In rodents, sphenopalatine vacuities are perforations of the roof of the mesopterygoid fossa, the open space behind the palate, in between the parapterygoid fossae. They may perforate the presphenoid or basisphenoid bone. Their development and form are variable between and within species, and features of the sphenopalatine vacuities have been used as characters in cladistic analyses.

Among Oryzomyini, a mainly South American group, a 2006 study distinguished three character states—large, wide vacuities, as among others in Oligoryzomys and Holochilus; small, narrow vacuities, as among others in Lundomys and Nephelomys; and no or vestigial vacuities, as among others in Mindomys and Oryzomys. Phyllotini all have very large sphenopalatine vacuities, as does Sigmodon. The vacuities in Reithrodon, formerly considered a phyllotine, are especially large. Nyctomys is special in having sphenopalatine vacuities restricted to the basisphenoid bone. Character polarity for the development of the vacuities in Cricetidae is difficult to determine, but their absence may be primitive in the Neotominae.

The development of sphenopalatine vacuities has also been used to distinguish among members of the Sciurini group of squirrels.

References

Literature cited
Carleton,  M.D. 1980. Phylogenetic relationships in neotomine-peromyscine  rodents (Muroidea) and a reappraisal of the dichotomy within New World  Cricetinae. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of  Michigan 157:i–vii+1–146.
Moore,  J.C. 1959. Relationships among the living squirrels of  the Sciurinae. Bulletin of the  American Museum of Natural History  118:157–206.
Steppan,  S.J. 1995. Revision of the tribe Phyllotini (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae),  with a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Sigmodontinae. Fieldiana Zoology  80:1–112.
Weksler,  M. 2006.  Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine  rodents (Muroidea: Sigmodontinae): separate and combined analyses of  morphological and molecular data.  Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 296:1–149.
Rodent anatomy

Sphenopalatine vacuities


Izmirlian Medical Center (), is a medical center and a research foundation located in the Armenian capital Yerevan. Opened in 1986, it is located in the Kanaker-Zeytun district and currently operates under the supervision of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. The Surb Nerses Mets Research and Education Center (), operates within the medical center.

History
The medical center-institute was originally opened in 1986 in the Nor Zeytun neighbourhood of Yerevan as a center of proctology named after L. Nazarov. Between 1998 and 2000, the center was redeveloped by the New York-based Armenian General Benevolent Union to include a section for plastic surgery and other surgical specialties. In 2000, the center was granted to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin and renamed as Surb Nerses Mets Medical Center, after the Catholicos of All Armenians Nerses I of the 4 the century.

In 2013, the center was entirely redeveloped through donations from the Izmirlian Family Foundation. US$12 million has been allocated for the redevelopment process and the construction of a new building. The hospital of the center was renamed in honor of benefactor Dikran Izmirlian. Other Armenian benefactors from Brazil, United States and France have also contributed in the redevelopment of the center.

Services
With a capacity of 139 beds, currently the medical center-institute has 15 sections:
 Coloproctology
 General proctology
 Orthopedics and sports traumatology
 General and laparoscopic surgery
 Urology
 Otorhinolaryngology / Plastic, oral and maxillofacial surgery
 Endoscopy and reconstructive gynaecology
 Anesthesiology, rehabilitation and ICU
 Cardiac surgery
 Cardiothoracic surgery
 Vascular surgery
 Robot-assisted surgery
 Hematology
 Computerized axial tomography scan
 Magnetic resonance imaging
 Advisory diagnostic
 Laboratory

Researches in the center are mainly conducted in the fields of urology, proctology, gastroenterology, etc. The center also hosts several conferences in urology throughout the year.

References

Hospitals in Yerevan
Hospitals established in 1986

Izmirlian Medical Center


In calculus, the differential represents the principal part of the change in a function  with respect to changes in the independent variable. The differential  is defined by

where  is the derivative of  with respect to , and  is an additional real variable (so that  is a function of  and ).  The notation is such that the equation

holds, where the derivative is represented in the Leibniz notation , and this is consistent with regarding the derivative as the quotient of the differentials. One also writes

The precise meaning of the variables  and  depends on the context of the application and the required level of mathematical rigor. The domain of these variables may take on a particular geometrical significance if the differential is regarded as a particular differential form, or analytical significance if the differential is regarded as a linear approximation to the increment of a function.  Traditionally, the variables  and  are considered to be very small (infinitesimal), and this interpretation is made rigorous in non-standard analysis.

History and usage
The differential was first introduced via an intuitive or heuristic definition by Isaac Newton and furthered by Gottfried Leibniz, who thought of the differential  as an infinitely small (or infinitesimal) change in the value  of the function, corresponding to an infinitely small change  in the function's argument .  For that reason, the instantaneous rate of change of  with respect to , which is the value of the derivative of the function, is denoted by the fraction

in what is called the Leibniz notation for derivatives. The quotient  is not infinitely small; rather it is a real number.

The use of infinitesimals in this form was widely criticized, for instance by the famous pamphlet The Analyst by Bishop Berkeley.  Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1823) defined the differential without appeal to the atomism of Leibniz's infinitesimals. Instead, Cauchy, following d'Alembert, inverted the logical order of Leibniz and his successors: the derivative itself became the fundamental object, defined as a limit of difference quotients, and the differentials were then defined in terms of it.  That is, one was free to define the differential  by an expression

in which  and  are simply new variables taking finite real values, not fixed infinitesimals as they had been for Leibniz.

According to , Cauchy's approach was a significant logical improvement over the infinitesimal approach of Leibniz because, instead of invoking the metaphysical notion of infinitesimals, the quantities  and  could now be manipulated in exactly the same manner as any other real quantities
in a meaningful way.  Cauchy's overall conceptual approach to differentials remains the standard one in modern analytical treatments, although the final word on rigor, a fully modern notion of the limit, was ultimately due to Karl Weierstrass.

In physical treatments, such as those applied to the theory of thermodynamics, the infinitesimal view still prevails.  reconcile the physical use of infinitesimal differentials with the mathematical impossibility of them as follows.  The differentials represent finite non-zero values that are smaller than the degree of accuracy required for the particular purpose for which they are intended.  Thus "physical infinitesimals" need not appeal to a corresponding mathematical infinitesimal in order to have a precise sense.

Following twentieth-century developments in mathematical analysis and differential geometry, it became clear that the notion of the differential of a function could be extended in a variety of ways.  In real analysis, it is more desirable to deal directly with the differential as the principal part of the increment of a function.  This leads directly to the notion that the differential of a function at a point is a linear functional of an increment .  This approach allows the differential (as a linear map) to be developed for a variety of more sophisticated spaces, ultimately giving rise to such notions as the Fréchet or Gateaux derivative.  Likewise, in differential geometry, the differential of a function at a point is a linear function of a tangent vector (an "infinitely small displacement"), which exhibits it as a kind of one-form: the exterior derivative of the function.  In non-standard calculus, differentials are regarded as infinitesimals, which can themselves be put on a rigorous footing (see differential (infinitesimal)).

Definition

The differential is defined in modern treatments of differential calculus as follows.  The differential of a function  of a single real variable  is the function  of two independent real variables  and  given by

One or both of the arguments may be suppressed, i.e., one may see  or simply . If , the differential may also be written as .  Since , it is conventional to write  so that the following equality holds:

This notion of differential is broadly applicable when a linear approximation to a function is sought, in which the value of the increment  is small enough.  More precisely, if  is a differentiable function at , then the difference in -values

satisfies

where the error  in the approximation satisfies  as .  In other words, one has the approximate identity

in which the error can be made as small as desired relative to  by constraining  to be sufficiently small; that is to say,

as .  For this reason, the differential of a function is known as the principal (linear) part in the increment of a function: the differential is a linear function of the increment , and although the error  may be nonlinear, it tends to zero rapidly as  tends to zero.

Differentials in several variables

Following , for functions of more than one independent variable,

the partial differential of  with respect to any one of the variables  is the principal part of the change in  resulting from a change  in that one variable.  The partial differential is therefore

involving the partial derivative of  with respect to .  The sum of the partial differentials with respect to all of the independent variables is the total differential

which is the principal part of the change in  resulting from changes in the independent variables .

More precisely, in the context of multivariable calculus, following , if  is a differentiable function, then by the definition of differentiability, the increment

where the error terms  tend to zero as the increments  jointly tend to zero.  The total differential is then rigorously defined as

Since, with this definition,

one has

As in the case of one variable, the approximate identity holds

in which the total error can be made as small as desired relative to  by confining attention to sufficiently small increments.

Application of the total differential to error estimation
In measurement, the total differential is used in estimating the error  of a function  based on the errors  of the parameters . Assuming that the interval is short enough for the change to be approximately linear:

and that all variables are independent, then for all variables,

This is because the derivative  with respect to the particular parameter  gives the sensitivity of the function  to a change in , in particular the error . As they are assumed to be independent, the analysis describes the worst-case scenario. The absolute values of the component errors are used, because after simple computation, the derivative may have a negative sign. From this principle the error rules of summation, multiplication etc. are derived, e.g.:

That is to say, in multiplication, the total relative error is the sum of the relative errors of the parameters.

