1075 (MLXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 February – Pope Gregory VII holds a council that publishes a decree against lay investiture.
 April – Pope Gregory VII publishes the Dictatus Papae (Sayings of the Pope, aka the Dictates of Hildebrand), in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.
 Revolt of the Earls: Three earls rebel against William I of England (William the Conqueror), in the last serious act of resistance to the Norman Conquest.
 First Battle of Langensalza: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Saxon nobles and subjugates Saxony.
 The Liao Dynasty version of the Buddhist Tripitaka is completed (approximate date).
 Anund Gårdske is removed as king of Svealand and king Håkan the Red of Gothenland makes himself king of all Sweden.
 The Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem from the Fatimids.
 Lý dynasty forces under Lý Thường Kiệt defend Vietnam against invasion by Song Dynasty China.
 The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo solves a border dispute with the Liao Dynasty by finding old diplomatic records; he argues Emperor Daozong of Liao's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern Pingquan in Hebei), and reestablishes the Song's borders.

Births
 June 9 – Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1137)
 Saint Magnus Erlendsson (d. 1116 or 1117)
 Adelaide del Vasto (d. 1118)
 Orderic Vitalis, monk and historian (approximate date)

Deaths
 June 10 – Ernest of Austria (b. 1027)
 August 2 – Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople
 December 4 – Anno II, archbishop of Cologne
 December 19 – Edith of Wessex, queen of Edward the Confessor of England
 John Xiphilinus, Byzantine historian
 Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, King of Gwynedd
 Peter Krešimir IV, King of Croatia

References

1075


Jeff Munn is an American public address announcer for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball and the former public address announcer for the Phoenix Suns of the National Basketball Association.

Munn began his broadcasting career as a senior at Phoenix Carl Hayden High School, then later announced games at Phoenix College in the late 1970s. After this, he served as the stadium voice of the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl for 13 years. Munn has announced at several major events. He served as an announcer for the 1993 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, the 1995 NBA All-Star Game, the 2000 WNBA All-Star Game, and the 2001 World Series. In 1996, he was selected as one of four announcers for the basketball competition at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta and handled the announcing duties for the Men's Gold Medal Game. . In 2004, Munn was hired as the play-by-play voice for the Arizona State University women's basketball team.

Munn, who served as the arena voice for the Suns for 12 seasons, is also the fill-in radio play-by-play voice of the Diamondbacks.

External links
 Munn bio
 Munn hired full-time with Diamondbacks

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American sports announcers
Arizona Diamondbacks announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
Women's college basketball announcers in the United States
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball public address announcers
National Basketball Association public address announcers
Phoenix Suns

Jeff Munn


Northside High School (formerly known as Fort Smith High School) is one of two public high schools in the city of Fort Smith, Arkansas (the other being Southside High School), both of which are administered by the Fort Smith School District. Within the state, the school is commonly known as Fort Smith Northside.

History
The original Fort Smith High School completed construction in fall 1897 and was described as one of the "Seven Wonders of Fort Smith" with its English castle-style, buff-brick and grey-stone building until a deadly tornado nearly destroyed the building three months later January 11, 1898.  Also in Fort Smith, Howard High School (1888) and Lincoln High School (1892), both black schools, ran until 1966.

On November 19, 1928, Fort Smith High School moved into a new building on 23rd and B Street in Fort Smith, Arkansas. The population of Fort Smith at the time was 31,400. The new building was dedicated on February 15, 1929, just before the mid-term class graduation could take place. The first year, 848 students enrolled in the high school (it could accommodate 3,000 students). With the new large building, many local organizations, as well as nationally known groups and individuals used the 1,060-seat auditorium for performances and other types of events. Since it was built, the auditorium has been visited by such famous people as Helen Olheim, opera singer with the Metropolitan Opera (1937–38); Carl Sandburg, poet, biographer and entertainer (1939–40); Margaret Bourke-White, war correspondent, photographer, author (1943–44); Nancy Gean, FSHS graduate and fashion analyst for Butterick (1947–48); Nelson Bennett, world-famous model for painters and sculptors (1965–66); and Shawntel Smith, Miss America (1995–96).

In 1934, the Fort Smith High School yearbook, Sounder, changed its name to Bruin. During its formative years, the senior class of 1937 hired Harry Alford of Chicago to write the Fort Smith High School Alma Mater, which has remained the same until today for now Northside High School.

In 1956, the school built an annex. The following year, enrollment for students was up to 1,738, which made Fort Smith High School the largest high school in Arkansas. During the school year of 1960-61, the Farnsworth Rose Garden was completed on the campus. Fort Smith High School was officially renamed Northside High School in 1963. Shortly thereafter, the Field House was opened and a marquee was installed in front of the campus in 1964. When Lincoln High School closed, Northside's enrollment continued to grow.

Improvements were made continually for the next several years. First, Grizzly Stadium was renamed Mayo-Thompson Stadium. The campus continued to grow with the addition of the Fine Arts building, learning lab, and elevator during the 1980-81 school year. The Rogers Book Store was purchased to house computer labs and kept its original name, the Schlenker Building. In 2003-04, the original gym was renovated with a new finished floor, a film room, and new custom oak lockers. The original floor, possibly the only one of its kind, required special efforts to be able to reseal and finish it. The girls basketball team has been one of the strongest teams in the state for several years, winning four straight titles between 1999-2002.

Academics
Northside High School is accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE) and has been an accredited charter member of AdvancED (formerly North Central Association) since 1924.  The assumed course of study follows the ADE Smart Core curriculum that requires at least 22 units to graduate. Students complete regular (core and career focus) courses and exams and may select Advanced Placement (AP) coursework and exams that provide an opportunity to receive college credit prior to high school graduation.

Enrollment
The enrollment for the 2003-04 school year was 1,284 with a diverse group of students, the enrollment for the 2004-05 school year was 1,350, the enrollment for the 2005-06 school year was 1,383, and the enrollment for the 2007-08 school year was 1,404. The approximate breakdown is as follows: 12 percent Asian, 21 percent African American, 18 percent Hispanic, 2 percent American Indian, and 46 percent Caucasian enrolled. Thirty-five percent of the student population is eligible for free lunch which is less than the 46 percent average for Arkansas.

Awards and recognition
In 1992-93, Northside High School was selected as a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence by the U.S. Department of Education (ED). The Northside Quiz bowl team won the American Scholastics Competition Network national championship in Chicago in 1993 and 2001, as well as the 2002 and 2003 Arkansas Governor's Cup Quizbowl Association tournament championships including overall and AAAAA, the state's largest classification.

Athletics

The Northside Grizzlies participate in the 7A Classification from the 7A/6A Central Conference as administered by the Arkansas Activities Association.  The Grizzlies compete in football, volleyball, golf (boys/girls), cross country, bowling (boys/girls), basketball (boys/girls), wrestling, swimming (boys/girls), soccer (boys/girls), tennis (boys/girls), and track and field (boys/girls).

The Fort Smith Northside Grizzlies have won various athletic classification state championships, including:

 (8x) state football champion: 1961, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1971, 1980, 1987, 1999
 (2x) state boys golf champion: 1971, 1977
 (11x) state boys basketball champion: 1925, 1951, 1955, 1958, 1959, 1965, 1968, 1974, 2007, 2017, 2019
 (7x) state girls basketball champion: (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2013, 2019); (3x) state overall champion (1999, 2000, 2019)
 (1x) state girls tennis champion: 1981
 (2x) state boys track champion: 1969, 1980
 (1x) State boys soccer champion: 2013, 2015 runner up, 2018

The gymnasium hosted the majority of home games for the Arkansas Fantastics of the American Basketball Association.

Notable alumni

 John Boozman - Member of Congress, Arkansas's 3rd congressional district (2001–11), current Senator representing Arkansas; two-time University of Arkansas football letterman.
 Charles Winchester Breedlove, Los Angeles City Council member, 1933–45
 Ron Brewer - 7th pick of the 1978 NBA draft by the Portland Trail Blazers.  At Northside, he was on the basketball team that won a state championship.  On the University of Arkansas basketball team, he was a member of Eddie Sutton's "Triplet's" that led the team to the Final four in 1978.
 Kodi Burns (2006) - American football collegiate coach.
 Ravin Caldwell - linebacker for the Washington Redskins.
 Brett Goode - former long snapper for the Green Bay Packers.
 Mark Hutson - college All-American and  football assistant coach for the Oakland Raiders.
 Matt Jones - 2005 1st round NFL Draft; he spent his senior year in Fort Smith and was a high school star athlete at Northside. He played quarterback University of Arkansas and led its football team to victories in the two longest overtime games in NCAA football history. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars, and helped them reach the 2005 NFL Playoffs.
 Gary Wisener - safety for the Dallas Cowboys.
 Jennifer Billingsley -  Actress.
 Kiondre Thomas - player for the Green Bay Packers
Tre Norwood - cornerback for the Pittsburgh Steelers.
Isaiah Joe - shooting guard for the Oklahoma City Thunder.
Jaylin Williams - power forward for the Oklahoma City Thunder

References

External links

1928 establishments in Arkansas
Educational institutions established in 1928
Public high schools in Arkansas
Schools in Sebastian County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Fort Smith, Arkansas

Northside High School (Fort Smith, Arkansas)


In meteorology, an isobar is a line on a map that connects areas with the same atmospheric pressure. Wind is generally perpendicular to isobars. When looking at the difference in pressure, it is also possible to estimate wind direction and speed. The first person to use isobars was Alexander Buchan (1829-1907).

Meteorology

Isobar


USS Ray (SSN-653), a Sturgeon-class attack submarine, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for the rays.

Construction and commissioning
The contract to build Ray was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company at Newport News, Virginia, on 26 March 1963 and her keel was laid down there on 4 January 1965. She was launched on 21 June 1966, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas H. Kuchel, the wife of United States Senator Thomas H. Kuchel (1910–1994) of California, and commissioned on 12 April 1967.

