In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron transforms it into a proton by the emission of an electron accompanied by an antineutrino; or, conversely a proton is converted into a neutron by the emission of a positron with a neutrino in so-called positron emission. Neither the beta particle nor its associated (anti-)neutrino exist within the nucleus prior to beta decay, but are created in the decay process. By this process, unstable atoms obtain a more stable ratio of protons to neutrons. The probability of a nuclide decaying due to beta and other forms of decay is determined by its nuclear binding energy. The binding energies of all existing nuclides form what is called the nuclear band or valley of stability. For either electron or positron emission to be energetically possible, the energy release (see below) or Q value must be positive.

Beta decay is a consequence of the weak force, which is characterized by relatively lengthy decay times. Nucleons are composed of up quarks and down quarks, and the weak force allows a quark to change its flavour by emission of a W boson leading to creation of an electron/antineutrino or positron/neutrino pair. For example, a neutron, composed of two down quarks and an up quark, decays to a proton composed of a down quark and two up quarks.

Electron capture is sometimes included as a type of beta decay, because the basic nuclear process, mediated by the weak force, is the same. In electron capture, an inner atomic electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus, transforming it into a neutron, and an electron neutrino is released.

Description
The two types of beta decay are known as beta minus and beta plus. In beta minus (β−) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino; while in beta plus (β+) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino. β+ decay is also known as positron emission.

Beta decay conserves a quantum number known as the lepton number, or the number of electrons and their associated neutrinos (other leptons are the muon and tau particles). These particles have lepton number +1, while their antiparticles have lepton number −1. Since a proton or neutron has lepton number zero, β+ decay (a positron, or antielectron) must be accompanied with an electron neutrino, while β− decay (an electron) must be accompanied by an electron antineutrino.

An example of electron emission (β− decay) is the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14 with a half-life of about 5,730 years:
 →  +  +

In this form of decay, the original element becomes a new chemical element in a process known as nuclear transmutation. This new element has an unchanged mass number , but an atomic number  that is increased by one. As in all nuclear decays, the decaying element (in this case ) is known as the parent nuclide while the resulting element (in this case ) is known as the daughter nuclide.

Another example is the decay of hydrogen-3 (tritium) into helium-3 with a half-life of about 12.3 years:
 →  +  +

An example of positron emission (β+ decay) is the decay of magnesium-23 into sodium-23 with a half-life of about 11.3 s:

 →  +  +
β+ decay also results in nuclear transmutation, with the resulting element having an atomic number that is decreased by one.

The beta spectrum, or distribution of energy values for the beta particles, is continuous. The total energy of the decay process is divided between the electron, the antineutrino, and the recoiling nuclide. In the figure to the right, an example of an electron with 0.40 MeV energy from the beta decay of 210Bi is shown. In this example, the total decay energy is 1.16 MeV, so the antineutrino has the remaining energy: . An electron at the far right of the curve would have the maximum possible kinetic energy, leaving the energy of the neutrino to be only its small rest mass.

History

Discovery and initial characterization
Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in 1903 and termed gamma rays. Alpha, beta, and gamma are the first three letters of the Greek alphabet.

In 1900, Becquerel measured the mass-to-charge ratio () for beta particles by the method of J.J. Thomson used to study cathode rays and identify the electron. He found that  for a beta particle is the same as for Thomson's electron, and therefore suggested that the beta particle is in fact an electron.

In 1901, Rutherford and Frederick Soddy showed that alpha and beta radioactivity involves the transmutation of atoms into atoms of other chemical elements. In 1913, after the products of more radioactive decays were known, Soddy and Kazimierz Fajans independently proposed their radioactive displacement law, which states that beta (i.e., ) emission from one element produces another element one place to the right in the periodic table, while alpha emission produces an element two places to the left.

Neutrinos

The study of beta decay provided the first physical evidence for the existence of the neutrino. In both alpha and gamma decay, the resulting alpha or gamma particle has a narrow energy distribution, since the particle carries the energy from the difference between the initial and final nuclear states. However, the kinetic energy distribution, or spectrum, of beta particles measured by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn in 1911 and by Jean Danysz in 1913 showed multiple lines on a diffuse background. These measurements offered the first hint that beta particles have a continuous spectrum. In 1914, James Chadwick used a magnetic spectrometer with one of Hans Geiger's new counters to make more accurate measurements which showed that the spectrum was continuous. The distribution of beta particle energies was in apparent contradiction to the law of conservation of energy. If beta decay were simply electron emission as assumed at the time, then the energy of the emitted electron should have a particular, well-defined value. For beta decay, however, the observed broad distribution of energies suggested that energy is lost in the beta decay process. This spectrum was puzzling for many years.

A second problem is related to the conservation of angular momentum. Molecular band spectra showed that the nuclear spin of nitrogen-14 is 1 (i.e., equal to the reduced Planck constant) and more generally that the spin is integral for nuclei of even mass number and half-integral for nuclei of odd mass number. This was later explained by the proton-neutron model of the nucleus. Beta decay leaves the mass number unchanged, so the change of nuclear spin must be an integer. However, the electron spin is 1/2, hence angular momentum would not be conserved if beta decay were simply electron emission.

From 1920 to 1927, Charles Drummond Ellis (along with Chadwick and colleagues) further established that the beta decay spectrum is continuous. In 1933, Ellis and Nevill Mott obtained strong evidence that the beta spectrum has an effective upper bound in energy. Niels Bohr had suggested that the beta spectrum could be explained if conservation of energy was true only in a statistical sense, thus this principle might be violated in any given decay. However, the upper bound in beta energies determined by Ellis and Mott ruled out that notion. Now, the problem of how to account for the variability of energy in known beta decay products, as well as for conservation of momentum and angular momentum in the process, became acute.

In a famous letter written in 1930, Wolfgang Pauli attempted to resolve the beta-particle energy conundrum by suggesting that, in addition to electrons and protons, atomic nuclei also contained an extremely light neutral particle, which he called the neutron. He suggested that this "neutron" was also emitted during beta decay (thus accounting for the known missing energy, momentum, and angular momentum), but it had simply not yet been observed. In 1931, Enrico Fermi renamed Pauli's "neutron" the "neutrino" ('little neutral one' in Italian). In 1933, Fermi published his landmark theory for beta decay, where he applied the principles of quantum mechanics to matter particles, supposing that they can be created and annihilated, just as the light quanta in atomic transitions. Thus, according to Fermi, neutrinos are created in the beta-decay process, rather than contained in the nucleus; the same happens to electrons. The neutrino interaction with matter was so weak that detecting it proved a severe experimental challenge. Further indirect evidence of the existence of the neutrino was obtained by observing the recoil of nuclei that emitted such a particle after absorbing an electron. Neutrinos were finally detected directly in 1956 by the American physicists Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment. The properties of neutrinos were (with a few minor modifications) as predicted by Pauli and Fermi.

decay and electron capture
In 1934, Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie bombarded aluminium with alpha particles to effect the nuclear reaction  +  →  + , and observed that the product isotope  emits a positron identical to those found in cosmic rays (discovered by Carl David Anderson in 1932). This was the first example of  decay (positron emission), which they termed artificial radioactivity since  is a short-lived nuclide which does not exist in nature. In recognition of their discovery the couple were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935.

The theory of electron capture was first discussed by Gian-Carlo Wick in a 1934 paper, and then developed by Hideki Yukawa and others. K-electron capture was first observed in 1937 by Luis Alvarez, in the nuclide 48V. Alvarez went on to study electron capture in 67Ga and other nuclides.

Non-conservation of parity
In 1956, Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen Ning Yang noticed that there was no evidence that parity was conserved in weak interactions, and so they postulated that this symmetry may not be preserved by the weak force. They sketched the design for an experiment for testing conservation of parity in the laboratory. Later that year, Chien-Shiung Wu and coworkers conducted the Wu experiment showing an asymmetrical beta decay of  at cold temperatures that proved that parity is not conserved in beta decay. This surprising result overturned long-held assumptions about parity and the weak force. In recognition of their theoretical work, Lee and Yang were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1957. However Wu, who was female, was not awarded the Nobel prize.

β− decay

In  decay, the weak interaction converts an atomic nucleus into a nucleus with atomic number increased by one, while emitting an electron () and an electron antineutrino ().  decay generally occurs in neutron-rich nuclei. The generic equation is:

  →  +  +
where  and  are the mass number and atomic number of the decaying nucleus, and X and X′ are the initial and final elements, respectively.

Another example is when the free neutron () decays by  decay into a proton ():
  →  +  + .

At the fundamental level (as depicted in the Feynman diagram on the right), this is caused by the conversion of the negatively charged () down quark to the positively charged () up quark by emission of a  boson; the  boson subsequently decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino:
 →  +  + .

β+ decay

In  decay, or positron emission, the weak interaction converts an atomic nucleus into a nucleus with atomic number decreased by one, while emitting a positron () and an electron neutrino ().  decay generally occurs in proton-rich nuclei. The generic equation is:

  →  +  +
This may be considered as the decay of a proton inside the nucleus to a neutron:
p → n +  +

However,  decay cannot occur in an isolated proton because it requires energy, due to the mass of the neutron being greater than the mass of the proton.  decay can only happen inside nuclei when the daughter nucleus has a greater binding energy (and therefore a lower total energy) than the mother nucleus. The difference between these energies goes into the reaction of converting a proton into a neutron, a positron, and a neutrino and into the kinetic energy of these particles. This process is opposite to negative beta decay, in that the weak interaction converts a proton into a neutron by converting an up quark into a down quark resulting in the emission of a  or the absorption of a . When a  boson is emitted, it decays into a positron and an electron neutrino:
 →  +  + .

Electron capture (K-capture)

In all cases where  decay (positron emission) of a nucleus is allowed energetically, so too is electron capture allowed. This is a process during which a nucleus captures one of its atomic electrons, resulting in the emission of a neutrino:

  +  →  +

An example of electron capture is one of the decay modes of krypton-81 into bromine-81:
 +  →  +

All emitted neutrinos are of the same energy. In proton-rich nuclei where the energy difference between the initial and final states is less than ,  decay is not energetically possible, and electron capture is the sole decay mode.

If the captured electron comes from the innermost shell of the atom, the K-shell, which has the highest probability to interact with the nucleus, the process is called K-capture. If it comes from the L-shell, the process is called L-capture, etc.

