Helena Norberg-Hodge is founder and director of Local Futures, previously known as the International Society for Ecology and Culture (ISEC). Local Futures is a non-profit organization "dedicated to the revitalization of cultural and biological diversity, and the strengthening of local communities and economies worldwide."

Norberg-Hodge is the author of the international best-selling book Ancient Futures (1991), about tradition and change in the Himalayan region of Ladakh, available in multiple languages, as an ecobook and audiobook versions. She is also the author of Local is Our Future (2019), in which she advocates for localized alternatives to the global economy, particularly involving the creation of robust local food systems and democratic structures that can effectively resist authoritarianism. An outspoken critic of economic globalization, she co-founded – along with Jerry Mander, Doug Tompkins, Vandana Shiva, Martin Khor and others – the International Forum on Globalization (IFG) in 1994. She is a leading proponent of localization as an antidote to the problems arising from globalization, and founded the International Alliance for Localization (IAL) in 2014.

Norberg-Hodge produced and co-directed the award-winning documentary film The Economics of Happiness (2011), which lays out her arguments against economic globalization and for localization. Recently she initiated World Localization Day (WLD), which broadcasts globally online. In 1986, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "preserving the traditional culture and values of Ladakh against the onslaught of tourism and development." In 2012, she received the Goi Peace Award for "her pioneering work in the localization movement".

Education
Norberg-Hodge was educated in Sweden, Germany, Austria, England and the United States. She specialized in linguistics, including studies at the doctoral level at the University of London and at MIT, with Noam Chomsky. Fluent in seven languages, she has lived in and studied numerous cultures at varying degrees of industrialization. The most influential of these in forming Norberg-Hodge's worldview is the Himalayan region of Ladakh.

Ladakh
Ladakh, also known as Little Tibet, is a remote region on the Tibetan plateau. Although it is politically part of India, it has more in common culturally with Tibet. Because it borders both China and Pakistan, countries with which India has had tense relations and frequent border disputes, the Indian government kept Ladakh largely isolated from the outside world. It was not until 1962 that the first road was built over the high mountain passes that separate the region from the rest of India, and even then the region was off-limits to all but the India military. In 1975, the India government decided to open Ladakh to tourism and 'development', and Norberg-Hodge was one of the first westerners to visit the region, accompanying a German film crew as a translator.

As she described in an interview with the Indian website Infochange, the culture she observed in those early years was a near-paradise of social and ecological well-being, but quickly broke down under the impact of outside economic forces: "When I first arrived in Leh, the capital of 5,000 inhabitants, cows were the most likely cause of congestion and the air was crystal clear. Within five minutes' walk in any direction from the town centre were barley fields, dotted with large farmhouses. For the next twenty years I watched Leh turn into an urban sprawl. The streets became choked with traffic, and the air tasted of diesel fumes. 'Housing colonies' of soulless, cement boxes spread into the dusty desert. The once pristine streams became polluted, the water undrinkable. For the first time, there were homeless people. The increased economic pressures led to unemployment and competition. Within a few years, friction between different communities appeared. All of these things had not existed for the previous 500 years."

Many of the changes that 'development' brought were psychological, as she described in the film version of Ancient Futures: "In one of my first years in Ladakh, I was in this incredibly beautiful village. All the houses were three stories high and painted white. And I was just amazed. So out of curiosity I asked a young man from that village to show me the poorest house. He thought for a bit, and then he said, 'We don't have any poor houses.' The same person I heard eight years later saying to a tourist, 'Oh, if you could only help us Ladakhis, we're so poor!' And what had happened is that in the intervening eight years he had been bombarded with all these one-dimensional images of life in the West. He'd seen people with fast cars, you know, looking as though they never worked, and with lots of money. And suddenly by comparison his culture seemed backward and primitive and poor."

In 1978 Norberg-Hodge founded The Ladakh Project, for which Local Futures is now the parent organization, in order to counter the overly rosy impressions of life in the urban consumer culture, and to re-instill respect for the traditional culture. She also helped establish several indigenous NGOs in Ladakh including the Women's Alliance of Ladakh (WAL), the Ladakh Environment and Health Organisation (LEHO), and the Ladakh Ecological Development Group (LEDeG). LEDeG has designed, built and installed a wide range of small-scale appropriate technologies, including solar water heaters, cookers, passive space heaters, and greenhouses. In 1986, Norberg-Hodge and LEDeG were awarded the Right Livelihood Award (also known as the 'Alternative Nobel Prize') in recognition of these efforts.

Publications

Norberg-Hodge's most recent book, Local is Our Future (2019) describes how a systemic shift from a globalized economy towards a network of decentralized, localized economies could address a number of problems simultaneously, ranging from economic inequality to the climate crisis to mental illness epidemics. The book has received praise from a number of public figures including Bill McKibben, Douglas Rushkoff, David Suzuki, Charles Eisenstein, Alice Waters, and others.

Her previous book, Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh (Sierra Club, 1991), was based on Norberg-Hodge's first-hand experience of Ladakh's traditional culture and the impacts of conventional development on it. The book was very well received, and has remained in print ever since. (A second edition, with a different subtitle, "Lessons from Ladakh for a Globalizing World", was published in 2009; a third edition, with no subtitle, is to be published in April 2016). Ancient Futures has been described as an "inspirational classic" by The London Times and "one of the most important books of our time" by author Susan Griffin. Together with the film version of the book, Ancient Futures has been translated into more than 40 languages.

Norberg-Hodge is also co-author of Bringing the Food Economy Home: Local Alternatives to Global Agribusiness (Kumarian, 2002) and From the Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture (Zed Books, 1992).

Norberg-Hodge has written numerous articles and contributed chapters to many books over the years. A small sampling of her work published online is listed here:
"Resist Locally, Renew Globally", Great Transition Initiative, August 2019
"Unlike a Globalized Food System, Local Food Won't Destroy the Environment", Truthout, December 2018
"Localisation: a strategic solution to globalised authoritarianism", Transnational Institute, May 2018
"Localization and the Economics of Happiness", Soka Gakkai International, March 2017
"Strengthening Local Economies: The Path to Peace?", Tikkun, 29 July 2015
"A New Call for Resistance and Renewal", Resurgence, July–August 2015
"The Economics of Climate Change" Ecotrust, 23 February 2015

Lectures, workshops, webinars and presentations
Norberg-Hodge lectures extensively in several languages – most often in English, Swedish, German, and Ladakhi, and occasionally in French, Spanish, and Italian. Over the years, lecture tours have brought her to universities, government agencies and private institutions. She has made presentations to parliamentarians in Germany, Sweden, and England; at the White House and the US Congress; to UNESCO, the World Bank, the European Commission, and the IMF; and at Cambridge, Oxford, Harvard, Cornell and numerous other universities. She also teaches regularly at Schumacher College in England. She frequently lectures and gives workshops for community groups around the world working on localization issues.

In addition, she frequently appears on television and radio programs around the world.

Several of Norberg-Hodge's talks have been recorded or filmed, and are available to view online. A small sampling is listed here:
December 2019- "Is Localization a Solution to the Crisis of Capitalism?" (interview on the Upstream Podcast)
October 2018- "Helena Norberg-Hodge on Looking at the Big System" (appearance on the television program Renegade Inc)
May 2017- "Understanding the Economic Equation for Creating Happiness" (interview on the UPLIFT Podcast)
March 2016- "Debt and Speculation in the Global Economy" (webinar with Charles Eisenstein).
December 2015- "Going Local" (webinar with Michael Shuman).
October 2015- "Economics of Happiness – How Human-Scale Is Essential for Solving Our Social and Ecological Problems" at Lingnan University, Hong Kong
May 2015- Talk at the 'Our Community' Conference in Melbourne, Australia
July 2011-"The Economics of Happiness." TEDx, Christchurch, New Zealand

Recognition
 Right Livelihood Award as recognition for her work with LEDeG, 1986.
 One of the world's 'Ten Most Interesting Environmentalists' by the Earth Journal (1993).
 In Carl McDaniel's book Wisdom for a Liveable Planet (Trinity University Press, 2005), she was profiled as one of eight visionaries changing the world today.
 Goi Peace Award from the Goi Peace Foundation in Japan (2012), "in recognition of her pioneering work in the new economy movement to help create a more sustainable and equitable world.
 The Environment Award at the Tignano Festival, Tuscany - Italy (2023).

Affiliations
Norberg-Hodge is a co-founder of the International Forum on Globalization and the Global Ecovillage Network. She was a founding member of the International Commission on the Future of Food and Agriculture, launched with the support of the government of Tuscany, and was previously on the editorial board of The Ecologist magazine. She lives in Australia.

References

External links

 Local Futures/International Society for Ecology and Culture
 Helena Norberg-Hodge's film – Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh
 Online interviews with Helena Norberg-Hodge
 The Ecologist magazine
 The Right Livelihood Award website
 The International Forum on Globalizatioon (IFG)
 Helena Norberg-Hodge, on the portal RAI Economy

Swedish environmentalists
Swedish women environmentalists
Anti-globalization activists
Anti-globalization writers
Swedish ecologists
Non-fiction environmental writers
Sustainability advocates
Swedish non-fiction writers
Swedish women non-fiction writers
Swedish political writers
1946 births
Living people
Swedish women essayists
Swedish women activists
Women ecologists
Women political writers
Neo-Luddites
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
20th-century non-fiction writers
21st-century non-fiction writers
20th-century Swedish women writers
21st-century Swedish writers
21st-century Swedish women writers
Himalayan studies

Helena Norberg-Hodge


In baseball, a pitcher can commit illegal motions or actions that constitute a balk. Most of these violations involve pitchers pretending to pitch when they have no intention of doing so. In games played under the Official Baseball Rules that govern professional play in the United States and Canada, a balk results in a dead ball or delayed dead ball. In certain other circumstances, a balk may be wholly or partially disregarded.  In the United States, under the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS Baseball Rules), a balk results in an immediate dead ball. In the event a balk is enforced, the pitch is generally (but not always) nullified, each runner is awarded one base, and the batter (generally) remains at bat with the previous count. The balk rule in Major League Baseball was introduced in 1898.

