The 7TP (siedmiotonowy polski - 7-tonne Polish) was a Polish light tank of the Second World War. It was developed from the British Vickers 6-ton. A standard tank of the Polish Army during the 1939 Invasion of Poland, its production did not exceed 150 vehicles. Its chassis was used as the base for the C7P artillery tractor.

Design

The 7TP was the Polish development of the British Vickers 6-ton Mark E tank licence. Comparing to Vickers, the main new features of 7TP were: a better, more reliable and powerful diesel engine, a 37 mm anti-tank gun, thicker armour (17 mm instead of 13 mm on the front), modified ventilation, the Gundlach tank periscope, and a radio. About 132 tanks were produced between 1935 and the outbreak of the war, plus four iron prototypes. The designation 7TP meant "7 Tonne, Polish" (in fact its weight increased to 9 tonnes after the initial prototype).

Although the 7TP is often claimed to be the world's first (production) diesel-powered tank, this distinction actually goes to Japanese Type 89B I-Go Otsu, produced with a diesel engine from 1934 onwards. Barring that, the claim of a first purpose-designed diesel-powered tank is tied with Type 95 Ha-Go, whose series production also commenced in 1935.

Like its British predecessor, the 7TP was initially produced in two variants: twin turret version armed with 2 Ckm wz.30 machine guns, and a single turret version, armed with 37 mm Bofors wz. 37 gun. After initial tests, it became clear that the twin-turret variant was obsolete and lacked firepower, so it was abandoned in favour of the more modern single turret design.

Prior to the outbreak of World War II most of the twin turret tanks were converted to single turret versions and only 24 twin-turret types remained in Polish service (as opposed to roughly 108 of the other type). Twin and single turret variants had no specific designations. In some modern books they are unofficially designated "7TP dw." and "7TP jw." (Polish abbreviations for dwuwieżowy – dual turreted; jednowieżowy – single turreted).

In 1938 Państwowe Zakłady Inżynierii also produced 13 prototype models of a better armored version of the 7TP  – the 9TP. Although the 9TP never entered production, these prototypes were used in the defense of Warsaw in September 1939.

Foreign interest
Romania sent a military commission in late autumn 1935 to evaluate the 7TP for a future acquisition. Although the tank fared well during field trials, the Romanian officers were not impressed by the armour of the Polish prototype and instead recommended the acquisition of the Czechoslovak LT vz. 35 tank.

Combat history
All 7TP tanks took part in combat in the defence of Poland during the German Invasion of Poland in 1939. Most of them were attached to two light tank battalions (the 1st and the 2nd). The remaining tanks, that is the ones used for training as well as tanks that were finished after the outbreak of the war, were used in an improvised tank unit fighting in the defence of Warsaw. Although technically superior to any of the German light tanks of the era, the 7TP was too scarce to change the outcome of the war.

The 1st Light Tank Battalion (49 single turret tanks) fought in the ranks of the Prusy Army as part of the strategic reserve force of the Polish Army. It entered combat on September 4, 1939, and fought with distinction in a variety of roles, mostly as a mobile reserve and for covering the withdrawal. It fought in a number of battles, most notably in the battles of Przedbórz, Sulejów, Inowłódz, Odrzywół and Drzewica. On September 8 it managed to stop the German advance on the centre of the Polish forces, but the following day it got separated from the main force and had to be withdrawn to the rear. Part of the battalion was destroyed in the Battle of Głowaczów, while the remainder on September 13 managed to break through to the other side of the Vistula, where it joined the Lublin Army and Col. Stefan Rowecki's Warsaw Armoured Motorised Brigade. As part of that unit, the battalion took part in the Battle of Józefów and formed part of the spearhead of the Polish units trying to break through to Lwów and the Romanian Bridgehead. After the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski, on September 21, 1939, the remaining tanks were destroyed by their crews and the unit surrendered to the Germans.

The 2nd Light Tank Battalion (49 single turret tanks) was attached to the Piotrków Operational Group of the Łódź Army. It entered combat on September 4 near the river of Prudka, Bełchatów. The following day it was ordered to lead the Polish counter-assault on Piotrków, but the attack failed because, in spite of retaking some ground from the Germans and destroying German tanks and armored vehicles, the objectives of the mission were not met (the Germans reinforced their positions with artillery). The unit lost 2 tanks and 6 more were taken away disabled. The unit was down to 24 fully operational tanks. The battalion was then rallied and withdrew to Warsaw and then to Brześć, where it shielded the mobilization of the Polish 60th Infantry Division. On September 15 it took part in a two-days long Battle of Włodawa, but suffered heavy losses due to air bombardment and was withdrawn southwards. The remaining 11 tanks had to be destroyed by the crews due to lack of oil and on September 17, after the Soviet Union joined Germany in her war against Poland, the crews and the staff of the unit crossed the border with Romania.

The remaining tanks found in Warsaw were formed into the 1st and 2nd Company of Light Tanks by the Command of the Defence of Warsaw. The 1st company had 11 twin-turreted tanks, previously used for training. In the opening stages of the Siege of Warsaw the unit took part in heavy fighting for Warsaw's suburb of Okęcie and the major airport located there. Due to lack of anti-tank armament, the tanks of the 1st company suffered losses and were withdrawn to the rear on September 12, where the unit was joined with the 2nd company.

The 2nd company had 11 single-turret tanks, as well as an unknown number of other armoured vehicles. It took part in successful defence of the borough of Wola against German infantry and armoured units. It was also used for tactical counterattacks, among others for the village of Wawrzyszew, where the company managed to disrupt enemy preparations for the assault. On September 15 the company was ordered to form a spearhead of the Polish attack aimed at linking up with the forces of the Poznań Army withdrawing after the Battle of Bzura through the Kampinos forest north of Warsaw. The attack ended up as a minor success, although the German aerial bombardment caused heavy losses both in personnel and in tanks. The remaining 7TP tanks were used on various sectors of the front until the end of the defence of Warsaw on September 27, when they were destroyed by their crews. At the same time, one 7TP was captured by the Soviets during their invasion of Poland.

The combat experience proved that the Bofors wz. 37 anti-tank gun used in the 7TP was able to penetrate the armour of any of the German tanks of the time, including the newest, the Panzer IV. On the other hand, the 7TP was too lightly armoured, especially against aerial bombardment.

Reconstruction

No complete 7TP tanks have survived to this day, although it is planned to build a copy of the tank for the Museum of the Polish Army in Warsaw.

A turret gun from a 7TP which was used against the invading Germans in September 1939 and later employed by the Germans in France, is on display in the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London.

A 7TP is being reconstructed in Bielsko-Biała, its reconstruction will include many original parts recovered from various places in Poland. It now has an original gearbox and will be soon armed with an original 37mm Bofors gun. The tracks come from a T-26. The reconstructors presented progress of their work at various reenactors' meetings and historic anniversaries.

Operators

 - 133 7TP jw, 16 7TP dw, and 13 9TP.
 Nazi Germany - 20 7TP jw captured during German invasion of Poland.

Evaluation only
 - At least 4 7TP jw captured during Soviet invasion of Poland, used for testing.

See also

 T-26, a similar Soviet tank, also based on the Vickers 6-Ton
 Comparison of early World War II tanks

Bibliography
The Encyclopedia of Tanks and Armored Fighting Vehicles - The Comprehensive Guide to Over 900 Armored Fighting Vehicles From 1915 to the Present Day, General Editor: Christopher F. Foss, 2002
Tanks of the World, 1915–1945, Peter Chamberlain, Chris Ellis, 1972
J. Magnuski, "Czołg lekki 7TP" vol.I, Militaria, 1996;
 Janusz Magnuski, "7TP vol.II", Militaria (317), Warsaw 2009.
L. Komuda, "Polski czołg lekki 7TP", TBiU nr 21, 1973;
A. Jońca, R. Szubański, J. Tarczyński, "Pojazdy Wojska Polskiego 1939", WKŁ, 1990;
J. Magnuski, "Produkcja czołgów 7TP 1935-39 r.", nTW 12/1996;
J. Magnuski, "Angielski lekki czołg Vickers Mark E w polskiej służbie", nTW 5/1999;
R. Szubański, "Polska broń pancerna 1939", wydawnictwo MON, 1982;

References

External links

  7TP at dobroni.pl
 7TP at Achtungpanzer.com
 Picture gallery at 1939.pl

Light tanks of the interwar period
Light tanks of Poland
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s
Multi-turreted tanks
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Poland
World War II light tanks

7TP


Abell is an unincorporated community in what is familiarly called the "Seventh District" of St. Mary's County, Maryland, United States. Abell was a brewing ground for many fisherman and farmers in the late 19th century until approximately the late 1950s. Abell was known for its many major ports, and for its deep water access which made it easy for large steamboats to maneuver. Many of the ports have been demolished due to storms and hurricanes. Today, some local fisherman still reside in the same area where they were raised. Abell is also known for its century-old homes and views of the St. Clements Bay.

References

Unincorporated communities in St. Mary's County, Maryland
Unincorporated communities in Maryland

Abell, Maryland


Nathan Heard (November 7, 1936  – March 16, 2004), sometimes known as Nathan C. Heard, was a best-selling author in the United States, noted for the grim realism of his novels. He is also known as one of the forefathers of street and prison literatures, having written his most famous book, Howard Street (1968), while serving time in the Trenton State Penitentiary for armed robbery.

Heard is the son of Blues singer Gladys Heard Johnson (nee' Pruitt) and laborer Nathan E. Heard. He grew up in Newark, New Jersey, spending much of his life there. After the notoriety of Howard Street, Heard turned his life around and went on to become a guest lecturer.

Heard was also speech writer to Newark's first African American Mayor Ken Gibson. He also worked as a contributing writer for Essence Magazine and the New York Times.

He spent some time teaching creative writing at Fresno State College (now known as California State University, Fresno), where he won a teaching award in 1970.  He also taught creative writing at Rutgers University.

His other books include A Cold Fire Burning, House of Slammers, To Reach a Dream and When Shadows Fall.

His movie credits include Gordon's War (1973).
He was the featured narrator of the Ballad of Little Jimmy Scott (PBS).

He died of complications from Parkinson's disease.

Filmography

External links

1936 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American prisoners and detainees
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Prisoners and detainees of New Jersey
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New Jersey
American people convicted of robbery
Neurological disease deaths in the United States

Nathan Heard


Ultimate (often called Ultimate Frisbee in reference to the trademarked brand name) is a non-contact team sport played with a 175 gram flying disc on a rectangular field. Opposing teams of 7 players try to move the disc into the opponent's end zone by throwing the disc to each other. A point is scored when one team catches the disc in the other team's end zone. A typical ultimate game will finish when one team scores fifteen points. Ultimate is most often played on grass or turf fields but can also be played on sand.

