Thomas Sargant (1905–1988) was a British law reformer who campaigned for the promotion of human rights.

Biography

Sargant, who was educated at Highgate School, was for much of his life a businessman and politician who became increasingly concerned with the impact of the law and legal services upon ordinary people. In the mid-1950s, he was asked to help mobilise lawyers in support of those accused in treason trials in Hungary and South Africa, and JUSTICE was set up as a result.  Tom Sargant became its first Secretary and was a driving force of the organisation until his retirement in 1982.

As a result of his commitment, persistence and determination, JUSTICE played a key role in taking up the cause of miscarriage of justice cases. Sargant's tireless campaigning resulted in some 25 people being released, or released early, from prison. He was instrumental in the establishment of the BBC series Rough Justice, which led to the release of 18 victims of miscarriages of justice.

He also played a major role in bringing about other key measures such as the creation of the office of Ombudsman and the establishment of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme.  In 1966 he was awarded an OBE and became a JP. He was made Honorary Master of Laws at Queen's University Belfast in 1977.

In 1989 the first Thomas Sargant Memorial Lecture was given in his memory and has been given every year since. The lectures are organised by JUSTICE.

Tom Sargant's daughter was the educationalist Naomi Sargant (1933–2006).

He is buried in a family grave on the eastern side of Highgate Cemetery.

References

1905 births
1988 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
People educated at Highgate School
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
British civil rights activists
Common Wealth Party politicians
Common Wealth Party

Thomas Sargant


Albert Daniel (Bert) Rechichar (July 16, 1930 – July 19, 2019) was an American football defensive back and kicker who played with the National Football League (NFL)'s Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers from  to . He also played for the American Football League (AFL)'s New York Titans in 1961. While playing for the Colts in 1953, Rechichar kicked a 56-yard field goal, setting an NFL record that stood for 17 years as the longest. He was twice selected for the NFL Pro Bowl.

Early years
Born in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania, Rechichar was the youngest of ten children. Rechichar played college football at the University of Tennessee and was an outfielder on the baseball team, helping the Volunteers to the 1951 College World Series. He later played in the farm system of the Cleveland Indians, reaching as high as Reading in the Class A Eastern League.

NFL career
Rechichar was the tenth overall pick of the 1952 NFL Draft, selected by the Browns out of Tennessee.

While playing for the Baltimore Colts against the Chicago Bears on , Rechichar successfully kicked a 56-yard field goal, breaking the previous unofficial record of 55 yards (set by drop kick by Paddy Driscoll in ). Rechichar held the NFL record for the longest field goal kick for over seventeen years; his record stood until Tom Dempsey booted a 63-yarder in ; His record-setting kick was his first field goal attempt as a professional. Sportswriter John Steadman, reporting on the then-record setting field goal, said Rechichar "drove the kick clear over the back line from 56 yards ... while wearing a regular, soft-toed football shoe, not a square-toed kicking shoe." Rechichar also recorded three interceptions that day, including one that he took 36 yards to the end zone.

Personal life and death

Rechichar had two sons and a daughter. He died at age 89 in his hometown of Belle Vernon from various ailments, including Alzheimer's.

See also
 List of American Football League players

References

External links

 Obituary
 Interview

1930 births
2019 deaths
American football defensive backs
Baltimore Colts players
Cleveland Browns players
New York Titans (AFL) players
Sportspeople from Fayette County, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Tennessee Volunteers baseball players
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players

Bert Rechichar


John Steven Gaines (born December 31, 1957) is an American Southern Baptist pastor, and the 61st President of the Southern Baptist Convention. He is currently serving at Bellevue Baptist Church in Cordova (a suburb of Memphis, Tennessee), one of the largest congregations in the Southern Baptist Convention and has visited Israel 16 times. On Sunday, July 10, 2005, the Pastor Search Committee of Bellevue Baptist Church presented Dr. Steve Gaines to the church congregation. At the conclusion of the services the Bellevue family overwhelmingly voted to call Steve Gaines as the seventh Pastor of Bellevue Baptist Church. Gaines succeeds the longtime Bellevue pastor Adrian Rogers.

Before arriving at Bellevue Baptist, Gaines pastored for 14 years at the Gardendale First Baptist Church, an 8,500-member church in suburban Birmingham, Alabama. There he became one of the leading voices in the conservative wing of the SBC. In 2004, Gaines was elected president of the Southern Baptist Pastors' Conference, and was the keynote speaker at the SBC annual meeting in Nashville. He served with his predecessor at Bellevue and three-time SBC president, Adrian Rogers, on a committee charged with revising The Baptist Faith and Message.  The document, which is the primary doctrinal statement for all SBC agencies, including its six seminaries and International Mission Board, was adopted by the SBC in 2000. On March 9, 2016, Dr. Johnny Hunt announced he would nominate Gaines to be President of the Southern Baptist Convention at the upcoming SBC annual meeting in St. Louis, Missouri. He was elected, and was then re-elected for a second one-year term at the 2017 annual meeting in Phoenix, Arizona.

Gaines' theology is best described as conservative and evangelical.

Early life
Born to parents Edgar and Dorothy Gaines, Steve and his only sibling, Ed, spent most of their youth in the small town of Dyersburg, Tennessee. Their father worked for the Illinois Central Railroad and retired in 1976 as a track supervisor. Their mother founded and supervised a janitorial business in Dyersburg, for which both Gaines and his brother worked. He was baptized by his pastor at First Baptist Church in Dyersburg, Dr. Robert Orr.

During his senior year at Dyersburg High School, Gaines was selected as first team defensive end in his high school's "Big Ten Conference" and as All-District in track. He entered the University of Tennessee at Martin (UTM) on a full football scholarship in the fall of 1975.  By the third game of his freshman season, he shared a starting defensive end position with a senior teammate. At UTM, he began attending weekly meetings of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. In the fall of 1977 he gave up his football scholarship to transfer to Union University, a Christian college in Jackson, Tennessee.  On October 23, 1977, Steve Gaines was licensed to the Gospel ministry by his home church in Dyersburg.

Family
At Union University, Gaines met Memphian Donna Dodds, a campus leader who was selected as Miss Union University. Their first date was in December 1978, and they were married on June 14, 1980. Donna Gaines is a Bible teacher and author who leads women's ministries at Bellevue and speaks at churches and conferences across the nation.  She has a Master's of Education from Texas Woman's University in Denton, Texas, and is board certified as an educational diagnostician. Steve and Donna Gaines have four children.

Education
After graduating from Union University in 1979, Gaines began studies for a Master of Divinity degree at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, Texas. For seven years he served as Professor Roy Fish's grader, longer than anyone else to ever hold that position. In the final year of his master's program, the seminary preaching faculty awarded Steve with the H. C. Brown, Jr. Preaching Award for "Outstanding Achievement in the Study and Practice of Preaching." At the same time, the evangelism faculty presented him with the W. Fred Swank Evangelism Award for best demonstrating the spirit of evangelism as a graduating student. Fred Swank was the legendary pastor of Sagamore Hill Baptist Church in Fort Worth, Texas.

He was the only Southwestern Seminary graduate to ever receive both awards. For Senior Preaching Week, Gaines was selected to preach in the seminary's chapel services before his professors and peers. He graduated with his Master's of Divinity on May 11, 1984.

He began doctoral seminars at Southwestern in the fall of 1985, majoring in preaching and minoring in evangelism. Dr. Fish's course on The History of Spiritual Awakenings particularly inspired him to pray and seek genuine revival for America. His doctoral dissertation was entitled, "An Analysis of the Correlation between Representative Baptist Hour Sermons by Herschel H. Hobbs and Selected Articles of The Baptist Faith and Message." He graduated from Southwestern Seminary with a Ph.D. on May 10, 1991.

Ministry

On July 27, 1980, Steve was ordained to the Gospel ministry at First Baptist Church, Dyersburg. In 1978 he became youth pastor at First Baptist Church in Milan, Tennessee, where he served for a little more than two years before beginning studies at Southwestern Seminary. While a student at Southwestern Seminary, he was associate pastor/youth minister at Lake Shore Baptist Church in Lake Dallas, Texas. When the pastor resigned, he was asked to serve as the church's interim pastor, and six months later the church called him as pastor. The church grew steadily during the next five years, adding an educational wing and renovating the church facility. The church also planted Shady Shores Baptist Church in Shady Shores, Texas, during Gaines' tenure as pastor there.

After eight years in Texas, Gaines returned to Jackson, Tennessee, in 1988 to serve as pastor of West Jackson Baptist Church. In 1991, First Baptist Church in Gardendale, Alabama, called him to be the pastor. For 14 years of his ministry at Gardendale, the church membership grew exponentially. For the Easter 2005, services were held at the Birmingham–Jefferson Civic Center where more than 10,000 people attended.

Involvement with Bellevue
While serving in Alabama, Steve was an annual guest speaker at Bellevue Baptist Church in Memphis, Tennessee, at the invitation of Pastor Adrian Rogers. After Rogers' retirement in 2005, the church voted to call Gaines as pastor. On July 10, 2005, Gaines accepted the call and preached to more than 10,000 people in two morning worship services. He preached his first sermon as pastor on September 11, 2005. Numerical growth in every area of the church's life marked Gaines' first year at Bellevue, but the church experienced leadership transition difficulties in the second year.