Electron capture is a competing (simultaneous) decay process for all nuclei that can undergo β+ decay. The converse, however, is not true: electron capture is the only type of decay that is allowed in proton-rich nuclides that do not have sufficient energy to emit a positron and neutrino.

Nuclear transmutation

If the proton and neutron are part of an atomic nucleus, the above described decay processes transmute one chemical element into another. For example:

:{|border="0"
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ || ||(beta minus decay)
|- style="height:2em;"
| || || ||→ || ||+ || ||+ || ||(beta plus decay)
|- style="height:2em;"
| ||+ || ||→ || ||+ || || || ||(electron capture)
|}

Beta decay does not change the number () of nucleons in the nucleus, but changes only its charge . Thus the set of all nuclides with the same  can be introduced; these isobaric nuclides may turn into each other via beta decay. For a given  there is one that is most stable. It is said to be beta stable, because it presents a local minimum of the mass excess: if such a nucleus has  numbers, the neighbour nuclei  and  have higher mass excess and can beta decay into , but not vice versa. For all odd mass numbers , there is only one known beta-stable isobar. For even , there are up to three different beta-stable isobars experimentally known; for example, , , and  are all beta-stable. There are about 350 known beta-decay stable nuclides.

Competition of beta decay types
Usually unstable nuclides are clearly either "neutron rich" or "proton rich", with the former undergoing beta decay and the latter undergoing electron capture (or more rarely, due to the higher energy requirements, positron decay). However, in a few cases of odd-proton, odd-neutron radionuclides, it may be energetically favorable for the radionuclide to decay to an even-proton, even-neutron isobar either by undergoing beta-positive or beta-negative decay. An often-cited example is the single isotope  (29 protons, 35 neutrons), which illustrates three types of beta decay in competition. Copper-64 has a half-life of about 12.7 hours. This isotope has one unpaired proton and one unpaired neutron, so either the proton or the neutron can decay. This particular nuclide (though not all nuclides in this situation) is almost equally likely to decay through proton decay by positron emission () or electron capture () to , as it is through neutron decay by electron emission () to .

Stability of naturally occurring nuclides
Most naturally occurring nuclides on earth are beta stable. Nuclides that are not beta stable have half-lives ranging from under a second to periods of time significantly greater than the age of the universe. One common example of a long-lived isotope is the odd-proton odd-neutron nuclide , which undergoes all three types of beta decay (,  and electron capture) with a half-life of .

Conservation rules for beta decay

Baryon number is conserved

where
  is the number of constituent quarks, and
  is the number of constituent antiquarks.

Beta decay just changes neutron to proton or, in the case of positive beta decay (electron capture) proton to neutron so the number of individual quarks doesn't change. It is only the baryon flavor that changes, here labelled as the isospin.

Up and down quarks have total isospin  and isospin projections

All other quarks have .

In general

Lepton number is conserved

so all leptons have assigned a value of +1, antileptons −1, and non-leptonic particles 0.

Angular momentum
For allowed decays, the net orbital angular momentum is zero, hence only spin quantum numbers are considered.

The electron and antineutrino are fermions, spin-1/2 objects, therefore they may couple to total  (parallel) or  (anti-parallel).

For forbidden decays, orbital angular momentum must also be taken into consideration.

Energy release
The  value is defined as the total energy released in a given nuclear decay. In beta decay,  is therefore also the sum of the kinetic energies of the emitted beta particle, neutrino, and recoiling nucleus. (Because of the large mass of the nucleus compared to that of the beta particle and neutrino, the kinetic energy of the recoiling nucleus can generally be neglected.) Beta particles can therefore be emitted with any kinetic energy ranging from 0 to . A typical  is around 1 MeV, but can range from a few keV to a few tens of MeV.

Since the rest mass of the electron is 511 keV, the most energetic beta particles are ultrarelativistic, with speeds very close to the speed of light.
In the case of Re, the maximum speed of the beta particle is only 9.8% of the speed of light.

The following table gives some examples:

β− decay
Consider the generic equation for beta decay
  →  +  + .
The  value for this decay is
,
where  is the mass of the nucleus of the  atom,  is the mass of the electron, and  is the mass of the electron antineutrino. In other words, the total energy released is the mass energy of the initial nucleus, minus the mass energy of the final nucleus, electron, and antineutrino. The mass of the nucleus  is related to the standard atomic mass  by

That is, the total atomic mass is the mass of the nucleus, plus the mass of the electrons, minus the sum of all electron binding energies  for the atom. This equation is rearranged to find , and  is found similarly. Substituting these nuclear masses into the -value equation, while neglecting the nearly-zero antineutrino mass and the difference in electron binding energies, which is very small for high- atoms, we have

This energy is carried away as kinetic energy by the electron and antineutrino.

Because the reaction will proceed only when the  value is positive, β− decay can occur when the mass of atom  is greater than the mass of atom .

β+ decay
The equations for β+ decay are similar, with the generic equation
  →  +  +
giving

However, in this equation, the electron masses do not cancel, and we are left with

Because the reaction will proceed only when the  value is positive, β+ decay can occur when the mass of atom  exceeds that of  by at least twice the mass of the electron.

Electron capture
The analogous calculation for electron capture must take into account the binding energy of the electrons. This is because the atom will be left in an excited state after capturing the electron, and the binding energy of the captured innermost electron is significant. Using the generic equation for electron capture
  +  →  +
we have

which simplifies to

where  is the binding energy of the captured electron.

Because the binding energy of the electron is much less than the mass of the electron, nuclei that can undergo β+ decay can always also undergo electron capture, but the reverse is not true.

Beta emission spectrum

Beta decay can be considered as a perturbation as described in quantum mechanics, and thus Fermi's Golden Rule can be applied. This leads to an expression for the kinetic energy spectrum  of emitted betas as follows:

where  is the kinetic energy,  is a shape function that depends on the forbiddenness of the decay (it is constant for allowed decays),  is the Fermi Function (see below) with Z the charge of the final-state nucleus,  is the total energy,  is the momentum, and  is the Q value of the decay. The kinetic energy of the emitted neutrino is given approximately by  minus the kinetic energy of the beta.

As an example, the beta decay spectrum of 210Bi (originally called RaE) is shown to the right.

Fermi function

The Fermi function that appears in the beta spectrum formula accounts for the Coulomb attraction / repulsion between the emitted beta and the final state nucleus. Approximating the associated wavefunctions to be spherically symmetric, the Fermi function can be analytically calculated to be:

where  is the final momentum, Γ the Gamma function, and (if  is the fine-structure constant and  the radius of the final state nucleus) ,  (+ for electrons, − for positrons), and .

For non-relativistic betas (), this expression can be approximated by:

Other approximations can be found in the literature.

Kurie plot

A Kurie plot (also known as a Fermi–Kurie plot) is a graph used in studying beta decay developed by Franz N. D. Kurie, in which the square root of the number of beta particles whose momenta (or energy) lie within a certain narrow range, divided by the Fermi function, is plotted against beta-particle energy. It is a straight line for allowed transitions and some forbidden transitions, in accord with the Fermi beta-decay theory. The energy-axis (x-axis) intercept of a Kurie plot corresponds to the maximum energy imparted to the electron/positron (the decay's  value). With a Kurie plot one can find the limit on the effective mass of a neutrino.

Helicity (polarization) of neutrinos, electrons and positrons emitted in beta decay
After the discovery of parity non-conservation (see History), it was found that, in beta decay, electrons are emitted mostly with negative helicity, i.e., they move, naively speaking, like left-handed screws driven into a material (they have negative longitudinal polarization). Conversely, positrons have mostly positive helicity, i.e., they move like right-handed screws. Neutrinos (emitted in positron decay) have negative helicity, while antineutrinos (emitted in electron decay) have positive helicity.

The higher the energy of the particles, the higher their polarization.

Types of beta decay transitions

Beta decays can be classified according to the angular momentum ( value) and total spin ( value) of the emitted radiation. Since total angular momentum must be conserved, including orbital and spin angular momentum, beta decay occurs by a variety of quantum state transitions to various nuclear angular momentum or spin states, known as "Fermi" or "Gamow–Teller" transitions. When beta decay particles carry no angular momentum (), the decay is referred to as "allowed", otherwise it is "forbidden".

Other decay modes, which are rare, are known as bound state decay and double beta decay.

Fermi transitions
A Fermi transition is a beta decay in which the spins of the emitted electron (positron) and anti-neutrino (neutrino) couple to total spin , leading to an angular momentum change  between the initial and final states of the nucleus (assuming an allowed transition). In the non-relativistic limit, the nuclear part of the operator for a Fermi transition is given by

with  the weak vector coupling constant,  the isospin raising and lowering operators, and  running over all protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Gamow–Teller transitions
A Gamow–Teller transition is a beta decay in which the spins of the emitted electron (positron) and anti-neutrino (neutrino) couple to total spin , leading to an angular momentum change  between the initial and final states of the nucleus (assuming an allowed transition).
In this case, the nuclear part of the operator is given by

with  the weak axial-vector coupling constant, and  the spin Pauli matrices, which can produce a spin-flip in the decaying nucleon.

Forbidden transitions
When , the decay is referred to as "forbidden". Nuclear selection rules require high  values to be accompanied by changes in nuclear spin () and parity (). The selection rules for the th forbidden transitions are:

where  corresponds to no parity change or parity change, respectively. The special case of a transition between isobaric analogue states, where the structure of the final state is very similar to the structure of the initial state, is referred to as "superallowed" for beta decay, and proceeds very quickly. The following table lists the Δ and Δ values for the first few values of :

Rare decay modes

Bound-state β− decay
A very small minority of free neutron decays (about four per million) are so-called "two-body decays", in which the proton, electron and antineutrino are produced, but the electron fails to gain the 13.6 eV energy necessary to escape the proton, and therefore simply remains bound to it, as a neutral hydrogen atom. In this type of beta decay, in essence all of the neutron decay energy is carried off by the antineutrino.

For fully ionized atoms (bare nuclei), it is possible in likewise manner for electrons to fail to escape the atom, and to be emitted from the nucleus into low-lying atomic bound states (orbitals). This cannot occur for neutral atoms with low-lying bound states which are already filled by electrons.