Service history
With her home port at Norfolk, Virginia, Ray underwent shakedown training and weapons and sonar testing until 6 October 1967, when she deployed to conduct Atlantic Ocean submarine operations until 12 December 1967.

In 1968 Ray again deployed for submarine operations in the Atlantic, from 8 April to 10 June and again from 13 November to 20 December.

Ray January through May 1969 in attack submarine training and fleet exercises off the United States East Coast and in the Caribbean Sea. She departed Norfolk on 6 June 1969 on a special operation before proceeding to Holy Loch, Scotland, where she arrived on 26 June 1969. She departed Holy Loch on 31 July 1969 and returned to Norfolk on 12 August. For the remainder of 1969 and into 1970, Ray trained in the Atlantic with other units of the fleet.

Ray spent most of 1970 operating in the Atlantic out of Norfolk. Her operations were concentrated primarily upon training and testing. In December 1970, she entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard at Portsmouth, Virginia, for a 14-month overhaul period. After its completion, she departed Norfolk on 5 March 1972 and engaged in various tests and exercises—notably two North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercises, "Strong Express" and "Escort Deep"—during the remainder of 1972. She returned to Norfolk on 12 December 1972.

Ray departed Norfolk in late February 1973 to conduct a Mediterranean Sea cruise which lasted until mid-summer, at which time she returned to Norfolk and normal Atlantic operations.

The Ray performed Atlantic operations until August 1975 when it was transferred to SubRon4 in Charleston SC, where it underwent an extensive 18-month overhaul and refueling. After the overhaul the Ray went to New London CT for refresher training and then for a month in the Caribbean (Puerto Rico and St. Croix) for shakedown and sonar calibration.

In August 1977 the Ray was deployed to a Med cruise. On 20 September 1977 Ray struck a coral mountain while submerged in the Mediterranean Sea  off the coast of Tunisia due to a combination of equipment failure and crew inexperience. Her nose was blown open by a hydraulic displacement of water, making two "wings" on the port side. The sonar equipment was destroyed and there were several cracks along the hull. There was no other damage to the submarine, but quite a few crew members sustained contusions and got banged around. The worst injuries were sustained by a crew member thrown the length of Auxiliary Machinery 2, who had a dislocated hip and needed 70 stitches. The boat limped to La Maddalena, Sardinia, to cut off the wings, remove loose equipment and shore up the hull. This was followed by a surface transit back to the states for repairs that required a year of work at Charleston Naval Shipyard in Charleston, South Carolina.

From 1977 through 1988 Ray made numerous Mediterranean and North Atlantic deployments including an ICE-EX in 1986 where she surfaced at the North Pole along with sister ships USS Hawkbill (SSN-666) and USS Archerfish (SSN-678), the first time three attack submarines had ever surfaced at the pole together. In 1988 and again in 1991 she deployed north of the Arctic Circle, earning a Meritorious Unit Citation, Navy Expeditionary Medal and Arctic Service Ribbon each time.

Ray participated in a six-month Mediterranean cruise as a part of the  aircraft carrier battle group from October 1989 to April 1990. She participated in various exercises and underwater operations which included operating in the Gulf of Sidra inside what Libya claimed was the "Line of Death" that formed the boundary of Libyan territorial waters, a territorial claim the United States did not recognize. She pulled into several liberty ports during this cruise, including La Maddalena in Italy, Cannes and Toulon in France, and Gibraltar. After her return to Charleston, she underwent routine repairs in drydock the Charleston Naval Shipyard.

At the time of Ray'''s deactivation in 1992, she had earned five Navy Unit Citations, six Meritorious Unit Citations, six Navy Expeditionary Medals and at least three Arctic Service ribbons, making Ray one of the most-decorated attack submarines in the Atlantic Fleet.

Decommissioning and disposalRay'' was decommissioned on 16 March 1993 and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register the same day. Her scrapping via the Nuclear-Powered Ship and Submarine Recycling Program at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Washington, began on 15 March 2002 and was completed on 30 July 2003.

References

NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive Ray (SSN-653)

Ships built in Newport News, Virginia
Sturgeon-class submarines
Cold War submarines of the United States
Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
1966 ships
United States submarine accidents
Maritime incidents in 1977

USS Ray (SSN-653)


The Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance (also known as the Dworkin–MacKinnon Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance or Dworkin–MacKinnon Ordinance) is a name for several proposed local ordinances in the United States and that was closely associated with the anti-pornography radical feminists Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon. It proposed to treat pornography as a violation of women's civil rights and to allow women harmed by pornography to seek damages through lawsuits in civil courts. The approach was distinguished from traditional obscenity law, which attempts to suppress pornography through the use of prior restraint and criminal penalties.

The ordinances were originally written in 1983 by Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, and supported by many (but not all) of their fellow members of the feminist anti-pornography movement. Versions of the ordinance were passed in several cities in the United States during the 1980s, but were blocked by city officials and struck down by courts, who found it to violate the freedom of speech protections of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

History
The idea of combating pornography through civil rights litigation in the United States was first developed in 1980. Linda Boreman, who had appeared in the pornographic film Deep Throat as "Linda Lovelace," published a memoir, Ordeal, in which she stated that she had been beaten and raped by her ex-husband Chuck Traynor, and violently coerced into making Deep Throat. Boreman held a press conference, with Andrea Dworkin, feminist lawyer Catharine MacKinnon, and members of Women Against Pornography supporting her, in which she made her charges public for the press corps. Dworkin, MacKinnon, and Gloria Steinem began discussing the possibility of legal redress for Boreman under federal civil rights law. Two weeks later, they met with Boreman to discuss the idea of pursuing a lawsuit against Traynor and other pornographers. She was interested, but Steinem discovered that the statute of limitations for a possible suit had passed, and Boreman backed off (Brownmiller 337). Dworkin and MacKinnon, however, began to discuss the possibility of civil rights litigation as an approach to combatting pornography.

In the fall of 1983, MacKinnon secured a one-semester appointment for Dworkin at the University of Minnesota, to teach a course in literature for the Women's Studies program and co-teach (with MacKinnon) an interdepartmental course on pornography. Hearing about the course, community activists from south Minneapolis contacted Dworkin and MacKinnon to ask for their help in curbing the rise of pornography shops. Dworkin and MacKinnon explained their idea for a new civil rights approach to pornography, which would define pornography as a civil rights violation against women, and allow women who had been harmed by pornography to sue the producers and distributors in civil court for damages. The Minneapolis city council hired Dworkin and MacKinnon as consultants to help the city find an approach to deal with pornography. Public hearings were held by the city council, with testimony from Linda Boreman, Ed Donnerstein (a pornography researcher from the University of Wisconsin–Madison), and Pauline Bart, a radical feminist professor from Chicago. The ordinance was passed on December 30, 1983, but vetoed by Mayor Donald M. Fraser (who opposed the idea on its merits and also claimed that the city ought not get involved in litigation over the ordinance's constitutionality). The ordinance was passed a second time in July 1984, and was vetoed again by Fraser. In the interim, the city council in Indianapolis invited Dworkin and MacKinnon to draft a similar ordinance, and also held public hearings. A different version of the ordinance, rewritten to focus specifically on pornography that depicted violence, was passed by the Indianapolis city council and signed into law by Mayor William Hudnut on May 1, 1984. However, the law was quickly challenged in court, and overturned as unconstitutional by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals's ruling on American Booksellers v. Hudnut. The Supreme Court denied to hear the case, thus leaving the ordinance unconstitutional. The case is often cited as an important decision on freedom of speech as applied to pornography.

In spite of the defeat in the courts, Dworkin, MacKinnon, and some other feminists continued to advocate versions of the civil rights ordinance, organizing campaigns to place it on the ballot as a voter initiative in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1985 (where it was voted down in the referendum 58%–42%), and then again in Bellingham, Washington, in 1988 (where it was passed). The American Civil Liberties Union filed suit against the city of Bellingham after the ordinance was passed, and the federal court again struck the law down on First Amendment grounds.

Feminists were strongly divided over the anti-pornography ordinance. Some feminists, such as Wendy McElroy, Ellen Willis, Wendy Kaminer and Susie Bright, opposed anti-pornography feminism on principle, identifying with sex-positive feminist position in the feminist sex wars of the 1980s. Many anti-pornography feminists supported the legislative efforts, but others—including Susan Brownmiller and Janet Gornick—agreed with Dworkin and MacKinnon's critique of pornography, but opposed the attempt to combat it through legislative campaigns, which they feared would be rendered ineffectual by the courts, would violate principles of free speech, or would harm the anti-pornography movement by taking organizing energy away from education and direct action and entangling it in political squabbles (Brownmiller 318–321).

Butler decision in Canada
In 1992, the Supreme Court of Canada made a ruling in R. v. Butler (the Butler decision) which incorporated some elements of Dworkin and MacKinnon's legal approach to pornography into the existing Canadian obscenity law. In Butler the Court held that Canadian obscenity law violated Canadian citizens' rights to free speech under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms if enforced on grounds of morality or community standards of decency; but that obscenity law could be enforced constitutionally against some pornography on the basis of the Charter's guarantees of sex equality. The Court's decision cited extensively from briefs prepared by the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF), with the support and participation of Catharine MacKinnon. Andrea Dworkin opposed LEAF's position, arguing that feminists should not support or attempt to reform criminal obscenity law. In 1993, copies of Dworkin's book Pornography were held for inspection by Canadian customs agents, fostering an urban legend that Dworkin's own books had been banned from Canada under a law that she herself had promoted. However, the Butler decision did not adopt Dworkin and MacKinnon's ordinance; MacKinnon and Dworkin claimed that holding Dworkin's books (which were released shortly after they were inspected) was a standard procedural measure, unrelated to the Butler decision.

