The H. H. Bennett Studio is a historic photographic studio and photography museum located in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin, United States. The studio building was built in 1875 by noted landscape photographer H. H. Bennett. It was operated by his family until 1998, when the studio was donated to the Wisconsin Historical Society. Today the studio, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, serves as a historical museum.

History
H. H. Bennett began his career as a photographer in 1865, when he bought a portrait studio in Kilbourn City (now Wisconsin Dells) from local photographer Leroy Gates. Although there was little demand for portraits in the area, Bennett was able to achieve fame for a series of photographs he took of the nearby Dells of the Wisconsin River. As Bennett's pictures of local scenery became popular in cities across the nation, sightseers began to flock to Kilbourn City to view the Dells in person. Bennett capitalized on this by offering the tourists souvenir postcards and portraits, and was able to build a new red brick studio in 1875. This is the structure that still stands in Wisconsin Dells today. In addition to operating as a typical photographic studio, Bennett's studio functioned as a gift shop and information center for the surrounding area, selling souvenirs and crafts to visitors.

At the studio, Bennett devised a number of new technologies to advance his photography. Among the most notable of his creations was his revolving solar printing house. Printing photos in Bennett's time required light, and because electricity was not available, sunlight was needed for Bennett to print any pictures. However, to ensure that he had sufficient sunlight throughout the day, Bennett needed a way to move his workspace while the sun moved in the sky. To achieve this, he constructed a small building with skylights, and mounted it upon rollers that rode a circular track outside his studio. Then, using a cable and pulley system, he was able to move the printing house around the track as often as needed to ensure optimum sunlight for printing. Bennett's unique creation is now housed in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.

Museum
Following H. H. Bennett's death in 1908, the operation of the photography studio passed to his children, and his descendants continued to own the studio until 1998, when it was donated to the Wisconsin Historical Society for use as a historic site. Following its acquisition of the site, the historical society restored the studio building to its 1908 appearance. This project was completed in 2000, and the restored studio is now open to the public as the H. H. Bennett Studio & History Center. In addition to offering exhibits that recreate the interior workspace of the studio as it was used by Bennett, the museum gives visitors the opportunity to view Bennett's many stereoscopic images of the Wisconsin Dells in three dimensions using LCD shutter glasses. The site is also home to a replica of Bennett's revolving solar printing house.

See also
 List of museums devoted to one photographer

References

External links
H. H. Bennett Studio & History Center
 H. H. Bennett photographs
Wisconsin Stories: The H. H. Bennett Studio Video produced by Wisconsin Public Television

Art museums and galleries in Wisconsin
Artists' studios in the United States
Biographical museums in Wisconsin
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin
Historical society museums in Wisconsin
History museums in Wisconsin
Museums in Columbia County, Wisconsin
Photographic technology museums
Photography museums and galleries in the United States
Wisconsin Historical Society
Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, Wisconsin

H. H. Bennett Studio


Where's Wally? (called Where's Waldo? in Canada and the USA) is a British series of children's puzzle books created by English illustrator Martin Handford. The books consist of a series of detailed double-page spread illustrations depicting dozens or more people doing a variety of amusing things at a given location. Readers are challenged to find a character named Wally hidden in the group.

Wally is identified by his red-and-white-striped shirt, bobble hat, and glasses, but many illustrations contain red herrings involving deceptive use of red-and-white striped objects. Later entries in the long-running book series added other targets for readers to find in each illustration. The books have also inspired two television programmes (Where's Wally? the 1991 animated series and Where's Wally? the 2019 animated series), a comic strip and a series of video games.

As of 2007, more than 73 million books of Where's Wally? (and his regional names) had been sold around the world since his original publication in 1987. The series of pictorial puzzle books has been translated into 26 languages, and is published in over 50 countries.

History
In 1986, illustrator Martin Handford, a graduate of the University for the Creative Arts in Kent, was asked by his art director, David Bennett, at Walker Books in London to develop a book of detailed crowd scenes, inspired by Bennett having seen Philippe Dupasquier's Busy Places series. Whilst the book was being prepared for Bologna Book Fair, someone at Walker Books suggested the idea of adding a distinctive-looking character whom the reader could search for in the crowd scenes. After much thinking, Handford came up with the idea of "Wally", a world traveller and time travel aficionado who always dresses in red and white. Sometimes it would take him up to eight weeks to draw a two-page sketch of the elusive "Wally" and the characters surrounding him.

The first Where's Wally? book was published on 21 September 1987. Where's Wally? books were published in the United Kingdom by Walker Books and in the United States under the title Where's Waldo? first by Little, Brown and Company before being taken on by Candlewick Press (Walker Books' American subsidiary publishing company). The first four titles were originally printed in Italy, but later reprinted in China.

The books became extremely popular and were localised for many different territories, with name changes for Wally in certain regions. The franchise also spawned other media in a more storyline-based form, including a 1991 television series, Where's Wally?, a comic strip, Where's Wally? and a series of video games.

As the series goes on, Wally progressively becomes harder to find, reducing his size on the page and surrounding him by more characters. In the first book, Wally was on average  big. This was reduced to  in the second book,  in the third, and between  in the fourth through seventh books. He has also been surrounded by more characters, from 225 on the first book's first page to about 850 on the last book's first page.

Characters
 Wally, whose name was localised for certain international editions, for example Waldo in North American and Swedish editions. Over time, more characters were added to find in each scene.
 Wilma, Wally's friend first appeared in the Ultimate Fun Book, and was replaced by her identical twin sister Wenda in the Where's Wally: The Magnificent Poster Book.
 Wenda, a friend of Wally who replaced her twin sister Wilma for In Hollywood (although she previously appeared in The Magnificent Poster Book).
 Odlaw, Wally's arch-enemy, who made his print debut in The Magnificent Poster Book. He appears nearly the same as Wally, except that his clothes are yellow and black striped instead of red and white; his glasses have a blue tint to them; and he has a moustache. He also has a British accent in the television series. Although it is told that "his bad deeds are many", he is not depicted in the books doing anything particularly nasty. However, in the television series, he is frequently seen to be attempting to steal Wally's magical walking stick. His name "Odlaw" is simply a reversal of "Waldo" from the American editions, although he is still called "Odlaw" in the United Kingdom as well.
 Woof, Wally's dog, first appeared in The Ultimate Fun Book, where he was identified as Wenda's dog. Only his tail can be found, with the exception of the final page of Where's Wally: The Wonder Book, which depicts all of Woof, and the six activity books released between 1993 and 1995, starting with The Truly Terrific Activity Book, where Woof shows himself to the reader. In the 2019 TV series, Woof returns in the episode "A Wanderer's Christmas" and the second season.
 Arfolomew, a grey dog who could be a Miniature Schnauzer and also known as Arf for short in the new series.
 Wizard Whitebeard, first seen in The Fantastic Journey. His signature is his exceptionally long beard, which is often the key to finding him. In his first appearance, he was responsible for sending Wally on a quest to discover the truth about himself, and he has tagged along on Wally's travels ever since. His appearance in The Ultimate Fun Book, however, is in only one scene in "Old Friends" and his presence is unmentioned in the book and acts as one of the background characters.
 The Wally Watchers are Wally's devoted fan-club that first appeared in Where's Wally? The Ultimate Fun Book (1990). They turn up wherever Wally goes, dressed in the same red-and-white striped outfit. While 25 appear in most books, there are in comparison, 99 of them in the Ultimate Fun Book.
 In the earlier books, a character appears in every scene, which the reader must look to find out who it is. This is because no information on the characters is given in the books aside from the task to look for them. The characters appeared as background characters and all had something unique to them, like blonde hair or a ginger beard. In some cases, characters from previous scenes would also appear.
 Odlulu, Wally and Wenda's arch-nemesis, a villainous pre-teen female Anti-Wanderer who is a genderbend version of Odlaw and despises the Wanderers in the new series. She is plotting on obtain the Wanderer keys and take control of the world. She sometimes help out with Wally and Wenda for their quest and turn everything back to normal after causing chaos in a certain location. She sports a yellow baseball cap with black stripes and glasses with angular black frames, and shoulder-length black hair with a yellow streak. She wears a long-sleeved black and yellow top, and a yellow skirt, knee-high black socks with white cuffs and blue shoes.
 Fritz, a hungry ferret who is Odlulu's henchmen and appeared in the new series. He mostly helps Odlulu with her plot, such as obtaining Wanderer keys and defeating the Wanderers. He sometimes distracted by different kinds of foods from around the world. In few episodes, he helps Odlulu steal the Wanderer key from the Wanderers (mostly Wally) so she can use for her own needs.

Publications

Primary books
As of 2022, there are seven primary Wally books. The books were released both in hard-cover (for the original books) and subsequently in paperback. Each contains around a dozen scenes with Wally hidden in them. Each book has additional hidden objects and/or characters hidden in each scene specific to that book. The books usually reserve telling the reader about some item(s) to find until the end of the book so that the reader will have to go through the book again. The books contain checklists for each scene of interesting things or people to find.

 Where's Wally? (US title: Where's Waldo?) (1987)
 Where's Wally Now? (US title: Find Waldo Now, renamed Where's Waldo Now? later) (1988)
 Where's Wally? The Fantastic Journey (US title: The Great Waldo Search, renamed Where's Waldo? The Fantastic Journey later) (1989)
 Where's Wally in Hollywood? (US title: Where's Waldo in Hollywood?) (1993)
 Where's Wally? The Wonder Book (US title: Where's Waldo? The Wonder Book) (1997)
 Where's Wally? The Great Picture Hunt! (US title: Where's Waldo? The Great Picture Hunt!) (2006)
 Where's Wally? The Incredible Paper Chase (US title: Where's Waldo? The Incredible Paper Chase) (2009)

There have been three rounds of revised editions. In 1993, to coincide with the publication of In Hollywood, the first three books were reprinted with Wenda, Woof and the Wally Watchers added to the original illustrations, and the books were numbered on the cover. A "pocket edition" of the first book was also published, in a tiny A6 format (). Wally is even harder to spot when shrunk to this degree, and later printings included a free magnifying lens.