To illustrate how this depends on the function considered, consider the case where the function is  instead. Then, it can be computed that the error estimate is

with an extra '' factor not found in the case of a simple product. This additional factor tends to make the error smaller, as  is not as large as a bare .

Higher-order differentials
Higher-order differentials of a function  of a single variable  can be defined via:

and, in general,

Informally, this motivates Leibniz's notation for higher-order derivatives

When the independent variable  itself is permitted to depend on other variables, then the expression becomes more complicated, as it must include also higher order differentials in  itself.  Thus, for instance,

and so forth.

Similar considerations apply to defining higher order differentials of functions of several variables.  For example, if  is a function of two variables  and , then

where  is a binomial coefficient.  In more variables, an analogous expression holds, but with an appropriate multinomial expansion rather than binomial expansion.

Higher order differentials in several variables also become more complicated when the independent variables are themselves allowed to depend on other variables.  For instance, for a function  of  and  which are allowed to depend on auxiliary variables, one has

Because of this notational awkwardness, the use of higher order differentials was roundly criticized by , who concluded:

That is: Finally, what is meant, or represented, by the equality [...]? In my opinion, nothing at all. In spite of this skepticism, higher order differentials did emerge as an important tool in analysis.

In these contexts, the -th order differential of the function  applied to an increment  is defined by

or an equivalent expression, such as

where  is an nth forward difference with increment .

This definition makes sense as well if  is a function of several variables (for simplicity taken here as a vector argument). Then the -th differential defined in this way is a homogeneous function of degree  in the vector increment .  Furthermore, the Taylor series of  at the point  is given by

The higher order Gateaux derivative generalizes these considerations to infinite dimensional spaces.

Properties
A number of properties of the differential follow in a straightforward manner from the corresponding properties of the derivative, partial derivative, and total derivative.  These include:

 Linearity:  For constants  and  and differentiable functions  and ,
 Product rule:  For two differentiable functions  and ,

An operation  with these two properties is known in abstract algebra as a derivation.  They imply the power rule

In addition, various forms of the chain rule hold, in increasing level of generality:

 If  is a differentiable function of the variable  and  is a differentiable function of , then
 If  and all of the variables  depend on another variable , then by the chain rule for partial derivatives, one has  Heuristically, the chain rule for several variables can itself be understood by dividing through both sides of this equation by the infinitely small quantity .
 More general analogous expressions hold, in which the intermediate variables  depend on more than one variable.

General formulation

A consistent notion of differential can be developed for a function  between two Euclidean spaces.  Let  be a pair of Euclidean vectors.  The increment in the function  is

If there exists an  matrix  such that

in which the vector  as , then  is by definition differentiable at the point .  The matrix  is sometimes known as the Jacobian matrix, and the linear transformation that associates to the increment  the vector  is, in this general setting, known as the differential  of  at the point .  This is precisely the Fréchet derivative, and the same construction can be made to work for a function between any Banach spaces.

Another fruitful point of view is to define the differential directly as a kind of directional derivative:

which is the approach already taken for defining higher order differentials (and is most nearly the definition set forth by Cauchy).  If  represents time and x position, then h represents a velocity instead of a displacement as we have heretofore regarded it.  This yields yet another refinement of the notion of differential: that it should be a linear function of a kinematic velocity.  The set of all velocities through a given point of space is known as the tangent space, and so  gives a linear function on the tangent space: a differential form.  With this interpretation, the differential of  is known as the exterior derivative, and has broad application in differential geometry because the notion of velocities and the tangent space makes sense on any differentiable manifold.  If, in addition, the output value of  also represents a position (in a Euclidean space), then a dimensional analysis confirms that the output value of df must be a velocity.  If one treats the differential in this manner, then it is known as the pushforward since it "pushes" velocities from a source space into velocities in a target space.

Other approaches

Although the notion of having an infinitesimal increment  is not well-defined in modern mathematical analysis, a variety of techniques exist for defining the infinitesimal differential so that the differential of a function can be handled in a manner that does not clash with the Leibniz notation.  These include:

 Defining the differential as a kind of differential form, specifically the exterior derivative of a function.  The infinitesimal increments are then identified with vectors in the tangent space at a point.  This approach is popular in differential geometry and related fields, because it readily generalizes to mappings between differentiable manifolds.
 Differentials as nilpotent elements of commutative rings. This approach is popular in algebraic geometry.
 Differentials in smooth models of set theory. This approach is known as synthetic differential geometry or smooth infinitesimal analysis and is closely related to the algebraic geometric approach, except that ideas from topos theory are used to hide the mechanisms by which nilpotent infinitesimals are introduced.
 Differentials as infinitesimals in hyperreal number systems, which are extensions of the real numbers which contain invertible infinitesimals and infinitely large numbers. This is the approach of nonstandard analysis pioneered by Abraham Robinson.

Examples and applications
Differentials may be effectively used in numerical analysis to study the propagation of experimental errors in a calculation, and thus the overall numerical stability of a problem .  Suppose that the variable  represents the outcome of an experiment and  is the result of a numerical computation applied to x.  The question is to what extent errors in the measurement of  influence the outcome of the computation of y.  If the  is known to within Δx of its true value, then Taylor's theorem gives the following estimate on the error Δy in the computation of y:

where  for some .  If  is small, then the second order term is negligible, so that Δy is, for practical purposes, well-approximated by .

The differential is often useful to rewrite a differential equation

in the form

in particular when one wants to separate the variables.

Notes

See also
 Notation for differentiation

References

.
.
.
.

 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

 .
 .
 .
 .
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External links
Differential Of A Function at Wolfram Demonstrations Project

Differential calculus
Generalizations of the derivative
Linear operators in calculus

Differential of a function


The Pitcairn reed warbler (Acrocephalus vaughani) is a songbird in the genus Acrocephalus. Formerly placed in the "Old World warbler" assemblage (Sylviidae), it is now in the newly recognized marsh-warbler family Acrocephalidae.

It is endemic to Pitcairn Island in the southern Pacific. Locally known as the "sparrow" (true sparrows are not found on Pitcairn), it used to be common throughout the island, where it is the only land bird. It was formerly classified as a vulnerable species by the IUCN due to its small range. But new research has shown it to be rarer than it was believed. Consequently, it was uplisted to endangered status in 2008.

References

 BirdLife International (BLI) (2008): [2008 IUCN Redlist status changes]. Retrieved 23 May 2008

External links

BirdLife Species Factsheet.

Pitcairn reed warbler
Birds of the Pitcairn Islands
Pitcairn reed warbler

Pitcairn reed warbler


Doctor in Trouble is a 1970 British comedy film, the seventh and last film in the Doctor series. It was directed by Ralph Thomas and stars Leslie Phillips as a doctor who gets accidentally trapped on an outgoing cruise ship while it begins a round the world trip. The cast was rounded out by a number of British comedy actors including James Robertson Justice, Harry Secombe and Angela Scoular. It was based on the 1961 novel Doctor on Toast by Richard Gordon.

Plot
Renowned surgeon Sir Lancelot Spratt (James Robertson Justice) arranges a cruise for his patient, the famous television star Basil Beauchamp (Simon Dee). The captain of the ship is Lancelot Spratt's brother George Spratt (Robert Morley).

Doctor Burke (Leslie Phillips) becomes a stowaway by mistake when chasing his girlfriend Ophelia (Angela Scoular) onto the ship to propose to her. She is one of a group of models doing a fashion shoot with camp photographer Roddy (Graham Chapman). Other passengers aboard ship include pools winner Llewellyn Wendover (Harry Secombe) and Mrs. Dailey (Irene Handl), a socially ambitious lady hoping to find a wealthy match for her daughter Dawn (Janet Mahoney).

Burke is pursued by the Master-at-Arms (Freddie Jones) who correctly suspects that he does not have a ticket. Burke tries various ruses to try to escape him, including dressing up as a doctor. Eventually he is caught and exposed as a stowaway. Captain Spratt orders him to serve as an orderly, scrubbing the ship.

When the ship's doctor falls ill from a tropical disease, Burke takes over his duties. He is called into action when a Soviet cargo ship sends a request for help due to a patient with acute appendicitis. Burke is transferred to that ship to perform an operation. By the time he has finished his own ship has departed, and he is forced to stay on board the Soviet vessel until it reaches Grimsby. When the cruise ship finally returns to port, Burke learns his girlfriend has married the ship's doctor, now recovered from his illness.

Meanwhile, Dawn Dailey, having failed to snare Captain Spratt, decides to marry Wendover. She learns after the wedding that he is not as wealthy as she had imagined.