Bound-state β decays were predicted by Daudel, Jean, and Lecoin in 1947, and the phenomenon in fully ionized atoms was first observed for 163Dy66+ in 1992 by Jung et al. of the Darmstadt Heavy-Ion Research Center. Although neutral  is a stable isotope, the fully ionized 163Dy66+ undergoes β decay into the K and L shells with a half-life of 47 days. The resulting nucleus -  - is stable only in the fully ionized state and will decay via electron capture into  in the neutral state. The half life for neutral  is 4750 years.

Another possibility is that a fully ionized atom undergoes greatly accelerated β decay, as observed for 187Re by Bosch et al., also at Darmstadt. Neutral 187Re does undergo β decay with a half-life of  years, but for fully ionized 187Re75+ this is shortened to only 32.9 years. For comparison the variation of decay rates of other nuclear processes due to chemical environment is less than 1%. Due to the difference in the price of rhenium and osmium and the high share of  in rhenium samples found on earth, this could some day be of commercial interest in the synthesis of precious metals.

Double beta decay

Some nuclei can undergo double beta decay (ββ decay) where the charge of the nucleus changes by two units. Double beta decay is difficult to study, as the process has an extremely long half-life. In nuclei for which both β decay and ββ decay are possible, the rarer ββ decay process is effectively impossible to observe. However, in nuclei where β decay is forbidden but ββ decay is allowed, the process can be seen and a half-life measured. Thus, ββ decay is usually studied only for beta stable nuclei. Like single beta decay, double beta decay does not change ; thus, at least one of the nuclides with some given  has to be stable with regard to both single and double beta decay.

"Ordinary" double beta decay results in the emission of two electrons and two antineutrinos. If neutrinos are Majorana particles (i.e., they are their own antiparticles), then a decay known as neutrinoless double beta decay will occur. Most neutrino physicists believe that neutrinoless double beta decay has never been observed.

See also
 Common beta emitters
Neutrino
Betavoltaics
Particle radiation
Radionuclide
Tritium illumination, a form of fluorescent lighting powered by beta decay
Pandemonium effect
Total absorption spectroscopy

References

Bibliography

External links
  The Live Chart of Nuclides - IAEA  with filter on decay type
Beta decay simulation

Nuclear physics
Radioactivity

Beta decay


Oscar Méténier (17 January 1859 – 9 February 1913) was a French playwright and novelist. In 1897 he founded Le Théâtre du Grand-Guignol in Paris, planning it as a space for naturalist performance.

Life
Born in Sancoins, Cher, the son of a police commissioner, Oscar Méténier at first followed his father into the police, as secretary to the commissariat of la Tour Saint-Jacques, in which role he was able to observe the morals of low-life Paris, for which he had a near-scientific interest and eye.  Laurent Tailhade wrote of him:

A follower of Émile Zola, Méténier wrote naturalist novellas, generally gravelly in style, and pieces in argot for Le Chat Noir. He made his reputation with naturalist plays set among vagabonds, Apaches and prostitutes and expressed in the language of the street.  In 1896 his Mademoiselle Fifi, previously temporarily banned by the police, was the first ever French play to include a prostitute character. The following year, Méténier's Lui ! showed a meeting between a murderer and a prostitute in a hotel bedroom.

In 1897, Oscar Méténier bought a theatre at the end of the impasse Chaptal (9th arrondissement) to present his own plays.  This was the Théâtre du Grand-Guignol, one of the most original theatres in Paris, and he remained its director until 1898.

Works

Plays

 En famille, 1-act prose comedy, Paris, Théâtre-Libre, 30 May 1887
 La Puissance des Ténèbres, drama in six acts by Leo Tolstoy, French translation by Pavlovsky and Oscar Méténier, Paris, Théâtre-Libre, 10 February 1888
 La Casserole, 1-act prose drama, Paris, Théâtre-Libre, 31 May 1889
 Les Frères Zemganno, 3-act prose play, after Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, written in collaboration with Paul Alexis, Paris, Théâtre-Libre, 25 February 1890
 Monsieur Betsy, 4-act prose comedy, written in collaboration with Paul Alexis, Paris, Théâtre des Variétés, 3 March 1890
 La Confrontation, dramatic scene, Paris, Théâtre de la Scala, 21 December 1891
 La bonne à tout faire, 4-act prose comedy, in collaboration with Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Paris, Théâtre des Variétés, 20 February 1892
 Rabelais, 4-act, 5-scene play, with Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest, Paris, Nouveau-Théâtre, 25 October 1892
 Charles Demailly, 4-act prose play, after Edmond and Jules de Goncourt, in collaboration with Paul Alexis, Paris, Théâtre du Gymnase, 19 December 1892 (Summary by Willy and Edmond de Goncourt)
 Très Russe, 3-act play, in collaboration with Jean Lorrain, Paris, Théâtre-d'application (La Bodinière), 3 May 1893
 Mademoiselle Fifi, drama, after Guy de Maupassant's short story of the same name, Paris, Théâtre-Libre, 10 February 1896
 La Brême, mœurs populaires, drama, Paris, Théâtre du Grand-Guignol, 13 April 1897
 Le Loupiot, tableau de mœurs populaires, en 2 scènes, Paris, Théâtre du Grand-Guignol, 13 avril 1897
 Lui !, 1-act drama, Paris, Théâtre du Grand-Guignol, 11 November 1897
 La Revanche de Dupont l'Anguille, drame en 3 tableaux, Paris, Théâtre du Grand-Guignol, 1898
 Son poteau, drama, in collaboration with Raoul Ralph, Paris, Théâtre du Grand-Guignol, 10 April 1901
 Boule de suif, 3 act, 4 scene comedy, in collaboration with Guy de Maupassant, Paris, Théâtre Antoine, 6 May 1902
 Casque d'Or, drama, in collaboration with Fabrice Delphi, Paris, Théâtre Robinière, 16 March 1902
 Notre-Dame de la Butte, mœurs montmartroises, drama, in collaboration with Fabrice Delphi, 1907
 Madame ma sœur, 1-act play, 1910
 La Moukère, 1-act drama, in collaboration with René Mélinette, 1910
 Royal-cambouis, 1-act military play, Paris, Scala, 1910

Novels, novellas, essays
 La Chair (1885)
 La Grâce (1886)
 Madame Berwick  (1888)
 Outre-Rhin  (1888)
 Mynha-Maria  (1889)
 Autour de la caserne, novellas (1890)
 Madame la Boule  (1890)
 Le mari de Berthe  (1890)
 Le Gorille, Parisian novel (1891) Text on www.gutenberg.org
 La Lutte pour l'amour, études d'argot  (1891)
 Les Voyous au théâtre  (1891)
 Zézette, mœurs foraines, novel (1891) Text on www.gutenberg.org
 Les Cabots  (1892)
 Le Policier, roman
 Barbe-Bleue  (1893)
 Le Beau monde  (1893)
 Le Chansonnier populaire Aristide Bruant  (1893)
 La Nymphomane, mœurs parisiennes  (1893)
 Demi-castors (mœurs parisiennes)  (1894)
 La Grâce. Décadence. Nostalgie  (1894)
 La Vie de campagne. Marcelle  (1894)
 Le 40e d'artillerie. Les bêtes. Les hommes. La croix, novellas (1895)
 L'Amour vaincu. Bohème galante, bohème bourgeoise, novellas (1896)
 L'amour qui tue  (1898)
 Reines de cœur, mœurs d'Outre-Rhin  (1900-1910)
 Les Berlinois chez eux, vertus et vices allemands  (1904)
 Une gamine vicieuse  (1905)
 Le jeune télégraphiste  (1905)
 Tartufes et satyres, unedited epic-dramatic novel (1905), which he wanted to form "a veritable encyclopaedia of the human passions" and was to have comprised : 1) Le marché aux vierges, 2) Le miroir à gigolettes, 3) Berlingot-la-Vache, 4) Les satyres en famille, 5) Les tricheuses de l'amour, 6) La môme claque-dents, 7) Le charcutier parfumé, etc.
 Les Amoureux de Mira, Parisian novel (1907)
 Nina Sartorelle : mœurs parisiennes (1907)
 Les Baronnes de Roche-Noire  (1908)
 Reine de cœur (1908)
 Notre-Dame de la Butte (1908)
 La dernière aventure du Prince Curaçao (1910)
 Les méprises du cœur (1910)
 Soldes de contes (1911)
 Le grand chéri (1911)

External links
 Laurent Tailhade, Text on Oscar Méténier

1859 births
1913 deaths
People from Cher (department)
19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
19th-century French novelists
20th-century French novelists

Oscar Méténier


The menaulion or menavlion (), also menaulon or menavlon (μέναυλον) was a heavy spear with a length of  with a thick shaft, used by the Byzantine infantry as early as the 10th century AD, against enemy heavy cavalry. To give it increased strength, whole oak or cornel saplings were preferably used. These were then tipped with a long blade of ca. .

Its use is attested by emperor Nikephoros Phokas in his treatise  Praecepta Militaria, and by Nikephoros Ouranos and Leo VI the Wise in their Taktika. It is also described in the 10th-century treatise known as the Sylloge Tacticorum. The men who were carrying the menaulia (menaulatoi, sing. menaulatos) were deployed behind the battle line and were only ordered to advance in front before the enemy cavalry charge. They seem to have arrayed in a thin line directly in front of the first rank of the battle line, although the Sylloge Tacticorum has the menaulatoi forming well before it, a tactic strongly condemned by Nikephoros Phokas. Another proposed deployment was obliquely on the flanks of a friendly infantry formation, along with javelineers, in an attempt to directly attack the flanks of the advancing enemy. They also deployed in the intervals between the heavy infantry formations of the Byzantine line along with light infantry to guard against enemy exploitation attempts. Within the encampment, they were positioned at the exits.

In his work De Ceremoniis, Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus orders great numbers of menaulia to be produced.

It has been proposed that the vinavlon mentioned in the 6th century AD by John Malalas in the sixth book of his Chronographia is an archaic form of the same weapon, although in Malalas' text it is carried by cavalrymen.

References

External links
 Graeme Walker (November 1998). "Byzantine Infantry Formations". Varangian Voice no. 49.

Byzantine military equipment
Medieval polearms
Spears

Menaulion


Maria Bernadina (Marijke) Vos (born 4 May 1957 in Leidschendam) is a Dutch politician.

