"(What Do We Do on a) Dew-Dew-Dewey Day" was a popular song dating from 1927.  It was recorded by Clyde Doerr and his Orchestra.  The song is a Fox Trot which contains a vocal refrain, hence the unconventional length of the record (4 minutes, 2 seconds).  It was written by Tin Pan Alley tunesmiths Al Sherman, Howard Johnson and Charles Tobias.  It was also recorded by Irving Kaufman and the Manhattan Dance Makers. Nearly 20 years after its release, Republican candidate Thomas Dewey revived the song for his campaign in the 1948 election. It was sung at the party's convention held in the summer of that year.

Edison Acoustic Recordings
"Dew-Dew-Dewey Day" is the last of Edison's acoustically recorded selections. It was recorded on July 1, 1927, in the New York City studio. While most recording companies embraced electrical recording in the mid-1920s, Edison continued to perfect and embrace the acoustical techniques. Edison's first electrically recorded selection is generally believed to be "I'm Gonna Settle Up (Then I'm Gonna Settle Down), recording matrix number 11778. The"Dew-Dew-Dewey Day" recording matrix number is 11777.

Technical specifications
Edison Diamond Disc 52065-R Year 1927
"Dew-Dew-Dewey Day" was transferred using a 2.7 mil truncated elliptical stylus in a Stanton 500 stereo cartridge at 80 rpm on a United Audio Dual 1219 turntable.

Literary Sources
 Sherman, Robert B. Walt's Time: from before to beyond, Santa Clarita: Camphor Tree Publishers, 1998.

Other sources

Songs written by Al Sherman
Songs with lyrics by Howard Johnson (lyricist)
Songs written by Charles Tobias
Thomas Edison
1927 songs

Dew-Dew-Dewey Day


In the film and graphics industries, 3D lookup tables (3D LUTs) are used for color grading and for mapping one color space to another. They are commonly used to calculate preview colors for a monitor or digital projector of how an image will be reproduced on another display device, typically the final digitally projected image or release print of a movie. A 3D LUT is a 3D lattice of output RGB color values that can be indexed by sets of input RGB colour values. Each axis of the lattice represents one of the three input color components and the input color thus defines a point inside the lattice.  Since the point may not be on a lattice point, the lattice values must be interpolated; most products use trilinear interpolation.

3D LUTs are used extensively in the movie production chain, as part of the Digital Intermediate process.

Cubes may be of various sizes and bit depths.  Often 33×33×33 cubes are used as 3D LUTs.  The most common practice is to use RGB 10-bit/component log images as the input to the 3D LUT. Output is usually RGB values that are to be placed unchanged into a display device's buffer.

Modern graphics cards have direct support for 3D LUTs, allowing entire HD images to be processed at 60 fps or faster.

See also
 Color grading
 Color calibration
 Color management

References

Film production
Computer graphics

3D lookup table


Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra (born 7 August 1969) is a philosopher. He is currently a lecturer at the University of Oxford, where he has the title of Professor of Metaphysics, and a Tutorial Fellow at Oriel College.

Rodriguez-Pereyra has previously been a Research Fellow at Churchill College, University of Cambridge, Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, Lecturer at the University of Oxford and Tutorial Fellow at Hertford College, and Professor at the University of Nottingham and Universidad Torcuato Di Tella.

His interests are primarily in Metaphysics and the philosophy of Leibniz. His work on resemblance nominalism provides a response to that of David Malet Armstrong and grounds resemblance relations in the sort of modal realism expressed in On the Plurality of Worlds by David Lewis.

Selected publications

Books
Resemblance Nominalism: A Solution to the Problem of Universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Real Metaphysics: Essays in honour of D. H. Mellor (co-edited with Hallvard Lillehammer). London: Routledge, 2003.
Leibniz's Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

Articles
'Leibniz's argument for the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles in Primary Truths', in M. Carrara, A.-M. Nunziante, and G. Tomasi (eds.) Individuals, Minds and Bodies: Themes from Leibniz, Stuttgart : Steiner, 2004, pp. 49–59.
'Truthmaking and the Slingshot', in U. Meixner (Ed.), Metaphysics in the Post-Metaphysical Age, Wien: Verlag Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, 2001.
'What is the Problem of Universals?', Mind, vol. 109 (April 2000), pp. 255–273.

References

External links
Personal Page at the Oxford University

1969 births
Living people
British philosophers
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford
Place of birth missing (living people)
Metaphysicians

Gonzalo Rodriguez-Pereyra


Steven Paul "Buddy" Miller (born September 6, 1952) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, recording artist and producer, currently living in Nashville, Tennessee. Miller is married to and has recorded with singer-songwriter Julie Miller.

Early life and music career
Buddy was born in Fairborn, Ohio, near Dayton, and his family ended up settling in Princeton, New Jersey. His grandfather gave him the nickname "Buddy."

During the late 1970s he was in a country-rock band called the Desperate Men, which played in the NNJ and New York area, including clubs like Stanhope House, Cuss From Hoe and others. In 1975, he moved to Austin, Texas and played rockabilly music in Ray Campi's band. He auditioned for and played in the band Partners In Crime with Julie Griffin (soon to be his second wife).

In 1980, they moved to New York City, and Miller formed the Buddy Miller Band, which included singer-songwriter Shawn Colvin on vocals and guitar. He also performed with Jim Lauderdale and Larry Campbell. Each Sunday, Miller performed in Kinky Friedman's band at the Lone Star Cafe.

Miller moved to Nashville in the 1990s, after a stint in Los Angeles. He worked on recording sessions as a guitar player and vocalist, and began producing his own records in his living room studio named Dogtown.

Recordings
In 1995, Buddy along with the Sacred Cows recorded a gospel album, Man on the Moon.

His first solo recording, Your Love and Other Lies, was released in 1995. It was followed by Poison Love in 1997 and Cruel Moon in 1999.

He and his wife, Julie Miller, released Buddy & Julie Miller in 2001, which won the Album of the Year Award from the Americana Music Association.

In 2002, he released Midnight and Lonesome and in 2004 he released Universal United House of Prayer.

2009 brought another Buddy and Julie duet album Written in Chalk and in 2011 Buddy collaborated with Bill Frisell, Marc Ribot, and Greg Leisz to release The Majestic Silver Strings.

In 2012, Buddy and Jim Lauderdale released the duet album Buddy & Jim and in 2016, Buddy recorded sessions by Kacey Musgraves, Nikki Lane, Lee Ann Womack, Brandi Carlile, and Kris Kristofferson on the album Cayamo: Sessions at Sea.

Touring and performance
Miller has toured as lead guitarist and backing vocalist for Emmylou Harris's Spyboy band, Steve Earle on his El Corazon tour, and Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt on their Western Wall tour.

In 2002, Miller toured as part of the Down from the Mountain Tour along with Alison Krauss and Union Station.

In 2004, Miller toured with Emmylou Harris, Patty Griffin, Gillian Welch and David Rawlings as the Sweet Harmony Traveling Revue.

In 2008, Miller toured as part of the band on Robert Plant and Alison Krauss's Raising Sand tour of the U.S. and Europe.

In 2009, Miller joined Emmylou Harris, Patty Griffin and Shawn Colvin on tour as Three Girls and Their Buddy. While on that tour, following a performance in Baltimore on February 19, 2009, Miller suffered a heart attack. He underwent successful triple bypass surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital on February 20.

In 2010, Miller again joined Robert Plant and Patty Griffin with Plant's Band of Joy, touring the U.S. and Europe.

In 2012, Miller toured with Jim Lauderdale on the Buddy and Jim Tour.

In 2015, Miller was one of the leaders of the house band for Dear Jerry, a tribute concert for Jerry Garcia, which included over 20 acts and took place at Merriweather Post Pavilion.

In 2016, Miller was part of the Lampedusa: Concerts for Refugees tour featuring Patty Griffin, Emmylou Harris, Steve Earle, and the Milk Carton Kids.

For the past decade, Buddy has often been a part of the Cayamo Cruise, which sails from Miami to St. Maarten and Tortola. Each year, prominent Americana musicians are on board, and Buddy often collaborates and records with them.

