Barclay Godfrey Buxton MC (7 January 1895 –1986) was a casualty of World War I, who compensated for his inability to follow the family tradition of missionary service by founding and running missionary training colleges.

Buxton was the son of Reverend Barclay Buxton, a missionary who co-founded the Japan Evangelical Band, and Margaret Maria Amelia Railton. He was the great-grandson of Sir Thomas Buxton, 1st Baronet the abolitionist and social reformer. He was educated at Repton School, and Trinity College, Cambridge. In World War I, he fought in the Duke of Wellington's Regiment, gaining the rank of captain. When a shell fell on his billet, he was severely wounded with shrapnel damage to both legs.  He was invalided out and walked with two sticks for the rest of his life.

Unable to fulfil his lifelong dream of becoming a missionary himself, he asked his brothers - "What can God do with this bag of bones?" The answer was that if he could not go himself, he should stay behind to train those who could. He took over what was left of Harley College, dissipated due to the war, and, using the post-war Army billets and camps, founded the Missionary Training Colony in 1923, based in Upper Norwood in south-east London. In 1962, the Missionary Training Colony merged with another South London seminary, the All Nations Bible College (formerly the All Nations Missionary Union), to form the All Nations Missionary College and in 1964, Buxton, then a member of the college council, suggested that the college move to the Easneye estate, the Buxton ancestral property. By another merger in 1971 the college became the All Nations Christian College.

After the death of his father in 1946, Buxton succeeded him in his role at the Japanese Evangelical Band as Chairman of the British Home Council, the parent body

Buxton married Dorothea Reader Harris, younger daughter of Richard Reader Harris, in 1922 and they had a daughter and son.

Publications
 The Reward of Faith

External links
The Peerage
Members of JEB
Imperial War Museum Interview

People educated at Repton School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Founders of English schools and colleges
British evangelicals
1895 births
1986 deaths
Godfrey
British Army personnel of World War I
20th-century philanthropists
Duke of Wellington's Regiment officers

Godfrey Buxton


Babatunde Okungbowa (4 July 1966 – 14 June 2016), popularly known by his stage name OJB Jezreel or OJB, was a Nigerian singer, songwriter and record producer. He died on June 14, 2016, of kidney disease.

Early life
Babatunde Okungbowa a.k.a. OJB Jezreel was born on July 4, 1966, in Lagos to Chief Anthony Okungbowa and Isabella Abiodun Okungbowa (nee Pinheiro) in a matrimony that produced 5 others. He was the last child of his mother.

He attended Yewande Memorial Primary School and Mainland Preparatory Elementary School between 1972–1977.

He graduated from Federal Government College, Ijanikin in 1986 where he organized a music concert while he was a student of the school.

OJB furthered his education at Lagos College of Education and Liter-way College, Holland, Year 1987-1990. However, in true pursuit of his passion and a real career, he decided to follow his path in life as an artiste/music producer.

For the prolific producer, music started back in 1986. The artiste started making beats in back room studios, first in his Surulere neighbourhood and later in other parts of the city.

His first son Ayokunle Okungbowa is the rising gospel artist also known as Ayo Jezreel.

Career
OJB Jezreel was a seasoned producer and a great musician. Over the years, he has produced some of the greatest hit albums and singles in the history of R&B hip-hop and afrobeat music in the entertainment scene in Africa.

He worked with 2face Idibia which is the greatest thing that came out of Africa to the world. OJB Jezreel single handedly produced 'Face 2 Face', the album that contained tracks like African Queen that took 2Baba to another level.

He has worked with Beenie Man, a Jamaican American-based musician.

He produced artistes like RuggedMan re-establishing rap music to gain its ground in Nigeria. He also produced Jazzman Olofin, Weird MC, Paul Ik Dairo, Daddy Showkey, Sir Shina Peters, Olu Maintain.

OJB also produced albums and songs for Kcee, Faze, Iyanya, D'banj, Durella, Wizkid, Yemi Alade etc. to mention a few.

He made so much impact in the music industry thereby making Nigeria the cradle of entertainment in Africa also emerging a spotlight in Africa, he remains the greatest producer ever to emerge from the continent Africa.

As a musician he is one of the greatest vocalists and by virtue of years of experience as a producer he has been able to impact his gathered knowledge into his style of music thereby making him Mr. versatile in his last album 'No Drama' with great hit songs like 'Searching' and 'Pretete' which created so much impact that it sold close to one million copies in less than 4 weeks without the push and promotion of a record label. If you call OJB Mr. versatile, he is.

Discography

Singles
 "Pretete"
 "Searching"
 "Beautiful as You Are"
 "Soldier"
 "Pon Pon"
 "Shitta Anthem"
 "Gbemileke"
 "Keys to My Heart"
 "Oleku"
 "Follow Me" ft. Goody Goody
 "I Believe"
 "I Don Tire"
 "Missing You"
 "No More"
 "Malaika"
 "Dallu"
 "Wan Yoh Ma"
 "Get There"
 "What It Gonna Be"

Production
Albums
 Face 2 Face - 2face Idibia

Personal life
OJB was married to three wives, Mabel, June & Korede with eight children between them.

The respected music producer and singer battled with Kidney problems since 2013. He was consequently flown to India for a transplant in 2013. With his kidney experience, he decided to set up a Foundation, 'OJB Foundation' to help people with kidney problems in appreciation to God for saving his life.

However, his kidney transplant failed again a week before his demise and OJB passed on. He is survived by his wife Mabel and her 3 children, June and her 3 Children Denzel, Emmanuel & Zion, and Korede and her 2 children Damilare & Ifebiyi.

OJB was buried on 8 July, 2016.

Awards
 Best Producer At Faith Award 2000
 Best Duo Group At Faith Award 2000
 Best Song At Faith Award 2000
 Best Pop At Faith Award 2000
 My Mic My Sway ( Recognition award for his Inspiration & Contribution to African Youth)
 NEA Honours (Nigerian Entertainment Awards) In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the Nigeria Entertainment Industry.
 Outstanding Achievers Award From Y'S Dom Of Black Kulture Inc.
 Best Music Producer, Nigeria Music Award Owerri
 Dynamic Global Concepts Award

Filmography
Anjola 2015

References

1966 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from kidney disease
Nigerian hip hop singers
Nigerian singer-songwriters
Nigerian hip hop record producers
Musicians from Lagos

OJB Jezreel


Dar Allen Robinson (March 26, 1947 – November 21, 1986) was an American stunt performer and actor. Robinson broke 19 world records and set 21 "world's firsts."  He invented the decelerator (use of dragline cables rather than airbags for a "high fall gag", or a stunt calling for a jump from a high place) which allowed a cameraman to film a top-down view of the stuntman as he fell without accidentally showing the airbag on the ground. This was displayed in his fall from the hotel in the movie Stick. The original decelerator can still be seen on display in Moab, Utah.

Career
Robinson grew up in Los Angeles, California. At the early age of thirteen, Dar made the cover of Life Magazine for his accomplished abilities on the trampoline.  Dar's father, Jess Weston Robinson, was responsible for the "trampoline sensation" that swept the country. Dar spent many hours helping in his father's Gymnastic Supply Company. Dar's natural athletic abilities and his accomplished ease on the trampoline would quickly render him the ranking of 3rd place for his division.  One of Robinson's first major stunts was a 100-foot jump from a cliff into a river for actor Steve McQueen in the 1973 film Papillon. In the same year, he appeared as a motorcycle stunt man in the Clint Eastwood film, Magnum Force. He is also remembered for driving over the edge of the Grand Canyon and safely parachuting out before hitting the ground. In 1979, he set the world record for a free-fall from a helicopter, dropping 311 feet (95 m) onto an airbag.

In a highly publicized 1979 feat, as the stunt double for actor Christopher Plummer in the 1982 film Highpoint, Robinson made a 700-foot free-fall from a deck on the CN Tower, then the world's tallest free-standing structure, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

At 220 feet, the stunt from Atlanta's Hyatt Regency Hotel (doubling for the Westin Peachtree Plaza) in the 1981 Burt Reynolds film Sharky's Machine still holds up as the highest free-fall stunt ever performed from a building for a commercially released film. However, despite it being a record-setting fall, only the beginning of the stunt as he goes through the window is used in the film. A dummy was used for the outside wide shot. However, Robinson performed a similar falling stunt for his largest role as an actor in the 1985 Burt Reynolds film Stick, but this time all but the end of the stunt is fully visible as he is seen from above falling from a tall building firing a pistol at the same time.

Robinson returned to Toronto to attempt a world record cable jump from the CN Tower for a feature-length television documentary film called The World's Most Spectacular Stuntman. The first test of the cable using a bag of water equal to Robinson's weight smashed into the ground when the braking mechanism failed. High winds and bad weather delayed the jump until August 12, 1980. Although visibly nervous, he leapt from the tower's edge, plummeting more than 1,200 feet (366 m) tied to only a 1/8" (3 mm) steel cable, stopping only a short distance above the ground. For this feat he was listed as highest paid stuntman for a single stunt to date in the 1988 Guinness Book of Records. One article claims he received an honorary Academy Award in 1995 for his work, but it is not listed in the Academy database.

Death
Dar Robinson's stunts were always well planned, and he never broke a bone in his 13-year Hollywood career. On November 21, 1986, on the set of the film Million Dollar Mystery, after the completion of the main stunt, the emergency medical staff was dismissed from the set. While filming a routine high speed run by the camera with a fellow stuntman, Robinson rode his stunt motorcycle past the braking point of a turn and straight off a cliff, to his death.

Robinson is interred in the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. After his death, a documentary on his life was made in 1988 titled The Ultimate Stuntman: A Tribute to Dar Robinson.

The last three films on which Robinson worked — Cyclone, Lethal Weapon, and Million Dollar Mystery — are all dedicated to his memory.  Richard Donner's dedication in the closing credits of Lethal Weapon reads, "This picture is dedicated to the memory of Dar Robinson / one of the motion picture industry's greatest stuntmen". He is survived by his wife, Linda and their son Landon as well as his son from a previous marriage, Troy. His son, Shawn Robinson, also a stunt performer, died of heart failure caused by undiagnosed natural causes aged 41 on July 28, 2015.