Career

Pre-political career
Vos's father was a judge in 's-Hertogenbosch. Her grandfather, A.H.J. Engels was member of parliament for the Roman-Catholic RKSP.

After finishing gymnasium-b in 's-Hertogenbosch in 1975, Vos went on to study biology at the University of Wageningen, graduating in 1983. During her study she was active in the students movement, the peace movement and the campaign against nuclear energy. In 1984 she worked as teacher and campaigner for an environmental organisation, 'Milieudefensie' ('Defense of the Environment'). In 1990 she began to teach ecology at the Centre of Ecology of the University of Leiden until 1992. In 1989 she became a member of the GreenLeft and almost immediately entered its temporary board, that would oversee the merger of the four parties that would form the GreenLeft. She was elected party chairperson in 1990. In 1992 this office became a paid function and she left the university.

Political career
In 1994 she stood for the GreenLeft in 1994 general elections. She was elected into the House of Representatives. Between 1995 and 1996 Vos was chairperson of the parliamentary commission on climate change. In 1997 she was elected animal rights protector of the year. Since 1998 Vos has been deputy party leader. In 2003 she was interim party leader, when Femke Halsema gave birth to twins. Between 2001 and 2003 she was chairperson of the parliamentary commission on fraud in the building sector. In 2003 she became a member of the board of advice of the refugee-assistance organisation 'Steunpunt Vluchteling' ('Supportpillar for Refugees'). In 2004 she announced that she would not enter in the next general election, instead she would become alderwoman in Amsterdam, if the GreenLeft enter local government there.

As member of parliament, Vos has shown particular interest in the environment, animal rights, spatial planning and civil liberties.

Since 2004 Vos is co-owner of vineyard in southern France, the vineyard produces organic wine, sunflowers and grain.

Local Politics
While still in parliament, Vos played an important role in the election campaign and government formation in Amsterdam. In the March 2006 local elections Marijke Vos had a lijstduwer's position on the GreenLeft list for the city council of Amsterdam, she was elected by a large number of preference votes. In April 2006 she was appointed alderwoman in Amsterdam in a PvdA/GreenLeft coalition.  On 23 May 2006 she left parliament to devote herself to her alderman's work, she was succeeded by former GreenLeft vice-chair, Nevin Özütok.

References
  Parlement.com biography

1957 births
Living people
Aldermen of Amsterdam
Dutch women in politics
GroenLinks politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Members of the Senate (Netherlands)
Chairmen of GroenLinks
People from Leidschendam
Wageningen University and Research alumni

Marijke Vos


(Charles) David Throsby AO (born 14 May 1939) is an Australian economist. He is especially well known as a cultural economist. His book Economics and Culture (2001) has become a standard reference work in the field. In addition to the performing arts, Throsby's research and writing has covered the economic role of artists, the economics of public intervention in arts markets, cultural development, cultural policy, heritage issues, and sustainability of cultural processes. He has also written extensively on the theory of public goods and the economics of higher education.

Biography

Throsby is a Distinguished Professor of Economics at Macquarie University, Sydney. His secondary education was at North Sydney Boys High School. As an undergraduate he studied at the University of Sydney and received his doctorate from the London School of Economics. He is a past-president of the Association for Cultural Economics International (ACEI) and Foundation Chair of the National Association for the Visual Arts. He is on the editorial boards of journals including the Journal of Cultural Economics and the International Journal of Cultural Policy and has served on the boards of the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, The Australian Museum and the Copyright Agency Ltd. His survey of cultural economics in JEL has been frequently quoted since 1994. His most recent book is The Economics of Cultural Policy (2010).

Personal
He is the brother of the ABC broadcaster Margaret Throsby and uncle of the singer Holly Throsby.

Select Publications
Throsby, David and V. A. Ginsburgh (eds). Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Vol. 2, North-Holland, 2014.
 Throsby, David. "The Political Economy of Art:  Ruskin and contemporary cultural economics", History of Political Economy, 43(2): 275-294. 2011.
Throsby, David. The Economics of Cultural Policy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
Throsby, David and Michael Hutter (eds). Beyond Price: Value in Culture, Economics and the Arts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2008.
Throsby, David. "The Concentric Circles Model of the Cultural Industries", Cultural Trends 17 (3): 147-64. 2008.
Throsby, David. Does Australia Need a Cultural Policy? Platform Paper No. 7, Currency Press, Sydney, 2006.
Throsby, David. Economics and Culture, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Throsby, David. "The Production and Consumption of the Arts: A View of Cultural Economics", Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXII, 1994, pp. 1–29.
Throsby, David & Glen Withers. The Economics of the Performing Arts, Edward Arnold (Australia), 1979, reprinted by Gregg Revivals, Hampshire, England, 1993.

See also

 History of schools of economic thought on arts and culture
 Economic theory of museums

External links
David Throsby, Macquarie University

Notes

People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
Australian economists
Cultural economists
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Officers of the Order of Australia
Living people
1939 births

David Throsby


Amar'e Carsares Stoudemire (born November 16, 1982) is an American-Israeli professional basketball coach and former player. He serves as player development assistant for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2003 with the Phoenix Suns, who selected him with the ninth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft. He made six appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and was named to the All-NBA Team five times, including one first-team selection in 2007.

Career
Stoudemire played high school basketball for three different schools, ultimately graduating from Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Florida, and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep-to-pro player. He won several prep honors, including being selected as Florida's Mr. Basketball. Stoudemire suffered from chronic knee problems during his career and underwent microfracture surgery on both knees. He played for the Suns, the New York Knicks, the Dallas Mavericks, and the Miami Heat before retiring from the NBA in 2016.

Stoudemire won a bronze medal with the United States national team at the 2004 Olympic Games. His off-court ventures include a record label, a clothing line, acting and a series of children's books for Scholastic Press. In addition, Stoudemire owns a significant share of Hapoel Jerusalem, the team he won a championship with in 2017. He was the 2020 Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP.

1982 births
African-American basketball players
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic gold medalists
Dallas Mavericks players
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Living people
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Miami Heat players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
Naturalized citizens of Israel
New York Knicks players
Phoenix Suns players
Sportspeople from Orlando, Florida
American basketball players

Amar'e Stoudemire


I Like It Here is a novel by the English writer Kingsley Amis, first published in 1958 by Victor Gollancz.

The 'here' of the title is England, and the novel is about going away from here, to abroad.

Amis called it merely 'experience with style sauce' - and the novel uses material from his own life, his trip to Portugal to fulfill the conditions of his Somerset Maugham Award - he would not write such an explicitly autobiographical novel again until later works such as You Can't Do Both (1994), The Folks That Live on the Hill (1990) and, partially, The Biographer's Moustache (1995).

Criticism
The Times Literary Supplement has called it a 'slight but bookishly funny early novel', in which Amis's alter ego Garnet Bowen is 'ludicrously sent off to Portugal in search of a reclusive writer named Wulfstan Strether', and admired the more serious and eloquent tone achieved when, finding himself in Lisbon, Bowen contemplates Henry Fielding's tomb:

"Bowen thought about Fielding. Perhaps it was worth dying in your forties if two hundred years later you were the only non-contemporary novelist who could be read with unaffected and whole-hearted interest, the only one who never had to be apologized for or excused on grounds of changing taste. And how enviable to live in the world of his novels, where duty was plain, evil arose out of malevolence and a starving wayfarer could be invited indoors without fear. Did that make it a simplified world? Perhaps, but that hardly mattered beside the existence of a moral seriousness that could be made apparent without evangelical puffing and huffing."

Notes

The model for 'Oates' in the novel was J.G.('Billy') Barley, an 'English business type' - he worked as a translator in the offices of a Portuguese family named Pinto Basto, friends of John Aeron-Thomas. a Swansea industrialist. Barley grew up in Portugal and had Portuguese nationality, but his father was English. Amis called him, in a letter to Philip Larkin (10 July 1955) - 'very amiable in a childish way, which is a heap better than some mature ways' - 'he doesn't quite know which country he belongs to - he is a motor-bike maniac, endlessly discussing the engine of his German motor-scooter ("This is one of the only twelve that were ever put on the market in Portugal").'

The models for  Harry and Isabelle Bannion - were the Tyrrells, (friends of the Browns, the Browns worked at the University College of Swansea) -- 'the wife is a Goanese lady, a devout RC, he, a Belfast Prod by origin'.

References

External links
Guardian article
the Paris Review interview

Novels by Kingsley Amis
Novels set in Portugal
British comedy novels
1958 British novels
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

I Like It Here


The Blue Nile is one of the main tributaries of the River Nile. Both the Blue Nile and the White Nile form what is known as Nile near Khartoum. The Blue Nile starts at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows through Ethiopia and Sudan. It supplies about 60 percent of the water of the Nile. Even though it has more water than the White Nile, it is seen as the biggest tributary of the Nile.

Nile

Blue Nile


Brigadier-General Sir William Thomas Francis Horwood,  (9 November 1868 – 16 November 1943) was a British Army officer who also served as Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, head of London's Metropolitan Police, from 1920 to 1928.

Military career
Horwood was born in Broadwater (now part of the town of Worthing) in Sussex and was educated at Highgate School. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the East Kent Regiment on 26 February 1887. At the age of 20, he was commissioned into the 5th Lancers, and was promoted to lieutenant on 14 January 1891. He married Violet Fife (1864/65–1941) on 27 April 1897; they had one daughter. On 27 January 1900, as a lieutenant, he transferred to the Reserve of Officers, receiving a promotion to captain on 26 May. Later that year he was appointed adjutant and recruiting officer of the 49th Regimental District, and in 1902 became brigade major of the 24th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery. In 1904, he became an administrative officer at the War Office in London and stayed there until 1910. The following year, he became Chief of Police of the North Eastern Railway, where he brought in many improvements for the officers and modernisation including the introduction of new uniform such as the modern police helmet, sports clubs and libraries so that the officers might study for promotion. He also introduced a pension scheme for the railway police officers, the first there was.