Definition of pornography in the ordinance
Dworkin and MacKinnon placed special emphasis on the legal definition of pornography provided in the civil rights ordinance. The civil rights ordinance characterizes pornography as a form of "sex discrimination" and defines "pornography" as "the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures and/or words," when combined with one of several other conditions. In the "model ordinance" that they drafted, Dworkin and MacKinnon gave the following legal definition:

1. "Pornography" means the graphic sexually explicit subordination of women through pictures and/or words that also includes one or more of the following:

a. women are presented dehumanized as sexual objects, things or commodities; or

b. women are presented as sexual objects who enjoy humiliation or pain; or

c. women are presented as sexual objects experiencing sexual pleasure in rape, incest, or other sexual assault; or

d. women are presented as sexual objects tied up or cut up or mutilated or bruised or physically hurt; or

e. women are presented in postures or positions of sexual submission, servility, or display; or

f. women's body parts—including but not limited to vaginas, breasts, or buttocks—are exhibited such that women are reduced to those parts; or

g. women are presented being penetrated by objects or animals; or

h. women are presented in scenarios of degradation, humiliation, injury, torture, shown as filthy or inferior, bleeding, bruised or hurt in a context that makes these conditions sexual.

2. The use of men, children, or transsexuals in the place of women in (a)–(h) of this definition is also pornography for purposes of this law.

 —Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Model Antipornography Civil-Rights Ordinance," Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality, Appendix D

Causes for action
Each version of the ordinance provided different causes for action under which women could file sex discrimination suits related to pornography.

The original version of the ordinance passed in Minneapolis, the Indianapolis ordinance, and the proposed Cambridge ordinance each recognized four causes for action that could justify a sex discrimination suit:

 Trafficking in pornography, defined as the production, sale, exhibition, or distribution of pornographic materials. Making pornography available for study in government-funded public libraries and public or private university libraries was exempted from being considered discrimination by trafficking. Any woman could claim a cause for action against the trafficker(s) as a woman acting against the subordination of women. Men or transsexuals who alleged injury by pornography in the way that women are injured by it could also sue.
 Coercion into pornographic performances. Any person coerced, intimidated, or fraudulently induced into pornography could sue the maker(s), seller(s), exhibitor(s), or distributor(s), both for damages and to have the product or products of the performances eliminated from public view. The law stated that a number of specific factors, including past sexual history, other involvement in prostitution or pornography, the appearance of cooperation during the performance, or payment for the performance, could not be used (by themselves, without further evidence) as evidence against a claim of coercion.
 Forcing pornography on a person in a home, workplace, school, or public place. Any person who has pornography forced on her or him could sue the perpetrator and the institution.
 Assault or physical attack due to pornography. The victim of an assault, physical attack, or injury "directly caused by specific pornography" could seek damages from the maker(s), distributor(s), seller(s), and/or exhibitor(s) of the pornography, and an injunction against the further exhibition, distribution, or sale of that specific pornography.

The Model Ordinance that Dworkin and MacKinnon advocated in Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women's Equality (1988), and the version of the ordinance passed in Bellingham, Washington, the same year, added a fifth cause of action in addition to these four:

 Defamation through pornography, defined as defaming any person (including public figures) through the unauthorized use of their proper name, image, or recognizable personal likeness in pornography, and allowing for authorization, if given, to be revoked in writing at any time prior to the publication of the pornography.

Criticism
The most vocal critic of Mackinnon and (Andrea) Dworkin's rights-based approach to pornography is Ronald Dworkin (of no relation), who rejects the argument that the private consumption of pornography can be said to be a breach of women's civil rights. Ronald Dworkin states that the Ordinance rests on the "frightening principle that considerations of equality require that some people not be free to express their tastes or convictions or preferences anywhere." Ronald Dworkin also argues that the logic underpinning the Ordinance would threaten other forms of free speech.

See also
 Attorney General's Commission on Pornography
 American Booksellers v. Hudnut

References

Bibliography

  Details.
  Available online.

  Pdf.
  Preview.
See also:  Pdf.
See also:  (Online version before inclusion in an issue.)

Further reading

Book review of In Harm's Way:
Book review of In Harm's Way:
  (including podcast with PRQ co-editor Amy Mazur, Catharine MacKinnon, Kathleen Mahoney, William Hudnut, and Max Waltman).

Anti-pornography feminism
Censorship of pornography
History of women's rights in the United States
United States pornography law
Proposed laws of the United States
Feminism in the United States

Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance


Bobtail squid (order Sepiolida) are a group of cephalopods closely related to cuttlefish. Bobtail squid tend to have a rounder mantle than cuttlefish and have no cuttlebone. They have eight suckered arms and two tentacles and are generally quite small (typical male mantle length being between ).

Sepiolids live in shallow coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean and some parts of the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean as well as in shallow waters on the west coast of the Cape Peninsula off South Africa. Like cuttlefish, they can swim by either using the fins on their mantle or by jet propulsion. They are also known as "dumpling squid" (owing to their rounded mantle) or "stubby squid".

Light organ

Bobtail squid have a symbiotic relationship with bioluminescent bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), which inhabit a special light organ in the squid's mantle. The luminescent properties of the bacteria regulate gene expression in the light organ. The bacteria are fed a sugar and amino acid solution by the squid and in return hide the squid's silhouette when viewed from below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle. This method of counter-illumination is an example of animal camouflage.

The organ contains filters which may alter the wavelength of luminescence closer to that of downwelling moonlight and starlight; a lens with biochemical similarities to the squid's eye to diffuse the bacterial luminescence; and a reflector which directs the light ventrally.

Reproduction
Sepiolida are iteroparous and a female might lay several clutches, each of 1-400 eggs (dependent on species), over her estimated one-year-long lifetime. The eggs are covered with sand and left without parental care. Symbiosis with A. fischeri from the surrounding seawater is initiated immediately upon hatching, and the bacteria's colonisation of the juvenile light-organ induces morphological changes in the squid that lead to maturity.

Classification

About seventy species are known. Sepiolid taxonomy within the coleoid cephalopods is currently controversial, thus their position is subject to future change.
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Nautiloidea: nautilus
Subclass Coleoidea: squid, octopus, cuttlefish
Superorder Decapodiformes
Order Spirulida: ram's horn squid
Order Sepiida: cuttlefish
Order Sepiolida: bobtail squid
Family Idiosepiidae
Family Sepiolidae
Order Teuthida: squid
Superorder †Palaeoteuthomorpha
Order †Boletzkyida
Superorder Octopodiformes

References

External links
CephBase: Sepiolida
Squid-bacteria symbiosis

Squid
Cenozoic cephalopods
Miocene molluscs
Pliocene molluscs

Bobtail squid


Dennis Beynon Lee  (born August 31, 1939) is a Canadian poet, teacher, editor, and critic born in Toronto, Ontario. He is also a children's writer, well known for his book of children's rhymes, Alligator Pie.

Life
After attending high school at the University of Toronto Schools, Lee received bachelor's and master's degrees in English from the University of Toronto, where he coauthored articles in Acta Victoriana with Margaret Atwood. He taught English at the University's Victoria College from 1963 until 1967, at which time he became 'resource person' for Rochdale College.

Also in 1967, Lee co-founded House of Anansi Press with Dave Godfrey, and served as its editorial director until 1972. From 1974 to 1979 he was a consulting editor for Macmillan of Canada.

He was a writer in residence at Trent University in 1975, and at the University of Toronto in 1978-1979.

He is married to Susan Perly, a writer and former Canadian Broadcasting Corporation journalist.

Writing

In 1967 House of Anansi published Lee's first book of poetry, Kingdom of Absence, "a sequence of 43 sonnet variations." Lee followed that up the next year with a long meditative poem, "Civil Elegies". (Civil Elegies and Other Poems, a revised version of that work collected with some newer poetry, won Lee the Governor General's Award in 1972.)

Lee began writing for children as part of his goal of  "Reclaiming language and liberating imagination"; his poems are about the language and activities of the daily lives of children, expanded into the realm of imaginary play and fantasy. His best known work is the rhymed Alligator Pie (1974).

Lee wrote the lyrics to the theme song of the 1980s television show Fraggle Rock and, with composer Philip Balsam, many of the other songs for that show. A number of the songs were released on the albums Fraggle Rock: Music and Magic, in 1993, and Jim Henson's Muppets present Fraggle Rock, in 1984. The second album was nominated for a Grammy Award, which it won jointly with Shel Silverstein's Where the Sidewalk Ends. Balsam and Lee also wrote the songs for the television special The Tale of the Bunny Picnic. Lee is co-writer of the story for the film Labyrinth.

"On the adult level," says The Canadian Encyclopedia, "roots and play (including lovemaking) are further explored in Part I of The Gods (1979). Part 2, The Death of Harold Ladoo (1976), is an elegy for Lee's friend, a writer murdered in 1973.... The poem also meditates on the roles of mystical epiphanies and of artistic creation in its attempts to come to term with the problems of the contemporary world."

Lee is also the co-editor of The University Game (1968, with H. Edelman), "in which he calls for freedom from inhibiting educational institutions" a la Rochdale; and the author of Savage Fields: An Essay in Literature and Cosmology (1977), which "explores the interrelationship between 'earth' and 'world'—i.e. nature and civilization, or instinct and consciousness—all with particular application to a critical analysis of works by Michael Ondaatje and Leonard Cohen."

Alasdair Gray adapted a line from Lee's poem Civil Elegies into 'Work as if you live in the early days of a better nation' into a slogan Gray has become known by, inscribed on Scottish Parliament's Canongate Wall.

Recognition

In addition to his 1972 Governor General's Award, Lee twice won the CACL Bronze Medal for a children's book: in 1974 for Alligator Pie, and in 1977 for Garbage Delight. He also won the Vicky Metcalf Award, for body of work for children, in 1986, and the Mr. Christie's Book Award (for The Ice Cream Store) in 1991.

In 1993, Lee was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1995 he received an honorary doctorate from Trent University, and won a Toronto Arts Award for Lifetime Achievement.

In 2001 Lee became Toronto's first Poet Laureate, serving in that position until 2004.

In 2009, Lee received an honorary doctorate from Victoria College in the University of Toronto.