Main cast

 Leslie Phillips as Dr. Tony Burke
 Harry Secombe as Llewellyn Wendover
 Robert Morley as Captain George Spratt
 James Robertson Justice as Sir Lancelot Spratt
 Simon Dee as Basil Beauchamp
 Angela Scoular as Ophelia O'Brien
 Irene Handl as Mrs. Dailey
 Janet Mahoney as Dawn Dailey
 Freddie Jones as Master-at-Arms
 Joan Sims as Russian Captain
 John Le Mesurier as Purser
 Graham Stark as Saterjee
 Graham Chapman as Roddy
 Jacki Piper as Girl in taxi
 Fred Emney as Father
 Yuri Borienko as Sick Russian
 Gerald Sim as 1st Doctor
 Yutte Stensgaard as Eve (Model)
 Jimmy Thompson as Ship's Doctor
 Sylvana Henriques as Model
 Marcia Fox as Jean
 Tom Kempinski as Stedman Green
 Anthony Sharp as Chief Surgeon
 Marianne Stone as Spinster
 John Bluthal as TV Doctor

Production
The film was based on the book Doctor on Toast, published in 1961. The plot of the book focused on Dr Grymsdyke and was different from the final film.

The original intention was for James Robertson Justice to play two roles, Sir Lancelot Spratt and his twin-brother Captain George Spratt (a variation of the part of Captain Hogg that he had played in Doctor at Sea) – "the best part of any we'd done together" according to producer Betty Box.

However, shortly before filming, Justice had a cerebral stroke and was rushed from his home near Inverness to Aberdeen for brain surgery. Justice recovered and wanted to play both roles as planned but the filmmakers decided he would be unable to do so, in part because he now had an uncontrollable tremor in his right arm. The part of Captain Spratt was offered to Robert Morley (who had been considered for the role of Lancelot Spratt in Doctor in the House but had wanted too much money). James Robertson Justice still played the smaller role of Lancelot. "It must have taken every ounce of energy he possessed to do it", said Box. "We knew he needed the money and paid him for both parts – he certainly deserved it for long and loyal service."

Producer Betty Box said the film "wasn't a happy time for" her and director Ralph Thomas as they knew it "was the last movie we'd be able to make" with Justice. She felt Robert Morley's casting undermined the picture. "Situations which would have been hilarious with James were just mildly amusing with Morley, and the whole point of the piece was lost", she said. Despite good performances from other members of the cast, she thought "the entire project was doomed... from the day a real life surgeon said the world 'Scalpel' over dear James's unconscious bulk."

It was Leslie Phillip's third appearance in a "Doctor" film. He played Dr Tony Burke, the same character he played in Doctor in Love. In Doctor in Clover, he played Dr Gaston Grimsdyke.

It was the first time Angela Scoular acted opposite Leslie Phillips; the two would later fall in love and marry.

The film was in production concurrently with the first series of the Doctor in the House television series, in which Yutte Stensgaard (Eve) had a recurring role and Graham Chapman (Roddie) was one of the writers.

Reception
Ralph Thomas did not like the film saying "the unit was getting desperate, of course, and the title says it all; but it still, fortunately, continued making money, but I couldn't bear to make any more films in the series. And so Rank said "Well, right. Would you allow us to dispose of your interest in a television series. And I said "yes I've love to" and so they did."

Box thought the Doctor series "died" when James Robertson Justice did.

Penelope Mortimer of The Observer wrote "why all this talent, of various kinds, gets absolutely nowhere must be the fault of the screenplay... For it is a dreadful story, a terrible script, inadequately seasoned with worn out laughs. In all fairness I must say that a large section of the audience was hooting with laughter. It is on occasionals like this that one feels one has dropped from Mars."

The film receives two stars out of five in the Radio Times Guide to Films, which describes it as "innocently smutty" and feeling like it has been made up of "leftovers from Doctor at Sea".

References

Box, Bett, Lifting the Lid, 2000

External links

1970 films
1970 comedy films
British comedy films
Doctor in the House
1970s English-language films
Films directed by Ralph Thomas
Medical-themed films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films produced by Betty Box
1970s British films
Films scored by Eric Rogers (composer)
Films set on cruise ships

Doctor in Trouble


Mirella Freni (February 27, 1935 – 9 February 2020) was an Italian soprano, one of the leading lyric sopranos of her era. She had a beautiful and well-schooled voice and a charming stage presence.

Life and career

Born Mirella Fregni, in Modena, Italy, she studied at the Bologna Music Conservatory with Ettore Campogalliani. She made her debut in her hometown in 1955, as Micaela in Carmen. That same year, she married pianist Leone Magiera, with whom she had a daughter, whom she called Micaela.

After winning the Viotto vocal competition in 1957, she sang with the Netherlands Opera, then was invited at the Glyndebourne Festival, and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1961. She made her debut at La Scala in Milan in 1962. Her New York Metropolitan Opera debut came in 1965, as Mimi in La bohème, a role she will remain closely associated with throughout her career. She then sang at most of the great operatic centers ot the world, such as Paris, Chicago, Salzburg, etc.

She began her career by singing soubrette roles, such as Susanna, Zerlina, Adina, Nanetta, etc., and then moved to more lyric roles such as Mimi, Marguerite, Juliet, etc., and eventually more dramatic roles such as Violetta, Amelia, Desdemona, Cio-Cio-San, Tosca, Medea, Wally, Maddalena, Giulia etc., with equal success.

After her divorce from Magiera, she married Bulgarian bass Nicolai Ghiaurov in 1981.

Freni died on 9 February 2020 in Modena after suffering multiple strokes and a degenerative disease, aged 84.

Notes

Sources
 Le Guide de l'Opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouverox, Fayard, 1986.
 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.

Sources
 Le Guide de l'Opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouverox, Fayard, 1986.
 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.

1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from neurodegenerative disease
Deaths from stroke
Italian singers
Musicians from Emilia-Romagna
Italian opera singers
People from Modena
Sopranos

Mirella Freni


Fontwell Park Racecourse is a horse racing course located in the village of Fontwell in West Sussex, England, owned by ARC Racing. It features an oval hurdles course.

Fontwell Park was founded by Alfred Day who trained racehorses at The Hermitage, by the Chichester to Arundel road, from 1887. Day returned the name Fontwell to common use after researching the history of the area, and by 1924 he had purchased enough land to open the racecourse. The hurdles track was a normal shape, but the steeplechase course was laid out in a figure of eight shape to use the space on the site. The first meeting took place on 21 May 1924. The grandstand and the weighing room were built with thatched roofs. The opening race was won by Gem, the 5/4 favourite Gem, ridden by jockey Fred Rees.

At the course in October 1949, Princess Elizabeth (now Queen Elizabeth II) had her first winner as an owner when Monaveen won the Chichester Handicap Chase. In 1984, John Francome rode his 1,036th career winner at Fontwell Park, passing Stan Mellor's record for a National Hunt jockey - Francome's record has subsequently been beaten.

The feature race of the season at Fontwell Park is the Grade Two National Spirit Hurdle run over a distance of two miles and four furlongs in February. It is a recognised Cheltenham Festival trial. My Way de Solzen, trained by Alan King, won the race in 2006 before winning the World Hurdle. Lough Derg, trained by David Pipe and owned by Bill Frewen, took the prize in 2008 and 2009. Trenchant (Alan King/Robert Thornton) took the prize in 2010 and Celestial Halo (Paul Nicholls/Harry Skelton) was the winner in 2011.

A new £6.5m Grandstand opened in the Premier Enclosure in August 2010 sponsored by events and plant hire company Winner Group.

Notable races

References

External links

Course guide on GG.COM
Course guide on At The Races
Official website History

Sports venues in West Sussex
Horse racing venues in England
Arun District
Sports venues completed in 1924

Fontwell Park Racecourse


Tobacco Row is a collection of tobacco warehouses and cigarette factories in Richmond, Virginia adjacent to the James River and Kanawha Canal near its eastern terminus at the head of navigation of the James River.

History
Beginning in the 18th century, many growers and shippers of Virginia's major cash-crop of tobacco maintained facilities there, as well as directly across the river at Manchester. Substantial multi-story brick buildings were constructed to protect the contents from loss due to fire.

During the American Civil War (1861–1865), Tobacco Row was the site of the infamous Libby Prison and nearby Castle Thunder, detention facilities of the Confederate government.

In 1925, WRVA radio, owned by Larus and Brother Company, went on the air, broadcasting from a studio located in a corner of their House of Edgeworth warehouse, with a tower mounted on the roof of the building.

Adaptive Reuse
The area was vacated by the tobacco companies by the late 1980s. Following completion of Richmond's James River Flood Wall in 1995, led by Richmond developer William H. Abeloff, many of the old warehouses of Tobacco Row were modernized and converted into developments of loft apartments, condominiums, offices, and retail space along part of the restored canal system.
 One of the warehouses is home to the Virginia Holocaust Museum.