According to the Official Baseball Rules: "Umpires should bear in mind that the purpose of the balk rule is to prevent the pitcher from deliberately deceiving the base runner."

Balk actions
A pitcher is restricted to a certain set of motions and one of two basic pitching positions before and during a pitch. If these regulations are violated with one or more runners on base, an umpire may call a balk. The batter at home plate does not advance on a balk.

With a runner on base and the pitcher on or astride (with one leg on each side of) the rubber, under Official Baseball Rules, it is a balk when the pitcher:
 Switches pitching position from the windup to the set (or vice versa) without properly disengaging the rubber
 While on the rubber, makes a motion associated with a pitch and does not complete the delivery
 When pitching from the set position, fails to make a complete stop with his hands together before beginning to pitch
 Throws from the mound to a base without stepping toward (gaining distance in the direction of that base)
 Throws or feints a throw from the rubber to an unoccupied base, unless a play is imminent
 Steps or feints from the rubber to first or third base without completing the throw
 Delivers a quick return, a pitch thrown right after receiving the ball back, with intent to catch the batter off-guard
 Drops the ball while on the rubber, even if by accident, if the ball does not subsequently cross a foul line
 Unnecessarily delays the game
 Pitches while facing away from the batter
 After bringing his hands together on the rubber, separates them except in making a pitch or a throw
 Stands on or astride the rubber without the ball, or mimics a pitch without the ball
 Attempts to throw to a fielder in a spot not directly at a base
 Delivers a pitch during a squeeze play or a steal of home, if the catcher or some other player steps on or in front of home plate without possession of the ball, or touches the batter (or the bat). The ball is dead, the batter is awarded first base, the pitcher is charged with a balk, and the run scores
With the addition of new pace-of-play rules introduced for the 2023 season, a pitcher is charged with a balk if he attempts a pickoff more than twice in a single at-bat without recording an out, and without the runner advancing.

Under NFHS Rules, a balk occurs when

 There is any feinting toward the batter or first base, or any dropping of the ball (even though accidental) and the ball does not cross a foul line.
 The pitcher fails to step with the non-pivot foot directly toward a base (occupied or unoccupied) when throwing or feinting there in an attempt to put out, or drive back a runner; or throwing or feinting to any unoccupied base when it is not an attempt to put out or drive back a runner.
 An illegal pitch from any position.
 Failing to pitch to the batter in a continuous motion immediately after any movement of any part of the body such as he habitually uses in his delivery
 Taking a hand off the ball while in a set position (unless he pitches to the batter or throws toward a base or he steps toward and feints a throw to second or third base)
 Failing to pitch to the batter when the entire non-pivot foot passes behind the perpendicular plane of the back edge of the pitcher's plate, except when feinting or throwing to second base in an attempt to put out a runner
 The pitcher makes a movement naturally associated with pitching and/or places his feet on the pitcher's plate without the ball.

The pitcher's acts of spitting on the ball, defacing or altering the ball, rubbing the ball on the clothing or body, or applying a foreign substance to the ball are not balks; however, it will result in the pitcher's ejection from the game if caught.

Clarifications
A pitcher was allowed to feint toward third (or second) base, and then turn and throw or feint to first base if the pitcher's pivot foot disengaged the rubber after the initial feint.  This is called the "fake to third, throw to first" play. However, Major League Baseball classified this as a balk beginning with the 2013 season.

If no runners are on base and the pitcher commits an otherwise balkable action, there generally is no penalty. However, delivering a quick return or pitching while off the rubber (which constitute balks when runners are on base) results in a ball being called with the bases empty. If the pitcher commits an act confusing to the batter with nobody on, stops their delivery, or otherwise violates, play is restarted without penalty and time is called. If a pitcher repeatedly commits illegal actions without runners on base, they may be subject to ejection for persistently violating the rules.

If, during an attempt to execute the "hidden ball trick" (where the defensive team deceives the runner(s) as to the ball's location while the play is live), the pitcher stands on the rubber prior to the fielder revealing the ball and applying the tag, the runner is not out.  Instead, it is a balk, with all runners on base being awarded their next base.

Common misconceptions
"Catcher's balk" is not a term in the official rules, but is sometimes used to describe an atypical situation relating to an intentional walk: if the catcher is not completely within the catcher's box when the pitcher releases the ball during delivery, it is a violation. The balk is still charged to the pitcher, because such a pitch is defined as a "Pitcher Illegal Action."

A pitcher is not required to step off the rubber before throwing to an occupied base in a pick-off attempt. With one foot on the rubber in either the windup position or the "set" position, the pitcher may either: 1) deliver the ball to the batter: 2) throw to a base for a pickoff; or 3) step off the rubber.

MLB rules state that: "Pitchers shall take signs from the catcher while in contact with the pitcher's plate" (the rubber), but the rules do not describe the infraction as a balk.

Major League Baseball balk records
Steve Carlton had 90 balks during his major league career.

The major league record in a single season is held by Dave Stewart, who had 16 balks in 1988 while pitching for the Oakland Athletics.

The major league record for the most balks in one game is held by Bob Shaw, who had five balks in a May 4, 1963, game while pitching for the Milwaukee Braves against the Chicago Cubs.  Four of the five balks came when the Cubs' Billy Williams was on base: one in the first inning, then three more in the third inning. In the latter frame, Shaw walked Williams, and then proceeded to balk him to second, third and home.  Shaw's balks were blamed on his difficulty adjusting to a then-new point of emphasis in the rules: umpires were told to strictly enforce the section of the balk rule that required the pitcher, when going from the stretch to the set position, to come to a complete stop with his hands together for one full second before pitching.  The rule had been virtually ignored before.

Knuckleballer Charlie Hough was once called for nine balks in a single major league exhibition game, occurring in March 1988. Hough was called for seven balks in a single inning of the game, as umpires set out to "enforce a full set position" for the coming season.

On September 27, 2022, Miami Marlins reliever Richard Bleier was called for three balks in a row by first-base umpire John Tumpane, all while facing New York Mets batter Pete Alonso. Bleier had given up a single, and was then called for three balks while facing Alonso, balking the runner home. Marlins Manager Don Mattingly was ejected for arguing the third balk. After Alonso grounded out for the third out of the inning, Bleier was also ejected for continuing to argue the balks. Until that point, Bleier had never had a balk called against him in his seven-year major league career, over the course of 303 games. This instance tied the record for most balks in an inning and for most balks in a single at bat. CBS Sports opined: "Some balks are obvious. Those are not... You almost have to be looking for a reason to call a balk to ring Bleier up on that motion three -- again, three! -- times in a single inning."

Notable balks

During the 1947 World Series (New York Yankees vs. Brooklyn Dodgers) Spec Shea dropped the ball trying to pick off Jackie Robinson at first base; after at least one other attempt, he dropped the ball and umpire Babe Pinelli waved Robinson to second base.

A famous balk came in the first All-Star Game of 1961, when strong winds at Candlestick Park caused pitcher Stu Miller to sway erratically and be called for a balk. This story is often exaggerated in re-tellings of baseball lore, some having Miller being blown off the pitching mound.

The Los Angeles Dodgers defeated the Texas Rangers on June 18, 2015, when Rangers relief pitcher Keone Kela committed a balk in the bottom of the ninth inning of a tie game with Dodger Enrique Hernández at third base. There have been at least 25 such walk-off balks (or "balk-offs") in major league history since 1914.

On June 14, 2019, Dodgers closer Kenley Jansen intentionally balked during a game with the Chicago Cubs. With the Dodgers leading, 5–3, and two outs in the top of the ninth inning, the Cubs' Jason Heyward was on second base. Concerned that a runner at second base could possibly steal signs, Jansen intentionally balked, advancing the runner to third base. Jansen then struck out batter Víctor Caratini for the final out of the game. Other intentional balks, while rare, have subsequently occurred in MLB.

References

External links

 What  a balk? on MLB Network via YouTube
 Balk demonstrations by Dan Blewett
 What is a Balk by Jack Perconte

Baseball rules
Baseball pitching
Pitching statistics

Balk


Edmond Aman-Jean (13 January 1858, Chevry-Cossigny – 25 January 1936, Paris) was a French symbolist painter, who co-founded the Salon des Tuileries in 1923.

Life
His father was the owner and operator of an industrial lime kiln. He had his first art lessons with Henri Lehmann at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts, where he shared a workshop with Georges Seurat. He also befriended the Symbolist painters, Alphonse Osbert and Alexandre Séon.

In 1886, he obtained a travelling scholarship and went to Italy, together with Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin and Ernest Laurent; studying the Old Masters. Along with Seurat, he worked as an assistant to Puvis de Chavannes, helping him to realize several of his murals. In 1892, he painted a portrait of the poet, Paul Verlaine, during his convalescence for syphilis at the  in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. Verlaine dedicated a sonnet to him and they remained good friends until Verlaine's death in 1896.