Publications

Poetry
 Kingdom of Absence. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1967.
 Civil Elegies. Toronto: Anansi, 1968.
 Civil Elegies and Other Poems. Toronto: Anansi, 1972.
 Not Abstract Harmonies But. Vancouver: Kanchenjunga Press, 1974. (Chapbook)
 The Death of Harold Ladoo. Vancouver: Kanchenjunga Press, 1976. (Chapbook)
 The Gods. Vancouver: Kanchenjunga Press, 1978. (Chapbook)
 The Gods. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979.
 The Difficulty of Living on Other Planets. Toronto: Macmillan, 1987. Illus. Alan Daniel.
 Riffs. London, Ont.: Brick Books, 1993.
 Nightwatch: New & Selected Poems 1968-1996. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996.
 Un. Toronto: Anansi, 2003.
 So cool. Dennis Lee; illustrations by Maryann Kovalski. Toronto : Key Porter, 2004.
 The Bard of the Universe. Kentville, NS: Gaspereau Press, 2007.
 YesNo. Toronto: Anansi, 2007.
 Testament. Toronto: Anansi, 2012.

Children's poetry
 Wiggle to the Laundromat. Toronto: New Press, 1970. Ill. Charles Pachter.
 Nicholas Knock and Other People. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1974. Ill. Frank Newfeld.
 Alligator Pie. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1974. Ill. Frank Newfeld.
 Garbage Delight. Toronto: Macmillan, 1977. Ill. Frank Newfeld
 The Ordinary Bath. Toronto: Magook, 1979. Ill. Jon McKee.
 Jelly Belly. Toronto: Macmillan, 1983. Ill. Juan Wijngaard.
 Lizzy's Lion. Toronto: Stoddart Kids, 1984. Ill. Marie-Louise Gay.
 The Dennis Lee Big Book. Toronto: Gage, 1985. Ill. Barbara Klunder.
 The Ice Cream Store. Toronto: HarperCollins, 1991. Ill. David McPhail.
 Dinosaur Dinner (with a Slice of Alligator Pie). New York: Random House, 1997. Selected by Jack Prelutsky. Ill. Debbie Tilley.
Bubblegum Delicious - 2000
 The cat and the wizard. Dennis Lee; illustrations by Gillian Johnson. Toronto : Key Porter Books, 2001.
Silverly/ Good Night, Good Night. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
Skyscraper. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2007. Ill. Nora Hilb.
The Kitty Ran Up the Tree. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2007. Ill. Nora Hilb.
This Little Puppy. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2008. Ill. Nora Hilb.
Willoughby Wallaby Woo. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
Alligator Stew: Favourite Poems. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2005. Ill. Rege.
Living and Learning with Children: Three Hundred One Activities for 3 to 8-Year Olds. New Jersey: New Horizons Publishers. 1981. Ill. Paula Jorde Bloom.
Ping and Pong. New York: HarperCollins, 1994. Ill. David McPhail.
Rocking Chair. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
So Cool. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2004. Ill. Maryann Kovalski.
The Dreadful Doings of Jelly Belly. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2006. Ill. Nora Hilb.
Zoomberry. New York: HarperCollins, 2016. Ill. Dušan Petričić.

Prose
 Savage Fields: An Essay in Literature and Cosmology. Toronto: Anansi, 1977.
 Cadence, Country, Silence: Writing in Colonial Space, in Cencrastus No. 4, Winter 1980-81, pp. 1 - 6,
 Reading Adonis. Toronto: Coach House Press, 1987. (Chapbook)
 Body Music. Toronto: Anansi, 1998.

Edited
 An Anthology of Verse. Edited by Lee and Roberta Charlesworth. Toronto: Oxford, 1964.
 The University Game. Essays Edited by Howard Adelman & Dennis Lee. Toronto: Anansi, 1968.
 T.O. Now; the Young Toronto Poets. Toronto: Anansi, 1968.
 The New Canadian Poets, 1970-1985. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1985.

Except where noted, bibliographic information courtesy Canadian Poetry Online.

Recordings
 Dennis Lee [selections].[Sound recording]. Toronto: High Barnet, 1970.
 Alligator Pie and Other Poems. [sound recording]. New York: Caedmon, 1978.

References

External links
 Dennis Lee's entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia
 Toronto's First Poet Laureate: Dennis Lee 2001–2004
 Dennis Lee at Canadian Poetry Online, University of Toronto Libraries — biography and 9 poems (400: Coming Home, Coming Becomes You, Deeper, Juniper and Bone, A Plan for Preserving Birdsong, A Cautionary Verse, Alligator Pie, The Secret Place, Blue Psalm)
 Dennis Lee Papers, three collections in the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library — MS Coll. 00271 includes biographical sketch

1939 births
Living people
Canadian male poets
Canadian company founders
Canadian children's writers
Canadian television composers
Governor General's Award-winning poets
Harbourfront Festival Prize winners
Members of the Order of Canada
Musicians from Toronto
Poets Laureate of Toronto
Sonneteers
University of Toronto alumni
Chapbook writers
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian male writers
Poets Laureate of places in Canada

Dennis Lee (author)


Patrick Dunne (3 November 1928 – 20 July 2006) was a  Labour Party politician from Dublin in Ireland. He was Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1975 to 1976, and a senator from 1981 to 1982.

A long-serving member of Dublin Corporation, Dunne stood unsuccessfully as a Labour candidate for Dáil Éireann at six successive general elections, but never won a seat. He contested Dublin North-East in 1965, 1969, and 1973, Dublin Artane in 1977, and Dublin North-West in the 1981 and February 1982 general elections.

After his 1981 defeat, he was nominated by the Taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald to the 15th Seanad Éireann, where he served until the election of the 16th Seanad in 1982. Dunne was one of three Labour nominees who were nominated with the intention that, supported by their senate salaries, they would devote their energies to strengthening the organisation and finances of the Labour Party. The choice of Dunne was seen as a settling of old scores with the party; Dunne was an ally of the Labour leader Michael O'Leary, and his senate seat was expected to strengthen Dunne's position against Brendan Halligan, his running-mate in Dublin North-West and an opponent of O'Leary's strategy of entering coalition with Fine Gael. Halligan did not stand in February 1982, but Dunne was beaten to the 4th seat in Dublin North-West by Proinsias De Rossa of Sinn Féin the Workers Party.

He died on 20 July 2006.

References

1928 births
2006 deaths
Labour Party (Ireland) senators
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Members of the 15th Seanad
Politicians from County Dublin
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
Labour Party (Ireland) local councillors

Paddy Dunne (politician)


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The Cape May Bird Observatory was founded in 1975 in Cape May, New Jersey, United States. The purpose of the Cape May Bird Observatory is to do research, encourage conservation, and create educational and recreational birding activities.  It has two separate centers: the Center for Research and Education in Cape May Court House in the central part of Cape May County, and the Northwood Center in Cape May Point. The current director is Pete Dunne, a well-known birding author.

Bird migration
Cape May is a great place for bird migration. Every spring and fall, thousands of migrating birds pass through the area. Birders from all over the world have come to Cape May to see the migrations.

Cape May authors
The Cape May area is home to many birding authors, including Dunne, Kerlinger, Pat and Clay Sutton, Michael O'Brien, Richard Crossley and Kevin Karlson.

The most notable former Cape May birder is author David Allen Sibley. Sibley wrote the field guide The Sibley Guide to Birds. He wrote it while he was living and birding in Cape May Point.

Other websites
Cape May Bird Observatory

Organizations based in New Jersey
1975 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in New Jersey

Cape May Bird Observatory


Gary Zukav (born October 17, 1942) is an American spiritual teacher and the author of four consecutive New York Times Best Sellers. Beginning in 1998, he appeared more than 30 times on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss transformation in human consciousness concepts presented in his book The Seat of the Soul. His first book, The Dancing Wu Li Masters (1979), won a U.S. National Book Award.

Life
Gary Zukav was born in Port Arthur, Texas, the elder of two children of Morris Luis "Morey" and Lorene (née Weinberg) Zukav. His father owned a jewelry store in Pittsburg, Kansas, and his mother was a housewife who raised him and his younger sister.  Gary spent his early childhood in San Antonio and Houston. His family moved to Pittsburg, Kansas in 1952, while he was in fourth grade. In 1960, he graduated from Pittsburg High School as valedictorian. During that time he became an Eagle Scout, Governor of Kansas Boy's State, President of the Student Council, and Kansas State Debate championship team member twice.

In 1959, Gary received a scholarship to Harvard and matriculated high school in 1960. In his junior year at Harvard he left to motorcycle in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East before returning the following year. In 1964, he was deeply moved by the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in Philadelphia, Mississippi, and worked as a summer volunteer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Jackson, Mississippi, under the direction of Charles Evers, brother of the slain Medgar Evers. In 1965, he graduated from Harvard.  That same year he enlisted in the U.S. Army and entered U.S. Army Infantry Officer Candidate School.  He was made a second lieutenant in 1966. He volunteered for the U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Berets), completed parachute training (Fort Benning, Georgia), and U.S. Army Special Warfare School (Fort Bragg, North Carolina), then served as a detachment executive officer in Okinawa and Vietnam, participating in top secret operations in Vietnam and Laos. He left Vietnam after the Tet Offensive of January 1968 and was discharged from the army in 1968 as a first lieutenant.

Zukav returned to the U.S. in 1970 and moved to San Francisco, California. He recounts this period as an emotionally volatile time of sexual addiction, motorcycles, anger and drug-abuse.  This continued until 1975 when his roommate, Jack Sarfatti, took him to visit the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory where Zukav became intrigued by quantum physics. He began writing his first book, The Dancing Wu Li Masters, written with extensive help from Jack Sarfatti and other physicists he met through Sarfatti, as described in David Kaiser's book How the Hippies Saved Physics. He later described this book as his "first gift to Life". In 1987 he moved to Mount Shasta, California, where he lived in a cabin as a self-described "secular monk" and spent time in the surrounding wilderness. In 1993 he met and later married Linda Francis. They co-founded the Seat of the Soul Institute in 1998 and moved to Ashland, Oregon, in 2000.