In the mid-2010s, the neighborhood was introduced to the extreme western portion of the Virginia Capital Trail.

See also
 Neighborhoods of Richmond, Virginia

References

External links
 Historic Richmond Foundation - Historic Areas: Tobacco Row
 River District News
 River Lofts at Tobacco Row

Neighborhoods in Richmond, Virginia
James River (Virginia)
Warehouse districts of the United States
Economy of Richmond, Virginia
History of Richmond, Virginia
Tobacco buildings in the United States

Tobacco Row, Richmond


Prince of Wales Island one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada, between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

It is a low tundra-covered island with an irregular coastline deeply indented by Ommanney Bay in the west and Browne Bay in the east. Its area has been thought to be around 33 339 km². Prince of Wales Island is the world's 40th biggest island and the 10th biggest in Canada. Its highest known point, found at 73°49'N; 97°50'W – and 320 m high – is an unnamed spot in the island's far northeastern end  overlooking the Baring Channel, which separates the island from nearby Russell Island.

Islands of Canada
Arctic islands

Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)


Para-Nordic skiing is a type of skiing for people with disabilities.  It includes two sports.  They are cross country skiing and biathlon.  Both sports are for blind people and people with physical disabilities.

Biathlon
Biathlon uses the same rules created by the International Biathlon Association (IBU).  Some changes have been made to the rules by the International Paralympic Nordic Skiing Committee (IPNNC).

Biathlon is two sports combined. These sports are shooting and cross country skiing.  Biathlon has several types of races.  They are 7.5 km, 12.5 km, and pursuit. During the race, people shoot their guns two to four times.  Each time they shoot, they take five shots.  Depending on the competition, there are two different consequences for missing.  They may get a points penalty.  They may have to ski a penalty distance.

Blind people and people with physical disabilities compete in the biathlon.  People with physical disabilities are separated into two groups.  These are standing skiers and sitting skiers.

Blind people use a special electro-acoustic firing system.  Their helmets have a wireless connection with their weapons.  Using their headphones, they can locate the target.  The closer their weapon is aimed at the target, the louder the sound.

Cross country skiing
The rules for cross country skiing are similar to the ones created by International Ski Federation (FIS).  They have been modified by the International Para Nordic Skiing Committee (IPNNC). Blind people and people with physical disabilities compete in cross country skiing.  People with physical disabilities are separated into two groups.  These are standing skiers and sitting skiers.  People with physical disabilities who ski while standing are classified from LW2 to LW9.  People with physical disabilities who use a sit ski are classified from LW10 to LW12.  People who are blind are classified from B1 to B3.  People who are blind use a guide skier.  Guide skiers tell a blind skier which direction to ski.

Because people with different types of disabilities ski against each other, a system has been created to make the results more fair.  The person with the best time does not always win.  Instead, the finishing time is multiplied against a percentage.  The percentage is based on how difficult a person's disability makes it to ski.  The time multiplied by the percentages gives a new time result.  This new time is used to determine who wins a race.

References

Paralympic Games
Skiing

Para-Nordic skiing


Edward F. Hennessey (April 19, 1919 – March 8, 2007) was the chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 1976 to 1989.

Biography
Born in South Boston, he moved with his family to Newton at age 6. His mother worked in a factory, his father stoked boilers. He was the first in his family to attend college, working his way through Northeastern University, from which he graduated in 1941.

Military service
He served in the United States Army during World War II (in the Mediterranean theater) and was a captain, receiving a Bronze Star and a Purple Heart. A shortage of lawyers prompted the Army to assign some who had not attended law school to prosecute and defend soldiers during court martial proceedings. Hennessey was among the appointed attorneys and he was fascinated by the work. His first case was to defend a man charged with rape; the man was found guilty of a lesser crime. After the war, he went to Boston University School of Law, graduating with honors in 1949.

Marriage and family
Meanwhile, he married Elizabeth A. O'Toole, whom he had met in the sixth grade. They were engaged before he left for the war and married in October 1945, the month he returned. The couple had one daughter, Beth A. Hennessey, a professor at Wellesley College as of 2007.

Law career
He made his mark as a civil litigator, a trial lawyer in civil cases, many of them as a defense lawyer in personal injury cases. He also gained recognition as a law school lecturer and legal scholar, writing law review articles, editing the Massachusetts Law Quarterly and co-authoring a text on the practice of automobile law.

During the 1950s and early 1960s, he practiced civil and criminal law and was an assistant Middlesex district attorney. In 1967, Governor John A. Volpe appointed him to the state Superior Court. Four years later, Governor Francis W. Sargent elevated Hennessey to the Supreme Judicial Court, where he served as an associate justice until Governor Michael Dukakis chose him to be chief justice in 1975.

A centrist Republican, he once observed, "When justice requires, I'm a liberal. When justice requires, I'm a conservative."

Writing
He wrote prolifically; one of his more notable opinions came with the court's 1980 ruling that the state's death penalty, signed into law less than a year earlier, was unconstitutional because it was "unacceptable under contemporary standards in its unique and inherent capacity to inflict pain" and that it discriminated against minorities, "particularly blacks." He wrote, "We reject any suggestion that racial discrimination is confined to the South or to any other geographical area." He was generally anti-abortion as well.

Retirement and death
He retired at the mandatory age of 70. His health declined sharply during his last year and he died in a nursing home in Needham, where he had lived for many years.

References
"Edward Hennessey, at 88; former SJC chief justice known for elegant opinions", The Boston Globe, March 9, 2007.

1919 births
2007 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Northeastern University alumni
Chief Justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
20th-century American judges
United States Army soldiers

Edward F. Hennessey


The White Angel is a 1936 American historical drama film directed by William Dieterle and starring Kay Francis, Ian Hunter and Donald Woods. The film depicts Florence Nightingale's pioneering work in nursing during the Crimean War. It was produced and distributed by Hollywood studio Warner Brothers.

Plot
In Victorian England, Florence Nightingale (Kay Francis) decides to become a nurse, puzzling her upper-class family (as nursing was considered a disreputable profession at the time). She travels to Germany to the only nursing school. The training is arduous, but she endures and graduates. When she returns home, however, no one is willing to employ her.

When the Crimean War breaks out, she finally gets her chance. With the help of influential friends and damning newspaper reports on the wretched conditions in the Crimea by Fuller (Ian Hunter), a reporter for The Times, she is permitted to recruit some nurses and lead them to Scutari in Turkey to tend the wounded.

There, however, she is bitterly opposed by Dr. Hunt (Donald Crisp), who is in charge of the hospital. She remains undaunted, and soon wins the love of her patients. Each night, she passes through miles of the wards, carrying a lamp, so she can satisfy herself that her patients have all they need. Her tireless efforts greatly reduce the mortality rate. Her fame is spread by the newspapers, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow writes a poem in her honor.

When the opportunity arises, she goes to the front to attend the wounded more quickly. She leaves Sister Colomba (Eily Malyon) in charge at Scutari. Once more, Nightingale faces official opposition to her efforts, instigated by Dr. Hunt. However, she gains the support of Lord Raglan (Halliwell Hobbes), the British commander in chief, and is soon hard at work. When she comes down with cholera, she is attended by Tommy (Billy Mauch), a drummer boy she herself nursed back from the brink of death.

While she is only partially recovered, she is surprised when Sister Colomba shows up. The nun informs her that Dr. Hunt replaced her with Ella Stephens, a flighty socialite Nightingale had already rejected as a nurse. Under Stephens' lax and uncaring leadership, conditions had greatly worsened. Nightingale returns to Scutari and sets things straight.

After the war ends, she returns home to England. By this time, even Dr. Hunt has reconsidered his opinion of her work, but his superior, Undersecretary of War Bullock (Montagu Love), remains steadfast in his opposition. Bullock tries to turn Queen Victoria against Nightingale, but the monarch instead shows her approval by presenting Nightingale with a brooch.

Cast
 Kay Francis as Florence Nightingale
 Ian Hunter as Fuller
 Donald Woods as Charles Cooper
 Nigel Bruce as Doctor West
 Donald Crisp as Doctor Hunt
 Henry O'Neill as Doctor Scott, a strong supporter of Nightingale
 Billy Mauch as Tommy
 Charles Croker-King as Mr. Nightingale
 Phoebe Foster as Elizabeth Herbert
 George Curzon as Sidney Herbert
 Georgia Caine as Mrs. Nightingale
 Ara Gerald as Ella Stephens
 Halliwell Hobbes as Lord Raglan
 Eily Malyon as Sister Colomba
 Montagu Love as Bullock
 Ferdinand Munier as Alexis Soyer, a cook who follows Nightingale to Scutari
 Lillian Kemble-Cooper as Parthenope "Parthe" Nightingale (as Lillian Cooper)
 Egon Brecher as Pastor Fliedner
 Tempe Pigott as Mrs. Waters
 Barbara Leonard as Minna
 Frank Conroy as Mr. Le Froy
 Alma Lloyd as nurse
 J. Gunnis Davis as Secretary
 Gardner James as Patient

Reception
According to Warner Bros records the film earned $886,000 in the US and Canada and $530,000 elsewhere.

Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a poor review, praising Francis' acting, but concluding that "she is defeated by the scenario-writers". Greene points in particular to the graveyard scene which he describes as a "dreadful sequence".

References

External links

1936 films
1930s biographical drama films
American biographical drama films
American black-and-white films
Crimean War films
Films about Florence Nightingale
Films directed by William Dieterle
Warner Bros. films
1930s historical drama films
American historical drama films
Films set in the 1850s
Films set in London
Films set in Germany
Cultural depictions of Florence Nightingale
1930s English-language films
1930s American films

The White Angel (1936 film)


John Jason Thornton (born October 2, 1976) is a former American football defensive tackle of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He played college football at West Virginia.

In addition to four years in Tennessee, Thornton also played six seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals. He retired following the 2008 season.

Early years
Thornton attended Scotland School for Veterans' Children, a residential school for relatives of veterans.

College career
Thornton attended West Virginia University and was a two-time All-Big East selection. As a senior, he was defensive co-captain and earned First-team All-America honors from The Sports Network. He also started every game his last three seasons. He also became a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.

Professional career

Tennessee Titans
Thornton was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the second round (52nd overall) in the 1999 NFL Draft. He made his debut against the Cincinnati Bengals on September 12 and recorded one tackle. During the regular season he made 4.5 sacks which was the most made by any rookie defensive tackle. He appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV for the Titans against the St. Louis Rams.

In 2000, Thornton started in every game for the Titans and finished the season with 55 tackles. He recorded eight tackles, his seasonhigh in the game at the Buffalo Bills on September 3. Due to a shoulder injury, he only played in the first three games in 2001. In 2002, just as he did in 2000, he started in every game for the Titans and was part of the defense that limited their opponents to 89.0 rushing yards per game. He recorded 44 tackles in the regular season.

Cincinnati Bengals
In 2003, Thornton signed with the Cincinnati Bengals and recorded a career-high six sacks. In 2004, he started in every game and recorded 74 tackles. In 2005, he played 16 games, making 24 solo tackles, 18 assists, and two sacks. In 2006, he played 15 games, making 28 solo tackles, 15 assists, and two sacks. In 2007, he played 14 games, making 24 solo tackles, eight assists, and one sack. In 2008, he played in 13 games, recording 24 solo tackles, six assists and three sacks.

References

External links

Official Website

Octagon Football

1976 births
Living people
Players of American football from Philadelphia
American football defensive tackles
West Virginia Mountaineers football players
Tennessee Titans players
Cincinnati Bengals players

John Thornton (American football)


The Mystic Masseur is a 2001 Merchant Ivory film based on the novel of the same name by V. S. Naipaul.
It is one of relatively few films directed by Ismail Merchant, who is better known as the producer in the Merchant Ivory partnership, and addresses issues of Hindu subculture in Trinidad and Tobago.

The movie was the first film adaptation of a novel by Naipaul. It was filmed in Trinidad and Tobago and was released in 2001, to lukewarm response. The screenplay is by Caryl Phillips. The film features performances by Om Puri and Aasif Mandvi, and original music by Zakir Hussain.

Synopsis
The novel by V. S. Naipaul moves between farce and acerbic social commentary on Trinidad, the country of his birth. The characters are mainly members of Trinidad's Indian community. The protagonist is Ganesh Ramsumair, a frustrated writer who rises from poverty on the back of his dubious talent as a "mystic" masseur, known as Pundit Ganesh, who can cure illnesses. In the end he becomes a successful colonial politician, under the name G. Ramsay Muir.

Cast
Om Puri as Ramlogan
Aasif Mandvi as Ganesh Ramsumair
Ayesha Dharker as Leela G. Ramsumair
Jimi Mistry as Pratap Cooper
Sanjeev Bhaskar as Beharry
Zohra Sehgal as Auntie
Sakina Jaffrey as Suruj Mooma
Rez Kempton as Basdeo
Pip Torrens as Governor
Albert Laveau as Headmaster
Grace Maharaj as Mrs Cooper
James Fox as Mr Stewart
Rajendra D. as Mrs Cooper's Assistant and Man carrying cup of juice.
Michael Cherrie as Man in yellow suit
Maureen Thompson as Woman in rainbow dress
Dinesh Maharaj as a Taxi driver
Danesh Khan as Young Pratap Cooper

External links

Review by Slant Magazine
Merchant Ivory Production Listing
Review by BBC
Roger Ebert's review

2001 films
2001 drama films
British Indian films
Films about Indian Americans
English-language Indian films
Films directed by Ismail Merchant
Films set in Trinidad and Tobago
Merchant Ivory Productions films

The Mystic Masseur


Military intelligence is information about an enemy or possible enemy. It is information that has first been interpreted and evaluated. It can include the terrain, the weather, and any other information about a theater of operations. Military intelligence gathering has a long history with military studies.

History

By the time of the Battle of Kadesh in  BC Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses II was known to have had court spies. In the biblical Book of Genesis Joseph thought his brothers were Canaanite spies.

The Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) wrote about the importance of military intelligence. In his book The Art of War he wrote: "If you know both yourself and your enemy you can win a hundred battles without jeopardy." He emphasized the importance of using spies to learn an enemy's strength and what they were doing. He also wrote: "All warfare is based on deception". What he meant was war can even be avoided if you feed your enemy enough bad information. This is also called counterintelligence. Ancient Rome depended heavily on intelligence information to rule it's empire.

When Major General Joseph Hooker took command of the Army of the Potomac he ordered Colonel George H. Sharpe to establish an intelligence unit. In 1863, they established the Bureau of Military Information. The information they gathered was amazingly accurate. They calculated the size of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia within 2% of the actual number. By war's end Sharpe knew more about the Army of Northern Virginia than many Confederate officers. One of the best sources of military information Sharpe's organization had was slaves who used the Underground Railroad to escape the South.

During World War I intelligence became better organized. For the first time Airplanes were used for intelligence gathering. An observer would fly with a pilot and diagram and map battlefields. They would also photograph intelligence targets and count troops. Operators at listening stations reported on enemy communications.

Climate

Before the 20th century accurate weather information was not available. Military planners had no data on the climate of their target area. In many cases they didn't even have accurate maps of the area. In 1941, when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union they did not have any information on how harsh the Russian winters were. They did not have accurate maps of the roads. Between October 1941 and April 1942 the Germans lost between 100,000 and 112, 000 soldiers to frostbite. That is two-thirds of the number of soldiers who were killed in action or missing.

Terrain

General knowledge of terrain has always been important to military intelligence. But environmental factors sometimes went unnoticed. At the Battle of Agincourt mud was a major factor in the English victory. The extremely muddy ground slowed down the French and made them easy prey for English archers. In the 17th and 18th centuries army quartermasters, in addition to providing supplies, also scouted terrain and planned routes the army would take. One of the first major improvements in gaining scientific knowledge of terrain was during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). The Russians used geologists to do a detailed survey of Korea. They also used geologists to advise them in building fortifications.

Having little or no knowledge of terrain has proved costly to many battles in history. During the Pacific War in World War II, the United States forces had little knowledge of the terrain of the many Pacific islands they fought on. After the war, the United States Army Corps of Engineers contracted with the United States Geological Survey to provide detailed geological information on occupied islands.

Modern military intelligence

In addition to intelligence gathering on other countries, terrorism is also a major concern of military intelligence. Intelligence gathering by examining communications signals has been a regular activity of military intelligence. Since 2005 military and other intelligence services have also monitored the Internet.

In some 21st century countries, military intelligence competes with civilian-led intelligence agencies. Often military and civilian intelligence gathering have different goals and objectives. Both gather their own intelligence and do not always share information. New methods of intelligence gathering, such as video imagery, satellites, reconnaissance aircraft and drones, produce tremendous amounts of raw data. Artificial intelligence is used to analyze this data for information.

References

Other websites
 The Uncertain Oracle; Some Intelligence Failures Revisited (Pdf)
 The History of the Intelligence Corps (Pdf)
 The Mongol Intelligence Apparatus (Pdf)

Espionage
Intelligence agencies
Military terminology

Military intelligence


The 'Seven Commandments of the Children of Noah are laws that must be followed by non-Jewish peoples, according to Judaism. They can be found in the Book of Jubilees. The seven laws are very similar to the Ten Commandments prescribed to Jews, as they do not allow idolatry, adultery, stealing, murder, and animal cruelty. Idolatry can also be called adultery of the soul. These were created to match the 10 commandments written by God, so the Gentiles could "keep in line".
1. "No idolatry" - There is only one god to worship.
2. "No adultery" - No "cheating" once you're married.
3. "Don't eat meat taken from a still-living animal," as it constitutes cruelty.
4. "Do not steal things from others," it's their property.
5. "Keep God's good name," respect and praise him.
6. "Do not murder or inflict harm on others"
7. "Set up a law system" (to keep the peace) that agrees with God's ``basic laws``.