Game Length
An ultimate game is made up of two periods of play which are called halves. In a game played to fifteen points, the first half finishes when one team reaches eight points. A game of ultimate may finish before one team reaches fifteen points if there is a time cap. A time cap limits the duration of a game.

Rules and Spirit of the Game
The World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF) controls the rules of play and game structure for international competitions. However, players of ultimate are individually responsible for upholding the rules of ultimate. Unlike other sports, there are no referees in ultimate. Players must call their own fouls or infractions and must resolve conflict by communicating directly with the opposing team. All  players are expected to follow the Spirit of the Game, which describes how fair play is critical to ultimate.

Passing
The disc can only be moved by passing, but the player with the disc can pivot on one foot. If a pass is incomplete (touches the ground or is caught or knocked down by a defending player) or out of bounds, it is a "turnover" and the other team gets possession of the disc.

References

Other websites
Ultimate Canada
USA Ultimate (USAU)
World Flying Disc Federation (WFDF)

Team sports
Sports in the United States

Ultimate (sport)


Hexagonal chess is a group of chess variants played on boards composed of hexagon . The best known is Gliński's variant, played on a symmetric 91-cell hexagonal board.

Since each hexagonal cell not on a board edge has six neighbor cells, there is generally increased mobility for pieces compared to a standard orthogonal chessboard. For example, a rook usually has six natural directions for movement instead of four. Three colours are typically used so that no two neighboring cells are the same colour, and a colour-restricted game piece such as the orthodox chess bishop usually comes in sets of three per player in order to maintain the game's balance.

Many different shapes and sizes of hexagon-based boards are used by variants. The nature of the game is also affected by the 30° orientation of the board's cells; the board can be horizontally oriented (Wellisch's, de Vasa's, Brusky's) or vertically oriented (Gliński's, Shafran's, McCooey's). When the sides of hexagonal cells face the players, pawns typically have one straightforward move direction. If a variant's gameboard has cell vertices facing the players, pawns typically have two oblique-forward move directions. The possibility of a hexagon-based board with three-fold rotational symmetry has also resulted in a number of three-player variants.

Because the six edges and six vertices of regular hexagons are equally spaced, directions can be referenced analogously to the 12 cardinal directions of a clock face. For example, on a board made of horizontally aligned hexagons, the forward and backward directions can be referred to as the "12 o'clock" and "6 o'clock" directions.

The first applications of chess on hexagonal boards probably occurred mid-19th century, but two early examples did not include checkmate as the winning objective. More chess-like games for hexagon-based boards started appearing regularly at the beginning of the 20th century. Hexagon-celled gameboards have grown in use for strategy games generally; for example, they are popularly used in modern wargaming.

Gliński's hexagonal chess
Gliński's hexagonal chess, invented by Władysław Gliński in 1936 and first launched in Britain in 1949, is "probably the most widely played of the hexagonal chess games". The game was popular in Eastern Europe, especially in Gliński's native Poland. At one point there were more than half a million players, and more than 130,000 board sets were sold. Gliński's book Rules of Hexagonal Chess was published in 1973.

Rules
The rules are the same as those of orthodox chess except as follows.

The game is played on a vertically oriented regular hexagonal board with sides 6 cells long, which has 91 hex cells having three colours (light, dark, and mid-tone), with the middle cell (or "hex") usually mid-tone. The usual set of chess pieces is increased by one bishop and one pawn. The board has 11 , marked by letters a–l (letter j is not used), and 11 numbered  (which bend 60° at file f). Ranks 1–6 each contain 11 cells, rank 7 (filled with black pawns in the initial setup) has 9 cells, rank 8 has 7, and so on. Rank 11 contains exactly one cell: f11.

The moves of the pieces are as follows:

 The rook may move any number of cells orthogonally, traveling through cell edges.
 The bishop may move any number of cells diagonally, traveling through cell vertices.
 The queen may move any number of cells orthogonally or diagonally.
 The king may move one cell orthogonally or diagonally. There is no castling.
 The knight may move two cells orthogonally in one direction and then one cell orthogonally at a 60° angle, jumping over intervening pieces. Equivalently, the knight may move to any nearest cell not on an orthogonal or diagonal line on which it stands.
 The pawn may move one vacant cell vertically forward. If it stands on its starting cell or on the starting cell of any other pawn of its colour, then it is also allowed to move two vacant cells vertically forward. It may capture one cell orthogonally forward at a 60° angle to the vertical, including capturing en passant. (This capturing move is not diagonal, unlike in orthodox chess.) It is promoted when it reaches the end of any file.

In the pawn diagram, if the pawn on e4 were to capture a black piece on f5, then the pawn would retain the option to move to f7. If the black pawn on c7 in the diagram moves to c5 in a single move, the white pawn on b5 can capture it en passant: bxc6.

Stalemate is not a draw in Gliński's chess, but it is still counted as less than checkmate: in tournament games, the player who delivers stalemate earns  point, and the stalemated player (the player without a legal move) receives  point.

A numeric (or international) notation exists. Every detail is exactly as in ICCF numeric notation except that there is no castling.

Observations
Unlike in orthodox chess, a king and two knights can mate a king. A knight can triangulate. A player's three bishops, relegated to different colours, can never defend each other. In the initial setup, the white pawn on f5 cannot make a double step to f7, which is occupied by a black pawn; however, the double-step move could be possible later if f7 becomes empty.

Timeline
 1976.  First Hexagonal Chess Congress at Bloomsbury Centre Hotel, London, which included the inauguration of the British Hexagonal Chess Federation and the first British Hexagonal Chess Championship. David Springgay took the title. (Deceased 12.2.18)  First issue of "Hex Press" (Hexagonal Chess News) published.
 1977.  First British Under 16 Championship held at Games Workshop, Compton Street, London won by John Hockaday. This was the only time the Championship took place for this age group.
 1977. Hexagonal Chess was topic for many newspapers and magazines in Poland and other Eastern European countries.  Second British Championship held at Clifton-Ford Hotel, London. Brian Rippon took the title.
 1978.  Inventor visited Poland. Successful Hexagonal Chess event staged. Wide publicity in Eastern Europe. 'Wspolna Sprawa' produced and distributed over 90,000 inexpensive sets in 18 months.  First International Team Match – Poland vs. Great Britain at Central Hall, Westminster, London. Event shown on BBC and Australian TV, reported in press at home and abroad – including Japan.
 1979.  Third British Championship held at Polish Cultural Institute, London. Title taken by Simon Triggs, nearly 16 years old.  Return International Team Match – Poland vs. Great Britain in Warsaw. Sponsored by magazine "Horyzonty Techniki" (which includes a regular column on Hexagonal Chess). Whilst in Poland, Simon Triggs played the first mixed (6 square and 6 hexagonal boards) simultaneous display. Hexagonal Chess clubs formed in Poland, Czechoslovakia and USSR.
 1980.  International Congress at Polish Cultural Institute, London, which included: Inauguration of International Hexagonal Chess Federation, First European Championship, Team Match: Poland v Great Britain Countries taking part: Austria, Great Britain, Hungary and Poland. Event covered by BBC TV and newspapers at home and abroad, including USSR ("Komsomolskaya Pravda" – 10,500,000 circulation), Austria and Hungary. Also radio in USA. First four places: 1: Marek Mackowiak (Poland), 2: Laszlo Rudolf (Hungary), 3: Jan Borawski (Poland), 4: Piers Shepperson (Great Britain).
 1981.  First Hungarian Hexagonal Chess Championship in Szekszard. Title taken by Laszlo Sziraki. Fourth British Championship held at Woodford Bridge, Essex. Local and National press coverage, including picture in "The Times". Four players tied for first place. Final playoff arranged for October.  Playoff held in association with the North London (square-board) Congress, when Simon Triggs retained his title.
 1982.  Second Hungarian Championship held in Miscolc. Laszlo Rudolf became the Hungarian Champion for 1982.  Final agreement and arrangements completed with "Bohemia" in West Germany regarding production of a new complete Hexagonal Chess boxed game with roll-up double-sided board (hexagonal/square) and wooden pieces to be distributed in the West European market.  An open Hexagonal Chess Tournament was held on 10 and 11 July in the famous Sokolniki Park in Moscow. Players from Moscow and elsewhere in the USSR took part in the competition. First place and the "Moscow Trophy" were taken by F. Goncharov. Second was S. Seryubin and Third V. Goltyapin. Judging from the reports received, this tournament has considerably accelerated the development and popularity of Hex Chess in the USSR. Further tournaments, including international team matches (over-the-board and correspondence) are being organized. Open International Tournament held in Pecs, Hungary, 24–31 July. This tournament was organized by the President of the Hungarian Hexagonal Chess Association, Mihaly Gelencser, and sponsored by the Zsolnay porcelain factory in Pecs, which also donated the "Zsolnay Cup" as well as other prizes of porcelain figures. The winner of the Tournament was Laszlo Rudolf (Hungary). Second place was taken by Simon Triggs (Great Britain).  Fifth British Championship held in London. Simon Triggs (19) of Garston, Hertfordshire, won the title of British Hexagaonal Chess Champion for the third time in succession. Press Association attended and wrote lengthy background. All the "quality newspapers" took photographs. LBC Radio and BBC Radio London broadcast interviews.

Shafran's hexagonal chess

Invented by Soviet geologist Isaak Grigorevich Shafran in 1939 and registered in 1956. It was demonstrated at the Worldwide Chess Exhibition in Leipzig in 1960.

The board is shaped as an irregular hexagon with nine  and ten , comprising 70 cells as opposed to 91 in Gliński's board. The files are labelled a to i; the oblique ranks running diagonally from 10 to 4 o'clock are numbered 1 to 10. For example (see diagram), the two kings start on e1 and e10; White's rooks start on a1 and i5, and Black's rooks start on a6 and i10. Each player calls the left-hand side of the board his "queen's flank" and the right-hand side his "bishops' flank"; note that they do not correlate (White's queen's flank is Black's bishops' flank).

All pieces except pawns and kings move and capture exactly as in Gliński's chess. In Shafran's chess, a pawn's first move can take it to the middle of the file. (So, the d-, e-, and f-pawns can make a three-step initial move; the b-, c-, g-, and h-pawns can make a double-step initially; and the a- and i-pawns can advance only one step.) A pawn captures diagonally like a bishop, but one step away (one rank and one file). When a pawn makes a multi-step move, it is subject to being captured en passant.

In the diagram, the black pawn on d8 has three possible moves, but none is safe: after 1... d7 it can be captured 2. exd7; after 1... d6 it can be captured 2. exd7  or 2. cxd6; after 1... d5 it can be captured en passant by either pawn.