Writing career
Christopher Lehmann-Haupt reviewed The Dancing Wu Li Masters in The New York Times March 28, 1979.
He called it a book that manages to explain relativity and a lot more without resorting to a single bit of mathematics (except for asking you to grasp the not-too-onerous concept that the velocity of light, a constant 186,000 miles per second, is a product of its frequency and wavelength). After all, Mr. Zukav writes, "The fact is that physics is not mathematics. Physics, in essence, is simple wonder at the way things are and a divine (some call it compulsive) interest in how that is so. Mathematics is the tool of physics, stripped of mathematics, physics becomes pure enchantment."

The review also acclaimed Zukav as one of those rare gifted teachers who makes you feel as if you're ahead of the lesson, jumping happily to conclusions he hasn't yet seen (though of course he has). And when he does arrive at those conclusions, he often states them in the words of their original discoverers, which suddenly seem as simple as "Pat the Bunny" and flatter you into thinking you could have understood them in their original context on your own. The drama built into Mr. Zukav's presentation is considerable. It begins with his introduction of an Oriental dimension. The Chinese name for "physics", "wu li", also means (depending upon how it is pronounced) "patterns of organic energy", "my way", "nonsense", "I clutch my ideas" and "enlightenment". These six meanings, not only become the title of the book's six sections – for instance, "Nonsense" is the heading of the one on Einstein's ideas, which is divided into chapters called "Beginner's Mind", "Special Nonsense", and "General Nonsense" – they also serve to shape the leitmotif of Mr. Zukav's discussion that relates modern physics to Oriental religion.

Dancing Wu Li Masters was also reviewed by the scientific community.

Robert H. March, Professor of Physics at the University of Wisconsin, wrote in Physics Today in August 1979, "Dealing with general relativity [Zukav] manages to convey the profound mental shift required to reduce physics to geometry. This is a neat trick, considering that he addresses an audience familiar with neither physics nor non-Euclidian geometry."

Martin Gardner, mathematician and science writer for Scientific American, wrote in a book review: "Zukav is such a skillful expositor, with such an amiable style, that it is hard to imagine a layman who would not find this book enjoyable and informative."

David Bohm, renowned quantum physicist, wrote a personal endorsement provided to the book's publisher Harper Collins: "Recommended highly for those who want to understand the essential significance of modern physics, and for those who are concerned with its implications for possible transformation of human consciousness."

Zukav's next book, The Seat of the Soul, published in 1989, was a No. 1 New York Times Best Seller for 31 weeks and remained on the list for three years. In an interview by Jeffrey Mishlove, for the popular Public Television series Thinking Allowed, Zukav summarized the concepts presented in The Seat of the Soul.

My objective was not to make the soul legitimate in terms of science. The soul is legitimate, period. It doesn't need validation. At least that was my perception and so I wrote The Seat of the Soul to share the things that were most important to me. The Dancing Wu Li Masters was designed to open the mind and The Seat of the Soul, is a book designed to open the heart. And this is often the sequence that many people encounter as they move into an expanded awareness of who they are and why they are here.

Our evolution, until very recently, has been as five sensory humans evolving through the exploration of physical reality. That is the same thing as the pursuit of external power. Now we have crossed the threshold, we're in new territory, a brand new domain. We are now becoming multi sensory. That means we are no longer confined to the five senses. Now I use these terms because the five senses together form a single sensory system and the object of that sensory system is physical reality. That's what it is designed to detect. As we become multi sensory, we move beyond the limitations of the five senses and we now are evolving to a different mechanism in the exploration of physical reality. We are evolving through responsible choice of and with the assistance and guidance of non physical guides and teachers.

We are spiritual beings, we have always been spiritual beings and we will always be spiritual beings. The difference is that now we are becoming aware of ourselves as spiritual beings and that is making all the difference.

In 1998 Zukav began an ongoing conversation with Oprah Winfrey, appearing on her television show 35 times – more than any other guest. Oprah, who keeps a copy of The Seat of the Soul at her bedside, proclaimed: "The Seat of the Soul is my favorite book of all time, except for the Bible." Her favorite quote from The Seat of the Soul: "Every action, thought, and feeling is motivated by an intention, and that intention is a cause that exists as one with an effect.... In this most profound way, we are held responsible for every action, thought, and feeling, which is to say, for our every intention."

Zukav's third book, Soul Stories (2000), provides examples of people creating what he calls "authentic power." Thoughts from the Seat of the Soul: Meditations for Souls in Progress (2001) offered daily quotes for meditation. The principles in The Seat of the Soul were elaborated in The Heart of the Soul: Emotional Awareness (2002), The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice (2003) and Self-Empowerment Journal (2003), a journaling workbook co-authored with Zukav's wife, Linda Francis, and intended as a companion volume to The Mind of the Soul. Soul to Soul: Communications from the Heart (2007) addresses questions about love, fear, choice, responsibility, and intuition. Spiritual Partnership: The Journey to Authentic Power (2010) suggests guidelines for individuals engaged in relationship for the purpose of spiritual development.

In 1999 Zukav and Linda Francis co-founded the Seat of the Soul Institute. It offers programs and tools to develop emotional awareness, responsible choice, intuition, trust, and spiritual partnerships. Events and programs include an annual retreat, lectures, and workshops.

Teachings
Zukav introduces the concept of the alignment of personality with soul as the creation of "authentic power". He asserts that a transformation of humanity is underway from a species that is limited to the perceptions of the five senses, evolves by surviving, and survives by pursuing "external power", which he defines as the ability to manipulate and control, into a species that is not limited to the perceptions of the five senses, evolves by growing spiritually, and grows spiritually by creating authentic power. He further asserts that this transformation brings with it the new potential of authentic power and that the pursuit of external power is henceforth counter-productive to our evolution and produces only violence and destruction.

According to Zukav, creating authentic power is a highly personal endeavor that requires the development of emotional awareness, responsible choice, intuition, and trust in the Universe, which he describes as "alive, wise, and compassionate". He asserts that each individual can create authentic power only for himself or herself. He defines intention as a "quality of consciousness that infuses an action", i.e., the reason or motivation for the action, and choice of intention as the "fundamental creative act" that each individual performs continually, whether unconsciously or consciously. Creating authentic power requires consciously choosing intentions that create consequences for which the chooser is willing to assume responsibility (responsible choice), which requires emotional awareness, and which intuition can assist.

Zukav distinguishes the "Old Male" (five-sensory, protector, provider) and the "Old Female" (five-sensory, child bearer, homemaker) who join in marriage in order to enhance probabilities of survival and comfort from the emerging "New Male" (multi sensory, intuitive, emotionally aware) and the "New Female" (multi sensory, capable in all chosen endeavors) who join in a new kind of relationship in order to create authentic power and assist each other in creating authentic power. He calls this relationship "spiritual partnership" and defines it as "partnership between equals for the purpose of spiritual growth". According to Zukav, "spiritual growth now requires relationships of substance and depth" and only spiritual partnerships are able to support all multi sensory individuals (not only couples) in creating authentic power. Zukav posits the "Universal Human" as the ultimate potential of the emerging multi sensory humanity – a human who is "beyond nation, religion, race, sex, and economic status; a Citizen of the Universe whose allegiance is to Life first and all else second".

Publications
 Universal Human: Creating Authentic Power and the New Consciousness (2021). Atria Books. .
 Spiritual Partnership (2010). New York: Harper One. .
 Soul to Soul (2007)
 Self-Empowerment Journal: A Companion to The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice (2003), co-author Linda Francis.
 The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice (2003), co-author Linda Francis.  – New York Times best seller
 Thoughts from the Heart of the Soul: Meditations for Emotional Awareness (2002), co-author Linda Francis.
 The Heart of the Soul: Emotional Awareness (2002), co-author Linda Francis.  – New York Times best seller
 Thoughts from the Seat of the Soul (2001)
 Soul Stories (2000).
 The Seat of the Soul (1989).  – number 1 New York Times best seller 31 times and staying on that list for close to 3 years
 The Dancing Wu Li Masters: An Overview of the New Physics (1979).  – winner of the American National Book Award for Science
 Una sedia per l'anima, edizioni Corbaccio, Milano, 1996

6 million copies of Zukav's books are in print and translations exist in 24 languages.

Honors
 World Business Academy Pathfinder Award for Contribution to the Ongoing Evolution of Knowledge and Consciousness within the Global Business Community.
 American Journal of Psychotherapy and Albert Einstein College of Medicine Einstein Award in Recognition of Outstanding Contributions to the Psychosocial Growth of Humanity.
 St. Christopher Foundation Christopher Award for "Lighting One Candle Instead of Cursing the Darkness".
 Zukav was honored with the Award for Clear Telling of Deep Wisdom by the New York Open Center in 2001 for his book, Seat of the Soul, and for his co-founding of Genesis: The Foundation for the Universal Human.
 Named to Oprah's SuperSoul100 list of visionaries and influential leaders in 2016.

Notes

References

External links

Interview with Gary Zukav by Jeffrey Mishlove (later than 1989)
Gary Zukav, columnist, profile at The Huffington Post
 Gary Zukav at Library of Congress Authorities — with 24 catalog records

1942 births
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Members of the United States Army Special Forces
United States Army officers
Living people
New Thought writers
New Age writers
New Age spiritual leaders
American spiritual writers
American spiritual teachers
Harvard University alumni
Writers from Ashland, Oregon
People from Pittsburg, Kansas
Sonoma State University alumni
National Book Award winners
Nautilus Book Award winners
People from Mount Shasta, California
Quantum mysticism advocates
Military personnel from California
Military personnel from Oregon

Gary Zukav


Yang Xiu (楊秀) (570 – 618) was an imperial prince of the Sui dynasty.  He was a son of Emperor Wen and his powerful wife Empress Dugu, and during most of his father's reign was given great control over the modern Sichuan and Chongqing region.  In 602, after accusations were made that Yang Xiu was abusing his power, Emperor Wen removed him from power and reduced him to commoner rank. He was subsequently held under house arrest for the rest of Emperor Wen's reign and the reign of his brother Emperor Yang. In 618, after the general Yuwen Huaji killed Emperor Yang, he and his co-conspirators briefly considered declaring Yang Xiu emperor, but ultimately decided not to, and instead executed Yang Xiu and his sons.