On the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Horwood was recalled to the Army on 5 August and appointed a Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General at the War Office, with the temporary rank of major. In 1915, he went to France as Provost Marshal of the General Headquarters of the British Expeditionary Force. He remained in this post until the end of the war, being awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 4 June 1917 and being appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 1 January 1919. He was also mentioned in despatches seven times and was awarded the Croix de Guerre by both France and Belgium. He was also an Officer of the French Légion d'honneur, an Officer of the Order of Léopold and the Order of the Crown of Belgium, a Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark, a 2nd Class Member of the Order of the Rising Sun of Japan, a Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Romania, a member of the Order of the Crown of Italy and of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia and Order of the Nile. Horwood ended the war as a substantive captain, brevet lieutenant-colonel and temporary brigadier-general.

Assistant Commissioner
In September 1918, General Sir Nevil Macready was appointed Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. He knew Horwood from when had served as Adjutant-General of the BEF from 1914 to 1916, and appointed him Assistant Commissioner "A", in charge of administration and uniformed policing. He took up the post on 1 November 1918, having previously served as a Chief Constable for just three days. During his time in this post, Horwood was responsible for the introduction of the first women police and set up the first mobile patrols, which later developed into the Flying Squad. In 1920, Macready was sent to command the troops in Ireland, and advised the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, to appoint Horwood as his successor, which Lloyd George duly did. He took up the post on 20 April 1920.

Commissioner
Horwood was a good administrator, but was regarded as somewhat distant, humourless, rude and arrogant by his men. As a soldier, he preferred the company of other military men to that of career policemen, and appointed several to senior posts. In fact, he made no attempt to get to know his men, and did not make regular visits to police stations as his predecessors had done. In return, he was contemptuously nicknamed "The Chocolate Soldier" after a mentally ill man named Walter Tatam attempted to assassinate him on 9 November 1922 by sending him a box of chocolates (Walnut Whips) poisoned with arsenic. Assuming they were a birthday present from his daughter, Horwood ate one and only survived because of the prompt attentions of nearby police surgeons. The nickname also summed up the fear at this time, particularly from those with left-wing sympathies, that there was an agenda to militarise the police, and Horwood's appointment of army officers to senior posts did nothing to alleviate this fear.

The rank and file were further upset in 1922, when Horwood apparently made no attempt to resist the demands of the Geddes Axe to reduce their pay, something which was eventually prevented by the efforts of the new Police Federation. Horwood also agreed to suspend recruiting, resulting in a 5% reduction in strength (about 1,000 men). This would have been disastrous during the 1926 General Strike had the Metropolitan Police not begun to be phased out of policing War Office and Admiralty property in favour of the War Office Constabulary and the Royal Marine Police in 1923 (a process which only ended in 1934), thus freeing up 1,300 officers for general duties back in London.

From 1923, many newspapers started to run increasing numbers of stories about police misconduct and corruption. Horwood failed to act, refusing to respond to allegations or investigate his force's activities, and dismissing the stories as gossip and scandal-mongering. This culminated in 1928, with the scandal involving Sir Leo Money and Irene Savidge, in which the police were accused of perjury and harassment. Horwood again failed to handle the case, which was saved by the efforts of Chief Constable Frederick Wensley of the Criminal Investigation Department. Horwood's reputation was further tarnished after Station Sergeant George Goddard of "C" Division was found guilty of taking bribes, confirming what many believed about the force's honesty and integrity.

Horwood was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1921 New Year Honours, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) on 2 November 1928, five days before his retirement. Although he had in fact been scheduled to retire at that time (two days before his sixtieth birthday), it appeared to the public that he was leaving in disgrace after that year's scandals and did him no favours. He died in 1943 at his home in West Mersea, Essex, after a short illness.

Footnotes

References
Obituary, The Times, 19 November 1943
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Martin Fido & Keith Skinner, The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard, Virgin Books, London: 1999

External links
Portraits of Horwood in the National Portrait Gallery

1868 births
1943 deaths
British Army brigadiers
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Italy)
Order of Leopold (Belgium)
Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 2nd class
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Military personnel from Sussex
Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
Assistant Commissioners of Police of the Metropolis
British Army cavalry generals of World War I
People educated at Highgate School
People from Broadwater, West Sussex

Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia

William Horwood (police commissioner)


In telecommunications, a repeating coil is a voice-frequency transformer characterized by a closed magnetic core, a pair of identical balanced primary (line) windings, a pair of identical but not necessarily balanced secondary (drop) windings, and low transmission loss at voice frequencies.   It permits transfer of voice currents from one winding to another by magnetic induction, matches line and drop impedances, and prevents direct conduction between the line and the drop.

It is a special application of an isolation transformer, and is often used to prevent ground loops or earth loops, which cause humming or buzzing in audio circuits.  It also prevents low direct current voltages from passing.

References

Electromagnetic coils
Telephony equipment
Electric transformers

Repeating coil


Jesse Durbin Ward (February 11, 1819 – May 22, 1886) was an Ohio lawyer, politician, newspaper publisher, and American Civil War officer.

Early life and career
Ward was born in Augusta, Kentucky. His mother, Rebecca Patterson, named him in honor of the Rev. John Price Durbin (1800–1876), a noted Methodist preacher, who was a school mate of hers.

Around 1823, the family moved to Fayette County, Indiana, in the southeastern part of that state. Josiah Morrow, the historian of Warren County, wrote of Ward:
His early opportunities for education were limited, but such was his thirst for knowledge that he became an insatiable reader, and, when he was eighteen years old he had read every book he had ever seen. He has never lost his studious habits, and when at home he is most frequently found in his library . . . .

He attended for two years Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, one county east of Fayette and across the state line, then taught school in Warren County and settled there.  He studied law under Judge George J. Smith (1799–1878) and Thomas Corwin, a Lebanon attorney who later was Governor of Ohio. After he was admitted to practice, he was Corwin's law partner.

In 1845, Ward, a Whig, was elected Warren County's seventh Prosecuting Attorney, an office once held by Governor Corwin.  He served from 1846 to 1850.  From 1853 to 1854, he represented Warren County in the Fiftieth General Assembly, the first held under the new state constitution adopted in 1851. He served only one two-year term in the legislature. During that time, he sponsored legislation for the state to abandon the unprofitable Warren County Canal that connected Lebanon to the Miami and Erie Canal at Middletown.

Upon his retirement from the legislature, he opened a law office in Cincinnati, Ohio, but continued to live at Lebanon. Ward switched to the Democratic Party about this time and was its nominee for Congress in 1856 and Attorney General in 1858. (He lost the latter to Republican Christopher Wolcott.) In 1860, he supported Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas for President.

Civil War
When President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to fight in the Civil War, Ward was the first in his congressional district to enlist.  He entered the army as a private, declining a commission.  He rose to be a major in the 17th Ohio Volunteer Infantry and saw action at Mill Springs, Corinth, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, and Chickamauga. At Chickamauga, his left arm was wounded and permanently crippled. Ward was appointed colonel of the 17th Ohio Volunteer Infantry on March 1, 1864. He resigned his commission on November 8, 1864.

On January 13, 1866 President Andrew Johnson nominated Ward for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general, to rank from October 18, 1865, for his "gallant and meritorious conduct at the battle of Chickamauga," and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866.

Postbellum career
After the war ended, President Andrew Johnson named him United States Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio.  In 1870, he was elected a senator in the Ohio General Assembly.

At Lebanon, Ward founded The Lebanon Patriot, a Democratic paper first published on January 16, 1868.  Warren County being ardently Republican, the paper was to take the place of the previous Democratic paper in the county, the Democratic Citizen, which was destroyed by a mob at the outbreak of the Civil War.  Ward sold the paper to Edward Warwick in the 1870s.

In 1883, Ward was president of the Ohio State Bar Association.

Death

Jesse Durbin Ward died at Lebanon, Ohio on May 22, 1886. He was buried at Lebanon Cemetery, Lebanon, Ohio.

See also

List of American Civil War brevet generals (Union)

Notes

References
Dallas R. Bogan. Warren County's Involvement in the Civil War.  Franklin, Ohio:  The Author, 1991.
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Josiah Morrow. The History of Warren County, Ohio.  Chicago:  W.H. Beers, 1883.

Further reading

External links

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|-

1819 births
1886 deaths
19th-century American newspaper founders
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
Methodists from Ohio
American newspaper publishers (people)
County district attorneys in Ohio
Members of the Ohio House of Representatives
Miami University alumni
Ohio lawyers
Ohio state senators
Ohio Whigs
19th-century American politicians
People from Augusta, Kentucky
Politicians from Cincinnati
People from Lebanon, Ohio
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army generals
United States Attorneys for the Southern District of Ohio
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
Journalists from Ohio
Southern Methodists

Durbin Ward


A fisheye lens (or fish eye lens) is a wide-angle lens, which has an very wide angle of view. Unlike normal wide angle lenses, fisheye lernses use Gnomonic projection, which will distort the image. Straight lines which do not run through the center of the image will be shown as curved ones. Common fisheye lenses have angles of view between 180 and 220 degrees. Prototypes have been built with angles of view as large as 270 and even 310 degrees. Due to their construction, conventional wide angle lenses cannot reach angles of view greater than 180 degrees. Even though they have very wide angles of view, fisheye lenses show less vignetting. Vignetting occurs when the border of the image is much darker than the center.

Because of their wide angle of view, fisheye lenses are often used in cameras used for surveillance.

Camera lenses

Fisheye lens


The Herder Prize (), named after the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803), was a prestigious international prize awarded every year from 1964 to 2006 to scholars and artists from Central and Southeast Europe whose life and work have contributed to the cultural understanding of European countries and their peaceful interrelations. Established in 1963, the first prizes were awarded in 1964.

The prize jury was composed of German and Austrian universities. Financing for the Prize, which amounted to €15,000, was sponsored by the Alfred Toepfer Foundation based in Hamburg. The awards were traditionally presented in an annual ceremony at the University of Vienna and handed over by the President of Austria. Each prize also included a one-year scholarship at an Austrian university given to a young person nominated by the winning scholar.

The prize was open to humanities scholars and artists from a wide variety of fields, including ethnographers, writers, architects, composers, poets, folklorists, painters, historians, literary scholars, art historians, archeologists, theatre directors, musicologists, museologists, linguists, playwrights, etc. Several writers who received the Herder Prize went on to later win the Nobel Prize in Literature, such as Wisława Szymborska (in 1995 and 1996), Imre Kertész (in 2000 and 2002), and Svetlana Alexievich (in 1999 and 2015), and many other recipients received other international accolades and were members of their national academies.