He is a regular performer at the annual Hardly Strictly Bluegrass music festival in San Francisco where, billed as Buddy Miller's Cavalcade of Stars, he features a changing roster of guest performers.

Recording work for others

Record producer

Miller has produced albums for artists including Richard Thompson, Shawn Colvin, The Devil Makes Three, Allison Moorer, the Wood Brothers, the Carolina Chocolate Drops, the McCrarys, and Ralph Stanley. He has co-produced records with Robert Plant, Jim Lauderdale and Jimmie Dale Gilmore.

In 2006 Solomon Burke recorded his country album Nashville with Miller. Emmylou Harris, Patty Griffin, Gillian Welch and Dolly Parton appear as duet partners.

Miller produced Patty Griffin's Downtown Church that was released in 2010 and won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Gospel Album on February 13, 2011.

Miller has produced his own solo albums as well as recordings for and with his wife, singer-songwriter Julie Miller.

Session work
He co-produced and performed on Jimmie Dale Gilmore's 2000 album One Endless Night. He also played on Lucinda Williams's Car Wheels on a Gravel Road album.

Miller has worked as an instrumentalist or vocalist on records by Johnny Cash, Levon Helm, Lee Ann Womack, Patty Griffin, Emmylou Harris, Victoria Williams, Shawn Colvin, Bobby Bare, Chris Knight, John Fogerty, the Chieftains, Frank Black, Rodney Crowell, Dixie Chicks, Elvis Costello, Alison Krauss and Robert Plant. He has also worked as a recording engineer, mixer or mastering engineer on records by Willie Nelson, Emmylou Harris, Shawn Colvin, Jim Lauderdale, and Patty Griffin.

Songwriting

Levon Helm, Patty Griffin, Emmylou Harris, Lee Ann Womack, Dixie Chicks, Hank Williams III, Dierks Bentley, Patty Loveless, Tab Benoit and Brooks & Dunn have recorded songs written by Miller.

Film and TV

Miller signed on as a producer for the ABC TV series Nashville in 2012.  He was the executive music producer for the show in seasons two and three. He also was music producer and musical director for Nashville: On The Record Live Specials.

Along with Don Was, Miller was the musical director for The Life and Songs of Emmylou Harris tribute concert.

Miller was musical director and bandleader for the Americana Music Association's Honors & Awards shows broadcast on AXS TV and PBS.

Buddy has covered Tom T. Hall's song, "That's How I Got to Memphis", which Jeff Daniels sang in the final episode of HBO's The Newsroom in 2014.

Starz political drama Boss used the Plant-Miller produced "Satan, Your Kingdom Must Come Down" as its theme song.

Miller produced the track "Beyond the Blue" featuring Emmylou Harris and Patty Griffin for the 2000 film Where the Heart Is.

In 2015 he appeared on Christina Aguilera's song, "Shotgun", which was written for her appearance on Nashville.<ref name="CA-nodep-2015">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jordan |date=April 21, 2015 |title=Listen: Christina Aguileras Country Ballad "Shotgun" |work=Breathe Heavy |url=http://www.breatheheavy.com/listen-christina-aguileras-country-ballad-shotgun/ |access-date=March 4, 2017}}</ref>

In 2017, Miller contributed his cover of Mark Heard's song "Treasure of the Broken Land" to the tribute album Treasure of the Broken Land: the Songs of Mark Heard.

 Awards, accolades, and other activities
Between 2002 and 2013, Miller won twelve Americana Music Honors & Awards and was nominated for seven others. Since 2005, he has led the Americana All Star Band, which performs with nominated artists during the Americana Music Honors & Awards ceremonies, held annually at the Ryman Auditorium.

No Depression magazine named him Artist of the Decade in 2008.

 Americana Music Awards

 Grammy Awards
Miller is a four-time Grammy nominee, winning once in 2010 for producing Downtown Church by Patty Griffin.

 Radio
Miller and his longtime friend and collaborator Jim Lauderdale teamed up in 2012 to produce The Buddy & Jim Radio Show'', broadcast on Sirius XM Outlaw Country.

Music gear
Fender produces a Buddy Miller signature acoustic guitar.

Buddy frequently uses vintage Wandré electric guitars and TEO mando-guitars.

In his studio, Buddy uses a pair of Swart amplifiers: Atomic Space Tones and Atomic Space Tone Pros, and two tremolos panned in stereo at conflicting settings. Onstage, he often uses a Swart Atomic Space Tones amplifier and a Fulltone Supa-Trem2 pedal.

He mostly records using Pro Tools, but in his recording studio Buddy treasures a 1970s Trident B Range 28×24 analog recording console that previously belonged to Mark Heard.

Compositions

Discography

References

External links

American country singer-songwriters
American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American audio engineers
1952 births
Living people
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
People from Fairborn, Ohio
New West Records artists
Record producers from Tennessee
Record producers from Ohio
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Singer-songwriters from Ohio
Guitarists from Tennessee
Engineers from Ohio
Engineers from Tennessee
20th-century American guitarists
Band of Joy members
Guitarists from Ohio
Country musicians from Tennessee
Country musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians

Buddy Miller


Myopathy is a disease of the muscle in which the muscle fibers do not function properly.

This results in muscular weakness. "Myopathy" simply means muscle disease (Greek myo- "muscle" + patheia < -pathy "suffering"). This meaning implies that the primary defect is within the muscle, as opposed to the nerves ("neuropathies" or "neurogenic" disorders) or elsewhere (e.g., the brain). Muscle cramps, stiffness, and spasm can also be associated with myopathy.

Muscular disease can be classified as neuromuscular or musculoskeletal in nature. Some conditions, such as myositis, can be considered both neuromuscular and musculoskeletal.

References

Muscle diseases

Myopathy


Internet Video Coding (ISO/IEC 14496-33, MPEG-4 IVC) is a video coding standard. IVC was created by MPEG, and was intended to be a royalty-free video coding standard for use on the Internet, as an alternative to non-free formats such as AVC and HEVC. As such, IVC was designed to only use (mostly old) coding techniques which were not covered by royalty-requiring patents.

According to a blog post by MPEG founder and chairman Leonardo Chiariglione in 2018, "IVC is practically dead." He said that three companies had made statements equivalent to "I may have patents and I am willing to license them at FRAND terms" covering IVC, meaning that implementations might have to pay money to the companies. These statements meant that IVC was not clearly a royalty-free video coding format; those companies would need to be contacted to determine whether they had essential patents and to determine the terms for their use which might involve the payment of some fees.

The ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC patent policy defines three types of patent licensing. The goal for IVC was to only use techniques patented under type 1 (royalty-free), while the three companies said they may have patents under type 2 (possibly requiring royalty payments). The text of the code of practice is as follows:
2.1 The patent holder is willing to negotiate licences free of charge with other parties on a non-discriminatory basis on reasonable terms and conditions. Such negotiations are left to the parties concerned and are performed outside ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC.

2.2 The patent holder is willing to negotiate licences with other parties on a non-discriminatory basis on reasonable terms and conditions. Such negotiations are left to the parties concerned and are performed outside ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC.

2.3 The patent holder is not willing to comply with the provisions of either paragraph 2.1 or paragraph 2.2; in such case, the Recommendation | Deliverable shall not include provisions depending on the patent.

History
MPEG issued a Call for Proposals in July 2011 for royalty-free video coding formats. Three proposals were received:

 Web Video Coding (WVC), proposed jointly by Apple, Cisco, Fraunhofer HHI, Magnum Semiconductors, Polycom, RIM, etc.. Web Video Coding was another name for the Constrained MPEG-4 AVC baseline profile.
 Video Coding for Browsers (VCB), proposed by Google and identical to Google's VP8.
 Internet Video Coding (IVC), proposed by several universities (Peking University, Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, Hanyang University, Korea Aerospace University, etc.), and developed from scratch.

Web Video Coding did not have a guarantee from all patent holders that the patents covering Web Video Coding would be licensed royalty-free.

