Belyllioth is a fictional demon published by DC Comics. She debuted in Artemis: Requiem #1 (June 1996), and was created by William Messner-Loebs and Ed Benes.

Fictional character biography
Belyllioth started as a demon General living in the portion of Hell ruled over by the demon Dalkriig-Hath. When Wonder Woman entered this realm looking for her fallen sister Artemis, Belyllioth attempted to capture the intruder. Failing to do so, Dalkriig-Hath saw this as a failure and planned on publicly humiliating her by torture as an example to the other demons who may fail in their tasks. During this time though Dalkriig-Hath's newest bride Artemis and Wonder Woman were watching the public spectacle from a nearby building.

Diana managed to stop the executioner from torturing Belyllioth but was soon made a victim herself by the large number of demons faithful to Dalkriig-Hath. Artemis then joined the fight by freeing Belyllioth from her shackles, allowing her and her loyal Myrmidon demons to take part in the battle also. Grateful to Artemis and Diana for freeing her, Belyllioth held back Dalkriig-Hath's forces until they could safely escape. Following their example, Belyllioth and her minions retreated to safety also.

Opting to bide her time and accumulate more demons to help her gain revenge against Dalkriig-Hath, Belyllioth was surprised to discover that a few months after their escape that Artemis had managed to kill Dalkriig-Hath in the mortal world. She thanked Artemis and quickly tried to assume lordship of the realm. Artemis' only stipulation for not standing in Belyllioth's way from doing so was that Belyllioth release the souls of 5 members of the demon hunting group The Hellenders who had died battling Dalkriig-Hath and the life of a woman who had committed suicide and her daughter. She agreed and they were given life again.

Belyllioth soon discovered though that holding on to her newfound title would be hard to do. The remaining 12 Princes of Hell had also discovered that Dalkriig-Hath had been destroyed and each tried to take over his portion of hell for themselves. This caused a huge war to take place that seemed to be a losing battle.

Realizing that as Dalkriig-Hath's widow Artemis was by rights entitled to become his replacement as ruler, Belyllioth traveled to the mortal realm seeking Artemis' aid. Artemis agreed to help Belyllioth's forces as the Underworld battle caused serious after effects in the mortal world. Telling Belyllioth that she did not want to rule her dead husband's realm, Artemis hatched a plan.

Disguised as Artemis, Belyllioth presented herself before the 12 Princes of Hell demanding that she be allowed rule. They grudgingly accepted and magically gave her all rights to the title of the 13th Prince of Hell. After the ceremony was ended Belyllioth revealed her true form, which angered the 12 other rulers. As they could not refute their established blessing, they were forced to accept Belyllioth as a fellow ruler.

They did promise Artemis though that for her treachery that they would seek revenge against her if she should ever enter Hell again. Fortunately for her, Belyllioth now considers Artemis to be a great ally for helping her get the 13th throne and will help protect her when needed.

Powers and abilities
Belyllioth is now a high ranking demon lord, commanding 1/13th of the demons of hell. She is also a skilled sorcerer and warrior.

Bibliography
 Artemis: Requiem mini-series (1996)
 Wonder Woman Annual (vol. 2) #6 (1997)

References

External links
 Comic Vine Profile

DC Comics characters with superhuman strength
DC Comics demons
DC Comics female supervillains
DC Comics supervillains
Characters created by William Messner-Loebs
DC Comics characters who use magic

Belyllioth


Suharto (February 20, 1921 – January 27, 2008) was an Indonesian military and political leader. He was a military officer in the Indonesian Army. He is better known as the second President of Indonesia. He held the office for a long time, from 1967 to 1998.

Political power
In the early morning of October 1, 1965, a group of soldiers claiming to be supported by the Indonesian Communist Party killed six generals in the army and one assistant because they thought he was a seventh. Many friends and supporters of Suharto claimed they were members of the communist party itself. The people of Indonesia then started killing anybody they thought was communist with Suharto's tacit approvement. Estimates range around half a million. Suharto then seized power from his predecessor, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno. For this, he used some force, but also took some political maneuvers. At the time, there was instability and unrest inside and outside of Indonesia. This helped him come to power. He took three decades to change the regime to work along militarist lines, with a strong central government. His movement was known as "Orde Baru". As he took an anti-communist position which he could defend, several Western governments supported him both in economic and political matters. This was during an era that is known as Cold War.  For most of his three-decade rule, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialization. His rule, however, led to political purges and the deaths of about half a million of suspected Indonesian communists; many of them Chinese-Indonesians. He also made some laws against communist parties and ethnic Chinese.

His New Order administration's authoritarian and increasingly corrupt practices led to much discontent in the 1990s. Suharto's almost unquestioned authority over Indonesian affairs slipped dramatically when the Asian financial crisis lowered Indonesians' standard of living. People inside the military and other institutions no longer supported him. There were some problems inside the country during the early 1990s. Suharto became more and more isolated, in a political way. After  mass demonstrations in 1998, Suharto was forced to resign. Suharto had been the face of Indonesia for over 30 years. After retiring, he lived in seclusion. There were people who wanted to try him for genocide. This failed however, because he had a very bad health. His legacy remains hotly debated and contested both in Indonesia and abroad.

Like many Javanese, Suharto has only one name. In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but this Islamic title is not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soeharto is still frequently used.

Death

Suharto was admitted to hospital on January 4; on 23 January, Suharto's health worsened further, as a sepsis infection spread through his body. His family consented to the removal of life support machines if his condition did not improve and he died on 27 January at 1:09 pm. He died at Pertamina Hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia of congestive heart failure. He was taken off life support. He was buried at a family mausoleum near Solo town.

Sukarno, Suharto and Sarwo Edhie Wibowo/Slaughter of Indonesian "Communists"

The balance of power was shifted in favour of anti-Communists in December 1965, when personnel from both the Army Para-commando Regiment and 5th Brawijaya Military Region units arrived in Bali after having carried out killings in Java. Led by Suharto's principal troubleshooter, Sarwo Edhie Wibowo who with Javanese military commanders permitted Balinese squads (led by Anwar Congo, Adi Zulkadry, Safit Pardede) to kill until reined in.  In contrast to Central Java where the Army encouraged people to kill the "Gestapu", Bali's eagerness to kill was so tremendous and spontaneous that, having provided logistic support initially, the Army eventually had to step in to prevent chaos. Sukarno's choice of Bali's provincial governor, Suteja, was recalled from office and accused of preparing a communist uprising, and his relatives were tracked down and killed. A series of killings similar to those in Central and East Java were led by black-shirted PNI youth. For several months, militia death squads went through villages capturing suspects and taking them away. Hundreds of houses belonging to communists and their relatives were burnt down within one week of the reprisal crusade, with occupants being butchered as they ran from their homes. An early estimate suggested that 50,000 people, including women and children, were killed in this operation alone. The population of several Balinese villages were halved in the last months of 1965. All the Chinese shops in the towns of Singaraja and Denpasar were destroyed and many of their owners who were alleged to have financially supported the "Gestapu" killed. Between December 1965 and early 1966, an estimated 80,000 Balinese were killed, roughly 5% of the island's population at the time, and proportionally more than anywhere else in Indonesia. Most of the people killed had little to do with Communist Party or other allegations thrown at them.

Sukarno continued to command loyalty from large sections of the armed forces as well as the general population, and Suharto was careful not to be seen to be seizing power in his own coup. For eighteen months following the quashing of the 30 September Movement, there was a complicated process of political manoeuvres against Sukarno, including student agitation, stacking of parliament, media propaganda and military threats.

In January 1966, university students under the banner of KAMI, begin demonstrations against the Sukarno government voicing demands for the disbandment of PKI and control of hyperinflation. The students received support and protection from the army. Street fights broke out between the students and pro-Sukarno loyalists with the pro-Suharto students prevailing due to army protection.

In February 1966, Sukarno promoted Suharto to lieutenant-general (and to full general in July 1966). The killing of a student demonstrator and Sukarno's order for the disbandment of KAMI in February 1966 further galvanised public opinion against the president. On 11 March 1966, the appearance of unidentified troops around Merdeka Palace during a cabinet meeting (which Suharto had not attended) forced Sukarno to flee to Bogor Palace (60 km away) by helicopter. Three pro-Suharto generals, Major-General Basuki Rahmat, Brigadier-General M Jusuf, and Brigadier-General Amirmachmud went to Bogor to meet Sukarno. There, they persuaded and secured a presidential decree from Sukarno (see Supersemar) that gave Suharto authority to take any action necessary to maintain security.

Using the Supersemar letter, Suharto ordered the banning of PKI the following day and proceeded to purge pro-Sukarno elements from the parliament, the government and military, accusing them of being communist sympathisers. The army arrested 15 cabinet ministers and forced Sukarno to appoint a new cabinet consisting of Suharto supporters. The army arrested pro-Sukarno and pro-communist members of the MPRS (parliament), and Suharto replaced chiefs of the navy, air force, and the police force with his supporters, who then began an extensive purge within each service.

In June 1966, the now-purged parliament passed 24 resolutions including the banning of Marxism–Leninism, ratifying the Supersemar, and stripping Sukarno of his title of President for Life. Against the wishes of Sukarno, the government ended the Konfrontasi with Malaysia and rejoined the United Nations (Sukarno had removed Indonesia from the UN in the previous year). Suharto did not seek Sukarno's outright removal at this MPRS session due to the remaining support for the president among some elements of the armed forces.

By January 1967, Suharto felt confident that he had removed all significant support for Sukarno within the armed forces, and the MPRS decided to hold another session to impeach Sukarno. On 22 February 1967, Sukarno announced he would resign from the presidency, and on 12 March, the MPRS session stripped him of his remaining power and named Suharto acting president. Sukarno was placed under house arrest in Bogor Palace; little more was heard from him, and he died in near seclusion in June 1970.

References

Other websites
The Lasting Legacy of Suharto (at BBC)

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1921 births
2008 deaths
Presidents of Indonesia
Former dictators
Indonesian Muslims

Suharto


Emilio Correa Bayeux Júnior (born 12 October 1985) is a Cuban amateur boxer best known for winning the middleweight Gold medal at the 2007 Pan American Games. He is the son of Olympic champion Emilio Correa Sr.

Career
In 2004 he lost in the welterweight final of the World Junior Championships to Elshod Rasulov by stoppage and finished third at the national senior championships.