Since its inception the prize was open to scholars and artists from seven central and southeast, mostly communist, European countries (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia). After the fall of communism in Europe in the late 1980s and the subsequent turmoil which led to the breakup of Yugoslavia, the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, scholars from all the succeeding countries remained eligible for the prize. In the early 1990s several ex-Soviet European countries (the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania; Belarus, and Ukraine) as well as Albania were also made eligible.

Usually seven recipients would be announced every year, except in 1964 (four), 1977 (eight), 1993 (nine), and in 2006 (five) — which was also the last edition of the Herder Prize. In 2007 the prize was discontinued and merged with other prize funds sponsored by the Alfred Toepfer Foundation to create a new Europe-wide annual award, the KAIROS Prize, worth €75,000 and given to a single artist every year to encourage their innovative work.

List of recipients

See also

 List of social sciences awards
 List of general awards in the humanities

External links
Alfred Töpfer Foundation official website
Complete list of winners at Österreich-Bibliotheken.at
Awards established in 1963
Cultural studies awards
Humanities awards
Social sciences awards
European awards
Awards disestablished in 2007
Austrian awards
German awards
1963 establishments in Austria
1963 establishments in Germany
2007 disestablishments in Austria
2007 disestablishments in Germany
Johann Gottfried Herder

Herder Prize


Banjo-Tooie is a platformer video game for the Nintendo 64 game console released in 2000. It was made by Rare and published by Nintendo. It is the sequel to Banjo-Kazooie.

The main characters are a bear named Banjo and an orange bird named Kazooie. The game takes place two years after Banjo-Kazooie. It follows Banjo and Kazooie as they try to stop the evil witch Gruntilda Winkybunion and her sisters, Mingella and Blobbelda, from bringing back Gruntilda's body to its original form.

The game was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service on April 29, 2009.

2000 video games
3D platform games
Nintendo 64 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games

Banjo-Tooie


The BMJ is a weekly peer-reviewed medical journal, published by BMJ Group, which in turn is wholly-owned by the British Medical Association (BMA). The BMJ has editorial freedom from the BMA. It is one of the world's oldest general medical journals. Previously called the British Medical Journal, the title was officially shortened to BMJ in 1988, and then changed to The BMJ in 2014. The journal is published by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, a subsidiary of the British Medical Association (BMA). The current editor-in-chief of The BMJ is Kamran Abbasi, who was appointed in January 2022.

History
The journal began publishing on 3 October 1840 as the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal and quickly attracted the attention of physicians around the world through its publication of high-quality original research articles and unique case reports. The BMJs first editors were P. Hennis Green, lecturer on the diseases of children at the Hunterian School of Medicine, who also was its founder, and Robert Streeten of Worcester, a member of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association council.

The first issue of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal (PMSJ) was 16 pages long and contained three simple woodcut illustrations. The longest items were the editors' introductory editorial and a report of the Provincial Medical and Surgical Association's Eastern Branch. Other pages included a condensed version of Henry Warburton's medical reform bill, book reviews, clinical papers, and case notes. There were  columns of advertisements. Inclusive of stamp duty it cost 7d, a price that remained until 1844. In their main article, Green and Streeten noted that they had "received as many advertisements (in proportion to the quantity of letter press) for our first number, as the most popular Medical Journal [The Lancet], after seventeen years of existence."

In their introductory editorial and later statements, Green and Streeten defined "the main objects of promotion of which the Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal is established". Summarized, there were two clear main objectives: the advancement of the profession, especially in the provinces, and dissemination of medical knowledge. Green and Streeten also expressed an interest in promoting public well-being, as well as maintaining 'medical practitioners, as a class in that rank of society which, by their intellectual acquirements, by their general moral character, and by the importance of the duties entrusted to them, they are justly entitled to hold'.

In April 1842 the journal was retitled the Provincial Medical Journal and Retrospect of the Medical Sciences, but two years later it reverted to the PMSJ under the sole editorship of Streeten. In 1857 the BMJ first appeared, when the PMSJ was merged with the Associated Medical Journal (Volumes 1 to 4;  1853 to 1856), which had itself evolved from the London Medical Journal (Volumes 1 to 4; 1849 to 1852) under the editorship of John Rose Cormack.

The BMJ published the first centrally randomized controlled trial. The journal also carried seminal papers on the causal effects of smoking on health and lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking.

For a long time, the journal's sole competitor was The Lancet, also based in the UK, but with increasing globalization, The BMJ has faced tough competition from other medical journals, particularly The New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of the American Medical Association, now known as JAMA.

Journal content
The BMJ is an advocate of evidence-based medicine. It publishes research as well as clinical reviews, recent medical advances, and editorial perspectives, among others.

A special "Christmas Edition" is published annually on the Friday before Christmas. This edition is known for research articles which apply a serious academic approach to investigating less serious medical questions. The results are often humorous and widely reported by the mainstream media.

The BMJ has an open peer review system, in which authors are told who reviewed their manuscript. About half of all submitted articles are rejected without external review. Manuscripts chosen for peer review are then reviewed by external experts, who comment on the importance of the work and its suitability for publication, before the final decision on a manuscript is made by the editorial ("hanging") committee, so called because of its similarity to committees that decide which works of art should be hung in an exhibition. The acceptance rate is less than 7% for original research articles.

At the beginning of February 2021 The BMJ introduced a charge of £299 for publishing obituaries. This was widely criticized on social media, by the British Medical Association among others, because of the large number of medical staff being killed by COVID-19. The decision was explained, but reversed, by the end of the month.

Rapid Recommendations
In response to the many problems with traditional medical guidelines, the journal introduced BMJ Rapid Recommendations, a series of trustworthy guidelines focused on the most pressing medical problems.

Rapid Responses
The BMJ publishes most e-letters to the journal on its website under the heading Rapid Responses, organized as a fully moderated Internet forum. Comments are screened for unacceptable content, such as libel or obscenity, and contributors may not remove or edit contributions once they have been published. As of January 2013, 88,500 rapid responses had been posted on the BMJ's website.

Indexing and citations
The BMJ is included in the major indexes PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, and the Science Citation Index. The journal has long criticized the misuse of impact factors to award grants and in the recruitment of researchers by academic institutions.

The five journals that cited The BMJ most often in 2008 were (in order of descending citation frequency) The BMJ, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, The Lancet, BMC Public Health, and BMC Health Services Research. In the same year the five journals most often cited in articles published in The BMJ were The BMJ, The Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

Impact
In the 2022 Journal Citation Reports The BMJ's impact factor was reported to be 107.7. ranking it fourth among general medical journals. However, The BMJ in 2013 reported that it had become a signatory to the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment (commonly known as the Dora Agreement), which deprecates the inappropriate use of journal impact factors and urges journal publishers to  "greatly reduce the emphasis on the journal impact factor as a promotional tool, ideally by ceasing to promote the impact factor or by presenting it in the context of a variety of journal-based metrics."

Cello scrotum hoax article
In 1974, Elaine Murphy submitted a brief case report  under her husband's name John which suggested a condition known as "cello scrotum", a fictional condition that supposedly affected male cellists. It was originally submitted as a joke in response to "guitar nipple", a condition similar to jogger's nipple in which some forms of guitar playing causes irritation to the nipple, which Murphy and her husband believed was also a joke. The case report was published in The BMJ,  and although not widely cited, it was cited  occasionally, often by sceptics, because, for example, "when the cello is held in typical playing position, the body of the instrument is not near the scrotum."

In 2009, 35 years after the original case report was published, Murphy wrote a letter to The BMJ revealing that the report had been a hoax.

Website and access policies
The BMJ went fully online in 1995 and archived all its issues on the World Wide Web. In addition to the print content, the site contains supporting material for original research articles, additional news stories, and electronic letters to the editors.

In 1999, all content of The BMJ was made freely available online; however, in 2006 this changed to a subscription model. Original research articles continue to be available free, but from January 2006 all other "added value" contents, including clinical reviews and editorials, require a subscription. The BMJ allows complete free access for visitors from economically disadvantaged countries as part of the HINARI initiative.

In October 2008 The BMJ announced that it would become an open access journal for research articles. A subscription continued to be required for access to other articles.

Editions
The BMJ is principally an online journal, and only the website carries the full text content of every article. However, print editions are produced, targeting different groups of readers with selections of content, some of it abridged, and different advertising. The print editions are:
 General Practice (weekly) for general practitioners
 Clinical Research (weekly) for hospital doctors
 Academic (monthly) for institutions, researchers, and medical academics

The BMJ also publishes a number of overseas/ foreign language editions: Argentine (in Spanish), Greek, Romanian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern (in English). There is also the Student BMJ, an online resource for medical students and junior doctors, which publishes an annual print edition each September.

Other services and information
The BMJ offers several alerting services, free on request:
 This Week In The BMJ: A weekly table of contents email, latest research, video, blogs and editorial comment.
 Editor's choice: The Editor-in-Chief or an Associate Editor introduces a selection of the latest research, medical news, comment, and education each week.
 Today on bmj.com A daily alert with links to a short selection of articles published in The BMJ in the previous 24 hours.

Editors

 P. Hennis Green and Robert Streeten (1840–1844)
 Robert Streeten (1844–1849)
 W.H. Ranking and J.H. Walsh (1849–1853)
 John Rose Cormack (1853–1855)
 Andrew Wynter  (1855–1861)
 William Orlando Markham (1861–1866)
 Ernest Hart (1866–1869)
 Jonathan Hutchinson (1869–1871)
 Ernest Hart (1871–1898)
 Sir Dawson Williams (1898–1928)
 Norman Gerald Horner (1928–1946)
 Hugh Clegg (1947–1965)
 Martin Ware (1966–1975)
 Stephen Lock (1975–1991)
 Richard Smith (1991–2004)
  Kamran Abbasi (Acting E-i-C) (2004– 2005)
 Fiona Godlee (2005–2021)
  Kamran Abbasi (2022–present)

References

External links

 BMJ at JSTOR

1840 establishments in the United Kingdom
BMJ Group academic journals
Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals
English-language journals
General medical journals
British medical websites
Open access journals
Publications established in 1840
Weekly journals

The BMJ


Jocelyn de Angulo, 1st Baron of Navan (fl. 1172), was an Anglo-Norman knight.