Family
Parents
Father: Emperor Wen of Sui (隋文帝; 21 July 541 – 13 August 604)
Mother: Empress Wenxian, of the Henan Dugu clan (文獻皇后 河南獨孤氏; 544–602)
Consort and their respective issue(s):
Princess Consort Shu, of the Zhangsun clan  of Henan (楊王妃 河南長孫氏), daughter of Zhangsun Lan (長孫覽)
Beauty, of the Dong clan ( 美人董氏)
Unknown:
Seven sons (all were executed by Yuwen Huaji)

Background
It is not known exactly when Yang Xiu was born, but it is known that he was the fourth of the five sons of Yang Jian and Yang Jian's wife Dugu Qieluo. As the third of his older brothers, Yang Jun, was born in 571 (his younger brother, Yang Liang, similarly has an unknown birth year) and he was already born at least by the time that Yang Jian seized the throne from Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou, ending Northern Zhou and establishing the Sui Dynasty as Emperor Wen in 581, he would have been born sometime between 572 and 579. In 581, after Emperor Wen took the throne, he appointed both of his sons as imperial princes, and Yang Xiu was appointed the Prince of Yue.

During Emperor Wen's reign
In winter 581, the official Xuan Min (宣敏), after returning from an inspection of the Shu region (modern Chongqing and Sichuan), suggested that Emperor Wen should make the region the fief for one of his sons, pointing out the region's wealth and strategic importance and that Northern Zhou had fallen because its imperial princes lacked the power to defend the state. Emperor Wen liked the proposal, and so changed Yang Xiu's title to Prince of Shu and made him the commandant of Yi Province (roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan), in charge of the 24 surrounding provinces.  Emperor Wen made the official Yuan Yan (元巖) Yang Xiu's chief of staff, and it was said that Yuan served Yang Xiu capably, keeping his behavior proper.  Yang Xiu did not participate in the campaign against the Chen Dynasty in 589 that destroyed Chen and unified China, in which his older brothers Yang Guang the Prince of Jin and Yang Jun the Prince of Qin participated; instead, the soldiers from his region were commanded by Yang Su, implying that Yang Xiu might not be old enough to command troops personally by this point.

In 592, Yang Xiu appeared to be briefly recalled to the capital Daxing to serve as the head of the legislative branch of government, the Neishi Sheng (內史省), when Emperor Wen put him and the official Yu Qingze (虞慶則) in charge of investigating claims that the deputy head of the executive branch, the Shangshu Sheng (尚書省), Su Wei, had been engaging in factionalism.  Yang Xiu and Yu found Su to be guilty, and Emperor Wen stripped Su of his titles. (It appeared that briefly thereafter, Yang Xiu returned to Yi Province.)

In 598, Yang Xiu submitted an accusation that the general Shi Wansui (史萬歲) had received bribes from the chief of the Nanning Tribe (南寧夷), Cuan Wan (爨翫), in 597, to permit Cuan, after surrendering to Shi after a revolt, not be taken to Daxing, allowing Cuan to rebel again in 598.  Emperor Wen nearly executed Shi over the accusation, but eventually spared him and reduced him to commoner rank.

Over the years, as Yang Xiu became more and more accustomed to ruling over the region and grew arrogant and wasteful beyond the appropriate levels for an imperial prince. After Yuan Yan died in 593, without anyone to check his behavior, he made an armillary sphere – an item that only an emperor would be permitted to have.  He also seized many men of the Liao tribe and castrated them to serve as his eunuchs and used vehicles and decorations only appropriate for an emperor.  Emperor Wen often told Empress Dugu, "Yang Xiu will surely suffer a violent end. While I do not need to worry while I am alive, when his brother becomes emperor, he will surely revolt."  In one of the campaigns against Cuan Wan's forces, Yang Xiu sent his jester Wan Zhiguang (萬智光) to serve as the assistant to the general Yang Wutong (楊武通).  Emperor Wen, finding this out and believing this act to be inappropriate, began to divide the forces under Yang Xiu's command.

In 600, Yang Xiu's oldest brother Yang Yong the Crown Prince, over false accusations made by Yang Guang and Yang Guang's ally Yang Su, was deposed, and Yang Guang replaced Yang Yong as crown prince. Yang Xiu was displeased over the development, and Yang Guang was worried that Yang Xiu would make trouble for him. He instructed Yang Su to collect evidence of Yang Xiu's improper behavior and submit it to Emperor Wen. In fall 602, Emperor Wen summoned Yang Xiu back to the capital, sending the general Dugu Jie (獨孤楷) to replace him. Yang Xiu considered refusing to return to Daxing, but decided not to resist after being advised by Yuan Shimin (源師民) otherwise.  However, even after Dugu Jie arrived at Yi Province, Yang Xiu had not gotten underway, and it took further urging by Dugu Jie for him to actually depart.  Yang Xiu, after leaving Yi Province, considered returning and attacking Dugu Jie, but Dugu Jie, who had taken precautions, had his army in a state of high alert, and therefore Yang Xiu gave up on the idea.  While Yang Xiu was still en route back to Chang'an, his mother Empress Dugu died.

When Yang Xiu arrived at Chang'an some three months after his departure from Yi Province, Emperor Wen refused to say anything to him while meeting him. Emperor Wen then sent messengers to severely rebuke him, and Yang Xiu begged for forgiveness. Yang Guang and the other imperial princes publicly begged for forgiveness on Yang Xiu's account as well, but Yang Guang secretly made two dolls with the names of Emperor Wen and Yang Liang the Prince of Han and curses against them and buried the dolls, and then had Yang Su dig them out and submit the dolls to Emperor Wen, along with evidence that Yang Xiu had made plans to attack the capital at some point.  Around the new year 603, Emperor Wen reduced Yang Xiu to commoner rank and put him under house arrest within the Bureau of Eunuchs, not permitting him to meet with his wife and children. Yang Xiu submitted a petition for forgiveness, particularly asking to again see his favorite son, whose nickname was Guazi (瓜子).  Further incensed by the petition, Emperor Wen issued an edict accusing Yang Xiu of 10 crimes, particularly stating, "I do not know what kind of relatives 'Yang Jian' and 'Yang Liang' are to you."  Yang Su also took this opportunity to falsely accuse certain political enemies to be Yang Xiu's associates and had them banished.

During Emperor Yang's reign
In 604, Emperor Wen died—a death that traditional historians commonly believed to be a murder ordered by Yang Guang, even though those historians admit that they had no direct evidence of it. Yang Guang took the throne as Emperor Yang. He continued to hold Yang Xiu under house arrest, and whenever he took tours of the country (of which he had 11 during his reign), he usually took Yang Xiu with him.  In 618, while Emperor Yang was at Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), Emperor Yang was killed in a coup led by the general Yuwen Huaji. Yuwen and his co-conspirators briefly considered declaring Yang Xiu emperor, but ultimately decided not to do so, and instead executed Yang Xiu and his seven sons.

References
 Book of Sui, vol. 45.
 History of the Northern Dynasties, vol. 71.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 175, 178, 179, 180, 185.

Sui dynasty imperial princes
618 deaths
Political office-holders in Sichuan
570s births
Executed Sui dynasty people
People executed by the Sui dynasty
7th-century executions

Yang Xiu (Sui dynasty)


Escabeche is the name for a number of dishes in Spanish, Portuguese, Filipino and Latin American cuisines, consisting of marinated fish, meat or vegetables, cooked or pickled in an acidic sauce (usually with vinegar), and colored with paprika, citrus, and other spices.

In both Spain and Latin America, many variations exist, including frying the main ingredient before marinating it. Escabeche of seafood, fish, chicken, rabbit, pork, and vegetables  are common in Spain, Caribbean and Portugal. Eggplant escabeche is common in Argentina.

Terminology
The Spanish and Portuguese word escabeche originates from Andalusi Arabic (spoken in Muslim Iberia) and ultimately Persian. It is derived from al-skepaj (), the name of a popular meat dish cooked in a sweet-and-sour sauce, usually containing vinegar and honey or date molasses. This technique spread throughout the former Portuguese and Spanish Empires and is particularly common in Latin America and the Philippines.

The dish is known as escoveitch or escoveech fish in Jamaica and is marinated in a sauce of vinegar, onions, carrots, and Scotch bonnet peppers overnight. It is known as scapece or savoro in Italy, savoro in Greece (especially Ionian islands), and scabetche in North Africa.

Variations
The dish is common in Spain and has evolved with local modifications in the Spanish-speaking world. It is well represented in Portugal, usually spiced with peppercorns, chilies, peppers, onions, garlic and sliced carrots. The dish is popular in the Philippines and Guam, both former Spanish colonies, where it is the closest to the original Spanish version: using fish that is locally available but respecting the original technique.

In international versions like in Peru, escabeche is usually poached or fried, then served cold after marinating in a refrigerator overnight or longer. The acid in the marinade is usually vinegar but can include citrus juice (a common conservation technique—a pH of 4 or lower effectively stops rotting). Escabeche is a popular presentation of canned or potted preserved fish, such as mackerel, tuna, bonito, or sardines.

Escabeche oriental is a dish of the cuisine of Yucatan (Mexico) and Belize. It is called oriental (eastern), because it is a dish from the eastern part of Yucatán, specifically the city of Valladolid. It is prepared with turkey or chicken, which was marinated in a mixture of coriander leaves, salt, pepper, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, vinegar and garlic. The chicken is boiled in water with onion strips and sour orange juice. Then, the cooked meat is fried in butter or oil with garlic, oregano and salt. The poultry is served crispy and with fried onion and xcat-ik or blonde chili strips.