Bible


A polyphosphate is a salt or ester of polymeric oxyanions formed from tetrahedral PO4 (phosphate) structural units linked together by sharing oxygen atoms. Polyphosphates can adopt linear or a cyclic ring structures. In biology, the polyphosphate esters ADP and ATP are involved in energy storage. A variety of polyphosphates find application in mineral sequestration in municipal waters, generally being present at 1 to 5 ppm. GTP, CTP, and UTP are also nucleotides important in the protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism, respectively.

Polyphosphates are also used as food additives, marked E452.

Structure

The structure of tripolyphosphoric acid illustrates the principles which define the structures of polyphosphates. It consists of three tetrahedral PO4 units linked together by sharing oxygen centres. For the linear chains, the end phosphorus groups share one oxide and the others phosphorus centres share two oxide centres. The corresponding phosphates are related to the acids by loss of the acidic protons. In the case of the cyclic trimer each tetrahedron shares two vertices with adjacent tetrahedra.

Sharing of three corners is possible.  This motif represents crosslinking of the linear polymer. Crosslinked polyphosphates adopt the sheet-structure Phyllosilicates, but such structures occur only under extreme conditions.

Formation and synthesis
Polyphosphates arise by polymerization of phosphoric acid derivatives. The process begins with two phosphate units coming together in a condensation reaction.
2 H(PO4)2−      (P2O7)4− + H2O
The condensation is shown as an equilibrium because the reverse reaction, hydrolysis, is also possible. The process may continue in steps; at each step another (PO3)− unit is added to the chain, as indicated by the part in brackets in the illustration of polyphosphoric acid. P4O10 can be seen as the end product of condensation reactions, where each tetrahedron shares three corners with the others. Conversely, a complex mix of polymers is produced when a small amount of water is added to phosphorus pentoxide.

Acid-base and complexation properties
Polyphosphates are weak bases. A lone pair of electrons on an oxygen atom can be donated to a hydrogen ion (proton) or a metal ion in a typical Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction. This has profound significance in biology. For instance, adenosine triphosphate is  about 25% protonated in aqueous solution at pH 7.
ATP4− + H+  ATPH3−, pKa  6.6
Further protonation occurs at lower pH values.

The "high energy" phosphate bond
ATP forms chelate complexes with metal ions. The stability constant for the equilibrium
ATP4− + Mg2+  MgATP2−, log β  4
is particularly large. The formation of the magnesium complex is a critical element in the process of ATP hydrolysis, as it weakens the link between the terminal phosphate group and the rest of the molecule.

The energy released in ATP hydrolysis,
ATP4− + H2O → ADP3− + Pi−
at ΔG  -36.8 kJ mol−1 is large by biological standards. Pi stands for inorganic phosphate, which is protonated at biological pH. However, it is not large by inorganic standards. The term "high energy" refers to the fact that it is high relative to the amount of energy released in the organic chemical reactions that can occur in living systems.

High-polymeric inorganic polyphosphates
High molecular weight polyphosphates are well known. One derivative is the glassy (i.e., amorphous) Graham's salt.  Crystalline high molecular weight polyphosphates include Kurrol's salt and Maddrell's salt. These species have the formula [NaPO3]n[NaPO3(OH)]2 where n can be as great as 2000.  In terms of their structures, these polymers consist of PO3− "monomers", with the chains are terminated by protonated phosphates.

In nature
High-polymeric inorganic polyphosphates were found in living organisms by L. Liberman in 1890. These compounds are linear polymers containing a few to several hundred residues of orthophosphate linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds.

Previously, it was considered either as "molecular fossil" or as only a phosphorus and energy source providing the survival of microorganisms under extreme conditions. These compounds are now known to also have regulatory roles, and to occur in representatives of all kingdoms of living organisms, participating in metabolic correction and control on both genetic and enzymatic levels. Polyphosphate is directly involved in the switching-over of the genetic program characteristic of the exponential growth stage of bacteria to the program of cell survival under stationary conditions, "a life in the slow lane". They participate in many regulatory mechanisms occurring in bacteria:
They participate in the induction of rpoS, an RNA-polymerase subunit which is responsible for the expression of a large group of genes involved in adjustments to the stationary growth phase and many stressful agents.
They  are important for cell motility, biofilms formation and virulence.
Polyphosphates and exopolyphosphatases participate in the regulation of the levels of the stringent response factor, guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate (ppGpp), a second messenger in bacterial cells.
Polyphosphates participate in the formation of channels across the living cell membranes. The above channels formed by polyphosphate and poly-b-hydroxybutyrate with Ca2+ are involved in the transport processes in a variety of organisms.
An important function of polyphosphate in microorganisms—prokaryotes and the lower eukaryotes—is to handle changing environmental conditions by providing phosphate and energy reserves. Polyphosphates are present in animal cells, and there are many data on its participation in the regulatory processes during development and cellular proliferation and differentiation—especially in bone tissues and brain.

In humans polyphosphates are shown to play a key role in blood coagulation. Produced and released by platelets they activate blood coagulation factor XII which is essential for blood clot formation. Factor XII, also called Hageman factor, initiates fibrin formation and the generation of a proinflammatory mediator, bradykinin, that contributes to leakage from the blood vessels and thrombosis.
Bacterial-derived polyphosphates impair the host immune response during infection and targeting polyphosphates with recombinant exopolyphosphatase improves sepsis survival in mice.
Inorganic polyphosphates play a crucial role in tolerance of yeast cells to  toxic heavy metal cations.

Use as food additives
Sodium polyphosphate (E452(i)), potassium polyphosphate (E452(ii)), sodium calcium polyphosphate (E452(iii)) and calcium polyphosphate (E452(iv)) are used as food additives (emulsifiers, humectants, sequestrants, stabilisers, and thickeners). They are not known to pose any potential health risk other than those generally attributed to other phosphate sources (including those naturally occurring in food). While concerns have been raised regarding detrimental effects on the bones and cardiovascular diseases, as well as hyperphosphatemia, these seem to be relevant only for exaggerated consumption of phosphate sources. In all, reasonable consumption (up to 40 mg phosphate per kg of body weight per day) seem to pose no health risk.

See also
Phosphoric acids
Sodium trimetaphosphate
Sodium hexametaphosphate

References

External links

Phosphates
Polymers
Food stabilizers
E-number additives
Concrete admixtures

Polyphosphate


Waltheof was high-reeve or ealdorman of Bamburgh (fl. 994). He was the son of Ealdred, and the grandson of Oswulf I and was father of Uhtred the Bold, Ealdorman of Northumbria. His name is Scandinavian which may imply that he had Viking ancestors.

The name 'Waltheof' remained in his family when Earl Siward married his great-granddaughter and named his son Waltheof. This son of Siward became Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, and one of his descendants being Saint Waltheof of Melrose.

Additionally, another branch of the family would use the Waltheof name including: Waltheof of Allerdale who was son of Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria. Waltheof of Inverkeithing and Dalmeny was son of Cospatric, and grandson of Waltheof of Allerdale.  Another descendant of Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria was Waltheof, Earl of Dunbar.

In 1006 Malcolm II of Scotland invaded Northumbria and besieged the newly founded episcopal city of Durham. At that time the Danes were raiding southern England and King Æthelred was unable to send help to the Northumbrians. Ealdorman Waltheof was too old to fight and remained in his castle at Bamburgh. Ealdorman Ælfhelm of York also took no action. Waltheof's son Uhtred, acting for his father, called together an army from Bernicia and Yorkshire and led it against the Scots. The result was a decisive victory for Uhtred. Local women washed the severed heads of the Scots, receiving a payment of a cow for each, and the heads were fixed on stakes to Durham's walls. Uhtred was rewarded by King Æthelred II with the ealdormanry of Bamburgh even though his father was still alive.

Issue
Waltheof has been identified as the father of two sons; their mothers are unknown:
Uhtred the Bold (also spelled Uchtred), Ealdorman of Northumbria; married several times including Ælfgifu, daughter of King Æthelred the Unready
Eadwulf Cudel, Ealdorman of Bamburgh

References

Sources
Stenton, Sir Frank M. Anglo-Saxon England; 3rd edition. Oxford University Press, 1971.

External links

Anglo-Saxon warriors
Rulers of Bamburgh
10th-century English people
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Waltheof of Bamburgh


Black Panther is a 2018 superhero movie set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and starring Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther and Michael B. Jordan as the supervillain Erik Killmonger.