Filmography (as actor)

References

External links

1947 births
1986 deaths
Road incident deaths in Arizona
Motorcycle road incident deaths
Male actors from Los Angeles
American male film actors
American stunt performers
Stunt doubles
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American inventors

Dar Robinson


Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād ibn Kaykhusraw ( ; 1190–1237), also known as Kayqubad I, was the Seljuq Sultan of Rûm who reigned from 1220 to 1237. He expanded the borders of the sultanate at the expense of his neighbors, particularly the Mengujek Beylik and the Ayyubids, and established a Seljuq presence on the Mediterranean with his acquisition of the port of Kalon Oros , later renamed Ala'iyya in his honor. The sultan, sometimes styled Kayqubad the Great, is remembered today for his rich architectural legacy and the brilliant court culture that flourished under his reign.

Kayqubad's reign represented the apogee of Seljuq power and influence in Anatolia, and Kayqubad himself was considered the most illustrious prince of the dynasty. In the period following the mid-13th century Mongol invasion, inhabitants of Anatolia frequently looked back on his reign as a golden age, while the new rulers of the Anatolian beyliks sought to justify their own authority through pedigrees traced to him.

Biography

Kayqubad was the second son of Sultan Kaykhusraw I, who bestowed upon him at an early age the title malik and the governorship of the important central Anatolian town of Tokat. When the sultan died following the battle of Alaşehir in 1211, both Kayqubad and his elder brother Kaykaus struggled for the throne. Kayqubad initially garnered some allies among the neighbors of the sultanate: Leo I, the king of Cilician Armenia and Tughrilshah, the brothers' uncle and the independent ruler of Erzurum. Most of the emirs, as the powerful landed aristocracy of the sultanate, supported Kaykaus. Kayqubad was forced to flee to the fortress at Ankara, where he sought aid from the Turkman tribes of Kastamonu. He was soon apprehended and imprisoned by his brother in a fortress in western Anatolia.

Upon Kaykaus' unexpected death in 1219 (or 1220), Kayqubad, released from captivity, succeeded to the throne of the sultanate.

In the Cilicia Campaign in 1225, Cilicia subjugated the Armenian Kingdom.

In 1221/1222 Kayqubad launched a naval attack on Sudak which defeated the combined forces of Rus and Cumans. He attack the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in 1221 taking the city of Alanya from its governor, Kir Fard.

In 1227/1228, Kayqubad advanced into Anatolia, where the arrival of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, who was fleeing the destruction of his Khwarezmian Empire by the Mongols, had created an unstable political situation. The sultan settled Turcomans along the Taurus Mountains frontier, in a region later called İçel. At the end of the 13th century, these Turcomans established the Karamanids. The Ayyubids, who were disturbed by the rapid expansion of Sultan Kayqubad I, especially in eastern Anatolia, took action against the sultan under the leadership of Al-Kamil in Egypt. In 1234 Kayqubad I completely defeated the allied Ayyubid forces. Afterward, Harput expanded its borders further in the south-east Anatolia region by capturing Siverek, Urfa, Harran and Raqqa. The sultan defeated the Artuqids and the Ayyubids and absorbed the Mengujek emirate into the sultanate, capturing the fortresses of Hısn Mansur, Kahta, and Çemişgezek along his march. He also put down a revolt by the Empire of Trebizond and, although he fell short of capturing their capital, forced the Komnenos dynasty family to renew their pledges of vassalage.

At first Kayqubad sought an alliance with his Turkish kinsman Jalal ad-Din Mingburni against the Mongol threat. The alliance could not be achieved, and afterwards Jalal ad-Din took the important fortress at Ahlat. Kayqubad finally defeated him at the Battle of Yassıçimen between Sivas and Erzincan in 1230. After his victory, he advanced further east, establishing Seljuq rule over Erzurum, Ahlat and the region of Lake Van (formerly part of Ayyubids). The Artuqids of Diyarbakır and the Ayyubids of Syria recognized his sovereignty. He also captured a number of fortresses in Georgia, whose queen sued for peace and gave her daughter Tamar in marriage to Kayqubad's son, Kaykhusraw II.

Mindful of the increasing presence and power of the Mongols on the borders of the Sultanate of Rum, he strengthened the defenses and fortresses in his eastern provinces. He was given poison during a feast at Kayseri and died at an early age on 31 May 1237, the last of his line to die in independence.

Historian Ibn Bibi mourned his death with these words,"With Kayqubad's death, the back of Islam was broken and the bond of kingdom and religion snapped".

Succession
Kayqubad had three sons: Kaykhusraw II, eldest son of his Greek wife Mah Pari Khatun, Rukn al-Din and Kilic Arslan, sons of his Ayyubid princess wife Malika Adila Khatun. According to Ibn Bibi, Kayqubad wanted Rukn al-Din as his successor who was the elder one of his two sons from his Ayyubid wife, Malika Adila Khatun, but Kaykhusraw usurped the throne and had Rukn al-Din, Kilic Arslan and their mother strangled.

Architectural and cultural legacy
Kayqubad sponsored a large scale building campaign across Anatolia. Apart from reconstructing towns and fortresses, he built many mosques, medreses, caravanserais, bridges and hospitals, many of which are preserved to this day. Besides completing the construction of the Seljuq Palace in Konya, he also built the Kubadabad Palace on the shore of Lake Beyşehir, Alanya Castle and Red Tower in Alanya and Kayqubadiyya Palace near Kayseri.

Kayqubad, like the other Seljuq sultans of Rum, was quite well versed in the fine arts and would recite quatrains in Persian during wine drinking parties.

Identity
According to Rustam Shukurov, it is very probably that Kayqubad and his brother Kaykaus I, who both spent considerable time in Byzantium with their father, had the same dual religious (Christian and Muslim) and dual ethnic (Turkic/Persian and Greek) identity as Kaykhusraw I, Kaykaus II, and Mesud II.

Relations with scholars
Kayqubad I had good relations with the Muslim scholars, Sufis and poets. Many Muslim Sufis and poets such as Mūhyūddīn İbnūl-Arābī, Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī, Ahi Evran, Necmeddīn-i Dāyē, Kāniî-i Tūsī, Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi and Sultanulūlemā Bâhâeddīn Veled came to Anatolia during his reign.

Portrayal in media
In the Turkish historical television series, Diriliş: Ertuğrul, Kayqubad I is portrayed by Turkish actor Burak Hakkı.

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Coins minted during the reign of Kayqubad I

Sultans of Rum
History of Alanya
1188 births
1237 deaths
13th-century rulers

Kayqubad I


Lady Standing at a Virginal is a genre painting created by the Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer in about 1670–1672, now in the National Gallery, London.

Description
The oil painting depicts a richly dressed woman playing a virginal in a home with a tiled floor, paintings on the wall and some of the locally manufactured Delftware blue and white tiles of a type that appear in other Vermeer works.

The identities of the paintings on the wall are not certain, according to the National Gallery, but the landscape on the left may be by either Jan Wijnants or Allart van Everdingen. The second painting, showing Cupid holding a card, is attributed to Caesar van Everdingen, Allart's brother. This motif originated in a contemporary emblem and may either represent the idea of faithfulness to a single lover or perhaps, reflecting the presence of the virginal, the traditional association of music and love.

The painting has been dated on stylistic grounds and on the evidence of the costume. This work can be related to another Vermeer in the collection, Lady Seated at a Virginal, on a canvas of almost exactly the same size, with which it may form a pair. A recent study has shown that the canvas for the two paintings came from the same bolt. In addition, the ground applied to the canvas of each painting appears to be identical and also to be shared with the New York Young Woman Seated at the Virginals.

The painting is depicted in David Hockney's 1977 oil painting Looking at Pictures on a Screen.

See also
 Young Woman Seated at a Virginal
 List of paintings by Johannes Vermeer
 Dutch Golden Age painting

Further reading
 Structured around detailed discussion of Lady Standing at a Virginal

References

External links
 Essential Vermeer website. Web page on the painting

1670s paintings
Collections of the National Gallery, London
Musical instruments in art
Genre paintings by Johannes Vermeer
Portraits of women
Paintings of Cupid

Lady Standing at a Virginal


Paradise is a 1991 drama movie. It is about a young couple torn apart by family tragedy. Don Johnson plays Ben Reed. Melanie Griffith plays Lily Reed. Elijah Wood plays Willard. Thora Birch plays Billie.

This movie was released on October 4, 1991.

American drama movies
1991 movies
1990s drama movies

Paradise (movie)


The Amalgamated Society of Core Makers of Great Britain and Ireland (ASC) was a trade union representing foundry workers in the United Kingdom.

The union was founded in 1902 by a large number of local unions, with a total membership of less than 1,000.  About half the members came from the Manchester and District Coremakers' Society, the largest of the local unions.  Despite its small membership, the union employed a full-time general secretary, Edmund Clegg, who was able to increase membership to 1,400 by 1910.  The union focused on paying benefits to members who were not working, and avoided industrial action.

In 1906, the union was a founder of the Federation of Moulders and Collateral Trades, although this soon collapsed.  It continued alone until 1920, growing to over 4,000 members, when it merged with the Associated Iron Moulders of Scotland and the Friendly Society of Ironfounders to form the National Union of Foundry Workers.

References

Trade unions established in 1902
Trade unions disestablished in 1920
1920 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Foundry workers' trade unions


The world ocean, or global ocean is used to describe all the world's oceans as one large interconnected ocean. It is not a generally agreed term.

It is divided into the standard  oceans: the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and the proposed southern ocean around the Antarctic.

The world ocean is mainly the southern oceans. The Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans can be seen as bays or lobes going northward from the Southern Ocean. Farther north, the Atlantic opens into the Arctic Ocean, which is connected to the Pacific by the Bering Strait:

 The southern ocean would be the ocean surrounding Antarctica, generally the ocean south of sixty degrees south latitude. Parts of the Southern Ocean are covered in sea ice, the extent of which varies according to the season. The southern ocean is the second smallest of the five named oceans.
 The Atlantic Ocean, the second biggest, extends from the southern ocean between South America, Africa, North America and Europe, to the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic meets the Indian Ocean south of Africa at Cape Agulhas.
 The Indian Ocean extends northward from the Southern Ocean to India, between Africa and Australia. The Indian Ocean joins the Pacific Ocean to the west, near Australia.
 The Pacific Ocean, the biggest of all, also reaches northward from the Southern Ocean to the Arctic Ocean. It is in the gap between Australia, Asia, North America and Oceania. The Pacific Ocean meets the Atlantic south of South America at Cape Horn.
 The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the five. It joins the Atlantic near Greenland and Iceland, and joins the Pacific at the Bering Strait. It is on the North Pole, touching North America in the Western hemisphere and Scandinavia and Asia in the Eastern hemisphere. Parts of the Arctic Ocean are covered in sea ice, the extent of which varies according to the season.