In 2005 he moved up to middleweight and won the national championships and at the World Championships he won a bronze after losing to Russian star Matvey Korobov.

In 2006 he lost the final of the national championships to veteran Yordanis Despaigne.

At the PanAm Games 2007 he knocked out American Shawn Porter, outpointed Marco Periban 34:10, beat Carlos Góngora 21:13 in the semis and Argenis Nunez 22:5 in the final.

He has reached the 2008 Middleweight Olympic final where he lost bout for gold against Great Britain's James DeGale. The bout would have gone to countback had he not bitten DeGale, for which he was penalized 2 points.

At the 2011 World Amateur Boxing Championships he was upset by Romanian Bogdan Juratoni.

At the 2012 Olympic qualifier he was disqualified in his first bout and therefore didn't participate in the London games.

Olympic results
2008
Defeated Jarrod Fletcher (Australia) 17-4
Defeated Sergiy Derevyanchenko (Ukraine) 18-4
Defeated Elshod Rasulov (Uzbekistan) 9-7
Defeated Vijender Singh (India) 8-5
Lost to James DeGale 14-16

References

References

External links
 PanAm results 2007

1985 births
Living people
Cuban male boxers
Middleweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Cuba
Olympic silver medalists for Cuba
Olympic medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Boxers at the 2011 Pan American Games
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games

Emilio Correa (boxer born 1985)


Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Ohio's filing deadline for independent candidates was unconstitutional.

Background
John B. Anderson was a declared candidate for the 1980 presidential election. On  May 16, 1980, Anderson's supporters filed a nominating petition to the Ohio Secretary of State's office. Secretary Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr. rejected the petition because it had not been filed by the state's deadline of seventy-five days prior to the presidential primary. At that time, the primary election was held on the Tuesday following the first Monday in June. In 1980, the deadline would have been March 20.

The federal district court ruled that the statute was unconstitutional on two grounds. First, the statute violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution by placing too high of a burden to petition the government. Second, the deadline was earlier than that required by candidates in the major parties, thereby violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. That decision was later reversed by the United States Court of Appeals, which was itself overturned by the United States Supreme Court.

Opinion of the Court

Majority opinion
The United States Supreme Court overturned the appellate court's ruling and reinstated that of the district court. Among other points, the majority stated:

An early filing deadline may have a substantial impact on independent-minded voters. In election campaigns, particularly those which are national in scope, the candidates and the issues simply do not remain static over time. Various candidates rise and fall in popularity; domestic and international developments bring new issues to center stage and may affect voters' assessments of national problems. Such developments will certainly affect the strategies of candidates who have already entered the race; they may also create opportunities for new candidates. See A. Bickel, Reform and Continuity 87-89 (1971). Yet Ohio's filing deadline prevents persons who wish to be independent candidates from entering the significant political arena established in the State by a Presidential election campaign - and creating new political coalitions of Ohio voters - at any time after mid-to-late March. 11  At this point developments in campaigns for the major-party nominations have only begun, and the major parties will not adopt their nominees and platforms for another five months. Candidates and supporters within the major parties thus have the political advantage of continued flexibility; for independents, the inflexibility imposed by the March filing deadline is a correlative disadvantage because of the competitive nature of the electoral process.
--John Paul Stevens

Dissenting opinion
The dissenting opinion of the court pointed to Ohio's deadline for partisan candidates, which was the same as that of independent candidates:

Should a candidate decide to seek the nomination of a political party participating in Ohio's primary election by capturing delegate votes for the party's national convention, the candidate must file a declaration of candidacy and a nominating petition bearing signatures from 1,000 members of the party; the filing must occur no later than the 75th day before the first Tuesday after the first Monday in June of the election year... If a candidate chooses to run as a nonparty candidate, he must file, by the same date as a party candidate participating in the primary, a statement of candidacy and a nominating petition bearing the signatures of 5,000 qualified voters.
--William H. Rehnquist

The dissent additionally stated that states had discretion in allowing or refusing to allow national candidates on their ballots. In light of a sensible system of petitioning, the Supreme Court should not interfere:

Today the Court holds that the filing deadline for nonparty candidates in this statutory scheme violated the First Amendment rights of 1980 Presidential hopeful John Anderson and Anderson's supporters. Certainly, absent a court injunction ordering that his name be placed on the ballot, Anderson and his supporters would have been injured by Ohio's ballot access requirements; by failing to comply with the filing deadline for nonparty candidates Anderson would have been excluded from Ohio's 1980 general election ballot. But the Constitution does not require that a State allow any particular Presidential candidate to be on its ballot, and so long as the Ohio ballot access laws are rational and allow nonparty candidates reasonable access to the general election ballot, this Court should not interfere with Ohio's exercise of its Art. II, 1, cl. 2, power.
--William H. Rehnquist

See also
 McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995)
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 460

References

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
United States freedom of association case law
United States equal protection case law
1983 in United States case law
1980 United States presidential election
United States elections case law
United States presidential elections in Ohio
1980 Ohio elections

Anderson v. Celebrezze


The Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church is located west of Pleasant City, Ohio on SR 146. The church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 1978.

History
The Methodist presence in Guernsey County was localized around what is today Valley Township even before this township was created. The congregation met in the barns of several members until the needs for a church building became evident in the early 19th century. In 1832, John Robins donated a site on the southern side of SR 146 for a church and cemetery.  The resulting frame building was used until 1873.  Growth in membership caused the building to become too small, and the idea of a new building was discussed. The new site chosen was across the road and construction on the new building began in 1871. The church was finally completed in 1873 in the Romanesque Revival style, reminiscent of the many churches in the New England states. The architect is unknown, but several candidates have been named.

The church was remodeled in 1898; worn-out decorations were repaired, and the building was restored to its former glory. The rededication was led by Dr. David H. Moore.  After the church moved in 1960 to the city of Cambridge, a community organization, Bethel Community Church, Inc., was formed to protect the building from alteration or destruction, and the East Ohio Annual Conference sold them the building for one dollar.  Following this transaction, the church was converted into a community center.

Exterior
The rectangular red brick structure is located on a shady tree-filled plot. The front facade is three bays wide, with a central projection containing large wooden double doors. Above the doors is a fanlight to allow the morning light to penetrate the building. To either side of the door is a large rectangular stained glass window, designed and shipped from Germany. Above the entrance is a large arched window similar to the lower side windows.

The central projection is topped by a bell tower which rests on a dentil cornice. The arched openings of the tower are decorated with wooden fretwork and the original bell rests on its mount; the bell's mechanism still works. The tower is capped by a spire which once housed a lightning rod, but now ends in a ball.

The side facade is lined with four large arched windows similar to the front, also from Germany. The windows are each topped with a sandstone arch with a large projecting keystone.

The church was heavily vandalized in 2005, leaving a large hole in the triple mason walls, and all of the windows broken, many beyond recognition. The burdens of maintaining the church as well as repairing the damage are more than can be covered by the current caretaker, so much of the damage is still evident.

References

Further reading
Wolfe, William G.; Stories of Guernsey County, Ohio
Sarchet, Col. Cyrus P.B.; History of Guernsey County, Ohio 1911

National Register of Historic Places in Guernsey County, Ohio
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Churches completed in 1873
19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States
United Methodist churches in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Guernsey County, Ohio
Community centers in Ohio

Bethel Methodist Episcopal Church (Pleasant City, Ohio)


Richard III (died 10 June 1120) was count of Aversa and prince of Capua briefly in 1120 between his anointing on 27 May and his death; he was the only son and heir of Robert I of Capua.  He was an infant when his father died, and he fell under the regency of his uncle, Jordan.  Richard III died within a few months and, though no contemporary chronicler blames him, some modern historians have cast doubt on Jordan's innocence.  Jordan did succeed unopposed to the diminished Capuan throne.

1120 deaths
Italo-Normans
Counts of Aversa
Princes of Capua
Year of birth unknown

Richard III of Capua


Mihai Taşcă is a historian and jurist from the Republic of Moldova.

Biography
Mihai Taşcă is a doctor of law, senior researcher, Institute of History, State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Mihai Taşcă is the secretary of the Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova.

In 2006–2008, Taşcă won two cases concerning the denial of access to information opened against the Information and Security Service of the Republic of Moldova, which denied access to its archive.

On March 18, 2008, Mihai Taşcă submitted an application to the Ministry of Justice, seeking access to the files of the political parties; he intended to carry out a study about the election campaigns. On April 15, the Ministry rejected the application. After the second refusal, the researcher sued the Ministry to the Court of Appeal on June 17. On September 30, 2008, the court ordered that the Ministry of Justice offers Taşcă the files he asked for.

In 2001, he founded Revista de drept privat; now he is the editor in chief of this scientific magazine. He is also writing for daily Adevarul-Moldova, in a rubric called The Archives of Communism (once in two weeks, the other two materials per month being authored by historian Igor Caşu).

Works
 Mihail Taşcă, Sfatul Țării şi actualele autorităţi locale, "Timpul de dimineaţă", no. 114 (849), June 27, 2008 (page 16)

References

External links
Ministry of Justice loses case on denial of access to information
Mihai Taşcă câştigă pentru a doua oară un proces împotriva SIS
Curtea Supremă de Justuţie: Accesul la dosarele Securităţii nu poate fi îngrădit
Mihai Taşcă, doctor în drept, cercetător ştiinţific superior, Institutul de Istorie, Stat şi Drept al AŞM
 Preşedintele interimar al Republicii Moldova Mihai Ghimpu a emis un decret prezidenţial privind constituirea Comisiei pentru studierea şi aprecierea regimului comunist totalitar din Republica Moldova.
Moldovan authorities going to condemn communist regime...
Hundreds of thousands of cases to be examined by commission for combating Communism
 http://www.privesc.eu/?p=1884 - The first press conference of the commission, Moldpress, January 18, 2010. Video.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100309165120/http://www.timpul.md/article/2010/01/18/5881 - interview with Gheorghe Cojocaru, president of the commission.
 Vladimir Tismăneanu, Un moment istoric: Comisia de studiere a comunismului
 Site-ul Parlamentului Republicii Moldova

Living people
Moldova State University alumni
Moldovan jurists
Members of the Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova
Year of birth missing (living people)

Mihail Tașcă


Veronica Mars is the fictional protagonist, occasional narrator (through voice-overs), and antiheroine of the American television series Veronica Mars, which aired on UPN from 2004 to 2006 and on The CW from 2006 to 2007. The character was portrayed by Kristen Bell through the duration of the series. Following the show's cancellation, Bell reprised the role in the 2014 film continuation. The character, created by Rob Thomas, was originally male and the protagonist of his unproduced novel Untitled Rob Thomas Teen Detective Novel, which eventually became the basis of the series. After the work's transition from novel to television series, Thomas changed the character's gender from male to female because he believed that a noir piece told from a female point of view would be more interesting.