Bellevue Loves Memphis
In 2007 Gaines initiated a church-wide, ongoing volunteer ministry to Memphis and the community. On September 28, 2009, the State of Tennessee House of Representatives issued a proclamation recognizing Bellevue as an institution that has demonstrated "unflagging capacity for love, dedication of spirit, and faith in God" and for enriching the lives of people in their community. The proclamation cited pastor Gaines' for leading the way in showing "Jesus' love to the City of Memphis by meeting practical needs of residents" and for "embracing Bellevue Loves Memphis as a way of life." The document mentioned the church's sponsor of a Christian Mobile Dental Clinic that provides free dental care to the underprivileged, and the church's funding of The Vue, a ministry for college students located near the University of Memphis and accessible to students of other local colleges and universities. The proclamation noted that on six workdays, 5,300 volunteers have contributed between 30,000-35,000 hours through yard work, painting, construction, and more to benefit 40 schools, two post-secondary schools, 44 churches, 55 family homes, 14 parks, nine city/government buildings, 16 hospitals, 47 ministries, and ten Memphis City School football fields. The proclamation also noted that Bellevue Loves Memphis provided every city fire station with a copy of the movie Fireproof, assisted with the City of Memphis cleanup, and assisted with ten block parties. The document also recognized the church for hosting the Tennessee Technology Center's 2008–2009 graduation. The church has also opened its facilities for city and county school in-service meetings and for city and county school graduation ceremonies.

Recognition
In April 2009, Dr. Gaines was honored with the "Open Door Award" by the April 4 foundation.  This was in recognition "His passion for evangelism (which) has galvanized his congregation to reach their city with the Gospel in unprecedented ways by meeting practical needs throughout Memphis."

Southern Baptist Convention
On March 10, 2016, Pastor Johnny Hunt of FBC Woodstock (Georgia) announced his intentions to nominate Dr. Steve Gaines for president of the Southern Baptist Convention.  "When Steve Gaines shared his prayer journey he and [his wife] Donna had travelled, I was touched by his clear call to allow himself to be nominated", said Pastor Hunt in a news release.  He later stated that he intended to nominate Pastor Gaines for the position at the annual SBC meeting in St. Louis.  "With such a passionate desire for spiritual revival in our churches and nation, and knowing him to be a man of deep intense prayer, it brings joy to my heart to nominate Dr. Gaines" Pastor Hunt told the Baptist Press in his closing remarks.

Handling of minister misconduct
On December 18, 2006, the church announced that a minister and staffer at the church for thirty-four years had been placed on leave with an investigation pending regarding a "moral failure", identified by Gaines and others as alleged child molestation in the 1980s.  The staffer reportedly counseled child molestation victims during his employment at Bellevue and was permitted to continue having contact with children at the church after the allegation was revealed to Gaines.  The next day, December 19, Gaines released a statement that acknowledged that he had been aware of the allegation since June 2006 but that he did not address it for several months because the staffer had been attending professional counseling and also because of confidentiality concerns and compassion for the staffer.  The same day, Michael Spradlin, who is president of Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary (located across the street from Bellevue's campus), told the Commercial Appeal that "[i]f a minister has first hand knowledge of allegations of child molestation and does nothing about it then that minister should resign."
On December 20, 2006, Gaines addressed several hundred members of his congregation, saying he would like to remain pastor at Bellevue. On January 28, 2007, a church committee released a report on the incident.  The report noted that the victim (the former staffer's son) had personally come forward to Gaines along with a group of friends to reveal the abuse. The report criticized Gaines for not immediately coming forward with the information related to the alleged abuse, either to the church or to authorities. No criminal charges were ever brought regarding the allegations'

In May 2022, Guidepost Solutions released an independent report stating that Gaines allegedly admitted that he "had delayed reporting a staff minister's prior sexual abuse of a child of "heartfelt concern and compassion for th[e] minister," while acknowledging that he should have "brought it to the attention of our church leadership immediately."

Books authored
 Morning Manna, a 365-day devotional book (2003)
 When God Comes to Church (2007)
 Pray Like It Matters (2014)
 Share Jesus Like It Matters (2016)

See also
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention Presidents

References

1957 births
Living people
People from Corinth, Mississippi
Religious leaders from Birmingham, Alabama
Religious leaders from Memphis, Tennessee
Southern Baptist Convention presidents
Southern Baptist ministers
Union University alumni
People from Gardendale, Alabama
Baptists from Tennessee
Baptists from Mississippi
Baptists from Alabama
20th-century American clergy
21st-century Baptist ministers from the United States
Religious leaders from Mississippi

Steve Gaines (pastor)


A computer program is a list of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Everything a computer does is done by the instructions of a program. The first computers were made with only one built-in program, but today's computers have memory, which can be used to store many different programs. John von Neumann, a mathematician born in Hungary, came up with this idea in the late 1940s.

Some common examples of computer programs:
 Web browsers, like Mozilla Firefox or Chrome
 Word processors, like Microsoft Word or Google Docs
 Video games
 Operating systems, like Microsoft Windows or iOS

A computer program is usually stored as a file on the computer's hard drive. The file contains a list of instructions. When the user runs the program, the computer reads the file does what the instructions tell it to do. These instructions can be very simple, like "add these numbers together" or "save these letters". A computer program is written by a programmer, who combines many of these simple instructions to do complicated things, like talking to the computer's screen and telling it to show a video.

The main part of the computer, the processor, is built to understand instructions written in machine code, meaning very long patterns of ones and zeroes. This is hard for humans to understand, so computer programmers write in a programming language, such as BASIC, C, or Java. Once the program is written, the programmer uses a compiler to turn it into machine code so the computer can read it.

There are also bad programs, called malware, written by people who want to do bad things to a computer. Some are spyware, trying to steal information from the computer. Some try to damage the data stored on the hard drive. Some others send users to web sites that offer to sell them things. Some are computer viruses or ransomware.

Related pages
 Software
 Operating system
 Programming language
 Utility software

Other websites
 Computer program Citizendium

Computer program


A plantation is a large farm which is usually specialized on farming one type of crop.  Plantations grow cash crops, mostly for export, and less for local use. Crops grown on plantations include banana, sugarcane, coffee, tea, cotton and tobacco.

Some of the problems with plantations come from the fact that most are monocultures, that is there is only one kind of crop that is grown there. This makes them vulnerable to pests, for example.
Among the earliest examples of plantations were the latifundia of the Roman Empire. They produced large quantities of wine and olive oil for export.

Plantation agriculture grew rapidly in the early modern period with the increase in international trade and the relative decline of subsistence farming. Like every economic activity, it has changed over time. Earlier forms of plantation agriculture were associated with large disparities of wealth and income, foreign ownership and political influence, and exploitative social systems such as indentured labor and slavery, especially with the southern American plantations.

Agriculture

Plantation


Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing (NMRQC) is one of the several proposed approaches for constructing a quantum computer, that uses the spin states of nuclei within molecules as qubits. The quantum states are probed through the nuclear magnetic resonances, allowing the system to be implemented as a variation of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NMR differs from other implementations of quantum computers in that it uses an ensemble of systems, in this case molecules, rather than a single pure state.

Initially the approach was to use the spin properties of atoms of particular molecules in a liquid sample as qubits - this is known as liquid state NMR (LSNMR). This approach has since been superseded by solid state NMR (SSNMR) as a means of quantum computation.

Liquid state NMR
The ideal picture of liquid state NMR (LSNMR) quantum information processing (QIP) is based on a molecule in which some of its atom's nuclei behave as spin-½ systems. Depending on which nuclei we are considering they will have different energy levels and different interaction with its neighbours and so we can treat them as distinguishable qubits. In this system we tend to consider the inter-atomic bonds as the source of interactions between qubits and exploit these spin-spin interactions to perform 2-qubit gates such as CNOTs that are necessary for universal quantum computation. In addition to the spin-spin interactions native to the molecule an external magnetic field can be applied (in NMR laboratories) and these impose single qubit gates. By exploiting the fact that different spins will experience different local fields we have control over the individual spins.

The picture described above is far from realistic since we are treating a single molecule. NMR is performed on an ensemble of molecules, usually with as many as 10^15 molecules. This introduces complications to the model, one of which is introduction of decoherence. In particular we have the problem of an open quantum system interacting with a macroscopic number of particles near thermal equilibrium (~mK to ~300 K). This has led the development of decoherence suppression techniques that have spread to other disciplines such as trapped ions. The other significant issue with regards to working close to thermal equilibrium is the mixedness of the state. This required the introduction of ensemble quantum processing, whose principal limitation is that as we introduce more logical qubits into our system we require larger samples in order to attain discernable signals during measurement.

Solid state NMR
Solid state NMR (SSNMR), unlike LSNMR uses a solid state sample, for example a nitrogen vacancy diamond lattice rather than a liquid sample. This has many advantages such as lack of molecular diffusion decoherence, lower temperatures can be achieved to the point of suppressing phonon decoherence and a greater variety of control operations that allow us to overcome one of the major problems of LSNMR that is initialisation. Moreover, as in a crystal structure we can localize precisely the qubits, we can measure each qubit individually, instead of having an ensemble measurement as in LSNMR.