See also
Arsik
Brathering, a German version, often served for breakfast
Ceviche, raw fish in an acidic marinade
Kelaguen
Nanbanzuke

References

Cuisine of Abruzzo
Mexican cuisine
Filipino cuisine
Portuguese cuisine
Spanish cuisine
Fish dishes
Latin American cuisine
Belizean cuisine
Bahamian cuisine
Guamanian cuisine
Italian cuisine
Jamaican cuisine

Escabeche


Louis Boyer (November 30, 1795 – December 21, 1870) was a mason, merchant and land owner in Quebec. He also signed his surname as Boyer, dit Quintal.  Boyer Street () in Montreal is named after him.

Early years
He was born in Montreal, the son of François Boyer and Josette Boutonne.

Career
He was employed in the construction of the Rideau Canal and the prison at Kingston. Later, Boyer became a merchant dealing in pork, beef, butter and cheese. In 1832 he formed a partnership dealing in bacon, furs and other goods with Joseph Vallée, Fleury-Théodore Serre dit Saint-Jean and Philippe Turcot Sr. He also dealt in real estate and, by the time of his death, he had become one of the largest property owners in Montreal. He also was a director of the Montreal City and District Savings Bank and the Banque Jacques Cartier, as well as a member of the Montreal Board of Trade.

Death
Boyer died in Montreal at the age of 75.

Family
Boyer was married twice: to Elisabeth Mathieu, dit Laramée in 1820 and to Marie-Aurélie Mignault in 1836. Boyer later partnered in business with his sons and, when he retired from business in 1868, control of the business passed to his two oldest sons. His son Louis-Alphonse served in the House of Commons and his son Arthur served in the Quebec assembly and the Canadian senate.

References

Further reading

Pre-Confederation Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Montreal
1795 births
1870 deaths

Louis Boyer (merchant)


Yosef Goldman (1942 – August 4, 2015) was a scholar of American Jewish history and the co-author of the two-volume reference work, Hebrew Printing in America 1735-1926: A History and Annotated Bibliography (2006). This work is usually cited by auctioneers and rare-book dealers. His collection of early American Judaica and Hebraica is said to be one of the most comprehensive in the world.

Biography

Goldman was born in 1942 in Újpest (also known as Newpest), a District of Budapest, Hungary, into a Hasidic family.  His father, Rabbi Lipa Goldman, was a Chief Rabbi and Av Beis Din of an Orthodox Jewish community in Újpest. In 1950, his family emigrated to the United States and lived in the Lower East Side neighborhood of New York City. Goldman studied at Beth Medrash Elyon of Monsey, New York, at the time an elite Rabbinical seminary.

By profession, Goldman was a dealer of rare Jewish/Hebrew books and manuscripts and was known as a leading figure in this field.

On August 4, 2015, he died from complications of melanoma.

In 2018, a large part of his book collection and stock was acquired by Mizrahi Bookstore.

"Hebrew 52" lawsuit
In May 2000, Goldman bid on and purchased a 13th-century Biblical manuscript for $358,000 from the auction house, Christie's of New York.  In May 2006, Bibliothèque Nationale de France (National Library of France) filed suit against Goldman, claiming ownership of the manuscript and demanding its return.  This lawsuit was filed after a former chief curator of the library's Hebrew collection, Michel Garel, was convicted in March 2006 of stealing 'Hebrew 52', a Biblical manuscript known among experts. After pleading innocent, Garel was ultimately convicted, fined $500,000, and given a two-year suspended sentence. The lawsuit against Goldman alleged that the manuscript Goldman purchased was the one known as 'Hebrew 52'. In July 2006, Goldman sued Christie's in Brooklyn Supreme Court, saying the auction house knew before consignment that the manuscript was stolen, that it should never have accepted consignment of it for auction, and that he should be refunded $358,000 in return for the manuscript.

In January 2007, The New York Times reported that a settlement had been reached. After complex negotiations between French officials, Christie's and Goldman, the manuscript was returned to the library, and Goldman received a refund. Library officials said that Goldman purchased the manuscript in good faith and had resold it before its theft was discovered.  France reportedly agreed to cover some of Goldman's legal expenses.

In January 2007, Michel Garel, the former chief curator, was sentenced to 15 months in jail. He was convicted on appeal and immediately taken into custody. He was also handed an additional 15-month suspended sentence and fined 75,000 euros (100,000 dollars) for "aggravated theft".

References and sources
Levine, Yitzchak. "Hooked On American Jewish History", The Jewish Press, December 6, 2006. Accessed 2008-01-02.
"Court battle for stolen artefact; A New York art dealer is locked in a legal battle with France and auction house Christie's over a 13th Century Jewish manuscript BBC, August 6, 2006. Accessed 2008-01-02.
Riding, Alan. "French National Library Recovers Stolen Manuscript", The New York Times, January 10, 2007. Accessed 2008-01-02.
Catálogo biblioteca del Instituto Cervantes de Nueva York. Accessed 2008-01-02.
Sarna, Jonathan D. "Hebrew Printing in America 1735-1926: A History and Annotated Bibliography (review)", American Jewish History - Volume 91, Number 4, December 2003, pp. 509–512. Accessed 2008-01-02.
National Library of Canada, accessed 2008-01-02.
"Wellsprings of Torah", Mishpacha Magazine, p. 54-58, November 28, 2007.

Specific

External links
"House of Goldman Rare Books" The Seforim Blog, March 5, 2007. Accessed 2008-01-02.
Obituary at Musings of a Jewish Bookseller
The German Judaica Collection of Yosef Goldman, 1519-1934 Archival Collection at the Leo Baeck Institute, New York

1942 births
American book and manuscript collectors
American book publishers (people)
American booksellers
American Orthodox Jews
American antiquarians
Antiques experts
Beth Medrash Elyon alumni
Bibliographers of Hebrew literature
Date of birth unknown
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from melanoma
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Hungarian Jews
American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Jewish American historians
American male non-fiction writers
People from Újpest
American historians of religion
2015 deaths
People from the Lower East Side
Historians from New York (state)
21st-century American Jews

Yosef Goldman


The Bowery Amphitheatre was a building in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City. It was located at 37 and 39 Bowery, across the street from the Bowery Theatre. Under a number of different names and managers, the structure served as a circus, menagerie, theatre, a roller rink, and a branch of the Peniel Mission. The site is now part of Confucius Plaza.

Formation through the minstrel craze

A group of New York businessmen known as the Zoological Institute or the Flatfoots built the structure in 1833 as the site for a menagerie and circus performances. In 1835, the site was converted into an amphitheatre with a stage and a circus ring, and the name changed to the Bowery Amphitheatre. June, Titus, Angevine & Co. took up residence with their equestrian show.

The owners changed the name again in November 1842 to the Amphitheatre of the Republic. John Tryon leased the building the following year, remaining its operator until 1848. Following a performance by the Virginia Minstrels on 6 February 1843, Tryon gave the structure over largely to minstrel shows, renaming it the New Knickerbocker Theatre in 1844.

Later management

In 1849, the building once again became a menagerie, this time under the management of June & Titus. The new endeavor failed to perform up to expectations, so in 1851 the amphitheatre became a circus instead. Seth B. Howe's circus company became a standard feature. During the 1852-1853 season, regular acts included the Richard Sands & Co. and John J. Nathans & Co. circuses. The next season saw a return to equestrian exhibitions under the management of Henry P. Madigan and Den W. Stone.

During the summer of 1854, Germans Seigrist and Otto Hoym leased the amphitheatre and rebuilt it. It opened on 20 October 1854 as the Stadt Theater. The Stadt specialized in German-language fare, but it also staged American and English drama. A succession of managers sustained this mixture until the 1863-1864 season, when the Stadt Theater moved to 45 Bowery, where it remained for 8 years, before returning to its original location. Adolf Neuendorff directed the Stadt from 1863 to 1867. In 1871 it was the venue for the first U.S. performance of Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin.

On September 3, 1864, the theatre at 37 Bowery became known as The Varieties, making variety shows its main draw. This form lasted until mid-October 1865, when A. Montpelier became the manager and owner. He renamed the building Montpelier's Opera House, although he kept its emphasis on variety and melodrama. Montpelier changed the name once more on November 20, 1865. The New National Circus stayed open for six weeks for its final stint as an entertainment venue. The structure was converted into an armory in 1866.

After the Stadt returned in 1872, the theater gave the first American performance of Johann Strauss' Die Fledermaus (in German) on November 21, 1874. By 1880 the name was changed to the Windsor Theater (under the management of John A. Stevens), which burnt down in November 1883, but was rebuilt and by 1885 was the Windsor Roller Skating Rink. It reopened as the Windsor Theater on February 8, 1886.

On March 27, 1893, the theatre reopened as a Hebrew theatre under the management of Sigmund Magulesko, Isidore Lindeman, and Joseph Levy.

In December 1897, 39 Bowery became the first East Coast branch of the Peniel Mission. It was directed by A. W. Dennet, who renamed it the Peniel Josephine Mission in honor of his wife. On November 30, 1900, Dennet changed his enterprise to the Ragged Church, which however closed after only two years. The site is now a part of the Confucius Plaza complex.

Notes

Sources
 Brown, T. Allston (1903). A History of the New York Stage: From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901, 3 volumes. Dodd, Mead and Company. Vols. 1, 2, and 3 at the Internet Archive.
 Ferrara, Eric (2011). The Bowery: A History of Grit, Graft and Grandeur. The History Press. .
 Gänzl, Kurt (2001). The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, second edition. New York: Schirmer Books. .
 Henderson, Mary C. (2004). The City and the Theatre. New York: Back Stage Books.
 Lawrence, Vera Brodsky (1995). Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong, Vol. I: Resonances, 1836-1849. University of Chicago Press.
 Loewenberg, Alfred (1978). Annals of Opera 1597–1940 (third edition, revised). Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. .
 Wilson, James Grant (1893). The Memorial History of the City of New-York: from its first settlement to the year 1892, vol. 4, part 2. New-York History Company. View at Google Books.