He was also one of the first to recognize Joséphin Péladan as an important artist and exhibited at one of the first showings held at the Salon de la Rose + Croix. Later, he became an important teacher in his own right. His students included Charles Sydney Hopkinson, Theodor Pallady, and Nicolae Tonitza. In 1923, together with Albert Besnard and Auguste Rodin, he helped create the Salon des Tuileries. Ten years later, he was named a Commander in the Legion of Honour.

In 1892, he married Thadée Jacquet, the daughter of an Imperial Prefect, who was also a painter. They had two children, François, who became a well-known writer, and , who was a painter and illustrator.

Art
Aman-Jean established his reputation primarily for his portraits, especially of female subjects; he was also noted for his murals in public and official buildings, including the Sorbonne. Like many French artists of his generation, he was influenced by the new perspectives on Japanese art current in Paris in his day; more unusually, he was interested in the Pre-Raphaelite artists in England.

He was a close friend of Georges Seurat; the two artists shared a Paris studio in 1879. Art historian Robert Herbert called Seurat's portrait of Aman-Jean, "one of the great portrait drawings of the nineteenth century." It was the first work Seurat showed, at the Paris Salon in 1883. Aman-Jean also worked in lithography and printmaking and designed posters.

References

External links

1858 births
1936 deaths
People from Seine-et-Marne
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French Symbolist painters
19th-century French male artists
French art critics

Edmond Aman-Jean


Interception refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor. It occurs in the canopy (i.e. canopy interception), and in the forest floor or litter layer (i.e. forest floor interception ). Because of evaporation, interception of liquid water generally leads to loss of that precipitation for the drainage basin, except for cases such as fog interception, but increase flood protection dramatically, Alila et al., (2009).

Intercepted snowfall does not result in any notable amount of evaporation, and most of the snow falls off the tree by wind or melts. However, intercepted snow can more easily drift with the wind, out of the watershed. Conifers have a greater interception capacity than hardwoods. Their needles gives them more surface area for droplets to adhere to, and they have foliage in spring and fall, therefore interception also depends on the type of vegetation in a wooded area.

Mitscherlich in 1971 calculated the water storage potential as interception values for different species and stand densities. A storm event might produce 50 – 100 mm of rainfall and 4 mm might be the maximum intercepted in this way. Grah and Wilson in 1944 did sprinkling experiments where they watered plants to see how much of the intercepted is kept after watering stops.

Trees like Norway maple and a small-leaved lime have an interception of approximately 38% of the gross precipitation in temperate climate.

The interception depends on the leaf area index and what kind of leaves they are.

Interception may increase erosion or reduce it depending on the throughfall effects.

See also

 Stemflow
 Throughfall
 Canopy interception
 Forest floor interception
 Water ball

References

External links
 The Experimental Hydrology Wiki Forest Floor Interception
 Gerrits (2010) The role of interception in the hydrological cycle PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands

Hydrology
Forest ecology

Interception (water)


The Texas Revolution was a successful fight of Texas for independence from Mexico.

In the 1820s, landowning empresarios led immigrants, mostly from the United States, to Texas, which was part of Mexico, for cheap land. At first, the Mexican government was happy to fill the land, but soon, most Texans were Americans. Mexico began to worry about losing Texas to the United States and so decided to stop all immigration from there.

To make things worse, Mexico had a new president, Antonio López de Santa Anna, who got rid of the Mexican Constitution and made himself president for life. People in several places, especially in northeastern Mexico, joined together to fight him and the Mexican Army and to secede from Mexico.

Most Texans wanted independence; one reason was that they refused to accept an 1829 Mexican law that banned slavery. Many from the Southern United States saw slavery as a way of life. They brought enslaved African Americans to work as field hands in the production of cotton, corn, and sugar.

The war in Texas lasted from October 2, 1835 to April 21, 1836. A famous battle in the war was the Battle of the Alamo in which about 200 Texans were killed. After the war, Texas was declared an independent country and called itself the Republic of Texas.

Texas remained an independent country for ten years. In 1845, the United States Congress voted to admit Texas as a slave state, which made it the country's 28th state. Mexico was angry and so the Mexican–American War began.

References

1835
1836
1830s in Texas
19th century in Mexico
Wars of independence
19th-century conflicts

Texas Revolution


Ghulam Muhammad Qasir ( 4 September 1944 – 20 February 1999) was a Pakistani Urdu poet. He was considered to be one of the finest modern poets of Urdu Ghazal. Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi was the one who 1st introduced him in his famous literary journal called "Fanoon" back in year 1977. Ghulam Muhammad Qasir came up with his 1st collection of poetry called "Tasalsul" in the same year and received warm acceptance across the country. He was awarded with the Presidential Pride of Performance Award (Posthumous) by the Government of Pakistan in 2006–07, for his valuable contributions in the field of Urdu literature.

Ghulam Muhammad Qasir was born in Paharpur, Dera Ismail Khan, North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) now called khyber Pakhtunkhwa KPK, Pakistan, on 4 September 1944. He joined the Education Department as lecturer of Urdu and served different colleges across the province. He died on 20 February 1999 and is buried in Peshawar KPK, Pakistan.

Professional background

After finishing secondary school from Government High School Paharpur, he was appointed as a teacher in the same school. Qasir taught in many different schools adjacent to Dera Ismail Khan. While working as a teacher Qasir kept on improving his education. After completing his master's degree in Urdu literature, he was first appointed as a lecturer at Government College Mardan. He also worked at Science Superior College Peshawar, Government College Dara Adam Khel, Government College Peshawar, Government College Toru, and Government College Pabbi.

Literary contributions

Rang e Adbad Publications Karachi has published Ghulam Muhammad Qasir number in June 2022
Sar e Shaakh e Yaqeen (Hamd , Na`at, Manqabat) 2020
Ik sher abhi tak rehta hai (Kuliyat-e-Qasir) (complete poetry) 2009 & 2018
Darya-e-Gumaan (an anthology of poetry) 1997
Aathwaan aasman bhi neela hai (an anthology of poetry) 1988
Tasalsul (an anthology of poetry) 1977
Qasir wrote many essays which were printed by leading literary journals and, besides, he wrote prefaces for some of the poetry anthologies

Research

 Qasir remained on the list of contributors to the Textbook Board of NWFP for classes 7th, 11th & 12th in the subject of Urdu in early 1990s.
 Since 1968 Qasir remained a regular contributor to all the leading literary national journals in the field of poetry, essays and literary criticism.

Laurels

 Pride of Performance award for Poetry by the Government of Pakistan 2006–07
 Parveen Shakir "Aks-e-Khushboo" award for best poetry (Daryaa-e-Gumaa`n) Parveen Shakir Trust, Islamabad 1998
 Golden Jubilee award-Peshawar University Teachers Association 1996–97
 Pakistan-Iran Friendship award, Khana-e-Farhang-e-Iran, Lahore 1996
 Mehfil-e-Sabza-o-Gul award, Pakistan Writers Guild 1996
 15th Anniversary of Great Islamic Revolution award- Khana-e-Farhang-e-Iran, Peshawar 1994
 Waseeqa-e-Aitraaf, Shaam-e-Hamdard, Hamdard Foundation Peshawar 1994
 Best Lyricist PTV Award, PTV Peshawar 1993
 Bolan award for best dramatist / poetry, Bolan academy 1993
 Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar award (Gold Medal) for best poetry (Aathwaan aasmaan bhi neela hai) Abaseen Arts Council Peshawar 1988–89
 Presidential National Award (Seerat Conference) 1987

Tributes

 Ghulam Muhammad Qasir Academy was founded in Nawan Kali Toru (Mardan) by one of his students, Mr. Pir Zada,
 A Forum was founded by the name of "Tasalsul" in Peshawar, which brings out a literary journal.
 Qasir was founder and the first chairman of a literary society " Takhleeq, International" Peshawar.
 Qasir remained member of Pakistan Writers' guild and Abaseen Arts Council, Peshawar.
 All writings of Qasir enjoyed huge popularity especially among young people.
 Thousands of Qasir's students have greatly appreciated him and are working on several high posts throughout the country
 * Professor Dr. Sohail Ahmad has published his MPhil research thesis on "The life and works of Ghulam Muhammad Qasir" from the University of Peshawar.
 Since 1970 until his death (1999) he has regularly participated in all important national & religious functions and occasions on Radio Pakistan and Pakistan Television PTV Peshawar
 Qasir has written a large number of dramas and programmes for PTV, among which the most popular serials were Talash and Bhoot Bangla (Haunted Bungalow).
 Qasir has participated in many International Literary Symposia, Conferences, Mushairas in the United States, where he was highly appreciated.
 Qasir participated in many literary conferences held under the auspices of "Halqa-e-Arbab-e-Zoq, New York.

Website
 www.qasir.com Through this website short introduction, photographs, selective poetry and details of awards can be found.

See also

Urdu poetry
List of Urdu poets
List of Pakistani writers

External links
Ghulam Muhammad Qasir

1944 births
1999 deaths
People from Dera Ismail Khan District
Pakistani poets
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
Recipients of the Pride of Performance
20th-century Pakistani poets
PTV Award winners

Ghulam Muhammad Qasir


Journey's End is a 1930 war film directed by James Whale. Based on the play of the same name by R. C. Sherriff, the film tells the story of several British army officers involved in trench warfare during the First World War. The film, like the play before it, was an enormous critical and commercial success and launched the film careers of Whale and several of its stars.

The following year there was a German film version The Other Side directed by Heinz Paul starring Conrad Veidt as Stanhope and Wolfgang Liebeneiner as Raleigh. The film was banned just weeks after the Nazis took power in 1933.

