Michael Francis "Mick" Foley, Sr. (born Juin 7, 1965) is an American actor, author, comedian, vyce actor, an professional warstler.

He haes workt for mony warstlin promotions, includin World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE, umwhile World Wrestling Federation), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) an Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), an Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He is aften referred tae as "The Hardcore Legend", a nickname he shares wi Terry Funk.

Throuoot his warstlin career, Foley haes warstled baith unner his real name an unner various personas (maist notably Dude Luve, Cactus Jack an Mankind). He wis the first iver WWF Hardcore Champion an an aa a three-time WWF Champion as Mankind. He haes an aa wan the WWF World tag team title aicht times, the ECW World tag team title twa times, an the WCW World tag team title ance. Folloaein his retirement frae a full-time wrestlin schedule, Foley appeared occasionally wi WWE as a special guest referee an, later, a color commentator for the SmackDown brand. Upon his departure frae the company in 2008, he signed wi TNA, whaur he wis the storyline majority stock haulder o the company. Thare, Foley haes held the TNA World heavyweight title an the TNA Legends (nou kent as Televeesion) Championship.

In addition tae warstlin, Foley is a multiple-time New York Times bestsellin autobiografer. He wis an aa a subject o the documentary Beyond the Mat, which follaed him at the peak o his career. Mair recently, he haes signed on for Bloodstained Memoirs, anither wrestlin documentary.

Notes

1965 births
Livin fowk
American childer's writers
American memoirists
American male novelists
American male professional warstlers
American writers o Erse strynd
Fowk frae Bloomington, Indiana
Fowk frae Long Island
Professional warsillin executives
Professional warsillin managers an valets
Professional warsillin referees
State Varsity o New York at Cortland alumni

Mick Foley


Madara Uchiha is a fictional character from the manga series Naruto, which depicts a world of ninjas.  One of the main villains of the Naruto series (Part II), he is one of the co-founders of the Hidden Leaf Village along with friend/rival Hashirama Senju, the First Hokage.

Background
Madara is a member of the Uchiha Clan, one of the strongest clans of the village of Konoha. During his childhood, he met a child named Hashirama and become his friend. The two compete with each other to become strong. Together they envisioned a village where ninjas will not kill each other. After learning that Hashirama is a member of the Senju Clan (enemy of the Uchiha Clan), their friendship ends. After failing several attempts to defeat his rival, Madara accepts Hashirama's treaty offering of peace between the Uchiha and the Senju. They founded the village of Konoha. But their methods about peace differs. After his defection from the village, Madara challenged Hashirama again and a massive battle occured at the Valley of the End. Madara, believed to be killed in the battle, when into hiding for several years. While hiding, he planned to create a world of peace where there is no fighting and killing between ninjas. He was already old when he activated the Rinnegan eyes. Because there's no time left, he transplanted his eyes to the young Nagato (to preserve the eyes for his later revival) and takes Obito Uchiha as his agent to accomplish his plan. He then entrusted Obito to use his name, Madara Uchiha.

Years later, Madara will be revided as a reanimated corpse by Kabuto Yakushi during the Fourth Great Ninja War. Madara manage sever his connection to Kabuto, killing most of the ninja forces. He then sacrificed Obito to become alive again. After obtaining one of his Rinnegan eyes and capturing all the tailed beasts, he became the Ten Tails host. After regaining his other eye, Madara is able to complete his plan (Infinite Tsukuyomi). He was later betrayed by Black Zetsu, who he believed to be his will. He then transformed into Princess Kaguya Ōtsutsuki (the progenitor of chakra). After the Naruto and Sasuke defeated both Kaguya and Black Zetsu, Madara was on the verge of death because of the Ten Tails and Demonic Statue extracted from his body. He spents his last time talking to the reincarnated Hashirama and finally makes peace with him as he dies.

References

Naruto characters

Madara Uchiha


is a Japanese research center for the study of primates. It was founded in 1967 by primatologists Kinji Imanishi and Junichiro Itani. The institute works toward understanding the biological, behavioral and socioecological aspects of primates, and the origin and evolution of humans. The institute is located in the city of Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, which is about 150 km east of the main campus of Kyoto University. Through the Division of Biological Sciences of the Graduate School of Science of Kyoto University, the institute offers graduate programs leading to the Master of Science and Doctorate of Science degrees in the field of primatological science. Since 2013, the director of the institute is botanist Hirohisa Hirai (following Tetsuro Matsuzawa's tenure from 2006 to 2012).

Facilities
The institute has a 5-story main building housing the administration office, the library, and the research departments; a 3-story building for the Center for Human Evolution Modeling Research, which has been established on April 1, 1999; a 5-story Ape Research Annex; and a guest house providing accommodations for about 30 visiting scientists. The Field Research Center has its headquarters at Inuyama; one field laboratory is at Koshima, Miyazaki Prefecture, and four other research stations in different regions.

Being a national research center, the institute has a special program, the Cooperative Research Program, for visiting scientists to carry out research on monkeys and apes. Each year about 170 scientists from outside the institute benefit from this program.

The institute has published the Annual Reports of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, in Japanese since 1971.

History
The Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University was founded on June 1, 1967. After World War II, two different research groups made a joint effort to expand the study of primatology in Japan by establishing a national research center. One group, from Kyoto University, was represented by Kinji Imanishi (1902–1992) who initiated the field study of nonhuman primates in their natural habitats. The second group was from Tokyo University, represented by Toshihiko Tokizane (1909–1973), a pioneer of brain science who initiated the experimental study of non-human primates in Japan. The two research groups differed in many respects, but collaborated with each other to institutionalize the study of non-human primates.

In 1956, Meitetsu rail-road company and other companies in the Chūbu area built the  (JMC) as a tourist attraction. Inuyama was chosen as the location for JMC since the city was already famous for its ancient castle. The JMC was created as a private foundation under the control of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture. Imanishi and his students, who promoted the creation of the JMC, also developed an on-site research center. In 1964, Shin'ichiro Tomonaga, the second Japanese Nobel Prize winner, played an important role in expanding primate research beyond the JMC center. As president of the Science Council of Japan, he sent a letter to Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda recommending the establishment of a national institute for primate studies. In the letter he outlined the departments and sections it would ideally contain. Three years later, in 1967, the Primate Research Institute was founded as part of Kyoto University. Rather than build PRI on the Kyoto University campus, the decision was made to build it in Inuyama, close to the existing JMC.

In 2020 the university announced that the institute had misappropriated funds during Matsuzawa's term.

Departments
Department of Evolution and Phylogeny
Department of Ecology and Social Behavior
Department of Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology

See also
Primatology
Kyoto University
Ai (Chimpanzee)
Ayumu (chimpanzee)

References

 Human Ape, video documentary on National Geographic Channel, March 17, 2008, directed by Martin Gorst, written by Yavar Abbas

External links
 Primate Research Institute Official Website

Kyoto University
Research institutes established in 1967
Primate research centers
1967 establishments in Japan
Research institutes in Japan

Primate Research Institute


Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer. Sometimes radiation or radionuclide are also considered carcinogens. A common example of a carcinogen is tobacco smoke.  Carcinogens come from both natural and man-made substances.

Carcinogens in radiation
Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens. The carcinogens in them are caused by the radiation they release, such as gamma rays or alpha particles.

CERCLA says that all radionuclides are carcinogens. How much of a carcinogen a radiation is depends on the type of radiation, the type of exposure to it and its penetration. For example, alpha radiation has low penetration and is not a danger outside the body. Alpha radiation is a carcinogen when breathed in or eaten.

Thorotrast, previously used in x-rays, is a human carcinogen. Marie Curie, one of the pioneers of radioactivity, died of a cancer that was caused by the radiation she was exposed to during her experiments.

Not all types of electromagnetic radiation are carcinogenic. Radio waves, microwave radiation, infrared radiation, and visible light are examples of this. Higher-energy radiation, including ultraviolet radiation, usually is carcinogenic, if a person is exposed to it long enough.

Carcinogens in food
Recent research has shown that when food is cooked at high temperatures, carcinogens may be formed in very small amounts. Pre-cooking meats in a microwave oven for 2-3 minutes before broiling shortens the time on the hot pan. This could help stop the carcinogens from being made. Certain kinds of foods, like potato chips and French fries, may have higher levels of carcinogens than others. The charred residue on barbecued meats is a carcinogen, too.

This does not mean eating cooked foods is dangerous. The gastrointestinal tract sheds its outer layer continuously to protect itself from carcinomas. Because of this, it has a good chance of shedding bad enzymes that could cause cancer.

Related pages
 Radiation
 Cancer

References

Other websites
 U.S. National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens
 Recognized Carcinogens
American Cancer Society
Information on Carcinogens

Carcinogen


The term "crazy quilting" is often used to refer to the textile art of crazy patchwork and is sometimes used interchangeably with that term. Crazy quilting does not actually refer to a specific kind of quilting (the needlework which binds two or more layers of fabric together), but a specific kind of patchwork lacking repeating motifs and with the seams and patches heavily embellished. A crazy quilt rarely has the internal layer of batting that is part of what defines quilting as a textile technique.

Embellishing
Crazy quilts differ from "regular" quilts in other ways as well. Because the careful geometric design of a quilt block is much less important in crazy quilts, the quilters are able to employ much smaller and more irregularly shaped pieces of fabric. In comparison to standard quilts, crazy quilts are far more likely to use exotic pieces of fabric, such as velvet, satin, tulle, or silk, and embellishments such as buttons, lace, ribbons, beads, or embroidery.

Crazy quilts range from carefree and relatively easy, to extremely labor-intensive. A Harper's Bazaar article from 1884 estimated that a full-size crazy quilt could take 1,500 hours to complete.

History

Crazy quilts became popular in the late 1800s, likely due to the English embroidery and Japanese art that was displayed at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. American audiences were drawn to the satin stitches used in English embroidery, which created a painterly surface, which is reflected in many crazy quilts. The displays shown at the Japanese pavilion of silk-screened work and Japanese pottery with a cracked-glaze inspired the American audiences. Similar aesthetics began to show up in crazy quilts, including unique patterns, and stitching that resembled spider webs and fans.