Former theatres in Manhattan
Cultural history of New York City
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1833
1833 establishments in New York (state)
1866 disestablishments in New York (state)
Bowery

Bowery Amphitheatre


Matter is the substance of which all material is made. That means objects which have mass. More specifically, they must have rest mass, which is a form of energy that matter has even when it is not moving (it has no kinetic energy), is extremely cold (it has no thermal energy), etc. Matter is a word that is sometimes used in varying ways in everyday life, whereas mass is a well-defined concept and quantity at least in physics. They are not the same thing, though they are related.

Ordinary matter is made of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms have spaces between them and they move or vibrate all the time. The particles move faster and move further apart when heated, and the reverse when cooled.

Baryonic matter
Nearly all matter that may be experienced in everyday life is baryonic matter. This includes atoms of any sort, and gives those the property of mass. Non-baryonic matter, as implied by the name, is any sort of matter that is not composed mainly of baryons. This might include neutrinos and free electrons, dark matter, such as supersymmetric particles, axions, and black holes.

The very existence of baryons is a significant issue in cosmology. It is assumed that the Big Bang produced a state with equal amounts of baryons and antibaryons. How baryons came to outnumber their antiparticles is called baryogenesis.

Properties of matter
Matter can be directly experienced through the senses. It has properties which can be measured, such as mass, volume, density, and qualitative properties such as taste, smell and colour, for instance.

Examples of matter
All physical bodies in the universe are made of matter: galaxies, stars and planets, rocks, water and air. Living organisms like plants, animals and humans are also composed of matter.

In physics, the universe also contains things that aren't matter, including some elementary particles that have no rest mass.  Photons (electromagnetic radiation such as light) are a familiar example.

In addition to its rest mass, matter can contain other forms of energy, which aren't matter but allow them to interact with each other by exchanging kinetic energy,  heat, light, sound waves, etc.

Outside of the physical sciences, there can be many other things that aren't matter or energy.  Just for example, emotions can be experienced or ideas can be had.

Composition
The structure and composition of matter is investigated by breaking matter into smaller and smaller pieces. Hence, living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are composed of molecules, which are sets of atoms bonded together. Each atom, in turn, is an assemblage of elementary particles.

States of matter
Physicists also classify matter in a few broad categories, called states, with quite different properties:
 Solids are material objects made up of molecules and atoms so strongly bonded together that they tend to keep their shape even when moved around, though they can deform under stress. Examples: a rock, a table, a knife, a block of ice.
 Fluids are amounts of matter composed of molecules and atoms weakly bonded together. They do not have a proper shape. There are two types of fluids:
 Liquids include condensed forms of matter, like solids, but where the bonds between the constituting elements (molecules, atoms) allow them to move with respect to each other while continuing to stick together in bulk: they maintain a definite surface. Liquids adopt the shape of the recipients in which they are contained. Examples: water, oil, blood, lava, soft drinks.
 Gases are amounts of matter where the bonds between the constituting elements (molecules, atoms) are so loose or weak that they can move independently from each other. Gases do not exhibit a proper surface, they tend to expand to occupy the whole volume available. Examples: air, water vapor, helium.
 Plasmas are made of ionized matter, they are mostly of interest to scientists. Examples: the Earth's ionosphere, the Sun's corona. The particles in a plasma are a mixture between a liquid and a gas. The particles are free to move, like a liquid, and the attraction is weak, like a gas. This state of matter is not fully understood. An example of plasma can be found in lightning.
A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero (0 K or −273.15 °C)

A given amount of matter may change from one state to another depending on its temperature and pressure. On Earth, water can exist simultaneously in three states: solid (ice), liquid water (lakes, oceans) and gas (vapor or steam).

Related pages
Antimatter
Atomic theory
Atom

Notes

Matter


Internet Protocol TV (IPTV) is the delivery of television content over Internet. With cable or satellite TV, broadcasters send out signals and viewers receive them—you're only able to watch what's being broadcasted. IPTV is different. Instead of transmitting content via light pulses in fiber-optic cable or radio waves from a satellite, IPTV sends shows and movies through your standard internet connection.

1. What is IPTV?
In its simplest form, IPTV delivers television content over a closed network using the Internet Protocol (IP) instead of traditional satellite signal or cable TV formats.

This means that instead of your television provider sending a signal to your TV via a physical cable, that signal is instead sent over the internet. This has a few advantages – most notably, it allows you to view television content anywhere you have an internet connection.

It also opens up new possibilities regarding content delivery, Interactivity, and impossible features with traditional television formats.

2. How does IPTV work?
IPTV is a video-streaming technology that delivers television programs over the internet. IPTV provides television content using the internet protocol suite instead of being delivered through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, or cable television formats.

IP-based television allows for a more customized experience for users. It also enables service providers to offer more features such as video on demand (VOD), interactive applications, and games. In addition, IPTV can be integrated with other types of broadband services, such as internet telephony and data over cable service (DOCSIS).

3. The benefits of an IPTV service – Properly
An IPTV service offers several benefits for those looking to improve their property. The most apparent use is receiving television channels without needing a satellite dish or cable box. This can save you both time and money., as you will no longer need to pay installation or equipment rental fees.

Additionally, an IPTV connection usually provides a clearer picture than a traditional cable or satellite, using your home's existing broadband internet connection. This also means you can watch TV on any compatible device connected to your network, including smartphones, tablets, and laptops. And because IPTV services are delivered over the internet, you can often sign up for a package that includes international channels, giving you access to a wider range of programming than what is available through traditional providers.

References

Broadcasting
Internet protocols
Television technology

Internet Protocol television


is a Buddhist temple located in the city of Kawagoe in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. It is noted for its main hall, which was part of the original Edo Castle, and the statues of 540 Rakan, disciples of the Buddha. It is also known informally as the .

Origins and history
Kita-in is believed to have been founded in 830 A.D. by the monk Ennin under the orders of Emperor Junna, with the name , Muryōju being another name for Amitabha Buddha, the main object of worship. The Tendai temple was then divided in three parts called , and . Naka-in is now a separate temple, and of Minami-in there remains only a cemetery.

Burned down during a war in 1202, it was rebuilt in 1296 under Emperor Fushimi and nominated a head temple of the Tendai sect in 1300 by Emperor Go-Fushimi, with control over 580 temples in eastern Japan.

It achieved its greatest fame and influence under the priest Tenkai and was patronized by the first three Tokugawa shōguns Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu. Such was Tenkai's influence that when Kita-in burned in 1638, Iemitsu transferred part of Edo Castle to Kita-in.  Because the castle burned during the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923, Kita-in contains the only extant structures from the original Edo Castle. These structures contain the reception rooms, study, kitchen, toilet and bathroom that Iemitsu used, as well as the actual room where Iemitsu is believed to be born in. Also contained is the dressing room used by his wet-nurse Kasuga no Tsubone who became mistress of the inner palace of Edo Castle. It was at that time that Kita-in replaced Naka-in as the most influential of the three temples. In the same period, the Chinese character in its name was replaced with the present ones, to mean great happiness. The temple was also patronized by the daimyō of Kawagoe Domain.

What is today Ueno's Kan'ei-ji main hall was taken from Kita-in and transferred to the site of a former Kan'ei-ji subtemple.

Features
 Reception Hall – Constructed in the 15th year of the Kan'ei era (1638) as part of Edo Castle.  The room itself is the birthplace of Tokugawa Iemitsu. The building is a National ICP.
 Wriitin Hall – Constructed in the 16th year of the Kan'ei era (1639) as part of Edo castle, it contains the private quarters of Lady Kasuga (National ICP).
 Priest's Quarters – Constructed in the 15th year of the Kan'ei era (1638). (National ICP)
 The Temple gate was constructed in the 9th year of the Kan'ei era (1632). (National ICP)
 Belltower – Constructed in the 15th year of the Genroku era (1702). (National ICP)
 Jigen-do - a chapel to the priest Tenkai, built in 1645 (National ICP)
 Senba Tōshō-gū enshrining the spirit of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Destroyed in the fire of 1638 which burned the rest of the temple, it was rebuilt in 1640 by order of Tokugawa Iemitsu with a structure closely resembling Nikkō Tōshō-gū. (National ICP)
 A tahōtō, a Japanese type of pagoda.
 Behind the main hall are the graves of five Matsudaira clan daimyōs who ruled Kawagoe Domain during the 18th and 19th centuries.
 Next to the entrance stand the statues of 540 disciples of Buddha known as the . Carved between 1782 and 1825, they portray the disciples in a great variety of positions, so that no two are alike.

See also
 For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.

Notes

References
 Moriyama, T. (1998). "Weekend Adventures Outside of Tokyo," Shufunotomo Co. Ltd., Tokyo Japan, .
 Kita-in web site
Kita-in's English pamphlet retrieved on December 12, 2010

External links

 Kita-in
 Kita-in

Buddhist temples in Saitama Prefecture
Buildings and structures in Kawagoe, Saitama
Tendai temples
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1639
Saitama Prefecture designated tangible cultural property

Kita-in


Galeola is a genus of orchids (family Orchidaceae) belonging to the subfamily Vanilloideae.

All species in this genus are myco-heterotrophic, i.e. they are parasitic upon fungi. The genus is spread throughout southeast Asia (from India to China to New Guinea) as well as Madagascar and Comoros.

Galeola is of biological interest because of its exclusive myco-heterotrophic nature and its seeds. The seeds are the biggest orchid seeds in the world. They are winged, which is also extraordinary for an orchid.

Species
At present, there are 6 currently recognized species:

Galeola cathcarthii Hook.f. (Thailand, Myanmar, India, Assam, Bhutan, Sikkim)
Galeola faberi Rolfe (China, Assam, Nepal, Vietnam, Sumatra)
Galeola falconeri Hook.f. (India, Taiwan, Assam, Bhutan, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, China)
Galeola humblotii H.G.Reichb. (Madagascar, Comoros)
Galeola lindleyana (Hook.f. & J.W.Thomson) H.G.Reichb. ( Bhutan, China, India, Sumatra, Vietnam, Assam, Nepal, Taiwan)
Galeola nudifolia Lour. (1790) (China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Assam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, New Guinea)

References

External links

Vanilloideae genera
Vanilleae
Myco-heterotrophic orchids

Galeola