In 1976, the play was adapted again as Aces High with the scenario shifted to the British Royal Flying Corps. The play was adapted for film again with its original title and scenario in 2017.

Plot
On the eve of a battle in 1918, a new officer, Second Lieutenant Raleigh (David Manners), joins Captain Stanhope's (Colin Clive) company in the British trench lines in France. The two men knew each other at school: the younger Raleigh hero-worshipping Stanhope, while Stanhope has come to love Raleigh's sister. But the Stanhope whom Raleigh encounters now is a changed man who, after three years at the front, has turned to drink and seems close to a breakdown.

Stanhope is terrified that Raleigh will betray his decline to his sister, whom he hopes to marry after the war.  An older officer, the avuncular Lieutenant Osborne (Ian Maclaren), desperately tries to keep Stanhope from cracking. Osborne and Raleigh are selected to lead a raiding party on the German trenches where a number of the raiders are killed, including Osborne.  Later, when Raleigh, too, is mortally wounded, Stanhope faces a desperate time as, grief-stricken and without close friends, he prepares to face another furious enemy attack.

Cast
 Colin Clive as Captain Denis Stanhope
 Ian Maclaren  as Lieutenant Osborne
 David Manners as Second Lieutenant Raleigh
 Billy Bevan as Second Lieutenant Trotter
 Anthony Bushell as Second Lieutenant Hibbert
 Robert Adair as Captain Hardy
 Charles K. Gerrard as Private Mason
 Tom Whiteley as Sergeant Major
 Jack Pitcairn as Colonel
 Werner Klingler as German prisoner
 Gil Perkins as Sergeant Cox
 Leslie Sketchley as Corporal Ross

Production
When Howard Hughes made the decision to turn Hell's Angels into a talkie, he hired a then-unknown James Whale, who had just arrived in Hollywood following a successful turn directing the play Journey's End in London and on Broadway, to direct the talking sequences; it was Whale's film debut, and arguably prepared him for the later success he would have with the feature version of Journey's End, Waterloo Bridge, and, most famously, the 1931 version of Frankenstein. Unhappy with the script, Whale brought in Joseph Moncure March to re-write it. Hughes later gave March the Luger pistol used in the film.

With production delayed while Hughes tinkered with the flying scenes in Hell's Angels, Whale managed to shoot his film adaptation of Journey's End and have it come out a month before Hell's Angels was released. The gap between completion of the dialogue scenes and completion of the aerial combat stunts allowed Whale to be paid, sail back to England, and begin work on the subsequent project, making Whale's actual (albeit uncredited) cinema debut, his "second" film to be released.

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Curtis, James. James Whale: A New World of Gods and Monsters. Boston: Faber and Faber,1998. .
 Dolan, Edward F. Jr. Hollywood Goes to War. London: Bison Books, 1985. .
 Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf.  "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
 Orriss, Bruce. When Hollywood Ruled the Skies: The Aviation Film Classics of World War II. Hawthorne, California: Aero Associates Inc., 1984. .
 Osborne, Robert. 65 Years of the Oscar: The Official History of the Academy Awards London: Abbeville Press, 1994. .
 "Production of 'Hell's Angels' Cost the Lives of Three Aviators." Syracuse Herald, 28 December 1930, p. 59.
 Robertson, Patrick. Film Facts. New York: Billboard Books, 2001. .

External links

 Journey's End at the Internet Movie Database

1930 films
1930s war drama films
British war drama films
American war drama films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by James Whale
Films set in 1918
Western Front (World War I) films
World War I films based on actual events
American films based on plays
1930 directorial debut films
Gainsborough Pictures films
Tiffany Pictures films
American black-and-white films
1930 drama films
1930s American films
1930s British films

Journey's End (1930 film)


Anju Tum Arcanju

You are an angel, an archangel

Type: Mando

Source: J.A.A. Fernandes, vulgo: André Xett (1884-1980).

Musical Form: Ternary

Literary form: Dialogue

Translated by António Vicente de Noronha (1895-1982),

Ocol / Bride:

Anju tum Arcanju

You are an angel, an archangel,

Querobim adorardo.

An adorable Cherubim.

Eam mojea kensanchê pan(ti)êru (or pantieri)[8],

On the pleath of these my hair,

Jurar zal´lim Deva mucari.

I have taken an oath in the presence of God.

Chusmo / Refrain:

Itlo tempo raulim âum,

For such a long time I have waited,

Tujech laguim cazar zatolim munum.

Hoping to get married only to you.

Nouro / Bridegroom:

Chondrimam sarkem rupu,

Your features resemble that of the moon,

Chouncheac distai sorguincho anjo.

You look like a heavenly angel.

Teã tujeam gunanco lagunum,

For the love of those your virtues,

Sacrificar kellem mojem viddu.

I sacrificed my life.

Chusmo / Refrain:

Devan moga nirmilem maca,

God, oh my love, has destined me,

Tujêch laguim cazaru zauncheaco.

Just with you only to get married.

Somesto / All:

Caiborim tumchim utram,

How sweet are your words,

Sobit porzollit neketram.

Lovely like the beautiful, shining stars.

Devan bensão tumcher galchem,

May God bless you both,

Sodanch tumim sovostcaiên cholchem.

That you may always live in peace (without worries).

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Devalaguim magtãum amim,

We pray to God,

Borcheac tumcam sorguincheam deneanim.

To bless you with the abundance of his heavenly blessings.

(Sodanch sovostcaên cholcheac tumi.)

That you may always live (lit. walk) in peace.

Anju Tum Arcanju

You are angel, an archangel

Type: Mando

Source: Pereira, José/ Martins, Micael.

Lyrics and Music: Eduardo de Menezes (1862-1922)

Date: Composed about 1896

Musical form: Ternary

Literary form: Monologue

Translated by José Pereira

Anju tum arcanju,

You are an angel, an archangel,

Querobim adoradu.

My adored cherub,

Eklochi muzo fadu,

You are my only destined one.

Juramentu ditam rê sagradu.

I plight you my solemn oath.

Doriacha larari,

On the wave of the sea,

Sorgincha noketranri,

On the stars of heaven,

Muje kensache fantieri,

On this my tress of hair,

Jurar zatam tuja rê mukari.

I take my oath before you.

Fideldade guardar korchi,

Let us always keep this trust,

Amizadi nuim rê sanddchi.

And never lose this affection.

Bore ekvottanum rauchi,

Let us remain always one -

Zoborhy moga foxi mum rê muji.

This, my love, is my dearest wish.

Yo rê moga,

Come, my love,

Tsoi rê maka,

Look at me,

Mogache dolle lai rê maka.

Caress me with your loving eyes.

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Anju Tum Arcanju - Mando


A silk comforter (絲綿被) is a bed covering, most often used as a duvet, and also commonly referred to as a silk duvet, silk quilt, or silk blanket. Originally used and made in China, since the late 20th century, silk comforters have become more common in Western market areas. Their increasing popularity stems from a combination of factors, including their thermal properties, their light weight, and their natural hypoallergenic properties. The opening of the Chinese market to the world since the 1990s has also played a significant role in the spread of silk comforters, as China is both the world's biggest silk producer and silk comforter manufacturer.

Production and processing

Silk comes from the cocoons of the silkworm, which feeds off mulberry trees in subtropical climates. When the cocoon is boiled, the hard cocoon becomes a loose ball of strong, flexible filament measuring over 1,000 meters. Usually, this ball is uncoiled and wrapped on a spindle for use in the textile industry. Silk is used for making everything from clothing to rugs. During silk comforter production, however, the silk filament is not unraveled, but rather stretched into a flat tangled web and layered to form silk floss, which will fill the comforter.

The cocoons are first boiled to loosen the sericin holding the filaments together and kill the silkworm. Each cocoon is stretched by hand on a U-shaped wooden rack, and the ball of thread becomes a sheet of tangled fibers. This sheet is then hand-stretched again on a larger rack, along with several other cocoons to make a thick, cottony bundle called silk floss. It takes hundreds of these bundles to make a silk comforter.

Once enough silk cocoons have been stretched into bundles, the comforter begins to take shape. Workers grab the edges of the bundle and stretch it wide to match the dimensions of the desired comforter, and layer by layer the comforter begins to take shape. It can take anywhere between 100 and 400 of these thin layers to make a comforter, depending on bed dimensions and desired thickness. Since it takes many cocoons to make each layer, a silk comforter may be composed of thousands of silk cocoons.

Once the silk fiber layers are stacked together, they are sealed inside silk or cotton fabrics and the comforter is complete. The result is extremely light-weight despite the silk comforter's thickness. Silk comforters provide excellent insulating properties similar to down, but tend to be less bulky than down duvets. Silk is a breathable fabric, making silk comforters comfortable in a wide temperature range.  Thin silk comforters are used even in the summer.

In the U.S., silk comforters are imported mainly from China or Taiwan and are priced about the same as down comforters. Unlike other natural fibers used in comforters, silk is naturally hypoallergenic, and it does not require any processing chemicals during the manufacturing process.  A silk comforter is a good alternative for people who are allergic to goose down comforters.

Silk comforter care

Silk comforters are easy to care for: they only need to be dried under the sun twice a year to maintain their freshness.  If more thorough cleaning is required, a silk comforter should be dry-cleaned, since the silk floss layers are damaged by contact with water.

They may have a fairly strong smell to them, attributed to the remaining pupa. There is some difference of opinion about how easy it is to get rid of the smell.