The oceans of the world are not constant. Climate change  happens, and so does continental drift over a much longer timescale.

Related pages
 Sea
 Plate tectonics

Oceans

World Ocean


A Heeresfeldbahn is a German or Austrian military field railway (in Austria also called a Rollbahn). They were field railways (Feldbahnen) designed for the military transportation purposes.

History

As railways developed during the 19th century, the military also discovered the utility of this new mode of transport. In stark contrast to the rudimentary road network of the time, the railways could transport large quantities of supplies, heavy equipment and troops rapidly and efficiently. For operations to the front lines the military developed its own system of field railways (Feldbahnen), usually built to a narrow gauge. In addition to the general advantages of narrow gauge railways - they took up less space and could have tighter curves, for example - narrow gauge vehicles and track were more easily transportable and could be quickly moved to conform as the location of the front line changed.

Unlike road transportation, the establishment of a Heeresfeldbahn required the construction of expensive and time-consuming railway infrastructure (albeit of simpler design than conventional railways). They were built by specialist troops trained by the military, known as Eisenbahnpioniere. As a war progressed prisoners of war were also employed. The Heeresfeldbahn is tied to this fixed infrastructure; under artillery bombardment or other acts of war it is not flexible enough compared with lorry transport. A Heeresfeldbahn can also be quickly captured and used by an army's opponents. This could become a major disadvantage if the army has to retreat and is unable to lift or destroy the railway quickly enough.

Due to these disadvantages, the Heeresfeldbahn completely lost its importance in the second half of the 20th century and was replaced by road vehicles which were now more technically advanced, cross-country capable and did not require specially trained crews. In particularly difficult terrain, air transportation is now also used (especially helicopters). The use of military railways is now largely restricted to internal transportation functions on large military sites, e.g. for transportation at munitions depots. In addition there are Feldbahnen on some military training areas e.g. large targets may be mounted on tipper trucks that are hauled by motorised locomotives as mobile targets for live firing exercises.

Subsequent civilian use

In addition to the typical tasks of military field railways in war itself, they were also sometimes used for civilian tasks once the war was over or their military function was finished. Such duties were occasionally carried out by military units and sometimes they built long access lines. For example, in the 1870s, when the Imperial and Royal Military Railway built a supply line from Bosnian Brod to Zenica in Bosnia was quickly expanded into a fully operational narrow gauge railway for general use, thus founding the extensive railway network built to the so-called Bosnian gauge of  . Even after the First World War, when the Heeresfeldbahnen were used very widely, a number of routes were used for public transport. For example, the Grödnerbahn in Tyrol, now in South Tyrol - Alto Adige in Italy was built with 760 mm gauge, like the Fleimstalbahn - Ferrovia della Val di Fiemme, as a supply line to the Dolomite front. The narrow gauge Ohrid line from Skopje to Ohrid in Macedonia, over  long with a gauge of , was originally a military railway of this type.

Transportable Feldbahn track materiel, locomotives and wagons were often sold to civilian companies after the cessation of hostilities and the politically driven disbandment of the troops responsible for them. This materiel was occasionally still in use for decades after the war's end. For example, in some peat works today there are still track sections from the Imperial Austrian Military Railway to be found and in Feldbahn museums there is a variety of steel relics to be seen.

Rolling stock

Usually special rolling stock was developed for Heeresfeldbahnen. Their locomotives, the so-called Heeresfeldbahnlokomotiven (lit: army field railway locomotives) or  were characterised by their simple, rugged design, their ability to negotiate very tight curve radii and travel over extremely poor-quality trackbeds safely. These design features also made them interesting for civilian uses such as the forest railways (Waldbahnen) used in forestry or on civilian field railways (Feldbahnen).

Kasemattenbahn
A special type of Heeresfeldbahn is the Kasemattenbahn (lit: casemate railway), specifically for use in fortified military installations. It is usually used to ensure a reliable and copious provision of supplies inside the narrow passages of casemates. They are found, for example, on the Atlantic Wall, the fortified installations in the Ardennes and in fortified British harbours.

See also

 Feldbahn
 Forest railway
 Light railway
 Military railways
 Military cableways in the First World War
 Trench railways

Sources

External links
 Heersfeldbahn website
 Heeresfeldbahnwagen website

Narrow gauge railways in Germany
Military railways

Heeresfeldbahn


Execrabilis is a papal bull issued by Pope Pius II on 18 January 1460 condemning conciliarism.  The bull received its name from the opening word of its Latin text, which labelled as "execrable" all efforts to appeal an authoritative ruling of a Pope to a council.

Background

In 1415, the Council of Constance sought to put a definitive end to the Western Schism by asserting its authority over the rival papal claimants.  It issued a document entitled Haec Sancta which

...declares that if anyone, of whatever rank, condition, or dignity, including the pope, shall refuse to obey the commands, statutes, ordinances, or orders of this holy council, or of any other holy council properly assembled, in regard to the ending of the schism and to the reformation of the church, he shall be subject to the proper punishment, and unless he repents, he shall be duly punished.

This decree established a precedent whereby even the Pope is subject to the decrees of an ecumenical council. Encouraged by this decree, a rump of bishops defiantly continued to meet at Basel even after Pope Eugene IV had transferred the main body of the Council of Basel to Ferrara.  Those remaining at Basel believed themselves to constitute the true council and even felt empowered to declare Eugene IV deposed and elect an anti-pope in response to their eventual excommunication.  Although Basel had set out to reform the Catholic Church, the mixed and somewhat confused results it produced, coupled with Eugene IV's actions, convinced many to look somewhere other than the papacy for real reforms.  At times these conciliarist attempts at reform became a political tool wielded by those who sought to undermine the Pope.

These developments posed a significant challenge to the authority of the papal office.  In an effort to nullify the threat, Pius II issued Execrabilis to proclaim that the judgments of his office are final and cannot be appealed.

Text

This bull denounces those who "presume to appeal from the pope to a future council, in spite of the fact that the pope is the vicar of Jesus Christ" and "condemn[s] all such appeals and prohibit[s] them as erroneous and detestable."  Penalties for violators of any status or rank, including those having imperial, royal or even papal dignity, are grave.  Anyone who contravened this papal decree would "ipso facto incur sentence of anathema, from which he cannot be absolved except by the Roman Pontiff and at the point of death."  The bull concludes with a formula also used by Pope Pius XII at the conclusion of his Munificentissimus Deus that if anyone would seek to alter this decree, "let him know that he shall incur the indignation of Almighty God and of Saints Peter and Paul, His apostles."

Reaction

Pius II had intended Execrabilis to put a definitive end to all future attempts to appeal papal decisions to a council.  However, his intention was weakened by the fact that this injunction was not consistently invoked by subsequent Renaissance popes in response to the various manifestations of conciliarist tendencies.  It was further weakened by the fact that it was "viewed less in its day as an authoritative pronouncement than a propagandistic proclamation of the view of one particular faction."  However, it was cited in 1483 by his successor Sixtus IV during the War of Ferrara as a pretext to excommunicate the Doge of Venice on account of a Venetian appeal to a council.  In 1509, Pope Julius II again invoked Execrabilis when the Venetians appealed to a council during the War of the League of Cambrai.

When Execrabilis was issued, many prelates in France and Germany were opposed to this bull on account of their support for conciliarism.  In the 16th century, these conciliarist tendencies helped to generate support for Martin Luther, who had in 1518 lodged with a notary his own appeal to a general council from the judgment of the Pope.  In 1520, Pope Leo X alluded to Execrabilis when he brought up the name of his predecessor Pius II in his own bull, Exsurge Domine, which threatened Luther with excommunication for teachings the Catholic Church perceived to be problematic.  Leo declared that "...[Luther] broke forth in a rash appeal to a future council. This to be sure was contrary to the constitution of Pius II and Julius II our predecessors that all appealing in this way are to be punished with the penalties of heretics."

See also

 Conciliarism
 Pope Pius II

Notes

References

Further reading

Execrabilis:  Latin and English Text

15th-century papal bulls
1460 in Europe
Documents of Pope Pius II

Execrabilis


Murderer is a 1975 comedy/thriller play written by Anthony Shaffer. Set in Dorset, England, the play tells the story of Norman Bartholomew, a painter who is obsessed with famous murderers of the past. He takes great pleasure in recreating their crimes, and hopes to one day join their ranks by performing a murder of his own.

Cast of Characters
Norman Cresswell Bartholomew
Sergeant Stenning
Millie Sykes
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Carlo Carretto  (2 April 1910 – 4 October 1988) was an Italian writer, Catholic priest, and member of the Little Brothers of the Gospel.

Biography

Early life

Born in a peasant family from the Langhe, Carretto was the third of six children, four of whom went on to join religious orders. Early in his life, the family moved to a suburban neighborhood in Turin, where there was a Salesian oratory which would have much influence on the formation of the whole Carretto family. He became a teacher and worked with Italian Catholic youth.

Social activism

He entered the youth sector of the Catholic Action in Turin at the age of twenty-three by the invitation of its then president Luigi Gedda. After completing his studies, he graduated in Philosophy from Turin. From 1936 to 1952, his involvement in Catholic Action grew until he became its National Youth President. In 1940, after winning a competition, he was sent to be the Educational Director in Bono, Sardinia. But his involvement there was short due to conflicts with the Fascist regime and the influence his teachings exerted on young people beyond the bounds of the school. So he was sent to Isili and then back to Piedmont. There he was allowed to resume his work as a teaching director at Condove, in Susa Valley, about 30 kilometers from Turin. With the advent of the Italian Social Republic, he received from Rome the task of reorganizing the structure of the Catholic Action of Northern Italy. From a business point of view, he was removed from the list of teaching directors and kept under surveillance for not having joined the regime.

