Al G. Barnes Circus; killed four people and was subsequently shot in 1929
 Dhurbe, wild elephant responsible for the deaths of 15 people
 Kolakolli, Indian rogue elephant from Peppara sanctuary that died in captivity in 2006
 Mary a.k.a. "Mighty Mary" and "Murderous Mary", circus elephant executed on September 13, 1916, in Erwin, Tennessee. She was hanged by a railroad derrick car at the Clinchfield Railroad yard. This is the only known elephant hanging in history. Mary, who toured with the Sparks World Famous Shows circus, killed her inexperienced keeper, Walter "Red" Eldridge, on 12 September 1916 during a circus parade in Kingsport, Tennessee. Eldridge had supposedly hit Mary's tusk or ear when she wandered from the parade line to eat a piece of discarded watermelon.
 Osama bin Laden, rogue elephant which killed at least 27 people in India from 2004 to 2006, and another that was active until killed in 2008
 Rajje (1951?–1963), performing elephant that escaped into the streets of Lansing, Michigan, and was killed by gunfire.
 Topsy, (c. 1875 – 4 January 1903). In 1902, while with the Forepaugh Circus, she killed a spectator who burned her trunk with a lit cigar. In 1903 the owners of Coney Island's Luna Park where she ended up claimed they could no longer keep her and killed her via poison, electrocution, and strangling. The Edison Manufacturing movie company shot a film of the execution called Electrocuting an Elephant.
 Tyke, circus elephant who on 20 August 1994 in Honolulu, Hawaii, killed her trainer Allen Campbell and gored her groom Dallas Beckwith, causing severe injuries during a Circus International performance before hundreds of horrified spectators. Tyke then bolted from the arena and ran through downtown streets of Kakaako for more than 30 minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke, who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.

Temple elephants

Thechikottukavu Ramachandran, an Indian elephant
Thiruvambadi Sivasundar, an Indian elephant who lived at the Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple in Thrissur, Kerala
Thrikkadavoor Sivaraju, one of the tallest elephants from Kerala
Tikiri, participated in the Kandy Esala Perahera

Zoo elephants
 Bamboo, lived at the Woodland Park Zoo for many years and was the center of a campaign to have her moved to a sanctuary
 Batyr (1970–93), "talking elephant" of Karagandy Zoo in Kazakhstan
 Castor and Pollux, served as food to the wealthy citizens of Paris during the siege in 1870
 Chengalloor Dakshayani, an Asian female elephant lived in Chengalloor Mahadeva Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. At the time of her death on 5 February 2019, she was believed to be the oldest elephant in captivity in Asia, at approximately 88 years old.
 Chunee, elephant in the menagerie at Exeter Exchange; executed by soldiers from Somerset House in March 1826
 Dhurbe, wild elephant responsible for the deaths of 15 people
 The Dundee Elephant, exhibited in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries
 Dunk, the first elephant to reside at the National Zoo in the United States
 Gabi, a male Asian elephant born in 2005 at the Jerusalem Biblical Zoo and the first elephant in Israel conceived via artificial insemination.
 Gita, death at the Los Angeles Zoo in 2006 sparked public outcry
 Gold Dust, one of the first elephants to reside at the National Zoo in the United States
 Hattie of New York City's Central Park Zoo, in 1903 was described as the "most intelligent of all elephants"
 Kaavan, subject to a lengthy campaign to have him moved to a sanctuary after the death of his companion
 Kashin, Asian Elephant from New Zealand. She was famous for being sponsored by ASB Bank, and featured in the New Zealand-produced television programme The Zoo.
 Kosik, able to imitate a number of Korean words
 Kottur Soman, the oldest living elephant in the world
 Madhubala, female African elephant at the Karachi Zoo in Pakistan
 Mali, major attraction at the Manila Zoo in the Philippines
 Mangalamkunnu Karnan, a famous elephant in Kerala known for his ability to hold the heads-up for a long time
 Miss Jim, "The First Lady of the St. Louis Zoo" was the zoo's first elephant, and a star attraction from 1916 to 1948.
 Mona, euthanized June 21, 2007 at the Birmingham Zoo in Birmingham, Alabama. Thought, at 60, to have been the oldest Asian elephant in the United States. After the death of her companion, Susie, Mona's health and living conditions were the subject of a long campaign to have her transferred out of the zoo to a sanctuary.
 Noor Jehan, female African elephant who lives at the Karachi Zoo in Pakistan
 Packy (1962–2017), resident of Oregon Zoo (formerly Washington Park Zoo, originally Portland Zoo) in Portland, Oregon. First Asian elephant born in the Western Hemisphere in 44 years. At his death, he was the patriarch of the zoo's herd and had sired seven offspring (although only one remains alive in 2021, and none have produced any offspring).
 Queenie (Melbourne elephant) (−1944), gave rides for children at Melbourne Zoo for 40 years
 Rosie the Elephant, famous for promoting Miami Beach, Florida
 Ruby (1973–1998), elephant artist, resided at the Phoenix Zoo; at least one painting by her was sold for $100,000
 Tricia, Asian elephant who resided at Perth Zoo between 1963 until her death at age 65 in 2022. She was one of the world's oldest Asian elephants
 Ziggy, famously rebellious elephant at Brookfield Zoo

Other
 Motola, an Asian elephant in Thailand who stepped on a landmine in 1999
 Motty, only confirmed Asian/African hybrid elephant; survived for just 10 days
 Queenie (waterskiing elephant) (1952–2011), noted in the late 1950s and early 1960s for waterskiing for entertainment
 Tuffi, young female elephant who fell from Wuppertal's suspended monorail into the river Wupper on 21 July 1950 (and survived the fall)

See also
 List of fictional pachyderms
 List of elephants in mythology and religion
 Cultural depictions of elephants
 Elephant Encyclopedia

References

Elephants
Lists of elephants

List of individual elephants


Mary Peters Fieser (May 27, 1909 – March 22, 1997) was an American chemist best known for the many books she wrote with her husband Louis Fieser.

Biography
She was born Mary Peters in 1909 in Atchison, Kansas. Her father, Robert Peters, was a college professor of English: the family later moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, when he accepted a position at the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University). Mary and her sister Ruth were educated in a private girls' high school, and both went on to study at Bryn Mawr College. Mary graduated from Bryn Mawr in 1930 with a B.A. in chemistry.

It was at Bryn Mawr that Mary Peters met her future husband, a professor of chemistry who became her mentor. When Louis Fieser left Bryn Mawr in 1930 to join the faculty at Harvard University, Mary Peters decided to follow him and pursue an advanced degree in chemistry. She had to officially enroll at nearby Radcliffe College in order to take chemistry courses at Harvard and could not escape the gender discrimination of her era. One professor of analytical chemistry in particular, Gregory Baxter, would not allow her in the laboratory with the male students: rather, she had to carry out her experiments (without supervision) in the deserted basement of a nearby building. She was awarded a Radcliffe M.A. in chemistry in 1936, but decided not to pursue a Ph.D.: "I could see I was not going to get along well on my own, [but as Mrs. Fieser] I could do as much chemistry as I wanted."

Mary Peters married her mentor in 1932, and their scientific collaboration continued until Louis Fieser's death in 1977. Their early research together focused on the chemistry of quinones and steroids, and they developed syntheses of Vitamin K, cortisone, and the antimalarial compound lapinone. However the Fiesers were best known for their numerous books. Their first joint textbook, Organic Chemistry (1944), became very successful and influential on both sides of the Atlantic because of the originality in the presentation of the material, and went through many editions. In 1967 the Fiesers began to publish Reagents for Organic Synthesis and produced six volumes before Louis Fieser's death: Mary continued the project with collaborators. They also published a Style Guide for Chemists in 1959, as well as a seminal monograph on Steroids the same year.

Fieser never had a paid position at Harvard, although she received the title of Research Fellow of Chemistry about twenty-nine years after she began work there. She was awarded the Garvan Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1971, and the Louis and Mary Fieser Laboratory for Undergraduate Organic Chemistry at Harvard University is named after her and her husband. In 2008, Harvard's Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology created Mary Fieser Postdoctoral Fellowship to support women and underrepresented minorities in chemistry.