Before the show starts, Veronica's best friend, Lilly Kane, has been murdered, and her father, Keith Mars, has lost not only his position of sheriff in the fictional town of Neptune, California, but also his reputation, status, and wife. The series begins with Veronica at the bottom of her posh high school's pecking order, having lost her popular status and popular friends because her father accused her boyfriend's father of involvement in the murder.

Character history

Background and details of plot
At the beginning of the series, Veronica is a 17-year-old junior at Neptune High in her the fictional town of Neptune, California, which is someplace near San Diego. According to series creator Rob Thomas, Veronica's birthday is in August. After (and sometimes before) school, Veronica works for her father, private investigator Keith Mars, the former sheriff of Balboa County, California. Veronica has few friends until she meets and helps Wallace Fennel, who becomes her best friend.

Back-story to season one
Veronica's story is told via voice-overs and flashbacks fitted into the main story. The year before the series picks up, Veronica was part of the in-crowd at Neptune High. Her best friend was popular junior Lilly Kane. Veronica was dating Lilly's brother, Duncan Kane and she was dating Logan Echolls, Duncan's good friend. The four were at the forefront of the school's wealthy and popular "09er" clique (named after the 90909 zip code, a wealthy area of Neptune) that dominated Neptune High's social scene. Though Veronica did not meet the economic status of the other 09ers, she was accepted into the clique because she was dating Duncan, and because of her father's influence as sheriff.

Duncan broke up with Veronica and stopped talking to her with no explanation. Lilly refused to explain to Veronica what went wrong. Shortly afterwards, Lilly was found murdered at the side of her family's pool. Sheriff Keith Mars accused Lilly's father, Neptune beloved software entrepreneur Jake Kane, of involvement in the murder. The citizens of Neptune were horrified, and Keith quickly found himself voted out of office and turned into a pariah by the wealthy 09er community. Keith's credibility took another blow when his replacement as Sheriff, former Deputy Sheriff Don Lamb, arrested disgruntled former Kane Software employee Abel Koontz, who confessed to Lilly's murder.

The shock and loss of income destroyed the Mars family. Veronica's mother started drinking heavily and abandoned the family several months later.

Veronica sealed her fate as an outsider when she refused to denounce her father. Duncan stopped speaking to Veronica, and the rest of the 09ers followed suit. Veronica found herself banished from the exclusive 09er social scene and friends.

Two months after her death, Veronica crashed an 09er party, thrown by Shelley Pomroy, to prove to her ex-friends that she did not care what they said about her. At the party, Veronica's drink is spiked with GHB and she awakens the next morning in a guest bedroom without any recollection of the night before and without any underwear. To her horror, she realizes she was raped. When she reports the crime to Sheriff Lamb, he calls her a liar and throws her out of his office.

These events change Veronica. She became cynical, filled with contempt and disgust towards her classmates and Neptune's wealthy elite. A pariah like her father, she funneled her time and energy into helping him in his own detective agency. But when a chance encounter with new transfer student Wallace Fennel led to her gaining a new friend, she began to use her investigation talents to help her fellow students and to go head-to-head with the 09'ers.

Veronica slowly begins to outgrow her cynicism, with the help of new friends Wallace Fennel, Cindy "Mac" Mackenzie, and Meg Manning.

Prior to Lilly's death Veronica is portrayed as carefree, girly, sweet and young, with long hair. It is suggested that Veronica cut her hair because it reminded her too much of Lilly. The transition to a sharp-witted, cynical, edgy outcast was quick.

Detective
After being ousted from the Sheriff's Department, Keith Mars opens Mars Investigations, a PI agency, Veronica gains an after-school job as his secretary. Though she is often forbidden from handling certain cases, she often oversteps her boundaries and sometimes even completely solves the case before her father. She is also an unofficial private investigator for Neptune High tracking down computer hackers, digging up dirt on parents, finding out who stole the school's mascot, and the like. She keeps one step ahead of her father and Vice-Principal Van Clemmons through the occasional help of her best friend Wallace — Watson to her Holmes — and classmate Eli "Weevil" Navarro, the leader of the PCH Biker Gang.

Logan Echolls (Jason Dohring), once a close friend, had helped organize the blacklisting of Veronica from the 09er clique. The two crossed swords on several occasions before Logan sought Veronica's help in finding out if his mother, Lynn, might have faked her death when she jumped into the ocean. Still reeling from the abandonment of her own mother, Veronica empathized with Logan's pain, and the two reconciled most of their differences. Towards the end of the third season of the series, Veronica successfully completes her California state examination to receive her official license as a detective in her own right. Veronica scored a 95 on her private investigator test.

Some years later, Veronica is shown to have moved on from her old life as a detective and has a job offer from a prestigious law firm in New York. However, when Logan is accused of murder, Veronica returns to Neptune to clear his name, eventually deciding to stay in Neptune to fight the local corruption and classism that has developed there since her departure.

Romantic relationships

Duncan Kane

Veronica dated Duncan Kane until approximately September 2003. Both Veronica's mother Lianne Mars and Duncan's mother Celeste Kane were against their relationship, though Veronica did not find out why until much later. Some time prior to Lilly's death, Celeste revealed to Duncan that his father, Jake, had had an affair with Lianne, and that Veronica might be his half-sister. Duncan broke up with Veronica because of this, but did not explain his reasons for doing so. Keith Mars later had a paternity test which proved that he is her father, not Jake Kane.

Veronica did not speak to Duncan until well into her Junior year. A few episodes after the series starts, Duncan and Veronica start being friendly towards each other, eventually even becoming friends. That comes to an end when Veronica believes Duncan raped her and confronts him about it. The issue was eventually resolved when the fact that both parties were under the influence of GHB came to light.

In the summer between the first and second seasons Veronica and Duncan got back together on her 18th birthday. They stayed together until roughly the middle of the second season. Unbeknownst to Duncan, his previous girlfriend Meg Manning was pregnant before they broke up. Meg was on the bus that crashed at the beginning of the season, but survived comatose. She later died of a blood clot shortly after coming out of a coma. Their daughter was born just before she died. In order to prevent Meg's abusive parents from getting custody of his baby, Duncan decided to kidnap her and run away. Veronica helps him to do so and knowing that they can never speak to or see each other again, the two of them share a tearful farewell. Duncan does not appear again the series except for a brief cameo at the end of season 2 where he is now living in Australia and is at the beach with his daughter when his phone rings. He answers it, saying "CW?" (a joke about the show being moved to the then new network CW) and it's Clarence Weidman on the other end, who says "It's a done deal." in reference to the killing of Aaron Echolls, suggesting that Duncan was the one who arranged it as revenge for Aaron being acquitted over Lilly's murder.

Troy Vandegraff

Troy Vandegraff was a childhood friend of Duncan Kane who attended Neptune High for a short period early in the first season. Despite the bad rumors about Veronica circulating around the school, Troy took a liking to her. Veronica was reluctant to date him at first, but warmed to him when she realized his good intentions toward her. In the fifth episode though, Troy deceives her into helping him escape being sent to boarding school so he can run away with an old girlfriend. Veronica realizes his plan and double-crosses him.

Veronica does not meet Troy again until the second season episode "The Rapes of Graff" when they both go to visit Hearst College. Though she is at first cold toward him, Troy insists that he's changed. He also tells her that his feelings toward her were real when they dated and apologizes for how he treated her. When he is suspected of raping a student and shaving her head after a party, Veronica helps to prove his innocence and they part amicably.

Leo D'Amato

Leo D'Amato (Max Greenfield) is a deputy at the Neptune Sheriff Department whom Veronica dated for a short time in the middle of the first season. At first, Veronica merely went to him for help in getting access to classified evidence or files in the police station, but she soon fell for him. Veronica broke up with Leo after she and Logan Echolls kissed and she didn't want to keep dating Leo while she figured out her feelings.

Many years later, in the fourth season, Leo returns as an FBI agent tied to the case which Veronica is working. They resume their friendship and although there is still chemistry, the flirtation between the characters ultimately seals Veronica's resolve to be with Logan.

Logan Echolls

Veronica began to date Logan Echolls at the end of the first season. While she was going out with Leo D'Amato, she kissed Logan in thanks for saving her from a would-be kidnapper (Jonathan Taylor Thomas), who actually turned out to be an ATF agent. Their kiss turned into something more when Logan pulled her into a passionate embrace. They begin to secretly date.

Their relationship quickly ran into trouble when it was revealed Logan was the one who supplied the GHB that would eventually lead to Veronica being drugged and raped at Shelly Pomroy's party. For a time, Veronica even suspected that Logan was her rapist. When she discovered that he wasn't, she resolved everything with him. Their relationship was revealed to Logan's 09er friends at a party. At the same party, Veronica discovered cameras trained on the bed in Logan's pool house and flees. Soon after, Veronica found out that Logan had no alibi the day Lilly was murdered and feared that he had killed her.

Veronica found out that the cameras in the pool house had been set up by Logan's father, Aaron Echolls, and discovered that he was the one who killed Lilly after she stole the tapes, he made of them having sex. The night Aaron was arrested for Lilly's murder, Logan turned up at Veronica's house, after having been severely beaten by the PCHers. Veronica stood by him when he was accused of murdering one of them, Felix Toombs. Though he was acquitted, Logan's behavior became erratic over that summer, because of his trial and because of the revelation that his father had been having an affair with Lilly and had killed her.

He and the 09ers began a vicious turf war with the PCHers. Veronica breaks up with Logan soon after, telling him that he was out of control and that he enjoyed participating in the violence too much.