Kings move as in Gliński's chess, except that castling is permitted in Shafran's chess (unlike Gliński's or McCooey's). The usual restrictions apply. It can be long or short castling in either direction. The notation consists of Q- or B- (indicating whether the queen's or the bishops' rook is used) followed by 0-0-0 (long castling: the king moves next to the rook and the rook jumps over it) or 0-0 (short castling, the king moves one cell less distance). In the diagram, the black king on h10 has castled long queenside (1... Q-0-0-0) and the black king on c8 has castled short bishopside (1... B-0-0). Castling does not typically increase the king's safety or make the rook more active, but it is present in the game nonetheless, for completeness.

Stalemate is a draw in Shafran's chess.

de Vasa's hexagonal chess

Invented by Helge E. de Vasa in 1953 and first published in Joseph Boyer's Nouveaux Jeux d'Echecs Non-orthodoxes (Paris, 1954). The rhombus-shaped board comprises 81 cells with initial setup as shown, in the revised form of the game. Rules for piece movement are the same as Gliński's variant, except for the pawns. Castling is permitted, and kings start on opposite wings of the board.

Players may castle either  (0-0) or  (0-0-0). The king slides two cells when castling short; three cells when castling long. Other standard chess castling rules and restrictions apply.

Pawn's move
Pawns start on the players' third . A pawn moves forward to an adjacent cell, or (as its first-move option), two cells forward in the same direction. A pawn captures diagonally forward to the sides (to a cell of the same colour on which the pawn stands).

Brusky's hexagonal chess

Invented by Yakov Brusky in 1966. The game features an irregular hexagon board comprising 84 cells. Piece movement rules are the same as Gliński's chess, except for the pawns, of which there are ten instead of Gliński's nine. Other differences from Gliński's: castling is permitted; kings start on opposite wings of the board; and draws are worth half a point.

Players may castle either  (0-0) or  (0-0-0). The king slides two cells when castling short; three cells when castling long. Normal castling rules and restrictions apply.

As in algebraic notation, each cell is identified by a letter+number combination.  are horizontal and identified by numbers 1–8.  are straight and 30° oblique to the vertical, identified by letters a–l. Moves can be recorded in long algebraic notation to avoid confusion, for example: 1. d2-f4 rather than .

Pawn's move
A pawn moves forward to an adjacent cell, or (as its first-move option), two cells forward in the same direction. If an enemy man blocks a pawn from moving in one of its two forward move directions, then that pawn is automatically blocked from moving in the other direction as well. But if the blocking man is a friendly piece the effect is not the same—the pawn is still free to move in the unblocked direction.

A pawn captures diagonally forward, to a cell of the same colour on which the pawn stands. But only a pawn on its initial cell may capture straight forward; once a pawn has moved, it may capture only to the sides. (So, unless it is a wing pawn, an unmoved pawn has three capturing possibilities; a pawn that has moved, two.) En passant captures are permitted in Brusky's chess.

Endgame studies
These endgame studies apply to Brusky's hexagonal variant:

McCooey's hexagonal chess

In 1978–79 Dave McCooey and Richard Honeycutt developed another variation of hexagonal chess very similar to Gliński's, having four differences: the starting array (including seven pawns per side instead of nine); the pawn's capturing move; pawns on the f-file are not permitted an initial double step; and stalemate is counted as a draw (players receive half a point).

Pawn's move
This diagram shows the pawn's move in McCooey's variant. The capturing move corresponds to a bishop's move: e.g. if the black pawn on e8 advances to e6, the white pawn on d5 may capture it en passant.

In the starting position, the f-file pawns may not advance two steps like the other pawns. The  are also not defended in the opening array, and in fact smothered mate would result if it were captured by a knight, although this possibility would rarely occur in practical play.

Endgame studies
These endgame studies apply to both Gliński's and McCooey's variants:
 king + two knights can checkmate a lone king;
 king + rook beats king + knight (no fortress draws and a negligible number (0.0019%) of perpetual check draws);
 king + rook beats king + bishop (no fortress draws and no perpetual check draws);
 king + two bishops cannot checkmate a lone king, except for some very rare positions (0.17%);
 king + knight + bishop cannot checkmate a lone king, except for some very rare positions (0.5%);
 king + queen does not beat king + rook: 4.3% of the positions are perpetual check draws, and 37.2% are fortress draws;
 king + rook can checkmate a lone king.

Starchess

Starchess is a hexagonal variant invented by Hungarian chess teacher László Polgár in around 2004. The board is a horizontally oriented regular hexagram, consisting of 37 numbered cells. Due to the small board, games typically finish quicker than in standard chess.

Each player has five pawns, a king, knight, bishop, rook, and queen. The white pawns start at cells 5, 12, 18, 23, and 29; the black pawns at 9, 15, 20, 26, and 33. At the beginning of the game, the players place their other pieces alternately on the cells behind their pawns (White: 4, 11, 17, 22, 28; Black: 10, 16, 21, 27, 34). As a consequence, there are (5!)²=14400 possible setups.

Other hexagonal variants
 The first published hexagonal chess variant was the commercial game Hexagonia, invented in 1864 by John Jaques & Son. The board has 127 cells; each side has 1 king, 2 cannons, 4 knights and 8 pawns. The winning objective is not checkmate, but rather to safely bring one's king to the central board cell.
 Siegmund Wellisch published a three-player Wellisch's hexagonal chess variant in 1912. The board is a regular hexagon with sides of length 6, which consists of 91 cells; however, it is oriented horizontally. Each side has eight pawns, three knights, two rooks, one queen, and one king. There are no bishops. The pawn moves and attacks one step in one of two orthogonally forward directions; there is no initial double-step, nor en passant capture. The king moves one step in any orthogonal direction. The knight jumps one step in any diagonal direction, and is thus colour-bound. The rook moves any number of steps in one of six orthogonal directions. The queen combines the moves of a rook and a knight. Castling involves the king and a rook simply swapping places.
 McCooey also developed a variant called Mini Hexchess, which uses a vertically oriented regular hexagon with sides of length 4, which consists of 37 hexes. Each player has a king, a knight, a bishop, a rook, and five pawns.
 Mathewson's hexagonal chess uses nine McCooey's pawns, which are set up at b1, c2, d2, e3, f4, g3, h2, i2, and k1 (for White; Black's are mirrored). For everything else it is identical to Gliński's.
 REX chess was invented in 1997 by Arnaldo Rodrigues D'Almeida. It is played on a horizontally oriented rectangular-shaped board, which consists of 85 hexes. Kings move one step in any orthogonal direction, pawns move and attack one step orthogonally forward (two directions); all other pieces behave as in Gliński's. Setup is similar to de Vasa's, except that each side has 15 pawns, ten on the second rank and five on the third.
 In 1998 Derick Peterson invented Grand Hexachess. This variant uses a regular hexagon with sides of length 7, which consists of 127 hexes; the board is oriented horizontally, with each player's pieces on opposite sides. Pawns then have two possible forward moves (forward left and forward right) and three possible diagonal capturing moves (one directly in front). Precisely this was the motivation for this design, considering the fact that usually the hexagonal chess pawn is the only piece that does not increase its mobility.
 Chexs is a multiplayer variant; the version for two and three players uses a regular hexagon with sides of length 6, which consists of 91 cells, the four–six player version uses a regular hexagon with sides of length 9, which has 217 cells; pieces move as in Gliński's, but the setup is different; each player starts with only two bishops, and all bishops are on same-coloured cells. A checkmated player is defeated; the player who gave checkmate takes over control of the pieces of the defeated player; the winner is the player who has checkmated all his opponents.
 Echexs uses the same boards as Chexs, the same moves as Gliński's, but McCooey's setup.

 C'escacs 2007 is a Grand Gliński chess; the board is shaped as a regular hexagon with sides of length 8, which consists of 169 cells. In addition to the Gliński's setup, it introduces a dragon (empress, a rook+knight compound), two pegasi (princesses, bishop+knight compound) and two almogavars (a (2,0)- and (1,1)-leaper compound, i.e. it can jump either to the second square in any orthogonal direction, or move one step diagonally). Pawns' moves are increased to allow forward 60° moves (i.e. they now have three move directions instead of one), and captures are the same way McCooey's chess (i.e. they capture diagonally forward, two options). The scornful pawn capture additional rule counterbalances the excessive pawn mobility.
 pchess is yet another variant that focuses on staying as close to the rules of standard chess, while allowing games of 3 (or more) players and using a clock trick to alter the playing order. The clock is not bound to the board geometry or initial setup, and works for two-player games as well ; there exists a github repository with a python implementation and some docs. It was designed around year 2012, but some 10 years elapsed before a working clock was available.

See also
 Cross chess – with extra pieces on a hexagonal board with cross-shaped cells
 Hexshogi – a shogi variant played on a board with 85 hexagonal cells
 Masonic chess – with tiled squares and features similar to de Vasa's variant
 Sannin shogi – a three-player shogi variant on a hexagonal board
 Troy – a fairy chess variant on a hexagonal board

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 e2-e4 a bilingual comment on having three kinds of bishops
 Chess for three, which summarily describes Wellisch' three-player chess and dozens of other three-player chess variants (triangular, hexagonal, quadrilateral, and others)
 Green Chess is a free online chess portal where you can play the Gliński, McCooey, Shafran, Brusky and de Vasa variations in a turn by turn manner
 91-cell hexagonal chessboard—a printable diagram of a 91-cell hexagonal chessboard
 Troy Wikipedia article

Gliński variant

Glinski's Hexagonal Chess by Hans Bodlaender, The Chess Variant Pages
 Rules Russian page translated to English via Alta Vista
 Scatha a free GUI and engine for Mac OS which plays Gliński's hexagonal chess

 Glinski's Hexagonal Chess a simple program by Ed Friedlander (Java)
 Glinski's Hexagonal Chess See detailed rule descriptions, piece movements and play this variant on Omnichess

McCooey variant
 Hexagonal Chess by Dave McCooey, The Chess Variant Pages
 McCooey's Hexagonal Chess a simple program by Ed Friedlander (Java)

Shafran variant
 Hexagonal Chess by I G Shafran by Ivan Derzhanski
 Shafran's Hexagonal Chess a simple program by Ed Friedlander (Java)

Brusky variant
 Brusky's Hexagonal Chess a simple program by Ed Friedlander (Java)

Starchess variant
 Starchess See detailed rule descriptions, piece movements and play this variant on Omnichess

Chess variants
1936 in chess
Board games introduced in 1936
1979 in chess
Board games introduced in 1979
1939 in chess
Board games introduced in 1939
1966 in chess
Board games introduced in 1966
1953 in chess
Board games introduced in 1953

Hexagonal chess


Phở  is a traditional Vietnamese rice-noodle soup dish. It is served in a cup of tea. It has white rice noodles in beef broth with thin cuts of beef, vegetable, and spice such as chili or chili sauce. Sometimes, frog legs, shark intestines, snake heads, tendon, tripe, meatballs, chicken leg, chicken breast, or other organs (heart, liver, etc.) are also available. Pho that is cooked with chicken instead of beef is called phở gà.