Mary Fieser died on March 22, 1997, in Belmont, Massachusetts. She never had children, but was always surrounded by cats, illustrations of which found their way into the prefaces of many of her books.

References

Further reading

External links

1909 births
1997 deaths
Recipients of the Garvan–Olin Medal
Bryn Mawr College alumni
American women chemists
People from Atchison, Kansas
20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American chemists
Radcliffe College alumni

Mary Peters Fieser


Warmenhoven & Venderbos is a Netherlands-based clothing label founded in 1996 by Sascha Warmenhoven and Babette Venderbos.

Origins
The Netherlands-based label is the partnership of Sascha Warmenhoven and Babette Venderbos. The two met while studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rotterdam and connected through their mutual appreciation for fashion design and art. During their studies, the two individually pursued art and fashion in their own ways. A native from the Netherlands but born in Germany, Sascha Warmenhoven went on to work for major sportswear labels such as Falcon Sportwears and Spirito Sportivo after graduation.  During his studies, he managed to garner internships with Walter Van Beirendonck and Dirk Van Saene.

Babette Venderbos, also a native from the Netherlands interned with So by Alexander van Slobbe and worked for Maison Martin Margiela. After they maintained their relationship throughout their studies, they decided to work together and launched their first collection in 1996. Even though they have been working together since 1996, they didn't make their name official until 2000. From their creative visions sprouted individualistically abstract pieces of autonomic conceptual fashion and later on a pret-a-porter collection.

Style
The brand designs conceptual fashion pieces that are futuristically minimal in their design. Their clothing caters to the self-confidence of a woman by invoking edgy femininity through avant-garde artistry. With an elegant reverence, their designs cut against the mainstream of fashion. Their experimental creativity produces pieces that have all the elements of an haute couture, pret-a-porter, and fine pieces of art. Their mixture of textures shows with their valiant use of sheer materials contrasted with other common textiles. Black and white remains consistent with many of their collections. The sleekness of the basic colours is finely exaggerated with a mild use of vibrant colours. Their sophisticated, fashion-forward European aesthetic shines through as they use a variety of techniques and layers in their clothing. Mixes of flattering cuts, slanted seams, innovative use of fasteners as well as manipulated gathering and draping fabrics adhere to the autonomous paradigms of the design duo.

Each piece in the brand's collections is an individual development on its own, emulating a strong amount of character. Their stylistically detailed collections are released twice a year: one for autumn/winter and another for spring/summer. Maintaining their positions as dedicated artists, their passion for art is not only shown through their designs but in the way that they are presented. The brand showcases images of their clothing in unique ways. Some of the pieces are exhibited in abstract form, paralleling the designers' philosophies on fashion, art and body. To add even more to their love for high art, the two are often associated with artistic conceptual installation pieces, photography, drawings and costuming.

References

FashionFad in focus Fashionfad fashion and lifestyle magazine Retrieved 2010-06-07

External links
Official Website
KTD Fashion

Dutch fashion designers
High fashion brands
Willem de Kooning Academy alumni
People from Geertruidenberg

Warmenhoven & Venderbos


The domed Mauritius giant tortoise (Cylindraspis triserrata) is an extinct species of giant tortoise. It was endemic to Mauritius.

Description

One of two different giant tortoise species which were endemic to Mauritius, this domed species seems to have specialised in grazing of grass, as well as fallen leaves and fruit on forest floors. Its sister species was likely a browser of higher branches, and although similarly sized, the two species differed substantially in their body shape and bone structure. The domed species had a flatter, rounder shape, with thinner bones and shell. The species name triserrata actually refers to the three bony ridges on this animal's mandibles - possibly a specialisation for its diet.

Extinction

This species was previously numerous throughout Mauritius - both on the main island and on all of the surrounding islets.
As Mauritius was the first of the Mascarene Islands to be settled, it was also the first to face the extermination of its biodiversity - including the tortoises. The tortoise species, like many island species, were reportedly friendly, curious and not afraid of humans.

With the arrival of the Dutch, vast numbers of both tortoise species were slaughtered - either for food (for humans or pigs) or to be burned for fat and oil. In addition, they introduced invasive species such as rats, cats and pigs, which ate the tortoises' eggs and hatchlings.

The species was likely extinct on the main island of Mauritius by about 1700, and on most of the surrounding islets by 1735.

Round Island refuge
At least one of the two Mauritius giant tortoise species might have survived on Round Island (just north of Mauritius) until much later, according to the 1846 Lloyd report. The Lloyd expedition in 1844 found several very large specimens of giant tortoise surviving on Round Island, although the island was by then already overrun with enormous numbers of introduced rabbits.

In 1870, the Governor Sir Henry Barkly was concerned about the vanishing species and, in his enquiries, was told about the 1844 expedition by one of its members, Mr. William Kerr. Mr. Kerr informed the Governor that Mr. Corby, one of the other 1844 explorers, "captured a female land tortoise in one of the caves on Round Island and brought it to Mauritius, where it produced a numerous progeny, which were distributed among his acquaintance."

The Governor was unable to locate any of the progeny and, although hypothetically an 1845 hatchling could easily have lived into the 21st century, it is not known what happened to the hatchlings.

Round Island itself, already badly damaged by rabbits, had goats introduced to it soon afterwards. This - or some other factor - led to the total extinction of the giant tortoises in their last refuge. At the unknown point when the last of Mr. Corby's hatchlings died or was killed, the species would have become totally extinct.

See also

References

Reptile extinctions since 1500
Extinct animals of Mauritius
Extinct turtles
Reptiles described in 1873
Taxa named by Albert Günther
Reptiles of Mauritius
Cylindraspis
Species endangered by invasive species
Species made extinct by human activities
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Domed Mauritius giant tortoise


Kohlrabi is a biennial vegetable.  Kohlrabi is also commonly known as the German turnip or cabbage turnip. It is related to cabbage.  Kohlrabi can be eaten raw as well as cooked. Both the stem and the leaves can be eaten. Is very popular in Northern and Eastern European countries like Germany and Hungary as well as places like northern Vietnam and eastern India.

Vegetables
Brassica oleracea

Kohlrabi


A randomized controlled trial is a special method of doing a scientific experiment which can reduce certain  sources of bias. It is often used in the context of testing whether drugs are effective against a set of symptoms. When doing the test, the participants are randomly put into different groups. Each group is treated differently, and at the end the results are compared. A common case is that one group will receive a placebo drug, while the other will receive the real one. The trial is called blinded, if the participants, or those giving the drugs do not know what group a patient is in.

History
Controlled studies and trials have been done for a long time. In 1753, James Lind published a study that shows that scurvy could be treated by a diet including many lemons and oranges. Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor in Vienna, established the term "systematic controlled observation". Semmelweis is known today because he linked an increase in childbed fever to missing hygiene in hospitals. At the end of the 19th century, the first problem of not assigning people to test groups randomly became apparent. Austin Bradford Hill established the term "randomized controlled trial" in the 1940s. He did a study regarduing the treatment of tuberculosis with Streptomycin (an antibiotic) in the 1940s. This study is seen as thew first randomized controlled triall.

References

Experiments
Pharmacology
Medical research

Randomized controlled trial


Donald Panoz (  or  ; February 13, 1935 – September 11, 2018) was an American entrepreneur who founded two pharmaceutical companies.

Early life

Panoz was an Italian-American. His father, Eugene Panunzio, immigrated to the United States from Avezzano, Italy in the 1900s. Eugene, who shortened his surname from the original Panunzio to Panoz, was a champion featherweight boxer.

Panoz attended Greenbrier Military School in Lewisburg, West Virginia, where he met Nancy, whom he would later marry. The two served in Japan with the United States Army, then moved to Pittsburgh upon their return to the United States.

Business career
Panoz operated two drug stores in Pittsburgh while studying business at Duquesne University. In 1961, Panoz and Milan Puskar formed Milan Pharmaceuticals (which would later be renamed Mylan) in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. While head of this company, Panoz headed a research group that invented time-release medication through a transdermal patch, known most commonly in today's market for its nicotine application.