In 1997, to coincide with the publication of The Wonder Book, special "Tenth Anniversary Editions" of the first four books were published with a distinct silver border on their front covers, and added later-introduced characters and objects to look for in every scene, and also moved Wally to different locations from the original versions. These special editions appeared in both standard and "pocket" formats.

In 2007, for the 20th anniversary of the first book, the special editions of 1997 (and The Great Picture Hunt) were re-released with a new cover into paperback format. The silver borders on the books were removed and instead, the books were numbered in the top left-hand corner of the cover. Aside from the new numbering system, some of the front covers were also revised otherwise; for example, the "NOW?" on the cover of Where's Wally Now? was given a 2D effect, but it was originally designed to look like a 3D shape.

Other books
In addition to the primary books, other books have also been published in the Wally franchise. The first alternate-format Wally book was the Ultimate Fun Book. In addition to standard Wally scenes, this paperback activity book featured other types of games and activities, as well as cardboard punch-outs and stickers. The Magnificent Poster Book, which was a large-format book of posters including five scenes from past books and six new scenes (later included in The Great Picture Hunt).
 Where's Wally? The Ultimate Fun Book (1990)
 Activity book
 Where's Wally? The Magnificent Poster Book (1991)
 Larger book containing cut-out posters
 Where's Wally? The Dazzling Deep-sea Divers Sticker Book  (1994)
 Sticker book and play scene
 Where's Wally? The Fabulous Flying Carpets Sticker Book (1994)
 Sticker book and play scene
 A Where's Wally? Fun Fact Book: Plundering Pirates (2000)
 Educational Where's Wally? book with new scenes and facts
 A Where's Wally? Fun Fact Book: Fighting Knights (2000)
 Educational Where's Wally? book with new scenes and facts
 Where's Wally? (2008)
 A £1 World Book Day Book
 Where's Wally? The Spectacular Poster Book (2010)
 Larger book containing cut-out posters
 Where's Wally? The Search for the Lost Things (2012)
 Where's Wally? 25th Anniversary Annual (2012)

Several other "activity books" have also been published featuring art from the "Where's Wally" comic strip:
 Where's Wally? The Truly Terrific Activity Book (1993)
 Where's Wally? The Absolutely Amazing Activity Book (1993)
 Where's Wally? The Wildly Wonderful Activity Book (1994)
 Where's Wally? Simply Sensational Activity Book (1994)
 Where's Wally? The Really Remarkable Activity Book (1995)
 Where's Wally? The Completely Crazy Activity Book (1995)
 Where's Wally? Bumper Activity Book (1995) - previous four books in one volume.

The first six activity books mentioned were reprinted in 2009 in a smaller size with different packaging.

Collections

Publication details
 As of 2022, only the special editions of the original five books are still in print, as well as a paperback 2007 reprint of The Great Picture Hunt and a paperback 2010 reprint of The Incredible Paper Chase. These books now also have "Special extra searches inside", according to the front covers.
 1997's The Wonder Book was the last numbered book in the series to contain new, original scenes, as The Great Picture Hunt and The Incredible Paper Chase contain both new scenes and older ones from The Ultimate Fun Book and The Magnificent Poster Book, as these books are no longer in print.
 The scene originally titled "Among the Pirates" is the most used, as it has appeared in 1991's The Magnificent Poster Book, 2000's Plundering Pirates, 2006's The Great Picture Hunt, and a jigsaw puzzle.

Magazine
A series of geographical magazines for children was published in the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Portugal, Poland, Brazil, Spain, France, Hungary, Czech Republic, Malta, Bulgaria and Russia, called Wally's World. In each issue Wally travelled to a different country or region of the world giving the reader interesting facts. 52 issues were published from January 1997 to January 1998, when Wally's History of the World began, focusing more on history than geography. The first issue was given away free with the last issue of Wally's World.

Comic strip

For several years in the early and mid-1990s, Where's Wally? was turned into a Sunday newspaper comic/puzzle, distributed by King Features Syndicate. The strip was later translated and reworked for international markets, including releases in book form in the US, using the regional name 'Waldo'.

Several activity books of the comic strip were released in the mid-1990s:
 Where's Wally: The Completely Crazy Activity Book
 Where's Wally: The Really Remarkable Activity Book
 Where's Wally: The Simply Sensational Activity Book
 Where's Wally: The Wildly Wonderful Activity Book

Adaptations in other media

Television series

A 13-episode animated series, Where's Wally?, with Townsend Coleman as the voice of Wally, was produced by DiC for CBS in 1991 for the North American market under the "Waldo" name. The show was later translated for international markets – usually renaming the character to match the books of that country. The dialogue and theme song were recorded in alternative Wally versions, with the same voice cast of the original US production, in order to market the show in the UK. It was aired on ITV in the UK and the distribution rights to the show are currently held by HIT Entertainment.

The second animated series by DreamWorks Animation Television aired on Universal Kids in 2019. The voice cast includes Joshua Rush as the voice of Waldo, Haley Tju as Wenda, Eva Carlton as Odlulu (the female equivalent to Odlaw), Thomas Lennon as Wizard Whitebeard and Ian James Corlett as Woof. The series later moved to Peacock.

Film
A film based on the Where's Wally? series of books has been pursued by various studios. Nickelodeon was one of the studios to take an interest in the idea but when the regime at Paramount (Nickelodeon's corporate sister) changed, the project was cancelled. In June 2009, Universal Studios (who would later obtain ownership of the property through its acquisition of Classic Media's owner DreamWorks Animation in 2016) and Illumination Entertainment had acquired the rights to turn Where's Wally? into a live-action film, but the project was also cancelled.

In November 2011, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Classic Media announced a live-action film based on the Where's Wally? series. Screenwriter Todd Berger has been hired to write the story for the film, which was slated to be released in the summer of 2015. In March 2016, Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg were in talks to produce the film with their producing partner James Weaver and Kyle Hunter and Ariel Shaffir to write the film, under their Point Grey Pictures banner.

The 1994 comedy film Naked Gun : The Final Insult, starring Leslie Nielsen and Priscilla Presley, features a cameo appearance by Wally at the end of the film during a scene that takes place at the Academy Awards.

During the 2012 Super Bowl, Wally was featured in a MetLife commercial. As in the series, Wally was hard to find in the commercial.

Video games
A number of North American video games were developed using the US/Canada regional name "Waldo":
 Where's Waldo? (1991) (NES)
 The Great Waldo Search (1992) (NES, SNES, Mega Drive)
 Wally wo Sagase! (1992) (Arcade) (Japan-exclusive title developed and published by Sega)
 Wally wo Sagase! Ehon no Kuni no Daibouken (1993) (Super Famicom) (Japan-exclusive title published by Tomy)
 Where's Waldo at the Circus (1995) (PC)
 Where's Waldo?: Exploring Geography (1996) (PC)
 Where's Waldo? The Fantastic Journey (2009) (PC, Mac, Nintendo Wii, Nintendo DS, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch)
 Where's Waldo? in Hollywood (2010) (iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch)
 Waldo & Friends, a mobile game published by Ludia, Inc. on iOS and Android in 2015, but is no longer available for download.

Cereal boxes
In the early 1990s Quaker Life Cereal in the US carried various Where's Waldo? scenes on the back of the boxes along with collector's cards, toys and send-away prizes. This was shown in The Simpsons episode "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder" where Homer shouts "Waldo, where are you?!" after looking at the scene on the cereal box as Waldo walks by the kitchen window.

Google Maps
On 1 April 2018, Google Maps added a minigame in which one can look for Wally and his friends around the world – in the Andes (Chile), Surfers Paradise beach (Australia), in the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium (South Korea), at the La Tomatina festival (Spain), in Hollywood and in the Picard crater on the Moon.

Real-life Where's Wally? phenomena

World record attempts

In 2009, 1,052 students, alumni, and members of the community at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey, captured the Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of people dressed as Wally. The event raised money for local public schools.

In 2011, the previous record was broken when 3,872 people dressed as Wally gathered in Merrion Square, Dublin, Ireland.

The record was beaten in 2017 when 4,626 people dressed as Wally gathered in Japan, after three failed attempts.

The Waldo Waldo 5K has tried to break the record in a 5-kilometre fun run to raise money for the Waldo Canyon Fire burn area in Colorado Springs, Colorado, US, every year since the fire in July 2012. The first attempt, on 21 October, had just over a thousand. The second attempt, on 27 October 2013, had over 2,700. The third attempt, on 26 October 2014, hosted 3,104 participants. The fourth attempt, on 17 October 2015, increased the count to 3,400 participants. The fifth attempt was made on 22 October 2016, with a final count of 3,524. The next race was held on 21 October 2017.

Real-life re-creation
On 12 September 2009, a re-creation took place in downtown Chicago. The re-creation featured all of the characters, Wally, Wenda, Wizard Whitebeard, Odlaw, and Woof, hiding throughout downtown Chicago and invited others to come and find them.
Universities (such as the University of Exeter) have had Where's Wally inspired societies, in which members may dress as Wally whilst playing games such as hide-and-seek on campus grounds.

See also

 Wimmelbilderbuch - type of wordless picture book

References

Book series introduced in 1987
British picture books
Puzzle books
Literary characters introduced in 1987
1980s fads and trends
1990s fads and trends
Tomy games
British novels adapted into television shows
1987 neologisms
Quotations from literature
Series of children's books
Walker Books books

Where's Wally?


Johann Nepomuk Hummel (born Pressburg November 14 1778; died Weimar October 17 1837) was an Austrian composer and pianist.  He was a child prodigy.  Mozart thought he was so talented that he taught him free of charge.  Hummel became one of the greatest pianists and composers in Europe.  He always wrote in a Classical style, he never became an early Romantic like Beethoven.
He also wrote a concerto for trumpet, which is fairly famous.

1778 births
1837 deaths
Austrian composers
Classical era composers
People from Bratislava
Austrian pianists

Johann Nepomuk Hummel


The Château d'Enghien in Chantilly, France is a building within the park of the Château de Chantilly.

It is a long, neoclassical building, designed by Jean-François Leroy in 1769 as lodging for the guests that Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé entertained at Chantilly.