Phở is a very popular food in Vietnam. It was brought to many other countries when Vietnamese immigrants and refugees moved to those places.

Making phở

Noodles
A special kind of noodle called bánh phở that is made from rice is used to make phở. It is flat and white.

Broth
The broth is usually made from beef bones. Meat can also be used to make the broth. Also there are many spices (ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, star anise, clove) that are boiled too to make the broth.

Vegetables
Onions, basil, chilis, and other vegetables can be added.

Sauces
Sriracha (chili) sauce and hoisin sauce can be added to the phở. Some people also like to squeeze lime juice into their phở.

Other websites

 Lam, Andrew. "Pho," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 2, 1999 Surprising locations to find pho
 Norris, Michele. "From Pho to Fast Food, an Immigrant's Tale," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, February 6, 2007 Biography of Bich Minh Nguyen
 Prakash, Snigdha. "Pho Sells," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 3, 2002. Campbell soup markets pho
 Sullivan, Michael. "Vietnamese Pho Chain Takes on U.S. Competition," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 20, 2007. Introduction of chain restaurant in the USA

Noodles
Soups
Vietnamese food

Phở


Diego López Garrido (born 8 September 1947) is a Spanish politician, university professor and Secretary of State for the European Union in the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, as well as a former minister of the Spanish government.

Biography
Born in Madrid (Spain), he comes from a big family of thirteen siblings, López Garrido attended the Colegio Santa María del Pilar, the Complutense University of Madrid and the Pontifical University of Comillas, where he graduated in Law and Economics. He later researched at the International Institute of Human Rights. In 1981 he obtained a Ph.D. in law from the Autonomous University of Madrid.

He was a lawyer of the Cortes Generales from 1975 to 1990, witnessing the coup of 23-F. In 1993 he was elected to the Congress of Deputies as a deputy for Madrid for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). Diego López Garrido was spokesman for the PSOE group in the Parliament and held several positions within his party. He holds an academic position as a specialist in Constitutional and European Law.

References

1947 births
Living people
Politicians from Madrid
Members of the 5th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 6th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 7th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 9th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Lawyers from Madrid
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Comillas Pontifical University alumni
Autonomous University of Madrid alumni
Secretaries of State for the European Union
20th-century Spanish lawyers

Diego López Garrido


A knob is a round handle that can be turned or pulled. A doorknob is a round handle that is turned to open a door. A cabinet knob is a small handle that is pulled to open a cabinet door or drawer. A control knob can turn a lamp on and off or make the volume on a radio go up or down.

A "knob" can also be any small, round thing that sticks out.

Hardware (mechanical)

Knob


Mount Athos is a mountain in the Greek province of Macedonia. It is also commonly referred to as the Self-governed Monastic State of the Holy Mountain, which is an autonomous part of Greece. There are twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries inside this state.

Spiritually, Mount Athos comes under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.

The peninsula is the easternmost "leg" of the larger Halkidiki peninsula. It protrudes into the Aegean Sea for some  at a width between 7 and 12 km and covers an area of , with the actual Mount Athos and its steep, densely forested slopes reaching up to . The seas around the end of the peninsula can be dangerous.

The peninsula is only accessible by boat. There is a limit on the number of visitors. People visiting need to get a special permit. Only men are allowed to enter. Monks call Mount Athos the "Garden of the Virgin"-. Orthodox Christians take precedence in the permit issuing procedure. Only males over the age of 18 who are members of an Eastern Orthodox Church are allowed to live on Athos (?). A large number of Albanian Muslims work in the Holy Mountain. There is a small number of unarmed, religious guards (Σερδάρηδες), who are not monks, for keeping order. Police and Coast Guard presence is very discreet. Any other people not monks are required to live in the peninsula's capital, Karyes (?) Most workers live at the place where they work. Small low class hotels exist at Karyes (administrative center) and Dafni (main port). The 2001 Greek national census recorded a population of 2,262 inhabitants.

References

Mountains of Greece

Mount Athos


An angel of mercy or angel of death is a type of criminal offender (often a type of serial killer) who is usually employed as a medical practitioner or a caregiver and intentionally harms or kills people under their care. The angel of mercy is often in a position of power and may decide the victim would be better off if they no longer suffered from whatever severe illness is plaguing them. This person then uses their knowledge to kill the victim. In some cases, as time goes on, this behavior escalates to encompass the healthy and the easily treated.

Characteristics and motivations
The motivation for this type of criminal behaviour is variable, but generally falls into one or more types or patterns:
 Mercy killer: Believe the victims are suffering or beyond help, though this belief may be delusional.
 Sadistic: Use their position as a way of exerting power and control over helpless victims.
 Malignant hero: A pattern wherein the subject endangers the victim's life in some way and then proceeds to "save" them. Some feign attempting resuscitation, all the while knowing their victim is already dead and beyond help, but hope to be seen as selflessly making an effort.

In the medical field
Some people with a pathological interest in the power of life and death can be attracted to medical or related professions. Killers who occupy the role of a professional carer are sometimes referred to as "angels of death" or angels of mercy. In this role they may kill their patients for money, for a sense of sadistic pleasure, for a belief that they are "easing" the patient's pain, or simply "because they can". The typical medical professional who murders kills two patients each month.

One such killer was nurse Jane Toppan, who admitted during her murder trial that she was sexually aroused by death. She would administer a drug mixture to patients she chose as her victims, lie in bed with them and hold them close to her body as they died. Another example is Harold Shipman, an English family doctor, who made it appear that his victims died of natural causes (disease). Between 1975 and 1998, he murdered at least 215 patients; he is suspected of having murdered 250 people. Dr. John Bodkin Adams, meanwhile, though acquitted in 1957 of the murder of one patient, is believed to have killed around 163 patients in Eastbourne, England.

An example of a malignant hero serial killer was Richard Angelo, who was called the "angel of death", or angel of mercy. Angelo devised a plan where he would inject the patient with drugs, then rush into the room and attempt to "save" the patient so that he could be a hero to the patient's family. This motive of excitement from inducing a health crisis for the patient has recently been labeled as a professional version of Münchausen syndrome by proxy, a type of factitious disorder. Richard Angelo confessed to killing 25 of his patients.

A number of medical murderers were involved in fraud. For example, H. H. Holmes was often involved in insurance scams and confidence tricks. Harold Shipman had a previous conviction for prescription fraud and forgery, for which he was fined £600.

More known "Angels of Death" include:

 Beverley Allitt, English nurse who murdered four child patients.
 Lucy Letby, English nurse convicted of the murder of seven babies and the attempted murder of six more.
 Kristen Gilbert, American nurse and convicted serial killer.
 Donald Harvey, American orderly and convicted serial killer.
 Aino Nykopp-Koski, Finnish nurse convicted of five murders and five attempts of murder.
 Michael Swango, American physician who poisoned over 30 patients and coworkers.
 Niels Högel, German nurse and convicted serial killer.
 Efren Saldivar, American respiratory therapist at Adventist Health Glendale in Glendale, California and convicted serial killer.

In popular culture
The two spinster aunts in Joseph Kesselring's play Arsenic and Old Lace act as angels of mercy for lonely old men, poisoning them with elderberry wine laced with arsenic, strychnine and cyanide.

The character Annie Wilkes in the Stephen King novel Misery seems to be a serial killer of this type. Additionally, "angel of mercy" is mentioned in Agatha Christie's novel By the Pricking of My Thumbs. The novel The 5th Horseman in James Patterson's Women's Murder Club series features an "Angel of Mercy" serial killer. The term is also mentioned in a Fear Factory song "Demanufacture".

In the television series Dexter, Dexter Morgan's first kill is his father's nurse, an angel of mercy, who worked in the fictional Angel of Mercy Hospital.

In season 1, episode 5 of the television series Elementary, "Lesser Evils", Sherlock Holmes solves a series of angel of death murders at a hospital, revealed to be the work of the janitor, himself an ex-doctor.

In season 3, episode 7 of the television series Lie to Me, " Veronica", Dr. Lightman helps a woman with early-onset Alzheimer's disease uncover a traumatic memory from her past, and in the process discovers that there may be an "angel of death" working in her health care facility.

British soap opera Hollyoaks featured a storyline of the "gloved hand killer" featuring Lindsey Butterfield a seemingly hardworking and kind doctor who crumbled under the pressure to be in control. She administered potassium chloride injections to patients to render heart attacks and cover her tracks. She killed seven people and attempted to kill three more, and attempted to kill her younger sister as a young girl.

American TV series, "Fargo (TV series)" featured a fledgling Angel of Mercy in Season 4, episode 1 - 2. The character "Nurse Oraetta Mayflower", played by Jessie Buckley, attempts to shoot a fatal dose of morphine into Italian-American crime boss Donatello Fadda, referring to herself as an Angel of Mercy. From here, she begins to expand her purview.

The character Mildred Ratched in Netflix' series Ratched is also described as an angel of mercy.

Karl Kopfrkingl in the Czech new wave classic The Cremator is a rare non-medical example of this criminal pathology. He murders his Jewish family under the belief he is freeing them from suffering and sending them on to better lives.

The character Bertram Filcott in the second season of the show Why Women Kill has the behavior of an angel of mercy.

The protagonist in the Kill Chain Series by William Hertling goes by the handle "AngelOfMercy" online.

Yellowjackets character Misty Quigley acts as an angel of mercy during her teenage years by deliberately cultivating Munchausen syndrome by proxy among her peers. As an adult, she works at a nursing home, where she uses her position to abuse her clients.

See also
 List of serial killers with health related professions
 Abuse during childbirth (including abuse by medical professionals)

References

Serial killers

Angel of mercy (criminology)


Charvaka (Sanskrit: चार्वाक; IAST: Cārvāka), also known as Lokāyata, was an ancient school of Indian materialism. It rejects religious authorities like the Vedas and opposes Hinduism. It was a materialistic and atheistic school of philosophy. Along with Buddhism and Jainism, it was one of the three major nastika schools of  Indian philosophy.