Panoz left Mylan in 1969 when the company refused to develop the patch, and subsequently moved the family to Ireland where he formed Élan Corporation. This company (now defunct) was an industry leader in drug delivery products and technology, and was the first Irish company to be publicly listed in the U.S. stock market. Panoz gradually reduced his stakes in the company, and it was bought by Perrigo in 2013.

Don and Nancy Panoz founded Château Élan Winery & Resort in Braselton, Georgia, in 1992. At the time of Don's death in 2018 the couple still owned the resort, which has since grown to . The Panozes sold a portion of their businesses to three partners in 2004. Similarly in Patterson, California, 35 miles east of San Jose, the Panozes developed Diablo Grande gated community and the Diablo Grande Winery and Resort, which was sold In 2005; and later they founded the St. Andrews Bay Resort and Spa in Scotland. This venue has since been sold and is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts as the Fairmont St Andrews. These venues feature golf course designs and collaborations from Bruce Devlin, Denis Griffiths, Jack Nicklaus, Gene Sarazen, and Sam Torrance.

He was also the co-Founder and chairman of a water pollution control firm, HydroMentia, and was the Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Norcross, GA based indoor LED display manufacturer, NanoLumens.

Panoz in motorsports

In 1989, Panoz funded an upstart company started by his son Dan, called Panoz Auto Development. Reportedly, the senior Panoz was skeptical at first of his son's venture, but later used his position in the business world to bring celebrity motorsport figures such as Mario Andretti on board with the goal of entering a Panoz race car in the 24 Hours of Le Mans race.

Panoz Motorsports was formed in 1997 in Braselton and entered its brand new car, the Panoz Esperante GTR-1, at Le Mans. The team was competitive, finishing ahead of all but two of the major factory teams in its class.

In 1999, Panoz founded the American Le Mans Series with the aim of bringing European-style endurance sports car racing to the Americas.

Holdings
Today, the holdings of Panoz family include the following:
Diablo Grande Winery & Resort
Élan Natural Waters
Fountainhead Development Corporation
Panoz Auto Development Company
Van Diemen International
Panoz, LLC

Former holdings including:

Sebring International Raceway (long-term lease) - Sold To NASCAR (IMSA Holdings, LLC)
Road Atlanta - Sold To NASCAR (IMSA Holdings, LLC)
Mosport International Raceway (long-term lease) - Sold To C.M.V. Ron Fellows, Carlo Fedani
Chateau Elan Resort & The Vintage Golf Club, Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia

Personal life and death
Panoz and his wife Nancy were married for 63 years. They had two sons, Danny and Chris, and four daughters, Dona, Dena, Lisa and Andrea.

Panoz died on September 11, 2018, of pancreatic cancer. He was 83.

References

1935 births
2018 deaths
American founders of automobile manufacturers
American motorsport people
American people of Italian descent
Auto racing executives
Duquesne University alumni
Greenbrier Military School alumni
Panoz Auto Development
People from Alliance, Ohio
Automotive businesspeople

Don Panoz


Aubrey Herbert Carrigan (26 August 1917 – 23 May 2012) was an Australian first-class cricketer who played with Queensland in the Sheffield Shield.  He was born at Zillmere, Queensland.

Career
Carrigan, a middle order batsman and part-time medium pace bowler, made his first-class debut in the 1945/46 season but had to wait until the following summer to make his first Sheffield Shield appearance as the competition had been in recess due to the war. It wasn't until his 20th first-class match that he made a century, an innings of 166 against South Australia in Brisbane, although he had previously amassed a pair of 90s.

His bowling was used to good effect on occasions and he claimed 14 wickets at 30.92 in 1948/49. During his career he dismissed batsman to the calibre of Neil Harvey and Arthur Morris.

Captaincy
After filling in for two matches in 1950/51, Carrigan was Queensland's captain for the entire 1951/52 Sheffield Shield season, where they finished equal second on the points table. He also had the distinction of captaining his state to a first-class win over the touring West Indians, who had won their last two Test series in India and England. They played a four-day match, as a warm-up for the 1st Test at the Brisbane Cricket Ground later in the week. A six-wicket haul to Colin McCool restricted the tourists to just 198 in their first innings and Queensland, in reply, would amass 455 runs. Carrigan had come to the crease at 2–184 and went on to score 169 of the remaining 271 runs, before being bowled by Gerry Gomez, with a new highest first-class score. The West Indies again struggled in the second innings, with another six-wicket performance, this time to Mick Raymer, leaving the Queenslanders requiring just 29 runs to win, which they achieved without losing a wicket.

It was his last summer with Queensland and he spent the 1952 off-season in England playing for the Church and Oswaldtwistle Cricket Club in the Lancashire League.

Australian football
Carrigan was also a noted Australian rules footballer in Queensland Australian National Football League. He played as a wingman for Windsor and joined Leo O'Connor as the only Queensland cricket captains to represent the state at Australian football.

References

External links

1917 births
2012 deaths
Australian cricketers
Queensland cricketers
Queensland cricket captains
Australian rules footballers from Queensland
Zillmere Eagles Australian Football Club players
Cricketers from Brisbane

Aub Carrigan


The Gallery of Fine Arts – Gift Collection of Rajko Mamuzić, which represents a modern museum-gallery type of institution, was founded in 1972 and opened to the public in 1974. It is located in Novi Sad, Serbia, in a building built according to the designs of architect Filip Smith for the Radulović family of Novi Sad.

The basic fund of the Gallery represents an anthology of Serbian fine arts from the second half of the 20th century and it contains over 800 works of art, including paintings, sculptures, and drawings by 35 artists: Danica Antić, Miloš Bajić, Slavoljub Slava Bogojević, Kosara Bokšan, Lazar Vozarević, Lazar Vujaklija, Matija Vuković, Angelina Gatalica, Ksenija Divjak, Aleksandar Zarin, Boža Ilić, Nikola Koka Janković, Ljubinka Jovanović, Olivera Kangrga, Majda Kurnik, Aleksandar Luković - Lukijan, Stevan Maksimović, Mario Maskareli, Milorad Bata Mihailović, Mirjana Koka Mihać, Edo Murtić, Petar Omčikus, Vladeta Petrić, Boško Petrović, Zoran Petrović, Milan Popović, Mića Popović, Milica Ribnikar, Ljubica Cuca Sokić, Jovan Soldatović, Mladen Srbinović, Aleksandar Tomašević, Stojan Ćelić, Branko Filipović - Filo and Dragutin Cigarčić.

Collector and donor Rajko Mamuzić chose the first post-war generation of artists who, having rejected the laws of socialist realism, took the way of liberated art without any prejudices and dogmas. Nowadays, they represent the most prominent names of Serbian modern arts with the seven of them being members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU).

The Gallery is organized thematically, including individual and retrospective exhibitions as well as lectures on authors, and seminars on art and concerts.

External links
 www.galerijamamuzic.org.rs

1974 establishments in Serbia
Culture in Novi Sad
Art museums and galleries in Serbia
Art museums established in 1974


Sir Cowasji Jehangir, 2nd Baronet,  (16 February 1879 – 17 October 1962) was a prominent member of the Bombay Parsi community. He was the son of Sir Jehangir Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney, 1st Bt. (1853–1934) and grand-nephew of Sir Cowasji Jehangir Readymoney (1812–1878). He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge.

Cowasji Jehangir campaigned for a prominent role for the Parsi Zoroastrian community in independent India. He had become a member of the "Western India National Liberation Federation", at its founding in 1919, and was elected its president in 1936 and 1937. He was also active in the reactionary "Parsee Central Committee", which was critical of Congress Parsis like Dadabhai Naoroji and Pherozeshah Mehta.

At the second "Round Table Conference" in London during 1930–1932, where the framework for the political and constitutional future of India was laid down, he was one of the three political "liberals" to represent the Parsi community. To the Minorities Committee and the Franchise Committee he advocated a graded franchise based on the standard of education which would have given the Parsis an immense over-representation in future elections. Such a scheme was never taken seriously by any other party in the discussions.

After 1939, when it was apparent that independence was to come in a short while, a large number of Parsis became active in the "Western India National Liberation Federation", whose meetings were often held at his home. As a last-ditch effort, on the eve of independence in 1945, he pleaded to the Viceroy in a telegram not to forget the claims of the Parsis. This appeal, made as the president of the "Parsee Central Association" was nullified by a telegram from a group of Parsis calling themselves the "Freedom Group" which rejected any special privilege for the Parsis.