History
The use of nuclear spins for quantum computing was first discussed by Seth Lloyd and by David DiVincenzo.
Manipulation of nuclear spins for quantum computing using liquid state NMR was introduced independently by Cory, Fahmy and Havel and Gershenfeld and Chuang in 1997. Some early success was obtained in performing quantum algorithms in NMR systems due to the relative maturity of NMR technology. For instance, in 2001 researchers at IBM reported the successful implementation of Shor's algorithm in a 7-qubit NMR quantum computer. However, even from the early days, it was recognized that NMR quantum computers would never be very useful due to the poor scaling of the signal-to-noise ratio in such systems. More recent work, particularly by Caves and others, shows that all experiments in liquid state bulk ensemble NMR quantum computing to date do not possess quantum entanglement, thought to be required for quantum computation. Hence NMR quantum computing experiments are likely to have been only classical simulations of a quantum computer.

Mathematical representation
The ensemble is initialized to be the thermal equilibrium state (see quantum statistical mechanics). In mathematical parlance, this state is given by the density matrix:

where H is the hamiltonian matrix of an individual molecule and

where  is the Boltzmann constant and  the temperature. That the initial state in NMR quantum computing is in thermal equilibrium is one of the main differences compared to other quantum computing techniques, where they are initialized in a pure state. Nevertheless, suitable mixed states are capable of reflecting quantum dynamics which lead to Gershenfeld and Chuang to term them "pseudo-pure states."

Operations are performed on the ensemble through radio frequency (RF) pulses applied perpendicular to a strong, static magnetic field, created by a very large magnet. See nuclear magnetic resonance.

Consider applying a magnetic field along the z axis, fixing this as the principal quantization axis, on a liquid sample. The Hamiltonian for a single spin would be given by the Zeeman or chemical shift term:

where  is the operator for the z component of the nuclear angular momentum, and  is the resonance frequency of the spin, which is proportional to the applied magnetic field.

Considering the molecules in the liquid sample to contain two spin ½ nuclei, the system Hamiltonian will have two chemical shift terms and a dipole coupling term:

Control of a spin system can be realized by means of selective RF pulses applied perpendicular to the quantization axis. In the case of a two spin system as described above, we can distinguish two types of pulses: "soft" or spin-selective pulses, whose frequency range encompasses one of the resonant frequencies only, and therefore affects only that spin; and "hard" or nonselective pulses whose frequency range is broad enough to contain both resonant frequencies and therefore these pulses couple to both spins. For detailed examples of the effects of pulses on such a spin system, the reader is referred to Section 2 of work by Cory et al.

See also
Kane quantum computer

References

Quantum information science
Nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer


The Hemlock Stone or Himlack Stone is an inselberg on Stapleford Hill at Stapleford, Nottinghamshire, England.

Geology
The Hemlock Stone is an outcrop of New Red Sandstone, deposited more than 200 million years ago in the Triassic Period. Approximately  high, it is formed of a layer of Nottingham Castle Sandstone overlying a layer of Lenton Sandstone. Both layers are members of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. The Nottingham Castle Sandstone is a medium- to coarse-grained sandstone in which the grains are strongly cemented together by baryte. The Lenton Sandstone is very fine-grained but less well cemented together. As a result, the lower part of the stone is more vulnerable to erosion than the upper part, resulting in differential erosion that has given the inselberg its current "waisted" shape.

There are two geological theories as to what removed the surrounding sandstone layers of which the inselberg was once a part. In the 18th century the antiquarian William Stukeley (1687–1765) proposed that it had been left by quarrying of the surrounding stone. Certainly there are signs of past quarrying on and around Stapleford Hill. In 1908 the Ordnance Geological Survey (OGS) propounded that it was the result purely of natural differential erosion, particularly by ice in the Quaternary glaciation. The British Geological Survey, the OGS's modern successor, now supports Stukeley's theory.

Research continues as recently as October 2015 with the Nottingham University's Geospatial Institute undertaking further study as part of their "Three Stones Project". Since, in the past, laser mapping has not completely covered the stone, they have employed a drone equipped with laser mapping cameras.

Black grime coats the Nottingham Castle Sandstone that forms the upper part of the inselberg, but there is none on the Lenton Sandstone below. The grime is from industrial air pollution before the UK started to restrict air pollution, and illustrates the fact that the upper layer erodes much more slowly than the layer below. Wind erosion is continuing and will eventually destabilise the inselberg. The stone is now protected by an iron fence, next to which is a sign to explain the stone to visitors.

Cultural responses

Medieval
In the Middle Ages it was claimed that the Devil threw the stone there from Castleton, Derbyshire, about  away, because the ringing of church bells annoyed him. Quite apart from the fancifulness of the legend, there is no New Red Sandstone outcrop in that part of Derbyshire from which the stone could have come.

Modern
On 3 June 2002 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II a large bonfire was lit on the top of Hemlock Stone as part of the worldwide chain of 2,006 beacons lit, watched by a crowd of an estimated 2,000 spectators.

The stone is referenced in D.H. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers.

Hemlock Happening
From the Golden Jubilee celebration developed an annual free festival, the Hemlock Happening, that is held one day each June. It is organised by the communities of Stapleford and Bramcote and held in the Bramcote Walled Gardens near the stone. It usually lasts from 1 pm to 10:45 pm, showing the talents of local schools, groups and individuals and culminating in fireworks set off around the Stone at 10:30 pm. Some scheduled Hemlock Happenings are as follows:
10 June 2006 – attended by about 800 people
9 June 2007
7 June 2008
6 June 2009 – cancelled due to bad weather
12 June 2010
11 June 2011
2 June 2012 – Queen's Diamond Jubilee special
8 June 2013

Participating schools include George Spencer, St Johns Church of England and Bramcote Hills Primary School.

References

Further reading

Links

Landforms of Nottinghamshire
Natural monoliths
Protected areas of Nottinghamshire
Rock formations of England
Tourist attractions in Nottinghamshire

Hemlock Stone


Warner is a town in Clark County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 627. The unincorporated community of Hemlock is located in the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.0 square miles (90.6 km2), of which, 34.9 square miles (90.3 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2) of it (0.37%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 627 people, 195 households, and 164 families residing in the town. The population density was 18.0 people per square mile (6.9/km2). There were 208 housing units at an average density of 6.0 per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.41% White, 1.28% Asian, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.16% of the population.

There were 195 households, out of which 47.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.4% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.4% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 35.1% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,273, and the median income for a family was $40,179. Males had a median income of $34,167 versus $21,042 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,443. About 3.8% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Towns in Clark County, Wisconsin

Warner, Wisconsin


The Niger River  is the main river of western Africa. It is over 4180 km (2500 miles) long.

The river has a crescent shape and it goes through Guinea, Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria. Finally, it reaches the sea at a large delta, called the Niger Delta. This part of the Atlantic Ocean is called the Gulf of Guinea. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa. Only the Nile and the Congo are longer. Its main tributary is the Benue River.

Etymology
No-one knows the origin of the name Niger. Many people think that it comes from the Latin word for "black", niger, but there is no evidence for this, and Portuguese explorers would probably have used their own word (negro) on their maps. Also, the Niger is not a blackwater river (see Rio Negro). Some people think that 'black' may mean the color of the people in this area, but this did not happen with any other river in Africa.

Therefore, most people think the name is from the original people of the area in the middle of the river where early European maps used the name "Quorra". One possibility is the Tuareg phrase gher n gheren "river of rivers", shortened to ngher or "niger", from the middle of the river near Timbuktu.

The Tabula Peutingeriana says "Flumen Girin" (River Girin) and "Hoc flumen quidam Grin vocant, alii Nilum appellant dicint enim sub terra Etyopium in Nilum ire Lacum.", which means "This river which some are naming Grin is called Nile by others and is thought to flow under the ground of Ethiopia (i.e. modern Africa) into the Nile Lake."

Nigeria and Niger take their names from the river. The people who live beside the river have many names for it, such as Jeliba or Joliba ("great river" in Manding), Isa Ber ("big river" in Songhay), Oya, (a Yoruba River Niger goddess), and Kworra or Quorra. The last name was the name that Europeans used for the lower part of the river before they knew that the upper and lower parts were connected.

Geography
The Niger River is quite a clear river. It has only 10% as much sediment as the Nile because the Niger's source is in very old rocks that have little silt. Like the Nile, the Niger River has a flood every year; this starts in September, becomes strongest in November, and finishes by May.

An unusual feature of the river is the Niger Inland Delta. This forms where the river suddenly becomes less steep. This makes a region of connected streams, marshes, and lakes over an amount of land the same size as Belgium. The yearly floods make the delta very good for fishing and farming.

The Niger takes an unusual route. It is a boomerang shape and this confused Europeans for 2000 years. Its source is only 240 km (150 miles) from the Atlantic Ocean, but the river flows away from the sea into the Sahara Desert, then turns near the ancient city of Timbuktu (Tombouctou). From here, it goes southeast to the Gulf of Guinea.

Ancient Romans thought that the river near Timbuktu was part of the Nile River and Ibn Battuta had the same opinion. Early 17th-century European explorers thought that it flowed west and joined the Sénégal River. Many local people probably knew the real route, but Europeans only knew it in the late 19th century, when it was mentioned in the book Travels in the Interior of Africa by the Scottish explorer Mungo Park. This unusual route happened because the Niger River is two ancient rivers which are joined together. The upper Niger, from the source, past Timbuktu, to the bend in the river, used to empty into a lake, but the lake has now gone. However, the lower Niger started in hills near the lake and flowed south into the Gulf of Guinea. The Sahara Desert dried up in 4000-1000 BC, and the two rivers changed their routes and they joined (some people disagree, but most people think this is true).