Cost in China

In November 2017, at a large government silk products store in Shanghai, the cost for a 100% silk queen-sized 2 kg silk quilt (duvet, comforter) had the 'fixed price' of Yuan 1880 or approximately U.S. $285 (there are no additional costs). Government fixed-price stores, which one can apparently trust as regards quality, sometimes allow customers to bargain. The price is composed of two parts: one is the silk filler, and the other is the cotton cover.

References

Blankets

Silk comforter


German submarine U-550 was a Type IXC/40 German Navy U-boat built during World War II. She was laid down on 2 October 1942 by Deutsche Werft in Hamburg as yard number 371, launched on 12 May 1943 and commissioned on 28 July under the command of Kapitänleutnant Klaus Hänert.

Design
German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-550 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-550 was fitted with six  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one  SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a  SK C/30 as well as a  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

Service history
After training with the 4th U-boat Flotilla, she was assigned to the 10th U-boat Flotilla on 1 February 1944 in Lorient in occupied France.

Patrol

She sailed from Kiel on 6 February 1944, heading for the North Atlantic, via the gap between Iceland and the Faroe Islands and conducted weather reporting duties before sailing for Newfoundland and subsequently the northeast coast of the United States. On 22 February the boat was unsuccessfully attacked south of Iceland by a Canso flying boat of No. 162 Squadron RCAF. However, two members of the U-boat's crew were killed.

Loss

On 16 April 1944, south of Nantucket Island, she located convoy CU 21, bound for Great Britain from New York City. The , one of the largest tankers in the world, was unwisely straggling behind the convoy; U-550 torpedoed her. The ship quickly caught fire and began to sink. As the vessel settled, the submerged U-boat maneuvered underneath her hull in an effort to hide from the inevitable counterattack by the convoy's escorts.

Convoy CU-21 was escorted by Escort Division 22, consisting of Coast Guard-crewed destroyer escorts reinforced by one Navy DE, , which took the place of , which had been lost in action the previous month. The escort division's flagship,  and  rescued the tanker's surviving crew, while the Joyce detected the U-boat on sonar as the Germans attempted to escape after hiding beneath the sinking tanker. U-550s engineering officer later said, "We waited for your ship to leave; soon we could hear nothing so we thought the escort vessels had gone; but as soon as we started to move – bang!" The Joyce delivered a depth-charge pattern that bracketed the submerged submarine. The depth charges were so well placed, a German reported, that one actually bounced off the U-boat's deck before it exploded.

According to eyewitness accounts cited in Randall Peffer's book Where Divers Dare: The Hunt for the Last U-boat, the attack severely damaged U-550 and forced it to the surface. Joyce, Peterson and Gandy circled around the submarine, firing at it. Gandy rammed U-550 abaft the conning tower and Peterson dropped two depth charges which exploded near the U-boat's hull. Two men in the U-boat's tower were killed.

Meanwhile, the U-boat captain Klaus Hänert tried to reach the observation deck with a surrender flag, but he was wounded by the American shells and fell back down into the U-boat's control room. Eventually, someone aboard the submarine fired a white flare from the tower hatch.

The captain of the USS Joyce, Robert Wilcox, took the flare as a sign of distress and surrender and called a cease fire. USS Gandy and USS Peterson ceased firing, too. The U-boat's crew scrambled on deck to abandon their sinking vessel. About 40 of the Germans entered the 44-degree water and tried to swim to USS Peterson, but the men were not picked up. Joyce rescued 13 of U-550s crew, including the captain Klaus Hänert, engineer Hugo Renzmann and doctor Friedrich Torge. One of the saved German seamen later died from wounds received during the firefight. Joyce delivered the prisoners of war as well as the Pan Pennsylvania survivors to the authorities in Ireland.

Men in the Water

There is a grisly postscript to the sinking of U-550. According to the Eastern Sea Frontier's War Diary account of the sinking.

At 15:15 on 5 May 1944, the Coastal Picket Patrol CGR-3082 recovered a body from the sea at , about  ESE of Ambrose. The body was clothed in a German-type life jacket. From the markings on his clothing it was possible that the man's name was "Zube". A German escape lung was found near his body as well. An autopsy performed on the body indicated that the individual died only five days before his remains were discovered – U-550 had been sunk on 16 April, the corpse was found 19 days later.

Two other bodies were subsequently found. The first, picked up by another picket boat, CGR-1989, at 17:30 on 11 May, was fully clothed, had an escape lung and life jacket on. He was found in a rubber raft. Identification marks indicated the man was a German sailor named Wilhelm Flade, aged about 17. The body was transferred from CGR-1989 to CGR-1338 on the morning of 12 May 1944 and was brought to Tompkinsville on Staten Island.

On 16 May a third body was sighted and picked up by USS SC-630. It was stated that the uniform and insignia indicated the victim had been a German crewman, although he carried no identification; he had been in the water more than 18 days.

Discovery

The wreck of U-550 was discovered on 23 July 2012. It lay off the coast of Massachusetts in over 300 feet of water about  south of Nantucket. A team of six divers, led by Joe Mazraani, located the wreck using side-scan sonar after a multi-year search.

Subsequent to the discovery, the divers received emails, letters and phone calls from veterans and the families of veterans involved in the battle who were looking for closure and hoping to set the record straight. The divers interviewed living veterans of the tanker Pan Pennsylvania and the US destroyer escorts. Eventually, the divers traveled to Germany and met with two of the last living survivors of U-550 as well as the families of the submarine's captain and doctor. What the divers learned was that the survivors of U-550 had become friends following the war with the captain of the Joyce, Robert Wilcox, who saved their lives.

During the search for U-550 the team located a large target which diving confirmed to be the wreck of the stern of Pan Pennsylvania, previously believed to have sunk whole approximately  from the scene of battle in 1944. They recovered a breakfast plate from the wreck and presented it to the ship's chief radio officer Mort Raphelson on the 70th anniversary of the battle. The plate resembled the one Raphelson had been eating from when the U-boat's torpedo hit his ship.

Summary of raiding history

References

Bibliography

External links

 (Please go to the line "U-Bootnr.:" and enter the figure 550. Then scroll down and click the "suchen" button to get a 2-page crew list. Table headers are in German but the data is in English.)

German Type IX submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
Shipwrecks of the Massachusetts coast
U-boats commissioned in 1943
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by US warships
U-boats sunk in 1944
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1943 ships
Ships built in Hamburg
Maritime incidents in April 1944

German submarine U-550


The word mustard is used to refer to several species of plants. These plants belong to the genera Brassica or Sinapis. They have tiny seeds. These seeds can be used as a condiment. When they are first ground, and then mixed with water, vinegar and other ingredients, a condiment called mustard can be made. The seeds can also be pressed, to give a kind of oil called mustard oil. Some kinds of mustard plants have edible leaves. These leaves are known as mustard greens.

Mild white mustard (Sinapis hirta) grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard (B. juncea), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard (B. nigra) in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries.

In addition to the mustards, the genus Brassica also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.

There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.

An interesting genetic relationship between many species of mustard have been observed.

The mustard plant is in no way related to mustard gas, an agent for chemical warfare.

Gallery

References

Leaf vegetables
Brassicaceae

Mustard plant


János Garay (10 October 1812 – 5 November 1853) was a Hungarian poet and author, born in Szekszárd, Tolna County. From 1823 to 1828 he studied at Pécs, and subsequently, in 1829, at the University of Pest. In 1834 he brought out an heroic poem, in hexameters, under the title Csatár. Garay was an energetic journalist, and in 1838 he moved to Pozsony, where he edited the political journal Hírnök (Herald). He returned to Pest in 1839, when he was elected a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1842 he was admitted into the Kisfaludy Society, of which he became second secretary.

Garay enriched Hungarian literature with numerous lyrical poems, ballads and tales. The first collection of his poems was published in Pest; and his prose tales appeared in 1845, under the title of Tollrajzok (Sketches with the Pen). His historical ballads and legends, styled Árpádok (Pest, 1847, 2nd ed. 1848), showed him to be a master in the art of ballad-writing. Some of his lyrical poems also are excellent, as, for example, Balatoni kagylók (Shells from Lake Balaton) (Pest, 1848). His legend Bosnyák Zsófia (Pest, 1847), and his poetical romance Frangepán Kristófné (Christopher Frangepan's Wife) (Pest, 1846), gained the prize of the Kisfaludy Society.

He wrote the comic epic poem Az obsitos (The Veteran) about the self-prolaimed hero Háry János, which subsequently Zsolt Harsányi (1887–1943) and  (1881–1945) turned into a Singspiel libretto. Zoltán Kodály set this to music in 1925–1926 as the folk opera Háry János.

His last and most famous work was an historical poem in twelve cantos, with the title Szent László (Saint Ladislaus) (Eger, 1852, 2nd ed., Pest, 1853, 3rd ed. 1863).

Garay was professor of Hungarian language and literature to the University of Pest in 1848–1849. Since he was frail he supported the 1848 Revolution for freedom through his poetry. When the Revolutionaries lost he was condemned by the Habsburgs. After about four years illness he died in 1853, in great want. A collected edition of his poems was published in Pest the year after his death by F. Ney (2nd ed. 1860), and several of his poems were translated by Kertbeny. His birthplace of Szekszárd has a statue to honor him.