It was later named in honor of his grandson Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien who lived in the building with his nurses after his birth in 1772.

The building is composed of a series of four attached pavilions, each with its own entrance and its own triangular pediment crowned with a balustrade.

The château is now the official residence of the conservator of the Musée Condé and of three academicians.

Notes

Houses completed in 1769
Châteaux in Oise
House of Bourbon-Condé

Château d'Enghien (Chantilly)


The Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II (known incorrectly postwar as the Dornier Rs.II)  was a biplane flying boat, designed by Claudius Dornier as a follow-on to his Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.I and built during 1914–1915 on the German side of Lake Constance. Initially this aircraft was powered by three engines mounted inside the hull driving three pusher propellers via gearboxes and shafts. The later version was powered by four engines in two push-pull nacelles mounted between the wings.

Design and development
After a disastrous storm which wrecked the Rs.I, Dornier continued development of large seaplanes with the Rs.II. The design and construction drawings of the Rs.II had been prepared during 1915 and the airframe was completed rapidly after the loss of the Rs.I. Although resembling the Rs.I, there was little in common with the Rs.II, which had a much broader, shorter hull, low aspect ratio upper wing and open lattice tail unit.

The Rs.II, (Navy serial no 1433), as launched in 1916, consisted of a sesquiplane flying boat with a short but very broad fuselage and a tail unit supported at the end of a long open lattice box framework of tubular booms cross braced with cables. The short lower wings were intended to support stabilizing floats but these were found unnecessary due to the inherent stability of the broad hull. The tail unit comprised a biplane elevator assembly with a small separate tailplane above a pair of all-flying rudders and the large upper wing was supported by struts which also supported the propellers.

Power was supplied by three Maybach HS engines mounted inside the hull, transmitting power to the three propellers via clutches, gearboxes and shafts. The three propellers were mounted as pushers aft of the wing support structure at about mid-gap. Radiators for the internally mounted engines were mounted as a wide slab on the hull aft of the pilots cockpit.

The wing structure was formed by three built-up girder spars of triangular section with aluminium wing ribs spaced fairly wide apart; the wing fabric was sewn to special eyelets, which were attached to the framework at evenly spaced intervals. The lower wings were attached directly to the fuselage, touching the water when afloat, improving water-borne stability. The low aspect ratio upper wing was supported by a central frame work and N strut assemblies at 1/3rd span and 2/3rd span. Incidence of the upper wing was adjustable by altering the length of the forward N-strut tubes.

Flying controls were fairly conventional despite their size, with unbalanced ailerons on the upper wing and a large biplane elevator unit trailing a small tailplane and small rudders under the tailplane. To improve lateral control at low speeds, and improve spin resistance, the tip incidence was washed-out, ensuring that the inner wing sections stalled first.

The hull, constructed of steel bulkheads and stringers with Duralumin skinning on the sides and bottom, but fabric on parts of the upper decking, housed the crew in a cockpit near the nose, who were protected by a raised coaming. The engines and fuel lines were also housed inside the hull; they could be serviced in flight by a mechanic.

Operational history
On 17 May 1916 the Rs.II left the hangar at Seemoos for initial taxiing trials with Schroter at the controls, with Graf Zeppelin, Dornier and other important people from the Zeppelin works observing from Zeppelin's motor boat Württemberg. Initial attempts at taking-off were unsuccessful, attributed to the very calm conditions not allowing the hull to un-stick, they also highlighted the unacceptable rudder power for manoeuvring on the water.

The first modification involved adding a third tall rudder between the original rudders. Flight tests resumed on 30 June 1916, take-off attempts were made with the wing incidence set at one, then two degrees and finally at three degrees which was successful at 07:30 hours. Two more flights were made that day and a further three flights proved the need for changes to the tail framework and tail surfaces; large diameter metal tubes replacing the upper booms and fixed fins fitted between the boom ends, as well as reducing the area of the central rudder and improving the planing surface shape.

Ready for continued flight tests on 17 July 1916, the RS.II still showed poor take-off characteristics and the aircraft was sluggish in roll. Rudder authority was also lacking as it was found impossible to maintain straight flight with the centre and starboard engines throttled back. During these tests the port transmission began to vibrate and eventually it failed, causing the port propeller to break. The aircraft dropped onto the water from about 10 m (33 ft), bounced into the air where the centre propeller transmission broke loose, damaging the tail boom as the aircraft settled with the tail boom in ruins.

Second version

Rebuilding of the Rs.II was completed by 5 November 1916, with Schroter piloting the aircraft on its second flight the next day.

The much revised Rs.II had four more reliable Maybach Mb.IVa engines fitted in push pull nacelles mounted on struts above the hull at approx. mid gap. Initially the biplane tail cellule was retained with large fins and rudders attached to the tail boom side members; the tail unit was later made more conventional with a large tailplane and twin fins with rudders. Take-off performance was improved by moving the step further aft but the take-off run was still excessive. The upper wing was also lowered by shortening the centre section struts and moving the mounts for the side struts to halfway down the sides of the fuselage. Other changes included aerodynamic balance surfaces for the ailerons, lower wings with reduced chord and rounded tips.

Flight tests of the revised Rs.II were still dogged by engine problems with the engines either over-cooling when un-cowled, or overheating when fully cowled, not to mention spark plug and equipment failures exacerbated by a lack of spare parts. During May 1917, while practising landings, the Rs.II landed hard, breaking the central boom support. Unaware of the damage, the pilot attempted to take-off again, but the sagging tail forced the Rs.II back on to the water, where the tail broke off and sank to the bottom of Lake Constance.

By June 1917 the cumbersome tail unit had been replaced by a cleaner design with a single tailplane and finely formed fins and rudders mounted at the end of each boom. The new boom structure was much stronger and of simpler design. Evaluation by the SVK (Seeflugzeugs-Versuchs-Kommando - Seaplane Testing Command), was carried out from 23 to 26 June 1917 testing various engine off configurations and water-borne handling. Given a qualified clean bill of health, the Rs.II was prepared for a transit flight to Norderney on the North Sea coast to carry out seaworthiness trials.

Due to the recurring problems with the engines and the lack of clean high grade fuel, the Rs.II was required to carry out a practice delivery flight to ensure that the aircraft could reach its destination. During one of these practice flights, number 4 engine back-fired violently and number 1 engine's propeller disintegrated, showering the wings and hull with splinters. With two engines shut-down the pilot throttled back number 2 and 3 engines, gliding to a safe landing. The damage caused by the disintegrating propeller was deemed uneconomical to repair.

Specifications (Dornier Rs.II first version)

See also

Notes

Bibliography

 Haddow G.W., Grosz, P.M. The German Giants. Putnam, 3rd Ed., 1988

1910s German patrol aircraft
Flying boats
Three-engined pusher aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Biplanes
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
RS.2
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916

Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II


The Port Wall in Chepstow, Monmouthshire, Wales, is a late thirteenth century stone wall, which was constructed for the twin purposes of defence and tax collection by permitting users of the town's market only one point of access through the wall at the Town Gate.  The wall originally formed a semi-circle extending for some , roughly southwards from Chepstow Castle to the River Wye.  It enclosed an area of , including the entire town and port as it existed at that time.  Substantial sections of the wall remain intact, and both the Port Wall and the Town Gate are Grade I listed buildings.   The Port Wall is a Scheduled monument.

History

After the Norman conquest of England and parts of south Wales, Chepstow developed as an important port and trading centre within the Marcher Lordship of Striguil, the town's name deriving from  meaning a trading place.  The town and its priory were defended by its castle, established in 1067 and reconstructed and extended in stone on several occasions.  The port was known for its exports of timber and bark, and its imports of wine from Gascony, Spain and Portugal.  Because of its status as a Marcher lordship, dues were levied by the local lord, outside any direct control by the English crown.  It has been suggested, but not confirmed, that the priory, castle and river crossing may originally have been defended by earthworks in a line some way to the east of the later stone wall, and that the market place initially grew up outside that line.

In 1270 the lordship came under the control of Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, after the death of his uncle.  Bigod undertook a substantial building programme within and around Chepstow, including, at the castle, a new range of buildings for accommodation for himself and his family, and a massive new defensive tower (now known as "Marten's Tower"); and also, a few miles to the north, the rebuilding of Tintern Abbey.  He was also responsible for the building of the Port Wall, usually dated at 1274–78, and the Town Gate; and, in 1294, for granting to his close associate, John ap Adam of Sedbury, the right to hold a regular market at Chepstow.  The Port Wall and Town Gate together ensured that only those paying tolls to the lord could attend the market; and had the additional purpose of keeping out undesirable elements, including the occasionally hostile Welsh people living in the countryside to the west of the town.  Much of the land within the walls was never built on, but was used as pasture, orchards and gardens, with wharves and shipyards on the river.

Construction

The wall is, on average, about  high and  thick.  It was built without any substantial foundations, and is faced with roughly squared blocks of stone ashlar and filled with rubble.  It originally had a walkway along the inside and battlements along the top, and at least 11 outward-facing semi-circular towers, each about 8 metres in diameter.  In some stretches there was a dry ditch outside the wall.  It is uncertain whether the wall originally extended from the castle wall itself, or from a point across the Dell, a steeply sided valley which forms a natural moat on the south side of the castle.

Remains
The wall remained wholly intact until it was breached in 1846 to allow the construction of the railway line between Chepstow and Newport.  The stretch of wall running south of the railway line to the river was then demolished in 1916 for the development of the National Shipyard No.1 during the First World War, and a further gap was opened up in the wall shortly afterwards to enable the children of shipyard workers in the newly built Hardwick Garden City estate, just outside the wall, pedestrian access to their school.  Gaps in the wall were later opened to give vehicle access to the main town car park at Welsh Street in the 1960s, and for a new relief road (A48) in the early 1970s.

The Port Wall was given Grade I Listed Building status on 24 March 1975.

See also
 List of Cadw properties
 List of town walls in England and Wales

References

Grade I listed buildings in Monmouthshire
City walls in the United Kingdom
Chepstow
Scheduled monuments in Monmouthshire

Chepstow Port Wall


The Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary is a Catholic diocese in the province of Alberta, Canada. It covers the Calgary Region, southern Alberta, and part of the Alberta's Rockies region. It is a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton.