The northern part of the river, which is called the Niger bend, is important because it is the Sahara Desert's closest big river. Therefore, trade across the west of the Sahara came here, and it became the center of the Sahelian kingdoms of Mali and Gao.

References

Further reading

Other websites

Pictures
 Pictures of the Niger River  in Mali
 Information and a map of the Niger's watershed
 Map of the Niger River basin at Water Resources eAtlas
 Niger Currents: Exploring life and technology along the Niger River

International law and the River Niger
 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law  See Niger River. Peace Palace Libray
 Fabio Spadi, "The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and 'effectivités' under the uti possidetis juris principle", Leiden Journal of International Law (2005) 4, pp. 777–794.

Rivers of Africa
Geography of Niger
Geography of Benin
Rivers of Nigeria
Geography of Guinea
Geography of Mali

Niger River


Harper Mountain is the name of a ski area located outside of Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada (the name of the actual mountain it is located on is Mount Harper).

The mountain has a vertical drop of 427 m (1,400 ft), a base elevation of 1,100 m (3,600 ft) and a top elevation of 1,524 m (5,000 ft). It offers 400 acres (1.2 km2) of skiable area on 15 different trails. In terms of lifts, it has one chair lift, one T-bar, and one rope tow. The mountain also has a terrain park, a snow tube park, cross country skiing, and a skating pond.

Although Harper Mountain does not offer the amenities of larger resorts such as hotels, restaurants, and specialty stores, it does have a log-construction ski lodge, an equipment rental shop, and offers ski and snowboard lessons.

Trails

See also
List of ski areas and resorts in Canada

References

External links
 Harper Mountain
 Snow Canada

Ski areas and resorts in British Columbia
Tourism in British Columbia
Thompson Country

Harper Mountain


Importin subunit alpha-7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KPNA6 gene.

Nucleocytoplasmic transport, a signal- and energy-dependent process, takes place through nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope. The import of proteins containing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) requires the NLS import receptor, a heterodimer of importin alpha and beta subunits also known as karyopherins. Importin alpha binds the NLS-containing cargo in the cytoplasm and importin beta docks the complex at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear pore complex. In the presence of nucleoside triphosphates and the small GTP binding protein Ran, the complex moves into the nuclear pore complex and the importin subunits dissociate. Importin alpha enters the nucleoplasm with its passenger protein and importin beta remains at the pore. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the importin alpha family.

References

Further reading

External links

Armadillo-repeat-containing proteins

Importin subunit alpha-7


Robert Hutton (1876 – 5 August 1970) was an English metallurgist and Goldsmiths' Professor in Metallurgy at Cambridge University from 1931 to 1942 and known for his work with the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning in assisting academics to flee the Nazi regime in Germany.

Early life
Robert Salmon Hutton was the son of J.B Hutton, a member of an old, well-known firm of silver table-ware manufacturers in Sheffield. Hutton spent his early life in London apart from the time he was at Blundell's School in Tiverton. From school he went to Owens College in Manchester, followed by two years at the University of Leipzig and one in Paris.

Career
Hutton was appointed lecturer in electro-metallurgy at Manchester University in 1900, but in 1908 moved to Sheffield where he entered the family business. In 1921 he was invited to become director of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association. The Association expanded and achieved a world-wide reputation under his guidance.  He was one of the original members of the Institute of Metals and a member of Council from 1909 to 1935.

Hutton became the first Goldsmiths' Professor in Metallurgy at Cambridge University in 1931. Although some of the pioneer work in metallography had been carried out by Heycock and Neville in the University Chemical Laboratory and formed part of the course in assaying chemistry, metallurgy was not included as a separate subject in the Natural Sciences Tripos. The Goldsmiths' Company had generously provided funds for a small laboratory and endowed a chair, but it was Hutton who first persuaded the university to introduce metallurgy into Part II of the Natural Sciences Tripos and later Part I.

Hutton was elected a Fellow of Clare College and became a member of the Court of the Goldsmiths' Company in 1936.

Hutton's activities were not confined to those directly concerned with his various appointments. He had two absorbing interests: technical education and libraries. His experience in the field of metallurgy led him to the conclusion that there was a sad delay between scientific advance and its application in industry, for which he blamed technical education, or rather lack of it. His practical interest was shown in the work which he did for the City and Guilds of London Institute of which he was Chairman of Council from 1939 to 1948. He was largely instrumental in starting the Association of Special Libraries and was its president from 1942 to 1944.

In 1912 Hutton married Sibyl, daughter of Sir Arthur Schuster, F.R.S., by whom be had a son and a daughter.

Society for the Protection of Science and Learning
Hutton was on the committee of the Society for the Protection of Science and Learning from the date of its move to Cambridge at the outbreak of World War II and for 30 years never missed a meeting. For many years he was the honorary secretary and later honorary treasurer and was responsible for most of the work involved when the Society became a registered charity in 1959.

From 1933 Hutton went to Germany several times to negotiate the release of scientists and scholars from Nazi persecution and he served on the Society's allocation committee from 1939.

Incidentally, one of the founders of the Society, A. V. Hill, was a fellow Old Blundellian.

Research and publications
Hutton published work in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Transactions of the Faraday Society, and the Institute of Metals, contributing the Autumn Lecture to the Institute of Metals in 1922, on the "Science of Human Effort".

Hutton took part in discussions on a number of papers of general metallurgical interest, and was an authority on refractories and furnace construction. He was one of those responsible for starting Research, a journal devoted to making scientific advance known to a wider public and to bridging the gap between pure science and its application to industry. He was secretary to the scientific advisory board of the journal.

References

Sources
 Letter from Professor W. Feldberg, The Times, 18 August 1970 (pg. 8; Issue 57947; col F)
 Robert Hutton papers at John Rylands Library, Manchester.
The Papers of Professor Robert S. Hutton held at Churchill Archives Centre

1876 births
1970 deaths
People educated at Blundell's School
Leipzig University alumni
British metallurgists
Fellows of Clare College, Cambridge
Goldsmiths' Professors of Materials Science

Robert Hutton (metallurgist)


William Radhames Castro Checo (born March 29, 1952) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher and former pitching coach for the Milwaukee Brewers of both the American League and National League. He was the interim pitching coach with the Baltimore Orioles of the American League.  Gary Thorne of MASN reported in the broadcast of the August 27, 2013 game between the Orioles and the Boston Red Sox that Castro succeeded Rick Adair because Adair had taken a leave of absence for personal reasons starting in August 2013.  Gary Thorne, broadcasting the game between the Orioles and the Los Angeles Angels on July 5, 2012, on MASN, announced that Castro became unavailable for that game because of a death in his family and returned home to the Dominican Republic.

Castro was drafted by the Brewers – then in the American League – and pitched for them from  to . He played three more years with the New York Yankees and Kansas City Royals before retiring. He was traded from the Yankees to the California Angels for Butch Hobson during spring training on March 24, 1982.

The longest-serving member of the Brewers' coaching staff, Castro was named bullpen coach in  by rookie manager Phil Garner. Late in the 2002 season, Castro also briefly served as pitching coach after the resignation of Dave Stewart. He then returned to his bullpen role until he was named pitching coach by new Milwaukee manager Ken Macha on November 7, 2008. The  season marked Castro's 18th consecutive season as a Brewer coach.  Castro was subsequently fired as pitching coach on August 12, 2009, and replaced with former Brewer Chris Bosio.

Castro was the pitching coach for the Dominican Republic's entry in the inaugural World Baseball Classic.

References

External links

1953 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Columbus Clippers players
Danville Warriors players
Dominican Republic baseball coaches
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic national baseball team people
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitching coaches
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Milwaukee Brewers coaches
Milwaukee Brewers players
Newark Co-Pilots players
New York Yankees players
Sacramento Solons players
Vancouver Canadians players
Tacoma Tigers players

Bill Castro


William Cullen Wilcox (August 6, 1850 – January 26, 1928) was an American missionary to South Africa. With his wife, Ida Belle Clary Wilcox, he "adopted" John Dube, who was to be the first President of the African National Congress and the first black founder of a South African school. Ida Wilcox taught Nokutela Mdima who was to become Nokutela Dube. The Wilcoxes arranged for black South Africans to own land, and as a result they were driven out of South Africa in 1918. The South African government conferred the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo on the Wilcoxes for their work in 2009. They "sacrificed all that they had in solidarity with the South African people."

Lives
William Cullen Wilcox was born in Richfield, Ohio, to Jeremiah Cullen and Julia Ann (born Wilder) Wilcox. William married Ida Belle Clary Wilcox in Northfield, Minnesota, where she was born.  They were to have eight children together.

They were sent to South Africa as missionaries by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and they arrived in Inanda, north of Durban, in 1881. This was a substantial mission known as the American Zulu Mission or AZM. Ida Wilcox taught girls including the future Nokutela Dube and Ida wrote a regular contribution for Rice County Journal in Northfield, Minnesota to publicize their work.