At the end of the war in 1945, Caretto and Gedda jointly created the National Association of Catholic Masters in Rome. In 1946, he became the national president of the Italian Youth of Catholic Action (GIAC). In 1948, on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the foundation of Catholic Action, he organized a large youth demonstration in Rome which became known as the famous gathering of the three hundred thousand "Green Basque". Shortly thereafter he founded the International Office of Catholic Youth, of which he became the vice president. In 1949, with his friend Enrico Dossi, he created a new agency within the GIAC dedicated to young people's tourism. In time it would become the Youth Tourism Center (CTG), of which he was the first national president.

In 1952 Carretto found himself in disagreement with an important part of the Catholic political world that desired an alliance with the political right. He had to resign from his position as president of GIAC. It was at this time that he decided to join the religious congregation of the Little Brothers of Jesus which had been founded by René Voillaume and inspired by Charles de Foucauld.

Religious life
On 8 December 1954, he left for the novitiate of El Abiodh, near Oran, Algeria. He later made vows and was ordained a priest. For ten years, he lived an eremitical life in the Sahara composed of prayer, silence and work, an experience he expressed in Letters from the Desert, as in all the books he would later write. It inspired him to create a quiet place in Italy for prayer.

He returned to Italy in 1965 and settled in Spello, Umbria, where Leonello Radi (a former president of GIAC) managed to have the fraternity of the Little Brothers of the Gospel entrust the former Franciscan convent of San Girolamo, near the cemetery. Brother Carlo was enthusiastic about the new arrangement. Leonello Radi said: "the main activity of Carlo Carretto was the eight hours of prayer a day, I carried him I do not know how many times with my red Beetle, during the trip we talked and, above all, we prayed". Soon the spirit of initiative of Carretto and the prestige it enjoys opened the community to the reception of those who, believers or not, wished to spend a period of reflection and search for faith lived in prayer, in manual work and in the exchange of experiences. At the convent where the Fraternity was, many country houses scattered on Mount Subasio were added, transformed into hermitages named after various holy figures. For over twenty years, Carretto was the animator of this center flanked by its many collaborators, friends and benefactors, including the Roman engineer Renato Di Tillo who was very important for the activity of the group and a fraternal friend also of Saint Teresa of Calcutta.

Later life
During these years, he continued his activities as a writer. One notable book of that period was the Small Family Church which provoked controversy in the Catholic world over whether the ideas it expressed align with Christian morality. A man of the word and of the pen, he used these two means very effectively to communicate to others his "discoveries" and his experience of faith.

His books have been translated into many languages creating a group of readers in many countries around the world. Consequently, he was often invited to bring his word to conferences and spiritual meetings.

Throughout his retirement, he always participated in the events of Italian society. In 1974, during the debate around the referendum on divorce, he joined the group of "Catholics for the No", opposed to the repeal of the law on divorce already in force.

However, the Italian Catholic Action remained his first love, never forgotten. In 1986, when internal conflicts with the National Presidency of ACI pushed Pope John Paul II to recall the association to a more visible commitment in the world, Carretto wrote a Letter to Peter in which he passionately defends the "religious choice" pursued by the ACI of the new Statute and its President Alberto Monticone.

Carlo Carretto died in Umbria after struggling with a sickness. He was 78 years old.

List of works published in Italian
 Carlo Carretto. Letters from the Desert. Brescia, La Scuola, 1967.
 Carlo Carretto. El-Abiodh - Spiritual Diary: 1954-1955. Assisi, Cittadella, 1990.
 Carlo Carretto. What Matters is to love. Rome, Ave, 1995.
 Carlo Carretto. And God saw that it was good. Rome, Ave, 1995.
 Carlo Carretto. Small Church Family. Rome, Ave, 1996.
 Carlo Carretto. In love with God. Autobiography . Assisi, Cittadella, 1997.
 Carlo Carretto. Letters to Dolcidia: 1954-1983. Assisi, Cittadella, 1997.
 Carlo Carretto. The God who Comes. Rome, Città Nuova, 1998.
 Carlo Carretto. Love Blossoms in the Desert. Cinisello Balsamo, San Paolo, 1998.
 Carlo Carretto. Blessed are You who Believed. Cinisello Balsamo, San Paolo, 1999.
 Carlo Carretto. The Utopia that has the Power to Save you. Brescia, Queriniana, 1999.
 Carlo Carretto. My Father I abandon myself to you. A commentary on the prayer of Charles de Foucauld. Rome, New Town, 1999.
 Carlo Carretto (edited by). Stories of a Russian Pilgrim. Assisi, Cittadella, 2000.
 Carlo Carretto. Why Lord? Pain: secret hidden over the centuries. Bologna, EDB, 2001.
 Carlo Carretto. An Endless Journey. Assisi, Cittadella, 2002.
 Carlo Carretto. Beyond Things. Assisi, Cittadella, 2003.
 Carlo Carretto. I Searched and Found. My experience of God and of the Church. Assisi, Cittadella, 2003.
 Carlo Carretto. I, Francis. Assisi, Cittadella, 2003.  (First edition 1980 -  )
 Carlo Carretto. The Desert in the City. Cinisello Balsamo, San Paolo, 2003.
 Carlo Carretto. The Strength of Abandonment. Spiritual abbreviation of a seeker of God. Curated by Roberta Russo. Turin, Gribaudi, 2003.
 Ernesto Balducci, Carlo Carretto. The Sanctity of Poor People. Cinisello Balsamo, San Paolo, 2003.

References

Bibliography
 Leonello Radi. Carlo Carretto in Spello - the foundation of the "fraternity". Presentation by Mons. Loris Francesco Capovilla, Editrice AVE, 1999.
 Gian Carlo Sibilia. A contemplative on the roads of the world. Cittadella Editrice.
 Gian Carlo Sibilia. In love with God (Paoline edition)
 Gianni Di Santo. Carlo Carretto: The Prophet of Spello (San Paolo edition) 2010.
 Alberto Chiara, Carlo Carretto: Commitment, silence, hope (Paoline edition) 2010:
 Bartolo Gariglio, Catholics from the Risorgimento to Benedict XVI. A journey from Piedmont to Italy, Morcelliana, Brescia 2013.

External links
Carlo Carretto; Italian Wikiquote

1910 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Italian people
Roman Catholic writers
Youth activists
People from Alessandria

Carlo Carretto


A pedestrian is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or pavement, but this was not the case historically.

Etymology

The meaning of pedestrian is displayed with the morphemes ped- ('foot') and -ian ('characteristic of'). This word is derived from the Latin term pedester ('going on foot') and was first used (in English language) during the 18th century. It was originally used, and can still be used today, as an adjective meaning plain or dull. However, in this article it takes on its noun form and refers to someone who walks.

The word pedestrian may have been used in middle French in the Recueil des Croniques et Anchiennes Istories de la Grant Bretaigne.

History

Walking has always been the primary means of human locomotion. The first humans to migrate from Africa, about 60,000 years ago, walked. They walked along the coast of India to reach Australia. They walked across Asia to reach the Americas, and from Central Asia into Europe.

With the advent of the cars in the beginning of the 20th century, the main story is the cars took over, and 'people chose the car', but there were many groups and movements that both held on to walking as their preferred means of daily transport and some who organised and sought to bring forth their conviction, and to counterbalance the onesided media coverage that often favoured cars, e.g. as related by Peter Norton.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, pedestrianism (walking) was a popular spectator sport just as equestrianism still is in places such as the United Kingdom and the United States. One of the most famous pedestrians of that period was Captain Robert Barclay Allardice, known as "The Celebrated Pedestrian", of Stonehaven in Scotland. His most impressive feat was to walk  every hour for 1000 hours, which he achieved between 1 June and 12 July 1809. This feat captured many people's imagination, and around 10,000 people came to watch over the course of the event. During the rest of the 19th century, many people tried to repeat this feat, including Ada Anderson who developed it further and walked a half-mile (800 m) each quarter-hour over the 1,000 hours.

Since the 20th century, interest in walking as a sport has dropped. Racewalking is still an Olympic sport, but fails to catch public attention as it did. However major walking feats are still performed, such as the Land's End to John o' Groats walk in the United Kingdom, and the traversal of North America from coast to coast. The first person to walk around the world was Dave Kunst who started his walk traveling east from Waseca, Minnesota on 20 June 1970 and completed his journey on 5 October 1974, when he re-entered the town from the west. These feats are often tied to charitable fundraising and are undertaken by celebrities such as Sir Jimmy Savile and Ian Botham as well as by others.

Footpaths and roads

Outdoor pedestrian networks

Roads often have a designated footpath for pedestrian traffic, called the sidewalk in North American English, the pavement in British English, and the footpath in Australian and New Zealand English. There are also footpaths not associated with a road; these include urban short cuts and also rural paths used mainly by ramblers, hikers, or hill-walkers. Footpaths in mountainous or forested areas may also be called trails. Pedestrians share some footpaths with horses and bicycles: these paths may be known as bridleways. Other byways used by walkers are also accessible to vehicles. There are also many roads with no footpath. Some modern towns (such as the new suburbs of Peterborough in England) are designed with the network of footpaths and cycle paths almost entirely separate from the road network.

The term trail is also used by the authorities in some countries to mean any footpath that is not attached to a road or street. If such footpaths are in urban environments and are meant for both pedestrians and pedal cyclists, they can be called shared use paths or multi-use paths in general and official usage.

Some shopping streets are for pedestrians only. Some roads have special pedestrian crossings. A bridge solely for pedestrians is a footbridge.

Under British law, regardless of whether there is a footpath, pedestrians have the right to use most public roads, excluding motorways and some toll tunnels and bridges such as the Blackwall Tunnel and the Dartford Crossing. The UK Highway Code advises that pedestrians should walk in the opposite direction to oncoming traffic on a road with no footpath.

Indoor pedestrian networks
Indoor pedestrian networks connect the different rooms or spaces of a building. Airports, museums, campuses, hospitals and shopping centres might have tools allowing for the computation of the shortest paths between two destinations. Their increasing availability is due to the complexity of path finding in these facilities. Different mapping tools, such as OpenStreetMap, are extending to indoor spaces.

Pedestrianisation
Pedestrianisation might be considered as process of removing vehicular traffic from city streets or restricting vehicular access to streets for use by pedestrians, to improve the environment and the safety.