Crazy quilting rapidly became a national fashion amongst urban, upper-class women, who used the wide variety of fabrics that the newly industrialized 19th century textile industry offered to piece together single quilts from hundreds of different fabrics. Long after the style had fallen out of fashion amongst urban women, it continued in rural areas and small towns, whose quilters adopted the patterns of the urban quilts but employed sturdier, more practical fabrics, and dropped the earlier quilts' ornate embroidery and embellishment.

See also
 Quilt
 Crazy paving

References

Sources
 Brick, Cindy (2008). Crazy Quilts: History, Techniques, Embroidery Motifs. Voyageur Press. .
 Dabbs, Christine (2000). Crazy Quilting: Heirloom Quilts: Traditional Motifs and Decorative Stitches. Rutledge Hill Press. .
 Montano, Judith Baker (1995). Elegant Stitches: An Illustrated Stitch Guide and Source Book of Inspiration. C&T Publishing. .

External links
Examples of ways of combining patches in a crazy quilt:
1887: Crazy Blocks al dente

Learn more about crazy quilt history:

Crazy Quilting History a Victorian Craze
The History of Crazy Quilts

Crazy quilt exhibitions and examples from museums:
Crazy quilts at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History
Crazy quilts at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
A Fairyland of Fabrics: The Victorian Crazy Quilt at The International Quilt Study Center & Museum

Modern crazy quilting:
Modern Crazy Quilting and Restoration

Quilting

Crazy quilting


Seligmann Heller was an Austrian poet and journalist; born at Raudnitz, Bohemia, July 8, 1831; died in Vienna January 8, 1890.

After completing his course at the University of Vienna, where he studied philology and law, he engaged in business with his father. In 1866 he became teacher of German at a commercial school at Prague, and was at the same time member of the editorial staff of "Bohemia." He taught also at the Talmud Torah at Prague. In 1873 he went to Vienna, where he became dramatic critic for the "Deutsche Zeitung," and, subsequently, teacher of the history of literature at the Handelsakademie.

Heller published "Ahasverus," an epic poem on the Wandering Jew, Leipzig, 1866 (2d ed., ib. 1868); "Die Letzten Hasmonäer," Prague, 1865; and "Gedichte," Vienna, 1872.

After Heller's death his translations of medieval Hebrew poems were edited by his friend David Kaufmann and published under the title "Die Echten Hebräischen Melodien," Treves, 1892 (2d ed., Breslau, 1903).

References

Heller Seligmann
Heller Seligmann
Heller Seligmann
Heller Seligmann
1831 births
1890 deaths
People from Roudnice nad Labem
19th-century male writers

Seligmann Heller


Adeney is a hamlet in the English county of Shropshire, in the civil parish of Edgmond.

Its name was formerly also spelt Adney, and derives from an Old English name meaning "Eadwynne's island". It lies in an area of the Weald Moors known as the "Birch Moors"; the closest villages are Edgmond, to the east, and Tibberton, to the north-west.

References

External links

Villages in Shropshire
Newport, Shropshire

Adeney


Saint Helena is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean at . It is named after Saint Helena of Constantinople. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about  and has a population of 4,084 (2008 census).

Napoleon was sent to this island by the British and their allies as a result of Napoleon's return from the Elba island and loss at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon died there in 1821.

The island is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History

Early history (1502–1658)
The island was discovered in 1502 by the Portuguese admiral João da Nova, and he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. The traditional date of this discovery was long thought to be 21 May, but the results of an investigation into the discovery published in 2015 concluded this date is probably wrong, the 3 May seeming to be historically more valid. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha,  to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships under the command of Estêvão da Gama on 30 July 1503.

The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was, for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, an important place to stop to get food and water, and frequently sick sailors were left on the island to recover. After 1588, the island was visited also by Dutch and English ships.

The Dutch Republic formally made claim to St Helena  in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.

East India Company (1658–1815)

In 1657, the English East India Company was given a permit to govern St Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to colonise the island with farmers. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, got there in 1659, and made St Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal permit to start a colony in the island. The fort was named James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later King James II of England.

The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792 and Chinese workers were brought to work in the farms. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population.

British rule (1815–1821) and Napoleon's exile

In 1815, the British government decided to use the island of St. Helena as a place of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte. To prevent any attempt to escape from the nearby islands, they formally annexed the islands of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. In 1821, Napoleon died on the island of St Helena.

In 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III got the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property.

Crown colony (1834–1981)
On 22 April 1834, the island of St Helena became a colony of the British crown.

A local industry using the fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres and the last flax industry closed in 1965.

In 1922, the Ascension then was attached as a dependency followed by the Tristan da Cunha Island 12 January 1938.

1981 to present

In 1981, the British governmente changed the status of Saint Helena and the other Crown colonies to "British Dependent Territories".

In 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Geography, plants and animals

The island of Saint Helena has a total area of . The centre is covered by forest, of which some has been planted. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena Plover or Wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the islets near the coast.

The highest point of the island is Diana's Peak () at . In 1996 it became the island's first national park. In 2000 a project began to replant part of the lost Great Wood, called the Millennium Forest, and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust, established in 2002.

There are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre of the shore.

The national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena Plover, known locally as the Wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag.

Climate
The climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by trade winds that blow almost continuously.

Administrative divisions
Saint Helena is divided into eight districts. People that works and lives in the Jamestown Harbour and in the Royal Mail Ship St. Helena (RMS) are included in the census in their work places (see reference).

Economy
The island had an economy of only one crop until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government.

The tourist industry is heavily based on the presence of Napoleon in the island.

Saint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports "Tungi Spirit", made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, Opuntia ficus-indica ("Tungi" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.

Banking and currency
Saint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces coins and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and in Georgetown, Ascension Island.

Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 St Helena Tourism
 Saint Helena News - newspaper
  South Atlantic news, in association with The Saint Helena Independent
 St Helena website

1500s establishments

Saint Helena


This is a list of announcers on Japanese television and radio.

TV Stations in Tokyo

Nippon Television Network Corporation - NTV
 Men
 Tomonori Yamashita
 Takahiko Fujii, host of morning show "Zoom-In Saturday!".
 Shinichi Hatori, host of morning show "Zoom-In Super!" and cast of some variety show.
 Masashi Funakoshi
 Women
 Mika Takanishi
 Yukari Nishio, host of morning show "Zoom-In Super!".
 Noriko Baba, co-host of reality show "The Sekai-gyoten News".
 Tomoyo Shibata, wife of Boston Red Sox player Daisuke Matsuzaka
 Asami Miura

Tokyo Broadcasting System, Inc. - TBS
 Men
 Ayumi Akaogi
 Toshiyuki Doi, co-host of morning show "Watch!" and sports commentator.
 Tadahiko Sako, co-anchor of "NEWS23 with Tetsuya Chikushi".
 Shinichiro Azumi
 Hiroki Ando, cast of Sunday daytime show "Akko ni Omakase".
 Women
 Maya Kobayashi, entertainment news anchor of "Watch!" and cast of cooking show "Saturday Night Chubou".
 Ikumi Kimura, co-host of morning show "Watch!".
 Hiroko Ogura, co-anchor of "JNN News Forest, The Evening News" (Present: "JNN Evening News").
 Tomoko Kubota, co-host of game show "Amazing Animals".
 Mai Demizu, co-host of game show "Sekai Fushigi Hakken!" and political talk show "Jijihōdan".
 Akiyo Yoshida, co-host of medical program "Last Minute Doctor!"

Fuji Television Network, Inc. - CX

Men
 Tetsuo Suda, co-anchor on evening news program "FNN Supernews".
 Kenji Kawabata, co-anchor on daytime news program "FNN Speak".
 Tetsuo Nagasaka, sports announcer.
 Masaharu Miyake, sports announcer (baseball, martial arts, Formula One, volleyball).
 Tsuneo Shiobara, Formula One announcer.
 Toshihiro Ito, Formula One announcer, a narrator on "Nep League".
 Yutaka Hasegawa, sports commentator, Formula One announcer.
2001
 Hiroki Okada
 Tomoya Morishita
 Kazuhiro Watanabe
2002
 Takuya Watanabe
2003
 Daiki Tanaka
2004
 Taisei Kurata
2005
 Yusho Tabuchi

Women
 Yumi Masuda
2000
 Yaeko Umezu
 Maya Masai
2001
 Sayaka Morimoto
 Aya Takashima - called "Ayapan"
2002
 Hitomi Nakamura
 Minako Nakano
2003
 Saori Ishimoto
 Tsubasa Nagano
 Yoko Tobe
2004
 Maasa Takahashi - reporter of "FNN Supernews Weekend".
 Maiko Saito
2005
 Reiko Endo
 Rio Hirai - Former TV personality "OHA-GIRL Banana"

TV Asahi Corporation - EX
 Men
 Masahiro Sasaki
 Tomonoshin Kokubo
 Naoki Tsuboi, co-anchor of evening news "ANN Super J Channel".
 Shinichiro Kawamatsu
 Women
 Mayumi Kawase, anchor of ANN News.
 Sayaka Shimohira
 Emi Takeuchi, sports anchor of nightly news program "Houdou Station".
 Mariko Doh, host of live music show "Music Station" with Tamori.