Late in the season though, he drunkenly revealed to Veronica that he still had deep feelings for her and thought that their love was 'epic. Veronica visits him the next morning to tell him that she felt the same, only to find out that he had no memory of what he'd said and had slept with old flame Kendall Casablancas the night before. But during her stand-off with Cassidy Casablancas, on the roof of the Neptune Grand, it was Logan that Veronica phoned for help. Logan tackled Cassidy to stop him from shooting Veronica. He then talked Veronica out of shooting Cassidy and comforts her when she thinks her father was blown-up on Woody Goodman's plane.

Afterwards, they resume their relationship and become closer over the summer. At the beginning of the third season, they begin attending Hearst College. Their relationship is as heated and loving as before, but Veronica has developed severe trust issues over the last few years. She constantly struggles against her instincts to track him and verify everything he says and does, while Logan resents the expectations, she places on him and her inability to admit that she might be wrong. Though she spurns him when he reveals that he and Mercer left a motel in Tijuana in flames without helping people to escape, she realizes her feelings for him when he comes to her aid after she is drugged and attacked by the Hearst rapist.

Unable to deal with Veronica being in constant danger, Logan tries to convince her to drop her investigation into the rapes and even has a bodyguard tail her without her knowledge, infuriating Veronica when she finds out. Though they fight out their problems and both admit that they love one another, Logan breaks up with Veronica in the ninth episode. He says that they can both see that they aren't working out because neither of them can change their ways (Veronica with her trust issues and Logan with his need to protect her despite her wishes) and that he would rather a little pain now than a lot later. He tells her he will always be there for her. Veronica is deeply upset and breaks down when she gets home. Although Logan tries to help Veronica find out who the rapist is, he is still elsewhere when she is attacked by Mercer and Moe. When he learns that Mercer was the one who attacked Veronica, he purposely gets himself arrested so he can be in the same cell as him — for revenge.

They spent the next six weeks apart. During the break-up, Dick tried to help Logan move on by bringing him to the beach, later meeting up with a group of girls. Later, Veronica showed up at Logan's place and they shared a passionate kiss, realizing that they had missed each other, and became a couple again. In the next episode, Logan told Veronica that he had hooked up with someone else who "meant less than nothing to him" over their 6-week break, but didn't elaborate on who it was. It turns out that Logan had slept with Madison Sinclair in Aspen, which Veronica considered one of the worst insults (though Logan didn't know this). This time, sexual jealousy and an unwillingness to forgive and forget ends their relationship.

Logan moved on to Parker Lee, while Veronica did the same with Stosh "Piz" Piznarski. Veronica vows never to speak to Logan again after he violently beats up Piz, believing Piz emailed a racy video of himself and Veronica all over Hearst. However, the series ended with Logan and Veronica sharing one last ambiguous look, leaving their relationship unresolved.

Although they haven't seen each other in nine years, the characters reconnect in the Veronica Mars film, in which Veronica helps Logan who is accused of murder. They continue their relationship and Logan vows to return to Veronica after his Navy deployment. This relationship is continued into the fourth season which has a side plot revolving around Logan's marriage proposal to Veronica, her rejection then acceptance of it, and finally their wedding. As the series' final twist the Neptune Bomber's last explosion is a bomb left in their car which kills Logan, just before they are heading off on their honeymoon.

Stosh "Piz" Piznarski
Veronica met Piz on her first day at Hearst College when Wallace (who is Piz's roommate) requested her help to find Piz's missing things in 'Welcome Wagon." When they first meet, Piz seems momentarily stunned by Veronica, and develops a crush on her, which she doesn't return at the time as she is going out with Logan Echolls. Although she ignored his romantic feelings, a steady friendship developed between them. Veronica shared her thoughts with him about her problems with Logan, and after Piz unknowingly gave her the advice she needed, Veronica and Logan reunited (much to Piz's internal disappointment).

Piz and Veronica seem quite happy together, and stand by each other when a racy video of them is emailed around Hearst. When Logan attacks Piz after jumping to the conclusion that Piz made the video, Veronica vows never to speak to him again, and Logan's new girlfriend, Parker, breaks up with him because she realizes that he still has feelings for Veronica. After finding out who sent the video, Piz and Veronica are eating lunch when the culprit walks in. Veronica threatens him but he is unapologetic, taunting her about what he can do. Piz holds Veronica back, advising her to drop it and walk away. She reluctantly obeys. The next day Veronica is approached by the student who bugged Piz's dorm room. He is very insulting to Veronica, who ignores it and warns Logan that the boy is connected to the Mafia. Logan remarks that he wondered why Veronica was so forgiving and then beats the culprit up with much passion (as he does not have anything left to lose). When the student, lying on the floor, threatens "whoever you are, you're going to die," Logan answers flippantly "yeah, someday," then shares a look with Veronica who gives a hint of a smile. Logan then apologizes to Piz for attacking him, as Veronica earlier advised him to do, and leaves the scene without turning back, with Veronica still staring at him. Piz's eyes go from Veronica to Logan, and to Veronica again. Sighing, he expresses a look of realization that he may never have the connection with Veronica that Logan has as she guiltily looks down.

In the Veronica Mars film, it is revealed that Piz and Veronica broke up after she transferred to Stanford after her freshman year, but they reconnect when she moves to New York for law school. They are dating at the beginning of the film, but he breaks up with her when her hesitancy to leave Neptune (and Logan) and return to New York make him doubt her feelings for him.

Reception

AOL included her in its list of TV's Smartest Detectives. The same website named her the 8th Most Memorable Female TV Character. She was featured in UGO.com's 50 Top TV Characters, ranked at No. 17. She was ranked No. 14 in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters.

Many have remarked that Bell's performance in the series was overlooked and deserved an Emmy nomination and win.

References

External links
 Veronica Mars: The Complete First Season, Warner Home Video, 2005, UPC 01256972774.
 Official character MySpace

Veronica Mars characters
Fictional characters from California
Television characters introduced in 2004
Fictional private investigators
Teenage characters in television
American female characters in television
Fictional victims of sexual assault

Veronica Mars (character)


Frederick Joseph William Crowe  (1862–1931) was an English organist.

Frederick Crowe was a chorister and then Assistant Organist of Wells Cathedral. He became Organist of St. Mary Magdelene, Torquay, in 1890. A man of wide and varied interests, Crowe taught at Bishop Otter College of Education and at Chichester School in the Pallants. He was a committed Freemason; astronomy and billiards also occupied his time.

In 1904 he founded a Cathedral Oratorio Society, and later that year was centrally involved in bringing together in Chichester the choirs of Salisbury, Winchester and Chichester for a special service to mark the re-opening of the main organ after its restoration by Hele of Plymouth (this was the start of the Three Choirs Festival, now known as Southern Cathedrals Festival). The gatherings continued until World War I, resumed from  1920 and again from 1960 onwards. It was possibly because of Crowe's West Country connections that Hele was selected to carry out the work on the organ in 1904. He became a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society in 1906.

Crowe's salary  on appointment was £150; this had risen to £200 by the time he retired, but Frederick Read was reappointed at £160. Crowe was buried at St. Mary's Church, Rumboldswhyke. In Chichester, a memorial to him is placed in the north transept of the Cathedral.

An Evening Service in E flat survives.

References

1862 births
1931 deaths
English organists
British male organists
Academics of the University of Chichester
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Organists & Masters of the Choristers of Chichester Cathedral
Place of birth missing
Male classical organists

Frederick Crowe


In American estate planning parlance, an incentive trust is a trust designed to encourage or discourage certain behaviors by using distributions of trust income or principal as an incentive.  A typical incentive trust might encourage a beneficiary to complete a degree, enter a profession, or abstain from harmful conduct such as substance abuse.  The beneficiary might be paid a certain amount of money from the trust upon graduating from college, or the trust might pay a dollar of income from the trust for every dollar the beneficiary earns.

Although incentive trusts have apparently become more common in the early 21st century, a 2007 survey found that less than one-third of wealthy Americans attach conditions to the distribution of their estates. According to Joshua Tate, an assistant professor at SMU Dedman School of Law, incentive trusts pose a problem of inflexibility:  "because the settlor cannot foresee all potential eventualities or circumstances and take them into account in the trust, the terms of the trust can prove to be a burden for the beneficiaries."  Eileen Gallo, a noted psychotherapist, has argued that, although incentive trusts may be effective in changing behavior, they may in fact be damaging to the beneficiaries, in that they rely on external motivation to encourage activities that should be autotelic in nature.  The seeming popularity of incentive trusts, however, is reflected in the many websites created by estate planners to market them.

References
 Robert Frank, The Wrong Way to Leave Money to Heirs, The Wealth Report, Wall Street Journal Online, May 15, 2007.
 Eileen Gallo, A Psychotherapist Looks at Incentive Trusts, Journal of Financial Planning (Dec. 2004).
 Joshua C. Tate, Conditional Love: Incentive Trusts and the Inflexibility Problem, 41 Real Prop., Prob. & Tr. J. 445 (2006).
Julia Kagan, Trust & Estate Planning.
 Wells, Marble & Hurst, PLLC, Incentive Trusts:  An Idea Whose Time Has Come (and Gone?).

Wills and trusts
Common law
Inheritance

Incentive trust


Melchiorre Delfico (1 August 174421 June 1835) was an Italian economist.

Biography
Delfico was born at Teramo, in the Abruzzo (then in the Kingdom of Naples) and was educated at Naples. He devoted himself specially to the study of jurisprudence and political economy, and his numerous publications exercised great practical influence in the correction and extinction of many abuses. Under Joseph Bonaparte Delfico was made a councillor of state, an office which he held until the restoration of Ferdinand IV, when he was appointed president of the commission of archives, from which he retired in 1825.

Melchiorre Delfico died at Teramo in 1835. His nephew was the caricaturist Melchiorre Delfico.

Works
His most important works include:
Saggio filosofico sul matrimonio (1774)
Memoria sul Tribunale della Grascia e sulle leggi economiche nelle provincie confinanti del regno (1785), which led to the abolition in Naples of the most vexatious and absurd restrictions on the sale and exportation of agricultural produce.
 Riflessioni su la vendita dei feudi (1790) and Lettera a Sua Ecc. sig. Duca di Cantalupo which brought about the abolition of feudal rights over landed property and their sale
Ricerche sul vero carattere della giurisprudenza Romana e dei suoi cultori (1791) and Pensieri sulla Istoria e su l'incertezza ed inutilità della medesima (1806), both on the early history of Rome.