IVC's compression performance was reported to be better than that of WVC and VCB, and IVC was approved as ISO/IEC 14496–33 in June 2015.

See also
 Internet Video Codec (NETVC): project by IETF that had similar goals to IVC
 AOMedia Video 1 (AV1) from the Alliance for Open Media

References

Computer-related introductions in 2015
Film and video technology

Streaming television
MPEG-4 IVC
Vaporware
Video compression
Videotelephony

Internet Video Coding


Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957), an American naval officer, was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics. Aircraft flights in which he served as a navigator and expedition leader crossed the Atlantic Ocean, a segment of the Arctic Ocean, and a segment of the Antarctic Plateau. He is also known for discovering Mount Sidley, the largest dormant volcano in Antarctica.

Byrd said that his expeditions had been the first to reach both the North Pole and the South Pole by air. His belief that he reached the North Pole is disputed.

He was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the United States Armed Forces' highest military decoration, and the Navy Cross, the second highest honor for valor given by the U.S. Navy.

Family

Ancestry
Byrd was born in Winchester, Virginia, the son of Esther Bolling (Flood) and Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr. He was a descendant of one of the First Families of Virginia. His ancestors include planter John Rolfe and his wife Pocahontas, William Byrd II of Westover Plantation, who established Richmond, as well as William Byrd I and Robert "King" Carter, a colonial governor. He was also descended from George Yeardley, Francis Wyatt and Samuel Argall. He was the brother of Virginia Governor and U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, a dominant figure in the Virginia Democratic Party from the 1920s until the 1960s; their father served as Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates for a time.

Marriage
On January 20, 1915, Richard married Marie Donaldson Ames (d. 1974). He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered "Marie Byrd Land" after her, and a mountain range, the Ames Range, after her father. They had four children – Richard Evelyn Byrd III, Evelyn Bolling Byrd Clarke, Katharine Agnes Byrd Breyer, and Helen Byrd Stabler. By late 1924, the Byrd family moved into a large brownstone house at 9 Brimmer Street in Boston's fashionable Beacon Hill neighborhood that had been purchased by Marie's father, a wealthy industrialist.

Personal life
Byrd was friends with Edsel Ford and his father Henry Ford, whose admiration of his polar exploits helped to gain Byrd sponsorship and financing for his various polar expeditions from the Ford Motor Company.

He had a pet dog, Igloo, who accompanied Byrd to the North and South poles and who is buried at the Pine Ridge Pet Cemetery with a tombstone that reads "He was more than a friend."

Education and early naval career
Byrd attended the Virginia Military Institute for two years and transferred to the University of Virginia, before financial circumstances inspired his starting over and taking an appointment to the United States Naval Academy, where he was appointed as a midshipman on May 28, 1908.

On June 8, 1912, Byrd graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy. On July 14, 1912, he was assigned to the battleship USS Wyoming. During service in the Caribbean Sea, Byrd received his first letter of commendation, and later a Silver Lifesaving Medal, for twice plunging fully clothed to the rescue of a sailor who had fallen overboard.  In April 1914, he transferred to the armored cruiser USS Washington and served in Mexican waters in June following the American intervention in April.

His next assignment was to the gunboat USS Dolphin, which also served as the yacht of the Secretary of the Navy.  This assignment brought Byrd into contact with high-ranking officials and dignitaries, including then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt.  He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) on June 8, 1915. During Byrd's assignment to Dolphin, she was commanded by future Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, who served as chief of staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II. Byrd's last assignment before forced retirement was to the presidential yacht USS Mayflower.

On March 15, 1916, Byrd, much to his frustration, was medically retired on three-quarters pay for an ankle injury he suffered on board Mayflower. Shortly thereafter, on December 14, 1916, he was assigned as the inspector and instructor for the Rhode Island Naval Militia in Providence, Rhode Island. While serving in this position, he was commended by Brigadier General Charles W. Abbot, the adjutant general of Rhode Island, for making great strides in improving the efficiency of the militia.

First World War

Shortly after the entry of the United States into the First World War in April 1917, Byrd oversaw the mobilization of the Rhode Island Naval Militia.  He was then recalled to active duty and was assigned to the Office of Naval Operations and served in a desk job as secretary and organizer of the Navy Department Commission on Training Camps. In the autumn of 1917, he was sent to naval aviation school at Pensacola, Florida.  He qualified as a naval aviator (number 608) in June 1918. He then commanded naval air forces at Naval Air Station Halifax in Nova Scotia, Canada, from July 1918 until the armistice in November. In that assignment, he was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant and the temporary rank of lieutenant commander.

For his services during the war, he received a letter of commendation from Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, which was after World War II converted to a Navy Commendation Medal.

After the war
After the war, Byrd volunteered to be a crew member in the U.S. Navy's 1919 aerial transatlantic crossing. This mission was historic, as it was the first time the Atlantic Ocean was crossed by an aircraft. It was decided that only men who had not served overseas would be allowed on the mission. Unfortunately for Byrd, his tour of duty in Newfoundland was considered overseas service.  Byrd was, however, able to make a valuable contribution, as his expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path of the mission. Of the three flying boats (NC-1, NC-3, and NC-4) that started from Newfoundland, only Lieutenant Commander Albert Read's NC-4 completed the trip on May 18, 1919, achieving the first transatlantic flight.

In 1921, Byrd volunteered to attempt a solo nonstop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, prefiguring Charles Lindbergh's historic flight by six years. Byrd's ambition was dashed by then acting Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt Jr., who felt the risks outweighed the potential rewards. Byrd was then assigned to the ill-fated dirigible ZR-2 (formerly known by the British designation of R-38). As fate would have it, Byrd missed his train to take him to the airship on August 24, 1921. The airship broke apart in midair, killing 44 of 49 crew members on board. Byrd lost several friends in the accident, and was involved in the subsequent recovery operations and investigation. The accident affected him deeply and inspired him to make safety a top priority in all of his future expeditions.

Due to reductions in the Navy after the First World War, Byrd reverted to the rank of lieutenant at the end of 1921. During the summer of 1923, then-Lieutenant Byrd and a group of volunteer Navy veterans of the First World War helped found the Naval Reserve Air Station (NRAS) at Squantum Point near Boston, using an unused First World War seaplane hangar which had remained more-or-less intact after the Victory Destroyer Plant shipyard was built on the site. NRAS Squantum was commissioned on August 15, 1923, and is considered to have been the first air base in the Naval Reserve program.

Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by Donald B. MacMillan from June to October 1925. During this expedition, Byrd made the acquaintance of Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett and Norwegian pilot Bernt Balchen.  Bennett served as his pilot in his flight to the North Pole the next year. Balchen, whose knowledge of Arctic flight operations proved invaluable, was the primary pilot on Byrd's flight to the South Pole in 1929.

1926 North Pole flight

On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford, who helped finance the expedition. The flight left from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) and returned to its takeoff airfield, lasting 15 hours and 57 minutes, including 13 minutes spent circling at their Farthest North. Byrd and Bennett said they reached the North Pole, a distance of 1,535 miles (1,335 nautical miles).

When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. Congress passed a special act on December 21, 1926, promoting him to the rank of commander and awarding both Floyd Bennett and him the Medal of Honor. Bennett was promoted to the warrant officer rank of machinist. Byrd and Bennett were presented with Tiffany Cross versions of the Medal of Honor on March 5, 1927, at the White House by President Calvin Coolidge.

Controversy

Since 1926, doubts have been raised, defenses made, and heated controversy arose over whether or not Byrd actually reached the North Pole. In 1958, Norwegian-American aviator and explorer Bernt Balchen cast doubt on Byrd's statement on the basis of his knowledge of the airplane's speed. Balchen said that Bennett had confessed to him months after the flight that Byrd and he had not reached the pole. Bennett, who had not completely healed from the early crash, developed pneumonia after participating in a flight to rescue downed German aviators in Greenly Island, Canada, leading to his death on April 25, 1928.  Bennett, though, had started a memoir, given numerous interviews, and wrote an article for an aviation magazine about the flight before his death that all confirmed Byrd's version of the flight.