Efforts are under way by pedestrian advocacy groups to restore pedestrian access to new developments, especially to counteract newer developments, 20% to 30% of which in the United States do not include footpaths. Some activists advocate large pedestrian zones where pedestrians only or pedestrians and some non-motorised vehicles are allowed. Many urbanists have extolled the virtues of pedestrian streets in urban areas. In the US the proportion of households without a car is 8%, but a notable exception is New York City, the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%).

The use of cars for short journeys is officially discouraged in many parts of the world, and construction or separation of dedicated walking routes in city centres receives a high priority in many large cities in Western Europe, often in conjunction with public transport enhancements. In Copenhagen, the world's longest pedestrian shopping area, Strøget, has been developed over the last 40 years principally due to the work of Danish architect Jan Gehl, a principle of urban design known as copenhagenisation.

Safety issues

Safety is an important issue where cars can cross the pedestrian way. Drivers and pedestrians share some responsibility for improving safety of road users. Road traffic crashes are not inevitable; they are both predictable and preventable.

Key risks for pedestrians are well-known. Among the well-documented factors are driver behaviour (including speeding and drunk driving); infrastructure missing facilities (including pavements, crossings and islands); and vehicle designs which are not forgiving to pedestrians struck by a vehicle. The Traffic Injury Research Foundation describes pedestrians as vulnerable road users because they are not protected in the same way as occupants of motor vehicles. This increasing focus on pedestrians versus motor vehicles is occurring in many countries.

Most pedestrian injuries occur while they are crossing a street. Most crashes involving a pedestrian occur at night. Most pedestrian fatalities are killed by a frontal impact. In such a situation, an adult pedestrian is struck by a car front (for instance, the bumper touches either the leg or knee-joint area), accelerating the lower part of the body forward while "the upper body is rotated and accelerated relative to the car," at which point the pelvis and thorax are hit. Then the head hits the windscreen at the velocity of the striking car. Finally, the victim falls to the ground.

Research has shown that urban crimes, or the mere perception of crimes, severely affects the mental and physical health of pedestrians. Inter-pedestrian behaviour, without the involvement of vehicles, is also a key factor to pedestrian safety.

Some special interest groups consider pedestrian fatalities on American roads a carnage.
Five states – Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia and Texas – are the site of 46% of all pedestrian deaths in the country.
The advent of SUVs is considered a leading cause; speculation of other factors includes population growth, driver distraction with mobile phones, poor street lighting, alcohol and drugs and speeding.

Cities have had mixed result in addressing pedestrian safety with Vizion zero plan: Los Angeles fails while NYC has had success. Nonetheless, in the US, some pedestrians have just 40 seconds to cross a 10 lanes street.

Pedestrian fatalities are much more common in accident situations in the European Union than in the United States. In the European Union countries, more than 200,000 pedestrians and cyclists are injured annually. Also, each year, more than 270 000 pedestrians lose their lives on the world's roads. At a global level pedestrians constitute 22% of all road deaths, but might be two-thirds in some countries.
Pedestrian fatalities, in 2016, are 2.6 per million population in the Netherlands, 4.3 in Sweden, 4.5 per million population in Wales, 5.3 in New Zealand, 6.0 in Germany; 7.1 in United Kingdom, 7.5 in Australia, 8.4 in France, 8.4 in Spain, 9.4 in Italy, 11.1 in Israel, 13 in Japan, 13.8 in Greece, 18.5 in the United States of America, 22.9 in Poland, and 36.3 in Romania

Safety trends

Road design impact on safety

It is well documented that a minor increase in speed might greatly increase the likelihood of a crash, and exacerbate resulting casualties. For this reason, the recommended maximum speed is  or  in residential and high pedestrian traffic areas, with enforced traffic rules on speed limits
and traffic-calming measures.

The design of road and streets plays a key role in pedestrian safety. Roads are too often designed for motorized vehicles, without taking into account pedestrian and bicycle needs. The non-existence of sidewalk and signals increases risk for pedestrians. This defect might more easily be observed on arterial roadways, intersections and fast-speed lanes without adequate attention to pedestrian facilities. For instance, an assessment of roads in countries from many continents shows that 84% of roads are without pedestrian footpaths, while maximum limited speed is greater than 40 km/h.

Among the factors which reduce road safety for pedestrians are wider lanes, roadway widening, and roadways designed for higher speeds and with increased numbers of traffic lanes.

For this reason, some European cities such as Freiburg (Germany) have lowered the speed limit to 30 km/h on 90% of its streets, to reduce risk for its 15 000 people. With such policy, 24% of daily trips are performed by foot, against 28% by bicycles, 20% by public transport and 28% ( See Zone 30)

A similar set of policies to discourage the use of cars and increase safety for pedestrians has been implemented by the Northern European capitals of Oslo and Helsinki. In 2019, this resulted in both cities counting zero pedestrian deaths for the first time.

Seasonality

In Europe, pedestrian fatalities have a seasonal factor, with 6% of annual fatalities occurring in April for 13% (twice more) occurring in December. The rationale for such a change might be complex.

Health benefits and environment

Regular walking is important both for human health and for the natural environment. Frequent exercise such as walking tends to reduce the chance of obesity and related medical problems. In contrast, using a car for short trips tends to contribute both to obesity and via vehicle emissions to climate change: internal combustion engines are more inefficient and highly polluting during their first minutes of operation (engine cold start). General availability of public transportation encourages walking, as it will not, in most cases, take one directly to one's destination.

Unicode
In Unicode, the hexadecimal code for "pedestrian" is 1F6B6. In XML and HTML, the string 🚶 produces 🚶.

See also
 Dérive aimless walking usually through city streets
 Footpath
 Jaywalking
 Junior safety patrol
 List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters
 Pedestrian zone
 Traffic calming
 Trail ethics
 Walkability
 Walking audit
 Walking

References

External links

Transport terminology
Walking

Pedestrian


A running back (RB) is a member of the offensive backfield in gridiron football. The primary roles of a running back are to receive handoffs from the quarterback to rush the ball, to line up as a receiver to catch the ball, and block. There are usually one or two running backs on the field for a given play, depending on the offensive formation. A running back may be a halfback (in certain contexts also referred to as a "tailback"  —  see below), a wingback or a fullback. A running back will sometimes be called a "feature back" if he is the team's key player/more prominent running back.

Halfback/tailback

The halfback (HB) or tailback (TB) position is responsible for carrying the ball on the majority of running plays, and may frequently be used as a receiver on short (or sometimes long, depending on the system) passing plays.

In the modern game, an effective halfback must have a blend of both quickness and agility as a runner, as well as sure hands and good vision up-field as a receiver. Quarterbacks depend on halfbacks as a safety valve or checkdown receiver when primary targets downfield are covered or when they are under pressure. Occasionally, halfbacks line up as additional wide receivers.

When not serving either of these functions, the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking, either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football. If a team uses a Wildcat formation, often the halfback—instead of the quarterback—is the one who directly receives the snap. As a trick play, running backs are occasionally used to pass the ball on a halfback option play or halfback pass.

The difference between halfback and tailback is the position of the player in the team's offensive formation. In historical formations, the halfback lined up approximately halfway between the line of scrimmage and the fullback (similarly, quarterbacks lined up a quarter of the distance between the line of scrimmage and the fullback). Because the halfback is usually the team's main ball carrier (while the fullback is primarily a blocker), modern offensive formations have positioned the halfback behind the fullback (at the "tail end" of the formation), to take advantage of the fullback's blocking abilities. As a result, some systems or playbooks will call for a tailback as opposed to a halfback.

In Canadian football, the term tailback is often used interchangeably with running back, while the use of the term halfback is often exclusively reserved for the defensive halfback, which refers to the defensive back halfway between the linebackers and the cornerbacks.

Fullback

In most modern college and professional football schemes, fullbacks (FB) carry the ball infrequently, instead using their stronger physiques as primary "lead blockers". On most running plays, the fullback leads the halfback, attempting to block potential tacklers before they reach the ball carrier.

When fullbacks are called upon to carry the ball, the situation typically calls for gaining a short amount of yardage, such as scoring from the goal line, as the fullback can use his bulkiness to avoid being tackled early. While fullbacks do act as an eligible receiver, most plays call for the fullback to remain in the backfield and block any defensive players who make it past the offensive line, a skill referred to as "blitz pickup". Fullbacks are technically running backs, but today the term "running back" is usually used in referring to the halfback or tailback. Although modern fullbacks are rarely used as ball carriers, in previous offensive schemes fullbacks would be the designated ball carriers.

In high school football, where player sizes vary greatly, fullbacks are still frequently used as ball carriers. In high school and college offenses, the triple option scheme uses the fullback as a primary ball carrier. The fullback plays a unique role by establishing an inside running threat on every play. College teams such as Georgia Tech and Air Force have employed the triple option scheme.

While in years past the fullback lined up on the field for almost every offensive play, teams often opt to replace the fullback with an additional wide receiver or a tight end in modern football. Fullbacks in the National Football League today rarely carry or catch the ball, since they are used almost exclusively as blockers. Fullbacks are also still used occasionally as rushers on plays when a short gain is needed for a first-down or touchdown or to surprise the defense since they are usually not expecting a fullback to run or catch the ball.  In the past, fullbacks could even be a team's featured back, using their larger size and strength as a "power rusher" to dominate the ground game. Pro Football Hall of Fame members Jim Brown, Marion Motley, Franco Harris, John Riggins, and Larry Csonka were fullbacks.

Characteristics of a running back

Height and weight

There is a diversity in those who play at the running back position. At one extreme are smaller (5'4"–5'10"), shiftier players. These quick, agile, and elusive running backs are often called "scat backs" because their low center of gravity and maneuverability allow them to dodge tacklers. Running backs known for their elusiveness include Red Grange, Hugh McElhenny, Gale Sayers, and Barry Sanders.

At the other extreme are "power backs:" bigger, stronger players who can break through tackles using brute strength and raw power. They are usually slower runners compared to other backs, and typically run straight ahead (or "North-and-South" in football terminology) rather than dodging to the outside edges of the playing field. Hall of Famers Earl Campbell, Bronko Nagurski, John Riggins, and Larry Csonka, as well as NFL all-time leading rusher Emmitt Smith, were considered power running backs. Derrick Henry, Mark Ingram II, Carlos Hyde, Nick Chubb, Kareem Hunt, and Leonard Fournette are all examples of current NFL power running backs.