TV Tokyo Corporation - TX
 Men
 Masaru Akahira
 Tomoki Uekusa
 Women
 Akiko Sasaki, co-anchor of evening news "TXN NewsEye".
 Masumi Chihara

Radio Stations in Tokyo

Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, Inc. - QR
 Men
 Naomasa Terashima
 Hideaki Oota
 Kunimaru Nomura
 Women
 Junko Suzuki
 Kana Mizutani
 Chiho Fujiki

Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. - LF
 Men
 Takashi Tsukagoshi
 Ryohei Sakuraba
 Hideo Matsumoto
 Hisanori Yoshida
 Kohji Iida
 Women
 Eriko Nasu
 Sakaya Masuyama
 Yumi Tashiro
 Yoshiko Kawano
 Mayuko Yamamoto
 Noriko Tomita
 Tomohide Shimbo

Local Broadcasting Stations
Toshifumi Takeshima (Akita Television), play-by-play announcer for the Akita Northern Happinets
Yuichi Uwaizumi (Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc. (MBS)), on "Seyanen!".
Saki Yagi (MBS), appearing on "Chichin Pui Pui", a news anchor.
Hiroko Matsukawa (MBS), appearing on "Chichin Pui Pui"
Hiroshi Shibata (Asahi Broadcasting Corporation (ABC))
Ukari Kita (ABC), an assistant of "Ohayo Asahi desu" (Good morning.  This is ABC.).
Hiroyuki Yamamoto (Kansai Telecasting Corporation (KTV)), host of "Nambo de Nambo" and "Supernews Anchor".
Yuzuru Okayasu (KTV), a news anchor.
Yasuo Toyota (KTV), a news anchor.
Tetsushi Baba (KTV), a sports announcer (horse racing, baseball, and Osaka International Ledies Marathon)
Keiko Fujimoto (KTV)
Natsumi Sugimoto (KTV)
Anna Kobayashi (Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation (ytv))
Takashi Miura (ytv), appearing on "Zoom-In Super", "Narutomo!", and an announcer on "Japan International Birdman Rally"
Toshiharu Harada (Osaka Broadcasting Corporation (OBC, Radio Osaka))
Toshihiko Fujii (Chukyo TV. Broadcasting Co., Ltd. (CTV))
Others

Former announcers
Free lance announcers
Name (belonged stations)
Akira Fukuzawa (NTV)- host of game show "Maka-joshiki no Ana" (NTV) and comedy show "Enta no Kamisama" (NTV). Also co-anchor of newsmagazine "Bankisha" (NTV) and sports commentator.
Masataka Itsumi (FTN) - died while an active free announcer
Mino Monta (QR) - host of "Mino Monta no Asazuba" (TBS), "Omoikkiri TV" (NTV), "Groovy After School MAX!" (TBS), "Amazing Animals" (TBS), etc.
Etsuko Komiya (EX) - a news anchor at TV Asahi.
Shohei Kuwabara (KTV) - narrator on "Go! Go! Gulliver-kun".
 Kyoko Uchida (CX) - ex co-anchor of late-night sports news "Sport" and host of some variety shows.
Others
Name (belonged stations)
Jun'ichi Sumi (MBS) - one of three hosts of "Chichin Pui Pui".
Shio Chino (CX) - called "Chinopan".
 Sosuke Sumitani (NTV) - he worked as a reporter of Dotch Cooking Show (Produced by ytv) but fired after he was found to have filmed up a schoolgirl's skirt using a mobile camera phone.

List
Announcers

List of Japanese announcers


The Spring-Summer 2004 Christian Dior haute couture collection was designed by John Galliano and presented on January 19, 2004 in Paris. It was inspired by Galliano's then recent travels to Egypt. (Ethnic influences are often prominent in Galliano's work.)
The collection was one of Galliano's most celebrated collections for Dior.

The collection included leopard-print fur stoles with collars that "soar like obelisks", billowing gowns of shadow-dyed organza, with hems twisted and folded into lotus flower shapes, and pyramid-shaped gowns made of dozens of golden mirrors, and printed with hieroglyphics, or the glamorous mummies paraded in bandages of black silk tulle flashing with rainbow sequins. Many wore Nefertiti-like crowns, or long Egyptian "goatees". The models wore breast-plates of turquoise, coral, silver and gold, and earrings the size of "eagles' eggs". All models were outfitted in corsets. The models wore carved and polished wood masks, of Tutenkhamun, or gods like Horus, a falcon, Bast, a cat, or Anubis, a jackal. The masks were made by London milliner Stephen Jones.

Models in the show included Britain's Erin O'Connor, who opened the collection, Brazil's Raquel Zimmermann and Caroline Trentini, Sudan-born Alek Wek, the Dutch Yfke Sturm and the Czech Karolína Kurková, who closed the collection.

References

Further reading
The Age review
The Guardian review
New York Times review (1)
New York Times review (2)
AFP review
New York Times analysis
Telegraph review
Style.com review
New York Post review (pay site)

External links

2004 in fashion
2004 in Paris
January 2004 events in France
Dior
Fashion events in France
Events in Paris
Bastet
Anubis
Horus
Cultural depictions of Tutankhamun

Spring 2004 Dior couture collection


Olfaction is the sense of smell. The sense of smell is how a human or animal notices a smell (or odour or odor) by using the nose. Many animals have better noses than people. Some animals can detect small particles in the air or sometimes water that people cannot.

People have special cells in the nose that can detect some chemicals. These are special nerve cells attached to the olfactory epithelium. All vertebrates have these cells. The smell is first processed by the olfactory system. The information is given to the olfactory bulb in the front of the forebrain.

In insects, smells are sensed by sensillum on the antennae and first processed by the antennal lobe.

Olfactory reception cells

The olfactory reception (OR) cells are neurons (nerve cells). Many tiny hair-like cilia stick out of these cells into the mucus covering the surface of the epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a kind of protein.

There are about 1000 different genes which code for the ORs, though only about a third are functional. The rest are pseudogenes. The OR genes are the largest gene family. An odor molecule dissolves into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then binds to an OR. Various odor molecules bind to various ORs. The basis of the sense of smell is that different groups of scent molecules bind to different receptor cells and so fire different groups of neurons. Inside the olfactory region of the brain, the firing of neurons produces the perceived smell.

When the OR is activated, changes start in the cells. Positive ions come in and  negative ions go out of the cells. This causes the neuron to fire an impulse (generate an action potential).

References

Other websites
Smells and Odours - How Smell Works
Olfaction
The importance of smell, and pheromones, to Humans and other Animals
Structure-odor relations: a modern perspective (PDF)
Olfactory network dynamics and the coding of multidimensional signals  (PDF)

Sensory system

Olfaction


The Blues Band is a British blues band. The band was formed in 1979 by veteran musicians of British blues of the 1960s.

Band history
The band was formed in 1979.

In the 1960s Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness played for Manfred Mann. Jones worked also as actor and radio DJ.As a harmonica man, he has performed publicly and/or recorded with Memphis Slim, Alexis Korner, Henry Gray, Alvin "Youngblood" Hart, Susan Tedeschi, Eric Bibb and Otis Grand. Hughie Flint was the drummer of  John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. Together with McGuinness he later formed McGuiness Flint who had a hit with "When I´m dead and gone". Dave Kelly was guitarist in the John Dummer Blues Band and in the touring bands of Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker. They played together mostly in London pubs just for fun about playing rhythm ´n blues.

Their first album "The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album" raised no interest with record labels, so they sold it during concerts and via mail order. The record was a fine mixture of blues standards and own songs. Arista signed with the band and the album reached #40 in the charts. 1982 Hughie Flint left the band and was replaced by Rob Townsend. In 1983 they parted but they came together soon.

When not playing with the Blues Band Jones, McGuinness and Townsend are playing with "The Manfreds". The band can be seen as the 1960s Manfred Mann Band without the leader. Dave Kelly plays often with his  "The Dave Kelly Band".

By playing a lot of concerts all over Europe they had and still have a lot of fans. Till present they recorded over 20 albums. It is said, that three generations of a family can be seen in their concerts.

Discography(album)
1980: The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album
1980: Ready
1981: Itchy Feet
1982: Brand Loyalty
1983: Bye Bye Blues (Live)
1986: These Kind of Blues
1989: Back for More
1991: Fat City
1993: Homage
1995: Wireless
1996: Live at the BBC
1997: 18 Years Old & Alive
1999: The Best of the Blues Band (USA)
2000: Brassed Up
2001: Scratchin' on My Screen
2002: Stepping Out
2004: Be My Guest
2004: The Official Gary Fletcher Bootleg Album (demos)
2005: Blues Band Box (4-CD-Kompilation)
2005: These Kind of Blues
2006: Thank You Brother Ray
2009: Live!
2009: Wire Less

Singles

 Come on in/The Blues Band Song (1980)
 Find yourself another Fool/SUS Blues (1980)
 Nadine/That's all right (1980)
 Who's right, who's wrong?/Itchy Feet (1981)
 Come on/Green Stuff (1981)
 Take me Home/So bad (1982)
 Hey Hey Little Girl/SUS Blues (1982) - limitierte live single
 Seemed like a good Idea/Rolling Log (1982)
 Blue Collar/Duisburg Blues (1989)

DVD
 Across Borders -Live (2004)
 Steppin' Out on Main (2005)

Quotes
"The music industry doesn't bother us and we don't bother them." (Gary Fletcher)

Reading
Roy Bainton: Talk to Me Baby - The Story of the Blues Band, Firebird Books,

Other websites
The Blues Band
The Blues Band Rockpalast-Archiv (German)
Homepage Gary Fletcher

References

Blues bands

The Blues Band


Dazhbog (), alternatively Daždźboh (), Dazhboh (), Dažbog, Dazhdbog, Dajbog, Daybog, Dabog, Dazibogu, or Dadźbóg, was one of the major gods of Slavic mythology, most likely a solar deity and possibly a cultural hero. He is one of several authentic Slavic gods, mentioned by a number of medieval manuscripts, and one of the few Slavic gods for which evidence of worship can be found in all Slavic tribes.

Dazhbog (or Dazhboh) is mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, a history of early Kyivan Rus' as one of seven gods whose statues Prince Volodymyr the Great erected in front of his palace in Kyiv in 980, when he came to the throne. The name is also mentioned in the Hypatian Codex, as well as in the medieval Old East Slavic epic The Tale of Ihor's Campaign .

Etymology
The Proto-Slavic reconstruction is *dadjьbogъ, and is composed of *dadjь, imperative of the verb *dati "to give", and the noun *bogъ "god". The original meaning of Dazhbog would thus, according to Dubenskij, Ognovskij and Niederle, be "giving god", "god-giver, "god-donor".