The 1996 release of Byrd's diary of the May 9, 1926, flight revealed erased (but still legible) sextant sights that sharply differ from Byrd's later June 22 typewritten official report to the National Geographic Society. Byrd took a sextant reading of the Sun at 7:07:10 GCT. His erased diary record shows the apparent (observed) solar altitude to have been 19°25'30", while his later official typescript reports the same 7:07:10 apparent solar altitude to have been 18°18'18". On the basis of this and other data in the diary, Dennis Rawlins concluded that Byrd steered accurately, and flew about 80% of the distance to the pole before turning back because of an engine oil leak, but later falsified his official report to support his statement of reaching the pole.

Accepting that the conflicting data in the typed report's flight times indeed require both northward and southward ground speeds greater than the flight's 85-mph airspeed, a Byrd defender posits a westerly-moving anticyclone that tailwind-boosted Byrd's ground speed on both outward and inward legs, allowing the distance said to be covered in the time stated (the theory is based on rejecting handwritten sextant data in favor of typewritten alleged dead-reckoning data). This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins, who adds that the sextant data in the long-unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 second, a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc).

If Byrd and Bennett did not reach the North Pole, then the first flight over the pole occurred a few days later, on May 12, 1926, with the flight of the airship Norge that flew from Spitsbergen (Svalbard) to Alaska nonstop with a crew including Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile, Oscar Wisting, and Lincoln Ellsworth.

1927 Trans-Atlantic flight

In 1927, Byrd announced he had the backing of the American Trans-Oceanic Company, which had been established in 1914 by department-store magnate Rodman Wanamaker for the purpose of building aircraft to complete nonstop flights across the Atlantic Ocean. Byrd was one of several aviators who attempted to win the Orteig Prize in 1927 for making the first nonstop flight between the United States and France.

Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta, and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers. During a practice takeoff with Anthony Fokker at the controls and Bennett in the co-pilot seat, the Fokker Trimotor airplane, America, crashed, severely injuring Bennett and slightly injuring Byrd. As the plane was being repaired, Charles Lindbergh won the prize by completing his historic flight on May 21, 1927. (Coincidentally, in 1925, then Army Air Service Reserve Corps Lieutenant Charles Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Byrd's North Pole expedition, but apparently, his bid came too late.)

Byrd continued with his quest to cross the Atlantic nonstop, naming Balchen to replace Bennett, who had not yet fully recovered from his injuries, as chief pilot. Byrd, Balchen, Acosta, and Noville flew from Roosevelt Field, East Garden City, New York, in the America on June 29, 1927. On board was mail from the US Postal Service to demonstrate the practicality of aircraft.  Arriving over France the next day, they were prevented from landing in Paris by cloud cover; they returned to the coast of Normandy and crash-landed near the beach at Ver-sur-Mer (known as Gold Beach during the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944) without fatalities on July 1, 1927. In France, Byrd and his crew were received as heroes and Byrd was invested as an Officer of the French Legion of Honor by Prime Minister Raymond Poincare on July 6.

After their return to the United States, an elaborate dinner in their honor was held in New York City on July 19. Byrd and Noville were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross by Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur at the dinner. Acosta and Balchen did not receive the Distinguished Flying Cross because, at that time, it could only be awarded to members of the armed services and not to civilians.

Byrd wrote an article for the August 1927 edition of Popular Science Monthly in which he accurately predicted that while specially modified aircraft with one to three crewmen would fly the Atlantic nonstop, another 20 years were needed before it would be realized on a commercial scale.

Early Antarctic expeditions

First Antarctic expedition (1928–1930)

In 1928, Byrd began his first expedition to the Antarctic involving two ships and three airplanes: Byrd's flagship was the City of New York (a Norwegian sealing ship previously named Samson that had come into fame as a ship some said was in the vicinity of the Titanic when the latter was sinking) and the Eleanor Bolling (named after Byrd's mother); a Ford Trimotor airplane called the Floyd Bennett (named after the recently deceased pilot of Byrd's previous expeditions) flown by Dean Smith; a Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, built 1928, named Stars And Stripes (now displayed at the National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center); and a Fokker Super Universal monoplane called the Virginia (Byrd's birth state). A base camp named "Little America" was constructed on the Ross Ice Shelf, and scientific expeditions by snowshoe, dog sled, snowmobile, and airplane began.   To increase the interest of youth in arctic exploration, a 19-year-old American Boy Scout, Paul Allman Siple, was chosen to accompany the expedition.  Siple went on to earn an doctorate and was probably the only person, other than Byrd himself, to participate in all five of Byrd's Antarctic expeditions.

Photographic expeditions and geological surveys were undertaken for the duration of that summer, and constant radio communications were maintained with the outside world. After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed, and on November 28, 1929, the first flight to the South Pole and back was launched. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen, co-pilot/radioman Harold June, and photographer Ashley McKinley, flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude, and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies,  to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau, but they were ultimately successful.

As a result of his achievement, Byrd was promoted to the rank of rear admiral by a special act of Congress on December 21, 1929. As he was only 41 years old at the time, this promotion made Byrd the youngest admiral in the history of the United States Navy.  By way of comparison, none of his Annapolis classmates  became admirals until 1942, after 30 years of commissioned service.  He is one of only three persons, one being Admiral David Dixon Porter and the other being Arctic explorer Donald Baxter MacMillan, to have been promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy without having first held the rank of captain.

After a further summer of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on June 18, 1930.  Unlike the 1926 flight, this expedition was honored with the gold medal of the American Geographical Society. This was also seen in the film With Byrd at the South Pole (1930), which covered his trip there.

Byrd, by then an internationally recognized, pioneering American polar explorer and aviator, served for a time as Honorary National President (1931–1935) of Pi Gamma Mu, the international honor society in the social sciences. He carried the society's flag during his first Antarctic expedition to dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown, characterizing both the natural and social sciences.

To finance and gain both political and public support for his expeditions, Byrd actively cultivated relationships with many powerful individuals, including President Franklin Roosevelt, Henry Ford, Edsel Ford, John D. Rockefeller Jr., and Vincent Astor.  As a token of his gratitude, Byrd named geographic features in the Antarctic after his supporters.

Second Antarctic expedition (1934)

On his second expedition in 1934, Byrd spent five winter months alone operating a meteorological station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove. Unusual radio transmissions from Byrd finally began to alarm the men at the base camp, who then attempted to go to Advance Base. The first two trips were failures due to darkness, snow, and mechanical troubles. Finally, Thomas Poulter, E. J. Demas, and Amory Waite arrived at Advance Base, where they found Byrd in poor physical health. The men remained at Advance Base until October 12. when an airplane from the base camp picked up Dr. Poulter and Byrd. The rest of the men returned to base camp with the tractor. This expedition is described by Byrd in his autobiography Alone. It is also commemorated in a U.S. postage stamp issued at the time, and a considerable amount of mail using it was sent from Byrd's base at Little America.

A CBS radio station, KFZ,  was set up on the base camp ship, the Bear of Oakland and The Adventures of Admiral Byrd program was short-waved to Buenos Aires, then relayed to New York.

In late 1938, Byrd visited Hamburg, and was invited to participate in the 1938/1939 German "Neuschwabenland" Antarctic Expedition, but declined. (Although Germany was not at war with the United States at this time, Adolf Hitler had been serving as Führer of the German Reich since 1934, and invaded Poland the next year.)

Antarctic Service Expedition (1939–1940)

Byrd's third expedition was the first one financed and conducted by the United States government. The project included extensive studies of geology, biology, meteorology, and exploration.  The innovative Antarctic Snow Cruiser was brought with the expedition, but broke down shortly after arriving.

Within a few months, in March 1940, Byrd was recalled to active duty in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations. The expedition continued in Antarctica without him until the last of its participants left Antarctica on March 22, 1941.