More recently the NFL has turned to running backs who combine those traits such as Todd Gurley, Ezekiel Elliott, Dalvin Cook, and Saquon Barkley. These backs combine elusiveness with power and patience as well as receiving ability and blocking to become an all around, three-down backs.

Receiving ability

Over the years, NFL running backs have been used as receivers out of the backfield. On passing plays, a running back will often run a "safe route", such as a hook or a flat route, that gives a quarterback a target when all other receivers are covered or when the quarterback feels pressured. Hall of Famer Lenny Moore was a halfback who played primarily as a pass receiver.

Christian McCaffrey, is one of few players to have 1000 yards rushing and 1000 yards receiving in the same season in 2019. Some teams have a specialist "third down back", who is skilled at catching passes or better at pass blocking and "picking up the blitz", and thus is often put in the game on third down and long. It can also be used to fool the defense by making them think it is being put into the game for a pass play, when the play is actually a run. James White was used as a third-down back, or as an extra wide receiver. His receiving statistics exceed his rushing statistics, with 3,184 yards and 25 receiving touchdowns on 369 receptions, compared to 1,240 yards and 10 rushing touchdowns on 309 carries.

Blocking
Running backs are also required to help the offensive line in passing situations, and, in the case of the fullback, running plays. Running backs will regularly block blitzing linebackers or safeties on passing plays when the offensive line is occupied with the defensive linemen. On running plays, the fullback will often attempt to create a hole in the offensive line for the running back to run through. Effective blocking backs are usually key components for a running back's success. On passing plays, a running back will stay back to help block and pick up the blitz

Goal line backs
Many teams also have a running back designated as a "goal line back" or "short yardage specialist". This running back comes into the game in short yardage situations when the offense needs only a little bit of yardage to get a first down or a touchdown. Normally, when an offense gets inside the 5-yard line it sends in its goal line formation, which usually includes eight blockers, a quarterback, a running back, and a fullback. The closer it is to the goal line, the more likely it is to use this formation. If a certain running back is used often near the goal line, he may be called the "goal line back." Short yardage and goal line backs often are power backs who are not prone to fumbling, who muscle through or push a large mass of defenders to get the first down or touchdown.

As kick and punt returners
Running backs are sometimes called upon to return punts and kickoffs, a role usually filled by wide receivers and cornerbacks, who are generally among the fastest players on the team. A running back, Brian Mitchell, currently holds the NFL records for career kickoff return yards (14,014 yards) and career punt return yards (4,999 yards).

Value of running backs in the NFL

In previous decades, the running back position was considered to be one of the more important skill positions in the NFL. In fact, as recently as the 1990s, the running back position was considered by some to be as important, if not more important, than the quarterback position. For example, in the history of the NFL Draft, 23 running backs have been selected with the first overall pick, the most recent of these being Ki-Jana Carter in 1995. However, in the modern NFL, teams currently value running backs significantly less than they did in previous decades.

Usage of analytics

There are several possible explanations for the aforementioned shift in how teams have valued running backs. A common explanation for the shift is that teams have incorporated analytics into team-building. The analytics community has often considered the running back position to be the least important and most replaceable of any position in football. These analysts have defended this argument by noting that running back production is heavily dependent on offensive line play and offensive scheming rather than the ball carrier himself. Additionally, these analysts have noted that running back talent is replicable by citing that backups and mid-to-late round backs have often matched and sometimes exceeded the production of starting running backs or first-round backs. For example, in every season from 2019 to 2022, Dallas Cowboys backup running back Tony Pollard, a 2019 fourth-round selection, averaged more yards per carry than Dallas's starting running back, Ezekiel Elliott, who was selected in the first round of the 2016 NFL Draft. Furthermore, in 2022, star running back and 2017 first-round selection Christian McCaffrey, who began the season as the feature back for the Carolina Panthers, averaged 4.7 yards per carry in the team's first six games of the season. After Carolina traded McCaffrey to the San Francisco 49ers before Week 7, running backs D'Onta Foreman and Chuba Hubbard, who were selected in the third round in 2017 and the fourth round in 2021, respectively, took over backfield duties for the Panthers. Foreman averaged 4.6 yards per carry as a Panther in 2022, which was similar to what McCaffrey averaged as a Panther that season. Meanwhile, Hubbard averaged 4.9 yards per carry as a Panther in 2022, which exceeded McCaffrey's average yards per carry as a Panther that season. In other cases, the starting quarterback is a central component of the rushing attack. The Baltimore Ravens and Philadelphia Eagles are two examples of such teams.

Analytics departments have also argued that offenses are more successful if they pass they ball more often. Passing plays have consistently averaged more yards than running plays in recent NFL history. Such analysts have argued that this is the case because during running plays, the defensive linemen, linebacking corps, and secondary all have a chance to tackle the ball carrier, but on passing plays, it is possible to effectively eliminate the defensive linemen, linebacking corps, and even the secondary from stopping the play. Furthermore, on passing plays, it is easier to gain additional yards when the ball is delivered to a receiver in open space, but it is not as easy for a running back to make defenders miss. This is especially the case when a running play is designed for the back to run between the tackles, and thus, through the teeth of the defense. These analytical arguments may have also played a role in the NFL's transition from a run-heavy to pass-happy offensive attack.

Because analytics have hinted at what it takes for rushing attacks to thrive, the widespread availability of productive and inexpensive running backs, and the efficiency of the passing offense, they may have served as the impetus for teams' transition to a passing offense and declining need for and valuation of traditional feature running backs.

The rise of running back committees
Another possible cause for the devaluation of running backs are the rise of running back committees. This is the practice of constructing a roster that has more than one featured running back. As of the 2023 NFL season, there are a number of running back committee setups present around the league, with the most common being the "70-30 rotation", a setup which has a featured running back taking the majority of the snaps while one or more change of pace backs make up the rest. Other setups include the "tandem backfields", which are setups that have two featured running backs splitting carriers, often with two different running styles, i.e a power running back partnered with an elusive back or pass-catching back. One of the most famous of these setups was the tandem duo of Ricky Williams and Ronnie Brown as part of the 2008 Miami Dolphins. The last of these setups are "full-blown" committees, which often feature 3 or more running backs that are often cycled through throughout a game, with coaches often sticking to whomever is "hot" as the main running back.

Despite the rise of committees, "workhorse" running backs are still present, with a recent and prominent example being Derick Henry of the Tennessee Titans, who, during the 2022 Season, took nearly 90% of all of the Titans' carries that season.

Long-term running back contracts

Another possible explanation for the declining value NFL teams place on running backs is the risk of signing one to a lucrative, long-term deal. There are several examples of such contracts given to running backs that have backfired on teams. Most notably, before the 2018 NFL season, Los Angeles Rams star feature back Todd Gurley signed a 4-year extension for $60 million (with $45 million in guaranteed money). The deal made him the highest-paid running back in the NFL at the time. Although Gurley turned in another strong season in 2018 in which he led the league in rushing touchdowns and made a third Pro Bowl, an arthritis diagnosis hampered him during the 2018 Rams' playoff run and in the 2019 NFL season. This led to the Rams releasing him after the conclusion of the 2019 season, meaning that Gurley did not play a down as a Ram for the time period that the team extended him for. Despite owing Gurley, who ended his playing career after the 2020 NFL season, a dead cap hit of $8.4 million for the 2021 NFL season, the Rams won that season's Super Bowl LVI with an offense that ranked 24th in rushing but 5th in passing. The 2021 Rams opted to utilize a running back by committee approach and instead put greater focus on the passing attack.

On the other hand, several successful teams have survived without distributing significant financial capital towards running backs. In addition to the 2021 Los Angeles Rams, who won Super Bowl LVI in spite of the Gurley contract, the 2022 Kansas City Chiefs won Super Bowl LVII with an offense that finished 20th in rushing but 1st in passing. Seventh-round rookie running back Isiah Pacheco (who overtook the starting job from 2020 first-round selection Clyde Edwards-Helaire due to the latter's injuries and suboptimal production) was Kansas City's primary back during the team's Super Bowl run.

Other examples of lucrative, long-term contracts given to running backs that backfired on teams include those given to Le'Veon Bell (4-year contract for $52.5 million, cut during year 2 of contract), Ezekiel Elliott (6-year extension for $90 million, cut after year 2 of extension), and David Johnson (3-year extension for $39 million, traded after year 1 of extension).

Draft value

Although drafting running backs in the first round of the NFL Draft was commonplace throughout the 20th century, doing such is less commonplace and frequently criticized in the current era of NFL football. As previously mentioned, 23 running backs have been selected with the first overall pick in the history of the NFL Draft, but no running back has been selected first overall since 1995. However, football analytics departments view running back talent as replicable and thus believe that productive running backs can be drafted in the later rounds of the draft or signed to low-risk deals in free agency. For that reason, in recent years, teams with desires for a stronger rushing attack have passed on running backs during the first round and instead used those top draft picks on other needs or other positions that (according to analytics) are actually more responsible for rushing success, such as offensive linemen.

As teams have become more analytically inclined, they have not used their first round draft picks on running backs nearly as much as they used to. For example, from 1981 to 1985, more than half of all lead running backs were selected in the first round of the draft, but from 2016 to the present, that figure dipped to just over a quarter of all lead running backs. In fact, during the 2022 NFL Draft, not a single running back was selected in the first round. The following year, when the Atlanta Falcons used the eighth overall pick to select running back Bijan Robinson, several analysts heavily criticized the Falcons and argued that they could have used the pick to fulfill another need and selected a productive running back in the later rounds.

Despite the widespread criticism of drafting running backs in the first round, some observers have defended the practice if done in the right circumstances. For example, some writers defended the selection of Robinson in the first round due to his versatility and contributions to the passing attack while he was in college.

Consequences of evolving team-building approaches on running backs

Because teams have changed how they view the running back position, running back contracts have declined in value. For example, as of 2023, the average running back makes $1.808 million per season which is less than what the average kicker makes ($2.196 million per season). Also, the franchise tag for running backs has decreased from $10.95 million in 2015 to $10.09 million in 2023. In fact, the running back position is the only position to see a decline in franchise tag value since 2015. Furthermore, in 2023, the franchise tag for running backs was the least valuable of franchise tags for any offensive or defensive position.