There are 82 parishes and missions in the diocese. The diocese's cathedral is St. Mary's Cathedral, in Calgary. The current bishop is Frederick Henry, who was appointed in 1998.

Calgary
Religion in Canada
Roman Catholicism

Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary


Ronald Ray Fairly (July 12, 1938 – October 30, 2019) was an American professional baseball player and television sports presenter. He played in Major League Baseball as a first baseman and right fielder from 1958 to 1978, most prominently as a member of the Los Angeles Dodgers where, he was an two-time All-Star player and was a member of three World Series winning teams.

After his playing career, he began a career as a television color commentator from 1979 to 2006 for the California Angels, San Francisco Giants and the Seattle Mariners. Combining his playing and broadcasting careers, Fairly was involved in over 7,000 major league games from 1958 through 2006.

Early life and college career
Fairly was born in Macon, Georgia, but when he was three months old his family moved to Long Beach, California, where he grew up and attended Jordan High School. Fairly played varsity baseball for USC Trojans baseball at the University of Southern California in 1958, coached by Rod Dedeaux, and made the most of it. He hit .348 with team highs of nine home runs and 67 RBI while lettering as a sophomore center fielder as the Trojans won USC's second College World Series championship. There he was a teammate of future Major League general manager Pat Gillick. An All-District 8 selection that season, Fairly was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as an amateur free agent. After two brief minor league stops, he made the big club late in September 1958.

Professional career
A competitive player and highly disciplined hitter, Fairly had a short and compact swing with occasional power to all fields. With his glove, he was a competent first baseman as well as at all three outfield positions, being best suited for right field. His talents were overshadowed by a notorious lack of speed. He is the second in Major League Baseball (the first being Stan Musial) to play 1000 games or more in both the outfield and the infield. Fairly played 21 seasons of Major League Baseball, 12 of them with the Los Angeles Dodgers, where he won three World Series titles. In 2442 career games, Fairly had 1913 hits, a .266 batting average with 215 home runs and 1044 RBI, while walking 1052 times compared to only 877 strikeouts. He posted a career .990 fielding percentage. Fairly played in four World Series, appearing in 20 games, hitting .300 with 2 home runs and 6 RBI, all with the Los Angeles Dodgers. His career home run total is the most in major league history for a player without a 20-home run season.

Los Angeles Dodgers
Fairly made his Major League Baseball debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers on September 9, 1958, going hitless in three at-bats in a 4-3 loss to the Philadelphia Phillies.  The next day, Fairly collected his first career hit, a single off the Phillies' Robin Roberts.  On September 12, Fairly hit his first career home run off Ron Kline of the Pittsburgh Pirates.  Overall with the Dodgers, Fairly played in 15 games, hitting .283 with 2 home runs and 8 RBI.

In 1959, Fairly was used mostly as a pinch hitter and a defensive replacement late in games, as in 118 games with Los Angeles, he had only 244 at-bats.  During the season, he hit .238 with 4 home runs and 23 RBI, helping Los Angeles win the National League pennant and advance to the 1959 World Series.  Fairly played in all six games during the World Series, going hitless in three at-bats, as the Dodgers won the series over the Chicago White Sox.

Fairly spent the majority of the 1960 season with the Dodgers AAA affiliate, the Spokane Indians of the Pacific Coast League, as he played in only 14 games with Los Angeles, hitting .108 with a home run and 3 RBI.

In 1961, Fairly played in 111 games with the Dodgers, as he hit .322 with 10 home runs and 48 RBI, while spending time between the three outfield positions and first base.

Fairly became the Dodgers' everyday first baseman during the 1962 season, as in 147 games, he hit .278 with 14 home runs and 71 RBI.

Fairly helped the Dodgers clinch the National League pennant in 1963, as he played in 152 games, hitting .271 with 12 home runs and 77 RBI.  In the 1963 World Series against the New York Yankees, Fairly played in all four games, however, he was credited with only one official at-bat, as he failed to register a hit, but walked three times as Los Angeles won the series.

Fairly had another solid season with the Dodgers in 1964, batting .256 with 10 home runs and 74 RBI in 150 games.

In 1965, Fairly appeared in a career high 158 games with Los Angeles, hitting .274 with 9 home runs and 70 RBI, helping the club to their third National League pennant since Fairly joined the team.  In the 1965 World Series against the Minnesota Twins, Fairly played a key role in the Dodgers' seven game series victory, as he hit .379 with 2 home runs and 6 RBI, as Los Angeles won their third World Series title in seven years.

Fairly missed a month of the season due to injuries in 1966, playing in only 117 games, his lowest total since 1961, however, he hit .288 with 14 home runs and 61 RBI, helping the Dodgers clinch the National League pennant for the second consecutive season.  In the 1966 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles, Fairly hit only .143 with no home runs or RBI in three games, as the Dodgers lost to the Orioles.

In 1967, Fairly struggled offensively, as his batting average dipped to .220, while he had 10 home runs and 55 RBI in 153 games.

Fairly continued his struggles throughout the 1968 season, as he hit only .234 with 4 home runs and 43 RBI in 141 with the Dodgers.

He began the 1969 season with Los Angeles, however, Fairly continued to struggle with his bat, hitting .219 with no home runs and 8 RBI in 30 games with the Dodgers.  On June 11, Los Angeles traded Fairly and Paul Popovich to the Montreal Expos for Manny Mota and Maury Wills.

Montreal Expos
After struggling offensively with the Los Angeles Dodgers for the previous two seasons, Fairly immediately improved with his move to the expansion Montreal Expos in 1969, with whom he hit .289 with 12 home runs and 39 RBI in 70 games.

Fairly had a solid season in 1970, playing in 119 games with the Expos, hitting .288 with 15 home runs and 61 RBI, as well as stealing a career high 10 bases.

Fairly saw his batting average fall to .257 in the 1971 season, however, his power numbers remained steady, as he hit 13 home runs and 71 RBI in 146 games with Montreal.

He continued his solid play with the Expos in 1972, as Fairly hit .278 with 17 home runs and 68 RBI in 140 games.

Fairly appeared late in the 1973 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, his first All-Star game, as a defensive replacement.  Overall with the Expos, Fairly hit .276 with 86 home runs and 331 RBI in 718 games.

During the 1974 season, Fairly lost some playing time, as he appeared in only 101 games with Montreal, hitting .243 with 12 home runs and 43 RBI.

St. Louis Cardinals
Fairly was dealt from the Expos to the St. Louis Cardinals for a pair of minor leaguers, first baseman Ed Kurpiel and infielder Rudy Kinard, at the Winter Meetings on December 6, 1974. He spent the 1975 season as a utility player for the Cardinals where in 107 games, he hit .307 with 7 home runs and 37 RBI, as he saw his playing time split between first base and as an outfielder.

He started the 1976 season with St. Louis, appearing in 73 games, hitting .264 with no home runs and 21 RBI.  On September 14, his contract was purchased by the Oakland Athletics.

Oakland Athletics
Fairly finished the 1976 season with the Oakland Athletics.  In 15 games with Oakland, Fairly hit .239 with 3 home runs and 10 RBI, as the Athletics finished in second place in the American League West, ending their division title streak at five.  On February 24, 1977, the A's traded Fairly to the Toronto Blue Jays for Mike Weathers and cash.

Toronto Blue Jays
Fairly split the 1977 season between designated hitter, first base and the outfield, as he played in 132 games with Toronto, hitting .279 with a team leading 19 home runs and 64 RBI.  He appeared in the 1977 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, as a pinch hitter, striking out against Tom Seaver.  Fairly is the only player to have represented both Canadian MLB teams in the All-Star game.  On December 8, the Blue Jays traded Fairly to the California Angels for Butch Alberts and Pat Kelly.

California Angels
Fairly finished his career with the California Angels in 1978, playing in 91 games, hitting .217 with 10 home runs and 40 RBI.  He announced his retirement at the end of the season.

Broadcasting career
After his playing days ended, Fairly began his broadcasting career in 1979 at KTLA in Los Angeles and later joined Bob Starr in the California Angels radio/television booth. During the 1984 season, he also served as the club's hitting instructor for manager John McNamara while continuing to hold down his radio duties. Considered "one of the most knowledgeable baseball men in the organization," he suited up prior to each game to instruct hitters during batting practice before returning to the broadcast booth to do Angels games for KMPC radio. Fairly said of the new assignment, "When you play as long as I did, you're constantly talking hitting. But I don't see this role in the context of instructing as much as reminding guys what they do well. I get to the park early anyway. And there's no conflict really with my radio work." Angels general manager Buzzie Bavasi told the Orange County Register in announcing the decision, "Since we were planning on adding a hitting instructor, the feeling was we had the man right here. Ron is intelligent, articulate and knows the game."

In 1987, Fairly moved up the coast and joined KNBR as the voice of the San Francisco Giants. In 1993, he went farther north as a broadcaster for the Seattle Mariners, where he stayed through the 2006 season. Fairly served primarily as a color commentator, but occasionally stepped in to do play-by-play as well.

In 1997, Fairly was selected to the USC's Athletic Hall of Fame.

On September 21, 2006, the Mariners announced that Fairly was retiring from his post as a team broadcaster after 14 seasons, ending a 27-year career in Major League Baseball broadcasting. Coupled with 21 years as a player, Fairly spent 48 years in and around the Major Leagues.

From June 15 to June 17, 2007, Fairly briefly came out of retirement to work as a television analyst for the Mariners during a three-game interleague series against the Houston Astros, while broadcaster Mike Blowers was on vacation.

From July 15 to July 18, 2010, Fairly broadcast the Mariners' four-game series against the Los Angeles Angels with Rick Rizzs on KIRO to fill in for Dave Niehaus, who was on vacation.  In 2011 and 2012 Fairly returned again to the Mariners' radio booth, as one of a rotating group of guest announcers filling in on their broadcasts following the death of Niehaus after the 2010 season.