Legacy

The Jehangir Art Gallery was established in 1952 in memory of his late son, the Cowasji Jehangir Hall and Jehangir Institute of Psychiatry are named after him. The Readymoney Nursing Home (now Jehangir Hospital) in Pune was founded on property donated by Sir Cowasji and his wife Lady Hirabai. Originally named Readymoney Villa, it was renamed in 1944 after their son Jehangir Cowasji Jehangir, who died in an accident that year.

See also
 Jehangir baronets

References

Sir Cowasji Jehangir TIFR

External links

Parsi people from Mumbai
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian knights
1879 births
1962 deaths
Indian baronets
Indian philanthropists
Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India
Parsi people

Cowasji Jehangir


The Adams-Onís Treaty (also called the Florida treaty) was a treaty between Spain and the United States of America in 1819. This treaty gave the state of Florida to the United States. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries. It established the U.S- Mexican border.

Background
The treaty was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came at a time of increasing difficulties related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America. This was with both the United States and Great Britain following the American Revolution. There were also tensions during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a problem for Spain. It could not afford to send settlers or garrisons.

Treaty
The treaty was signed in Washington, DC on February 22, 1819. It was ratified in Madrid, Spain on October 24, 1820. The treaty actually went into effect on February 22, 1821. Madrid decided to cede the territory of Florida to the United States. This was in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory. It recognized the claims of the United States through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean. In exchange the U.S. paid residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000. The United States also gave up its claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the agreements in the Louisiana Purchase. Adams-Onis was a key event in determining the U.S.-Mexico border.

References

1819
1810s treaties
1810s in the United States
19th century in Spain

Adams–Onís Treaty


Is It the Sea? is a 2008 live album by Bonnie "Prince" Billy, featuring Harem Scarem and Alex Neilson. It was recorded at the Queen's Hall in Edinburgh during his sold out tour of Scotland and Ireland in the Spring of 2006, and includes songs of the then forthcoming album The Letting Go. Bonnie 'Prince' Billy was accompanied by Edinburgh's Harem Scarem on close harmonies, fiddle, flute, banjo and accordion and Glasgow's Alex Neilson on drums and percussion.

Track listing
 "Minor Place" 4:41
 "Love Comes to Me" 4:19
 "Bed Is for Sleeping" 3:52
 "Arise Therefore" 3:25
 "Wolf Among Wolves" 4:45
 "Ain't You Wealthy? Ain't You Wise?" 4:46
 "Cursed Sleep" 7:51
 "Molly Bawn" 7:33
 "Birch Ballad" 4:45
 "New Partner" 4:39
 "Is It the Sea?" 6:31
 "My Home Is the Sea" 7:30
 "Master and Everyone" 3:30

Vinyl-only unlisted bonus tracks
 "I See a Darkness" 6:32
 "Love in the Hot Afternoon" 4:43

References

External links
Is it the sea website @ Domino Records

2008 live albums
Will Oldham albums

Is It the Sea?


Dr Williams's Library is a small English research library in Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London.  Historically, it has had a strong Unitarian focus. The library has also been known as  University Hall.

History
The library was founded using the estate of Daniel Williams (1643–1716) as a theological library, intended for the use of ministers of religion, students and others studying theology, religion and ecclesiastical history. Several of its first directors were ministers associated with Newington Green Unitarian Church. The library opened in 1729 at Red Cross Street with its original benefaction of around 7600 books from Williams.  Its site moved frequently, until the acquisition of its present home, University Hall in Gordon Square, in 1890. It has always had close ties with the Unitarians, and after a V-1 flying bomb destroyed Essex Hall, the headquarters of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the Library offered a few spare rooms to displaced workers. They stayed for 14 years, until 1958.

Holdings
In addition to its theological holdings, the library contains collections of philosophy, history, literature, and related subjects. There is also a large collection of works on Byzantine history and culture bequeathed by Norman H. Baynes (1877–1961). In 1976, it acquired the library of New College London, which until then had trained Congregationalist ministers.

The library is known to researchers of history and genealogy for its holdings of pre-19th century material relating to Protestant nonconformity in England, including papers by Dissenting minister Joshua Toulmin. It holds the manuscript of a 17th-century diary written by Roger Morrice (1628–1702), an English Puritan minister and political journalist; it covers the years 1677 to 1691, and in 2007 the Boydell Press published a six volume edition of Roger Morrice's Entring Book. The library also has many manuscripts of Philip Doddridge (1702–1751), a Nonconformist leader, educator, and hymnwriter, including letters between Doddridge and his wife, his wife's diary and some of his artifacts.

On 13 July 2006 the library offered for sale at Sotheby's its copy of Shakespeare's First Folio. The book sold for a hammer price of £2.8 million. The library's director, David Wykes, commented:

Amongst its aims was that, for a small fee, it kept a central registry of births mainly (but not solely) within non-conformist families, to avoid the necessity of having to have a child baptised in the Anglican church. It had variable success; up to 49,000 births were registered there until after a few months of the General Register Office for England and Wales starting up in 1837, following the Births and Deaths Registration Act the previous year. These registers are now at The National Archives under class RG5 and indexed in RG4.

See also
 Gladstone's Library, Hawarden, formerly known as St Deiniol's Library
 The Evangelical Library, London
 Dr Williams School, Dolgellau, named after the same benefactor (closed 1975, now Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor)

References

External links

 Dr Williams's Centre for Dissenting Studies
 Dr Williams's Library at Google Cultural Institute

1729 establishments in England
Libraries in the London Borough of Camden

Dr Williams's Library


Donald Robert Loomis (born June 7, 1964) is a former NASCAR crew chief who worked for Petty Enterprises and Hendrick Motorsports during his time as a crew chief, working most notably with Richard Petty and Jeff Gordon.  Loomis won the 2001 NASCAR Winston Cup Series championship as Gordon's crew chief, and collected a total of 26 wins and 98 top 5s.

Loomis has served as vice president for racing operations at Petty Enterprises, returning there in 2006.

With the team that emerged from the merger of Gillett Evernham Motorsports and Petty Holdings, Loomis served as the executive director of racing operations, prior to being released in 2012.

Crew chief for the #43 Petty Enterprises team
Loomis's first professional crew chief position came with Petty Enterprises in 1990, when he replaced Dale Inman as Richard Petty's crew chief. He worked with Petty Enterprises as crew chief for 9 years.  As an underdog at Petty Enterprises, Loomis managed to lead the famed #43 car to the winner's circle three times.  He won in 1996 (Phoenix) and in 1997 (Rockingham) with Bobby Hamilton.  John Andretti piloted the car to victory lane in 1999 (Martinsville). In 2000, Loomis earned the honor to work at Hendrick Motorsports as Jeff Gordon's crew chief and prior to that he had not received a check from anyone other than Petty Enterprises.  The Pettys supported Loomis's departure.  In Jeff Gordon's autobiography, Richard Petty is quoted as telling Loomis the following:I took it for granted that you'd always be around. Now, if you were talking to me about ninety-nine percent of the deals you could possibly have, I'd tell you to get out of here and get back to work. But Rick Hendrick is good people.
This is a real good opportunity for you. Jeff's a winner. It wouldn't matter if he was playing golf or baseball or hockey or driving a racecar, he's a winner. Winners are gonna win, and they're gonna breed winners. You're looking for something Jeff and I have already found. We've won races. We've won championships. That's what you're searching for. I've always told you that what you needed was a twenty-five year old Richard Petty. I think you've got that in Jeff.

Crew chief for the #24 Hendrick Motorsports team
Robbie Loomis's greatest success came as crew chief for NASCAR legend Jeff Gordon.  The pair's first season in  2000 was a struggle.  Despite winning 3 races and finishing 9th in the season standings, performance was well-short of the high standards set by the #24 Hendrick Motorsports team.  However, in the final 5 races of the year, the team posted 5 top-10s and 3 top-5s: a clear indication of the improving communication between Loomis and Gordon.