William was asked to talk to John Dube about his poor behavior at the Adams School in Amanzimtoti. John was the son of the Reverend James Dube who was the Congregational minister at the AZM in Inanda.

In 1887, they were returning to the United States, and Dube and his mother persuaded the missionary couple to take John Dube to the United States where he could further his education. The Wilcoxes agreed on the condition that the child was to maintain himself financially.

In 1888, Wilcox was pastor in Keene Valley Congregational church in New York and he asked Dube to visit him where Wilcox could use Dube's printing skills to create a pamphlet called "Self Support among the Kaffirs" which argued for native South Africans to use self-help to better themselves. Wilcox went on a lecture tour and took the seventeen-year-old Dube with him. Dube gave a number of lectures, which formed the basis of his pamphlet, "A Familiar Talk Upon My native Land and some things found there" (Rochester, N.Y.: R.M. Swinburne & Co. 1891?).

With the Wilcox's help, Dube was able to attend Oberlin College although he also had to find time to work. Dube never graduated but he gathered a basic higher education. Dube returned to Africa to found what became the Ohlange High School in 1901. (Dube founded a newspaper and he was a founder and the first President of the organisation that became the African National Congress.)

In 1909, the Wilcoxes created a company called the Zululand Industrial Improvement Company, which was owned by 300 black South Africans and themselves. The company led to acquiring land for thousands of black natives in Natal Province, which was met with disapproval by the local government.

The Wilcoxes objected to the Natives Land Act of 1913, which restricted the right of people to buy land based on their race. They organised blacks to oppose this law which not only denied them new land but also denied the use of the land to those who already owned it or who were renting it. As a result of their opposition, the couple were driven to bankruptcy in 1918 by the administration and white colonial South Africans who were afraid of what might happen if the native population was allowed to own land. They returned to the United States where their situation was described as destitute.

William and Ida Wilcox died in poverty in Glendale, California in 1928 and 1940, respectively.  They were buried in the  Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale,.

Legacy
The Wilcoxes contribution to South Africa's history was recognised when the Premier of KwaZulu-Natal, Dr Zweli Mkhize, visited Los Angeles to honour them in 2009. Various politicians and the grandson of the missionary couple, Reverend Jackson Wilcox, attended the ceremony. Mkhize said "William and Ida Belle Wilcox sacrificed all that they had in solidarity with the South African people." Their work was awarded the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo also in 2009 - the highest South African honour available to foreigners. The Wilcoxes were also honoured in a speech by the South African President Jacob Zuma in 2012.

References

1850 births
1928 deaths
People from Summit County, Ohio
American Congregationalist ministers
American Congregationalist missionaries
American expatriates in South Africa
People from Glendale, California
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Congregationalist missionaries in South Africa

William Cullen Wilcox


Skaði (sometimes anglicized as Skadi or Skathi) is the goddess of hunting, the wild, mountains, and skiing in Norse mythology. She was born a jötunn, daughter of the late Thjazi. She is the wife of Njörðr, whom she married as part of the compensation provided to her by the Æsir for killing her father. Her marriage to Njörðr was an unhappy one, however, ultimately ending in their separation, as Skaði then took the god Ullr (the stepson of Thor) for her lover. In addition to being Njörðr's wife, Skaði is the stepmother of his twin children, Freyr and Freyja.

Marriage to Njörðr
The gods were celebrating their slaying of the giant (jötunn) Thjazi and the simultaneous return of the youth-giving goddess Iðunn when Skaði arrived, ready to avenge the death of Thjazi, her father. The gods were patient with the giantess, and convinced Skaði to ultimately accept a form of compensation instead of seeking vengeance.

First, Odin took Thjazi's eyes and cast them into the night sky, where they became stars.

Second, the gods were to make Skaði laugh. After many feats were tried, none succeeded in bringing a smile to the jötunn's face. At last, Loki tied one end of a rope to a goat and the other around his testicles as he began a game of tug of war with the creature.

Each screeched and howled in turn, until at last Loki fell over into Skaði's lap. The giantess could not help but chuckle. Third, Skaði was to be given a god of her choosing in marriage, but she was to select him by the sight of his feet alone. She picked the fairest pair of feet she could see, thinking them to be those of Baldr. However, as it turned out, they were those of the sea god, Njörðr.

References

Norse gods and goddesses

Skadi


Biblical inerrancy is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate inerrancy with infallibility; others do not.

In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not.

Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible.

There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture."

Reference

Other websites
Full text of Chicago statement

Christian theology
Christian terminology

Biblical inerrancy


Human processor model or MHP (Model Human Processor) is a cognitive modeling method developed by Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, & Allen Newell (1983) used to calculate how long it takes to perform a certain task. Other cognitive modeling methods include parallel design, GOMS, and keystroke-level model (KLM).

Cognitive modeling is one way to evaluate the usability of a product. This method uses experimental times to calculate cognitive and motor processing time. The value of the human processor model is that it allows a system designer to predict the performance with respect to time it takes a person to complete a task without performing experiments. Other modeling methods include inspection methods, inquiry methods, prototyping methods, and testing methods.

The standard definition for MHP is: The MHP draws an analogy between the processing and storage areas of a computer, with the perceptual, motor, cognitive and memory areas of the computer user.

The human processor model uses the cognitive, perceptual, and motor processors along with the visual image, working memory, and long term memory storages. A diagram is shown below. Each processor has a cycle time and each memory has a decay time. These values are also included below. By following the connections diagrammed below, along with the associated cycle or decay times, the time it takes a user to perform a certain task can be calculated. Studies into this field were initially done by Stuart K. Card, Thomas P. Moran, & Allen Newell in 1983. Current studies in the field include work to distinguish process times in older adults by Tiffany Jastrembski and Neil Charness (2007).

How to calculate
The calculations depend on the ability to break down every step of a task into the basic process level. The more detailed the analysis, the more accurate the model will be to predict human performance. The method for determining processes can be broken down into the following steps.
 Write out main steps based on: a working prototype, simulation, step by step walk-through of all steps
 Clearly identify the specific task and method to accomplish that task
 For each final step identify sub-levels down to a basic process (in the diagram or chart below)
 Convert into pseudo code (writing out methods for each step)
 List all assumptions (will be helpful as multiple iterations are completed)
 Determine time of each operation (based on the table below)
 Determine if operation times should be adjusted (slower for elderly, disability, unfamiliarity, etc.)
 Sum up execution times
 Iterate as needed and check with prototyping if possible

Potential uses
Once complete, the calculations can then be used to determine the probability of a user remembering an item that may have been encountered in the process. The following formula can be used to find the probability: P = e-K*t where K is the decay constant for the respective memory in question (working or long term) and t is the amount of time elapsed (with units corresponding to that of K). The probability could then be used to determine whether or not a user would be likely to recall an important piece of information they were presented with while doing an activity.

It is important to deduce beforehand whether the user would be able to repeat the vital information throughout time t, as this has a negative impact on the working memory if they cannot. For example, if a user is reading lines of text and is presented with an important phone number in that text, they may not be able to repeat the number if they have to continue to read. This would cause the user's working memory's decay time to be smaller, thus reducing their probability of recall.

See also
 Working memory
 GOMS
 KLM (human-computer interaction)
 Human reliability

References
 Card, S.K; Moran, T. P; and Newell, A. The Model Human Processor: An Engineering Model of Human Performance. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of Perception and Human Performance. Vol. 2: Cognitive Processes and Performance, 1986, pages 1–35.
 Liu, Yili; Feyen, Robert; and Tsimhoni, Omer. Queueing Network-Model Human Processor(QN-MHP): A Computational Architecture for Multitask Performance in Human-Machine Systems. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction. Volume 13, Number 1, March 2006, pages 37-70.
 Jastrzembski, Tiffany; and Charness, Neil. The Model Human Processor and the Older Adult: Parameter Estimation and Validation within a Mobile Phone Task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. Volume 13, Number 4, 2007, pages 224-248.

Specific

Human–computer interaction

Human processor model


The Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) is an American Christian media production and distribution organization. Founded in 1960 by Pat Robertson, it produces the long-running TV series The 700 Club, co-produces the ongoing Superbook anime, and has operated a number of TV channels and radio stations.

CBN has been described as having been "at the forefront of the culture wars since the network's inception in the early 1960s."

Operations
One of the company's mainstays is The 700 Club, which uses a religious variety program that mixes sermons, interviews, and religious music (such as hymns and gospel). The name refers to a fundraising drive where Robertson successfully sought 700 viewers willing to contribute $10 a month to sustain the station. The 700 Club is the longest-running program in the variety format. Initially focused on devotional content, The 700 Club became increasingly political in the late 1970s, adding news segments.

Today, CBN News, provides news updates to The 700 Club and produces religious news programs such as CBN NewsWatch and Christian World News; it also produces a special hour-long block of prime time election coverage hosted by Robertson during American presidential and mid-term elections, airing on Freeform, which also carries The 700 Club and the half-hour talk show 700 Club Interactive. CBN also operates the CBN News Channel. The company also produces a version of The 700 Club aimed at Spanish speaking Americans (Club 700 Hoy).

CBN Asia manages Operation Blessing International Relief and Development Corporation (OBI), an international relief and missionary effort, and has international programming, producing local programs including Solusi in Indonesia and From Heart to Heart in Thailand.