Biography
De Angulo was one of fifty knights serving under Hugh de Lacy upon the latter's grant of the Lordship of Meath by King Henry II of England in 1172. Jocelyn was awarded the title Baron of Navan by de Lacy. He had sons Gilbert, Philip and William, all of whom would be outlawed for rebellion in 1195. He built a fort at Navan, the origin of the town, of which he can be called the founder.

Jocelyn is believed to have derived his surname from his homeplace of Angle, Pembrokeshire.

Philip de Angulo
Philip was an Anglo-Irish knight, fl. 1195–1206, son of Jocelyn de Angulo of Meath, Philip and his two brothers, Gilbert and William, were outlawed for rebellion in 1195 and had their lands confiscated. However, in 1206 King John of England pardoned them, Philip being allowed to inherit his father's estates at Navan. From his brother, William de Angulo, descend the Connacht families of Waldron, and others. He is considered an ancestor of Nano Nagle.

William de Angulo
William was an Anglo-Irish knight, fl. 1195–1206, and son of Jocelyn de Angulo. William was associated with the rebellion of his brothers Gilbert and Philip in 1195, and likewise pardoned in 1206. He held lands in Meath under Walter de Lacy which were returned to him upon his pardon. He is the ancestor of the Mac Jordan Duff, Mac Phillip, de Bhaldraithe/Mac Bhaldrin/Waldron clans of County Mayo.

Clann Coisdealbhaigh (after Mac Fhirbhisigh)

Genealogical tree

Literary reference
The Song of Dermot and the Earl (composed early 13th century) mentions the de Angulo family, and casts doubt upon Gilbert's paternity. This is probably intended to insult Gilbert as a traitor to the King.

References

Knox, Hubert Thomas (1908) The History of the County of Mayo to the Close of the Sixteenth Century; with illustrations and three maps. Dublin: Hodges Figgis (reprinted by De Burca Rare Books, 1982 )

Anglo-Normans
Normans in Ireland
12th-century births
12th-century deaths
13th-century deaths
People from Pembrokeshire
People from County Meath

Jocelyn de Angulo


Coprophilia is a sexual fetish people have where they enjoy coming into contact with feces. Possible other names for coprophilia include scat-play, scat kink, or shit kink. Coprophilia is said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus, or having a sexual partner excrete feces onto their chest.

Eating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of falling ill with  hepatitis, infection, and HIV/AIDS. Those with weak immune systems should not eat feces.  There are also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath, is commonly seen as disgusting, and is taboo.

There are those who make movies involving coprophilia and coprophagia. This is called scatology. One of the more famous pornographic films involving coprophila is known as Hungry Bitches, a pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The opening scene that became an internet reaction video trend is known as Two Girls One Cup. Creators would have a friend, family member, or sibling watch Two Girls One Cup and record and post their (usually digust-filled and comedic) reaction to the film.

Paraphilias

Coprophilia


Mölndal () is the seat and administrative centre of Mölndal Municipality, located just south of Gothenburg on the west-coast of Sweden. About 40,000 of the municipality's 60,000 inhabitants live in Mölndal proper.

Geography
Mölndal is located on the western main line railway between Gothenburg and Malmö and the European highways E6/E20 run through the area from north to south. Mölndal is served by the Gothenburg tramway system.

History

The name of the city derives from two words; Möln, which is a short form for Möllor, an old word for mills, and the word dal, which is the Swedish word for valley. Mölndal is the "Valley of mills". The narrow but high and long waterfalls in Kvarnbyn gave the necessary power to all the watermills that together with the windmills on the hills gave birth to the early industrialisation of Mölndal.

Industry

Mölndal is best known for its high concentration of companies in life sciences. AstraZeneca has one of its global research centres here with more than 3,100 employees. Several other companies in areas of research such as pharmaceuticals, biomedicine, and biotechnology are also located here. The proximity to the University of Gothenburg and to Chalmers University of Technology - with their technology parks - has supported development of other sectors, such as microwave technology and information technology. Two national research institutes, IFP SICOMP AB and IVF Industrial Research and Development Corporation, are also located in Mölndal.

Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Mölndal:
 Fässbergs IF
 Balltorps FF
 IF Mölndal Hockey
 Jitex BK
 Dalen/Krokslätts FF
 Kvarnby Basket

The town is also home to the Hills Golf Club.

European Cooperation
 Mölndal is a member city of Eurotowns network

Notable people

Per Andersson (actor), comedian
Avatar, Swedish heavy metal band
Oscar Dronjak, guitarist and founder of the Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall
Anders Frisk, football (soccer) referee
Björn Goop, horse driver and trainer (trotting)
Ulla Jacobsson, actor
Erica Johansson, long jumper
Anna Kjellbin, ice hockey player
Mats Levén, metal singer
Claes Malmberg, actor and stand-up comedian
Annelie Pompe, world record holder in variable weights freediving

See also
ERL (automobile manufacturer)

References

Municipal seats of Västra Götaland County
Swedish municipal seats
Populated places in Västra Götaland County
Populated places in Mölndal Municipality
Metropolitan Gothenburg
Gothenburg and Bohus

Mölndal


Saint-Ambroise () is a Roman Catholic parish church located in the 11th arrondissement in eastern Paris. It is dedicated to St. Ambrose.

Saint-Ambroise gave the neighborhood its name, the quartier Saint-Ambroise. The church is 87 metres in length, and its towers are 68 metres high.

History

Construction and consecration
Located at 71 Boulevard Voltaire, Saint-Ambroise was built between 1863 and 1868, shortly after the construction of the new Boulevard du Prince-Eugène, which was later renamed Boulevard Voltaire. It replaced a church called Notre-Dame de la Procession which was located close to the path of the new street at about the location of the public garden. The church was designed by architect Théodore Ballu in an eclectic style.

Saint-Ambroise was consecrated by cardinal Léon-Adolphe Amette on 7 December 1910.

Occupation
On 18 March 1996 the church was occupied by about three hundred African immigrants who demanded regularization of their immigration status. After four days the group was ordered to leave by public authorities. A similar situation arose at the église Saint-Bernard.

Garden and sculpture
In front of the church a small public garden includes a sculpture honoring sixty years of Catholic Aid, donated by local residents and sculpted by G. Chance.

External links

Roman Catholic churches in the 11th arrondissement of Paris

Saint-Ambroise, Paris


Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory, officially known as the Yerevan Ararat Brandy-Wine-Vodka Factory (), commonly known with its famous brand Noy, is a leading Armenian brandy production company in Yerevan, Armenia, currently owned by Gagik Tsarukyan's Multi Group Concern. It was founded in 1877 during the rule of the Russian Empire. The factory is located on the left bank of Hrazdan river at the centre of Yerevan, occupying the area of the historic Erivan Fortress.

History
Nerses Tairyan was a well-known merchant and philanthropist. In 1877 he started industrial production of wine, and later brandy in 1887, at the territory of the former Erivan Fortress. Hovhannes Aivazovsky, who was a relative of Tairyan, helped him to build the factory.

In 1899 Nerses Tairyan leased the factory to Nikolay Shustov, who purchased it a year later for 50,000 roubles. Having established his own business in Moscow in 1863, Shustov became one of the first producers of brandy in Russia. Already in the 1870s "Shustov and Sons" company managed to take into its hands 80% of brandy-wine-vodka-liqueur production in the Russian Empire. In 1901 Nikolay Shustov  sent samples of brandy to an exhibition in Paris. The judges, venerable French tasters, unanimously granted Grand Prix to the unknown brandy-maker, but after they found out that he was not French and the brandy was sent from Armenia, they were so astonished, that made an exception for Nikolay Shustov and granted him the privilege to put the word "cognac" on his labels, instead of "brandy", as it should naturally be. Thus, Shustov became the first and only foreign wine-maker all throughout the history of brandy-producing, who was honoured with this privilege.

In 1899 Shustov invited Kyrill Silchenko, who had just finished Nikitin's school of wine-making, to work at the factory. He worked at the factory devotedly and dedicated all his life to the development of production of wine and brandy. This is why Armenians called him "the great Ukrainian son of Armenian people".

The current facilities of the Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory were built in 1938 on the site of the former sardar palace of the Erivan Fortress. The building was designed by architect Rafael Israelyan.

In 2002, the factory entered Multi Group Concern.  Around US$ 50 million were invested into restoration and constructions, acquisition of new bottling line and oak barrels. A number of recipes and technologies were restored by crumbs. With the help of old papers, museum exhibits, family archives, specialists and technologists of the factory assembled and classified the whole invaluable experience, accumulated throughout the period of plant's functioning, and, consequently, the lost and forgotten glorious name of Armenian Brandy was restored.

The factory currently produces several types of Armenian famous brandies including "Noy" and "Araspel". "Noy" is a worldwide well known brandy especially in with its 25-year-old "Brandy Noy Tirakal".

The factory houses a museum that features the history of the factory as well as the notable figures who worked for to the development of the factory, including Tairyan, Shustov, Sedrakyan, Musinyants and Silchenko.

Production

The factory is mainly famous for its Noy and Kremlin Award Armenian brandy brands. The products are exported to many countries of the CIS and Europe, as well as the United States and Australia.

On April 21, 2016, the factory presented its new products of "Noy 30" and "Noy 50" year old Armenian brandy. The ceremony took place in the Multi Grand Hotel at the north of Yerevan, with the presence of president Serzh Sargsyan.

Currently, the Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory produces a variety of Armenian brandy, mainly under the brand NOY:
NOY 50 Years Old.
NOY 30 Years Old.
NOY Tirakal, 25 years old.
NOY Kremlin Award, 7, 10, 15 and 20 years old.
NOY Classic, 7, 10, 15 and 20 years old.
NOY Traditional, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years old.
NOY Gift, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years old.
NOY Araspel, 3 and 5 years old.
NOY Régal by Uberto Gucci, 3 and 5 years old.
NOY 140, collection.
NOY 135, collection.

Other brandy brands produced by the factory include:
Erivan Fortress, 3, 5 and 7 years old.
Legends of Sevan, 3, 5 and 7 years old.
Varpet, 3, 5 and 7 years old.

The factory has recently launched whisky production under 3 brands:
Magarant, 3 years old de luxe whisky.
Mac Ingal, 3 years old blended whisky.
Old Clark, 3 years old de luxe whisky.