World War II
As a senior officer in the United States Navy, Byrd was recalled on active duty on March 26, 1942, and served as the confidential advisor to Admiral Ernest J. King. From 1942 to 1945 he served on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board, which toured bases in the South Pacific in May and June 1942. The report submitted by the Board describes conditions found at each base and analyses, lessons learned in planning and equipping these bases. The report contains recommendations applicable to the individual bases and others designed to be helpful in the planning of future advanced bases. On 1 September 1943, in compliance with a series of letters from the President to the Secretary of the Navy, the Commander-in-Chief United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations ordered Byrd to assume direction of a survey and "investigation of certain islands in the East and South Pacific in connection with national defense and commercial air bases and routes." The members of the Special Navy Mission sailed from Balboa, Canal Zone, on USS Concord, Captain Irving Reynold Chambers, commanding,  in September 1943.  A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943, took the lives of 24 Concord crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. Caused by ignition of gasoline fumes at the stern of the ship, the explosion threw some men overboard, while others were killed from concussion, burns, fractured skulls and broken necks. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. The dead were buried at sea on October 8. On October 23, 1943, Byrd wrote a letter from Nuku Hiva (the largest of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia) to Chambers, the ship's commanding officer, commending him and his crew "for the courage and efficiency" displayed following the explosion that made Byrd "feel proud to be an American. Great heroism was displayed, especially by the men who lost their lives rescuing the wounded."  Byrd completed the Special Mission in December and participated in the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) in 1944-1945.

On February 10, 1945, Byrd received the Order of Christopher Columbus from the government of the Dominican Republic. Byrd was present at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945. He was released from active duty on October 1, 1945. In recognition of his service during World War II, Byrd received two awards of the Legion of Merit.

Later Antarctic expeditions

Operation Highjump (1946–1947)

In 1946, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal appointed Byrd as officer in charge of Antarctic Developments Project.  Byrd's fourth Antarctic expedition was code-named Operation Highjump.  It was the largest Antarctic expedition to date and was expected to last 6–8 months.

The expedition was supported by a large naval force (designated Task Force 68), commanded by Rear Admiral Richard H. Cruzen.  Thirteen US Navy support ships (besides the flagship  and the aircraft carrier ), six helicopters, six flying boats, two seaplane tenders, and 15 other aircraft were used. The total number of personnel involved was over 4,000.

The armada arrived in the Ross Sea on December 31, 1946, and made aerial explorations of an area half the size of the United States, recording 10 new mountain ranges. The major area covered was the eastern coastline of Antarctica from 150°E to the Greenwich meridian.

Admiral Byrd was interviewed by Lee van Atta of International News Service aboard the expedition's command ship USS Mount Olympus, in which he discussed the lessons learned from the operation. The interview appeared in the Wednesday, March 5, 1947, edition of the Chilean newspaper El Mercurio, and read in part:

Admiral Richard E. Byrd warned today that the United States should adopt measures of protection against the possibility of an invasion of the country by hostile planes coming from the polar regions. The admiral explained that he was not trying to scare anyone, but the cruel reality is that in case of a new war, the United States could be attacked by planes flying over one or both poles. This statement was made as part of a recapitulation of his own polar experience, in an exclusive interview with International News Service. Talking about the recently completed expedition, Byrd said that the most important result of his observations and discoveries is the potential effect that they have in relation to the security of the United States. The fantastic speed with which the world is shrinking – recalled the admiral – is one of the most important lessons learned during his recent Antarctic exploration. I have to warn my compatriots that the time has ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the distances, the oceans, and the poles were a guarantee of safety.

In 1948, the U.S. Navy produced a documentary about Operation Highjump named The Secret Land.  The film shows live-action footage of the operation, along with a few re-enacted scenes.  It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary.

On December 8, 1954, Byrd appeared on the television show Longines Chronoscope. He was interviewed by Larry LeSueur and Kenneth Crawford about his Antarctic voyages, and said that Antarctica, in the future, would become the most important place in the world for science.

Operation Deep Freeze I (1955–1956)
As part of the multinational collaboration for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 1957–58, Byrd was appointed as officer in charge of the U.S. Navy Operation Deep Freeze I in 1955–56, which established permanent Antarctic bases at McMurdo Sound, the Bay of Whales, and the South Pole.  This was Byrd's last trip to Antarctica, and marked the beginning of a permanent U.S. military presence in Antarctica.  Byrd spent only one week in the Antarctic, and started his return to the United States on February 3, 1956.

Death

Admiral Byrd died in his sleep of a heart ailment at the age of 68 on March 11, 1957, at his home at 7 Brimmer Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood in Boston. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Memberships
Byrd was an active Freemason. He was raised (became a Master Mason) in Federal Lodge No. 1, Washington, D.C., on March 19, 1921, and affiliated with Kane Lodge No. 454, New York City, September 18, 1928. He was a member of National Sojourners Chapter No. 3 at Washington. In 1930, Byrd was awarded a gold medal by Kane Lodge.

In 1931, Byrd became a compatriot of the Tennessee Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.  He was assigned state membership number 605 and national membership number 50430.  He received the society's War Service Medal for his service during the First World War.

He was also a member of numerous other patriotic, scientific, and charitable organizations, including the Explorers Club, the American Legion, and the National Geographic Society.

Honors

By the time he died, Byrd had amassed 22 citations and special commendations, nine of which were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism in saving the lives of others. In addition, he received the Medal of Honor, the Silver Lifesaving Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, the Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Navy Cross.

Admiral Byrd is the only person to have three ticker-tape parades in New York City (in 1926, 1927, and 1930) given in his honor.

Byrd was one of only four American military officers in history entitled to wear a medal with his own image on it. The others were Admiral George Dewey, General John J. Pershing, and Admiral William T. Sampson. As Byrd's image is on both the first and second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medals, he was the only American entitled to wear two medals with his own image on them.

He was one of the recipients of the Langley Gold Medal, which is awarded by the Smithsonian Institution for outstanding achievement in aviation.

He was the seventh recipient of the prestigious Hubbard Medal awarded by the National Geographic Society for his flight to the North Pole.  Other recipients include Robert Peary, Roald Amundsen, and Charles Lindbergh.

Byrd received numerous medals from nongovernmental organizations in honor of his achievements. These included the David Livingstone Centenary Medal of the American Geographical Society, the Loczy Medal of the Hungarian Geographical Society, the Vega Medal of the Swedish Geographical Society, and the Elisha Kent Kane Medal of the Philadelphia Geographical Society.

In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Byrd an Honorary Scout, a new category of scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration, and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys ...".

Also in 1927 the City of Richmond dedicated the Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying Field, now Richmond International Airport, in Henrico County, Virginia. Byrd's Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, Stars And Stripes, is on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.

In 1929, Byrd received the Silver Buffalo Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Also in 1929, he received the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution.

Lunar crater Byrd is named after him, as was the United States Navy dry cargo ship  and the now decommissioned Charles F. Adams-class guided missile destroyer .

In 1930, Byrd was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

In Glen Rock, New Jersey, Richard E. Byrd School was dedicated in 1931.

On March 31, 1934, during a regularly scheduled broadcast, Admiral Byrd was awarded the CBS Medal for Distinguished Contribution to Radio. Byrd's short-wave relay broadcasts, from his second Antarctic expedition, established a new chapter of communication history. Byrd was the sixth individual to receive this award.

The Institute of Polar Studies at the Ohio State University officially changed its name to the Byrd Polar Research Center (BPRC) on January 21, 1987, after it acquired  Byrd's expeditionary records, personal papers, and other memorabilia in 1985 from the estate of Marie A. Byrd, the late wife of Admiral Byrd. His papers served as the nucleus for establishment of the BPRC Polar Archival Program in 1990. In 1958. the Richard Byrd library, part of the Fairfax County Public Library system opened in Springfield, Virginia.

Richard E. Byrd Elementary School, a Department of Defense school located in Negishi (Yokohama, Japan) opened on September 20, 1948. The name was changed to R.E. Byrd Elementary School on April 5, 1960.

Memorials to Byrd can be found in two cities in New Zealand (Wellington and Dunedin). Byrd used New Zealand as his departure point for several of his Antarctic expeditions.

The 50th anniversary of Byrd's first flight over the South Pole was commemorated in a set of two postage stamps by Australian Antarctic Territory in 1979, and a commemorative flag was designed.