The momentum carried into  2001 and the #24 team reached the pinnacle of the sport by winning the NASCAR Winston Cup Championship.  In addition, the team won 6 races, including the prestigious Brickyard 400.  The following years, in  2002 and  2003, the team performed respectably, ranking 4th in the standings and winning 3 races in both years, but their performance was not quite of the championship caliber expected from the #24 team.

Loomis and the team almost returned to championship glory in  2004, but finished 3rd in NASCAR's first "Chase for the Championship" by a heartbreaking 16 points to winner Kurt Busch.  They won 5 races that year, including another Brickyard 400, and also earned the most points of any team for the entire year.

 2005 began in thrilling fashion as Loomis won his very first Daytona 500: NASCAR's crown jewel event.  The #24 team also went on to win at Martinsville and Talladega early in the year, but the rest of the season would be a nightmare.  The #24 team experienced radical handling problems at downforce tracks.  After a 2nd-place finish at Darlington in the season's 10th event, the #24 team failed to produce another top-5 finish in the next 16 races under Loomis.  The team shockingly missed NASCAR's "Chase for the Championship," and Loomis was replaced by 26-year-old Steve Letarte for the final 10 races to prepare the young crew chief for 2006.  Loomis had been grooming Letarte, the team's car chief since 2002, to take over the position.  Loomis had already planned on leaving the stressful job after 2005 due to a reorganization of priorities.  Loomis's mother, Sallie, survived a serious pancreatic illness the previous year.

In January 2012, Loomis was released of his duties as Chief Operating Officer for Richard Petty Motorsports.

Philanthropy
In addition to NASCAR, Loomis works on charitable projects. With his family, he founded The Robbie Loomis Foundation in 2002, which joined the NASCAR Foundation Family of Charities in 2007. The public, not-for-profit 501 (c)(3) foundation awards need-based grants and scholarships to students in grades K through 12.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
NASCAR crew chiefs

Robbie Loomis


The Union Cycliste Internationale or International Cycling Union usually called the UCI is the governing body of bicycle racing in the world.

It sets out rules for bicycle design, and types of races. The UCI also issues licences to racing teams which gives them permission to compete in one of the ranks or tours.

The Tour grades

The ProTour
This is the highest grade, the 20 best teams are in the UCI ProTour, and all of the races are in Europe.

Contintental Circuits
There five Continental Circuits (one each for Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia, and the Americas). They are the next highest grade after the UCI ProTour. The circuits were designed by UCI to encourage cycle racing outside the European continent, where it is most popular and where the three Grand Tour stage races Vuelta Ciclista a España, Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia are run. The Grand Tours are part of the ProTour

References

Cycle races

Union Cycliste Internationale


Alphonse Mucha (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs.

Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations.

Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha.

Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the Mucha Style but became known as Art Nouveau (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads.
In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours.

The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts."
He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion.

Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace.

References

1860 births
1939 deaths
Czech artists
Czech painters

Alphonse Mucha


Kathryne Csekey Bomberger has worked in the field of international relations, human rights, politics and conflict prevention since 1995.  She is currently director-general of the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP).

Education
Bomberger has an undergraduate degree in history from Georgetown University, and a graduate degree in international relations, with a focus on Middle East studies, from the Elliott School of International Affairs at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C.

Career
She was appointed ICMP Director-General in 2004, having led the development of the organization since 1998. Since its creation in 1996, ICMP has been transformed from an ad hoc mechanism tasked with assisting countries emerging from the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia to a treaty-based international organization with global reach.  Kathryne Bomberger has consistently sought to ensure that the global challenge of missing persons is addressed by governments as an urgent priority, in a manner that is modern, effective and based on the rule of law.

Bomberger has worked in conflict and post-conflict areas as well as in areas affected by disasters and by organized crime (including the Western Balkans, Cyprus, Armenia, Iraq, Libya, Lebanon, Ukraine, Mexico, Colombia, Haiti, and the Philippines), helping governments, courts, prosecutors, NGOs, scientists, academics and others to build capacity to address the cross-cutting issue of missing persons, including through the development of effective institutions and legislation. She has spoken on the issue of missing persons at countless public forums, including the United Nations and the US Congress, and she has been interviewed by the BBC, The Guardian, The New York Times, the Financial Times, The Economist and many other media outlets, as well as participating in TV and film documentaries. Her numerous awards include recognition by the President of France as a Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur.

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Elliott School of International Affairs alumni

Kathryne Bomberger


Sexuality in Japan developed separately from that of mainland Asia, as Japan did not adopt the Confucian view of marriage, in which chastity is highly valued. Monogamy in marriage is often thought to be less important in Japan, and sometimes married men may seek pleasure from courtesans. Prostitution in Japan has a long history, and became especially popular during the Japanese economic miracle, as evening entertainments were tax-deductible. Decreased sex drive in the 21st century has been blamed for the low Japanese birth rate and declining growth of the Japanese population.

Pornography

Arguably mass-produced pornography in Japan may have begun as early as the Edo period (1603–1868), as erotic artwork referred to as shunga that was typically produced with  woodblock prints in the 1,000's. These erotic images were declared obscene and banned in 1772 by the Tokugawa shogunate, although they continued to be produced underground in smaller numbers. Between the 1920s and 1930s in Japan there was a literary and artistic movement known as ero guro which focused on eroticism, sexual corruption and decadence. Softcore pornographic theatrical films known as pink films dominated the domestic cinema in Japan from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s.

In contemporary times Japanese pornography has gained a worldwide following and is frequently translated and exported to other cultures because of its large spectrum of themes and media. Pornography in Japan has in recent times expanded into new mediums such as manga (hentai) and video games (eroge) in addition to the more common film and historic mediums.

Shunga

Most shunga are a type of ukiyo-e, the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan. Although scarce, there are however extant erotic painted handscrolls which predate the Ukiyo-e movement. Translated literally, the Japanese word shunga means picture of spring; "spring" being a common euphemism for sex in Japan.

The ukiyo-e movement as a whole sought to express an idealisation of contemporary urban life and appeal to the new chōnin class.  Following the aesthetics of everyday life, Edo period shunga varied widely in its depictions of sexuality.  In the Edo period it was enjoyed by rich and poor, men and women, despite being out of favour with the shogunate. Almost all ukiyo-e artists made shunga at some point in their careers, and it did not detract from their prestige as artists.  Classifying shunga as a kind of medieval pornography can be misleading in this respect.

Film

In the years since the end of World War II, eroticism has gradually made its way into Japanese cinema. The first kiss to be seen in Japanese film—discreetly half-hidden by an umbrella—caused a national sensation in 1946. Foreign films throughout the 1950s introduced female nudity into international cinema and were imported to Japan without problem. Nevertheless, until the early 1960s, graphic depictions of nudity and sex in Japanese film could only be seen in single-reel "stag films," made illegally by underground film producers such as those depicted in Imamura's film The Pornographers (1966).

Mainstream pornography did not arrive in Japan until the advent of Pink film. Pink film was theatrical film which featured soft core, suggestive themes and later full-on nudity and sexual acts. The first wave of the Pink film in Japan was contemporary with the similar U.S. sexploitation film genres, the "nudie-cuties" and "roughies". Nudity and sex officially entered Japanese cinema with Satoru Kobayashi's controversial and popular independent production Flesh Market (Nikutai no Ichiba, 1962), which is considered the first true pink film. In the 1970s, some of Japan's major studios, facing the loss of their theatrical audience, took over the pink film. With their access to higher production-values and talent, some of these films became critical and popular successes.
When ownership of VCRs first became widespread in the early 1980s, AVs (adult videos) made their appearance and quickly became highly popular. As early as 1982 the AVs had already attained an approximately equal share of the adult entertainment market with theatrical erotic films. Since then the market for pink films has decreased tremendously and a majority of Japanese seeking pornography go to AVs.

Although the pink film genre has declined dramatically since the advent of AVs on VCR the genre is significant in that it paved the way for true pornography in Japan as well as for multiple other genres of Japanese pornographic film including: hamedori, roshutsu, and Japanese bondage. Other Japanese pornography genres include: group sex (with gang bang as a subgenre), lesbian, and fetishes (particularly foot fetishes). Lotion play is a popular element in Japanese pornography.