Morphologically this word is an old compound, that is particularly interesting because it retains the old meaning of the Proto-Slavic *bogъ "earthly wealth/well-being; fortune", with a semantic shift to "dispenser of wealth/fortune" and finally "god". Due to the absence of convincing cognates in other Indo-European languages, Proto-Slavic *bogъ is often considered to be an Iranian borrowing, being related to Indo-Iranian Bhaga, or at least being semantically influenced by them; in both Slavic and Indo-Iranian cognate forms mean both "deity" and "wealth, share". Thus, translated literally, Dazhbog would be "giving god".

In other languages, Proto-Slavic: *Daďьbogъ; Church Slavic: Даждьбог; Old East Slavic: Дажьбогъ; , Дажбог, or Дабог; Bulgarian, Ukrainian and  Дажбог, Дайбог, or Дабог; , Dażbóg, Dabóg; , Дажбог, Дайбог, or Дабог; Serbo-Croatian: Daždbog / Даждбог, Dažbog / Дажбог, Dajbog / Дајбог, or Dabog / Дабог.

Characteristics

The most interesting passage about Dazhbog comes from the Hypatian Codex, a 15th-century compilation of several much older documents from the Ipatiev Monastery in Russia. The complete passage, reconstructed from several manuscripts, translates as follows:

[Then] began his reign Feosta (Hephaestus), whom the Egyptians called Svarog ... during his rule, from the heavens fell the smith's prongs and weapons were forged for the first time; before that, [all] fought with clubs and stones. Feosta also commanded the women that they should have only a single husband ... and that is why Egyptians called him Svarog ... After him ruled his son; his name was the Sun, and they called him Dazhbog ... Sun tsar, son of Svarog. That is Dazhbog.

This is, in fact, a Slavic translation of an original Greek manuscript of Malalin from the 6th century. In the Greek text, the names of gods are Hephaestus and Helios. Apparently, the unknown Rus translator tried to re-tell the entire story (set in Egypt) by replacing the names of classical deities with those that were better known to his readers.

One can only hope that he indeed replaced the names of Greek gods with their fitting Slavic counterparts; however, at least one issue remains problematic: in all Slavic languages, the word for Sun, Suntse, is of neutral or feminine gender, never masculine (however, there is an Old East Slavic epic character "Volodymyr Beautiful Sun" or "Volodymyr Bright Sun" (ru) which has the same place as Arthur in English culture).

Also, in Baltic mythology, which is most akin to Slavic, Sun is a female deity, Saule, while the Moon is a male one. The same pattern can be observed in the folklore of many Slavic nations, where the Sun is most often identified with mother or a bride, and Moon with father or husband, their children being the stars. Where exactly this leaves Dazhbog as a possible male solar deity of Slavic pantheon remains questionable.

Furthermore, this passage has raised quite a few theories about family relations between Slavic gods. If we assume that indeed Svarog was believed to be Dazhbog's father, the question arises of his relation with Svarozhits, another deity who is mentioned as a god of fire and war in several other medieval documents describing the pagan beliefs of Slavs. Svarozhits is simply a diminutive of Svarog's name, i.e., "little Svarog", which implicates he was considered a child of Svarog. Vyacheslav Ivanov and Vladimir Toporov proposed a reconstruction of this mythical genealogy that Svarog, a deity of fire and forge similar to the Greek Hephaestus, had two sons; Dazhbog, who represented the fire in the sky (i.e., the Sun), and Svarozhits, who symbolised the flame on earth, in the forge.

Henryk Łowmiański, however, theorised that Svarog was a Slavic sky god and personification of daylight sky itself, possibly a continuation of Proto-Indo-European *Dyēus Ph2ter, while Svarozhits and solar Dazhbog were the same deity, though, he concluded, two other aspects of Svarozhits also existed: fiery Svarozhits, as in the Sun (mentioned in Old East Slavic medieval manuscripts), and lunar Svarozhits, associated with the Moon. Franjo Ledic, on the other hand, assumed that Svarog and Dazhbog are the same god.

Many mythologists also believe Dazhbog to be identical with another East Slavic deity with possible solar attributes, Khors. Osip Maximovich Bodjanskij based this theory on the following passage from Primary Chronicle:

And Vladimir began his reign in Kiev alone and erected idols on the hill outside his palace with porch: Perun of wood with a head of silver and moustache of gold and Khors Dazhbog and Stribog and Simargl and Mokosh.

Note that the names Khors and Dazhbog are the only two not clearly separated by the word "and" in the text. This could be an indication of a compound deity, Khors Dazhbog. On this basis, Toporov assumed that Khors could be an Iranian (possibly Sarmatian or Scythian) name for this god, and Dazhbog a Slavic one. Boris Rybakov compared Khors and Dazhbog to Helios and Apollo, respectively, concluding that both of them were solar gods, but while Hors represented the Sun itself, Dazhbog, as deus dator, rather symbolised the life-giving power of the Sun. That Khors was indeed a solar deity was deduced from the following passage in the Tale of Igor's Campaign:

Vseslav the prince judged men; as prince, he ruled towns; but at night he prowled in the guise of a wolf. From Kiev, prowling, he reached, before the cocks crew, Tmutorokan. The path of great Khors, as a wolf, prowling, he crossed.

In other words, prince Vseslav reached Tmutorokan before dawn, thus crossing the path of Khors, the Sun. In the mythical view of the world, the Sun has to pass through the underworld during the night to reach the eastern horizon by the dawn. This, and the fact that prince Vseslav is transformed into a wolf during the night, while "crossing the path of Khors", draws a parallel with the Serbian Dabog, who, as stated already, was believed to be a lame "wolf shepherd" who rules over the underworld.

Of particular interest is the fact that Serbian folk accounts describe him as being lame; lameness was a standing attribute of Greek Hephaestus, whom, as we have seen, the Hypatian Codex compared with Slavic smith-god Svarog, father of Dazhbog. (In fact, most of Indo-European smith-gods were lame; the reason for this was most likely arsenicosis, low levels of arsenic poisoning, resulting in lameness and skin cancers. Arsenic was added to bronze to harden it, and most smiths of the Bronze Age would have suffered from chronic workplace poisoning.)

Serbian Dabog, being lord of the underworld, was also associated with precious metals, and sometimes was said to have a silver beard. Veselin Čajkanović concluded that the chthonic character of Dabog in Serbian folklore fits very nicely with the solar Dazhbog mentioned in Old East Slavic sources, pointing out that in numerous mythologies, solar deities tend to have double aspects, one benevolent, associated with the Sun during the day, and the other malevolent, associated with night, when the Sun is trapped in the underworld.

In his studies of Serbian folklore, Čajkanović also concluded that many more benevolent aspects of Dazhbog were passed on to popular saints in folk Christianity, in particularly onto St. Sava, Serbian national saint, who, although undoubtedly was a real historical person, in folk tales often appears in the role of culture hero. The fact that in the Tale of Igor's Campaign, the Rus and their princes are being referred to as "Dazhbog's grandchildren", indicates that Dazhbog was considered as an ancestral deity, a common role of a culture hero archetype in mythologies.

Dazhbog is considered to be the husband of  Zhiva, whose mother is Lada, the goddess  of conjugal love.

In modern culture

A sculpture of the god was erected in Hola Prystan, Ukraine early in 2001. Some days later, it was broken up due to the objections by the church.

On April 10, 2016, a Dazhdbog idol was installed by the Slavic pagans in a particularly revered place in the city of Astrakhan, Russia. On April 12, 2016, information about the desecration of idols and destruction all the adjacent territories had become known.

See also
Svarog
Hephaestus
Culture hero
Heimdall
List of solar deities

References

Further reading
 Oleg Vladislavovich Kutarev. 2021. "Dazhbog: The Ancient Slavic Pagan Deity of the Shining Sky". In: Studia Mythologica Slavica 24 (October). Ljubljana, Slovenija. https://doi.org/10.3986/SMS20212411.

Slavic gods
Solar gods
Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

Dazhbog


Alaric I, also Alaricus, (reigned 394–410 AD) was a leader of the Visigoths. He is famous as the Gothic leader who sacked the city of Rome in 410 AD.  Very little about his family is known. As a young man he received much of his military training in the Roman army. He next appears as a war leader of Gothic forces fighting along with Roman troops at the Battle of the Frigidus in 394. In January 395 the emperor Theodosius I died dividing his empire between his two sons. Alaric revolted and as the leader of the Visigoths he attacked parts of the Eastern Roman Empire. He later attacked the Western Roman Empire. In 408 he attempted to attack Rome but was bribed to leave. He returned two years later, defeated and occupied the city. He died in 411.

Life
Alaric was born on an island on the delta of the Danube River. He was a member of the noble Balti dynasty of Visigoths. He was first mentioned in 394 AD as a commander under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I in his war against Eugenius. He became the leader or king of the Visigoths in the mid 390s. Alaric rebelled against Emperor Arcadius in 395 and invaded Greece. When he came to the walls of Athens, the city paid a heavy ransom so he left them unharmed. He then defeated Corinth, Argos and Sparta. He continued to lay waste to Greece until 397 when the Roman general Stilicho surrounded Alaric's army at Arcadia. They cut off the water to the Gothic camp and thought it was impossible for Alarc to escape. But Alaric broke through their lines and marched  to the north over very difficult terrain. Alaric then made a treaty with Arcadius. Stilicho returned to Italy without having defeated Alaric.

In 401-402 AD Alaric entered Italy. He tried the same tactics he used earlier but was unsuccessful against the Roman army. At the Battle of Pollentia in 402, the Roman army defeated the goths. Alaric's wife was one of those captured by the Romans. However, the Visigoth losses were very few and Alaric's army left in good order. Alaric crossed the Po River intending on attacking Rome but was met and defeated again by Stilicho at the Battle of Verona. Alaric's army attacked across the Danube and Rhine Rivers again in 405 and 406 AD. Stilicho, who was now ruling in the name of the Emperor Honorius, made a treaty with Alaric. But Stilicho was killed in 408. Alaric invaded Italy again and demanded Stilicho's promises to him be kept.