The long-range short-wave voice transmissions from Byrd's Antarctic expedition in 1934 were named an IEEE Milestone in 2001.

Admiral Richard E. Byrd Middle School, located in Frederick County, Virginia, was opened in 2005, and is decorated with pictures and letters from Byrd's life and career.

He was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa as an honorary member at the University of Virginia.

Byrd was inducted into the International Air and Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air and Space Museum in 1968.

Richard E. Byrd Middle School in Sun Valley, California, is named after Admiral Byrd. The school opened in its present location in 2008 after its original location was converted to Sun Valley High School.

Popular culture
Jacques Vallée in his book Confrontations mentions a "spurious story" about "'holes in the pole' allegedly found by Admiral Byrd", when he quotes Clint Chapin of the Copper Medic case as believing the UFOs came from inside the earth.

In Great Circle by Maggie Shipstead, Byrd and the Little America bases are the final stop in Marian Graves' journey to circle the globe by flight over the North and South Poles.

Military awards
Admiral Byrd was one of the most highly decorated officers in the history of the United States Navy.  He is, probably, the only individual to receive the Medal of Honor, Navy Cross, Distinguished Flying Cross, and the Silver Life Saving Medal.  He also was one of a very few individuals to receive all three Antarctic expedition medals issued for expeditions prior to the Second World War.

Decorations and medals

Note – The dates on the table below are the year the award was received and not necessarily the year of the actions the award recognizes.

Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation Highjump (1946 to 1947) and Operation Deep Freeze (1955 to 1956).

Byrd also received numerous other awards from governmental and private entities in the United States.

Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Commander, United States Navy. Born: October 25, 1888, Winchester, Va. Appointed from: Virginia.
Citation
For distinguishing himself conspicuously by courage and intrepidity at the risk of his life, in demonstrating that it is possible for aircraft to travel in continuous flight from a now inhabited portion of the earth over the North Pole and return.

Byrd, along with Machinist Floyd Bennett, was presented with the Medal of Honor by President Calvin Coolidge on March 5, 1927.

Navy Cross citation

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition I, in that on November 28, 1929 he took off in his "Floyd Bennett" from the Expedition's base at Little America, Antarctica and, after a flight made under the most difficult conditions he reached the South Pole on November 29, 1929. After flying some distance beyond this point he returned to his base at Little America. This hazardous flight was made under extreme conditions of cold, over ranges and plateaus extending nine to ten thousand feet above sea level and beyond probable rescue of personnel had a forced landing occurred. Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd, U.S.N, Retired, was in command of this flight, navigated the airplane, made the mandatory preparations for the flight, and through his untiring energy, superior leadership, and excellent judgment the flight was brought to a successful conclusion.

First Distinguished Service Medal citation

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States, in demonstrating, by his courage and professional ability that heavier-than-air craft could in continuous flight travel to the North Pole and return.

General Orders: Letter Dated August 6, 1926

Second Distinguished Service Medal citation

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States as Commanding Officer of the U.S. Antarctic Service. Rear Admiral Byrd did much toward the difficult task of organizing the expedition, which was accomplished in one fourth of the time generally necessary for such undertakings. In spite of a short operating season, he established two Antarctic bases 1,500 miles apart, where valuable scientific and economic investigations are now being carried on. With the , he penetrated unknown and dangerous seas where important discoveries were made; in addition to which he made four noteworthy flights, resulting in the discovery of new mountain ranges, islands, more than a hundred thousand square miles of area, a peninsula and 700 miles of hitherto unknown stretches of the Antarctic coast. The operations of the Antarctic Service have been a credit to the Government of the United States. His qualities of leadership and unselfish devotion to duty are in accordance with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.

First Legion of Merit citation

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States while in command of a Special Navy Mission to the Pacific from August 27, 1943, to December 5, 1943, when thirty-three islands of the Pacific were surveyed or investigated for the purpose of recommending air base sites of value to the United States for its defense or for the development of post-war civil aviation. In this service Admiral Byrd exercised fine leadership in gaining the united effort of civilian, Army, and Navy experts. He displayed courage, initiative, vision, and a high order of ability in obtain data and in submitting reports which will be of great present and future value to the National Defense and to the Government of the United States in the post-war period.

Action Date: August 27 – December 5, 1943

Second Legion of Merit citation

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit to Rear Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States as Confidential Advisor to the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations from March 26, 1942 to May 10, 1942, August 14, 1942 to August 26, 1943, and from December 6, 1943 to October 1, 1945. In the performance of his duty Rear Admiral Byrd served in the Navy Department and in various areas outside the continental limits of the United States, employed on special missions on the fighting fronts in Europe and the Pacific. In all assignments his thoroughness, attention to detail, keen discernment, professional judgment and zeal produced highly successful results. His wise counsel, sound advice and foresight in planning constituted a material contribution to the war effort and to the success of the United States Navy. The performance of duty of Rear Admiral Byrd was at all times in keeping with the highest traditions and reflected credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service.

General Orders: Board Serial 176P00 (February 4, 1946)

Action Date: March 26, 1942 – October 1, 1945

Distinguished Flying Cross citation

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to Commander Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (NSN: 0–7918), United States Navy, for extraordinary achievement while participating in aerial flight; in recognition of his courage, resourcefulness and skill as Commander of the expedition which flew the airplane "America" from New York City to France from June 29 to July 1, 1927, across the Atlantic Ocean under extremely adverse weather conditions which made a landing in Paris impossible; and finally for his discernment and courage in directing his plane to a landing at Ver sur Mer, France, without serious injury to his personnel, after a flight of 39 hours and 56 minutes.

Action Date: June 29 – July 1, 1927

Letter of Commendation

Dates of rank
 United States Naval Academy Midshipman – May 28, 1908 (Class of 1912)

See also

 Adventurers' Club of New York
 Byrd Canyon
 Ford Ranges
 Laurence McKinley Gould
 List of Antarctic expeditions
 List of Freemasons
 List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime
 List of members of the American Legion

References

Further reading

 "At the bottom of the World", Popular Mechanics, August 1930, pp. 225–41

Bibliography
 Little America: Aerial Exploration in the Antarctic The Flight to the South Pole (1930)
 Discovery: The Story of the Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1935)

External links

 Richard Evelyn Byrd letter, MSS 420 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
 Byrd's Decorations at Military Times via Internet Archive.

  and from Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine:  on YouTube.

 The Papers of Richard E. Byrd at Dartmouth College Library
 Philip White Scrapbooks and Correspondence on Admiral Richard Byrd and the Byrd Antarctic Expedition of 1928–1933 at Dartmouth College Library
 Frederick G. Dustin logbook of Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition at Dartmouth College Library
 The Papers of Thomas B. Mulroy on Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic Expedition at Dartmouth College

1888 births
1957 deaths
20th-century explorers
American Episcopalians
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American oceanographers
American people of English descent
American polar explorers
American Polar Society honorary members
Aviators from Virginia
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Richard E. Byrd
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Explorers of Antarctica
Marie Byrd Land explorers and scientists
Flight navigators
Military personnel from Virginia
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor
North Pole
People from Beacon Hill, Boston
People from Winchester, Virginia
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
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Rolfe family of Virginia
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Richard E. Byrd


Pietra dura () or pietre dure () (see below), called parchin kari or parchinkari () in the Indian Subcontinent, is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.

The stonework is glued stone-by-stone to a base after being "sliced and cut in different shape sections; and then assembled together so precisely that the contact between each section was practically invisible". Stability was achieved by grooving the undersides of the stones so that they interlocked, rather like a jigsaw puzzle, with everything held in place by an encircling 'frame'. Many different colored stones, particularly marbles, were used, along with semiprecious, and even precious stones.

The technique first appeared in Rome in the 16th century. It reached its peak in Florence.  Pietra dura items are generally crafted on green, white or black marble base stones. Typically the resulting panel is completely flat, but some examples have the image is in low relief.

There are a number of similar techniques which should not be called pietra dura. The English term "Florentine mosaic" is sometimes used for the work of Giovanni Montelatici (1864-1930). He was an Italian Florentine artist whose brilliant work has been distributed across the world by tourists and collectors.