Teachings
The school holds direct perception, empiricism, and conditional inference as proper sources of knowledge, embraces philosophical skepticism, and rejects ritualism and supernaturalism. It also rejects supernatural concepts like God, the soul, and metaphysical concepts like the Afterlife (reincarnation) and samsara. It used to be a popular belief system in ancient India, although Charvaka doctrine disappeared by the end of the medieval period. Its onetime importance is confirmed by the lengthy attempts to disprove it found in both Buddhist and Hindu philosophical texts, which also constitute the main sources for knowledge of the doctrine. Charvaka also rejects the caste system.

Lost teachings and texts
Much of the primary literature of Charvaka, and the Barhaspatya sutras, were lost either due to waning popularity or other unknown reasons. However, there is text that may belong to the Charvaka tradition, written by the skeptic philosopher Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa, known as the Tattvôpaplava-siṁha, that provides information about this school, albeit unorthodox. Charvaka rejects caste system.

During the Sramana movement in the first millennium BCE, when Buddhism was established by Gautama Buddha and Jainism was re-organized by Parshvanatha, the Charvaka philosophy was well documented and opposed by Hinduism and the other two nastika schools.

Differences between other non-Vedic schools
Unlike other major Nastika religions or philosophies like Jainism and Buddhism, which are dharmic philosophies, Charvaka is not a dharmic philosophy because it rejects basic concepts of dharma like karma and moksha. Charvaka is an Adharmic philosophy, so other religions viewed the Charvachic teachings negatively. Hinduism opposed the teachings of Charvaka because Charvaka rejects the authority of the Vedic texts or any sacred scriptures and opposed brahmanism.

Sometimes it is considered as a part of Hinduism (Hindu philosophy) as the word Hindu is an exonym and was a geographical identity in ancient times but most scholars reject it as a part of Hinduism since it's also called sanatana dharma and Charvaka rejects basic concepts of sanatana dharma like rta, the authority of sacred text like the Vedas (which is considered as an authority in Hindu philosophies). It also rejects the existence of an Atman or a Brahman (om).

Philosophy
Religion in India

Charvaka


Pro Wrestling, known as  in Japan, is a professional wrestling video game released for the Master System in 1986 by Sega. It centers around tag team wrestling, with four duos that players can select and guide to various championship titles around the world. Pro Wrestling was the only professional wrestling title released for the Master System in United States. The game has received mixed reviews, with publications criticizing the game's graphics and controls.

In Japan, the game is the home counterpart to the Sega arcade video game Dump Matsumoto (released outside Japan as Body Slam). Like the arcade game, it features female wrestler Dump Matsumoto and her stable Gokuaku Doumei. In addition to having an entirely different, all-female roster, the Japanese version also has a final hidden matchup against aliens on another planet.

Gameplay

Player select from one of four tag teams: the Crush Brothers (Elder and Younger Crusher), the Orient Express (Dragonfly and Giant Bull), the Mad Soldiers (Muscle Soldier and Iron Soldier) and the Great Maskmen (Green Mask and Stone Head). The player's selected tag team contests for three titles against two of the other three teams (face tag teams only face heel counterparts and vice versa) in this order: the Mexican League title in Mexico, the Pacific League title - in Hawaii and finally, the World Title in New York City. Each match is a ten-fall match up, which means that the player has to defeat the opponent in ten rounds before winning the title.

From a standing position, punches and kicks can be performed. Once the opponent is on the ground, the player has the options of performing a grappling move, whipping the opponent into the ropes or going for the pin. Grappling moves vary from ground attacks like knee drops to pinning/submission holds like the Boston crab or German suplex. Additional moves can be performed after the opponent has been whipped into the ropes. Two teams can pick up a steel chair from outside of the ring and use it as a weapon. The other two teams can only touch the chair to make it disappear; these two teams can also perform aerial maneuvers and submission moves. Continues are available for matches in the first two leagues.

A two-player mode is also available without a time limit, but there are restrictions on the match ups players can choose.

Reception

The game's attempt at imitating the spectacle of American pro wrestling was lauded, but overall the game received largely mixed reviews. Sega Pro gave it a positive review, with an 81% rating, describing it as "great fun", particularly with two players. Computer and Video Games gave the game a 46% overall rating; in its Complete Guide to Sega, they criticized the game's graphics and sound and called the control scheme "awkward".

Allgame offered a positive review, complimenting its visual style and calling the graphics "bright and cartoonish". Reviewer Jonathan Sutyak said that while the game got repetitive after a while and was not much of a challenge, it had a "good variety of moves" and was fun.

Japanese version
The Japanese version, Gokuaku Doumei Dump Matsumoto is named after female professional wrestler Dump Matsumoto and her stable Gokuaku Domei. Two teams represent Gokuaku Domei: one consists of Matsumoto and Bull Nakano and the other has Condor Saito and Masked Yu. Two other teams represent the faction "Fresh Gals": team 1 are Dump's rivals the Crush Gals (Lioness Asuka and Chigusa Nagayo) and team 2 are the Jumping Bomb Angels.

Despite featuring female wrestlers exclusively, the gameplay is almost identical. Instead of just a steel chair, there are a variety of weapons for use such as the ring bell. Some graphics and music are different as well. A hidden fourth match against an extraterrestrial tag team is accessible via cheat code.

A System 16 arcade game featuring Matsumoto, simply called Dump Matsumoto, was also released by Sega in 1986. The game, known outside Japan as Body Slam, featured the same characters as the Master System game and allowed players to form custom duos composed of two members from each faction.

See also

 List of licensed wrestling video games

References

External links

1986 video games
Professional wrestling games
Master System games
Master System-only games
Sega video games
Video games developed in Japan

Pro Wrestling (Master System video game)


William J. "Wild Bill" Lovett (July 15, 1894 – November 1, 1923) was an Irish American gangster in early 20th century New York.

Beginnings
Lovett was brought to New York City as a child and first fell in with the local Irish gangs around the Brooklyn waterfront as a teenager. The day after America's entry into World War I, Lovett enlisted in the United States Army. He was assigned to Company C, 13th Machine Gun Battalion, 77th Infantry Division. During fierce combat on the Western Front, Lovett was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for bravery. Upon his return to Brooklyn, he resumed his place as head of the Jay Street Gang, a group of toughs who sparred with Dinny Meehan's rival White Hand Gang for control of Brooklyn's lucrative waterfront rackets.

Rise to prominence
Lovett was labeled by the media as the new "leader" of the White Hand Gang after he took control of the waterfront rackets upon the killing of Dinny Meehan, who was shot while sleeping at his home with his wife at his side on the afternoon of the 31st of March, 1920 (the press lumped both Lovett's and Meehan's gang together). While Italian gangster Frankie Yale is long thought to have arranged the murder, Meehan's killers casually entered his apartment in broad daylight, even stopping to chat with his young son, something rival Italian mobsters were unlikely to have done. Police at the time, in fact, believed that Meehan was probably killed by his arch-rival, Bill Lovett.

Despite being well-educated and articulate, Wild Bill was a temperamental alcoholic who made even his own men nervous (he shot one of them for pulling a cat's tail; Lovett loved animals and couldn't stand to see them suffer). Rather than move his gang into the new business of bootlegging, Lovett's main income came from dockside extortion, burglary, and other crimes. Although Bill is long thought by urban legend to have fought a desperate gang war with Italian mobster Frankie Yale, the greatest threat to Lovett's power was from rival Irish gangsters who wanted a bigger piece of the waterfront action. Bill was suspected by police of killing Samuel DeAngelo in September 1919 and Dan Gillen in September 1920; in both cases, he beat the rap.

While walking after a court appearance in late 1921, a gunman darted from an alley and tried unsuccessfully to shoot Lovett. The alleged attacker, Meehan gangster Garry Barry, was found stabbed to death on a Brooklyn street corner not long after. Bill came close to death on the 3rd of January, 1923, when he was shot three times in the chest and dangerously wounded. When police questioned him as to who shot him, Wild Bill replied, "I got mine. Don't ask any questions." Later he added, "Don't try to pump me. It's give and take. When we get it, we take it and say nothing." Soon after his recovery, Lovett's alleged attacker, Eddie Hughes, was found shot to death. Bill was suspected in the murder but never charged.

Lovett was next suspected of luring the Quilty brothers, James and Timmy, to Thomas Sand's saloon on the 3rd of May, 1923. During the subsequent attack, Timmy Quilty was killed and James severely injured. A few weeks later, on May 21, Lovett mobster Frank Healy was murdered at Jay and Plymouth streets in retaliation. Just five days later, Healy's alleged shooter, Frank Byrne, was walking near Nassau and Gold streets with James Martin when they were ambushed. Byrne managed to escape but Martin was killed. Bill and several of his men were arrested, but no one was charged.

Retirement and death
After the failed attempt on his life and the subsequent gang violence attached to it, Lovett began courting Anna Lonergan, sister of his top lieutenant Richard "Pegleg" Lonergan. After their marriage on June 26, 1923, Lovett vowed to his wife that he would not only quit drinking but quit the criminal rackets as well. Wild Bill turned over command of the gang to new brother-in-law Pegleg Lonergan and bought a new house in Little Ferry, New Jersey. For three months, Lovett managed to stay clear of trouble.

On October 30, 1923, Lovett went into New York City for the purpose of attending a job interview for the position of foreman of a silk factory. Evidently not trusting himself, he asked his wife Anna to accompany him, which she declined to do. Instead of going to the interview, Bill found his way back to his old haunts along the Brooklyn waterfront and began carousing with old pals. The next morning, Anna Lovett managed to track her husband to Thomas Sand's saloon (the same place where Timmy Quilty had been killed months before). Bill got on the phone and asked his wife to come pick him up. Angry that her husband had broken his promises, Anna refused. Bill stayed in the neighborhood and continued drinking, spending most of Halloween with an old friend named Joseph Flynn. Later that night, both Flynn and Lovett staggered into the rear of an abandoned store at 25 Bridge Street to sleep off their drunks. Flynn later told police he awoke in the middle of night and went home while Lovett was still asleep. Police later determined that sometime between 2 and 3 that morning, two men entered the rear of the store to attack Lovett. As one beat him about the head with a blunt instrument, the other shot Bill three times in the head and neck. Lovett's dead body was found several hours later. He was buried in Cypress Hills Cemetery with full military honors."

While it has long been said that Bill Lovett was surprised in a speakeasy and killed by gangsters working for Frankie Yale (specifically Willie "Two-Knife" Altieri), the police investigation indicated that Lovett was most probably killed by fellow Irish gangsters for one reason or another, just as his old adversary Dinny Meehan had been.

References

Further reading
Asbury, Herbert. The Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knoff, 1927.
English, T.J. Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 2005.
Downey, Patrick. Gangster City: The History of the New York Underworld 1900–1935. Barricade Books, 2004.