References

1744 births
1835 deaths
People from Teramo
Italian economists
People of the Parthenopean Republic
18th-century Italian philosophers
19th-century Italian philosophers

Melchiorre Delfico (economist)


Amit Mishra  (born 24 November 1982) is an Indian cricketer. He is an right-arm leg-break bowler and right-handed tail-ender batsman. He plays for Haryana in the domestic Ranji Trophy and currently appears for the T20 franchise Lucknow Super Giants in the Indian Premier League. In addition, he has represented India in Test, ODIs and T20s. With India, Mishra was a member of the team that won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy.

International career

Test career
Mishra was initially called into the Indian squad for a Test against the West Indies in 2002, but was not selected. Mishra made his Test cricket debut against Australia in the Second Test at Mohali (PCA stadium) after captain and first-choice leg spinner Anil Kumble was injured. He took 5 wickets for 71 runs in Australia's first innings and then 2/35 in the second, making him the leading wicket-taker in the match as India proceeded to a decisive victory. Despite this, Indian coach Gary Kirsten said that Mishra would be dropped if Kumble recovered for the Third Test. However, Harbhajan Singh was injured so Mishra retained his place when Kumble came in. Kumble was then injured during the Test and retired, leaving Mishra as India's first-choice Test leg spinner.

Mishra was selected for the early-2009 Test tour of New Zealand, but India opted to field only one spinner, and he watched as Harbhajan performed the spin duties alone. India's next Test was not until November 2009. Mishra took only one wicket in the high-scoring drawn First Test and he was dropped for the Second Test in favour of left arm orthodox spinner Pragyan Ojha, who retained his position for the Third Test as the second spinner.

Mishra was recalled for the tour of Bangladesh and played in the First Test in Chittagong as the only spinner after Harbhajan suffered an injury. He made 50 in the second innings as a night-watchman and took seven wickets. However, he was once again dropped in the next Test for Ojha.

Later in the Indian cricket team in England in 2011 he got his highest score ever in the last test match of 84. Mishra was included in the squad for India's 2016 tour of West Indies. He played two tests and picked up six wickets.

Limited over career
Mishra made his One Day International (ODI) debut against South Africa during the TVS Cup in 2003. Mishra played in the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy in South Africa.

At the start of the Bangladesh tour, Mishra played in two ODIs against Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in a triangular tournament after Harbhajan was rested for the final two round-robin matches. He has been recalled for one day series against Zimbabwe July 2013. He won man of the match award for his 4/47 bowling against Zimbabwe in 3rd ODI played on 28 July 2013.

Mishra managed to get most wickets by any bowler in a 5-match series or tournament against Zimbabwe July 2013. The spinner also equalled Indian bowling great Javagal Srinath's world record for the most wickets in a bilateral ODI series with 18 wickets. Srinath managed his feat in 7 matches so Mishra equaled the record in less matches.

Mishra bowled a fine spell for two wickets against Pakistan in the 6th match of Asia Cup on 2 February 2014. Mishra's bowling figures of 2 for 28 from his 10 overs were the sixth best economical bowling figures in Asia Cup history (bowlers who have bowled a minimum of 10 overs are only considered). He was selected in the 2nd XI of the 2014 ICC World T20 Cup by Cricinfo.

Mishra was included in the squad for India's 2016 tour of West Indies. He took three wickets in one of the two T20I games, taking his career-best 3/24 in it. In New Zealand's 2016–17 tour of India, he was included in the ODI side. He took 15 wickets in the five games, which included 5/18 in the final game that helped India win the series 3–2, and was awarded the Player of the Series.

He was the leading wicket-taker for Haryana in the 2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy, with sixteen dismissals in nine matches.

IPL career
On 17 April 2013 in season 6 of Indian Premier League (IPL 2013) he took a hat-trick playing for Sunrisers Hyderabad against Pune Warriors India and with this hat-trick, he became the first player in IPL history to take three hat-tricks. He has previously taken hat-trick in IPL 2008 playing for Delhi Daredevils against Deccan Chargers and then again in IPL 2011 playing for Deccan Chargers against Kings XI Punjab. For his performances in 2013, he was named in the Cricinfo IPL XI.

Mishra suffered a finger injury during DC's win over KKR in Sharjah. Mishra bowled only 2 overs before walking off the field. Mishra has now dismissed Rohit Sharma the most number of times in IPL Mishra equaled Zaheer and Sandeep's record for dismissing a batsman most number of times in IPL.

He played for Delhi Daredevils in IPL 2015, IPL 2016, and IPL 2017. In January 2018, he was bought by the Delhi Daredevils in the 2018 IPL auction. He was retained in 2019 IPL. In the 2020 IPL, Mishra started well, taking 3 wickets at an economy rate of 7.20, before a finger injury ended his tournament.

Mishra is the fourth highest wicket taker in Indian Premier League history.

Personal life

Health
Mishra was tested positive for COVID-19 on 4 May 2021 during 2021 IPL.

Assault

In 2015, Mishra was arrested as a suspect in a sexual assault case. He was granted bail shortly after.

See also
 List of India cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut

References

External links

Unlucky Cricketer

1982 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
India Test cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
India Twenty20 International cricketers
Haryana cricketers
North Zone cricketers
Central Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Delhi
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Delhi Capitals cricketers
Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers
India Blue cricketers

Amit Mishra


William Marmaduke Kavanaugh (March 3, 1866February 21, 1915) was a Democratic United States Senator from the State of Arkansas.

Biography
William Marmaduke Kavanaugh was born near Eutaw, Alabama on March 3, 1866. Kavanaugh attended public schools in Kentucky and graduated from the Kentucky Military Institute at Farmdale, Kentucky in 1885.

Kavanaugh moved to Little Rock, Arkansas where he worked as a newspaper reporter and later as editor and manager of the Arkansas Gazette.

Kavanaugh then entered politics and was elected sheriff and tax collector of Pulaski County, Arkansas where he served from 1896 to 1900.  He then served as a county and probate judge from 1900 to 1904.  He then turned his attention to business and began a varied career in banking, street railway, and gas supply.  From 1912 to 1915 he served as a member of the Democratic National Committee.

Kavanaugh was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Jeff Davis.  He served in the Senate from January 29 until March 3, 1913.  He later served as director of the Lakes to Gulf Deep Waterways Association.

He was the president of the Southern Association, one of professional baseball's principal minor leagues, from 1903 until his death.

William Marmaduke Kavanaugh died in Little Rock, Arkansas on February 21, 1915, and is buried in Oakland Cemetery in Little Rock.

External links

1866 births
1915 deaths
Arkansas sheriffs
Arkansas Democrats
Tax collectors
Democratic Party United States senators from Arkansas
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
People from Eutaw, Alabama

William Marmaduke Kavanaugh


Too Late with Adam Carolla was a late night talk show hosted by Adam Carolla and produced by Jackhole Industries, a team made up of old collaborators: Carolla, Jimmy Kimmel, and Daniel Kellison.  The show, which mixed celebrity interviews, chatty everyday observations, scripted sketches, and phone conversations with viewers (often canned), premiered on August 8, 2005 in the 11:30 p.m. time slot on Comedy Central.  The show struggled to find an audience, averaging fewer than 700,000 viewers, a poor performance that Carolla jokingly acknowledged on air. On September 20, the show was moved to 12:00 and the live audience was dropped.  The show got its highest ratings when Steve-O of Jackass and Wildboyz fame came onto the show intoxicated and tackled Adam while yelling obscenities. The last episode aired in November 2005.

Recurring segments

Who's on the Blower?
When Carolla takes calls from the home audience, this title card is shown on the monitor and the announcer stops the show to ask "Who's on the Blower?" sometimes to Carolla's impatience. When Carlos Mencia was the guest, the segment was retitled "¿Quién está en el Teléfono?"

Adam Explains to 1780s Guy
Carolla walks in the woods with a guy who looks somewhat like Benjamin Franklin, and plays straight man as the "1780s guy" questions current phenomena such as metrosexuals ("We call them homosexuals") and Oprah Winfrey ("Nubian sorceress").

Germany or Florida?
Carolla explains his theory that all extremely strange news stories happen either in Germany or Florida, and challenges himself and his guest to guess in which of these places a given news story occurred. Andy Milonakis played a special version of this game, Super Germany or Florida? This bit originated as an idea for Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and when the writers vetoed it, Carolla took it to Loveline. Callers would often call in with a bizarre news story and Carolla and Dr. Drew would attempt to guess whether it was from Germany or Florida. The game also appeared during Carolla's guest host stint on The Late Late Show and subsequently to Too Late.

The Lightning Round
In some early episodes, Carolla got so carried away with his rants that he forgot to take any phone calls from home viewers, and so the show's producers invented this segment in which Carolla attempts to answer 10 calls in three minutes.

Carolla originally developed The Lightning Round on Loveline when, after the last commercial break in the show, he would take as many phone calls as possible as his alter ego Ace Rockolla, giving quick answers to each caller, regardless of their question. It used the frequent sound effects of a thunder clap and a cow bell, along with Carolla's insistence of repeating the time ("It's 11:56 and 38 seconds, three minutes and 22 seconds before the top of the hour!") and temperature ("86 in LA, 84 in Culver City, 88 in Monterey Park, 83 in Whittier and 79 in Gardena!").

Can Ray Break This?
In another game that is "sweeping the nation", Adam and guests attempt to predict whether or not Ray Oldhafer, Adam's childhood friend who appeared on The Adam Carolla Project, can break certain objects.

The Listeners Speak
A buffer segment in between commercial breaks that is a tape of a message left by listeners who are "drunk, high, pissed off, crazy and/or have a great accent" This segment seemed to have been picked up by The Adam Carolla Show on the radio.

References

External links

Comedy Central original programming
Comedy Central late-night programming
2000s American late-night television series
2000s American sketch comedy television series
2000s American television talk shows
2005 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings

Too Late with Adam Carolla


is a tactical role-playing game developed by Idea Factory and released for the PlayStation 2 in 2006. It was ported to the Xbox 360 in 2007 as  and to the PlayStation Portable in 2009 as . The latter version was published in North America by Aksys Games in 2010 and 2012 in Europe by Rising Star Games.

Gameplay
The gameplay is non-linear, allowing the player to progress through the game and the story in whatever order they wish. In addition, instead of having separate screens or maps for exploration and battle, the game features a seamless transition between the two gameplay types.