Pietra dura is also different from mosaics because stones are mostly much larger and cut to a shape suiting their place in the image, not all of roughly equal size and shape as in mosaic. In pietra dura, the stones are not cemented together with grout, and works in pietra dura are often portable. Nor should it be confused with micromosaics, a form of mosaic using very small tesserae of the same size to create images for Byzantine icons, and later for furniture panels.

References

Art materials

Pietra dura


Naman Keïta (born 9 April 1978 in Paris, France) is a track and field athlete, who takes part in the 400 m hurdles and 4 x 400m relay, competing internationally for France. He won the 4x400m relay gold medal at the 2003 World Championships in Paris, France. He was the bronze medalist in the 400 metres hurdles at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. Besides, he won a gold medal and a bronze medal in the 4x400 m relay at the European Athletics Championships.

Personal
Keïta was born in Paris to a Malian father and an Algerian mother. His hobbies are cooking and jazz music.

Career
Naman Keïta started running while in primary school. He worked for six months as a postman, before stopping to focus his energies on the World Championships and Olympic Games. He is able to use a 12 stride pattern between the hurdles. He competed internationally for Mali until the end of 1999, when he switched his allegiance to France.

He finished fourth in the 400 m hurdles final at the 2006 European Athletics Championships.

Keïta tested positive for a prohibited substance (testosterone) while taking part in the 2007 World Athletics Championship in Osaka, Japan. He was suspended from all competitions for two years by the Fédération française d'athlétisme in October 2007, with the suspension taking effect from 1 Sep 2007.

See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
French male hurdlers
French male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for France
Olympic bronze medalists for France
French sportspeople of Malian descent
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Naman Keïta


Stepan Porfyrovych Vytvytskyi or Dr. Stepan Wytwycky () (13 March 1884 near Stanislawow – 9 October 1965 in New York City, United States) was a Ukrainian politician, diplomat, and journalist. He was the President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile (1954–1965).

Biography
Stepan Vytvytskyi was born on 13 March 1884, in the village of Uhornyky, next to the city of Stanislawow, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine). He studied at the law faculties of the Lviv and Vienna Universities. During his years as a student, Vytvytskyi was the head of Academic Hromada in Lviv and the organization Sich in Vienna. In 1910, he began his practice as a lawyer in Drohobych. In 1914, he entered the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen military organization. From 1915-1918, he was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper Dila, and an editor on the Svoboda newspaper, both being based in Lviv.

While being a member of the Ukrainian National-Democratical Party (UNDP) in October 1918, he was elected as a secretary of the Ukrainian National Rada of the West Ukrainian People's Republic (ZUNR). He was a member of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) Tsentralna Rada and the governmental secretary of foreign affairs of the UPR. As a secretary of the Ukrainian National Rada, he was a member of the delegation of the ZUNR at the Worker's Congress of Ukraine in Kyiv, and a delegation member of the act of merging the ZUNR and UPR on January 22, 1919.

Since October 1919, he was the speaker of the diplomatic missions of the Directory of Ukraine in Warsaw. For some time, Vytvytskyi headed the secretary of foreign affairs in the government of ZUNR in exile in Vienna. In 1921−1923, he headed the ZUNR mission in Paris and London, persuading the governments of these countries (France, United Kingdom) to recognize the occupation of the eastern territory of Galicia by Poland, and help with the re-establishment of its independence.

In 1924, he continued his lawyer practice in Drohobych. From 1935−1939, he was elected to the Polish Sejm from the Drohobycz district. With the occupation of Galicia by Bolsheviks in 1939, he left Drohobych and emigrated to the west. In 1945, he was elected as the co-speaker of the Central Ukrainian Emigration Commission in Germany. After the death of Andriy Livytskyi in 1954, Stepan Vytvytskyi was elected as the president of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile. He died in New York City on October 9, 1965, and was buried at the cemetery of Bound Brook, New Jersey.

External links

 ukrainianpresident.org.ua - Biography of Stepan Vytvytskyi
 Svoboda. The Ukrainian Weekly. December 2, 1961.

1884 births
1965 deaths
Politicians from Ivano-Frankivsk
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance politicians
West Ukrainian People's Republic people
Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic
Foreign ministers of Ukraine
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1935–1938)
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1938–1939)
Diplomats from Ivano-Frankivsk
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
Writers from Ivano-Frankivsk

Stepan Vytvytskyi


Tony Lamar Brice (born 1987), better known by his stage name Tone Trump, is an American rapper.

Biography
Tone Trump was born in Philadelphia and raised by a Muslim family, later changing his name to Abdul Sallam. His initial desire to be a professional basketball player ended after he was expelled from high school, so he focused his attention on his music.

In 2007, Tone Trump teamed up with fellow Philadelphia-area rappers Jay Bezel and Hedonis da Amazon to produce an antiviolence single entitled "Every Day Is Crazy." One of Tone Trump's songs was chosen for the soundtrack for Close to Death, a documentary on urban gun violence by Philadelphia-based producers, getting him on the radar of a few major record labels. He also owns his own record label, Top Notch Entertainment. He was also signed to G-Unit Philly and was also a member of The G-Unit Philly Group (with Mike Knox, Ive Vegas, Cotic); in 2009 he left the label due to a feud with fellow member Mike Knox. In January 2010, Tone Trump collaborated with Black Wall Street's artist Nu Jerzey Devil for the song "What It Look Like." Tone Trump recently signed a deal with Young Jeezy's CTE World label.

Tone Trump has close affiliations with entrepreneurs Hood Rellic, Chris Banks of the clothing label Banks and Ross Collection, as well as significant collaborations with fellow rap artist and model agent Smutty Major Movez. He is the author of many catch phrases, such as "Let's Win" and "Hustle or Starve". Tone Trump won artist of the year at the 2012 Philly Hip Hop Awards.

His song "Ghetto Boy," featuring Freeway Ricky Ross, was produced by Smitti Boi. Tone Trump made a cameo appearance in the 2015 boxing drama Creed, where he had a brief altercation with the main character.

In 2016 Tone Trump released his album TONY, which was entirely produced by Smitti Boi.

Discography

Studio albums
Trump Life (2009)
TONY (2015)

Mixtapes
Blood, Sweat, & Prayers (with Lex Luger) (2018)
West Side Story (2013)
The New Fresh Prince (2012)
Worldstar Tony (2011)
Product Of Philly (2010)

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
African-American male rappers
American male rappers
African-American Muslims
East Coast hip hop musicians
Rappers from Philadelphia
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people

Tone Trump


The face is a part of the body at the front of the head.

It is the part of us that others interact with. On the face are organs of sight, smell, hearing. Especially in a four-legged animal, the face is the part which goes first into the world, and that is why the sense organs and the mouth are there.

In humans, the face includes the hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelash, eyes, nose, ears, cheeks, mouth, lips, teeth, skin, and chin.

Basic English 850 words

Face


Professor Julius Jolly (28 December 1849 – 24 April 1932) was a German scholar and translator of Indian law and medicine.

Jolly was born in Heidelberg, the son of physicist Philipp Johann Gustav von Jolly (1809–1884), and studied comparative linguistics, Sanskrit, and Iranian languages in Berlin and Leipzig. His doctoral thesis was Die Moduslehre in den alt-iranischen Dialekten ("Moods in Ancient Iranian Dialects"). Jolly became a Professor in the University of Würzburg in 1877, in the fields of comparative linguistics and Sanskrit. In 1882–1883 he visited India as Tagore professor of law, Calcutta, where he gave twelve lectures later published as Outlines of an History of the Hindu Law of Partition, Inheritance and Adoption (1885).

In 1896, Jolly contributed to Grundriss der Indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde ("Encyclopedia of Indo-Aryan Research"), later revised by Jolly and in 1928 translated by Balakrishna Ghosh under the title Hindu Law and Custom. In this volume, Jolly discussed family law and heirship, the law of things and obligations, offences and penalties, court procedure and customs and traditions. In 1901 he also contributed a study of Indian medicine, still considered one of the most complete and reliable studies of the history of Indian medical literature.