Plot
Thousands of years ago an asteroid crashes into an African country called Wakanda containing an alien metal called vibranium which absorbs vibrations and is the world's strongest metal as a result. The tribes of Wakanda went to war for the vibranium but then decided to unite under the leadership of a king called the Black Panther. Only one tribe goes into exile in the mountains of Wakanda so that they do not have to be ruled by the Black Panther. Because of using vibranium to make weapons the Wakandans managed to stop anyone else from ever conquering their country and as a result they became the world's most technologically advanced nation but kept that a secret from everyone else by creating a giant force field around the country and having no relationship with the outside world. Then in the late 20th century T'chaka, King of Wakanda finds out that his brother who is an undercover spy in the United States is secretly smuggling vibranium to the US to help oppressed black people to overthrow the white man. T'chaka then kills his brother and leaves his body unburied to return to Wakanda. T'chaka's brother's son finds his father's body dead and swears to get revenge. Then in 2018, T'chaka's son T'challa comes back to Wakanda to become the new king following T'chaka's murder in the movie Captain America: Civil War. M'baku comes from the mountains and challenges T'challa to a fight to become Black Panther. T'challa wins and convinces M'Baku to surrender so that he doesn't have to kill him. T'challa's cousin turns out to have joined the American army and worked as an assassin for the CIA known as Killmonger. He since left the CIA and hired a supervillain named Klaue to help him rob the British Museum of its Wakandan artifacts and then murder everyone there. T'challa finds out that Klaue is in South Korea and goes there as the Black Panther to try and capture him only to find himself fighting the CIA. Klaue is captured by CIA agent Everett Ross with T'challa's help and Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda is actually a rich country. Klaue escapes with Killmonger's help and Ross is hurt. T'challa takes Ross to Wakanda so that his doctors can fix him. Killmonger then gets Klaue to take him to Wakanda only to reveal to Klaue that he is actually a Wakandan prince and kills Klaue. He then delivers Klaue's body to Wakanda in exchange for an audience with T'challa and demand the throne. Killmonger and T'challa fight to the death and Killmonger wins. Killmonger becomes King of Wakanda and then wants to use the Wakandan military to conquer all white people in the world and punish them for their crimes against black people. T'challa's family reaches out to M'baku and asks him to fight Killmonger. M'baku reveals that T'challa survived the fight without having surrendered and that he rescued an injured T'challa to repay him for having spared his life. T'challa is healed by M'baku and T'challa confronts Killmonger. Killmonger has no plan to fight T'challa since he believes that now that he is king there is no need for violence. T'challa tries to get the throne back by fighting to the death against Killmonger and wins. T'challa then decides to share Wakanda's technology with the world.

Reception
The Black Panther movie was generally praised by the critics and was actually nominated for an Oscar. The CIA helped promote the movie on its Twitter account before the Oscars.

References

2018 movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Movies based on works by Stan Lee
2010s superhero movies
African-American superhero movies
American action movies
South African movies
Movies set in a fictional country
Movies set in Africa
Movies set in South Korea

Black Panther (movie)


"Voices from the Other World" is a celebrated early poem by James Merrill (19261995). it marks the poet's first use of transcripts from a ouija board, a trope later explored at great length in the poet's apocalyptic epic "The Changing Light at Sandover" (1982).

The poem, written in the first person plural, consists of nine irregularly-rhymed five-line stanzas. The (unnamed) narrators of the poem are Merrill and his partner David Jackson, who together — after a Ouija board had been given to Merrill as a present by his friend Frederick Buechner in the early 1950s — would conduct hundreds of private séance sessions over the course of nearly four decades, an undertaking Merrill would come to mine extensively for "material." In this early spiritual encounter, the ouija board voices warn Merrill and Jackson of the perils of speaking with the dead, though by poem's end the two mediums have been lulled into a sense of nonchalance about the enterprise.

"Voices from the Other World" was first published in book form in The Country of a Thousand Years of Peace (1959).

External links
 "Voices from the Other World", text of the poem (The Poetry Foundation)

American poems
Narrative poems
Poetry by James Merrill

Voices from the Other World


Laurier House () is a National Historic Site in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (in the Sandy Hill district). It was formerly the residence of two Canadian prime ministers: Sir Wilfrid Laurier (for whom the house is named) and William Lyon Mackenzie King. The home is now a historic house museum that is open to the public for guided tours from Victoria Day in May until Thanksgiving in October. Its address is 335 Laurier Avenue East.

History
The house was built in 1878, but it had significant later alterations. It now exhibits elements of the Italianate manner, as well as traces of Second Empire style.

Laurier lived there from 1897 until his death in 1919. His wife, Zoé Laurier, willed the house to Mackenzie King upon her death in 1921. King then lived there from 1923 until his death in 1950, and he willed the house to the Canadian Crown.

The Cabinet then briefly considered designating the home as the permanent official residence of the prime minister. However, the prime minister at the time, Louis St. Laurent, opposed designating it as such. Instead, 24 Sussex Drive—a property the Crown had acquired a few years earlier through expropriation—was selected and designated as the prime minister's official residence in 1951.

Many distinguished guests of Canada were received at this house, such as King George VI, Sir Winston Churchill, Charles de Gaulle, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and others.

Under the terms of the Laurier House Act 1951, the home and its grounds were entrusted to the National Capital Commission (NCC), the Department of Public Works, and Library and Archives Canada. Since 1988, the house has been administered by Parks Canada as part of the national park system, operating it as a public museum. However, the NCC continues to maintain the grounds, and the national archives retain ownership of all archival materials in the house.
In 2022, a memorial plaque was installed to the first Canadian code-breaking unit.

References

External links

 Laurier House National Historic Site

Museums in Ottawa
Prime ministerial residences
Houses in Ottawa
Historic house museums in Ontario
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Italianate architecture in Canada
Wilfrid Laurier
Classified Federal Heritage Building

Laurier House


Johannes Plavius (born c. 1600) was a German poet that most likely was born in Central German Thuringia, in Neuhausen (as he calls himself "M. Johannes Plavius Nehusâ Thüringus" in some works) or Plauen (Latinized to Plavia), from which his surname was derived.

At the end of 1624, he was part of a Dichterkreis (circle of poets ) in Danzig (Gdańsk) in Poland and called himself Magister (Master of Arts) for the first time in 1626. Danzig at the time had no university, so Plavius must have obtained his degree somewhere else, most likely Frankfurt/Oder since a Johannes Plavius Tyrigotanus ("Johannes Plavius Thuringian") is listed in the registers of the winter semester of 1621.

The pastor and poet Michael Albinus in Danzig (Gdańsk), who was born in nearby Pröbbenauin in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
, later wrote that Plavius was active as a private teacher, providing basic instruction in the Latin language. He may have operated one of the small, semi-official Latin schools in Danzig; one assumes that he had received the necessary educational license, because he had written his Praecepta logicalia in 1628. He was certainly close to scholars and students in the city, and he served as an influence to Andreas Gryphius. Plavius maintained relationships with other poets, such as Martin Opitz, Johann George Moeresius, and Peter Crüger. Plavius mentions Crüger in the opening letter to his Institutio Poetica. Crüger dedicated an extremely laudatory poem to Plavius, which appears in the preface to the Praecepta logicalia.

Plavius dedicated several poems to Susanne Nuber, the daughter of a Danzig minister. Moeresius was her brother-in-law, and Plavius dedicates some of his poems to him. These contacts were successful as Plavius may have wed Nuber by 1630.

Plavius dedicated his Lehrsonnete  to the councilmen of Danzig: Denen ehrenvesten und vorachtbarn herren schöpffen-herren in der rechten Stat Dantzig, Hn Arnold Dilbert, Hn. Johann Roggauen, Hn. Valentin Rögelern, Hn. Michael Bachmann.

Plavius also maintained a relationship with a wealthy brewer from Danzig named Abraham Hoewelcke (1576–1649). Plavius would later mention Hoewelcke's son in the dedication to his Praecepta logicalia as Johannes Hoeffelius – better known as Johannes Hevelius, the astronomer.

The place and year of Plavius' death are unknown. The year of his death must have occurred after 1630.

Works
Epithalamien (1624), Danzig
Praecepta Logicalia (1628) publisher Andreas Hünefeld, Danzig
Institutio Poetica (1629)
Trauer und Treuegedichte ("Mourning and Loyalty Poems," sonnets) (1630). Printed by George Rhete, Danzig 1630
Danzig Dichterkreis, poets circle.

Sources
 Plavius: Saemtliche Gedichte
 Biographisches zu Plavius
 Plavius' Lehr-Sonnette (Original sonnets)
 Johannes Plavius, Vita

Notes

1600s births
Year of death missing
German poets
Writers from Thuringia
Writers from Gdańsk
European University Viadrina alumni
German male poets

Johannes Plavius


John Allen Ferguson (born January 27, 1941, in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American organist, teacher, and composer.