Hentai and seijin manga (adult cartoons)

The genre of erotica known to the West as hentai (erotic cartoons or drawings) was invented in Japan; They are used in erotic manga (Japanese comic books, graphic novels) and anime (Japanese animation).  The word "hentai" has a negative connotation in Japanese and usually means "sexually perverted", with those in Japan more often referring to hentai as "seijin" or "adult" manga/anime.

The adult manga/anime medium carries its own distinct subgenres as well. Futanari or sexual attraction to androgynous people is an extensive subgenre of seijin manga. Bakunyū is the subgenre that features females with very large breasts. In Japan lolicon refers to an attraction to underage girls. Outside Japan lolicon generally refers to the genre of seijin manga wherein childlike female characters are depicted in an erotic manner. Lolicon's male equivalent, shotacon is similarly used in the West to refer to the genre of manga and anime in which pre-pubescent or pubescent male characters are depicted in a suggestive or erotic manner.

International reception

Japanese pornography has gained a worldwide following and is frequently translated and exported to other cultures because of its large spectrum of themes and media.

However, critics state that the lolicon genre of seijin manga, wherein childlike females are depicted in an erotic way, contributes to sexual abuse of children. Several countries have attempted to criminalize lolicon's sexually explicit forms as a type of child pornography, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, the Philippines and Ireland are among those that have done so.

Prostitution

Prostitution has existed in some form throughout Japan's history. Despite the Anti-Prostitution Law of 1956, various legal loopholes, liberal interpretations of the law, and loose enforcement have allowed the sex industry to prosper and earn an estimated 2.3 trillion yen a year. Notably, the Anti-Prostitution Law makes prostituting oneself a crime whereas those who use the services of a prostitute are immune from prosecution.

In Japan, the "sex industry" is not synonymous with prostitution.  Because Japanese law defines prostitution as "intercourse with an unspecified person in exchange for payment,"  in order to remain legal, most sex clubs offer only non-coital services. This has led Joan Sinclair, the author of Pink Box, to observe that the sex industry in Japan ironically "offer[s] absolutely everything imaginable but sex."

Geisha

A frequent focus of misconceptions in regard to Japanese sexuality is the institution of the geisha. Rather than a prostitute, a geisha was a woman trained in arts such as music and cultured conversation, who was available for non-sexual interactions with her male clientele. Geisha differed from their patrons' wives because, except for the geisha, women were ordinarily not prepared for activity other than household duties. This social limitation was imposed on the majority of women in traditional society and produced a diminution in the pursuits that women could enjoy. This limitation also impacted the ways that a man could enjoy the company of his wife. The geisha fulfilled the non-sexual social roles that ordinary women were prevented from fulfilling, and for this service they were well paid. That being said, the geisha were not deprived of opportunities to express themselves sexually and in other erotic ways. A geisha might have a patron with whom she enjoyed sexual intimacy, but this sexual role was not part of her role or responsibility as a geisha.

Fetish scene

Japan has a thriving fetish scene, especially BDSM fetishes. Indeed, Japanese game show-style videos have been created which center around the use of fetishes. Among the unique sexual fetishes the Japanese have produced are tentacle erotica and the BDSM fetishes shibari, bukkake, omorashi and tamakeri.

Food play is known as wakamezake, which involves nyotaimori, the act of presenting food (typically sushi) on a nude female body. This act has become an icon of Japanese food play. Largely due to Western influence, the attraction to very large breasts (bakunyū) has emerged as a fetish in Japan. Lolicon refers to the sexual attraction to seemingly underage girls.

Shibari, as it is typically referred to in the West, is known as kinbaku (also sokubaku) in Japanese and refers to the erotic art of tying people up. Originally in Japanese history the martial art Hojōjutsu, which trained people in tying others up or restraining them with rope, was practiced and developed over long periods of time. Because being tied up with a knot was considered extremely shameful, the art emphasized many techniques for restricting noble men and others of high rank without actually using any knots. However, with the advent of BDSM in modern Japan came an eroticized offspring of Hojōjutsu, called kinbaku, that focuses more on gentler holds and uses the historical shame of being tied up to further humiliate the "bottom".

Today, Hojōjutsu is not commonly practiced and is considered by some to be a dying art, but shibari thrives in the BDSM world and has profoundly influenced the bondage scene, integrating itself into many western schools, creating dozens of fusions of styles, and being practiced by itself in BDSM communities worldwide. Kinbaku has introduced to the West ties and positions that specifically apply pressure on the bottom's erogenous zones, asymmetric uses of patterns that give the bottom two uncomfortable positions to choose from, emphasizing simpler, more elegant ties over the elaborate, decorative knots of the West, as well as use of specific katas (forms) and aesthetic rules.

Homosexuality

In Japan, sodomy was restricted by legal prohibition in 1873. However, the provision was repealed only seven years later by the Penal Code of 1880, which relied on the Napoleonic Code. Confucian thought and the government's desire to appear "civilized" influenced the way that homosexuality was viewed by both the Japanese state and by the population at large during the Meiji period.

Despite recent trends that suggest a new level of tolerance, as well as open scenes in more cosmopolitan cities (such as Tokyo and Osaka), Japanese gay men and lesbian women often conceal their sexuality, and many marry persons of the opposite sex to avoid discrimination.

Politics and law

Japan has no laws against homosexual activity and has some legal protections for gay individuals, but the Japanese government does not recognize same-sex marriage. In 2008 however, a law was passed allowing transgender people who have gone through sex reassignment surgery to change their sex on legal documents.

Consensual sex between adults of the same sex is legal, but some prefectures set the age of consent for same-sex sexual activity higher than for opposite-sex sexual activity.

Despite recommendations from the Council for Human Rights Promotion, the Diet has yet to include protections against discrimination for sexual orientation in the country's civil rights code. Although national civil rights laws do not protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation, some local governments have enacted such laws. For example, the government of Tokyo has passed laws that ban discrimination in employment based on sexual identity. The major political parties express little public support for gay rights issues.

AIDS, other STDs, and contraceptives

In the years since the world first became aware of the AIDS virus, like most industrialized nations, Japan has not suffered the high rates of AIDS disease and death that characterize some nations in Africa and South-East Asia. As of 2007 only about 100 people die each year in Japan due to AIDS. In 1992, the government of Japan justified its continued refusal to allow oral contraceptives to be distributed in the country on the belief that it would lead to reduced condom use and increased transmission of AIDS. As of 2004, condoms accounted for 80 percent of birth control used in Japan. This might explain Japan's comparably lower incidence of AIDS.

Decreasing sexual activity
Sexual desire and sexual activity have been declining in Japan as other developed countries for years, and this is a cause of Japan's decreasing birth rate. Because Japan has one of the lowest birth rates in the world and its population is on course to shrink dramatically by the middle of the century, every five years the government carries out a detailed survey of attitudes to sex and marriage. The studies and surveys have reported loss of sexual drive across several demographics, from adolescent men and women, to married couples. In 2010, the 14th Japanese National Fertility Survey was conducted by the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Singles between the ages of 18 and 34 who are not involved in a romantic relationship and do not want one amounted to 28% for men and 23% for women. It was also found that 28% of men and 26% of women aged 35–39 had no sexual experience. However, the possibility of response bias should be taken into consideration with these figures.

In 2010, another survey published The Japanese Association for Sex Education Research Journal found that 40.8% (up from 34.6% in 2006) of marriages in Japan could be classified as "sexless", which the Japan Society of Sexual Sciences generally defines as "engaging in sex less than once a month, despite not suffering from any health-related conditions". Among the top reasons married couples cite for not having sex, is that after children are in the picture (couples are even discouraged from having intercourse while pregnant), sex can decrease markedly or even become nonexistent for a habit-forming period of time. About 1 in 5 couples say they simply view sex as a nuisance, a small number cite the lack of private space, because elderly or the children often sleep on just the other side of paper-thin walls. Some are too stressed out from work, others have "more fun things to do". There is also a tendency among Japanese married couples to feel an aversion to sex with their spouse because they've come to feel that they have more of a relative/sibling relationship, and accordingly cannot see their spouse as a sexual partner anymore.  Additionally, 36.1% of males and 58.5% of female respondents aged 16 to 19 surveyed described themselves as "indifferent or averse" towards having sex. A near 18% and 12% increase respectively, since the survey was last conducted in 2008. It was also reported that 83.7% of men who turned 20 that year were not dating anyone, with 49.3% stating they had never had a girlfriend. 59% of female respondents of the same age group responded similarly, a 12% increase from the 2008 survey.