External links
Gangster City Profiles: Wild Bill Lovett
The White Hand Gang (also referred to as The Lovett Gang & Lonergan Gang), a collection of news articles including the New York Times and the Brooklyn Eagle

1894 births
1923 deaths
American gangsters
Murdered American gangsters of Irish descent
Criminals from Brooklyn
People from Little Ferry, New Jersey
Gang members of New York City
Gangsters from New York City
People murdered in New York City
Burials at Cypress Hills National Cemetery
Prohibition-era gangsters
American crime bosses
United States Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Deaths by firearm in Brooklyn
Irish emigrants to the United States

Bill Lovett


Saint Lucian cuisine is a combination of French, East Indian and British dishes. Before colonization, the Caribs and the Arawaks occupied the island, surviving on its various natural fruits and vegetables like mangoes, oranges, tangerines, avocados, and breadfruits.

Specialties

St Lucia is known for its national dish consisting of green bananas and salt fish locally known as green figs and saltfish; breadfruit and salt fish is also an alternative favourite among the locals.

Other speciality dishes include a dish known as bouyon, which is a thick red beans one-pot soup meal made of meat, ground provisions (ground tuber foods) and vegetables. Other popular local dishes include callaloo soup, Accra (a fried snack composed of flour, egg, seasoning and the main ingredient of saltfish, usually prepared around Easter), green fig salad, cocoa tea (a traditional breakfast spiced hot drink) and bakes (which is a fried bread; it is also referred to as floats) among others.

The island's British and Indian influences are seen in the variety of spices used in its cuisine, which include garlic, cinnamon, nutmeg, cocoa, parsley, cloves, and allspice. A wide range of local fruits like golden apples, mangoes, starfruit, tamarind are used to make juices, although lime juice (lime squash) seems a more popular choice to be enjoyed in conjunction with the local delicacies.

See also
Piton (beer)
Tourism in Saint Lucia
Caribbean cuisine

References

Caribbean cuisine

Saint Lucian cuisine


Varnae is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Steve Perry and Steve Bissette, the character first appeared in Bizarre Adventures #33 (December 1982). Varnae is a villainous vampire who has been an adversary of several of Marvel's supernatural and fantasy-related heroes, and is a major character in Marvel's Dracula mythos. He is named after Dracula's literary predecessor, Varney the Vampire.

Publication history
Varnae first appeared in Bizarre Adventures #33 (December 1982), and was created by Steve Perry and Steve Bissette.

Varnae's involvement with Dracula's origin was a retcon to the original Marvel version of Dracula's origin.  According to the origin given in Dracula Lives! #2 & 3, Dracula became the Lord of the Vampires by killing Nimrod, who held the title before him.  When revisiting the characters in the black and white magazine Bizarre Adventures, Steve Bissette and John Totleben decided to go further back and create a worthy sire for Dracula, and inserted Varnae into a darker version of the story from Dracula Lives!.  Much later, writer Roy Thomas revisited the character of Varnae while writing Conan the Barbarian and Doctor Strange in the early 1990s.  Thomas added the history of the character as an Atlantean and a foe of Conan and Red Sonja in the former, and revived the character in modernity in the "Vampiric Verses" storyline in the latter.  Varnae's history was further fleshed out by the addition of the battles with Thor (in Marvel Comics Presents) and Aamshed (in the 2005 Tomb of Dracula miniseries).

Varnae appeared as part of the "Vampires" entry in the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #20.

Fictional character biography
Varnae was a sorcerer in ancient Atlantis who was a member of the cult of the Darkholders.  The other Darkholders used the Darkhold tome to transform Varnae into the Earth's first vampire, but he turned on them when they tried to use him as a weapon against their nemesis, King Kull. Varnae became the Lord of the Vampires, and would retain that title for millennia.  When Atlantis sank beneath the sea during the Great Cataclysm, Varnae entered a state of suspended animation, and awoke thousands of years later during the Hyborian Age. There, he fought Conan the Barbarian and his allies Red Sonja and Zula, but was forced away by Zula's magic.  In ancient Sumeria circa 2000 BC, Varnae and the sorceress Aamshed created a spell that could magnify a vampire's power, but Aamshed twisted the spell so that it could only be cast on a vampire's home soil (which, in Varnae's case, no longer existed), and it could only be cast every 2,000 years. When the next opportunity came to cast the spell around 1 AD, Varnae attempted to mystically raise Atlantis, but Aamshed foiled his plans. During the Viking Age, Varnae traveled to North America, where he discovered a colony of Vikings and battled the Norse god Thor.

Eventually, Varnae tired of his existence, and set events in motion that would grant him a successor as the Lord of the Vampires. In the 15th century, Varnae manipulated a war between the Turkish Lord Turac and Dracula, who was then the mortal Vlad Tepes, prince of Transylvania. During a battle with Turac's forces, Dracula was fatally wounded by the immortal Apocalypse, but was saved from death when he was bitten and transformed into a vampire by Varnae's servant Lianda. Varnae rewarded Lianda with death, and rewarded another minion, Nimrod, with a taste of Varnae's own blood. Varnae named Nimrod the Lord of the Vampires, then set Nimrod against the fledgling vampire Dracula as a test for Dracula, who was his real choice for the title. As Varnae watched from afar, Dracula slew Nimrod and his lover Lala, only to be slain alongside the assembled vampires by a mortal priest. Varnae arranged for one of his minions to deflower a virgin near the waters where Dracula's ashes had been scattered; exposure to the former virgin's hymeneal blood was enough for Dracula to return to life. Dracula then slew the minion and confronted Varnae, but Varnae effortlessly overpowered Dracula. Varnae then forced Dracula to drink his blood to the point of saturation, placed Dracula in a coffin to sleep through the coming day, and walked into the dawn to die in the sunlight.

In the modern day, the voodoo priestess Marie Laveau sought the blood of a vampire; she had been given a potion in the 19th century by the immortal Cagliostro that would make her temporarily ageless, but each draught of the potion required a vampire's blood. Doctor Strange, the Earth's Sorcerer Supreme, had previously used the Darkhold's Montesi Formula to destroy all of the Earth's vampires (including Dracula) and prevent any more vampires from being created. Although Laveau had once been able to obtain vampire blood via time travel, she instead sought to undo the Montesi Formula so that she could more easily obtain vampire blood. She tried to cast the Vampiric Verses from Strange's Book of the Vishanti to completely counter the Montesi Formula. When that failed, she used the Darkhold to recreate the Lord of the Vampires, but instead of resurrecting Dracula as had been expected, she revived Varnae. Varnae fought Strange, Laveau, and Brother Voodoo to a standstill, and left with a grudging respect for Strange as a nemesis.

Varnae later fought several of Strange's allies John Blaze and the Nightstalkers. In his conflict with the Nightstalkers, Varnae took control of Bloodstorm (a clone of Dracula) and transformed the Nightstalkers' ally Taj Nital into a vampire. In the final battle, the sorceress Salome, who had usurped Strange's title as Sorcerer Supreme, freed Bloodstorm, with the resulting battle ending in an explosion that apparently killed the Nightstalkers Frank Drake (a descendant of Dracula) and Hannibal King (a vampire). The remaining Nightstalker, Blade, fought Varnae as well as Dracula, who had been reborn by the combination of the blood of Bloodstorm, King, and Drake. Since his rebirth, Dracula has again taken on the title of the Lord of the Vampires.

Reception
 In 2021, Screen Rant included Varnae in their "Marvel: 10 Most Powerful Vampires" list.
 In 2022, CBR.com ranked Varnae 5th in their "10 Most Important Marvel Vampires" list.

References

External links
Varnae at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe

Comics characters introduced in 1982
Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators
Marvel Comics Atlanteans (pre-cataclysm)
Marvel Comics characters who are shapeshifters
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with immortality
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman durability or invulnerability
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics male supervillains
Marvel Comics telepaths
Marvel Comics vampires
Vampire supervillains

Varnae


Padstow is a small town in Cornwall, England, UK. It is at the mouth of the River Camel. It is a fishing port and is well known for the 'Obby 'Oss (hobby horse) ceremony which is celebrated on May Day every year. A ferry connects Padstow with the village of Rock on the opposite side of the Camel estuary.

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall

Padstow


The Charwoman's Shadow is a 1926 fantasy novel by Anglo-Irish writer Lord Dunsany. It is among the pioneering works in the field, published before the genre was named "fantasy".

The book was reprinted in paperback by Ballantine Books as the fifty-fifth volume in its celebrated Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in February 1973. It contains elements of the (later named) subgenres of historical fantasy and fairytale fantasy.

Plot summary
In Spain, during its Golden Age, a lord wishes to marry his daughter to a neighbor, but has no money for her dowry. He sends his son Ramon to a nearby magician who had befriended his father, in hopes that the son would learn to turn lead to gold. An old charwoman without a shadow works for the magician. The magician persuades him to trade his shadow for the knowledge, and gives him a substitute, and the charwoman who works for the magician laments that. He then learns that his substitute shadow does not grow and shrink as it ought to, making it difficult to mix with ordinary people except at certain times of day.

His sister sends him a letter asking him to get her a love potion instead. He persuades the magician to teach him that instead, and he compounds it and gives it to his sister. When her betrothed husband arrives with a friend of his, a duke, she gives the potion to the duke, who falls deathly ill. Terrified, she nurses him; he recovers his health, enraged with everyone else, especially her betrothed, but in love with her.

Their priest dispels Ramon's false shadow but sends him back to retrieve his own, for without it his soul is in danger of damnation. He tricks the magician into telling him some of the magic words needed to open the box where the shadows are kept, and works out the rest. He takes out his own shadow and tries to find the charwoman's. He goes back to her to tell her that he cannot find it. She tells him that it was the one of a beautiful young girl. He brings it to her, and when they reunite, she is transformed back into that beautiful girl, as if the shadow were casting her.

They find that her family is long gone from the neighboring village, and Ramon brings her home. With the duke in love with his sister, his father intends to make a grand match for him. Ramon tries to appeal to his sister for help; she refuses to hear him without the duke. Angry, he pours out the story—including that their marriage makes his impossible—and the duke says he will appeal to the king. The king decrees "an ample pardon for her low birth" for the former charwoman, after which "it became treason to speak of the low birth of Anemone", and both pairs of lovers marry.

The magician despairs of finding a worthy apprentice, and sets out through Spain, drawing all creatures of magic and legend with him, and leaves for the Country Beyond the Moon's Rising, thus ending the Golden Age.

Critical reception
Reviewing the 1973 Ballantine edition, Theodore Sturgeon declared the novel to be one of the most potent early influences on him: "I love [the] book with an abiding passion as a perennial evocation of delight and humor and beauty".