Later life and death
Fairly died of pancreatic cancer on October 30, 2019, aged 81.

See also
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders

References

External links

Ron Fairly at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Ron Fairly at Baseball Biography
USC Athletic Hall of Fame inductees (1994–2005)  – Ron Fairly – 1997

1938 births
2019 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American League All-Stars
Baseball players from Macon, Georgia
California Angels announcers
California Angels players
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in California
Des Moines Bruins players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball right fielders
Montreal Expos players
National League All-Stars
Oakland Athletics players
San Francisco Giants announcers
Seattle Mariners announcers
Spokane Indians players
Baseball players from Riverside County, California
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Toronto Blue Jays players
USC Trojans baseball players

Ron Fairly


The written history of the Cape Colony in what is now South Africa began when Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias became the first modern European to round the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed along the whole coast of South Africa on his way to India, landed at St Helena Bay for 8 days, and made a detailed description of the area. The Portuguese, attracted by the riches of Asia, made no permanent settlement at the Cape Colony. However, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) settled the area as a location where vessels could restock water and provisions.

First settlement

The Dutch East India Company settlement in the area began in March 1647, with the shipwreck of the Dutch ship Nieuwe Haarlem. The shipwreck victims built a small fort that they named the "Sand Fort of the Cape of Good Hope."  They stayed for nearly one year, until they were rescued by a fleet of 12 ships under the command of W. G. de Jong.

After their return to Holland some of the shipwrecked crewmates tried to persuade the Dutch East India Company to open a trading center at the Cape.

A Dutch East India Company expedition of 90 Calvinist settlers, under the command of Jan van Riebeeck, founded the first permanent settlement near the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Jan van Riebeeck was on one of the rescue ships that had come to rescue the shipwrecked sailors, and upon seeing the land, he decided to return. They arrived in the harbour of modern-day Cape Town on 6 April 1652 with five ships:

Reijger,
Oliphant,
Goede Hoop,
Walvisch,
Dromedaris.

The settlers initially built a clay and timber fort, which was replaced between 1666 and 1679 by the Castle of Good Hope, which is now the oldest building in South Africa. The Colony began properly in 1671 with the first purchase of land from the Khoikhoi (called "Hottentots" by the settlers) beyond the original limits of the fort built by van Riebeeck.

A long term policy of the VOC was to limit the growth of the colony to a small clearly defined area. Initially the VOC had hoped to employ a small number of servants and employees to produce food close to the fortress whilst obtaining cattle from the local Khoikhoi. However repeated crop failures convinced company officials to release nine servants to become semi-independent burgers who would produce food on free hold farms. Land grants were limited until the arrival of the colony's new commander Simon van der Stel in 1679.

van der Stel pursued an expansionist agricultural policy which was continued by his son William thereby increasing the number of farms in the colony to 258 by 1705. The number of free hold farms almost doubled by 1731 to 435 farms. Income inequality increased rapidly in the early years of the colony's development and by 1731 only 7% of the colony's small free settler population controlled over half of all the private property in the colony.

The earliest colonists were, for the most part, from the lower, working class and displayed an indifferent attitude towards developing the colony, but after a commissioner that was sent out in 1685 to attract more settlers, a more dedicated group of immigrants began to arrive. French refugees began to arrive in the Cape after leaving their country after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. This small body of immigrants had a marked influence on the character of the Dutch settlers. Owing to the policy instituted in 1701 of the Dutch East India Company which dictated that schools should teach exclusively in Dutch and strict laws of assembly, the Huguenots ceased by the middle of the 18th century to maintain a distinct identity, and the knowledge of French disappeared. By the late 1700s the Cape Colony was one of the best developed European settlements outside Europe or the Americas.

Economy

The two pillars of the Cape Colony's economy for almost the entirety of its history were shipping and agriculture. Its strategic position meant that prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 almost every ship sailing between Europe and Asia stopped off at the colony's capital Cape Town. The supplying of these ships with fresh provisions, fruit, and wine provided a very large market for the surplus produce of the colony.

Further expansion

The Cape colonists gradually acquired all of the land of the Khoikhoi to the north and east of their base at Cape Town. Besides those who died in warfare, whole tribes of Khoikhoi were severely disrupted by smallpox epidemics in 1713 and 1755. A few remaining tribes maintained their independence, but the majority of the Khoikhoi took jobs with the colonists as herdsmen. The Dutch East India Company government passed a law in 1787 subjecting the remaining nomadic Khoikhoi to certain restrictions. The direct effect of this law was to make the Khoikhoi even more dependent upon the farmers, or to compel them to migrate northward beyond the colonial border. Those who chose the latter encountered the hostility of their old foes, the San, who inhabited the plains from the Nieuwveld and Sneeuwberg mountains to the Orange River.

Conflicts with the Dutch East India Company

Neither the hostility of the natives, nor the struggle to make agriculture profitable on Karoo or veld, slowed the progress made by the colonists as much as the narrow and tyrannical policy adopted by the Dutch East India Company. The Company stopped the colony's policy of open immigration, monopolised trade, combined the administrative, legislative and judicial powers into one body, told the farmers what crops to grow, demanded a large percentage of every farmer's harvest, and harassed them. This tended to discourage further development of industry and enterprise. From these roots sprung a dislike of orderly government, and libertarian view-point that has characterised the "boers" or Dutch farmers for many generations. Seeking largely to escape the oppression of the Dutch East India Company, the farmers trekked farther and farther from the seat of government. The company, to control these emigrants, established a magistracy at Swellendam in 1745 and another at Graaff Reinet in 1786. The authorities declared the Gamtoos River as the eastern frontier of the colony, but the trekkers soon crossed it. To avoid collision with the bantu tribes advancing south and west from east central Africa, the Dutch agreed in 1780 to make the Great Fish River the boundary of the colony. In 1795 the heavily taxed boers of the frontier districts, who received no protection against the Africans, expelled the officials of the Dutch East India Company, and established independent governments at Swellendam and at Graaff-Reinet.

The Netherlands fell to the French army under the leadership of Napoléon Bonaparte in 1795. Reacting to the weakness of the Dutch East India Company holdings, a British force under Sir James Henry Craig set out for Cape Town to secure the colony for the Stadtholder Prince William V of Orange against the French. The governor of Cape Town refused at first to obey any instructions from the prince, but after Craig threatened to use force, he capitulated. The boers of Graaff Reinet did not surrender until an army had been sent against them, and in 1799 and again in 1801 they rose in revolt. In February 1803, as a result of the Peace of Amiens, the colony came under the control of the Batavian Republic.

See also
 Cape Town history and timeline
History of South African wine

References
 The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony. P.J. Van Der Merwe, Roger B. Beck. Ohio University Press. 1 January 1995. 333 pages. .
 History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain. George McCall Theal. Greenwood Press. 28 February 1970. 392 pages. .
 Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners. Robert Ross, David Anderson. Cambridge University Press. 1 July 1999. 220 pages. .
 The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sir George Berkeley, and others. Basil Alexander Le Cordeur. Brenthurst Press. 1981. 287 pages. .
 Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853. Elizabeth Elbourne. McGill-Queen's University Press. December 2002. 560 pages. .
 Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties. Alan Mabin. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute. 1983. 27 pages.

Citations

External links
Cape Colony History on Encyclopedia.com
Encyclopædia Britannica Cape Colony

History of South Africa
17th century in South Africa
18th century in South Africa
Dutch Cape Colony

History of the Cape Colony before 1806


The Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design () or ArkDes, previously known as the Museum of Architecture (Arkitekturmuseet), is a Swedish national museum dedicated to architecture and design. It is located on the island of Skeppsholmen in Stockholm, Sweden, in the same complex as Moderna Museet. The museum exhibits architecture, urban planning and design under its current director Kieran Long. It is an administrative authority under the Ministry of Culture.

History
The Museum of Architecture was founded in 1962 at the initiative of the National Association of Swedish Architects (Sveriges Arkitekters Riksförbund) as a private foundation. It was nationalized in 1978, at which point it was housed in buildings previously occupied by the Nautical Chart Department on Skeppsholmen. The new premises, designed by the Pritzker Prize laureate Rafael Moneo following an international competition, were inaugurated in February 1998.

On 28February 2013, the government issued new instructions for the museum and, on 1May, changed its name to the Statens centrum för arkitektur och design (The Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design). Since the mid-1990s, the museum has been administered by the Ministry of Culture.

Buildings
ArkDes is housed in two buildings, the Navy's old drill hall, Exercishuset, and a more recently constructed building designed by the Spanish architect Rafael Moneo constructed between 1994 and 1997. The permanent and temporary exhibition halls stand in historic buildings designed by Fredrik Blom and the new building, designed in a functionalistic style, contains offices, a library, research rooms, workshops, and archives holding the State Architecture Collection. The Moneo building was awarded the Kasper Salin Prize in 1998. In June 2018, a new temporary exhibition space, Boxen, was opened to designs by Dehlin Brattgård Architects.

Function

ArkDes has a permanent exhibition and several temporary thematic exhibitions. The permanent exhibition presents Swedish architecture through the ages in drawings, models, photographs, and historical objects.

Other spaces are dedicated to thematic exhibitions which explore contemporary architecture and design, alongside historical shows. In ArkDes' archival collections are drawings, models and photographs of the works of around 500 architects. The museum's library contains journals from the 1930s onwards, as well as over 24,000 books.

ArkDes manages the Einar Mattsson's Foundation for Building and Property Research.

The Centre has cooperated with the Wikimedia Foundation on a number of occasions. In 2013 and 2014, Wikimedia Sweden held its annual meeting there, and in 2014, the ArkDes hosted the "Meet Wikipedia" event.

Notable Exhibitions
ArkDes has hosted a number of notable temporary exhibitions and collaborations. In 2010, ArkDes hosted the exhibition "Greta Magnusson Grossman: From Stockholm to Beverly Hills", an exhibition of pre-war furniture design and experimental architecture of the 1940s, 50s and 60s. In 2013, the museum presented "The Fashion World of Jean-Paul Gaultier: From the sidewalk to the catwalk". In 2014 ArkDes hosted "Blockholm", an exhibition based on a transfer of Stockholm's land data into Minecraft to create an exact, full-scale representation of the Swedish capital.