Fall of Rome
From late 408 AD, the Visigoth army camped outside Rome. Alaric demanded payment from Honorius, who was safe in Ravenna, which the emperor refused to pay.

Zosimus the historian wrote the only known account of the last negotiations before Rome was sacked:

On August 24, 410 AD, Rome's city gates were opened by slaves. Alaric's Visigoths began three days of murdering and plundering. They damaged buildings and stole from tombs of former emperors. It was the first time in 800 years that Rome was sacked. But the Visigoths continued their destruction further south in Italy. The casualties were high on both sides. The Romans lost an estimated 15,000 men while the Visigoths lost about 17,000.

Alaric planned to move his army into Sicily and then on to Africa. But he died soon after Rome fell in 410 AD. Ataulf succeeded Alaric as king and took the army into Gaul.

References

Other websites
 Alaric - The Fall of Rome - with Rome total war
 Alaric leader of the Visigoths

4th-century births
Ancient Rome
410s deaths
Visigothic kings

Alaric I


Nabilone, sold under the brand name Cesamet among others, is a synthetic cannabinoid with therapeutic use as an antiemetic and as an adjunct analgesic for neuropathic pain. It mimics tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive compound found naturally occurring in Cannabis.

The Food and Drug Administration in the United States has indicated nabilone for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting. In other countries, such as Canada, it is widely used as an adjunct therapy for chronic pain management. Numerous trials and case studies have demonstrated modest effectiveness for relieving fibromyalgia and multiple sclerosis.

Medical uses
Nabilone is used to treat nausea and vomiting in people under chemotherapy.

Nabilone has shown modest effectiveness in relieving fibromyalgia. A 2011 systematic review of cannabinoids for chronic pain determined there was evidence of safety and modest efficacy for some conditions.

The main settings that have seen published clinical trials of nabilone include movement disorders such as parkinsonism, chronic pain, dystonia and spasticity neurological disorders, multiple sclerosis, and the nausea of cancer chemotherapy. Nabilone is also effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis.

In one study of current daily users of cannabis, oral nabilone at 4, 6, and 8 mg produced sustained and dose-dependent mood elevation and psychomotor slowing comparable to 10 or 20 mg oral dronabinol (THC). Nabilone had a slower onset of peak action and a greater dose-dependence of effects, which the investigators attributed to greater bioavailability.

A study comparing nabilone with metoclopramide, conducted before the development of modern 5-HT3 antagonist anti-emetics such as ondansetron, revealed that patients taking cisplatin chemotherapy preferred metoclopramide, while patients taking carboplatin preferred nabilone to control nausea and vomiting.

Nabilone is sometimes used for nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder, but there have not been studies longer than nine weeks, so effects of longer-term use are not known. Nabilone has also been used for medication overuse headache.

Side effects
Nabilone can increase – rather than decrease – postoperative pain. In the treatment of fibromyalgia, adverse effects limit the useful dose. Adverse effects of nabilone include, but are not limited to: dizziness/vertigo, euphoria, drowsiness, dry mouth, ataxia, sleep disturbance, headache, nausea, disorientation, depersonalization, hallucinations, and asthenia.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
Nabilone is a partial agonist of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors.

Pharmacokinetics
Nabilone is given in 1 or 2 mg doses multiple times a day up to a total of 6 mg. It is completely absorbed from oral administration and highly plasma protein bound. Multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes extensively metabolize nabilone to various metabolites that have not been fully characterized.

Chemistry
Nabilone is a racemic mixture consisting of (S,S)-(+)- and (R,R)-(−)-isomers.

History
Nabilone was originally developed by Eli Lilly and Company; and was first approved by Health Canada in 1981; shortly followed by its approval in Mexico, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Lilly received FDA approval in 1985 to market it, but withdrew that approval in 1989 for commercial reasons. Valeant Pharmaceuticals acquired the rights from Lilly in 2004. Valeant tried and failed to get the medication approved by the FDA again in 2005 and then succeeded in 2006.

In 2007, Valeant acquired the United Kingdom and European Union rights to market nabilone from Cambridge Laboratories.

Nabilone was approved in Austria to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea in 2013; it was already approved in Spain for the same indication and was legal in Belgium to treat glaucoma, spasticity in multiple sclerosis, wasting due to AIDS, and chronic pain.

See also
 List of investigational analgesics

References

Analgesics
Appetite stimulants
Benzochromenes
Cannabinoids
Ketones
Phenols

Nabilone


Mount Vernon (Chinese: 翡珑山; ) is a small hill in central Singapore west of Potong Pasir and north of MacPherson Estate. Officially named in 1956, it is circumscribed by Bartley Road, Upper Aljunied Road, Upper Serangoon Road, and Upper Paya Lebar Road. It is named after British Royal Navy Vice Admiral Edward Vernon (1684–1757).

Features
Mount Vernon is relatively undeveloped due to Mount Vernon Crematorium and Bidadari Cemetery being located on it. Both facilities have since shut down, and major residential development is expected in that area. The hill itself is likely to remain intact, however, as it is largely occupied by the Mount Vernon Camp, the operational and residential base of the Gurkha Contingent.

Infrastructure

Public services
The Singapore Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals moved to the edge of Mount Vernon in 1984 after being relocated from Orchard Road.

Mount Vernon Columbarium started operations in 1962. Due to inability to handle the amount of cremations needed daily, a new crematorium was built at Mandai. On 30 June 2004, the crematorium ceased cremation services. The Columbarium is still operational.

Bidadari Cemetery used to be a private burial site and 1972, became a public burial site. The Cemetery was closed on 2001 and graves exhumed to make way for a new town.

Education
Despite the small area, there are two education institutions in the area, Bartley Secondary School and Maris Stella High School. Mount Vernon was home to other several schools, including Mount Vernon Secondary and Sang Nila Utama Secondary, which have since been closed down.

Transportation
There are two MRT stations nearby. The nearer, Woodleigh MRT station, part of the North East Line has been operational since 20 June 2011. Bartley MRT station, by the side of Maris Stella High School, has been operational since 28 May 2009, and is part of the Circle Line.

References
Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2004), Toponymics – A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern University Press,

Places in Singapore
Hills of Singapore
Toa Payoh

Mount Vernon, Singapore


T2 phage is more properly called Enterobacteria phage T2. It is a virulent bacteriophage which infects Escherichia coli bacteria.
It contains linear double-stranded DNA, and is covered by a protective protein coat. T2 is a 'tailed phage', one of a group known as the 'T4-like viruses'.

The DNA of the phage is injected into E. coli cells. It quickly turns the E. coli cell into a T2-producing factory. New phages are released when the cell ruptures.

The Hershey–Chase experiments, done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, showed how the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins stay outside. The injected DNA molecules cause the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins. These discoveries showed that DNA, rather than proteins, is the hereditary material.

References

Viruses

T2 phage


The Koch Family Children's Museum of Evansville is an interactive children's museum in Evansville, Indiana. The museum educates and inspires children about the world. Exhibits include deconstructing objects, a water exhibit that spans multiple floors, experiences about the human body and its senses, and a gallery for freedom of expression.

Built inside the historic old Central Library, the museum opened in September 2006. The Art Deco building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and now offers visitors three floors of interactive exhibits and galleries. The museum was designed by Roto Studio, a museum design and engineering firm specializing in creating interactive educational environments and experiences for children as well as adults.

Permanent galleries
 Live Well: The Live Well Gallery exhibit provides children with hands on experiences about the human body, sun protection, healthy eating, and the importance of exercise in order to encourage healthy lifestyle choices.  Activities in the exhibit include opportunities to explore being a doctor, test reaction time, memory, a hands-on play kitchen, bistro, and farmers market.
 Speak Loud: The Speak Loud exhibit encourages children to dramatize a familiar story, play instruments from around the world, create an artistic masterpiece and express their feelings through music, drama and the visual arts.
 Quack Factory- Upper Deck: Every visitor has a role to play in feeding the Great Duck Machine.  Visitors are "workers" and each have a task as balls and ducks are hoisted, dropped, launched, and pushed.
 Quack Factory- Wet Deck: Water flows through the exhibit in amazing ways.  Send a duck around the basin or see if it can survive the nearby lock system.  Create a spouting masterpiece out of pipes and see if it springs a leak.
 Work Smart: is a place things can be built and taken part. Exhibit activities includes digging for dinosaur bones in the Dino Dig, estimating weight, and deconstructing tools and objects.
Aluminate: a new play tower inspired by aluminum and renewable energy. Come play and slide down the two-story indoor slide!

References

External links
 Children's Museum of Evansville website

Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Library buildings completed in 1931
Museums established in 2006
National Register of Historic Places in Evansville, Indiana
Children's museums in Indiana
Museums in Evansville, Indiana
Former library buildings in the United States

Children's Museum of Evansville


Maurice A. Catarcio (March 21, 1929 – May 12, 2005) was an American professional wrestler. He was best known for competing in the then World Wide Wrestling Federation from 1957 to 1960, under the ring-name The Matador. After being diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1991, he became an advocate for public health and fitness. He was also in The Guinness Book of World Records for his public displays of strength.

Biography

Early life
Catarcio was born on March 21, 1929, in Ocean City, New Jersey to parents Dominick and Julia Marie. He had one sister. Beginning at age 11, he lifted weights and participated in bodybuilding. In 1947, he graduated from now closed Cape May (NJ) High School and then served with the U.S. Navy for 55 months. On June 30, 1950, three days after the beginning of the Korean War, he was honorably discharged, but he was later recalled for another 22 months and received another honorable discharge.

Catarcio worked as a professional wrestler in the Capitol Wrestling Corporation which later became the World Wrestling Federation from 1957 to 1960. He was known as "The Matador" and wore a bullfighting cape to the ring.