Actions such as Chain, Charge, Hold, Original Skill, Chain Skill, Special Chain Skill, Break, Break Arts, and Overkill are available during battle. The player can position forces on the battlefield and wait for the right moment to string together the combo attacks using multiple party members, both in melee and at range. Blazing Souls allows the player to create over 200 different items and skills as well as the ability to capture monsters and have them placed within the party.

Plot

Set nearly two decades following the end of the Seven Years' War chronicled in Spectral Souls II's True Ending (modified Rozess Army route) the story follows the somewhat random misadventures of  a freelance Contractor named Zelos and crew, who by various circumstances, is at the center of a conflict involving Elemental Cores which both beings called Human Genomes and a group known as the Original Saints are also searching for as these Elemental Cores are both the key to healing the war ravaged world of Neverland and the trigger for enthroning the intended successors of the current humanity, the Human Genome as the new dominant race.  Along the way various subplots involving the cast flesh out this 'war behind the scenes".

References

External links
Blazing Souls Accelate - official website for mobile version Android/iOS
Official site
Blazing Souls Accelate official website
Blazing Souls Accelate official website
Release and gameplay article
Release article

2006 video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Tactical role-playing video games
Video games developed in Japan
Xbox 360 games
Idea Factory games
Single-player video games

Blazing Souls


In economics a customer basket, market basket or commodity basket is a set of different amounts of different goods and possible services. The commodity basket will contain goods and services a typical consumer will likely need. Commodity baskets can be used for two things: First, the price level of two economies can be compared. Secondly,  using the same basket, it is possible to show how prices change over time.  The amount of money needed to buy everything in the basket, over time, is called consumer price index.

Commonly in the basket
The basket will contain different goods and services, such as:
 Food and drink: milk, bread, coffee, meat, beer, wine, etc.
 Housing: monthly rent, fuel oil (used for heating), furniture
 Clothing: shirts, pants, socks, jewelry, etc.
 Transportation: Cost of season ticket of public transport, cost of car, cost of fuel for the car
 Medical care: Cost of prescription drugs, perhaps cost of medical insurance if it exists.

Microeconomics

Market basket


In computer networking, a peer group is a group of functional units in the same layer (see e.g. OSI model) of a network, by analogy with peer group. See also peer-to-peer (P2P) networking which is a specific type of networking relying on basically equal end hosts rather than on a hierarchy of devices.

Computer networking

Peer group (computer networking)


Clive Culbertson (born 28 August 1954, Ballymoney, County Antrim, Northern Ireland) is the founder of The Order of Druids in Ulster. He is a mystic, musician and healer. Culbertson trained with his friend and teacher, the late Ben McBrady, Aircinneac and Herenach of "The Old Gaelic Order"- the order that was in Ireland before the Druids came. Culbertson was given a lineage of authority from McBrady to start his own order – this work is now under construction.

Culbertson is a bassist, vocalist, songwriter, recording engineer and record producer. He has recorded and toured with many artists – among his list of credits are White Roxx, Van Morrison and The Chieftains and the Avalon Sunset album. Currently he is bassist/vocalist and musical director with country rock band, New Moon, of which he is also a founder member. Their latest album, Emerald Country Shack, has received critical acclaim, and is a featured album on many radio stations in Ireland and Britain.

References

1954 births
Living people
Neo-druids
Musicians from County Antrim
Van Morrison
Modern pagans from Northern Ireland
People from Ballymoney

Clive Culbertson


Monsieur Pain is a short novel by Chilean author Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003). Written in 1981-1982, it was originally published in 1994 under the title La senda de los elefantes (lit. "The Path of the Elephants") by the City Council of Toledo, Spain, as the winning story of its "Félix Urabayen Prize". The book was reprinted in 1999 under its final Spanish title, Monsieur Pain. A translation from the Spanish by Chris Andrews was published by New Directions in January 2010.

This book was the second novel Bolaño wrote (following Antwerp, written 1980, published 2002) but the first one published, excluding his collaboration with A. G. Porta, Consejos de un discípulo de Morrison a un fanático de Joyce, which was published in 1983.

Summary
The novel is set in Paris and narrated by the Mesmerist Pierre Pain. In April 1938 Pain is approached by Madame Reynaud, whose late husband he had failed to help, to assist the Peruvian poet César Vallejo who is in the hospital, afflicted with an undiagnosed illness and unable to stop hiccuping. Pain's attempts to reach and treat Vallejo are thwarted by skeptical doctors and two mysterious Spanish men who bribe him not to treat Vallejo. Though he accepts the bribe, Pain attempts to treat the poet but is barred from the hospital and loses contact with Madame Reynaud. He has several run-ins with friends, strangers, and old acquaintances, and finds himself lost in the hospital and later in a warehouse, chasing strangers through the rain, and watching ambiguous events unfold, but he is unable to make sense of any of these events. The novel ends with an "epilogue for voices" which offers brief biographical reminiscences, or perhaps obituaries, of the novel's main characters, which still fails to offer a resolution to the mystery.

Criticism
In a 2010 review for the New York Times Will Blythe states:

The beauty of Roberto Bolaño's slender mystery novel Monsieur Pain, originally published in 1999 and now translated from the Spanish by the estimable Chris Andrews, is that it doesn't behave much like a mystery novel. By the end of the book, which Bolaño wrote in either 1981 or 1982, the mysteries remain unsolved, the ostensible victim may or may not have suffered from foul play and the protagonist intent on figuring out who done it (if anyone did anything at all) appears incapable of doing so.

Translations
An English translation of Monsieur Pain by Chris Andrews was published by New Directions in January 2010. The book has also been translated into French by Robert Amutio (Serpent à plumes, 2008),  Persian by Milad Zakaria (Ofoq Publications, 2012) and Japanese by Kenji Matsumoto (Hakusuisha, 2017).

References

External links
 Reviews
 Monsieur Pain at Complete Review (meta-review and links to online reviews, including from Cleveland Plain Dealer, The Guardian, The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, San Francisco Chronicle)
 "Fascism, Art, and Mediocrity: Monsieur Pain by Roberto Bolaño" at The Quarterly Conversation

Works by Roberto Bolaño
1982 Chilean novels
Novels set in Paris
Fiction set in 1938

Monsieur Pain


The Sixes Mine is a group of former gold placer mines in the Georgia Gold Belt.  They are near Sixes in Cherokee County, Georgia, United States, located off Bell's Ferry Road, south of Canton, Georgia.

History
The Sixes Mine was originally worked by the Cherokee and was located near the Cherokee town called Sixes.  It may have been in operation as early as 1819 and would therefore predate the Georgia Gold Rush.  The discovery of six gold mines was the reason why the Cherokee Nation was forced off their land. The Trail of Tears march began in Cherokee County approximately  from where Sixes Mine is located. After the Cherokee Nation was driven off their land, the Georgia Land Lottery of 1832 took place, which granted  plots of land to Georgia residents who were fortunate enough to win the lottery. One such winner was Mrs. Mary G. Franklin, founder of the Franklin-Creighton Mine.

The six mines that comprised the Sixes are the

 Three Hundred and One,
 Cherokee, Clarkston,
 Downing Creek Placer Mine,
 Macou Project,
 Putnam Mine.

Current status

The Sixes mine and Downing Creek Placer mines were both located in what is now the BridgeMill planned community.  The Downing Creek Placer mine is located on private property on Downing Creek Court.

The Three Hundred and One mine was located on county plat 301, 15th district.

The Cherokee Mine is located off Wooten Drive on Army Corps of Engineers property.  Public access is difficult, and there is no easy approach.  The mine can be accessed by boat on Allatoona Lake up Sixes Creek, or by foot into the Corps property tree line marked by red blazes on the trees across from the BridgeMill neighborhood swimming pool.  Visiting and gold panning is allowed by the Corps, but only panning with shovels and pans in the stream bed.

Sources
Georgia Historical Marker - "Cherokee County Gold"

External links
Location Map

Geology of Georgia (U.S. state)
Gold mines in Georgia
Buildings and structures in Cherokee County, Georgia

Sixes mine


Anatol (Anatoly)  Tschepurnoff (Tchepurnoff, Chepurnov, Czepurnow)  (19 December 1871, Loviisa – 29 April 1942, Helsinki) was a Russian–Finnish chess master.

Before World War I, he played in many tournaments at Saint Petersburg. In 1903, he took 5th. In 1904, he took 9th (Eugene Znosko-Borovsky won), took 2nd (Grigory Helbach won), tied for 4-5th (Koyalovich won). In 1908, he tied for 7-8th (Sergey von Freymann and Rosenkrantz won). In 1909, he took 14th (Alexander Alekhine won), tied for 7-8th (Grigory Levenfish won). In 1911, he took 8th (Fyodor Duz-Chotimirsky and Znosko-Borovsky won), tied for 5-6th (Ilya Rabinovich and Platz won). In 1913, he took 3rd.

After the war, he won 1st Finnish Championship in 1922. He played in 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad at Paris 1924. He was 1st in Qualification Group 7, and tied for 4-6th in Championship Final (1st World-ch Amateurs; Hermanis Matisons won).  On 20 July 1924, fifteen delegates signed the proclamation act of the Federation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE).  The 15 founders were Abonyi (Hungary), Grau (Argentina), Gudju (Romania), Marusi (Italy), Nicolet (Switzerland), Ovadija (Yugoslavia), Renalver y Zamora (Spain), Rawlins (Great Britain), Rueb (Netherlands), Skalička (Czechoslovakia), Smith (Canada), Towbin (Poland), Tschepurnoff (Finland), Vincent (France), and Weltjens (Belgium).

In 1926, he took 3rd in Budapest. In 1927, he represented Finland at first board (+4 –7 =4) in the 1st Chess Olympiad in London. In 1928, he tied for 12–14th in The Hague (2d FIDE World Amateur Championship; Max Euwe won). In 1929, he took 7th in Gothenburg. (14th Nordic-ch; Gideon Ståhlberg won). In 1930, he took 3rd in Stockholm (15th Nordic-ch; Erik Andersen won). In 1930, he tied for 2nd-4th in Helsinki (Eero Böök won). In 1931, he lost a match to Böök (4,5 : 5,5).