Some scholars have criticized the media reporting and scholarship on so-called "sexless" Japan many of these surveys exclude LGBT people, divorcees, widows, single parents or people who have married between the ages of 18 and 30. This necessarily exaggerates the number of virgins by excluding a huge segment of the sexually active population. The surveys research methodology are also outdated and based on the faulty assumption that everyone is heterosexual and has never divorced or had a child out of wedlock. The motivations behind the studies are also questionable since they are linked to government attempts to justify the funding of programs for arranged marriage partners.

In a global context, a 2005 Sex Survey of 317,000 people in 41 countries conducted by Durex, the largest condom manufacturer in the world, found that the Japanese had the least sex in the world, at 45 times a year, with the second-to-last country of Singapore averaging 73 times a year, and the world average at 103 times a year. Additionally the survey reported that only 24% of Japanese respondents said they were happy with their sex lives, compared to the global average of 44%.

The reasons for this decline in sex interest are still widely discussed; There are many theories and different contributing factors. A large part of it may be attributed to the fact that in most respects, men and women live very separate lives socially, and there is little relaxed contact with the opposite sex outside of school ties or friends from the office, and in turn, less opportunity to freely mingle without commercial transaction through the sex-industry. This, combined with young men's growing reliance on pornography, can be thought to have a large impact on the real-world sex interest due to its "overstimulating" effect.

See also

 Aging of Japan
 Air sex
 Akasen
 AV idol
 Burusera
 Celibacy syndrome
 Ecchi
 Enjo kōsai
 Happening bar
 Hentai
 Herbivore men
 Love hotel
 Marriage in Japan
 Mizu shōbai
 Nanpa
 Nightwork: Sexuality, Pleasure, and Corporate Masculinity in a Tokyo Hostess Club
 No-pan kissa
 Nuru (massage)
 Oiran
 Otoko-machi Map
 Pink Box: Inside Japan's Sex Clubs
 Pornography in Japan
 Prostitution in Japan
 Same-sex marriage in Japan
 Sexual minorities in Japan
 Telekura
 Tobita Shinchi
 Types of prostitution in modern Japan
 Women in Japan
 Yobai
 Yūkaku

References

Sexuality in Japan


The Lonchaeidae are a family of acalyptrate flies commonly known as lance flies. About 500 described species are placed into 9 genera. These are generally small but robustly built flies with blue-black or metallic bodies. They are found, mainly in wooded areas, throughout the world with the exception of polar regions and New Zealand.

Description
For terms see Morphology of Diptera.

The Lonchaeids are small flies with a black or blackish-blue body, which is often metallic, glossy, and with hyaline (lacking dark spots) wings. The head is hemispherical (shorter than high) and the lunule is well defined. The third antennal segment is usually elongated and the antennae are decumbent. Ocelli are present and the postocellar bristles are divergent. The frons is narrow in males; in females it is broad. One pair of orbital bristles is on the head. The postvertical bristles on the head are parallel or weakly divergent. Distinctive vibrissae on the head are lacking, but vibrissa-like bristles are present along the border of the mouth. A subapical bristle is absent on tibia. The wing venation is complete. The costa has two interruptions: near the humeral crossvein and before the subcostal vein. The subcostal vein varies in size. The anal vein of the wing is shortened.  The abdomen is oval and rather flat, and in females has a long, sclerotized ovipositor. The ovipositor is rather long and triangular.

This family is readily distinguished from the family Periscelididae by the entire subcostal vein, from the Sapromyzidae by the absence of preapical tibial bristles on at least the anterior and posterior tibia, and from Pallopteridae by the presence of a propleural bristle and the exposed frontal lunule.

The larva is amphipneustic (has only the anterior and posterior pairs of spiracles) slender tapering at the anterior, and smooth except for ventral creeping welts. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of the larva consists of two stout untoothed mandibles, a dental sclerite, an elongate hypopharyngeal sclerite, a parastomal bar, and an anvil-shaped tentoropharyngeal sclerite. The anterior spiracles (prothoracic spiracles) each have five to ten papillae which are arranged in a fan shape. The posterior spiracles (on the anal segment) are placed on a raised, sclerotized posterior spiracular tubercle. Each spiracle has three oval, radially arranged slits and four groups of branched spiracular hairs.

The pupa is enclosed within a puparium.

Biology

The larvae are mostly phytophagous, feeding on already damaged plant tissues, although coprophagous, mycophagous, saprophagous, and predatory species are known. Larvae may be found under bark, in tunnels of bark beetles, in decomposing wood and other decomposing plant residue, and in dung. Larvae of some species cause formation of galls on plants (including cereals), while larvae of other species live in juicy fruits (figs, etc.). Flies are found on trunks of trees, logs, cut wood, leaves of shrubs, and in grass. Some species are agricultural pests. The polyphagous and oligophagous species of the family Tephritidae (also called fruit flies) and Lonchaeidae are the main pests of horticulture in the neotropical region. Also in the neotropics, Neosilba perezi (Romero & Ruppel), known as the cassava shoot fly, is a pest of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Dasiops passifloris McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) infests the fruit of the corky-stemmed passion flower Passiflora pallida L. in the Americas. Species in the genus Earomyia are pests of fir and spruce trees, destroying the seeds and cones. The black fig-fly Silba adipata McAlpine is a pest of figs. Lonchaea chorea is synanthropic and may become a nuisance pest.

List of genera

A list of genera of Lonchaeidae with approximate number of extant species

Subfamily Dasiopinae
 Dasiops  (Sometimes misspelt Dasyops) 126 species
Subfamily Lonchaeinae
 Chaetolonchaea  7 species
 Earomyia  22 species
 Lamprolonchaea  (Sometimes misspelt Lamprolonchea) 19 species
 Lonchaea  209 species
 Neosilba  40 species
 Protearomyia  6 species
 Setisquamalonchaea  4 species
 Silba  89 species

Identification
Czerny, L. 1934. Lonchaeidae. In: Lindner, E. (Ed.). Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region 5, 43, 1-40.. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision (in German).
Morge, G. (1963) Die Lonchaeidae und Pallopteridae Österreichs und der Angrenzenden Gebiete. 1. Teil: Die Lonchaeidae. Naturkundliches Jahrbuch der Stadt Linz 9: 123-313.
Morge,G. 1959, 1962. Monographie der palearktischen Lonchaeidae Beitr. z. Entom., vol. 2, pp. 1–92, 323-371, 909-945; vol. 12, pp. 381–434.
Stackelberg, A. A. Family Lonchaeidae in Bei-Bienko, G. Ya, 1988 Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.
Séguy, E. (1934) Diptères: Brachycères. II. Muscidae acalypterae, Scatophagidae. Paris: Éditions Faune de France 28.BibliothequeVirtuelleNumerique pdf
MacGowan, I. & Rotheray, G. (2008) British Lonchaeidae (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha, Acalyptratae). Royal Entomological Society of London Handbook 10(15).
K. G. V. Smith, 1989 An introduction to the immature stages of British Flies. Diptera Larvae, with notes on eggs, puparia and pupae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects Vol 10 Part 14. pdf download manual (two parts Main text and figures index)

Image gallery
Images from Diptera.info

Species lists
West Palaearctic including Russia
Australasian/Oceanian
Nearctic
Japan
World list

References
Genus descriptions
  - Family descriptions

External links

Lonchaeidae online - the primary site for up to date information on world Lonchaeidae

Diptera.info Images
Family Lonchaeidae at EOL Images
 Dedicated website
Wing venation

Brachycera families
Articles containing video clips

Lonchaeidae


The Limey is a 1999 American crime film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Lem Dobbs. The film features Terence Stamp, Lesley Ann Warren, Luis Guzmán, Barry Newman, Nicky Katt, and Peter Fonda. The plot concerns an English career criminal (Stamp) who travels to the United States to investigate the recent suspicious death of his daughter. It was filmed on location in Los Angeles and Big Sur.