Jolly edited the law books of Vishnu, Narada, and Manu, and translated the first two for the Sacred Books of the East (Vol. 7, The Institutes of Visnu, 1880; and Vol. 33, The Minor Law-Books: Brihaspati, 1889). He retired in 1922, when he became co-editor of the Journal of Indian History, but continued to give lectures in Würzburg till 1928. He published a new critical edition of Kautilya's Arthashastra in collaboration with R. Schmidt in the "Panjab Sanskrit Series", 1923–1924.

Jolly was an honorary doctor of medicine of Georg August University of Göttingen and Oxford University.

1849 births
1932 deaths
German Indologists
Jurists from Heidelberg
Academic staff of the University of Würzburg
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
German male non-fiction writers

Julius Jolly (Indologist)


Potatiskorv (more commonly known as värmlandskorv in Sweden) is a regional Swedish sausage from Värmland, made with ground pork, beef, onions, and potatoes. Potatiskorv is traditionally served hot at Christmas in Värmland but often served hot or cold throughout the year.
"Potatiskorv" is what this sausage is called in parts of Värmland. In most parts of Sweden, the word "potatiskorv" is unknown, while "Värmlandskorv" is well known and sold commercially around Christmas throughout the country, for the benefit of people from Värmland. In the United States, "potatiskorv" (usually written "potatis korv") is the name that has stuck among people with Swedish roots.

There is also a local sausage in parts of Småland known as "potatiskorv", mentioned in the Emil children's books by Astrid Lindgren. However, that sausage contains no beef, only potatoes and pork.

See also
List of sausages

References

External links
Potatis korv recipe from Odebolt in Iowa Linked 2012-10-29
Cut-and-paste kitchen blog, June 9, 2008: Potatis Korv - a knowledge lost Linked 2012-10-29
Potatiskorv on the table: Reflections of a Fourth-Generation Swedish-American Linked 2012-10-29

Swedish sausages
Christmas food

Potatiskorv


Compton Acres is a large privately owned garden in Poole, Dorset, England. It was founded in 1920 by Thomas William Simpson, an entrepreneur who had become wealthy through the manufacture of margarine. The gardens are a popular tourist attraction.

Compton Acres consists of five themed sub-gardens: an Italian garden, a rock and water garden, a heather garden, a Japanese garden and a less formal woodland garden called the "Wooded Valley".

Since 1986, Compton Acres has been Grade II* listed.

The Italian Garden

This splendid formal garden is designed to be enjoyed as a spectacle with water, fountains, statuary, topiary and mass plantings providing seasonal colour.

To one side the addition of the Villa adds greatly to the Italian sense of place. The garden features fantastic statues such as Bacchus in his Domed Temple, the Wrestlers of Herculaneum and the old Venetian bronze lanterns.

The Wooded Valley

The mature pine wood has been developed as a woodland garden with winding pathways and dramatic waterfalls.

Many rhododendrons and camelias thrive here. Shade tolerant shrubs edge the terraces and glades together with woodlanders, including ferns and foxgloves. On the lower paths a series of pools are cunningly constructed to give the impression of a flowing stream.

Rock & Water Garden

This is perhaps the largest rock garden in private ownership in England.

It is home to over 300 kinds of plants ranging from mature specimens of slow growing conifers, to a wide variety of "alpines" and hundreds of dwarf spring and summer flowering bulbs.

Heather Garden

This is a year round attraction, at its most colourful in early spring.

The plantings are a mixture of many species of heathers. Recent plantings of Southern Hemisphere plants, many not hardy in more inland sites, including the spectacular Acacia pravissima, provide special interest.

Japanese Garden

Compton Acres' Japanese Garden is recognised as one of the best in Britain.

The Tea House, draped with Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda) and the thatched summerhouse, are constructed to authentic designs while the stone and bronze works of art were imported from Japan in the 1920s. The plants have been chosen with the emphasis on Japanese icons such as the colourful, evergreen Kurume hybrid azaleas, Japanese maples, and beautiful Asiatic flowering shrubs.

References

External links

Gardens in Dorset
Japanese gardens in England
Tourist attractions in Poole
Woodland gardens
Grade II* listed buildings in Dorset
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Dorset

Compton Acres (garden)


John Strachey FRS (10 May 1671 – 11 June 1743) was a British geologist and topographer.

He was born in Chew Magna, England. He inherited estates including Sutton Court from his father at three years of age. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford and was admitted at Middle Temple, London, in 1688. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1719.

He introduced a theory of rock formations known as Stratum, based on a pictorial cross-section of the geology under his estate at Bishop Sutton and Stowey in the Chew Valley and coal seams in nearby coal works of the Somerset coalfield, projecting them according to their measured thicknesses and attitudes into unknown areas between the coal workings. The purpose was to enhance the value of his grant of a coal-lease on parts of his estate. This work was later developed by William Smith.

In addition to his map making and geological interests he had several other publications including An Alphabetical List of the Religious Houses in Somersetshire (1731).

He died in Greenwich, London. He had married twice; firstly Elizabeth Elletson, with whom he had 18 children (see picture of 8 of them) and secondly Christina Staveley, with whom he had a further one child.

Homage
Strachey Stump, a flat-topped mountain in Antarctica, is named after him.

References

1671 births
1743 deaths
British geologists
People from Bath and North East Somerset
John (geologist)
Fellows of the Royal Society
English male writers

John Strachey (geologist)


Cheshire is a rural county in England. It is the North West part of the country, just south of Manchester. Cheshire covers 905 square miles (2,344 km2) and had a population of around 1.1 million in 2021.

Cheshire's county town is the cathedral city of Chester, while its most populated town is Warrington.

It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield, a market town. A main attraction is Kerridge, near one of the western foothills of the Pennines .

Ceremonial counties of England

Cheshire


My Boss's Daughter is a 2003 romantic comedy movie in which Ashton Kutcher, Molly Shannon and Tara Reid star. The subject in this romantic comedy is researchers working at a publishing company. One researcher, Tom, carries a crush on the daughter of the boss. This movie was released in August 2003. Its budget was $14 million; it got back over $18 million. Reviews, however, were rather substandard. The original of this movie was rated PG-13, though an R-rated version of this exists.

2003 comedy movies
2003 movies
English-language movies

My Boss's Daughter


Sitarampur Junction, station code STN, is the railway station serving the neighbourhood of Neamatpur and Sitarampur in Asansol, Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Sitarampur Junction is part of the Asansol Division of the Eastern Railway zone of the Indian Railways.  Sitarampur Junction is connected to metropolitan areas of India, Delhi–Kolkata main line via Mugalsarai–Patna route as well as the Grand Chord route. It has an average elevation of .

Overview

Mining-industry zone
"The entire belt between Durgapur (158 km from Howrah), and all the way up to Dhanbad and beyond is industrialized. Apart from factories, there are many coalmines, some closed now, and some with fires burning deep in the mineshafts. The mining area extends for a large area, mostly to the south of the tracks. Quite a portion of the track passes through cuttings, where the surrounding area is higher than the track level, resulting in the profusion of characteristic small masonry bridges crossing the tracks." This description is from "Gomoh loco shed and CLW trip record" by Samit Roychoudhury.

History
As movement of coal by trains increased considerably a new railway line, the Grand Chord, was laid from Sitarampur to Mughalsarai. At that time, Sitarampur boasted of the largest steam locomotive shed and the second largest coal moving yard in the country. Now the steam loco shed is gone as steam engines were phased out.

Facilities

The major facilities available are waiting rooms, reservation counter,2 wheeler and 4 wheeler vehicle parking. The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. The station also has STD/ISD/PCO telephone booth, ATM counter, toilets, tea stall and book stall.

Platforms
The platforms are connected by foot overbridge.

References

External links

 Sitarampur Junction map
 Official website of the Bardhaman district

Railway stations in India opened in 1901
Railway stations in Paschim Bardhaman district
Railway junction stations in India
Asansol railway division

Sitarampur Junction railway station