See also
 Noy (brandy)
 Yerevan Brandy Company
 Yerevan Champagne Wines Factory

References

External links

Wineries of Armenia
Armenian brands
Companies established in 1877
Distilleries in Armenia
Buildings and structures in Yerevan
Drink companies of the Soviet Union
Food and drink companies established in 1877
19th-century establishments in Armenia
1877 establishments in the Russian Empire
Wineries of the Soviet Union

Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory


The Light Rail Transit (LRT) is a light rail system used in Singapore. It acts as a feeder service to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network. The LRT started operation on 6 November 1999 with the Bukit Panjang LRT to Choa Chu Kang route. As of 2017, the system consists of three lines with 43 stations.

Overview
Singapore already had a good MRT system when the Land Transport Authority (LTA) decided to add the LRT. This is because it is cheaper and easier to build LRTs. This new system would decrease traffic jams but without the huge cost and effort needed to build more MRT lines and stations. Construction began in 1996 with the Bukit Panjang to Choa Chu Kang route. The service first ran on 6 November 1999.

The LRT is also used in the Sengkang and Punggol areas. Construction began in January 2000 for both the East Loop and West Loop of Sengkang LRT and Punggol LRT.  The Sengkang East Loop was opened on 18 January 2003. The Sengkang West Loop and Punggol East Loop were opened on 29 January 2005.

Further LRT line projects were cancelled in 2008 as there was not enough space to build them over the ground.

Timeline
6 November 1999: All Bukit Panjang LRT Stations
18 January 2003: Sengkang, All Sengkang LRT East Loop Stations.
29 January 2005: Punggol, Thanggam - Renjong, Cove - Kadaloor
15 June 2007: Oasis
15 November 2007: Farmway
10 December 2010: Ten Mile Junction closes
20 June 2011: Damai
30 December 2011: Ten Mile Junction reopens
1 January 2013: Cheng Lim
29 June 2014: Nibong - Soo Teck
27 June 2015: Kupang
29 February 2016: Sam Kee

Routes
Singapore's LRT network is made up of 3 lines with 43 stations.

The Bukit Panjang LRT opened on 6 November 1999 and is operated by SMRT Trains. The line is in the shape of a single loop and connects with the MRT North South Line at Choa Chu Kang Station and the Downtown Line at Bukit Panjang.

The Sengkang LRT Line opened on 18 January 2003 while the Punggol LRT Line opened on 29 January 2005. These lines are operated by SBS Transit. Each line consists of an East and West loop, with each loop of a line meeting at either Sengkang or Punggol, and both lines being joined with tracks running parallel to the North East Line below.

Rolling Stock
The LRT lines are served by Automated People Mover rolling stocks, which were initially in a one-car formation. Due to higher passenger usage, most of the cars were joined together. The Bukit Panjang LRT Line started having 2-car formations when there was enough C801A trains ready for service, which the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines started having 2-car formations around 2015. In 2-car formations, passengers cannot walk between cars, and people can only go to the other car by departing at a station and boarding the other carriage before the train leaves.

A total of four rolling stock have been introduced on the LRT, namely the:

Bombardier Innovia APM 100 C801, the first generation of rolling stock for the Bukit Panjang LRT Line. 19 single unit trains were ordered and began operation on 6 November 1999.
Bombardier Innovia APM 100 C801A, the second generation of rolling stock for the Bukit Panjang LRT Line. 13 single unit trains were ordered and began operation on 19 November 2014.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover C810, the first generation of rolling stock for the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines. 41 single unit trains were ordered and began operation on 20 June 2003.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover C810A, the second generation of rolling stock for the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines. 16 single unit trains were ordered and began operation in 2016.

Safety
On November 24, 2015, authorities announced that they would install platform barriers to reduce the risk of passengers falling onto the tracks. They to be installed at all existing LRT stations except Ten Mile Junction LRT Station, which already had platform screen doors.  Ten Mile Junction was the only LRT station with air conditioning, and the doors had been installed to keep the cold air in and so save electricity. The barriers were installed between 2016 and 2018. Installation was completed first at Choa Chu Kang  and Bukit Panjang stations because more passengers used them than the other stations. The platform barriers were not installed with moving platform doors, possibly to reduce costs.

Train Headways
Trains usually arrive every 2.2 minutes on the Bukit Panjang LRT Line along Choa Chu Kang LRT Station to Bukit Panjang LRT Station while it is around 4.4 minutes along Petir LRT Station to Senja LRT Station. The arrival time of the next two trains will be displayed at all stations. For Sengkang LRT Line and Punggol LRT Line, no specific train timings were stated, but the timing before the train arrives can be seen at Fernvale LRT Station only.

At Ten Mile Junction LRT Station, trains arrive only every 20 minutes, possibly due to low passenger usage.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

Light Rail Transit (Singapore)


Ed Gardner (born Edward Poggenberg; June 29, 1901 – August 17, 1963) was an American comic actor, writer and director, best remembered as the creator and star of the radio's popular Duffy's Tavern comedy series.

Early years
Gardner was born Edward Poggenberg in Astoria, New York. His father was an ornamental plasterer who also played semiprofessional baseball. Gardner attended Public School 4 and William Cullen Bryant High School in Astoria. He dropped out of school when he was 14 in order to play the piano at a neighborhood saloon.

Before going into entertainment as a career, Gardner worked as a stenographer, a clerk for a railroad, and a salesman. He became interested in the theater when he worked with publicity for producer Crosby Gaige.

During World War I, Gardner served in the 7th Regiment from New York.

Early career
Gardner's initial venture into producing came when he and actor Eddie Blaine joined forces to produce the comedy College (or Collitch) at the Cherry Lane Theatre in Greenwich Village. It was then that he changed his name, signing the contract with "Ed Gardner", rather than "Ed Poggenburg".

Gardner was a representative for the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency before going into show business. He began producing for the stage in the early 1930s. He produced the drama play Coastwise on Broadway (1931) and wrote and directed the Broadway comedy After Such Pleasures (1934).

Radio
In the early 1940s, Gardner worked as a director, writer, and producer for radio programs. In 1941, he created a character for This Is New York, a program that he was producing. The character, which Gardner played, became Archie of Duffy's Tavern.

He found fame on radio with Duffy's Tavern, portraying the wisecracking, malaprop-prone barkeeper Archie. The successful radio program aired on CBS from 1941 to 1942, on the NBC Blue Network from 1942 to 1944, and on NBC from 1944 to 1951. Speaking in a nasal New York accent, and sounding like just about every working class New Yorker his creator had ever known, Gardner as Archie invariably began each week's show by answering the telephone and saying, "Duffy's Tavern, where the elite meet to eat, Archie the manager speaking, Duffy ain't here—oh, hello, Duffy."

Duffy the owner never appeared, but Archie did, with Gardner assuming the role himself after he could not find the right actor to play the role. Regulars in the tavern included Duffy's airheaded, man-crazy daughter, droll waiter Eddie, barfly Finnegan and Clancy the cop. The daughter was played by several actresses but began with Shirley Booth, Gardner's first wife, with whom he remained friends even after their 1942 divorce.

Gardner also brought radio directing experience to Duffy's Tavern. He had previously originated the Rudy Vallee-John Barrymore radio show and directed shows for George Burns and Gracie Allen, Bing Crosby, Ripley's Believe It or Not, Al Jolson and Fanny Brice. In addition, Gardner was one of the show's writers and its script editor in all but name, though he had a staff that included Abe Burrows, Sol Saks, Parke Levy, Larry Rhine, Larry Gelbart, and Dick Martin. He was notorious for hiring as a writer anyone who sounded funny to him in passing, but Gardner ultimately had the final say on each show's script.

In 1949, hoping to be able to take advantage of Puerto Rico's income-tax-free status for future media ventures, Gardner moved his radio show there, but it was not as successful as it was when it originated from Hollywood, California. Many guest personalities declined to make the journey to appear on the show and it eventually went off the air in 1951.

Gardner invited humorist F. Chase Taylor, radio's "Col. Stoopnagle," to write scripts and make appearances on the show during its Puerto Rico period.

Films and television
Gardner recreated his role as Archie for the motion picture version, Duffy's Tavern (1945), at Paramount. Besides Gardner, the movie featured dozens of Paramount Pictures stars.
Gardner was the producer of the film noir crime/thriller The Man with My Face (1951) for his own company, Edward F. Gardner Productions. It was released by United Artists but was a boxoffice disappointment.

Gardner also tried bringing Duffy's Tavern to television in 1954, starring himself alongside comedians Jimmy Conlin and Alan Reed. Despite solid production values (with filming at the Hal Roach studio in Hollywood) and the presence of familiar character actors, the series ran for only one year, yielding 38 half-hour episodes. Radio historian Gerald Nachman (Raised on Radio) quoted writer Larry Rhine as saying the film and television failures were in large part due to Gardner's inability to adapt to camera angles. "He thought he could do TV, so he left radio," Rhine told Nachman. "He was a bad actor, and he knew it."

Personal life
Gardner and Booth were married for 13 years, divorcing in 1942. Gardner's second marriage, to Simone Hegemann in 1943, endured until his death and produced two sons, Edward, Jr. (b. 1944) and Stephen (b. 1948). By 1958, the tall, gangling comedian was semi-retired, living with his wife and sons in Beverly Hills and making only occasional guest appearances, such as a few turns on Alfred Hitchcock Presents in 1961 and 1962.

Death
On August 17, 1963, Gardner died at age 62 of a liver ailment at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles. He was interred in Chapel of the Pines at Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood.

Quotes
Some of Gardner's once-famous malaprops as Archie on Duffy's Tavern include:
 "Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and instead of bleeding, he sings."
 "Leave us not jump to seclusion."
 "Now, don't infirm me that I'm stupid."
 "Fate has fickled its finger at me."
 "Get me the lost and foundling division."
 "There's two kinds of guys go to church—them that doesn't and them that don't."

References

External links

 Duffy's Tavern
 Photo of Ed Gardner, on far right

1901 births
1963 deaths
American male film actors
Film producers from New York (state)
American male radio actors
American male television actors
American radio directors
Male actors from New York City
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
People from Astoria, Queens
Deaths from liver disease
American directors
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American writers
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male writers

Ed Gardner