References

External links

 Web camera of Garay square and statue

1812 births
1853 deaths
People from Szekszárd
Hungarian male poets
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
19th-century Hungarian poets
19th-century Hungarian male writers

János Garay


Slaughtered Ox, also known as Flayed Ox, Side of Beef, or Carcass of Beef, is a 1655 oil on beech panel still life painting by Rembrandt. It has been in the collection of the Louvre in Paris since 1857. A similar painting is in Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow, possibly not created by Rembrandt himself but probably by one of his pupils, perhaps Carel Fabritius.  Other similar paintings by Rembrandt or more likely his circle are held by museums in Budapest and Philadelphia.

The work follows in a tradition of artworks showing butchery, for example Pieter Aertsen's A Meat Stall with the Holy Family Giving Alms (1551) and Annibale Carracci's Butcher's Shop (c. 1583), and perhaps more specifically Joachim Beuckelaer's Slaughtered Pig (1563).  Rembrandt made a drawing of a similar scene c. 1635.  Another pre-1655 painting of a slaughtered ox (the example in Edinburgh, now attributed to Rembrandt's circle but formerly to Rembrandt) was perhaps inspired by a lost earlier work by Rembrandt himself.  In northern Europe, November was traditionally the time for slaughtering livestock, before winter made feed difficult to find.

The painting measures , and is signed and dated "Rembrandt f. 1655".  It shows the butchered carcass of a bull or an ox, hanging in a wooden building, possibly a stable or lean-to shed.  The carcass is suspended by its two rear legs, which are tied by ropes to a wooden crossbeam.  The animal has been decapitated and flayed of skin and hair, the chest cavity has been stretched open and the internal organs removed, revealing a mass of flesh, fat, connective tissue, joints, bones, and ribs.  The carcass is carefully coloured, and given texture by impasto.  In the background, a woman appears behind a half-open door, lifting the painting from still life into a genre painting, a scene of everyday life.  It is sometimes considered a vanitas or memento mori; some commentators make references to the killing of the fatted calf in the biblical story of the Prodigal Son, others directly to the Crucifixion of Jesus.

The painting was possibly owned by Christoffel Hirschvogel in 1661. It was viewed by Joshua Reynolds in the collection of Pieter Locquet in Amsterdam in 1781, and later owned by Louis Viardot, who sold it to the Louvre in 1857 for 5,000 francs.

The work's muscular depiction inspired Honoré Daumier, Eugène Delacroix, a series of works by  Chaïm Soutine, and Francis Bacon.  Most particularly, Bacon's Figure with Meat depicts Pope Innocent X, as painted by Velazquez, accompanied by ghostly echoes of the carcass from Rembrandt's painting.

Gallery

See also
 List of paintings by Rembrandt

References

 Le Boeuf écorché, Louvre
 The slaughtered ox, Rembrandt database
 A Corpus of Rembrandt Paintings V: The Small-Scale History Paintings, 2011., edited by Ernst van de Wetering, p. 551-562
 Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606-1669, Carcass of Beef (Flayed Ox), 1655, Don Gray
  Bloom: Rembrandt, Red Meat, and Remembering the Flesh, Lisa Deam, The Cresset, Trinity 2007 (Vol LXX, No. 5, p 6–13)
Avigdor W.G. Posèq: A Proposal for Rembrandt's Two Versions of Slaughtered Ox, Artibus et Historiae, Vol. 30, No. 60 (2009), pp. 271-276, Cracow, 2009.
 Smith, Baige Elise: Rembrandt`s Anatomy Lessons, diss., The University of Western Australia, 2010.
 Niels Bergervoet Rembrandt and the Slaughtered Ox, 2011.
 Margaret D. Carroll: The Blade and the Brush: Rembrandt's Slaughtered Ox and Anatomy of Doctor Deyman, Oxford Art Journal 40(3), 2017., str.347-369
Alison M. Kettering: After Life: Rembrandt's Slaughtered Ox, Artibus et Historiae, 79 (XL), 2019., 267-286

External sources
Rembrandt's Flayed Ox Explained

Paintings by Rembrandt
1665 paintings
Paintings in the Louvre by Dutch, Flemish and German artists
Still life paintings
Animal paintings
Animal killing
Cattle in art
Paintings about death

Slaughtered Ox


TopoZone is a website operated by Locality LLC that offers free online topographic maps.

It was founded in November 1999 by Ed McNierney whose company Maps a la carte, Inc. operated out of North Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Prior to founding the company, McNierney, an organic chemistry graduate of Dartmouth College, was chief technology officer for Eastman Software, a division of Eastman Kodak.

In 2003 the company partnered with the National Map making its 20-Terabyte library of digital topographic maps and aerial photography available to the USGS. The 2003 press release of the partnership said that 300 million maps had been served from 1999 to 2003.

TopoZone was one of the first topographic mapping site on the web, providing visitors with free viewing and printing of the full set of United States Geological Survey topographic maps covering the entire United States. The maps are produced by the USGS, which encourages the distribution of their maps through business partners. TopoZone offered aerial photographs from the USGS and street maps from the United States Census Bureau. In 2007 complete coverage of Canada was added, using the topographic map series produced by Natural Resources Canada.

In 2007 McNierney sold the company to Demand Media and stayed on as chief mapmaker until the company was taken over by Trails.com.

On April 9, 2008, Topozone was incorporated into Demand Media's Hillclimb Media subsidiary Trails.com.  Links to individual TopoZone maps now forward to Trails.com, with maps limited to small size and strongly watermarked.  An annual $50 subscription is required to access larger maps without watermarks.

Demand Media discontinued the site in 2014 and it was eventually acquired by Locality LLC and relaunched in December 2015.

See also
TerraServer-USA
TopoQuest

References

External links

 TopoZone

Topography techniques
Web Map Services
Map companies of the United States
Maps of Canada
Maps of the United States
Companies based in Massachusetts

TopoZone


Red Storm Rising is a simulation video game based on Tom Clancy's 1986 novel Red Storm Rising and released in 1988 by MicroProse. The player is put in charge of an American SSN submarine in the Norwegian Sea Theater with the overall role of a hunter killer performing various missions in the context of the global conflict described in the book representing a campaign. Its original Commodore 64 version was co-designed and co-programmed by the famous game designer Sid Meier.

Plot
As with  in the book, the game concentrates on the Norwegian Sea theater, placing the player as captain of a single United States Navy nuclear-powered submarine tasked to disrupt Soviet forces in the area between the Kola Peninsula and the Greenland-Iceland-UK barrier. Missions may include interdiction of tanker fleets, stopping amphibious landing forces, eliminating Soviet wolf pack submarines and many others. The background story remains true to the book's plot but the final mission is always to prevent the Soviets from launching nuclear missiles by locating and eliminating their ballistic missile submarines.

Gameplay
The player may choose from four different timelines. Starting in the early 1980s limits the player to Permit,  or early -class submarines, but the Soviets have weak sonar, whereas starting in the late 1980s allows the player to use the improved Los Angeles class and even the newer  subs. Weapons improve accordingly, with Tomahawk missiles and improved Mark 48 torpedoes included in later timelines but the Soviets begin deploying nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and much better anti-submarine warfare ships.

The goal of the game is always consistent: inflicting as much damage as possible on the Soviets in the Norwegian Sea, thus allowing safe passage to supply convoys coming from America and preventing amphibious forces from conquering Norway and Iceland. In order to make contact with enemy forces, the player must navigate the sub in a map of the North Sea, depending on his sub's sensors as well as allied aircraft, satellites and SOSUS arrays to detect the Soviet forces.

Success or failure of the missions impacts the progress of the war depicted by shifts in the front line on a simple map of Europe. If the player fails in a mission then Soviet forces capture more territory, but if the player succeeds then NATO is able to resist the Soviet attacks. In the course of the campaign the player can gain rank and possibly earn medals as well. In the end of the war, a final score is calculated and the player is awarded a post-war rank if NATO wins the war; this rank can vary from commander to admiral depending on how successful they have been in their missions. A poor performance in the game, particularly in the final mission, means that the Soviets win the war and the player ends up with the rank of Tovarishch (comrade), becoming a political prisoner in a communist-ruled America.

Reception
Compute! called Red Storm Rising a "must" for fans of Tom Clancy or military simulations. Computer Gaming World in 1988 and 1992 gave the game four and a half stars out of five, commending it for balancing realism and gameplay while noting deviations from realism, such as the durability of the player's submarine. The reviewer noted the game is "relatively easy to learn and win. This reviewer does not mean that the challenge is absent, but while the challenge is omnipresent, it is surmountable". In a 1994 survey of wargames the magazine gave the title three-plus stars out of five, stating that it was "one of the best on the market". In 1996, the magazine ranked Red Storm Rising as the 39th best PC game of all time, calling it "a modern submarine combat game unmatched even by today's offerings, the play balance of scenarios, campaigns and realism was near perfect".

Cold Waters, a "spiritual successor" to Red Storm Rising, was released in 2017.

References

External links

 Review in Run

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The American Suite in A major (), Op. 98b, B. 190, is an orchestral suite written in 1894–1895 by Czech composer Antonín Dvořák.

Background
Dvořák initially wrote the Suite in A major for piano, Op. 98, B. 184, in New York between February 19 and March 1, 1894. He orchestrated it in two parts more than a year after his return to the United States and immediately before his departure for Europe. The piano version was performed soon after its composition, but the orchestral version waited some years. The orchestral version of the American Suite was first played in concert in 1910 and not published until 1911, seven years after Dvořák's death in 1904.

Movements
The suite is written in five movements, each with a marked rhythm:

Analysis and reception

As is often the case with Dvořák, the orchestral version gives the work a new breadth. The cyclic aspects of Dvořák's composition are apparent in that the main theme of the first movement recurs during the conclusion of the work. This opening theme is marked by his American-influenced style. It is difficult to determine whether it comes from the typical folk music of the New World or simply from the music of the Czech emigrants, which Dvořák liked to listen to during his stay in the United States.