In 2015 a collaboration between ArkDes and Moderna Museet presented the work of Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson and in 2016 a similar collaboration resulted in a major exhibition of the work of the Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama. In 2017, ArkDes exhibited a major monographic exhibition on the Austrian-Swedish architect Josef Frank in a collaboration with the MAK in Vienna alongside an exhibition on the HI-group design collective.

Since 2017, under the directorship of Kieran Long, the museum has presented a number of temporary exhibitions in its main hall and in Boxen, a "machine for fast-changing, experimental exhibitions". These have included: "Public Luxury", an exhibition "about architecture, design and the struggle for public life"; "The Future Starts Here", an exhibition made in collaboration with the Victoria and Albert Museum exploring the relationships between design and technology; "Space Popular: Value in the Virtual", a project exploring Virtual Reality, architecture and urbanism; the culminating edition of the Cruising Pavilion; and an exhibition exploring the prefabricated concrete panel curated by Pedro Ignacio Alonso and Hugo Palmarola. In 2020, Boxen hosted the world's first museum exhibition exploring the creative field of ASMR. As a result of COVID-19 it had a virtual opening;  the exhibition opened at the Design Museum in 2022. A monographic exhibition centred on the Swedish architect Sigurd Lewerentz opened in 2021. An eponymous book was published by Park Books.

ArkDes hosts the annual "Gingerbread House" competition each December.

Directors

Kieran Long, 2017–
Kerstin Brunnberg, Interim Director, July 2014 – July 2015
Lena Rahoult, 2009 – July 2014
Bitte Nygren, 1999–2008
Jöran Lindvall, 1985–99
Bengt O.H. Johansson, 1966–77

Gallery

Buildings

Exhibitions

See also
List of design museums
List of museums in Stockholm

References

Further reading

External links

ArkDes' collections at the Digital Museum
ArkDes at the Government of Sweden

Museums in Stockholm
Architecture museums
Architecture in Sweden
Design museums
Art museums and galleries in Stockholm
1962 establishments in Sweden
Modernist architecture in Sweden
Rafael Moneo buildings
National museums of Sweden
Museums established in 1962


'Basal' is a term in biology for 'primitive' or 'ancestral'. Basal is preferred because it is neutral and non-judgmental. This terminology came into use with cladistics. The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which gave rise to later forms. It is a term which works at any level: a basal species gives rise to derived species, and a basal group gives rise to derived groups.

'Derived' is the correct term in biology for specialised or advanced. It is used for groups which have evolved from a more basal group. A derived trait is a trait that is present in an organism, but was not in the last common ancestor of the group being considered. Simplicity is often secondarily derived. For example, no mitochondria in the anaerobic protist Entamoeba histolytica is a result of their secondary loss.

General view –
Basal group
Derived group
Derived group
Derived group

Example –
Early primates
Monkeys
Apes
Homo

In the last example, note that apes are derived from monkeys but basal with respect to our own genus. The status of being basal or derived is relative, though living species can only be derived. In any basal-derived pair, the basal member must have evolved before the derived member, with evidence that some of its species gave rise to (evolved into) the derived member.

Other terms
See also Wiley et al. 1991.
Ancestral taxon = basal group
Characters or attributes:
Plesiomorphy = ancestral trait inherited from earlier forms.
Apomorphy =  trait or innovation derived from a plesiomorphic character. It may define a clade.
Synapomorphy = a trait or character of a whole clade.

References

Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy

Basal


Wicked Wicked Games is a telenovela that debuted on December 6, 2006 on the American television network MyNetworkTV. Twentieth Television produced 63 episodes to air weekdays. The limited-run serial was directed by Terry Cunningham, Dennis Dimster, P. David Ebersole, Jeff Hare and Jeremy Stanford.  It focuses on a bitter, obsessed woman's vendetta against her former lover.  As of 2021, the entire series is streaming on TubiTV.

Story
This romantic melodrama starred Tatum O'Neal as Blythe Hunter, a beautiful scorned woman, whose boyfriend Theodore Crawford (Clive Robertson) left her twenty-five years ago to marry someone else. As revenge, she decides to destroy him by grooming her two sons to marry his two daughters and take over The Tides, a racetrack in Del Mar, California. She wreaks havoc on the Crawfords, but the plan doesn't go the way she had hoped.

Wicked Wicked Games also starred David Smith and Jack Krizmanich as Blythe's sons, Josh and Aaron, respectively. Josh is a doctor who gets manipulated into Blythe's schemes by the more "wicked" son Aaron. Jessie Ward and Kate French played Emma and Brooke respectively, the Crawford daughters.

Blythe approaches Aaron to pose as "Daniel Karol" and help her undermine Theodore and take control of the Tides.  Blythe also employs her lawyer, Benjamin Grey to help her do her dirty work.  Aaron quickly gets the job, and begins to work for Theo.  Only Taylor Burns, CFO of the Tides, is suspicious of him.  Over the show's first month, Emma gets engaged to the Tides lawyer Edward (who is cheating on her with secretary Jennifer), Brooke quickly falls for Daniel, and Blythe reveals herself to Theo, and tries to rekindle the flame between them, steaming Theo's girlfriend, Hope Lorca, who raised Brooke and Emma after their mother's death, and was the family housekeeper.

Soon, Emma makes a startling discovery- that Theo is not Brooke and herself's real father, but her late mother, Anna had a lover named Gavin.  She confronts Theo and Madeline, Theo's sister, who confirm the truth.  Madeline indulges in cyber romance with "Phillipe", who she confides in.  Lani Walker, Blythe's assistant, falls for Taylor, and is shocked by the lengths her boss is going to.  Blythe loves to torture Lani, and she soon begins to undermine Blythe, a huge mistake on her part.  Theo is soon on to Blythe.   Blythe is thrilled to learn that Theo may be planning to propose to her, but instead proposes to Hope, which soon pleases Blythe, realizing that he will be too busy planning a wedding to notice his business being taken from him. Not too much later, Blythe takes over the Tides, and throws Theo out.  She takes pride in revealing that "Daniel" is her son, Aaron, which also stuns Brooke.  Theo is devastated, and turns to alcohol for comfort.  Jennifer wants Edward to leave Emma, and Edward's obsession with Emma grows, as Emma continues to fall for Josh. Taylor ends things with Lani after realizing that she was aware of what Blythe was planning, and Lani is devastated. Brooke continues on a downward spiral with alcohol and drugs.  She soon learns that her father, Gavin died several years ago, and nearly dies from an overdose.

Tension had been mounting between Theo and Hope following the loss of the Tides, and Hope decides to leave town for a while.  Madeline asks her to stay and work things out, but Hope thinks it is for the best.  She has a final encounter with Blythe, when Blythe strangles her to death.  Blythe makes it look as though Hope completely vanished, and left Theo.  Blythe continues with the second stage of the plan, getting her hands on the Crawford estate. Blythe reveals to Theo that Josh and Aaron are his sons and that she was pregnant when he left her for Anna. "Why, because he's your son?" Theo asks. "No, because he's yours." Blythe reveals in front of Aaron. Aaron and Brooke as well as Josh and Emma do eventually get together because Brooke and Emma are their stepsisters and they are their stepbrothers because they're Theo's sons just like they're Anna's daughters with her lover Gavin. It's revealed that Blythe is bipolar and has another personality who she created after Theo left her pregnant with their sons.

Production notes
This serial was derived from a 1998 Venezuelan series, Aunque me Cueste la Vida (Though It Might Cost Me My Life).  In it, Julie Restifo played the vengeful mother, who was named Belgica Michelena.  Production began in July 2006 and continued for six days a week over four months. Tatum O'Neal openly complained about the grueling schedule.

The show was originally intended to run in syndication as Art of Betrayal under the Desire umbrella title.  The Desire logo appeared during the opening credits and MyNetworkTV's website listed the serial as "part of the Desire series".  Sean Young and Gordon Thomson were originally signed for the lead roles played by Tatum O'Neal and Clive Robertson.  Actress Jessie Ward played Penelope Sayers on another MyNetworkTV telenovela, Desire.

The theme song for this series is Think Again by Blond Mafia.  Recap shows originally aired on Saturdays but were replaced by movies on February 3, 2007.  While Harper Entertainment announced plans to publish a book called Wicked, Wicked Games: The Diary of Blythe Hunter, it has not been released.  The Del Mar Racetrack was used for race track location shooting. Other scenes were filmed at Stu Segall Productions in San Diego.

Cast

References

External links

 Three New Primetime Drama Strips for MyNetworkTV
 Tatum O'Neal To Star In MyNetworkTV's Upcoming Primetime Drama "Wicked Wicked Games"

2006 telenovelas
2007 telenovelas
2006 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
American telenovelas
American television series based on telenovelas
MyNetworkTV original programming
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television
Television shows set in California

Wicked Wicked Games


Marvin Kent Gardner (born 1952) is a Latter-day Saint hymnwriter and editor.

Gardner served as a Mormon missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Colombia. He then studied at Brigham Young University (BYU).  After that he served as an editor of the Ensign.  Gardner also was an editor of the New Era and the Friend and Liahona.  He served as assistant or managing editor at one or more of these publications from 1978 to 2005.

Among the hymns written by Gardner is "Press Forward, Saints." He was a member of the Hymnbook Executive Committee which compiled the 1985 LDS English Language Hymnbook.

Gardner is currently a member of the BYU faculty where he is an associate teaching professor of English language and linguistics.  Gardner has also taught religion classes at BYU.

Sources

 Karen Lynn Davidson. Stories of Our Latter-day Saint Hymns.  (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 1988) p. 378.
 BYU faculty bio
 Vita

1952 births
20th-century Mormon missionaries
American Latter Day Saint hymnwriters
American Latter Day Saint writers
American Mormon missionaries in Colombia
Brigham Young University alumni
Brigham Young University faculty
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people

Marvin K. Gardner


Nicholas Murray Butler () was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. Butler was president of Columbia University, president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, and the deceased James S. Sherman's replacement as William Howard Taft's running mate in the 1912 United States presidential election. He became so well known and respected that The New York Times printed his Christmas greeting to the nation many years during the 1920s and 1930s. According to historian Stephen H. Norwood, Butler failed to "grasp the nature and implications of Nazism...influenced both by his antisemitism, privately expressed, and his economic conservatism and hostility to trade unionism".