In recent years, NFL teams have shown that they are willing to move on from productive running backs once they are due for a big payday and instead replicate their production by taking advantage of cheaper alternatives such as their own backups, mid to late round draft picks, and low-risk free agent running backs. For example, during the 2023 NFL offseason, feature running backs Dalvin Cook, Ezekiel Elliott, Leonard Fournette, and Kareem Hunt, despite enjoying productive careers up to that point, were either released by the respective teams that they previously played for or allowed to leave during free agency. As of July 18, 2023 (the beginning of training camp for several NFL teams), the four aforementioned unemployed running backs have remained as such. Other productive running backs such as Las Vegas Raiders starting running back Josh Jacobs, New York Giants starting running back Saquon Barkley, and Dallas Cowboys backup running back Tony Pollard were franchise tagged by their respective teams during the 2023 offseason. The three aforementioned backs failed to agree to a long term deal by the July 17 deadline. As of July 18, 2023, only Pollard has signed his franchise tender, while Barkley and Jacobs have yet to sign their tenders (Barkley would later agree to a separate one-year deal worth up to $11 million with the Giants on July 25, and Jacobs would later agree to a separate one-year worth up to $12 million with the Raiders on August 26). In other cases, productive running backs have accepted pay cuts due to a lack of leverage and/or the desire to contribute to teams. For example, Cincinnati Bengals feature back Joe Mixon took a pay cut before the 2023 season despite boasting a productive career resume to that point.

Due to the decline in value of running back contracts and the prolonged periods in which previously productive running backs (e.g. Elliott, Cook, Hunt, and Fournette) have remained unemployed, several running backs, such as Tennessee Titans running back Derrick Henry, have spoken out about the state of the running back market in 2023 and complained that running backs have not been provided with fair compensation for the services they provide.

References

External links
Football 101: Basic Football positions

American football positions

Running back


Eduardo Amancio Barnes (March 24, 1901 – August 31, 1977) was an Argentine sculptor, and one of his country's preeminent creators of sacred art.

Life and work
Barnes was born in Rosario in 1901. The self-taught sculptor worked with clay, marble, and bronze from early in his career, and by 1939, had created a number of reliefs as part of a series based on the Adoration of the Magi. Barnes would subsequently devote most of his work to religious themes common to Christianity. Collaborating with painter Antonio Berni during the latter's early career, Barnes exhibited his works in cities across the country. The catacombs underneath Rosario's Teatro El Círculo were then converted into the Eduardo Barnes Museum of Sacred Art in 1940.

He would earn a number of awards at the National Fine Arts Salons of Buenos Aires and Rosario, and in 1950, was invited to exhibit at the International Exhibition of Sacred Art in Rome, as well as in the Madrid Biennial of 1952. He created work for the Church of the Sacred Heart in La Plata, for the Somisa steelworkers' community in San Nicolás de los Arroyos, and in the Cathedral of Santa Rosa, La Pampa, among others.

Barnes, however, created much his work in his native Rosario. Some of the most notable included allegorical sculptures for the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Rosary, bas-reliefs representing the blessing of the Argentine flag and General Manuel Belgrano for the National Flag Memorial (1957), a series of 27 reliefs portraying the Via Crucis for the Church of Saint John the Evangelist (1966), and a monument to the founder of the Bank of Santa Fe, Carlos Casado del Alisal (his best known secular work), in 1970.

The noted sculptor taught in his discipline at numerous Rosario schools, serving as Professor of Drawing at the San Martín National College No. 53, in the National Superior School of Commerce, the Bernardino Rivadavia National Girls' High School, as well as Professor of Design at the University of the Littoral School of Architecture. He purchased a vacation home in Tanti, Córdoba, in which he would spend much of his later years, and adorned the entrance with a work titled La Vestal (modeled after his wife). Barnes died in 1977, in Rosario.

References

1901 births
1977 deaths
Argentine people of Irish descent
Artists from Rosario, Santa Fe
Academic staff of the National University of the Littoral
20th-century Argentine sculptors
Male sculptors
20th-century Argentine male artists

Eduardo Barnes


Solar mass is a unit of measurement of mass. It is equal to the mass of the Sun, about 332,950 times the mass of the Earth, or 1,048 times the mass of Jupiter. Masses of other stars and groups of stars are listed in terms of solar masses. Its mathematical symbol and value are:

 (kg being kilograms)

Astronomy
Units of mass

Solar mass


After Dark is a three-issue, dark science fiction limited series published by Radical Comics in a 56-page graphic novella format. The series concept and characters were created by film director/writer Antoine Fuqua (director of Training Day) and actor Wesley Snipes (star of the Blade series). The series is written by Peter Milligan (best known for Marvel Comics's X-Statix series) and illustrated by Jeff Nentrup.

On June 30, 2010, a "#0" issue was released as a prequel. The official start of the main series is August 2010.

Publication history
The first book is due to be released in August () and the second in October ().

Plot synopsis
The series is set in a post-apocalyptic near-future in which the Earth exists in a state of near-perpetual darkness. Civilization has largely become confined to domed cities in which the populace exists in a state of drug-addled stupor in order to while away time between birth and death.

The rulers of Solar City, the most populated of humanity's remaining bastions, enlist a Bedouin drifter, named simply Omar, to lead a team into the wilds outside of the city in search of the savior they believe may exist somewhere in the sparsely populated wilds.

Notes

References

2010 graphic novels
American graphic novels
Comics by Peter Milligan
Works by Antoine Fuqua

After Dark (comics)


Henri, Duc de Joyeuse (Toulouse, 21 September 1563 – Rivoli, 28 September 1608) was a General in the French Wars of Religion and a member of the Catholic League, who became ordained as a Capuchin after the death of his wife, Catherine de La Valette. He was the youngest brother of Anne de Joyeuse and François de Joyeuse.

After another of his brothers, Scipion, drowned himself in the Tarn after the defeat of Villemur in 1592, his title of Duke of Joyeuse was passed to Henri. When he died in 1608, the title passed to Henri's daughter Henriette, who had married Henri de Montpensier in 1597.

References

French generals
1563 births
1608 deaths
Henri
Capuchins

Henri, Duke of Joyeuse


The Eureka, also known as the Latin Verse Machine, is a mid-19th century machine for generating Latin verses, created and exhibited by the Quaker inventor John Clark of Bridgwater.
Clark, a cousin of Cyrus Clark, was born at Greinton in Somerset in 1785 and moved to Bridgwater in 1809.  There he was first a grocer and later a printer.  In 1830 he started work on the Eureka and was able to exhibit it in 1845 in the Egyptian Hall in Picadilly. Visitors, for the admission price of one shilling, could see a machine that resembled a 'small bureau bookcase', with six narrow windows in the front.  As it prepared each new verse, the machine would play the National Anthem, becoming silent after about a minute, when the verse was complete.
The verses created by the Eureka were gloomy and oracular hexameters, created to a single format, which allowed for many combinations, all metrically sound and (more or less) meaningful.

This method of verse creation was not Clark's invention: already in 1677 a John Peter had published a work, "Artificial Versifying, A New Way to Make Latin Verses".  Clark's contribution was to fully automate this process.

The mechanism was a series of six drums turning at different rates within the cabinet. The words were not simply printed on the drums, but encoded as rows of stop wires of different lengths, onto which wooden staves would be dropped.  The staves had any letters that might be needed printed on them in a vertical series, and would fall onto the stop wires with the desired letter opposite the window for the word.
Clark described his machine as an illustration of a theory of "kaleidoscopic evolution"
whereby the Latin verse is "conceived in the mind of the machine" then mechanically produced and
displayed. Clark can be regarded as a pioneer of cognitive science and computational creativity.

After Clark's death in 1853, the machine passed first to his nephew and then to his cousins Cyrus and James Clark.  Since 1950, when it was repaired after a period of neglect, it has been housed in the Records Office of Clarks' factory in Street, Somerset.

References

W. Pinkerton, "Machine Hexameters" Notes and Queries Series 2, No. 3, 1856, 57-9
E. Bensly, "Latin Hexameters by Machinery: John Peter" Notes and Queries Series 3, No. 11, 1911, 249-251
D.W. Blandford, "The Eureka" Greece and Rome 10, 1963, 71-78
C. Stray, Classics Transformed Oxford 1998, xi and 70
J.D. Hall, "Popular Prosody: Spectacle and the Politics of Victorian Versification" Nineteenth-Century Literature 62, 2007, 222-249.
The Eureka, The London Illustrated News, July 19, 1845, p. 37 online

See also
Generative_art#Literature
English inventions
Latin poetry

Generative literature
Precursors of electronic literature
Early computers
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Automata (mechanical)
One-of-a-kind computers
Mechanical computers
Computer-related introductions in 1845

The Eureka


Michael McFee is a poet and essayist from Asheville, North Carolina.

Career
McFee earned his B.A. (1976) and M.A. (1978) from UNC-Chapel Hill. He left graduate school to work a variety of jobs—editorial assistant, librarian, and freelance journalist among them—while he completed his first book. After it was published, he taught part-time at N.C. State University and the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. In the late 1980s, McFee was poet-in-residence at Cornell University and also at Lawrence University. He began teaching at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1990, where he is now Professor of English in the Creative Writing Program. In 2018, McFee was awarded the North Carolina Award for literature, the state's highest civilian honor.

Writings
Much of McFee's work deals with his native North Carolina mountains.  His book of poems Earthly was co-winner of the Roanoake-Chowan Award for Poetry from the North Carolina Literary and Historical Society and was an honorable mention for the Poets' Prize; his next collection, Shinemaster, won the Thomas Wolfe Memorial Literary Award from the Western North Carolina Historical Association.

Bibliography

Poetry
 Plain Air, University Presses of Florida, 1983.
 Vanishing Acts, Gnomon Press, 1989.
 To See, North Carolina Wesleyan College Press, 1991.  A collaboration with photographer Elizabeth Matheson.
 Sad Girl Sitting on a Running Board, Gnomon Press, 1991.
 Colander, Carnegie Mellon University Press, 1996.
 Earthly, Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2001.
 Never Closer, Two Rivers Press, 2005. A chapbook of poems.
 Shinemaster, Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2006.
 The Smallest Talk, Bull City Press, 2007.  A book of one-line poems.
 That Was Oasis, Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2012.
 We Were Once Here, Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2017.
 A Long Time to Be Gone, Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2022.

Essays
 The Napkin Manuscripts: Selected Essays and an Interview, University of Tennessee Press, 2006.
 Appointed Rounds: Essays, Mercer University Press, 2018.