This mix of American influence with Slavic tradition is also perceptible in the rhythm of the alla polacca third movement, and in the last movement's themes native to the Far East, played by flute and oboe in unison, where the orchestra passes easily from the minor theme to the major one.

Far from any exoticism, the art of Dvořák's orchestral work is in the field of pure music, and it is undoubtedly for this reason that Brahms appreciated it. Even in New York, when Dvořák encouraged his pupils to work on their own folk melodies, it was authentic recreation of popular folk music that he called for.

Appearances in popular culture
Along with several other works by Dvořák (including some of the Slavonic Dances and the second movement of the New World Symphony), the first movement, Andante con moto is part of the soundtrack to Sid Meier's Civilization IV.

The last movement, Allegro, was used in the trailer for The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall.

See also
 List of compositions by Antonín Dvořák

Notes

References and further reading
 Döge, Klaus: "Antonín Dvořák", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed December 16, 2006), (subscription access)

External links

Suites by Antonín Dvořák
Compositions for solo piano
Compositions for symphony orchestra
1894 compositions
1895 compositions
Compositions in A major
Dvořák

American Suite


A pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant (also called as Insectivorous plant). Carnivorous plants are plants that eat insects and other small animals. Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. All living things must have nitrogen. Carnivorous plants get nitrogen from the insects they eat.

The pitcher of the pitcher plant is actually a modified leaf. The apex of the leaf is always the lid. Pitcher plants catch (get) insects in a cup of liquid. The walls of the cup make nectar (sweet liquid). The nectar attracts insects. When an insect lands on the wall, it falls down into the liquid. The insect cannot get out of the cup because the walls are smooth and slippery and the walls have hairs pointing down.

After the insect is dead, its body rots. Rotting releases (lets loose) the nitrogen from the insect's body. The nitrogen then goes into the liquid and the plant takes in the nitrogen from the liquid.

References

Flowering plants
Carnivorous plants
Insectivorus plants

Pitcher plant


Bathymetry is the study of the underwater terrain of lakes or ocean floors. It is the same as topography, except that it looks at the underwater topography. It is a field of oceanography. The name comes from Greek  (bathus), meaning "deep", and  (metron), meaning "measure". Bathymetric (or hydrographic) charts are often made to support the safety of underwater navigation and exploration. Most of these underwater topographic maps use contour lines (called depth contours or isobaths) to show the terrain of the sea floor, and how deep it is. They usually also give surface navigational information.

Originally, bathymetry involved the measurement of ocean depth through sounding. Early techniques used heavy rope or cable lowered over a ship's side. This method measures the depth of the water at a single location each time. It was not a very accurate method. The data used to make bathymetric maps today usually comes from an echosounder (sonar). This device is attached to the bottom or the side of a boat.

References

Other websites

 High resolution bathymetry for the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea

Cartography
Oceanography

Bathymetry


Joe Schad (born c. 1974) is a reporter, writer, analyst and broadcaster focused on college football and the NFL for more than 20 years. In July 2016, Schad announced he would begin covering the Miami Dolphins and the NFL at the Palm Beach Post.

Schad joined ESPN in 2005 as a sports reporter, working as ESPN's National College Football Reporter and appearing on shows including College Football Live, SportsCenter, College GameDay, ESPN First Take, and ESPNEWS.  Schad provided college football news and notes for SportsCenter. In addition, Schad wrote news stories and blogged for ESPN.com. Schad hosted a college football show for ESPN Radio and has done college football and NFL sideline reporting for ESPN, ABC and ESPN Radio. Between 2010 and 2015, Schad broadcast more than 145 games for ESPN Radio, including the Orange Bowl, Rose Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, Sugar Bowl, BCS National Championship Game and College Football Playoff Semifinals and National Championship Game.

Schad is known for his breaking news, including underclassmen declaring for the NFL draft as well as reporting numerous coaches who have been hired or fired, players who have transferred and coaching contract extensions. Schad reported feature stories and sitdown conversations for shows like College GameDay, SportsCenter and Outside The Lines. Some of Schad's more notable interview subjects are Urban Meyer, Pete Carroll, Mack Brown, Bobby Bowden, Joe Paterno, Tim Tebow, Steve Spurrier, Jake Locker, Sam Bradford, Bobby Petrino, Tyrann Mathieu and Kenneth Starr. Schad has reported on several NCAA investigations including ones into Reggie Bush, Cam Newton, Johnny Manziel, Marvin Austin, Rhett Bomar, Florida State, Tennessee, North Carolina, Michigan, Oregon and Baylor.

Early life and career
Schad grew up in Glendale, New York and graduated in 1992 from St. Francis Preparatory School in Fresh Meadows, Queens and in 1997 from St. John's University in New York earning a degree in journalism. While a student at St. John's, Schad was the editor in chief and sports editor of St. John's student-managed newspaper, The Torch. He was also the sports director of WSJU, St. John's official radio station. Schad was recognized with several journalism awards during his collegiate career from the APSE and FSWA.

Before ESPN
After graduating from St. John's, Schad covered college and professional sports for Newsday and also worked as a researcher for ESPN The Magazine.

In 1999, Schad left New York and began working as a beat writer and general assignment reporter for the Orlando Sentinel/Ft. Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel where he covered the University of Florida. During his tenure at the Sentinel, he broke numerous football and men's basketball stories including: a gambling scandal, street brawl, transfers, drug suspensions, accusations of rape, players turning pro and coaching hires.

In 2003, Schad began his first stint covering the Miami Dolphins for the Palm Beach Post where he garnered national attention for his work on the Ricky Williams' drug use, and an FBI investigation into hate mail sent to several prominent athletes.

Schad currently resides in Parkland, Florida.

References

Former Editor In Chief journeys from The Torch to the NFL.

Joe Schad Is a "Media Free Agent" After 11 Years at ESPN.

ESPN parts ways with college football staffers Joe Schad, Robert Smith.

Former ESPN college football reporter Joe Schad going to Palm Beach Post.

BREAKING: Joe Schad Landed His Dream Job and You Can Too.

Joe Schad Palm Beach Post.

1970s births
Living people
College football announcers
St. John's University (New York City) alumni

Joe Schad


Stentor is a genus of filter-feeding ciliates. They are usually horn-shaped, and reaching lengths of 2 millimeters, they are among the biggest known unicellular organisms.

They are a type of protist ciliate in the heterotrich class. The old-fashioned name for them was  trumpet animalcules.

The body is horn-shaped, with a ring of prominent cilia around the anterior "bell" that sweeps in food and helps swimming. Some reach several millimeters in length, making them among the largest single celled organisms. As in many freshwater protozoans, Stentor has a contractile vacuole. Because the concentration of salt inside the cell and in the surrounding freshwater is different, Stentor must store water that enters it by osmosis and then discharge it from the vacuole. They can regenerate, and small fragments can grow into full organisms. Each cell has one (often elongated) macronucleus and several micronuclei. Having two types of nuclei is charcteristic of ciliates.

Ciliates

Stentor


Yao Ming (born September 12, 1980) is a retired Chinese starter basketball player who played for the Houston Rockets o the Naitional Basketbaw Association (NBA). At the time o his final saison, he wis the tawest active player in the NBA, at .

References

1980 births
Livin fowk
Asie Gemmes medallists in basketbaw
Asie Gemmes siller medalists for Cheenae
Basketbaw players at the 2000 Simmer Olympics
Basketbaw players at the 2002 Asian Gemmes
Basketbaw players at the 2004 Simmer Olympics
Basketbaw players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics
Basketbaw players frae Shanghai
Centres (basketbaw)
Cheenese expatriate basketbaw fowk in the Unitit States
Cheenese male vyce actors
Cheenese men's basketbaw players
Houston Rockets draft picks
Houston Rockets players
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
Medallists at the 2002 Asie Gemmes
Members o the Cheenese Fowk's Poleetical Consultative Conference
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association players frae Cheenae
Olympic basketbaw players o Cheenae
Shanghai Jiao Tong Varsity alumni
Shanghai Sharks players
2006 FIBA Warld Championship players
2002 FIBA Warld Championship players

Yao Ming


High-speed steam engines were one of the final developments of the stationary steam engine. They ran at a high speed, of several hundred rpm, which was needed by tasks such as electricity generation.

Defining characteristics

They have two primary characteristics:
 High speed.
 This is sufficient to drive a small dynamo directly, rather than needing a step-up drive by belts.

 Accurate speed regulation.
 Generation by dynamo requires a stable rotation speed for a stable output voltage, even when the load changes. When an alternator was being driven, the output frequency also depended upon a stable rotation speed.

These also resulted in a number of secondary characteristics. Although these were not defining to the type, or were always the case, they were recognisably common:
 Improved lubrication, as required by their high speed.
 This often used an enclosed crankcase with an oil sump and lubrication by 'splash' or by ring oilers. Some went so far as to have engine-driven oil pumps and a circulation system.

 Small, rigid cast iron frames, so that they did not require the large stationary engine's usual complex masonry foundations.
 Single-acting cylinders.
 As the crankcase became more important for lubrication, the layout was simpler if steam pressure was only applied to one side of the cylinder. This has a second advantage: as the steam's force is now only on one side of the piston, the force on the bearings will still vary through the stroke, but it no longer reverses its direction. This reduces the effects of any bearing slop at high speed.