Early life and education

Butler, great-grandson of Morgan John Rhys, was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey, to Mary Butler and manufacturing worker Henry Butler.  He enrolled in Columbia College (later Columbia University) and joined the Peithologian Society. He earned his bachelor of arts degree in 1882, his master's degree in 1883 and his doctorate in 1884. Butler's academic and other achievements led  Theodore Roosevelt to call him "Nicholas Miraculous". In 1885, Butler studied in Paris and Berlin and became a lifelong friend of future Secretary of State Elihu Root.  Through Root he also met Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. In the fall of 1885, Butler joined the staff of Columbia's philosophy department.

In 1887, he co-founded with Grace Hoadley Dodge, and became president of, the New York School for the Training of Teachers, which later affiliated with Columbia University and was renamed Teachers College, Columbia University, and from which a co-educational experimental and developmental unit became Horace Mann School.  From 1890 to 1891, Butler was a lecturer at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Throughout the 1890s, Butler served on the New Jersey Board of Education and helped form the College Entrance Examination Board.

Presidency of Columbia University

In 1901, Butler became acting president of Columbia University and, in 1902, formally became president. Among the many dignitaries in attendance at his investiture was President Roosevelt. Butler was president of Columbia for 43 years, the longest tenure in the university's history, retiring in 1945. As president, Butler carried out a major expansion of the campus, adding many new buildings, schools, and departments. These additions included Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, the first academic medical center in the world.

In 1919, Butler amended the admissions process to Columbia in order to limit the number of Jewish students (it became the first American institution of higher learning to establish an anti-Jewish quota). Butler's policy was successful and the number of students hailing from New York City dropped from 54% to 23% stemming "the invasion of the Jewish student". This is one of the reasons why Butler has been called an anti-semite.

In 1937, he was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati.

In 1941, the Pulitzer Prize fiction jury selected Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls. The Pulitzer Board initially agreed with that judgment, but Butler, ex officio head of the Pulitzer board, found the novel offensive and persuaded the board to reverse its determination, so that no novel received the prize that year.

During his lifetime, Columbia named its philosophy library for him; after he died, its main academic library, previously known as South Hall, was rechristened Butler Library. A faculty apartment building on 119th Street and Morningside Drive was also renamed in Butler's honor, as was a major prize in philosophy.

A polemical attack on Butler's time at Columbia University appeared in The Goose-Step: A Study of American Education, by Upton Sinclair.

Political activity

Butler was a delegate to each Republican National Convention from 1888 to 1936; in 1912, after Vice President James S. Sherman died eight days before the presidential election, Butler was designated to receive the electoral votes that Sherman would have received: the Republican ticket won only 8 electoral votes from Utah and Vermont, finishing third behind the Democrats and the Progressives. In 1916, Butler tried to secure the Republican presidential nomination for Elihu Root. Butler also sought the nomination for himself in 1920, without success.

Butler believed that Prohibition was a mistake, with negative effects on the country. He became active in the successful effort for repeal Prohibition in 1933.

He credited John W. Burgess along with Alexander Hamilton for providing the philosophical basis of his Republican principles.

In June 1936, Butler traveled to the Carnegie Endowment Peace Conference in London where, at the meeting, fundamental problems of money and finance were explored.

Attitude towards Fascism and Nazism
Butler was a longtime admirer of Benito Mussolini. He compared the Italian Fascist leader to Oliver Cromwell and, in the 1920s, he noted "the stupendous improvement which Fascism has brought".

Months after the 1933 Nazi book burnings, he welcomed the Nazi ambassador to the United States to Columbia and likewise refused to appear with a notable German dissident when the latter visited the university. Butler was criticized for his "remarkable silence" and complicity towards Hitler's regime until the late 1930s.

Internationalist

Butler was the chair of the Lake Mohonk Conference on International Arbitration that met periodically from 1907 to 1912. In this time, he was appointed president of the American branch of International Conciliation. Butler was also instrumental in persuading Andrew Carnegie to provide the initial $10 million funding for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Butler became head of international education and communication, founded the European branch of the Endowment headquartered in Paris, and was President of the Endowment from 1925 to 1945. For his work in this field, he received the Nobel Peace Prize for 1931 (shared with Jane Addams) "[For his promotion] of the Kellogg-Briand pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement".

In December 1916, Butler, Roosevelt and other philanthropists, including Scottish-born industrialist John C. Moffat, William Astor Chanler, Joseph Choate, Clarence Mackay, George von Lengerke Meyer, and John Grier Hibben, purchased the Château de Chavaniac, birthplace of the Marquis de Lafayette in Auvergne, to serve as a headquarters for the French Heroes Lafayette Memorial Fund, which was managed by Chanler's ex-wife, Beatrice Ashley Chanler.

Butler was President of the Pilgrims Society, which promotes Anglo-American friendship. He served as President of the Pilgrims from 1928 to 1946. Butler was president of The American Academy of Arts and Letters from 1928 to 1941.

Personal life
Butler married Susanna Edwards Schuyler (1863–1903) in 1887 and had one daughter from that marriage. Susanna was the daughter of Jacob Rutsen Schuyler (1816–1887) and Susannah Haigh Edwards (born 1830). His wife died in 1903 and he married again in 1907 to Kate La Montagne, granddaughter of New York property developer Thomas E. Davis.

In 1940, Butler completed his autobiography with the publication of the second volume of Across the Busy Years.

Butler became almost completely blind in 1945 at age 83. He resigned from the posts he held and died two years later. He is interred at Cedar Lawn Cemetery, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Butler was not universally liked. In 1939, a former student of Butler, Rolfe Humphries, published in the pages of Poetry an effort titled "Draft Ode for a Phi Beta Kappa Occasion" that followed a classical format of unrhymed blank verse in iambic pentameter with one classical reference per line. The first letters of each line of the resulting acrostic spelled out the message: "Nicholas Murray Butler is a horses [sic] ass". Upon discovering the "hidden" message, the irate editors ran a formal apology. Randolph Bourne lampooned Butler as "Alexander Macintosh Butcher" in "One of our Conquerors", a 1915 essay he published in The New Republic.

Butler wrote and spoke voluminously on all manner of subjects ranging from education to world peace. Although marked by erudition and great learning, his work tended toward the portentous and overblown. In The American Mercury, the critic Dorothy Dunbar Bromley referred to Butler's pronouncements as "those interminable miasmas of guff".

Honors
 Knight Grand Commander in the Order of the Redeemer.
 Order of Saint Sava.
 Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion on .
 Grand cordon of the Order of Leopold.
 Knight Grand cross in the Order of the Crown of Italy.
 Commander in the Order of the Red Eagle.
 Knight Grand cross in the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.
 Doctor honoris causa - University of Szeged (Hungary) in 1931.
 Elected member of the American Philosophical Society in 1938.

Works

See also
 Educational Review
 Institute of International Education
 Jerome Klein

Notes

Further reading
 Alogdelis, Joanna. "A Critical Evaluation of Selected Educational Speeches of Nicholas Murray Butler" (PhD dissertation, University of Iowa; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1949. 10991965).

External links

 Nicholas Murray Butler papers, 1891-1947 at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY
 Works by Nicholas Murray Butler, at Hathi Trust
 CEIP archive at Columbia University

|-

1862 births
1912 United States vice-presidential candidates
1947 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American academic administrators
Episcopalians from New York (state)
American Nobel laureates
Burials at Cedar Lawn Cemetery
Candidates in the 1920 United States presidential election
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Columbia University faculty
Education school deans
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Johns Hopkins University faculty
New York (state) Republicans
Nobel Peace Prize laureates
People from Elizabeth, New Jersey
Presidents of Columbia University
Presidents of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Members of the American Philosophical Society

Nicholas Murray Butler


Guy Sylvestre (Jean-Guy Sylvestre), OC, FRSC (May 17, 1918 – September 26, 2010) was a Canadian literary critic, librarian and civil servant.

Born in Sorel, Quebec, he attended College Ste-Marie, Montreal, and received his B.A. in 1939 and MA in 1942 from the University of Ottawa where he began his literary career as writer and critic.

By his early twenties, he was already the author of several articles in journals and newspapers, literary critic for the Ottawa newspaper Le Droit 1939–48, and founder of his own journal. Publication of Anthologie de la poésie canadienne d'expression française established him as an intellectual and a specialist in Canadian poetry. He was a founding member of the Académie canadienne-française in 1944  and President of the Royal Society of Canada 1973–74.

Sylvestre served as a translator in the Senate of Canada 1942–1944 and at the World War II Wartime Information Board in 1944–45. He was subsequently private secretary to the Rt. Hon. Louis St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada, between 1945 and 1950, a position which led to important civil service jobs.

In 1956 to 1968, he was Associate Director of the Library of Parliament and then became the second National Librarian at what is now Library and Archives Canada from 1968 to 1983. The library experienced extraordinary growth under his leadership, housed in a new building on Wellington Street. The collection grew rapidly and the national bibliography Canadiana was automated.

After retirement from the civil service, he was President of the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions from 1983 to 1986; Chairman, Ottawa Valley Book Festival, 1988–92; Chairman of Committee for the Governor General's Literary Awards; Past Chairman, Canadian Writers Foundation.

President, World Poetry Conference, 1967. Ordre International du bien public, 1970; Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ; IFLA Medal; Canadian Representative Intergovernmental Council for General Information Programs, Unesco 1979–83; Canadian Delegation to UNESCO, Conferences 1949, 1970, 1972, 1974; Chairman, Conference of Directors of National Libraries, 1974–77; Chairman, National Libraries Section, IFLA, 1977–81; Canadian Public Service Outstanding Public Service Award, 1983; Societa' Dante Alighieri, rome, 1971; Life member, Canadian Library Association,(CLA); Association Technologie de la documentation; Honorary Life member, Ontario Library Association(OLA); Member and First President, Canadian Association for Information Science; Recipient of Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal.