Anthologies
 Editor, The Language They Speak Is Things to Eat: Poems by Fifteen Contemporary North Carolina Poets, University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
 Editor, This Is Where We Live: Short Stories by 25 Contemporary North Carolina Writers, University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
 Editor, The Spectator Reader, Spectator Publications, 1985.

Living people
American male poets
Poets from North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
North Carolina State University faculty
University of North Carolina at Greensboro faculty
Cornell University faculty
Lawrence University faculty
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Writers from Asheville, North Carolina
Year of birth missing (living people)

Michael McFee


Thomas Playfere (also Playford) (1561? – 2 February 1609) was an English churchman and theologian, Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity at Cambridge from 1596.

Life
Born in London about 1561, he was son of William Playfere and Alice, daughter of William Wood of Bolling in Kent. He matriculated as a pensioner of St John's College, Cambridge, in December 1576, and on 5 November 1579 was admitted a scholar. He graduated B.A. in 1579–80, M.A. in 1583, B.D. in 1590, and D.D. in 1596; on 10 April 1584 he was admitted a Fellow. He contributed to the university collection of Latin elegies on Sir Philip Sidney (16 Feb. 1586–7). He served the college offices of prælector topicus, 1587; rhetoric examiner, 1588, medical lecturer on Thomas Linacre's foundation; preacher, 1591; Hebrew prælector, 1593–4; senior fellow and senior dean, 1598; and principal lecturer, 1600. According to Joseph Foster he joined the Inner Temple in 1594, and in 1596 he was incorporated D.D. at Oxford.

After the death of William Whitaker, Master of St John's, Playfere and Richard Clayton were candidates for the mastership: Clayton was chosen. In December 1596 Playfere was elected Lady Margaret professor of divinity. He became chaplain to King James, and often preached before him at court. He also preached before Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales at Greenwich on 12 March 1605, and before the kings of England and Denmark at Theobalds, then the residence of Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, on 27 July 1606.

Playfere held the Crown living of Cheam in Surrey from 1605 to 1609. In 1608, he became rector of All Saints, in Shipdham, and of Thorpe St Andrew, Norfolk. On 4 November 1602 Chamberlain had written to Carleton that "Dr. Plafer, the divinity reader, is crazed for love", and after 1606 Playfere's mind gave way, but he held his professorship until his death, on 2 February 1609. His funeral sermon was preached by Thomas Jegon, vice-chancellor; John Williams made an oration on him in the college chapel. He was buried in the St Botolph's Church, Cambridge, where a monument with his bust, and a panegyrical inscription, was placed by desire of his wife Alicia.

Works
Playfere's reputation as a fluent preacher in Latin was high. Hr published some single sermons during his lifetime, and after his death appeared: Ten Sermons, Cambridge, 1610; a volume (1611), containing four sermons (including "The Pathway to Perfection"), each sermon with a separate title-page, and lacking a general title; Nine Sermons, Cambridge, 1612, dedicated to Sir Reynold Argal. The sermons were issued in one volume at London in 1623 and 1638.

Notes

Attribution

1561 births
1609 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Anglican clergy from London
Academics from London
16th-century English theologians
16th-century English educators
17th-century English theologians
17th-century English educators
English sermon writers
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Lady Margaret's Professors of Divinity

Thomas Playfere


Allen Kelsey Grammer (lahir 21 Februari 1955) merupakan seorang aktor, produser, dan sutradara berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat yang menjadi terkenal saat bermain di film utamanya seperti Cheers dan Frasier. Dia dilahirkan di Saint Thomas. Dia berkarier di dunia film sejak tahun 1983.

Filmografi

 Kennedy (1983) (TV miniseries), as Stephen Smith
 Cheers (1984-1993) (TV series), as Frasier Crane
 The Simpsons (1989-present) (TV series), as Sideshow Bob (voice)
 Girlfriends (2000-2008) (TV series), Executive Producer
 The Game (2006-present) (TV series), as Executive Producer
 Frasier (1993-2004) (TV series), as Frasier Crane
 Down Periscope (1996), as Commander Dodge
 Star Trek: The Next Generation - 'Cause and Effect' (1992) (TV series), as Captain Morgan Bateson
 Anastasia (1997), as Vladimir (voice)
 The Pentagon Wars (1998) (TV Movie - HBO), as Maj. Gen. Partridge
 Animal Farm (1999), as Snowball (voice)
 Toy Story 2 (1999), as Stinky Pete (voice)
 15 Minutes (2001), as Michael Hawkins
 Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor (2003) (TV), as George Washington
 Mr. St. Nick (2002)(TV), as Nick St. Nicholas (Santa's heir)
 The Big Empty (2003), as Agent Banks
 Gary the Rat (2003) (TV series), as Gary 'The Rat' Andrews (voice)
 Teacher's Pet (2004), as Dr. Ivan Krank (voice)
 A Christmas Carol (2004) (TV), as Ebenezer Scrooge
 Kelsey Grammer Presents: The Sketch Show (2005), as various characters
 The Good Humor Man (2005), as Mr. Skibness
 Even Money (2006), as Detective Brunner
 Medium (2006), as Angel of Death
 X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Dr. Hank McCoy / The Beast
 Significant Others (2006), as Francis
 Back to You (2007-2008), as Chuck Darling
 Swing Vote (2008), as President Andrew Boone
 An American Carol (2008) as General George S. Patton
 Crazy on the Outside (2009) as TBA

Pranala luar

 Grammer situs resmi

 NNDB

Grammer
Grammer

Kelsey Grammer


William Fuller (1608–1675) was an English churchman.

He was dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin (1660), bishop of Limerick (1663), and bishop of Lincoln (1667). He was also the friend of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn.

Life
He was son of Thomas Fuller, a merchant of London, by his wife, Lucy, daughter of Simon Cannon, citizen and merchant taylor. He was born in London, and was educated at Westminster School, from which he went to Magdalen Hall, Oxford, as a commoner, about 1626, migrating to Edmund Hall, at which he took the degree of B.C.L, about 1632. After taking holy orders he was appointed one of the chaplains or petty canons of Christ Church Cathedral.

He was presented by the king to the rectory of St. Mary Woolchurch in the city of London on 30 June 1641, and resigned it on 16 December of the same year, in which he was also appointed to the rectory of Ewhurst, Sussex. When Charles I was besieged in Oxford in 1645, he became chaplain to Edward, Lord Lyttelton. In the parliamentary visitation of the University of Oxford, he lost his position at Christ Church. During the Protectorate, he supported himself by keeping a school at Twickenham, with the scholar William Wyatt. Samuel Pepys, though much younger, called him "my dear friend", and there are numerous references to Fuller in the Diary. He was also a friend of John Evelyn.

On 3 July 1660, after the Restoration, Fuller was appointed to the deanery of St. Patrick's Dublin; he received the degree of D.C.L. Oxford on 2 August, by virtue of a letter of the chancellor, and also was admitted D.D. of Cambridge. Pepys in his Diary records congratulating Fuller. Other preferments in the Irish church followed: the treasurership of Christ Church, Dublin, on 11 July 1661, the chancellorship of Dromore in 1662, and finally the bishopric of Limerick, to which he was consecrated in Christ Church Cathedral on 20 March 1664, with permission to hold his deanery in commendam for two years. Six months after he became dean of St. Patrick's, on 27 January 1661, twelve bishops were consecrated at one time for as many vacant sees in St. Patrick's Cathedral by Archbishop John Bramhall, and Fuller wrote an anthem for the occasion entitled Quum denuo exaltavit Dominus coronam.

During the time he was dean of St. Patrick's he spent most of his time in England, but took interest in the repair of his cathedral. He successfully intrigued for a vacancy, and was elected Bishop of Lincoln on 17 September 1667. The episcopal palace at Lincoln had been ruined during the civil wars, so he occupied a mansion-house in the cathedral close during his visits to Lincoln. He worked to repair the cathedral and was buried there, after he died at Kensington. Fuller was not married. One of his sisters, Catherine, married John Bligh, citizen and salter of London, afterwards of Rathmore, co. Meath, M.P. for Athboy, the founder of the family of the Earls of Darnley.

Settings
Several poems by Fuller were set by Henry Purcell. His 1688 song An Evening Hymn (Z.193) is one of the most well-known.

Now that the sun has veil'd his Light,
And bid the World good Night;
To the soft Bed my Body I dispose,
But where shall my Soul repose?
Dear God, even in thy Arms, and can there be
Any so sweet Security?
Then to thy Rest, O my Soul, and singing, praise
The Mercy that prolongs thy Days.
Hallelujah.

The first four lines were also used by the 1980s punk band Crass as the opening for their song Mother Earth with the last four lines being quoted at the end.

References

External links
 Twickenham Museum page

1608 births
1675 deaths
17th-century Anglican bishops in Ireland
Bishops of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
Bishops of Lincoln
17th-century English people
Diocese of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe
17th-century Church of England bishops

William Fuller (bishop)


The Doktoringenieur (acronym Dr.-Ing., also Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften) is the German  engineering doctorate degree, comparable to the Doctor of Engineering, Engineering Doctorate, Doctor of Science (Engineering), Doctor of Science (Technology) or a PhD in Engineering or Architecture.

It was first introduced in 1899, in the context of the centenary of the Technical University of Berlin, at the Prussian Institutes of Technology. The other German states adopted it in the following years. In contrast to the other historic doctoral degrees (e.g. Dr. phil., Dr. iur. or Dr. med.), the Doktoringenieur was not titled in Latin but German, and therefore written with dash (Dr.-Ing.).

In the field of mathematics, computer science and natural sciences, some universities offer the choice between Dr.-Ing. and Dr. rer. nat. based on the primary focus of the dissertation. If the contributions focus slightly more on applied scientific engineering a Dr.-Ing. is given, while a Dr. rer. nat. is preferred if the dissertation contains more theoretical scientific contributions. A German doctorate is usually a research doctorate and is awarded in the context of the so-called Promotion that also requires a dissertation.

It should not be confused with a Dutch double title dr. ing., indicating that one holds both a research doctorate (dr.) from a university and an engineer's degree (ing.) from a Dutch polytechnic (i.e. Hogeschool).

See also
 Dr. rer. nat.

References

Doctoral degrees
Engineering education
Architectural education

Doktoringenieur