Critical reception was positive, but the film was not a financial success upon release.

Plot
An Englishman named Wilson travels to Los Angeles to investigate the death of his daughter, Jenny. She was reported to have died in a car accident but Wilson suspects murder. Recently released from a British prison after nine years, he is a hardened man. Arriving in Los Angeles, he meets Jenny's friends Eduardo and Elaine and questions them. Finding they pass his initial inquiry, he elicits their help in investigating Jenny's death. One suspect who emerges is Jenny's boyfriend Terry Valentine, a wealthy record producer. Valentine was briefly involved in drug trafficking, managed through his security consultant, Avery. Wilson locates a warehouse used by the drug trafficker and asks about Valentine. They insult his daughter and beat him. Wilson returns to the warehouse, shooting dead all but one of the employees.

Wilson and Eduardo sneak into a party held at Valentine's house. Once there, Wilson searches for evidence of Valentine's involvement. He finds and steals a picture of Jenny. Attracting suspicion from Avery, Wilson is accosted by a guard whom he head-butts and throws over a railing to his death. Wilson and Eduardo flee, only to be chased by Avery, who rams their car and shoots at them. He and Eduardo escape but not before Avery hears Eduardo call out Wilson's name.

Back with Elaine and Eduardo, Wilson reminisces about his earlier life with his daughter, whom he remembers only as a child. Worried her father would be sent away to prison, she would often threaten to call the police whenever she found evidence of the crimes he was involved in or planning. He recalls she had never followed through on her threats because she loved him and it eventually became a sad joke between them. However, his life of crime put a strain on his family. He ended up in prison after the men he was involved with sold him out to the police.

Avery hires a hitman, Stacy, to track down and kill Wilson. Stacy is prevented from making the hit by agents of the DEA, who have been monitoring Valentine. Wilson and Elaine are then taken to meet the head agent, who makes it clear the DEA is after the dealer who used Valentine to launder drug money, and that the agents do not intend to interfere with Wilson's personal mission. He lets Wilson see their file on Valentine, including a photograph and address of a second home in Big Sur. Meanwhile, Stacy and his partner, angry at their beating at the hands of the DEA agents, plot to double cross Avery.

Avery moves Valentine to the house in Big Sur. That night, Wilson enters the grounds. Avery's guards shoot an intruder who turns out to be Stacy and engages in a shootout with his partner, Uncle John, resulting in several deaths and also fatally wounding Avery. Valentine takes Avery's gun away from him and leaves him to die as he flees to the beach with Wilson in pursuit. Betrayed, Avery takes out his spare gun and aims it at Wilson but lowers it, allowing him to pursue Valentine. Valentine shoots at Wilson then falls and breaks his ankle. He continues to shoot at the approaching Wilson but misses and after running out of bullets, he begs for his life. Valentine tells Wilson that Jenny found out about his drug ties and threatened to call the police on him (reminding Wilson of what she had done as a child to him) and in his attempt to stop her Valentine banged Jenny against a wall, accidentally killing her. In an effort to deflect attention from Valentine, Avery staged the car accident. Wilson knows Jenny would never have turned Valentine in. He turns away, allowing Valentine to live. Wilson makes his farewells to Elaine and Eduardo and returns to London.

A younger Wilson plays the folk, love song Colours on the guitar, while a woman strokes his hair.

Cast

 Terence Stamp as Wilson
 Lesley Ann Warren as Elaine
 Luis Guzmán as Eduardo Roel
 Barry Newman as Jim Avery
 Peter Fonda as Terry Valentine
 Joe Dallesandro as John "Uncle John", The Hitman
 Nicky Katt as Stacy, The Hitman
 Amelia Heinle as Adhara
 Melissa George as Jenny Wilson
 William Lucking as Warehouse Foreman
 Steve Heinze as Larry, Valentine's Bodyguard
 Nancy Lenehan as Lady On Plane
 Bill Duke as DEA Special Agent-In-Charge
 Michaela Gallo as Young Jennifer
 Matthew Kimbrough as Tom
 John Robotham as Rick

Production

Directing
Steven Soderbergh uses atypical flashback sequences, and includes several scenes (largely without dialogue) from a much older Terence Stamp movie, Ken Loach's 1967 directorial debut Poor Cow. Soderbergh uses the scenes to create a hazy back story to show Stamp's character as a young man, his criminal past, his relationship with Jenny's mother and child Jenny's disapproving attitudes towards his crooked lifestyle. Wilson often speaks in a Cockney rhyming slang. The title refers to the American slang "limey", which refers to Britons.

Editing
Soderbergh and film editor Sarah Flack utilize a variety of unorthodox editing techniques in The Limey. The film frequently features dialogue and background sound from previous or future scenes juxtaposed with a current scene. Dialogue from one conversation, for instance, may find itself dispersed throughout the film, articulated for the first time long after its chronological moment has passed, as a sort of narrative flashback superimposed over later conversation, to complete a character's thought or punctuate a character's emphasis. Background sound may be disjointed in the film and shifted to enhance another scene by suggesting continuation, similarity, or dissimilarity. For example, Wilson is in a hotel room, and turns on the shower, and then Wilson is in an airplane looking out the window, while the shower can be heard.

Release
The Limey was first presented at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival on May 15. It was also featured at the Toronto International Film Festival, the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema, and the Hong Kong International Film Festival.

A limited release in the US began on October 8, 1999, and did poorly at the box office. Its first week's gross was $187,122 (17 screens) and the total receipts for the run were $3,193,102. The film was in wide release for seventeen weeks (115 days), and was shown in 105 theaters.

Reception

Critical response
Critical reception of The Limey was largely positive, with the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reporting 92% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 84 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4. The review aggregator Metacritic reported an average rating of 73 out of 100.

Edward Guthmann, film critic of the San Francisco Chronicle, praised the direction and screenplay, and wrote, "The Limey ... is a first-rate crime thriller and further proof that Soderbergh is one of our great contemporary film stylists. Taut, imaginative and complex, this is one of the best American films of the year and a wonderful antidote to the numbing sameness of [some] movies." Critic Janet Maslin wrote of Terence Stamp's work, "Stamp plays the title role furiously, with single-minded intensity, wild blue eyes and a stentorian roar shown off in the film's early moments ... Glimpses of young, dreamily beautiful Stamp and his no less imposing latter-day presence are used by Soderbergh with touching efficacy."

The film critic for Variety magazine, Emanuel Levy, lauded the crime drama and liked the direction of the picture, the acting, and the screenplay, yet thought the film "lacks secondary characters and subplots." He wrote, "The Limey, Steven Soderbergh's new crime picture, continues the helmer's artistic renewal, evident last year in the superbly realized Out of Sight. Pic's most interesting element is the positioning of two icons of 1960s cinema, the very British Terence Stamp and the very American Peter Fonda, as longtime enemies in what's basically a routine revenge thriller ... [and] one has no problem praising the bravura acting of the entire ensemble and the pic's impressive technical aspects. Warren, Guzman and Barry Newman give maturely restrained performances in line with the film's dominant texture. A supporting turn by Joe Dallessandro, Andy Warhol's and Paul Morrissey's regular, accentuates pic's reflexive nature as a commentary on a bygone era of filmmaking."

Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave The Limey 3 stars out of a possible 4. Despite the unusual editing, Ebert described the plot as "basic Ross Macdonald", a reference to the mystery writer whose 1950s and '60s best-sellers set in southern California typically featured doom visited on the young adult children of wealthy parents with dark secrets. Stamp and Fonda, both aging icons of the 1960s, represent different sides of the counterculture: "It is a nice irony that both Valentine and Wilson (the Stamp character) made their money from rock music: Valentine by selling the tickets, Wilson by stealing the receipts of a Pink Floyd concert."

Accolades
Won
 Satellite Awards: Golden Satellite Award; Best Drama Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture, Terence Stamp; 2000.

References

External links

1999 films
1999 crime drama films
American crime drama films
1990s English-language films
American neo-noir films
American nonlinear narrative films
American films about revenge
Films directed by Steven Soderbergh
Films set in Los Angeles
American independent films
Films scored by Cliff Martinez
Films with screenplays by Lem Dobbs
1999 independent films
1990s American films

The Limey