Feats of strength
Catarcio began putting on public displays of strength after he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1991. Because of these displays, he was given the nickname "Magnificent Maurice". He also became an advocate for fitness and health. At age 69, he pulled an 80 ft boat filled with 125 passengers while swimming the backstroke for 300 feet in a lake, which earned him a place in The Guinness Book of World Records in the category "feats of strength". Then, at age 72, he dragged a 27,000 lb bus down a New York City street on the Late Show with David Letterman.  Other stunts included tearing 17 decks of cards in 59 seconds and lifting a refrigerator with three women on top of it.

Personal life
Besides being a professional wrestler, Catarcio had a number of occupations. He was certified in fitness training in Santa Barbara, California and certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. He was also a police officer, lifeguard, and a painting contractor, the latter for thirty years. He served as Commissioner of the Cape May County Bridge Commission from 1980 to 1987 and Chairman of the Bridge Commission from 1987 to 2001.

Catarcio was also a member of St. Raymond's Church and the Governor's Council on Fitness. He was a president for the Kiwanis Club of Cape May, the Sons of Italy in Lower Township, and the Lower Township Republican Club. In addition, Catarcio was a member of the Knights of Columbus and the Mayor's Advisory Committee, both in Cape May. For ten years, he was the Republican Leader in Lower Township and was a member of the Electoral College in 1976. Moreover, he was a Republican State Committeeman and involved with the Boy Scouts of America.

On May 12, 2005, at age 76, he died of cancer at his home in Del Haven, NJ, a neighborhood in Middle Township, New Jersey. At the time of his death, he was married to his wife Roxanne with whom he had one son, Maurice Jr.

References

1929 births
2005 deaths
American male professional wrestlers
Deaths from prostate cancer
People from Lower Township, New Jersey
People from Middle Township, New Jersey
People from Ocean City, New Jersey
Deaths from cancer in New Jersey

Maurice Catarcio


The Apostles, op. 49, is an oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra composed by Edward Elgar. It was first performed on October 14, 1903.

History of its composition

Elgar had been thinking for many years about writing a musical work about Jesus's Twelve Apostles.  He was already 42 when his orchestral work Enigma Variations was first performed in 1899.  He was then asked by the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival to compose a big work for the following year.  At first he thought of writing The Apostles, but then he realized he would need more than a year to write it, so he composed an oratorio called The Dream of Gerontius.  When it was first performed it was not a success.  This was because the orchestra and choir had only had two weeks to learn it and also because the conductor did not like Elgar's music anyway.  Then it was performed in Düsseldorf in Germany and shortly afterwards in Westminster Cathedral, London.  Both these performances were greeted with lots of applause.  Elgar was given a doctorate (title of Dr) by the University of Cambridge and he was becoming famous.  He started to work on The Apostles, and it was performed in Birmingham in 1903.

Originally Elgar wanted to write three oratorios which would belong together.  The Apostles is the first one, the second one became The Kingdom but the third one, which would have been about the Last Judgement, was never written.

The words and music

The oratorio is about the disciples of Jesus and the way they react to the amazing things that Jesus does.  There are six soloists: the narrator (who tells the story)-  he has a tenor voice and also does the part of St John, St Peter (bass), Jesus (bass) and Judas (bass) and the two female singers: the soprano who is both the Blessed Virgin and the angel Gabriel, and the mezzo-soprano who is Mary Magdalene.

Sometimes The Apostles is criticized for not being a carefully thought out dramatic story.  Elgar was more interested in what makes people behave in the way they do.  He was particularly interested in the two sinners Mary Magdalene and Judas Iscariot.

The orchestra is very big.  The music includes the call of the shofar.  Often this is played on a brass instrument.  There is a double choir and a small choir (semichorus).

The parts of the oratorio
The work is in two parts and seven sections, each played without a break. Elgar chose the words himself.  He spent a lot of time looking at different translations of the Bible and combining sentences from several of the versions.

 (Part 1) "The Calling of the Apostles". The music begins just before dawn; the sun rises, and one by one the Apostles are chosen.
 "By the Wayside". This shows Jesus's teaching, and includes the Beatitudes.
 "By the Sea of Galilee". This is all about Mary Magdalene.  After a stormy night she is converted (changes her behaviour to live a good life).
 (Part 2) "The Betrayal". This is all about Judas.  Elgar shows Judas as a person who was trying to make a situation in which Jesus would have to perform a miracle to prove that he was the Son of God.   In the end Judas despairs.
 "Golgotha". This is a short interlude, as is the following section.
 "At the Sepulchre". The story of the Resurrection is briefly told by the narrator and a chorus of angels.
 "The Ascension". Elgar is not so interested in the actual miracle.  The music is really about the Apostles who are going to start the Christian Church on Earth.

Evaluation
Unlike The Dream of Gerontius which people did not like the first time they heard it, The Apostles was an immediate success with audience and critics.  People were getting used to the kind of big oratorio that Elgar was writing.  However, today The Dream of Gerontius is the most popular of Elgar's oratorios. The Apostles is a strange mixture of words from different parts of the bible, but it has some very beautiful music.  Elgar often wrote the music first and then added the words afterwards.

Elgar uses leitmotifs in this work: melodies that are associated with particular people or ideas.  He got this idea from Wagner.  Some of the leitmotifs heard in The Apostles can also be heard in The Kingdom.

Oratorios
Compositions by Edward Elgar

The Apostles (Elgar)


Margaret Ethelwyn Hone (2 October 1892 –  14 October 1969) was an influential mid–20th century astrologer and astrological author. She was also known as "Peg Hone".

She was born at Studley, Warwickshire, England.

Margaret Hone's best known book was "The Modern Text Book of Astrology" which was adopted as the official textbook for the FAS (Faculty of Astrological Studies) of the United Kingdom for many years. Charles Carter, who wrote the preface to the book, clearly felt that Hone's work was a step forward in the teaching of astrology.

She co-founded (with Charles Carter and others) the "Faculty of Astrological Studies". Carter became the first principal, Margaret Hone the second. She also helped to found the UK Astrological Association in 1958.

Books
Hone, Margaret: "Applied Astrology"
Hone, Margaret: "The Modern Text Book of Astrology"

1892 births
1969 deaths
English astrological writers
English astrologers
People from Stratford-on-Avon District

Margaret Hone


Making the Most of the Micro is a TV series broadcast in 1983 as part of the BBC's Computer Literacy Project. It followed the earlier series The Computer Programme. Unlike its predecessor, Making the Most of the Micro delved somewhat deeper into the technicalities and uses that microcomputers could be put to, once again mainly using the BBC Micro in the studio for demonstration purposes. The series was followed by Micro Live.

Presenters
Ian McNaught-Davis (known as 'Mac') was once again the anchorman but Chris Serle and Gill Nevill were absent, instead various experts were brought in as required to demonstrate some of the more technical aspects of the microcomputers and their uses. John Coll was the main technical 'bod' (he had also written the User Guide for the BBC Micro along with other manuals) and Ian Trackman also featured - he wrote most of the software that was used for demonstrating certain features of the microcomputer, not only for this series but also The Computer Programme and Computers in Control. The programme also featured location reports to demonstrate various practical and business uses of microcomputers.

The title and incidental music was by Roger Limb of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.

Programmes
The series was split into 10 programmes, each about 25 minutes long and dealing with a particular subject area. They were as follows (original airdates in brackets):

 The Versatile Machine (10 January 1983)
 Getting Down to BASIC (17 January 1983)
 Strings and Things (24 January 1983)
 Introducing Graphics (31 January 1983)
 Keeping a Record (7 February 1983)
 Getting Down to Business (14 February 1983)
 Sounds Interesting (21 February 1983)
 Everything Under Control (28 February 1983)
 Moving Pictures (7 March 1983)
 At the End of the Line (14 March 1983)

See also
 Micro Men
 The Computer Programme
 Computers in Control
 Micro Live

External links

 Ian Trackman's web site

BBC Television shows
Computer science education in the United Kingdom
Computer television series
1983 British television series debuts
1983 British television series endings
English-language television shows

Making the Most of the Micro


Matthew Aloysius "Matches" Kilroy  (June 21, 1866 – March 2, 1940) was an American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. During his rookie season in 1886, he had 513 strikeouts, which remains the MLB single-season record.

Early life
Kilroy was born in Philadelphia in 1866. He was one of 13 children of Mary Ann and Patrick Kilroy. He started his professional baseball career with the Southern League's Augusta Browns in 1885. That season, he pitched 447 innings and had a win–loss record of 29–22 with a 0.97 earned run average and 363 strikeouts.

Rookie season
Kilroy starred as an MLB rookie during the  season for the last-place Baltimore Orioles. He started 68 games, completing 66 of them while throwing 583 innings. Although he had a disappointing record of 29 wins and 34 losses, he set a mark that was unequalled in major league pitching. Kilroy struck out 513 batters that season, the most ever in a single season and far ahead of second-place Charles "Old Hoss" Radbourn's total of 441 in . During this period there were many differences in game play from the modern rules, such as a base on balls being awarded after six balls rather than the modern four, and the pitcher being located 50 feet from home plate rather than the modern 60 feet 6 inches; it was also the last season in which batters could request either a high pitch or a low pitch. Because of these numerous subsequent rule changes, pitching records from that era are not officially compared to those of the modern era, which is variously regarded as beginning in 1893 (when the modern pitching distance was established) or 1901.

On August 20, Kilroy and Cyclone Miller of the Philadelphia Quakers hurled opposing one-hitters, the first time this ever occurred, though it has since been duplicated four times. Baltimore won that game 1–0 on first-inning errors' but did not get a hit until the ninth. During this remarkable rookie season, he hurled 5 shutouts, 3 one-hitters, and 4 two-hitters, but on October 6 he pitched the only 9-inning no-hitter of his career. He pitched his gem against the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, a 6–0 victory.

Second season
Kilroy followed the success of his rookie season with another productive year in . Baltimore began to score more runs, finishing in a respectable third place; in addition, Kilroy lowered his earned run average from 3.37 to 3.07, resulting in an outstanding win–loss record of 46–19. During his sophomore year he started 69 games, completing 66 while throwing 589 innings with 6 shutouts. He led the league in wins and shutouts. He had this success even though his strikeout total dropped dramatically to 217. Kilroy pitched and won both games of a doubleheader twice during the 1887 season, once on July 26 and the other on October 1. His 46 wins is still the most ever by a left-handed pitcher in a season. On September 2, he umpired his only game.