CBN India produces three shows, a daily Hindi program Ek Nayee Zindagi, a bi-weekly Telugu program Nireekshana and an award-winning weekly Bengali program Samadhan.

CBN has broadcast programs in over 70 languages.

CBN now serves mainly as a production company for The 700 Club, and four other syndicated shows: CBN NewsWatch, Christian World News, 700 Club Interactive and The Brody File, a news-analysis program hosted by political journalist David Brody.

Some of CBN's programs also air on the Trinity Broadcasting Network, Cornerstone Television, FamilyNet, LeSEA Broadcasting Corporation, TCT and Middle East Television, all of which are Evangelical Christian networks. The secular commercial stations that continue to air The 700 Club in syndication (along with Freeform) air CBN's annual telethon during the last week of January.

The Charity Navigator gave CBN a 3-star overall rating, a 3-star financial rating and a 2-star accountability and transparency rating.

History

Beginnings
CBN was founded in 1960 in Portsmouth, Virginia by Pat Robertson, who had recently become a born-again Christian. CBN entered into the broadcasting industry in October 1961, when WYAH-TV in Portsmouth – the group's flagship station – signed on the air. Its programming was funded by small donations from individuals and local churches.

In August 1962, WYAH-TV was joined by an FM sister station, Norfolk-licensed WXRI, which broadcast a format of Christian music and teaching programs.

In 1966, a daily talk program began on WYAH, which eventually became known as The 700 Club.

On July 7, 1968, CBN acquired the Neuvo Continente radio station in Bogota, Colombia (which was the first evangelical radio station in that country).

In 1969 the organisation established CBN Northeast, a simulcast network of five FM radio stations in upstate New York (WBIV in Wethersfield, WEIV in Ithaca, WJIV in Cherry Valley, WMIV in South Bristol and WOIV in DeRuyter). (The stations were previously the Rural Radio Network.)

CBN signed on WHAE-TV in Atlanta in June 1971. In January 1973, CBN purchased KBFI-TV in Dallas and changed its callsign to KXTX-TV. The ministry signed on its final station, WXNE-TV in Boston, in October 1977.

The ministry's broadcasting subsidiary, the Continental Broadcasting Network, ran its four over-the-air outlets as family-oriented independent stations – featuring a mix of religious programming (which took up most of its stations' Sunday schedules) and secular acquired programs, including westerns, sitcoms, drama series and children's programming. (This format that would be later adopted by the LeSEA Broadcasting Corporation when it began launching its own television stations in the 1970s.)

CBN transferred Neuovo Continente to Colombian pastor and broadcaster Ignacio Guevara on June 7, 1972.

The International 700 Club was first broadcast on November 7, 1976, in the Philippines. This 30 minute version of the US show was to go on to be broadcast in many other countries. This later became known as The 700 Club International.

On April 29, 1977, CBN launched a religious channel in the United States, the CBN Satellite Service.

Also that year, CBN University was founded. It was established for "the specific purpose of preparing leaders who would not only succeed in their professions but also advance as Christians equipped to effectively impact their world." Its first classes began in September 1978.

Affiliated charity Operation Blessing was set up on November 14, 1978. It was initially intended to help struggling individuals and families by matching their needs for items such as clothing, appliances, and vehicles with donated items from viewers of The 700 Club. Coordinating with local churches and other organizations, OBI expanded their matching funds program to also include food provisions and financial assistance for low-income families.

In June 1979, CBN joined George Otis Ministries to build a combined radio and TV station in Southern Lebanon. It then began to broadcast Christian programming 28 hours a week in Hebrew.

The 1980s
CBN relocated its main headquarters from Portsmouth to Virginia Beach in 1980. About this time, CBN co-commissioned the first Superbook series of anime. This series was subsequently dubbed in many languages and distributed broadly across the world.

In June 1981,The 700 Club changed from being a religious talk show to having a news magazine format.

The CBN Satellite Service became the CBN Cable Network on September 1, 1981, and adopted a more secular programming format featuring a mix of family-oriented series and films while retaining some religious programs from various televangelists (mirroring the format used by CBN's broadcast stations). Its carriage grew to 10.9 million homes with a cable television subscription. The channel was notable for being one of the first cable channels to distribute its signal across the United States through satellite transmission (the third overall, after HBO and TBS). CBN Cable Network began airing a late night block of classic family oriented shows like You Bet Your Life with Groucho Marx, I Married Joan, and The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis.

The upstate New York radio stations were sold in 1982.

On April 10, 1982, a Christian-based television station in South Lebanon, Hope TV, was donated to CBN, and became Middle East Television (METV). At this time METV broadcast from Marjayoun. In Israel, METV was known for broadcasting WWF wrestling that was not available on Israeli TV. The station broadcast news, sports, family entertainment, and religious programming.

In August 1988, the CBN Cable Network became The CBN Family Channel.

Three of the over-the-air TV stations were sold between 1984 and 1989. WXRI radio in Portsmouth was also sold in 1989.

The 1990s
On January 8, 1990, the national TV network was sold to related entity International Family Entertainment (IFE). IFE was majority owned by the Robertson family, with a minority interest held by John C. Malone. The sale was said to have been done because the channel had become too profitable for CBN to maintain its non-profit status. On September 15 that year, the newly sold channel rebranded as The Family Channel. It remained the most watched outlet for CBN programs. IFE went on to launch other TV channels in the US and UK, and planned to extend itself further.

1990 also saw CBN University become known as Regent University. CBN built luxury hotel The Founders Inn and Spa at the university campus, and this was completed in 1990. The name of the hotel refers to the US Founding Fathers.

The year 1990 was also when CBN programs began to be broadcast in the Soviet Union, and then in its successor states after they declared independence. It started with primetime specials, and later The 700 Club and Superbook. These broadcasts were followed by 190 rallies throughout the region that resulted in the establishment of 190 churches. Similar special projects were implemented in the Philippines and Romania in 1994.

CBN Asia was established in the Philippines & Hong Kong on October 1, 1994.

CBN launched its first website in March 1995. Also that year, Tagalog-language The 700 Club Asia began.

CBN Africa was established. In 1997, Turning Point International (TPi), an English-language magazine program for people of African descent around the world, began.

On June 5, 1997, METV launched its 24-hour programming broadcast on the Israeli satellite Amos 2. This allowed it to reach a potential audience of 200 million people in 15 nations including Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Egypt and Cyprus.

IFE was sold to News Corporation later in June 1997. At this time, The Family Channel was the US's ninth largest cable network, reaching 67 million homes. The terms of the sale stipulated that the channel continue carrying The 700 Club in perpetuity. Pat Robertson said that "We expect to continue to benefit from The Family Channel's... growing family entertainment franchise." (The Family Channel was renamed Fox Family Channel in August 1998. The channel was then sold to The Walt Disney Company in 2001, which renamed it as ABC Family, later renaming it again to Freeform.)

On March 24, 1999, the inaugural live broadcast of The 700 Club Asia aired.

The 2000s
CBN India was established in 2000. It has gone on to produce a number of TV shows in Hindi, Tamil and Bengali.

CBN's Dallas TV station was sold in 2000. METV was sold to LeSEA Broadcasting in July 2001.

In 2001, youth-oriented show, One Cubed, began in Asia. This later screened as One Cubed International in the US.

In September 2001, saw the launch of Living the Life, a new 30-minute magazine style show for women.

In October 2002, CBN launched CBN NewsWatch, a new half-hour weekend program.

Also in 2002, Le Club 700 began for people in Francophone Africa.

On September 18, 2003, a US version of One Cubed launched, featuring extreme sports, music videos, and celebrity interviews. A Nigerian version was also later created.

In 2004, Club 400 Hoy began as a daily program for Spanish speakers throughout the Americas.

CBN Europe was established in the UK. In October 2004, The 700 Club With Paul and Fiona began airing for UK audiences. It was hosted by Paul Jones and Fiona Hendley Jones. It was later dubbed in Dutch.

In 2005, kids program, A.S.T.I.G. (All Set to Imitate God), was launched by CBN Asia.

CBN Deutschland was established in 2007. Club 700 for German speakers, began on January 9, 2007. It was later renamed Erlebt TV in December 2019.

On April 30, 2007, First Landing, a CBN and Regent University produced movie about the English settlement of Jamestown, aired on ABC Family and various broadcast stations across the United States.

On April 29, 2008, the 24-hour CBN News Channel was launched as an online-only channel.

In November 2008, a new CBN Radio service was launched.

New TV program 700 Club Interactive began on May 25, 2009.

The 2010s
In 2011, a newly rebooted Superbook series began to air in various countries, commissioned by CBN.

The 700 Club Canada, a weekdaily program, was launched in November 2011.

700 Club Nigeria began in about 2013.

New program Oyayi began to be made by CBN Asia in 2016.

On October 1, 2018, the CBN News Channel was relaunched. It was now made available over-the-air via 15 stations in the United States, as well as continuing online. It was based in Virginia Beach, and had bureaus in Washington DC and Jerusalem.

During the Trump administration (2017–2021), CBN hosted events at Trump properties, paying at least $170,000. Subsequently, CBN obtained access to the White House that far larger news outlets typically received, and were given frequent exclusive interviews with senior administration staff, including Trump himself.