High speed was not needed for electrical power generation in the largest citywide plants. As these plants were necessarily large, they could also use large-diameter dynamos with many pole pieces. This gave the necessary linear speed (in poles passed / time) for a lower rotational shaft speed.

These engines were produced with either simple or compound operating cycles. Smaller examples were usually simple, as the difficulties of achieving good regulation outweighed the efficiencies of compounding. High-speed engines did develop a reputation for profligacy. For larger engines the fuel cost savings were worthwhile and compound designs such as the Willans engine were used.

They also used a wide range of valves. Examples with either slide or piston valves were common. Multi-cylinder single-acting engines typically shared one piston valve between two cylinders, either between the cylinders or horizontally above them.

The valvegear driving these valves was usually simple, a single eccentric designed only to run at one speed, in one direction, for a fairly constant load. Although these engines were contemporaneous with sophisticated and efficient valvegears such as the Corliss, these trip valves were incapable of working quickly enough.

"Automatic" engines

A key requirement for the high-speed steam engine was accurate control of a constant speed, even under a rapidly changing load. Although the control of steam engines via a centrifugal governor dates back to Watt, this control was inadequate. These early governors operated a throttle valve to control the flow of steam to the engine. This gives an inadequately responsive control for the constant speed needed for electricity generation.

The solution developed for high-speed steam engines was the "automatic" governor. Rather than controlling the flow rate of steam, it controlled the timing or 'cut-off' of the inlet valves. This governor was interspersed between the crankshaft and the eccentric driving the valve gear. It was often made as part of the engine's flywheel. A centrifugal bob weight in the governor moved out against a spring with increasing speed. This caused the eccentric's position to shift relative to the crank, changing the valve timing and causing an early cut-off. As this control acted directly at the cylinder port, rather than through a long pipe from a throttle valve, it could be very fast-acting.

Lubrication

Enclosed crankcase splash lubrication

Lubrication of the first high-speed engines, such as the Ideal (an open-crank horizontal engine), were lubricated by a development of the oil cup systems previously widespread on medium-speed stationary engines. Oil cups and multi-point lubricators could oil shaft bearings well enough and a single sight-glass could be observed by even the most careless engine driver or oiler. The difficulty was that on high-speed engines, oilers could no longer be mounted on moving parts, such as the crosshead or connecting rod. Any oil reservoir here would be churned around by the movement and such a necessarily small reserve might also be inadequate incapacity for an engine doing so much work in a small space. More care was thus given to the thoroughness of oiling, and moving parts such as the crankpin were fed by drillings through the crankshaft from oil supplies that were rotating but not moving, such as the main bearings. Centrifugal force was also used to distribute the oil. It was usual that high-speed engines would have only one or two lubricators, so that engine tending was a simpler task and less prone to breakdowns from simple carelessness and running a lubricator dry.

Single-acting engines

As speeds increased, the high-speed engine evolved towards its developed form of the multi-cylinder vertical engine with an enclosed crankcase. There was also a tendency to use single-acting pistons. This had two advantages, the lubrication could be provided by a generous 'splash' system within the crankcase that also helped with cooling, and secondly that the forces in a single-acting engine always act in the same way, as a compression force along the piston rod and connecting rod. This meant that even if a bearing's clearances were relatively slack, the bearing was always held tight. Slack, and thus free-running, bearings could be accepted. An example of such an engine would be the twin-cylinder Westinghouse engines. These engines used a trunk piston, as used for internal combustion engines today, where there is no separate crosshead and the gudgeon pin of the connecting rod is moved up within the piston itself. This provides a very compact layout, but obviously requires a single-acting piston. The main crankshaft bearings of this engine were provided with separate oilers that drained into the crankcase sump. It was recognised that the crankcase oil would become contaminated with water from condensed steam and blow-by from the pistons. A valve was provided for draining this collected condensate off from beneath the oil in the bottom of the deep sump.

Double-acting engines and the invention of pressure lubrication
The important concept of pressure lubrication of engine bearings began with high-speed steam engines and is now a vital part of internal combustion engines. This is both reliable as a lubrication system and also allows the use of hydrostatic bearings ('oil wedge') that can support greater loads. The first patents for this were issued to Belliss & Morcom in 1890, from the work of their draughtsman Albert Charles Pain. Belliss & Morcom preferred double-acting cylinders, so as to produce the smallest possible engines for a given power; one of their major markets, like Peter Brotherhood, was in supplying generator sets to the Royal Navy for use in the confines of a warship engine room. The difficulty of a double-acting engine was that the direction of the forces in the connecting rod now reverses between compression and tension, so that the bearing clearances must be made tighter to avoid any rattling. Belliss and Morcom developed a two-cylinder engine of 20 bhp at 625 rpm that used a small separate oil pump to feed oil under pressure to the crank bearings, through long drilled holes in the crankshaft. This provided reliable lubrication and cooling and the pressure of the oil film was sufficient to allow the use of double-acting engines with adequate clearance to provide free running.

See also
 Willans engine
 Uniflow engine
 Steam motor, the application of the high-speed engine principles to steam locomotives

Notes

References

Further reading

Stationary steam engines
Steam engines by type

High-speed steam engine


Fred Manville Taylor (July 11, 1855, Northville, Michigan – August 7, 1932) was a U.S. economist and educator best known for his contribution to the theory of market socialism. He taught mostly history at Albion College from 1879 to 1892. He taught in the department of economics at University of Michigan from 1892 to 1929 after receiving his Ph.D. in political philosophy there in 1888. His Principles of Economics (1911) went through 9 editions. Of a libertarian ideology, he was noted as a clear and rigorous expositor of economic theory in the partial-equilibrium lineage of Alfred Marshall.

In his American Economic Association presidential address, Taylor (1929) laid out the conditions under which a socialist economy could in theory achieve an efficient allocation of resources. The conditions parallel those of a private-enterprise economy. They include the state providing money income to its citizens, citizens using their income as they choose to buy output produced by state enterprises, and the state setting prices equal to marginal cost so as to compensate factors of production, including labor, with prices set by trial-and-error to clear markets. In this, Taylor stated principles of market socialism developed by Abba Lerner and Oscar Lange in the following decade and anticipated in mathematical form by Enrico Barone in 1908.

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1855 births
1932 deaths
American economists
American socialists
University of Michigan faculty
University of Michigan alumni
Presidents of the American Economic Association

Socialist economists

Fred M. Taylor


Inside Story is a daily news programme broadcast by Al Jazeera English. The programme provides analysis and commentary on recent news stories and is modeled after Mā Warā' al-Khabar (; Behind the News) on the sister channel, Al Jazeera (Arabic).

Original version
The original Al Jazeera English version of the programme broadcasts from Al Jazeera's studios in Doha, with an anchor who is joined by guests from around the globe. The hosts rotate depending upon the topic being covered.

The programme began airing in November 2006 alongside the launch of Al Jazeera English.

American version
An American version of the show launched on Al Jazeera America on August 20, 2013 on the channel's debut and was first hosted by Libby Casey who afterwards acted as a fill in host. The show for most of its time was hosted full-time by Ray Suarez formerly of PBS Newshour.

The show was based in Washington D.C. and is filmed at Al Jazeera's DC hub studios on a set which it shared with the Al Jazeera English programme UpFront. It was originally shot on the former set of Inside Story Americas. The show's format was identical to that of the original Al Jazeera English programme with the exception that it has a full time host.

Spin-offs
In December 2011, Al Jazeera English launched three spinoffs. Two related to the United States:
Inside Story Americas, which focuses solely on stories related to the Americas and was the forerunner to the American version of the show on Al Jazeera America.
Inside Story: US 2012, which covered the U.S. 2012 presidential election.

Inside Story Americas - and, formerly, Inside Story: US 2012 -  has a rotation of Washington D.C anchors.

The third programme:
Inside Syria, was launched to cover the Civil War in Syria.

It uses the same set as another former programme: Inside Iraq, hosted by Jasim Al-Azzawi.

References

External links
Inside Story
Inside Story Americas

Al Jazeera English original programming
Al Jazeera America original programming
2013 American television series debuts

Inside Story (TV programme)


The Lay Claretian Movement is a lay movement of the Catholic Church especially called to Evangelization through the Word of God in all its forms, the testimony and the transforming action of the realities in which they are embedded. They have San Antonio Maria Claret as inspirational and spiritual father, and together with the institutions founded by him, constitute the Claretian family.
It was born in Villa de Leyva, Colombia, on July 8, 1983 during his first General Assembly. It was built as an international association of the faithful of private law by the Pontifical Council for the Laity on April 20, 1988. The decree of erection was signed by the President of the Congregation, Cardinal Bishop Eduardo Pironio.

Structure
The MSC is organized locally, regionally and internationally. The incorporation in the movement is pending of admission to one of their local communities. The whole community of a given region is regional. The regions are coordinated by the Regional Assembly and the Regional Council. Currently there are regions of Argentina, Uruguay, Andalusia (southern Spain), Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Caribbean, Chile, Colombia, Nigeria, Northern Spain and Venezuela, although there are also communities in Angola, Canada, Congo, England, United States, Guatemala, Equatorial Guinea, Honduras, Italy, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Poland, and Russia.

The coordination of the international Movement rests with the General Assembly, as part of the General Council members, representatives of the regional councils, delegates from local groups, and the General Council, composed of members elected by the Assembly General.

References

External links
 Lay Claretian Movement
 Holy See
 Pontifical Council for the Laity
 Claretian Family

1983 establishments in Colombia
International associations of the faithful

Lay Claretian Movement