References

External links
Anatol Tschepurnoff at 365Chess.com

1871 births
1942 deaths
Finnish chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess players from the Russian Empire

Anatol Tschepurnoff


The Ikarus 451 is a family of research aircraft designs built in Yugoslavia in the 1950s, all sharing the same basic airframe, but differing in powerplants and cockpit arrangements. One member of the family Ikarus 451M became the first domestically-built jet aircraft to fly in Yugoslavia, on 25 October 1952.

Design and development
To research prone pilot cockpit arrangements and controls, the Government Aircraft Factories developed the Ikarus 232 Pionir, a small twin-engined low-wing monoplane, powered by 2x  Walter Mikron III  piston engines. An enlarged version of the Pionir was developed as the Type 451, powered by 2x  Walter Minor 6-III piston engines.

The first aircraft built under this designation was a propeller-driven aircraft that also accommodated the pilot in prone position. It was an otherwise conventional low-wing monoplane with retractable tailwheel undercarriage, the main units of which retracted backwards into the engine nacelles mounted below the wings. This flew in 1952, and by the end of the year was followed by the 451M (Mlazni – "Jet") which had conventional seating for the pilot and in place of the two Walter Minor 6-III inline engines of the original Ikarus 451 (which has two inverted Walter six-cylinder piston engines of  each, 6.7 m (22 ft) wingspan, a maximum speed of 335 km/h (182 knots) and a ceiling of 4750m (15,570 ft).) was fitted with Turbomeca Palas turbojets. In this version, the undercarriage retracted inwards. Provision was made to carry one 20 mm Hispano Suiza 404A cannon under the fuselage, plus six RS rockets under the wings. Further developments were aimed at developing a viable military aircraft from this basic design.

The S-451M Zolja ("Wasp") that flew in 1954 featured a stretched fuselage, folding wings, and redesigned engine nacelles, now in the same plane as the wing rather than being hung under them. In 1960 a S-451M Zolja set a speed record for aircraft with a takeoff weight from  to , flying at 500.2 km/hour. It then served as the basis for the development of an armed version, the J-451MM Stršljen ("Hornet") intended for the close-support (Jurisnik) role. This differed from preceding designs in having a tricycle undercarriage, as well as Turbomeca Marbore engines with over twice the thrust of those used on earlier aircraft, and armament increased to two HS.404 cannon carried under the fuselage. This configuration then formed the basis for the S-451MM Matica ("Queen bee") two-seat trainer that set an airspeed record for aircraft weighing between  and , achieving 750.34 km/hour (466.24 mph) in 1957. It was also developed into the T-451MM Stršljen II single-seat acrobatic trainer.

No member of the family was produced in any number. The 451, 451M, and J-451MM are all preserved at the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade.

Variants

232 PionirA small twin-engined prone-pilot research aircraft, powered by 2x  Walter Mikron III  piston engines. (1 built)

S-451
A larger, more powerful version of the Pionir, powered by 2x  Walter Minor 6-III piston engines and also incorporating a prone pilot cockpit. (1 built)

S-451M
(Mlazni – Jet) Derived directly from the S-451 airframe, the S-451M substituted  Turbomeca Palas turbojet engines for the piston engines, in underslung nacelles at the same positions on the wing and conventional cockpit.

S-451M Zolja
(Zolja – Wasp) Flown in 1954, the S-451M Zolja featured a stretched fuselage, folding wings, and engine nacelles centred on the wing chordline. Powered by 2x  Turbomeca Palas 056A turbojet engines, the S-451M was used to set a world speed record in its class in 1960.

J-451MM Stršljen
 (J – Jurisnik – close support) (Stršljen – Hornet)The intended production close support version with tricycle undercarriage, Turbomeca Marbore engines and cannon armament. (1 built).

S-451MM Matica
(Matica – Queen bee) Two-seat trainer version, used for a world speed record in 1957.

T-451MM Stršljen II
A single seat aerobatic trainer, fitted with more ammunition and maximum ordnance weight was slightly increased.

Specifications (451M)

See also

 Ikarus 452

References

External links

 Ikarus S-451M (Specifications, photos, scheme...)
 Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") photo
 Ikarus S-451, 451M & S-451MM Matica ("Queen bee") photos
 Ikarus T-451M Stršljen ("Hornet") & T-451MM Stršljen II ("Hornet II") photos

Ikarus aircraft
1950s Yugoslav experimental aircraft
Prone pilot aircraft
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1952

Ikarus 451


Operation Viraat ( Virāṭa, lit. "Operation Giant"), along with Operation Trishul, was an anti-insurgency operation launched by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in April 1988 in northern Sri Lanka, in the provinces of Mannar to Mullaitivu and Elephant Pass to Vavuniya.

The operation was planned as a result of the evolving doctrine among the Indian high command of conducting search and destroy missions against LTTE strongholds instead of holding key strong points. It utilized approximately 15,000 troops including armoured corps, Paratroops, as well as the infantry troops and army aviation.
The operation achieved some success in disrupting LTTE operations, with seizures of weaponry and inflicting limited casualties among the LTTE cadres. By the end of summer 1988, these operations had forced the LTTE to move its stronghold, when it started to operate out of Nithikaikulam and adjacent riverine areas.

During the Operation Viraat, the IPKF uncovered well prepared LTTE defenses, including concrete bunkers with electric generators, as well as caches of arms and reserves. The IPKF also suffered in this unconventional warfare, with the LTTE frequently ambushing IPKF convoys and patrols.

References

1988 in Sri Lanka
20th-century conflicts
Viraat
1988 in India

Operation Viraat


Westbury Court Garden is a Dutch water garden in Westbury-on-Severn, Gloucestershire, England,  southwest of Gloucester. It is a rare survival of seventeenth century garden design and was initially laid out by the owner of Westbury Court, Maynard Colchester I,  in 1696–1705. The garden has been under the guardianship of the National Trust since 1967.

Background
The garden was laid out in 1696–1705, a rare survival not to have been replaced in the 18th century by a naturalistic garden landscape as popularised by Capability Brown. It is situated facing the high street of the rural village, extending on low-lying water meadows adjacent to the River Severn; the flat watery ground makes the site well suited to a Dutch-style garden, of which Westbury is the outstanding survival in Britain.  Christopher Hussey associated the Dutch style not so much with topiary as with canals, giving Westbury Court as the prime example, observes David Jacques.  Similarly Miles Hadfield considered that "an essential of Dutch versions of the grand manner was that the ground be tolerably level, with an abundance of water". Later, Hadfield found "not the slightest hint" of a Dutch connection at Westbury Court

Layout
The garden's centrepiece is a  long canal (illustration, right), centred on a two-storey Dutch style red-brick pavilion at one end and a large wrought iron gate in the wall at the far end, designed to extend the vista from the pavilion out into the surrounding countryside. The main canal is flanked by yew and holly topiary in pyramids and balls. A second red-brick building, a summer house built in 1702–04, overlooks a T-shaped canal running parallel to the main canal. Behind the summer house is a small walled garden of cottage plants and beyond the water garden is an orchard of fruit trees, which also contains an ancient evergreen oak planted in the 17th century, the largest ever recorded, it is also claimed to be the oldest in England.

History

The garden at Westbury was created by the owner of Westbury Court, Maynard Colchester I, between 1697, when the brook was first diverted, and 1705. Impetus may have been provided by the canal garden nearby at Flaxley Abbey, which was the seat of Colchester's close friend Catharina Boevey, the widow of William Boevey, member of a Dutch merchant family settled at London; Kip's engraving of Flaxley shows a long rectangular canal, of which only traces remain. Clipped accents to set off the pyramidal yews were provided by 'headed' Laurustinus, headed and pyramidal Phillyrea and "Mizerean trees" in sixes and pairs.

Colchester died in 1715, and the garden continued to be developed by his nephew and heir, Maynard Colchester II, who was probably responsible for the summerhouse and the small walled garden.

Maynard Colchester II also demolished the original late Elizabethan manor house of Westbury Court in the 1740s and built a Palladian mansion in its stead, to designs of a little-known mason of Bristol, Michael Sidnell. This was in turn replaced by a 19th-century country house, no longer standing.

Johannes Kip engraving
In 1707, a birds-eye view of the Westbury Court and its garden was engraved by Johannes Kip for his Britannia Illustrata: Or Views of Several of the Queens Palaces, as Also of the Principal seats of the Nobility and Gentry of Great Britain, Curiously Engraven on 80 Copper Plates; it shows the main canal, topiary, parterres and the pavilion. The cross-axis canal was a later addition, which is not shown, it does appear in a later Kip engraving published in 1712 in Robert Atkyns' The Ancient and Present State of Gloucester.

Restoration
By 1967, with the manor house gone and the garden derelict, the National Trust — who had never been responsible for a garden restoration before — accepted the care of Westbury Court Garden. Miles Hadfield, then president of the Garden History Society, was influential in persuading the Trust to do so. In 1971, work started on the restoration with aid of Colchester's meticulous accounts, Kip's engravings and the evidence on the ground. Authenticity was paramount: in the water garden only plants introduced before 1700 were used, though the appearance aimed at was the maturing garden in about 1720.

The gardens are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

References

External links
Information from the National Trust website

Gardens in Gloucestershire
National Trust properties in Gloucestershire
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Gloucestershire
Water gardens

Westbury Court Garden


Erich Lexer (22 May 1867 in Freiburg im Breisgau – 4 December 1937 in Berlin) was a German surgeon and university lecturer. With Eugen Holländer (1867 - 1932) and Jacques Joseph (1865 - 1934), he is regarded as the pioneer of plastic surgery.

He studied medicine at the University of Würzburg, afterwards working as an assistant to Friedrich Sigmund Merkel in Göttingen (1891) and to Ernst von Bergmann in Berlin (from 1892). Later on, he was a professor of surgery at Albertina University in Königsberg (1905–1910), Friedrich Schiller University of Jena (1910–1919) and Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (1919–1928). In 1928 he succeeded Ferdinand Sauerbruch at the university clinic in Munich (1928–1936).

He is remembered for his introduction of surgical techniques associated with plastic and cosmetic surgery. He is credited for his pioneer research of forehead lift surgery as a means to lessen the signs of aging in the upper part of the face. In 1921 he pioneered a technique for mammaplastic surgery, a procedure that later became popular in the 1950s. Lexer is also credited as the first physician to advocate subcutaneous mastectomy for treatment of fibrocystic breast disease.