The 2020s
In 2020, music program CBN Asia Reverb began, which was later renamed Reverb Worship PH.

In October 2021, Club 400 Hoy was relaunched as a weekly US-focused program.

Programs

Current
The 700 Club – a daily newsmagazine that debuted in 1966, one of the longest runs of any program within that genre; the program is hosted by Pat Robertson (retired in 2021), Terry Meeuwsen and Gordon Robertson. The 700 Club features a daily news segment with commentary on certain stories, as well as interviews; it is distributed to an average daily audience of one million viewers, both on cable and through syndication.
Club 700 Hoy – a half-hour weekly Spanish-language version of The 700 Club that is syndicated throughout Latin America, and previously aired in the United States on Azteca America. The magazine-style formatted morning program features opinions on current issues; interviews; informative features; stories about people, places and music; and life advice.
CBN NewsWatch – produced by CBN News, it is a half-hour daily news program featuring reports on national and international news stories from a conservative, Christian perspective. It is broadcast nationally on several Christian-oriented cable and satellite networks.
Christian World News – produced by CBN News, it is a half-hour weekly conservative news program, that is broadcast nationally on the Trinity Broadcasting Network.
One Cubed USA and One Cubed International – aimed at teenagers and young adults between the ages of 13 and 24 years of age, the two programs focus on youth culture, action sports and music videos. It claims a mission statement "to reach this generation to express the unconditional love and salvation that God freely offered to everyone in this world. In everything that is One Cubed, we want to bring glory to God, never compromising and never settling, and always striving to be used by Him to the best of our abilities".

Notable personalities

Some of this info comes from The 700 Club, which lists The 700 Club hosts, as well as CBN News reporters, as well as former hosts of both.

Current
 Gordon P. Robertson – co-host of The 700 Club
 David Brody – host of The Brody File
 Terry Meeuwsen – co-host of The 700 Club and 700 Club Interactive
 Chuck Holton – military correspondent

Former
 Pat Robertson – co-host of The 700 Club (retired in 2021)
 Ben Kinchlow – co-host of The 700 Club
 Victor Oladokun
 Sheila Walsh – co-host of The 700 Club
  Danuta Rylko Soderman – co-host of The 700 Club
 Lisa Ryan – co-host of The 700 Club
 Susan Howard – co-host of The 700 Club

Former stations
In the following tables, former CBN-owned stations are arranged alphabetically by state and community of license.

Note: Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station which was built and signed on by CBN.

Television

In addition, CBN planned to build a television station in Richmond, Virginia, WRNX on UHF channel 63. However, CBN sold the construction permit for that station to National Capitol Christian Television in 1982, which signed on the station as WTLL in 1984. That station was eventually sold and in 1986, converted into secular independent station WVRN-TV, which shut down in 1988.

Notes:
1 CBN traded the broadcast license for KXTX-TV on channel 33 to Doubleday Broadcasting, in exchange for Doubleday's license to operate KDTV on channel 39, in November 1973;
2 Operated by LIN Media under a local marketing agreement from 1993 until 1997.

Radio

References

External links

Evangelical television networks
Christian mass media companies
Television networks in the United States
Companies based in Virginia Beach, Virginia
Freeform (TV channel)
Television channels and stations established in 1961
1961 establishments in Virginia
Conservative media in the United States

Christian Broadcasting Network


Henry Brougham Guppy  (23 December 1854 – 23 April 1926) was a British surgeon, geologist, botanist and photographer.  He was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1917.

Life

He was born in Falmouth on the English coast the son of Dr. Thomas Stokes Guppy (1812–1893) a local physician, and his wife Charlott Ann Brougham (1826–1894). He was educated at Sherborne, and studied Medicine at Queen's College in Birmingham then Edinburgh University where he graduated MB CM. He worked as a surgeon in the Royal Navy from 1876 to 1885. He served on board HMS Hornet in the South China Seas and HMS Lark (a survey ship) in the western Pacific (especially the Solomon Islands). He also spent a long time on shore in 1878 in Korea.

In 1888 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, Hugh Robert Mill and Alexander Buchan. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1918.

In 1896 he returned to the Pacific to begin extensive geological and botanical research. This included investigations of the coral reefs at the Keeling Islands; and work in Java, Hawaii and Fiji. This work took him until 1899. He returned to Britain for several years to analyse his findings and write on them, then from 1906 to 1914 he made studies in the West Indies and the Azores. The First World War curtailed travel possibilities and he resumed with further Pacific adventures in 1919.

He died en route from Tahiti to Britain on board the SS El Kantara whilst moored at Martinique.

Family
He married twice: firstly in 1887 to Mary Annie Jordan (b.1854) (whilst still in the Navy); secondly in 1900 to Letitia Warde of Yalding in Kent.

Legacy
Henry Brougham Guppy is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of reptiles: a gecko, Lepidodactylus guppyi, which is endemic to the Solomon Islands; and a snake, Uropeltis broughami, which is endemic to southern India.

Botanical Reference

Publications
1879: Henry Good Guppy: His Life and Death at Erzeroum. London: Virtue & Co (See Battle of Erzurum (1877) and Turkish Red Crescent.)
1887: The Solomon Islands and Their Natives. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co
1887: The Solomon Islands: Their Geology, General Features, and Suitability for Colonization. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co
1890: Homes of Family Names in Great Britain. London: Harrison and Sons. lxv, 601 p.
1903: Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific between 1896 and 1899. 2 vols. London: Macmillan, 1903–1906. v. 1. Vanua Levu, Fiji, a description of its leading physical and geological characters—v. 2. Plant-dispersal.
1906: Plant Dispersal
1912: Studies in Seeds and Fruits
1917: Plants, Seeds and Currents in the West Indies and Azores

References

Works
Studies in seeds and fruits, an investigation with the balance
Plants, seeds, and currents in the West Indies and Azores; the results of investigations carried out in those regions between 1906 and 1914, by H. B. Guppy

External links

 Chrono-Biographical Sketch: Henry B. Guppy at www.wku.edu

British botanists
People educated at Sherborne School
Fellows of the Royal Society
1854 births
1926 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

Henry B. Guppy


Amanda E. Clement (March 20, 1888 – July 20, 1971) was an American baseball umpire who was the first woman paid to referee a game, and may have also been the first woman to referee a high school basketball game. Clement served as an umpire on a regular basis for six years, and served occasionally for several decades afterwards. An accomplished athlete in multiple disciplines, Clement competed in baseball, basketball, track, gymnastics, and tennis, and has been attributed world records in shot put, sprinting, hurdling, and baseball.

Early life and umpiring career

Amanda Clement was born in Hudson, South Dakota, then part of the Dakota Territory, on March 20, 1888, to Harriet Clement (1849–1932), one of the original settlers of Eden, South Dakota, and her husband Phillip (1847–1895), who died when Amanda was very young. In 1904, Clement traveled to Hawarden, Iowa, to watch her brother Hank pitch in a semi-professional game. The umpire for the amateur game taking place before Hank's did not show, and Hank suggested that Amanda, who had played baseball with her brothers and was knowledgeable about the game, serve as the umpire. In so doing, Clement became the first woman paid to umpire a baseball game. Her performance was so well received that she was hired to umpire further semi-professional games.

Clement's umpiring career lasted six years, during which she officiated games in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska.  Unlike in modern games, during Clement's time games only had one umpire, who stood behind the pitcher and was responsible for calling strikes and balls, whether balls were fair or foul, and whether runners reached bases safely. Despite the danger umpires faced during this era Clement was treated respectfully by both players and fans, and became respected for her serious style and because she was insusceptible to bribery. Her popularity was so high that baseball marketers emphasized her officiating of games to bring in crowds. In 1906 Clement wrote an editorial for the Cincinnati Enquirer arguing that women made better umpires than men because men would not speak abusively towards female umpires. She would repeat this idea in interviews with other newspapers. Clement, a Congregationalist, refused to umpire on Sundays and stayed in the homes of clergymen while umpiring on the road.

Clement earned between $15 and $25 per game, which she used to fund her college education, attending Yankton College for two years followed by two years at the University of Nebraska.  While at Yankton, she refereed high school basketball games, possibly the first woman to do so, captained the college's women's basketball team, ran track, was a gymnast, and was by her own approximation the state's best tennis player.

A number of additional accomplishments in sports have been attributed to Clement, but cannot be confirmed because of poor record keeping at the time. These claims include winning tennis championships in Iowa and South Dakota and setting world records in shot put, sprinting, hurdling, and baseball, where it is claimed that Clement threw a baseball 275 feet.

After umpiring

Although Clement spent only six years serving as an umpire on a regular basis, she continued to serve intermittently until her forties. Following her time as a regular umpire, Clement spent several years teaching physical education at the University of Wyoming, the Jamestown, North Dakota, high school, and other schools in North Dakota and South Dakota. Clement also managed several YWCAs, including one in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Clement also served as the coach of Hudson Independent basketball team, organized tennis tournaments, and served as a newspaper reporter, police matron, typesetter, justice of the peace, and as the city assessor for the town of Hudson. In 1929, Clement moved back to South Dakota to care for her mother, who was ill. Following her mother's death in 1932, Clement moved to Sioux Falls, South Dakota, where she spent twenty-five years as a social worker before retiring in 1966. Clement died in Sioux Falls on July 20, 1971.