Everett F. Bleiler found the novel to be an "excellent" example of "a traditional fairytale [with] many nice touches".

Neil Barron described The Charwoman's Shadow as "an excellent fantasy in the tradition of George MacDonald".

References

Sources

External links
 Full text of The Charwoman's Shadow at HathiTrust Digital Library

Irish fantasy novels
1926 fantasy novels
Novels by Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany
Novels set in Spain

The Charwoman's Shadow


Johann Rottenhammer, or Hans Rottenhammer (1564 – 14 August 1625), was a German painter.  He specialized in highly finished paintings on a small scale.

Biography
He was born in Munich, where he studied until 1588 under Hans Donauer the Elder. In 1593-4 (and perhaps earlier) he was in Rome, and he then settled in Venice from 1595-6 to 1606, before returning to Germany and settling in Augsburg, working also in Munich. He died in Augsburg, apparently in some poverty, and according to some sources an alcoholic.

Work
In Venice he gained a reputation for small highly finished cabinet paintings on copper, of religious and mythological subjects, combining German and Italian elements of style. In particular he combines the landscape tradition of the North with the compositional and figure styles of Tintoretto and Veronese. While in Venice, Rottenhammer made a copy of Albrecht Dürer's painting Feast of the Rosary, until the 19th century in the possession of the Grimani family in Venice, but since considered missing. He was the first German artist to specialize in cabinet paintings. In Rome he knew the earlier members of the Bamboccianti, a circle of Northern artists (before the name itself arose), and remained in regular contact with Paul Bril, a Flemish artist living in Rome, sending him plates with the figures painted on for Bril to supply the landscape, according to a dealer's letter of 1617. He also collaborated with Jan Brueghel the Elder in a similar way. He was commissioned in 1600 to paint a Feast of the Gods for Emperor Rudolph II (now Hermitage).   A good example of his early style, in which he approaches Tintoretto, is his Death of Adonis in the Louvre.

Once back in Germany, he worked on larger altarpieces and decorative schemes for palaces, including the Munich Residenz and Schloss Bückeborg(Goldener Saal), more in the style of Northern Mannerism than his Italian work.

He is believed to have employed Adam Elsheimer as an assistant in 1598 or 1599, and no doubt gave Elsheimer an introduction to Bril; when Elsheimer moved on to Rome he and Bril became close friends. Two drawings by Rottenhammer (now in Copenhagen) belonged to Elsheimer, and have an inscription noting they were a gift from Rottenhammer. Elsheimer's mature paintings are all small and on copper, and continue to develop Rottenhammer's synthesis of German and Italian styles, and use of landscape. Among his noted works are those painted for Emperor Rudolph II of Austria:  Nativity (1608), Battle Between Centaurs and Lapithæ, and four others, in the Vienna Museum.

Galleries
There are paintings in the main galleries in London, Munich (3), Augsburg, Berlin, Cambridge, St Petersberg, Amsterdam (2), Schwerin, Milan, Los Angeles, Dunedin and elsewhere. Most of his altarpieces and decorative schemes can still be seen in situ.

External links

Hans Rottenhammer on Artcyclopedia

References

1564 births
1625 deaths
German Mannerist painters
16th-century German painters
German male painters
17th-century German painters

Hans Rottenhammer


Web is a computer programming system created by Donald E. Knuth as the first implementation of what he called "literate programming": the idea that one could create software as works of literature, by embedding source code inside descriptive text, rather than the reverse (as is common practice in most programming languages), in an order that is convenient for exposition to human readers, rather than in the order demanded by the compiler.

Web consists of two secondary programs: TANGLE, which produces compilable Pascal code from the source texts, and WEAVE, which produces nicely-formatted, printable documentation using TeX.

CWEB is a version of Web for the C programming language, while noweb is a separate literate programming tool, which is inspired by Web (as reflected in the name) and which is language agnostic.

The most significant programs written in Web are TeX and Metafont.  Modern TeX distributions use another program Web2C to convert Web source to C.

Philosophy
Unlike most other documentation generators, which relegate documentation to comments, the WEB approach is to write an article to document the making of the source code.  Much like TeX articles, the source is divided into sections according to documentation flow.  For example, in CWEB, code sections are seamlessly intermixed in the line of argumentation.

CWEB

CWEB is a computer programming system created by Donald Knuth and Silvio Levy as a follow-up to Knuth's WEB literate programming system, using the C programming language (and to a lesser extent the C++ and Java programming languages) instead of Pascal.

Like WEB, it consists of two primary programs:

 CTANGLE, which produces compilable C code from the source texts, and
 CWEAVE, which produces nicely-formatted printable documentation using TeX.

Features
 Can enter manual TeX code as well as automatic.
 Make formatting of C code for pretty printing.
 Can define sections, and can contain documentation and codes, which can then be included into other sections.
 Write the header code and main C code in one file, and can reuse the same sections, and then it can be tangled into multiple files for compiling.
 Use #line pragmas so that any warnings or errors refer to the .w source.
 Include files.
 Change files, which can be automatically merged into the code when compiling/printing.
 Produces index of identifiers and section names in the printout.

References

External links
The TeX Catalogue entry for Web
CWEB homepage
Examples of programs written in Web, By Donald Knuth (1981 and onward)

Free documentation generators
Literate programming
TeX

Web (programming system)


Bregentved is a manor house located 3 km east of Haslev on the Danish island of Zealand. It has been owned by the Moltke family since the middle of the 18th century.

History

Early history

The first known reference to Bregentved is from 1319 when King Eric VI of Denmark passed the estate to Roskilde Abbey. From the end of the 14th century the property was owned by a succession of aristocratic families, including that of Krognos in the 16th century, until 1718 when it was acquired by King Frederick IV. In the eighteenth century Bregentved was in consecutive Birks, so had separate legal jurisdiction from Haslev Sogn (parish) and old Ringsted Herred (hundred). The north wing still extant in the early 21st century was built 1731-36 by architect Lauritz de Thurah and has a black-tiled, hipped roof. It contains a chapel on the first floor.

Moltke era

In 1746, King Frederick V granted the Bregentved estate to Adam Gottlob Moltke, one of his closest companions who was at the same time made lord chamberlain and a count. Over the next few years, Moltke adapted the two remaining wings with the assistance of the architects G.D. Anthon and Nicolai Eigtved. Moltke also commissioned Eigtved to build him a large mansion in Copenhagen, the south-western of the four Amalienborg Palaces, which was completed in 1754.

At Bregentved, Moltke introduced several agricultural reforms to the management of the estate with inspiration from Holstein.

A. G. Moltke died at Bregentved on 25 September 1792, passing his estates to his oldest son, Joachim Godske Moltke, who ceded their mansion in Copenhagen to the royal family after the fire of Christiansborg Palace in 1794. As a replacement, Adam Wilhelm Moltke, who had just left office as the first Prime Minister under Denmark's new constitutional monarchy, acquired a new mansion which became known as Moltke's Mansion. After the harvests at Bregentved Manor and other family holdings, he would move his entire household to Copenhagen.

In the 1880s, Count Frederik Christian Moltke decided to modernize the house. He demolished the two Eigtved wings and replaced them with two new wings which were completed in 1891 to the design of the architect Axel Berg.

Architecture

The main east wing and the south wing of the present three-winged building date from Axel Berg's 1891 rebuilding and stand on Eigtved's foundations. They are designed in the Neo-Rococo style and are topped by a Mansard roof in copper and tile. The east wing has a three-bay risalit with pilasters and a triangular pediment, and a two-bay corner risilit at each end with segmental pediments. The entrance tower also dates from Berg's expansion.

The north wing was built 1731-36 by Lauritz de Thurah and has a black-tiled, hipped roof. It contains a chapel on the first floor which has sculptor Johann Friedrich Hännel.

Gardens
In the 1760s, A. G. Moltke commissioned Nicolas-Henri Jardin to create a garden in the French formal garden style but it was adapted into a landscape garden in 1835. Some features have been retained from Jardin's garden, including avenues, and traces of a parterre surrounded by canals and a system of fountains, which was restored in 1994. Some vases and Frederik V's Obelisk (1770) by Johannes Wiedewelt also date from this garden as does a copy of a statue by Giambologna. The garden also features a statue of A. W. Moltke by Herman Wilhelm Bissen in 1858-59.

Bregentved today
Bregentved-Turebyholm covers 6,338 hectares of which just over half consist of agricultural land and the rest of forest. A total of 163 houses also belongs to the estate, including Turebylille, Holtegård, Eskilstrup, Rødehus, Sofiendal, Sprettingegård, Storelinde Overdrevsgård, Ulsegård and Statafgård. The estate maintains a staff of 40 and has a yearly turnover of approximately DKK 60 million. Apart from agriculture and forestry, the revenues derive from house rental, hiring-out of hunting areas, hiring-out of storage facilities and machine pool services.

There is no public access to the house but the park is open to the public on Wednesdays, Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays. Admission is free of charge.

List of owners
 (      -1319) The Crown
 (1319-      ) Ringsted Abbey
 (      -1364) Hesso Hvittensee
 (      -1364) Karl Nielsen
 (1364-1382) St. Clare's Priory, Roskilde
 (1382-      ) Oluf Grubbe
 (      -      ) Margrethe, gift (1) Grubbe (2) Bydelsbak
 (    -1414) Erik Bydelsbak
 (1414-1433) Laurids Eriksen Bydelsbak
 (1433-1456) Niels Pedersen Gyldenstjerne
 (1456-1504) Mourits Nielsen Gyldenstjerne
 (1504-1506) Oluf Stigsen Krognos
 (1506-      ) Anne Mouritsdatter Gyldenstjerne, gift 1) Krognos, 2) * Podebusk
 (      -1541) Predbjørn Podebusk
 (1541-1545) Anne Mouritsdatter Gyldenstjerne, gift 1) Krognos, 2) Podebusk
 (      -      ) Anders Bentsen Bille
 (      -      ) Bent Andersen Bille
 (1545-1550) :da:Mourits Olufsen Krognos
 (1550-1563) Eline Gøye, gift Krognos
 (1563-1573) Oluf Mouritsen Krognos
 (1573-1575) Anna Hardenberg
 (1575-1581) Christoffer Gøye
 (1581-1630) Steen Brahe
 (1630)        Erik Steensen Brahe
 (1630)        Falk Gøye
 (1630-1658) Frederik Knudsen Urne
 (1658-1668) Karen Hansdatter Arentfeldt, gift Urne
 (1668-1682) Ove Juul
 (1682-1709) Frederik Gabel
 (1709-1718) Christian Carl Gabel
 (1718-1731) The Crown
 (1731-1740) Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn
 (1740)          Frederik Poulsen de Løvenørn
 (1740-1746) The Crown
 (1746-1792) Adam Gottlob Moltke
 (1792-1818) Joachim Godske Moltke
 (1818-1864) Adam Wilhelm Moltke
 (1864-1875) Frederik Georg Julius Moltke
 (1875-1936) Frederik Christian Moltke
 (1936-1968) Christian Frederik Gustav Moltke
 (1968-1995) Hans Hemming Joachim Christian Moltke
 (1995-2017)  Christian Georg Peter Moltke
 (2017-2019)   Frederik Christian Adam Moltke / Christian Georg Peter Moltke
 (2019-)  Christian Georg Peter Moltke

See also
 List of Baroque residences

References

External links

 Official website Source
 Source

Manor houses in Faxe Municipality
Houses completed in 1736
Houses completed in 1891
Baroque Revival architecture
Listed buildings and structures in Faxe Municipality
Listed castles and manor houses in Denmark
Buildings and structures of the Bille family
Løvenørn family
Buildings and structures in Denmark of the Moltke family
Tourist attractions in Region Zealand
Parks in Denmark

Bregentved


Hector Calma (born  March 2, 1960) is a Filipino former professional basketball player. At 5 feet and 8 inches, he played at the point guard position and was most notably associated with the San Miguel Beer team of the Philippine Basketball Association.