Ferguson is probably best known for his many choral compositions. He has also published alternate accompaniments and festival arrangements for organ, brass, and percussion of hymns and Lutheran liturgy, and has appeared on several recordings. He has more than 100 titles to his credit.

Ferguson earned a B.M. from Oberlin Conservatory of Music, an M.M. from Kent State University, and a D.M.A. from the Eastman School of Music, where he studied with Russell Saunders. Ferguson is a well-respected organ teacher and leader of congregational singing via the organ. He has been invited as a visiting professor by the faculties of the University of Notre Dame and the Yale Institute of Sacred Music. His work has received national acclaim. The anthem "Who Is This" received the 2005 Raabe Prize for Excellence in Sacred Composition.

Ferguson's name is often associated with hymnody and the words "hymn festival." He frequently is invited to design and lead such events, both in local congregations and at gatherings of organists, choral conductors, and church musicians. His festivals are ecumenical experiences drawing upon the treasures of Christian song from many centuries, traditions, and styles.

Long associated with the Holtkamp Organ Company, Ferguson's doctoral dissertation was on the work of Walter Holtkamp Sr. "Walter Holtkamp: American Organ Builder" was published in 1979 by Kent State University Press.  He also served as music editor of the United Church of Christ Hymnal, published in 1974.

He worked as both professor of music at Kent State University and organist-choirmaster at Kent United Church of Christ until 1978. He later worked as the director of music at Central Lutheran Church in Minneapolis, Minnesota.  In 1983 he became the Elliot & Klara Stockdahl Johnson professor of organ and church music at St. Olaf College, Northfield, Minnesota, and later became the conductor of the St. Olaf Cantorei. His late wife, Ruth, was also an organist, and they have a son, Christopher. Ruth Ferguson died on March 23, 2014, in Northfield, Minnesota, at the age of 71.

References

1941 births
Living people
Oberlin College alumni
Kent State University alumni
Kent State University faculty
Eastman School of Music alumni
University of Notre Dame faculty
Yale University faculty
American classical organists
American male organists
St. Olaf College faculty
Musicians from Cleveland
Classical musicians from Ohio
21st-century organists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American keyboardists
Male classical organists

John Ferguson (organist)


The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAAAAM Birthday Bundle 2011 is a compilation album released as a digital download through the Zappa Family Trust on Frank Zappa's 71st Birthday, December 21, 2011. It features both recordings by Zappa himself, as well as various covers of his material.

The first track, "Wowie Zowie", features a new vocal by Zappa's granddaughter Mathilda, over the original instrumental track for the song from the 1966 album Freak Out!. Coincidentally, December 21, 2011 is Mathilda's seventh birthday.

Track list
 "Wowie Zowie" (Mathilda Plum Doucette Zappa)
 "Bobby Brown" (Se Upp För F-N)" (Lise & Gertrud)
 "Yellow Snow" (Serj Tankian)
 "Magic Fingers" (Rama Duke)
 "Dirty Love" (The Dirty Diamond)
 "Why Does It Hurt When I Pee?" (Pancho and Sancho)
 "Dead Girls of London (vm)" (L. Shankar and Frank Zappa, with Van Morrison)
 "Another Variation Of The Formerly Secret" (Frank Zappa)
 "Peaches (Vienna 88)" (Frank Zappa)
 "Cosmik Debris" (Frank Zappa, with Dweezil Zappa and Zappa Plays Zappa)
 "Sleep Dirt" (Pete Griffin)
 "Evelyn, A Modified Dog" (Jamie Kime)
 "Love of My Life" (Jerry Lawson)

External links

2011 compilation albums
Frank Zappa compilation albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Dweezil Zappa albums
Covers albums
Zappa Records albums


Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974)  was an American lawyer, judge and politician. He served as Governor of California from 1943 to 1953. Warren ran for Vice-President in 1948 as a Republican, but lost to Alben W. Barkley in a close election.

Warren was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Bakersfield before moving to Oakland. He served in World War I.

In 1925, he became District Attorney of Alameda County, and later Attorney General of California. In 1953, he became Chief Justice of the United States.

He was Chief Justice when the Supreme Court issued Brown v. Board of Education and Miranda vs. Arizona. These two cases were very important civil rights cases in the United States.  Warren was also in control of the Warren Commission. It looked into a possible conspiracy in the killing of President Kennedy.  Warren retired from the Court in 1969, and died in Washington, D.C., in 1974.

References

1891 births
1974 deaths
American military personnel of World War I
District attorneys
Chief justices of the United States
Governors of California
People from Bakersfield, California
Politicians from Los Angeles
United States Supreme Court justices
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Military people from California

Earl Warren


A snow boot is a type of boot, generally waterproof or water-resistant. The boot, in almost all cases, has a high side, keeping snow from entering the boot, and a rubber sole, to keep water out. Snowboots are used in wet, slushy, muddy, and snowy situations.

Uses
Snowboots are used by people to easily walk in snowy or wet situations, and by children playing in snowy, relatively wet, or muddy lawns, fields, etc. They are also usable for walking in streams in winter, as they are well-insulated, while still waterproof.

Difference between snow boots and other boots
Snow boots have many differences between them
 Snow boots are waterproof or water resistant, but winter boots are not.
 The two boot types have different uses. The snow boot is used on very wet or snowy conditions, while winter boots are better used on well-maintained roads or paths, or even while shopping.
 Snow boots are made of easy-to-clean materials, but winter boots are not. However, this cleanability and waterproofing comes at the cost that snow boots are heavier, less breathable, and more expensive.
 Snow boots always extend partway up the leg, unlike hiking boots.
 Snow boots are always moderately to heavily insulated, with the insulation under the waterproof/water-resistant layer.

See also

 Ski boot
 Boot

References

Shoes
Boots

Snow boot


Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent.  Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular The Gardeners Dictionary.

Life
Born in Deptford or Greenwich, Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722 until he was pressured to retire shortly before his death. According to the botanist Peter Collinson, who visited the physic garden in July 1764 and recorded his observation in his commonplace books, Miller "has raised the reputation of the Chelsea Garden so much that it excels all the gardens of Europe for its amazing variety of plants of all orders and classes and from all climates..." He wrote The Gardener's and Florists Dictionary or a Complete System of Horticulture (1724) and The Gardener's Dictionary containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden, which first appeared in 1731 in an impressive folio and passed through eight expanding editions in his lifetime and was translated into Dutch by Job Baster.

Botanical work
Miller corresponded with other botanists, and obtained plants from all over the world, many of which he cultivated for the first time in England and is credited as their introducer. His knowledge of living plants, for which he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, was unsurpassed in breadth in his lifetime. He trained William Aiton, who later became head gardener at Kew, and William Forsyth, after whom Forsythia was named. The Duke of Bedford contracted him to supervise the pruning of fruit trees at Woburn Abbey and the care of his prized collection of American trees, especially evergreens, which were grown from seeds that, on Miller's suggestion, had been sent in barrels from Pennsylvania, where they had been collected by John Bartram. Through a consortium of sixty subscribers, 1733–66, the contents of Bartram's boxes introduced such American trees as Abies balsamea and Pinus rigida into English gardens.

Miller was reluctant to use the new binomial nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus, preferring the classifications of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort and John Ray at first. Linnaeus, nevertheless, applauded Miller's Gardeners Dictionary, The conservative Scot actually retained a number of pre-Linnaean binomial signifiers discarded by Linnaeus but which have been retained by modern botanists. He only fully changed to the Linnaean system in the edition of The Gardeners Dictionary of 1768, though he had already described some genera, such as Larix and Vanilla, validly under the Linnaean system earlier, in the fourth edition (1754).

Miller sent the first long-strand cotton seeds, which he had developed, to the new British American colony of Georgia in 1733. They were first planted on Sea Island, off the coast of Georgia, and hence derived the name of the finest cotton, Sea Island Cotton.

The presumed portrait, engraved by C.J. Maillet and affixed to the posthumous French edition of Miller's Gardeners Dictionary, 1787, shows the wrong Miller, John Frederick Miller, son of the London-based Nuremberg artist Johann Sebastian Müller. No authentic portrait is known.

Miller's two sons worked under him; one, Charles, became the first head of the Cambridge Botanic Garden.

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Philip Miller and the Gardeners Dictionary. University of Toronto

External links
 Miller, Philip (1760) The Gardeners Kalendar – digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library
 Miller, Philip (1760) Figures of the most beautiful, useful, and uncommon plants, 2 vols. – digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library
Elliott, Brent (2011) Philip Miller as a natural philosopher, in Eighteenth-century Science in the Garden - Occasional Papers from RHS Lindley Library, volume 5 March 2011.

English horticulturists
Botanists with author abbreviations
1691 births
1771 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
English people of Scottish descent
Place of birth missing
18th-century Scottish botanists
English garden writers
Date of birth missing

Philip Miller