Later career

After opening his career with two outstanding seasons, he pitched fewer innings and had less success in . Baltimore finished in fifth place, and Kilroy had a 17–21 record in only 40 games. He did complete 35 of those starts and recorded 2 shutouts. Earlier, before the season started and after signing his contract with the team, he married Fanny Denny, although he did spend the honeymoon training with the Orioles.

The  season was Kilroy's comeback season and his last productive season as a pitcher. He completed 55 of his 56 starts, while also pitching in 3 relief appearances, the first of his career. He had a 29–25 record and 5 shutouts in 480 innings. On July 29 of that season, he pitched his second no-hitter, this time a 7-inning affair against the St. Louis Browns that ended in scoreless tie. It was Kilroy's own baserunning error that negated the only run scored, when he missed third base in the 3rd inning and was called out.

That season was his last for Baltimore, as he jumped to the new Players' League for the  season. He had a disappointing season, winning only 9 games against 15 losses in 217 innings. He only completed 18 of 27 starts for the Boston Reds, and only struck out 48. After the Players' League folded, he traveled around, playing for three teams during the next four seasons, never pitching more than 45 innings. After the  season he disappeared from the majors until returning in , when he played his final season with the Chicago Orphans. He finished his career with 141 wins and 133 losses in 303 games pitched.

Later life
After his baseball career ended, Kilroy lived in Philadelphia and owned a saloon. He and his wife had seven children. Kilroy died at the age of 73; he was buried at the Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania.

See also

List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual shutout leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders

References

External links

1866 births
1940 deaths
19th-century baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baltimore Orioles (AA) players
Boston Reds (PL) players
Burials at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery
Cincinnati Kelly's Killers players
Washington Senators (1891–1899) players
Louisville Colonels players
Chicago Orphans players
Augusta Browns players
Philadelphia Athletics (minor league) players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Hartford Indians players
Baseball players from Philadelphia

Matt Kilroy


Charles Kellogg (October 3, 1773 Sheffield, Berkshire County, Massachusetts – May 11, 1842 Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County, Michigan) was an American farmer, merchant and politician from New York. From 1825 to 1827, he served one term in the  U.S. House of Representatives.

Life

He was the son of Asa Kellogg (1745–1820) and Lucy (Powell) Kellogg (1746–1816). He attended the common schools. In 1787, he removed to Galway where his father had settled as a pioneer seven years before. On October 21, 1794, he married Mary Ann Otis (1774–1844), and they had eleven children, among them Day O. Kellogg (b. 1796; assemblyman 1839).

In 1796, the couple removed to Marcellus, in 1797 to Aurelius, and in 1799 to Sempronius. There they founded Kelloggsville, a hamlet situated in that part of Sempronius which was in 1833 split off to form the Town of Niles, and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits.

Judicial career
He was an associate judge of the Cayuga County Court and a Justice of the Peace. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1808–09, 1810, 1820–21 and 1822. He was the first Postmaster of Kelloggsville, in office from 1814 to 1825. In 1823, he opened a gristmill in the neighboring hamlet of New Hope. The mill was sold in 1851.

Congress
Kellogg was elected as a Clintonian/Federalist to the 19th United States Congress, holding office from March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1827.

Later career and death
Afterwards, he resumed his agricultural pursuits.

In 1839, he removed to Ann Arbor, Michigan, died there three years later, and was buried at the Fairview Cemetery.

Sources

The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 71, 182f, 197f and 285; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
FAMILY MEETING OF KELLOGGS in New England Historical and Genealogical Register (1858; Vol. 12; pages 199ff)
Funeral of the Rev. D. O. Kellogg, his grandson's obit in NYT on January 29, 1904
Charles Kellogg at Family Tree Maker

1773 births
1842 deaths
New York (state) state court judges
Members of the New York State Assembly
People from Sheffield, Massachusetts
People from Galway, New York
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
19th-century American politicians
People from Sempronius, New York
Politicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)

Charles Kellogg (congressman)


Laura Ruth Sadler (25 December 1980 – 19 June 2003) was an English actress best known for her role as nurse Sandy Harper in the BBC One hospital drama series Holby City.

TV career
Sadler was born in Ascot, Berkshire, and took up television acting as a young girl. She was spotted as a future talent at the age of 6 by Dustin Hoffman, who had seen her in a play. After the play had finished Hoffman asked to meet the young actress. Before joining the cast of Holby City, her best-known role had been as the character Judi Jeffreys in the children's television series Grange Hill from 1997 to 1999. In a tragic coincidence, her Grange Hill character was killed after slipping and falling out of a burning building, paralleling her real life death 4 years later. Laura also then played the part of Skirty Marm in a new BBC1 children's comedy, Belfry Witches. Skirty Marm and her friend Old Noshie (Lucy Davis) were teenage witches banished to earth from Witch Island; settling in a sleepy village where they caused mischief.

In 1996 she starred in the feature movie Intimate Relations alongside Julie Walters, where she played a Lolita-like girl with a crush on her mother's adulterous lover. She joined the cast of Holby City, a spin-off series from the long-running BBC medical drama series Casualty, in the show's third series.

Death
In the early hours of 15 June 2003, she fell 40 feet (12 metres) from the balcony of the Holland Park flat of her boyfriend and Holby City co-star George Calil after having taken alcohol and cocaine. She suffered severe head injuries, and never regained consciousness. Her family decided to remove her from life support on 18 June 2003 and she died at Charing Cross Hospital a day later.

Her boyfriend, Calil, then aged 30, who played her character's drug-dealing boyfriend Sean Hunt in Holby City, was arrested for questioning before being released on bail. On 26 June police announced that the death was being treated as accidental and no further action would be taken.

Laura continued to feature in pre-recorded episodes of Holby City after her death. Laura's mother took part in writing her daughter's character Sandy out of Holby City; in the episode, which was broadcast in September 2003, her character won the lottery and subsequently emigrated to Australia.

Notes

Other websites

BBC News - Holby actor speaks of shock
BBC News - Actress Laura Sadler dies

1980 births
2003 deaths
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Actors from Berkshire
British child actors
English movie actors
English television actors

Laura Sadler


The Red River Meeting House was the site of the first religious camp meeting in the United States. Held June 13–17, 1800, it marked the start of the Second Great Awakening, a major religious movement in the United States in the first part of the nineteenth century. The meeting was organized by the Presbyterian minister James McGready (also spelled M'Gready) in Logan County, Kentucky, and several preachers took part.

First camp meeting
What later became known as the Revival of 1800 began as a traditional Presbyterian sacramental occasion at the Red River Meeting House in June of the same year.  As the revival spread to the congregations of McGready's two other area congregations, several hundred people attended the meetings, held from Friday through Tuesday.  McGready's other congregations were located at Muddy River, and Gasper River. The meeting was a chance for the settlers to end their relative isolation for several days and to engage with new people.

A letter from McGready to a friend dated October 23, 1801, described the meeting.

In June, the sacrament was administered at Red River. This was the greatest time we had ever seen before. On Monday multitudes were struck down under awful conviction; the cries of the distressed filled the whole house. There you might see profane swearers, and sabbath breakers pricked to the heart, and crying out, "what shall we do to be saved?" There frolicers, and dancers crying for mercy. There you might see little children of ten, eleven and twelve years of age, praying and crying for redemption, in the blood of Jesus, in agonies of distress. During this sacrament, and until the Tuesday following, ten persons we believe, were savingly brought home to Christ.

The Presbyterian minister Barton W. Stone observed the events and wrote the following:
There, on the edge of a prairie in Logan County, Kentucky, the multitudes came together and continued a number of days and nights encamped on the ground, during which time worship was carried on in some part of the encampment. The scene was new to me and passing strange. It baffled description. Many, very many, fell down as men slain in battle, and continued for hours together in an apparently breathless and motionless state, sometimes for a few moments reviving and exhibiting symptoms of life by a deep groan or piercing shriek, or by a prayer for mercy fervently uttered. After lying there for hours they obtained deliverance. The gloomy cloud that had covered their faces seemed gradually and visibly to disappear, and hope, in smiles, brightened into joy. They would rise, shouting deliverance, and then would address the surrounding multitude in language truly eloquent and impressive. With astonishment did I hear men, women, and children declaring the wonderful works of God and the glorious mysteries of the gospel. Their appeals were solemn, heart-penetrating, bold, and free. Under such circumstances many others would fall down into the same state from which the speakers had just been delivered.

The historian Paul Conkin downplays the significance of the Red River meeting in relation to the religious revival. He says that McGready was one of several preachers at the event. The preacher wrote an account that was widely circulated, and which was instrumental in forming people's perceptions of the events at the meeting. Conkin thinks that McGready's account was exaggerated.

History
The first settlers of European descent in the area were Ambrose Maulding and his family in 1780. They established what became known as Maulding's Station or Maulding's Fort. The original church building in this area was built between 1789 and 1792 and is described by some as the first Cumberland Presbyterian Church. After the church building collapsed in 1856, the adjacent cemetery expanded onto the site of the original cabin.

A white framed church was built nearby but was torn down in 1929 due to deterioration and disuse. A log cabin believed to resemble the original style was constructed on the site in 1959. It burned due to an unknown cause on May 2, 1992. The Red River Meeting House and Cemetery Association was formed to raise funds for a replacement pioneer church, which was constructed in May 1994.

Kentucky Historical Marker 71 is erected at the intersection of U.S. Highway 431 and Route 663: "Three miles east is site of early pioneer church. Organized by 'A Society of Presbyterians,' 1789. Here the Great Revival of 1800 was conducted by the Rev. James McGready. First camp meeting held here."

The adjacent cemetery contains the graves of numerous veterans of the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. The gravestone of William McPherson is engraved with the Twenty-third Psalm in Gaelic.