In 1943, he married Françoise Poitevin. They had a daughter (Marie) and three sons (Jean, Louis and Paul). They have two grandchildren Jean Martin and Julie Michelle.

Bibliography

Louis Francoeur, journaliste, 1941
Situation de la poésie canadienne, 1942
Anthologie de la poésie canadienne d'expression française, 1943
Poètes catholiques de la France contemporaine, 1944
Jules Laforgue, 1945
Sondages, 1945
Impressions de théâtre, 1950
Panorama des lettres canadiennes françaises, 1964
Canadian writers / Écrivains canadiens, 1964
Un siècle de littérature canadienne, 1967
Guidelines for national libraries, 1987.
Full publications list at WorldCat

References

External links
 Collections Canada: A Speech by Dr. Guy Sylvestre
 Collections Canada: Guy Sylvestre
 The Royal Society of Canada: Past Presidents
 IFLA Anniversary
 Canadiana: CIHM Anniversary
 IFLA Guidelines for National Libraries
 CBC News Archive: The National Library of Canada opens new HQ
 PSC: Outstanding Performance Awards
 Guy Sylvestre biography at Ex Libris Association
 Archives of Guy Sylvestre (Fonds Guy Sylvestre, R11816) are held at Library and Archives Canada. Records are in French and English.

1918 births
2010 deaths
20th-century Canadian civil servants
Canadian literary critics
Canadian librarians
Canadian non-fiction writers in French
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Franco-Ontarian people
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Sorel-Tracy
University of Ottawa alumni
French Quebecers

Guy Sylvestre


Belinda is an 1801 novel by the Irish writer Maria Edgeworth.  It was first published in three volumes by Joseph Johnson of London in 1801, and was later printed again by Pandora Press in 1986.  The book was Edgeworth's second published. The book was noted for showing interracial marriage.

Main characters

Lady Delacour is a bel esprit (woman of wit), who Belinda at first thinks "the most agreeable—no, that is too feeble an expression—the most fascinating person she had ever beheld (known)." Later, however, after Belinda hears about her sad life, she feels sorry for her. Belinda is very kind to Lady Delacour, who begins to like her. Through Belinda's gentleness, Lady Delacour begins to change. She becomes more caring for her husband and daughter Helena. However, Lady Delacour's sudden untrue jealousy towards Belinda and makes her move to the Percivals' house, where Helena is staying at. Later, Lady Delacour finds out that she was completely wrong and had misunderstood Belinda's good intentions. She becomes very ill, and begs for Belinda to forgiver her and come back. Belinda, accepting her apology, comes, and now Lady Delacour does everything Belinda advises her to do, and makes up with her husband, revealing to him how she is ill, that she had been hiding from everybody except herself and Belinda and her maid. Lord Delacour feels worried for her when he hears this. She takes a surgery, and is told that she is actually not ill at all. The bad doctor she had been going to had given her the wrong medicines, and therefore made her sick. Joyfully, she decides to be a good wife, a sweet friend, and a kind mother. She ends the book by saying, while laughing, "Now, Lady Delacour, to show that she is reformed, comes forward to address the audience with a moral—a moral!—yes,

Our tale contains a moral, and no doubt,
You all have wit enough to find it out."

Her strong character and the very important part she plays in the book make some people think the title should be her name instead of Belinda's.

Belinda Portman is a young lady.  She is about seventeen years old.  She is "handsome, graceful, sprightly, and highly accomplished." She has good skills, but is unused to thinking for herself, for her aunt orders her to do everything(though her thoughts are often very different). Belinda is innocent and loving, and loves Clarence Hervey, though she does not even admit it to herself. Mr. Vincent and Sir Philip both want to marry her. She is very forgiving, as seen when she forgives Lady Delacour, but has good self-control over her feelings – for example, she does not blush (turns red) later when people talk about Clarence Hervey, and is not shaken by Mrs. Freke when she said she would be her enemy.

Clarence Hervey is a clever and witty young man, who is gallant, and is, as Belinda said at first, "a most uncommonly pleasing young man." He is shown to have a warm heart, for he asks Lady Delacour to make his peace with Belinda after he spoke badly about her. He admires Lady Delacour, and tries to change her. But after that, he begins to like Belinda. However, he had been secretly taking care of another girl, Virginia, and now, thinking that he must marry Virginia, he tries to forget about Belinda. But later, Virginia shows him that she loves somebody else. So he tells Belinda that he loves her, and they marry.

Lady Anne Percival is very different from Lady Delacour. She is a gentle, motherly, reasonable lady. Belinda later also tells Mr. Vincent, when he compares Lady Anne Percival and Lady Delacour, "I have never seen any woman who would not suffer by a comparison with Lady Anne Percival." She loves literature, and that makes her a good wife to Mr. Percival. She is kind and motherly, and loves Helena like her daughter. She also treats Belinda kindly, and thinks carefully before she judges people. She wished for Belinda to marry Mr. Vincent. At first, Lady Delacour did not like her, feeling jealous and thinking that Helena liked Lady Anne Percival better than her. However, later at the end, it is guessed that she becomes good friends with Lady Anne Percival.

References

Irish novels
1800s books

Belinda (book)


The Northwest Highlands are the northern third of Scotland, which is separated from the Grampian Mountains by the Great Glen. The Caledonian Canal, which extends from Loch Linnhe in the west, via Loch Ness to the Moray Firth in the north splits this area from the rest of the country.

The Highlands are formed on Lewisian gneiss, the oldest layers of rock in Scotland. There are impressive rock islands of dark red or gray Torridonian sandstone which stick up out of the gneiss. Some of the peaks, such as Beinn Eighe and Canisp, are topped with light gray or white Cambrian quartzite.

The city of Inverness, known as the "Capital of the Highlands", is by far the largest settlement in the region. It is the administrative centre for the Highland Council area.

Climate
This area's climate varies with altitude. It has wet, warm summers, average under 17C (62.6F). The winters are mild at low altitude but become snowier and colder with higher elevation.

Mountains may have up to 6 months of snow. Naturally the area would be a vast birch, pine and montane shrub forest, such as those surviving in Glen Affric. Snow may lie from more than a month to 105 days, but not at coastal or very low altitudes.

Geography
The region has steep, glacier-carved mountains, valleys and interspersed plains. Many islands (which also vary widely) lie off the coast.

Elevations of around 800 metres or over are common, as are mountains exceeding 1000 metres.

The Northwest Highlands are typically not quite as cold as the Cairngorms. Considering its terrain and its latitude of about 57 to 58 degrees North, the area is surprisingly warm: this is due to the mild influence of the Gulf Stream. The aurora borealis is sometimes visible on winter nights, weather permitting, especially at the climax of the 11 year cycle.

Bordering the region to the north east is the lowland area of Caithness.

The region has a very low population density. Significant settlements are Kyle of Lochalsh, Mallaig, Dingwall, Dornoch, and Ullapool.

Geology
Geologically, the Northwest Highlands includes the Hebrides, especially Lewis and Harris.

Lewisian complex
The main outcrops of the Lewisian complex are on the islands of the Outer Hebrides, including Lewis, from which the complex takes its name. It is also exposed on several islands of the Inner Hebrides, small islands north of the Scottish mainland and forms a coastal strip on the mainland.

The Lewisian complex or Lewisian Gneiss is a suite of Precambrian metamorphic rocks that outcrop in the northwestern part of Scotland, forming part of the Hebridean Terrane. These rocks are of Archaean and Paleoproterozoic age, ranging from 3.0–1.7 billion years ago.

They form the basement on which later sediments were deposited. The Lewisian consists mainly of granitic gneisses. Rocks of the Lewisian complex were caught up in the Caledonian orogeny, appearing in the hanging walls of many of the thrust faults formed during the late stages of this tectonic event.

Its presence at the seabed and beneath Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata west of Shetland has been confirmed by shallow boreholes and hydrocarbon exploration wells.

Basement rocks of similar type are found at the base of the Moine Supergroup, sometimes with well-preserved unconformable contacts. These form part of the Lewisian, so the Lewisian complex extends at least as far southeast as the Great Glen Fault.

Calidonian orogeny
The Highlands are formed from the remains of the old Caledonian mountain range in northern Europe, the Caledonian orogeny. This included what is now Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden), Scotland, Wales, Normandy and Brittany in France.

References

Mountains of Scotland

Northwest Highlands


Razaaq Adoti (born 27 June 1973) is a British actor, producer and screenwriter.

Early life
Adoti was born in Forest Gate, London of Nigerian descent (Nigerian British). He landed his first professional screen role on the British television show, Press Gang, playing a police officer. After a season with the National Youth Music Theatre (NYMT) winning the Edinburgh Festival Fringe First Award with Aesop, A New Opera and playing the lead Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls, Adoti was accepted into the Central School of Speech and Drama, where he studied for three years and earned his degree in acting.

Career

Actor
Adoti was cast as Yamba in Steven Spielberg's feature epic, Amistad alongside Anthony Hopkins, Morgan Freeman and Matthew McConaughey.  After completing Amistad, he returned to London where he worked on various television and film projects. This included. Paul McGuigan's Gangster No. 1, and Black Hawk Down with director Ridley Scott, playing the antagonist Yousuf Dahir Mo'alim. Since then, Adoti has starred in numerous productions including  Paul W. S. Anderson's Resident Evil: Apocalypse, Haven, Doom (based on the popular video game of the same name) and The Hard Corps. Adoti also starred as Dutch Maas in Bill Duke's 2008 film, Cover.

Producer
Adoti, through his Area Boyz production company, has written a screenplay Sons of the Soil (formerly Area Boyz) to be shot in England and Nigeria.  He is also the host and co-producer on the new Fox Soccer Channel television show titled Extra Time set for a summer 2008 premiere.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1973 births
Alumni of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama
English people of Nigerian descent
English male film actors
English male television actors
Black British male actors
Living people
Male actors from London
People from Forest Gate
Nigerian screenwriters

Razaaq Adoti