Notes

References

1888 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American educators
Baseball umpires
Basketball referees
People from Lincoln County, South Dakota
University of Nebraska alumni
University of Wyoming faculty
Sportspeople from South Dakota
American social workers
American women referees and umpires

Amanda Clement


Esther McCoy (November 18, 1904 in Horatio, Arkansas – December 30, 1989) was an American author and architectural historian who was instrumental in bringing the modern architecture of California to the attention of the world.

Early life and education
Born in Horatio, Arkansas, Esther McCoy was raised in Kansas. She attended the Central College for Women, a preparatory school in Lexington, Missouri, prior to a college career which took her from Baker University, to the University of Arkansas, then to Washington University in St. Louis, and finally the University of Michigan. She left the University of Michigan in 1925, and by 1926 was living in New York City and embarking on a writing career.

California and later life
In 1932 McCoy was diagnosed with pneumonia and headed West for Los Angeles to recover.  She purchased in a bungalow in the Ocean Park section of Santa Monica in the late 1930s, where she lived for the remainder of her life, although she traveled widely.  During World War II, McCoy worked as a draftsman for R.M. Schindler after being discouraged from applying to USC's architecture school due to her age and sex.  After a long and varied writing and teaching career, she died in December 1989.

Fiction and journalism
In 1929, McCoy began to publish fiction in magazines such as The New Yorker and Harper's Bazaar, as well as in university quarterlies. Her short story "The Cape" was featured in The Best American Short Stories of 1950. In 1924, McCoy met author Theodore Dreiser, and for more than a decade she conducted research for him. She wrote novels, short stories and screenplays during her years in New York and after moving to Los Angeles. She continued to write fiction into the 1960s, though her first significant article on architecture had been published in 1945. McCoy and a friend, Allen Read, co-authored a series of detective novels under the pseudonym "Allan McRoyd."

McCoy was also a journalist and active member of the Left who wrote for Direction,  Upton Sinclair's EPIC [End Poverty in California] News, and the United Progressive News.

Architectural writing
From 1950 until her death in 1989, McCoy was a frequent contributor to John Entenza's Los Angeles-based magazine Arts & Architecture, to Architectural Forum, Architectural Record, and Progressive Architecture, as well as to European magazines such as L'Architectura and Lotus. She also wrote pieces on architecture for the Los Angeles Times and the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner.

Her first major book, published in 1960, was Five California Architects, the first work to bring to the attention of a wide audience the works of pioneer California modernists Charles and Henry Greene, Irving Gill, Bernard Maybeck, and the Los Angeles-based Austrian emigre Rudolf Schindler. This book was followed by others devoted to the Case Study Houses sponsored by Arts & Architecture, Schindler's fellow emigre Richard Neutra, and architects Craig Ellwood, Calvin C. Straub, among others.

During this era she also wrote catalogues for gallery and museum exhibitions devoted to modern California architecture, and contributed essays to numerous other exhibition catalogues. She lectured at the University of Southern California and at UCLA, and transcribed and catalogued Richard Neutra's papers in the UCLA archives.

In addition to her work in California, McCoy wrote extensively on Italian architecture, making several extended trips there during the 1950s and 1960s, and she was curator of  an exhibition entitled Ten Italian Architects which was mounted by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. In recognition of her research and writing on Italian architecture, the Italian government in 1960 awarded her the Star of the Order of Solidarity.

McCoy's last work was an essay for the catalog of an exhibition on the Case Study Houses which was mounted by the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art. She died in Santa Monica in December, 1989, one month before the exhibition opened.

Her extensive collection of papers, slides and photographs, are held by the Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution.

In March 2012, East of Borneo Books published Piecing Together Los Angeles: An Esther McCoy Reader, the first collection of McCoy's writings, edited and with an essay by writer Susan Morgan.

Books
 1960: Five California Architects, (New York: Reinhold).
 1960: Richard Neutra, (New York: G. Braziller).
 1962: Modern California Houses: Case Study Houses (New York: Reinhold)
 reprinted as Case Study Houses, (Los Angeles: Hennessey and Ingalls), 1978.
 1968: Craig Ellwood (New York: Walker & Company).
 reprinted (Los Angeles: Hennessey and Ingalls), 1998.
 1979: Vienna to Los Angeles: Two Journeys (Santa Monica, Calif.: Arts & Architecture Press).
 1984: The Second Generation (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books).
 2012: Piecing Together Los Angeles: An Esther McCoy Reader (Ed. Susan Morgan. Los Angeles: East of Borneo Books).

References

Sources

 Esther McCoy Collection at the Archives of American Art
 Piecing Together Los Angeles: An Esther McCoy Reader
 "Esther McCoy, Mother Modern"
One Woman Crusade
"Reading L.A.: Esther McCoy"

External links
 Esther McCoy papers, 1876-1990, bulk, 1938-1989. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.A finding aid to the fully digitized papers of Esther McCoy.

American non-fiction writers
20th-century American novelists
American women novelists
American architecture writers
Architecture critics
American architectural historians
Modernist architecture in California
1904 births
1989 deaths
Writers from Los Angeles
University of Michigan alumni
American women historians
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American historians
Historians from California
Baker University alumni
University of Arkansas alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni

Esther McCoy


Cryogenic deflashing is a deflashing process that uses cryogenic temperatures to aid in the removal of flash on cast or molded workpieces. These temperatures cause the flash to become stiff or brittle and to break away cleanly. Cryogenic deflashing is the preferred process when removing excess material from oddly shaped, custom molded products.

Process
Parts are loaded into a parts basket.  A cryogen, such as liquid nitrogen, is used to cool the workpieces; once cooled they are tumbled and blasted with media pellets, ranging size from . In some instances, cryogenic deflashing does not utilize a blasting action, relying instead only on the tumbling of the parts to remove flash on the outer edges.

Advantages
Cryogenic deflashing provides various advantages over manual deflashing and other traditional deflashing methods.
 The process maintains part integrity and critical tolerances.
 Since it is a batch process, the price per piece is far less as many more parts can be processed in a given amount of time.
 Cryogenic deflashing extends mold life. Rather than replace or repair a mold (which typically involves downtime and high cost), the parts can be deflashed. This is typical of parts molded at the end of their product lifetime.
 The process is computer controlled, therefore removing the human operator variable from the process.
 The process offers consistent results from lot to lot.
 Cryogenic deflashing is non-abrasive.
 The cost per part is generally well below any alternative technique.

Applications
A wide range of molded materials can utilize cryogenic deflashing with proven results. These include:
 Silicones
 Plastics – (both thermoset & thermoplastic)
 Rubbers – (including neoprene & urethane)
 Liquid crystal polymer (LCP)
 Glass-filled nylons
 Aluminum zinc die cast

Examples of applications that use cryogenic deflashing include:
 O-rings & gaskets
 Catheters and other in-vitro medical
 Insulators and other electric / electronic
 Valve stems, washers and fittings
 Tubes and flexible boots
 Face masks & goggles

Today, many molding operations are using cryogenic deflashing instead of rebuilding or repairing molds on products that are approaching their end-of-life. It is often more prudent and economical to add a few cents of production cost for a part than invest in a new molding tool that can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars and has a limited service life due to declining production forecasts.

In other cases, cryogenic deflashing has proven to be an enabling technology, permitting the economical manufacture of high quality, high precision parts fabricated with cutting edge materials and compounds.

References

External links
 Nitrofreeze: In-depth information about how cryogenic deflashing works
 A Cool Technology: Products Finishing Magazine, Matt Little; 4/1/2005

Cryogenics
Plastics industry
Surface finishing

Cryogenic deflashing


ଅଭିନେତ୍ରୀ ମଞ୍ଚ, ରେଡ଼ିଓ, ଟେଲିଭିଜନ ବା ଚଳଚ୍ଚିତ୍ରରେ ଅଭିନୟ କରୁଥିବା ନାରୀ କଳାକାରକୁ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ ।

ବାହାର ଲିଙ୍କ

 Actors' Equity Association (AEA): a union representing U. S. theatre actors and stage managers.
 American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA): a union representing U. S. television and radio actors and broadcasters (on-air journalists, etc.).
 British Actors' Equity: a trade union representing UK artists, including actors, singers, dancers, choreographers, stage managers, theatre directors and designers, variety and circus artists, television and radio presenters, walk-on and supporting artists, stunt performers and directors and theatre fight directors.
 Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance: an Australian/New Zealand trade union representing everyone in the media, entertainment, sports, and arts industries.
 Screen Actors Guild (SAG): a union representing U. S. film and TV actors.

ମନୋରଞ୍ଜନ ବୃତ୍ତି
ଅଭିନୟ
ମଞ୍ଚ ଅଭିନୟ

ଅଭିନେତ୍ରୀ (ନାରୀ କଳାକାର)


Yangshuo is a county in China. It is on the west bank of Li River, in the southeast of Guilin, northeast of Guangxi. It is under the jurisdiction of Guilin City. It covers an area of 1428.38 sq km and 65 km from Guilin downtown. It has a total population of about 300,000.

Yangshuo has become a famous resort destination for domestic travelers and foreign travelers.  The number of foreign backpackers coming to Yangshuo is increasing.

Other websites
Yangshuo Guilin Travel Guide
Photos of Yangshuo Biking

Counties of China

Yangshuo