The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Location
The site is located three miles (5 km) east of U.S. Route 431 along Route 663 and the Red River in Logan County, Kentucky.

Current use
A primitive camp meeting and rendezvous is held annually on the grounds during the local Tobacco & Heritage Festival (second weekend in October). The Red River Meeting House and Cemetery Association holds its annual meeting on the grounds on the second Sunday in September. The site is privately owned, but it is open to the public from dawn to dusk and admittance is free. There are no interpretive signs or facilities.

See also
 Second Great Awakening
 Revival of 1800

References

External links
 Red River Meeting House, web site about the meeting house
 Historical Foundation of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church
 Tobacco and Heritage Festival
 Presbyterian Voice article
 Biography of McGready at the Historical Foundation of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church

Further reading
 Christian Life, America's Great Revivals, Bethany House Publishers, Minneapolis, MN,
 Boles, John B, Religion in Antebellum Kentucky,

Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
History of Christianity in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Logan County, Kentucky
1800 establishments in Kentucky
Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Presbyterianism in Kentucky
Camp meeting grounds
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1800

Red River Meeting House


Sigmund Zois Freiherr von Edelstein, usually referred as Sigmund Zois (, formerly Slovenized as Cojs or Cojz; ) (23 November 1747 – 10 November 1819) was a Carniolan nobleman, natural scientist and patron of the arts. He is considered one of the most influential figures of the Enlightenment Era in the Slovene Lands of Habsburg Austria.

Family
Sigmund's father Michelangelo Zois (1694–1777) was a merchant from Lombardy that moved to Ljubljana, where he made a considerable fortune in dealing with iron and holding mines. His second marriage was to a Carniolan noblewoman from the family Kappus (also Kapus) von Pichelstein; he was ennobled in 1739 and acquired the right to the title of baron in 1760. He owned large estates both in Carniola and on the Karst Plateau, and Sigmund was born in Trieste, in one of his father's mansions.

The  Carniolan noble family Kappus von Pichelstein on Zois's  mother's side was a prosperous family that had lived at Kamna Gorica in Upper Carniola for centuries, where the family had owned an iron foundry and an iron mine since the late Middle Ages, perhaps since the 12th century. Marcus Antonius Kappus von Pichelstein (1657–1717) worked as a Jesuit missionary in Sonora. From there he wrote letters to his friends in Vienna and to his relatives in Carniola. In these letters he described discoveries by research expeditions in Arizona and California and described the living conditions, the climate, and other details. Carolus Josephus Kappus von Pichelstein, a nephew of Marcus Antonius, was member of the Academia Operosorum, which was founded in Ljubljana in 1693 after the example of similar academies in Italy. Vladimir Kappus von Pichelstein (1885–1943), a Slovene writer and publisher, was also from the Kappus family. He was killed in May 1943 by communist Partisans.

Education
After attending several private schools, Sigmund Zois moved to Reggio in the duchy of Modena where he continued his education. He enjoyed traveling and making new acquaintances. However, his way of life was soon truncated by gout, a disease with which he would be stricken the rest of his life. After returning to Ljubljana to assist in business, he studied natural sciences with Gabriel Gruber and Giuseppe Maffei and inherited his father's wealth in 1777. Leaving the management of his economic entities to his cousin, he developed a strong interest in sciences and started to meet with Baltazar Hacquet, who taught anatomy in Ljubljana from 1773 to 1787, and several Slovene intellectuals of the time.

The Zois circle

In the early 1780s, his mansion in Ljubljana became a fostering center for liberal intellectuals at the center of the Slovene enlightenment. Jurij Japelj and Blaž Kumerdej (the two published the Bible in Slovene), Anton Tomaž Linhart, Valentin Vodnik (from 1793) and Jernej Kopitar (from 1803) were the most prominent members of what became known as the "Zois circle". Zois was their patron, mentoring them and granting them necessary financial support for their cultural and scientific efforts, thus becoming the central figure of the Slovenian enlightenment. He was a deist and his views were rational and empirical. Nevertheless, he strongly opposed the French revolution and supported the moderate enlightened constitutionalism of Leopold II.

In Ljubljana, Zois initiated and sponsored the construction of roads, the foundation of the botanical garden and a (German) theatre (whose main shareholder he became) and the enlargement of the lyceal library. His great commitment in sciences contrasted in neglecting the needs of the farmers on his estates, who waged surrection in 1783 and were oppressed by Zois' managers. Only after the French Revolution he ordered obligation towards his subjects, fearing for his properties.

In 1784, Zois was visited by the French geologist and mineralogist Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu. From 1797 onwards, Sigmund Zois used a wheelchair and didn't leave his mansion in Ljubljana anymore.

The literary opus of Sigmund Zois, of modest quality and little influence, includes many literary forms and genres, ranging from arias for the opera to lyrics for folk music, although probably only a minor part of his work has been preserved. His translation of the poem Lenore by Gottfried August Burger was regarded as a complete failure, and Zois himself later came to the conclusion that Slovene was "too mediocre and rough" to allow for such a literary achievement. He would be disproven only some decades later by France Prešeren who managed to compose a complex and exceptional translation of the same poem. Zois is also regarded as a father of Slovene literary criticism, and most of his literary reviews can be found in his correspondence with Valentin Vodnik.

Zois, who was considered to have been the wealthiest Carniolan of his time, died in Ljubljana. His funeral was attended by a huge crowd; to these days, it has been considered one of the biggest funeral ceremonies ever held in the city, together with Anton Aškerc's funeral in 1912, and Janez Evangelist Krek's funeral in 1917.

Scientific and collecting work
Zois was particularly known as a mineralogist and geologist. In 1795, he mounted two expeditions to explore the land around the Triglav mountain. In 1805, Abraham Gottlob Werner described the mineral zoisite and named it after Zois, who sent him its specimens from Saualpe in Carinthia. His collection of minerals (around 5,000 items) is kept at the Natural History Museum of Slovenia.

He was also involved in botany and zoology. His ornithological writings, particularly Nomenclatura carniolica, contain the first records of Slovene names of the majority of the birds living in Carniola and were the foundation for the Slovene ornithological nomenclature. He supported the work of his brother, the botanist Karl Zois, who, among other things, discovered the Campanula zoysii, a previously unknown Carniolan flower.

Orders, decorations and medals

 Commander's Cross of the Order of Leopold

The highest national scientific award in Slovenia, as well as a state-founded scholarship for talented students, are named after him.

Sources
Peter von Radics, at: Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (General German Biography), ed. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Bavarian Academy of Sciences), Volume 45, Munich, 1900, p. 403

See also
 Brdo pri Kranju

References

External links

Correspondence of Sigmund Zois (Scholarly Digital Editions of Slovene Literature)

1747 births
1819 deaths
Scientists from Ljubljana
Nobility from Trieste
Slovenian people of Italian descent
Slovenian geologists
Carniolan nobility
Carniolan scientists
Carniolan businesspeople
Patrons of literature
Carniolan collectors
Carniolan botanists
People of the Age of Enlightenment
Scientists from Trieste
Slovenian mineralogists

Sigmund Zois


In physics, Babinet's principle states that the diffraction pattern from an opaque body is identical to that from a hole of the same size and shape except for the overall forward beam intensity.  It was formulated in the 1800s by French physicist Jacques Babinet.

A quantum version of Babinet's principle has been derived in the context of quantum networks.

Explanation
Assume B is the original diffracting body, and B'  is its complement, i.e., a body that is transparent. The sum of the radiation patterns caused by B and B' must be the same as the radiation pattern of the unobstructed beam. In places where the undisturbed beam would not have reached, this means that the radiation patterns caused by B and B' must be opposite in phase, but equal in amplitude.

Diffraction patterns from apertures or bodies of known size and shape are compared with the pattern from the object to be measured. For instance, the size of red blood cells can be found by comparing their diffraction pattern with an array of small holes. One consequence of Babinet's principle is the extinction paradox, which states that in the diffraction limit, the radiation removed from the beam due to a particle is equal to twice the particle's cross section times the flux. This is because the amount of radiation absorbed or reflected is equal to the flux through the particle's cross-section, but by Babinet's principle the light diffracted forward is the same as the light that would pass through a hole in the shape of a particle; so amount of the light diffracted forward also equals the flux through the particle's cross section.

The principle is most often used in optics but it is also true for other forms of electromagnetic radiation and is, in fact, a general theorem of diffraction in wave mechanics. Babinet's principle finds most use in its ability to detect equivalence in size and shape.

Demonstration experiment
The effect can be simply observed by using a laser. First place a thin (approx. 0.1 mm) wire into the laser beam and observe the diffraction pattern. Then observe the diffraction pattern when the laser is shone through a narrow slit. The slit can be made either by using a laser printer or photocopier to print onto clear plastic film or by using a pin to draw a line on a piece of glass that has been smoked over a candle flame.

Babinet's principle in radiofrequency structures
Babinet's principle can be used in antenna engineering to find complementary impedances. A consequence of the principle states that:

where Zmetal and Zslot are input impedances of the metal and slot radiating pieces, and  is the intrinsic impedance of the media in which the structure is immersed. In addition, Zslot is not only the impedance of the slot, but can be viewed as the complementary structure impedance (a dipole or loop in many cases). In addition, Zmetal is often referred to as Zscreen where the screen comes from the optical definition. The thin sheet or screen does not have to be metal, but rather any material that supports a  (current density vector) leading to a magnetic potential . One issue with this equation, is that the screen must be relatively thin to the given wavelength (or range thereof). If it is not, modes can begin to form or fringing fields may no longer be negligible.

For a more general definition of Eta or intrinsic impedance, .
Note that Babinet's principle does not account for polarization. In 1946, H.G. Booker published Slot Aerials and Their Relation to Complementary Wire Aerials to extend Babinet's principle to account for polarization (otherwise known as Booker's Extension). This information is drawn from, as stated above, Balanis's third edition Antenna Theory textbook.

See also
 Bistatic radar

References

External links

Light Diffraction and Babinet Principle PhysicsOpenLab
Physical paradoxes
Diffraction
Antennas (radio)

Babinet's principle