Today, the Erich Lexer Clinic for Aesthetic-Plastic Surgery at the Freiburg Medical Centre is named in his honor.

Published works
He was the author of a popular surgical textbook, "Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Chirurgie". First published in 1904, it was issued over numerous editions and also translated into English. Other writings by Lexer include:
 Die Ätiologie und Die Mikro-organismen Der Akuten Osteomyelitis, 1897 – The etiology and the micro-organisms associated with acute osteomyelitis.
 Untersuchungen über Knochenarterien, 1904.
 Die freien Transplantationen, 1924 – The "free" transplantation.
 Die gesamte Wiederherstellungschirurgie, 1931 – The total reconstructive surgery.

References

1867 births
1937 deaths
German surgeons
Physicians from Freiburg im Breisgau
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
University of Würzburg alumni
Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
Academic staff of the University of Jena
Academic staff of the University of Freiburg
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich

Erich Lexer


Johann Bernhard Aloys von Gudden (7 June 1824 – 13 June 1886) was a German neuroanatomist and psychiatrist born in Kleve.

Career
In 1848, von Gudden earned his doctorate from the University of Halle and became an intern at the asylum  in Siegburg under Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi (1775–1858). From 1851 to 1855 he worked as a psychiatrist under Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller (1802–1878) in the mental asylum at Illenau in Baden, then from 1855 to 1869, served as director of the mental institution (Unterfränkische Landes-Irrenanstalt) in Werneck. In 1869 he was appointed director of the Burghölzli Hospital, as well as professor of psychiatry at the University of Zürich. In 1872 he was appointed Obermedicinalrath and director of the Upper Bavarian Kreis-Irrenanstalt (district mental asylum), located in Munich. Shortly afterwards, he became a professor of psychiatry at the University of Munich.

Gudden made many contributions in the field of neuroanatomy, especially in his work of mapping and describing the paths, connections, origins/termini and neuroanatomical centers of cranial and optic nerve networks. The commissural fibers of the optic tract are called the commissure of Gudden in his honor, and he is credited for developing a specialized microtome for sectioning the brain for pathological study. Among his well-known students and assistants are Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926), Franz Nissl (1860–1919), Auguste-Henri Forel (1848–1931), Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser (1853–1931) and Oskar Panizza (1853–1921).

As director of mental institutions, Gudden advocated a no-restraint policy, humane treatment of the mentally ill, communal social interaction amongst patients, and a well-trained medical staff. These were considered innovative, if not revolutionary ideas concerning mental health treatment in the mid-19th century.

Gudden was a respected psychiatrist in Germany and was appointed personal physician to King Ludwig II of Bavaria.

Death and legacy
On June 13, 1886, Ludwig and Gudden were both found dead in the water near the shore of Lake Starnberg at 11:30 p.m., allegedly drowned, possibly murdered. To this day the details of their deaths remain a mystery.

After Gudden's death, his works were collected and edited by his son-in-law, psychiatrist Hubert von Grashey (1839–1914), being published in 1889 with the title "Bernhard von Gudden's gesammelte und hinterlassene Abhandlungen".

Selected writings
 Beiträge zur Lehre von den Scabies (second edition in 1863) - Contributions to the theory of scabies
 Experimentaluntersuchungen über das peripherische und centrale Nervensystem. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1870; 2: 693–723. - Experimental studies of the peripheral and central nervous system.
 Ueber die Kreuzung der Fasern in Chiasma nervorum optici. in Albrecht von Graefe's Archiv für Ophthalmologie, Berlin, 1874, 2 Abth., 20: 249–268; in Albrecht von Graefe's Archiv für Ophthalmologie, Berlin, 1879, 1 Abth., 25, 1-56.
 Experimentelle Untersuchungen über das Schädelwachstum (1874) - Experimental studies on the growth of the skull.

Associated eponyms
 "Gudden's inferior commissure" (commissure of Gudden): Commissural fibers of the optic tract, situated above and behind the optic chiasm.
 "Gudden's tract": The transverse peduncular tract.
 "Gudden-Wanner sign": Shortening of bone conduction time of a tuning fork over bony cranial scars. Named in conjunction with otologist Friedrich Wanner (1870-1944).
 "Mammillo-tegmental bundle of Gudden": Also known as the fasciculus mammillo-tegmentalis.
 The dorsal and ventral tegmental nuclei of the pontine tegmentum, first described by von Gudden in the rabbit, are sometimes referred to as the "dorsal/ventral nuclei of Gudden".

References
 Johann Bernhard Aloys von Gudden, 1824–1886; Images in Psychiatry / American Journal of Psychiatry (biography)
 Johann Bernhard Aloys von Gudden @ Who Named It

1824 births
1886 deaths
People from Kleve
People associated with the University of Zurich
Academic staff of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
German psychiatrists
University of Halle alumni
History of psychiatry
Burials at the Ostfriedhof (Munich)

Bernhard von Gudden


Mithridates VI Eupator (135–63 BC) (Greek: Μιθραδάτης) was king of Pontus during the Mithridatic dynasty. The Hellenistic kingdom was based in ancient Anatolia. He is known as Mithridates the Great or Mithridates the Poison king.

He reigned from 120 BC to 63 BC.

References

History of Greece

Mithridates VI Eupator


Tirunelveli district is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The city of Tirunelveli is the district headquarters. Tirunelveli District was formed on 1 September 1790 by the East India Company (on behalf of the British government), and comprised the present Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi and thenkasi districts and parts of Virudhunagar district and Ramanathapuram districts.  It is the second-largest district (as of October 2008), after Villupuram district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,077,233.

Reference

Tirunelveli district


Pointe du Hoc is a place in the Normandy in northern France.  It has steep cliffs about 100 m high that drop down toward the sea and a very thin beach at the bottom that is underwater at high tide and dry at low tide. It was important during World War II.

In 1944, Pointe du Hoc was part of Operation Overlord, which was the biggest sea invasion in history.  During World War II, the Allied military commanders planned how to attack France, which had been captured by the German Wehrmacht. The Germans had put very large guns at Pointe du Hoc. There were six 155mm cannons in concrete forts that could shoot at Allied ships and troops that wanted to come on land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach.

Allied planes, flying from England, dropped bombs on Pointe du Hoc.  But they did not break the heavy artillery guns, and the Germans moved them away.

For about five months, the U.S. Rangers trained with British commandos to prepare for their attack on France.  They practiced climbing British cliffs.

Once the Allied commanders decided to attack France, they used flat-bottomed landing craft made to carry troops onto beaches. These special landing boats were called LCA and LCVP's or Higgins boats. British navy sailors sailed them. The boats were lowered into the sea a few kilometers away from the cliffs. The British had added some extra armour to the sides of the boats to protect them.  This made it harder for the boats to move fast and turn.

Attack
The American 2nd and 5th Army Ranger Divisions attacked the cliffs at Pointe du Hoc. Colonel James Earl Rudder led the attack.  The attack started at 6:30 a.m of D-Day, when the battleship USS Texas stopped shooting at Pointe du Hoc.   Because the weather was bad, the Rangers' boats drifted in the water and they took an extra half hour to get to the beach.  By then, the Germans had come out of their forts and were ready at the top of the cliff.

The American landing boats reached the beach, and the Army Rangers ran up the beach to the cliffs. The soldiers used ropes attached to rocket-powered grappling hooks to climb the cliffs. Two soldiers carried the ropes and grappling hooks in a wooden box. The soldiers also used ladders that were attached to landing boats and grappling hooks that were shot up from the boats.

When the Rangers reached the top of the cliffs, small groups of soldiers attacked the Germans.  After reaching the forts, where they thought the Germans kept their guns, the Rangers found that the guns were no longer there.  The Rangers went inland and searched for the guns and found them. They used thermite fire grenades to melt important parts of the guns.

Out of 225 soldiers only 90 were still able to fight when reinforcements came.

References

World War II

Calvados
Wikipedia is bad do not use it
point du hoc was in 1999

Pointe du Hoc


Saschko Gawriloff (born October 20, 1929) is a German violinist and violin teacher of Bulgarian descent.

Life
Gawriloff was born in Leipzig and received his first violin lessons from his father Yordan Gavriloff, who was a violinist in the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. He then studied with Walther Davisson, Gustav Havemann, and Martin Kovacz, the last of whom had been a pupil of David Oistrakh and Jenő Hubay. After completing his formal education, Gawriloff won many international awards for his performances, including a prize at the Paganini Competition and the Kulturförderpreis of the City of Nuremberg.

At various times, he has served as concertmaster with the Dresden Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, the Berlin Radio Symphony, the Frankfurt Opera, and the Hamburg Symphony. As a soloist, Gawriloff has played with many prestigious orchestras around the world, led by such conductors as Georg Solti, Pierre Boulez, Christoph von Dohnányi, Eliahu Inbal, Michael Gielen, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Markus Stenz, Peter Eötvös, Gary Bertini, and Alfred Schnittke. He completed a well received tour of Southern Africa in 1974.

In 1992, in collaboration with the Ensemble Modern, Gawriloff gave the premiere of György Ligeti's Violin Concerto, which the composer had dedicated to him. The American premiere took place the next year with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under the baton of Esa-Pekka Salonen. Gawriloff performed the concerto another seventy times in the following decade.

In his teaching career, Gawriloff took his first post in Nuremberg, before becoming a professor at the Musikakademie Detmold in 1966 and going on to the Folkwangschule in Essen in 1969. He succeeded Max Rostal as Professor at the Hochschule für Musik Köln in 1982, remaining there until 1996.

External links
Review of Gawriloff's rendition of Ligeti's Violin Concerto, London, December 5, 2006, by Anne Ozorio

References

1929 births
Living people
German classical violinists
German male violinists
Paganini Competition prize-winners
Academic staff of the Hochschule für Musik Detmold
German music educators
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century German male musicians
Male classical violinists

Saschko Gawriloff


The Italian Male Volleyball League is the league that governs professional men's volleyball in Italy. It is structured with several levels of importance; the highest of them is the SuperLega (formerly Serie A1). Since early 1980s, many among the best volleyball players in the world play in SuperLega and the level of competition is considerably high.

Other websites

 FIPAV
 Lega Pallavolo Serie A

Volleyball organizations
Sports leagues
Volleyball in Italy

Italian Volleyball League