Collegiate and pre-PBA career

Calma first became known on the collegiate basketball scene as a point guard of the Adamson Falcons, which played in the UAAP. Calma was a member of the Adamson team which in 1977 captured for the first time the UAAP Men's Basketball Championship, a feat which the university has yet to accomplish again. Calma attained further prominence as a member of the national team which qualified for several international tournaments during the 1980s, under the patronage of Danding Cojuangco and the guidance of coach Ron Jacobs. He was at the helm of the 1982 squad that captured the Asian Youth Championship of that year, beating China in the finals. In 1985, with Calma starting at point guard, the national team unexpectedly captured the William Jones Cup, beating out in the process a highly regarded American team composed of NCAA Division I players and coached by Purdue's Gene Keady. The following year, the Philippine national team would win the Asian Basketball Confederation Championship for the first time since 1973.

During that period, his widely reported relationship with the swimmer (and future TV host) Christine Jacob also kept his name in the public eye. Calma eventually married Ines Ortiz, a former employee of the San Miguel public relations office.

Professional career

In 1985, the national team, under the banner of Northern Consolidated Cement, competed as a guest team in the PBA, winning the 1985 PBA Reinforced Conference. This marked Calma's first appearance in the PBA, albeit as an amateur playing with a guest team.

Calma's formal professional basketball career began at the age of 26 in the 1986 PBA Open Conference when he, along with several of his national teammates, were absorbed by San Miguel Beer when it rejoined the PBA  under the name Magnolia Cheese after a brief period of disbandment. Within a year, the renamed San Miguel Beer, coached by Norman Black, would win its first PBA Championship with Calma starting at point guard.

From 1987 to 1989, San Miguel would win 6 of 7 PBA conference championships, including the coveted Grand Slam in 1989. Calma was not known for his scoring, but his skills as a playmaker sparked the SMB offense during those storied years. He was also voted 3X Finals MVP on their Grand Slam success. In a team that featured explosive scorers such as Samboy Lim, Ricardo Brown, and Ramon Fernandez, Calma's playmaking skills was highly regarded. As a result, Calma was named three times to the PBA Mythical First Team, in 1987, 1988, and 1989. During those 3 years, Calma posted average of 10.6 points (on 50.3% shooting) and 5.3 assists per game. Yet as the 1990 official PBA Annual noted, "Numbers just can't determine this little guy's true worth - he just creates so many offensive situations which most often draw the line between victory and defeat."

After the FIBA allowed in 1989 the participation of professional basketball players in international competitions, Calma was recruited twice to rejoin the Philippine National Team. Calma played in the 1990 and 1994 teams that participated in the Asian Games, the 1990 team capturing the silver medal.

Retirement

Calma's career faded in the 1990s with the emergence of younger point guards such as Ronnie Magsanoc and Johnny Abarrientos.  Adding to this were the injuries he sustained both from his collegiate and professional years.  Alongside teammate Ramon Fernandez, he decided to leave basketball as both players announced their retirement before the start of the 1995 season of the PBA.  After his retirement, Calma became involved in the front office of the Coca-Cola Tigers and the San Miguel Beermen. He served as the team manager of the Beermen until the end of 2013.

In 2000, Calma was named to the PBA's 25th Anniversary All-Time Team. He was joined in that honor by two of his teammates from the SMB Grand Slam team, Ramon Fernandez and Samboy Lim

Personal life
His son, Andres, is a motorsports rider, having won a championship title in the Vios Cup Season 2 in 2015.

See also
Philippine Basketball Association
Philippine national basketball team
San Miguel Beermen
History of Philippine Basketball
PBA's 25th Anniversary All-Time Team
Ron Jacobs

References

External links
 PBA 25 Greatest

Notes

1960 births
Living people
Asian Games medalists in basketball
Asian Games silver medalists for the Philippines
Basketball players at the 1990 Asian Games
Basketball players at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games
Philippine Basketball Association All-Stars
Philippine Basketball Association executives
Philippine Basketball Association players with retired numbers
Philippines men's national basketball team players
Filipino men's basketball players
Point guards
San Miguel Beermen players
Basketball players from Manila
Adamson Soaring Falcons basketball players

Hector Calma


The Rifles is a regiment in the Breetish airmy. It wis formed in 2007 throu the gaun-thegither o the fower Licht Infantry regiments an Rifle Regiments o the Licht Division. The Rifles maistlins recruits frae the sooth wast o Ingland, but frae the north east an ither airts an aw. The Rifles haes seen action in Iraq an Afghanistan.

Infantry regiments o the Breetish Airmy
Rifle regiments
Militar units an formations established in 2007
Breetish licht infantry
Militar units an formations o the Iraq War
Militar units an formations o the Unitit Kinrick in the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Muisical instrument museums

2007 establishments

The Rifles


Rodney Carlos Badger (September 8, 1848 – April 12, 1923) was an inaugural member of the general superintendency of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association (YMMIA) of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Badger was born in Salt Lake City a year after his Mormon pioneer parents arrived in the Salt Lake Valley. His father was Rodney Badger, who drowned when young Rodney was five years old. Upon reaching adulthood, Badger was a LDS Church missionary to California and worked as a surveyor and telegraph operator with the Utah Central Railroad.

When Junius F. Wells became the first general superintendent of the YMMIA in 1876, he chose Milton H. Hardy and Badger as his assistants. Badger acted in this capacity until 1880, when Wells was released and replaced by Wilford Woodruff.

Badger practiced plural marriage and was married to three wives.

Badger died in Salt Lake City of sepsis from a streptococcus infection.

Notes

References
Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, vol. 4
Leon M. Strong (1939). A History of the Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association, 1873–1938 (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University)

1848 births
1923 deaths
American Mormon missionaries in the United States
Counselors in the General Presidency of the Young Men (organization)
Religious leaders from Salt Lake City
Deaths from sepsis
Infectious disease deaths in Utah
Deaths from streptococcus infection
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Latter Day Saints from Utah

Rodney C. Badger


My Left Eye Sees Ghosts () is a 2002 Hong Kong film produced and directed by Johnnie To and Wai Ka-Fai, and starring Sammi Cheng, Lau Ching-Wan, Lee San-San, and Cherrie Ying. The film includes elements of tongue-in-cheek horror, comedy, romance and drama, and does not fit neatly into any one genre.

Synopsis
May Ho (Sammi Cheng) is a woman who inherits a vast fortune when her rich husband drowns in a scuba diving accident in the Caribbean. May told several joking lies to win her Stanford-educated, extremely successful husband, and his mother and sister are less than pleased when they find out, especially since they still harbor suspicions about her motives in marrying her husband after knowing him for only seven days. Nonetheless, the house, fortune, and a portion of the family fashion company are hers. Depressed, alone, and deeply missing her husband (feelings further exacerbated when her husband's dog, Whisky, dies), May goes on a binge of eating, drinking, smoking, watching television, and stealing from her own company's stores, culminating in a drunken car ride and near-fatal car accident.

May finds herself lying on the ground outside her car and thinks she is unscathed, until she approaches her vehicle and sees her bloody body in the driver's seat. Ken Wong (Lau Ching Wan) appears to her and scares her into returning to her body, reviving herself.

Although she just barely evaded death, the left side of May's face is heavily injured. Later in the hospital, when she removes the gauze covering her left eye, she suddenly realizes she can see ghosts with that eye. She soon finds herself in the constant company and care of the ghost Ken, who claims that he is her former classmate who died when he was 13 in a typhoon out at sea. Throughout their escapades in the realm of the supernatural, May slowly develops a connection with him. However, despite all the ghosts she has encountered, her husband has never appeared to her and she deeply wants to see him, even for just an instant. Ken attempts to help her fulfill this wish before he crosses the Twilight Junction to be reincarnated though it initially appears she did not succeed. Only the spirit of her husband's late dog, Whisky, appears - seemingly close to Ken as if the canine knows him. Ken ask May for a final wish to hug her before he moves on, and in doing so she had to pretend that he was her husband.

Later, she goes to check on the restoration of her husband's vintage car and discovers the restorer resembles Ken, who turned to be the real Ken who did not really die when he was 13. She finally realize that the ghost who had been at her side all the while was actually her dead husband in disguise to prevent her from becoming too attached to him and to urge her to move on. She tries several ways to contact him after he had moved on, but all attempts were useless. Her ability to see ghosts had also disappeared. The film ends with a hint of a future romance between May and Ken.

Cast
 Sammi Cheng - May Ho
 Lau Ching Wan - Ken Wong/Sam Wong
 Lam Tsz-sin - May's brother
 Lam Suet - May's dad
 Lee San-san- Susan
 Li Fung - Exorcist
 Kelly Lin - Phantom of Sam's girlfriend
 Szema Wah Lung - Ghost
 Wong Tin-lam - Sam's dad
 Bonnie Wong - Mrs. Tsui
 Simon Yam - Ben
 Cherrie Ying - Tina

External links

2002 horror films
2000s ghost films
2002 romantic comedy-drama films
2002 films
Hong Kong romantic comedy-drama films
Hong Kong supernatural horror films
China Star Entertainment Group films
Milkyway Image films
Films directed by Johnnie To
Films directed by Wai Ka-Fai
Films with screenplays by Yau Nai-hoi
Films with screenplays by Wai Ka-fai
2000s parody films
2002 comedy films
2002 drama films
2000s Hong Kong films

My Left Eye Sees Ghosts