A Biographical Sketch of Dr Samuel Johnson was written by Thomas Tyers for The Gentleman's Magazine'''s December 1784 issue. The work was written immediately after the death of Samuel Johnson and is the first postmortem biographical work on the author. The first full length biography was written by John Hawkins and titled Life of Samuel Johnson.

Background
There is little known about the relationship that Johnson and Tyers shared, except that Johnson claimed that "Tyers always tells him something he did not know before" and was familiarly mentioned by Johnson to Johnson's friends. However, Johnson, in The Idler, described Tyers, called Tom Restless,  as "a circumstance" and says:
"When Tom Restless rises he goes into a coffee-house, where he creeps so near to men whom he takes to be reasoners, as to hear their discourses and endeavours to remember something which, when it has been strained through Tom's head, is so near to nothing, that what it once was cannot be discovered. This he carries round from friend to friend through a circle of visits, till, hearing what each says upon the question, he becomes able at dinner to say a little himself; and as every great genius relaxes himself among his inferiors, meets with some who wonder how so young a man can talk so wisely."

On 13 December 1784, Samuel Johnson died. In response to his death, the Gentleman's Magazine ran A Biographical Sketch of Dr Samuel Johnson for their December issue. The work was written in the short time between the death and the printing. Although it was the first biographical work on Johnson, the first full-length biography would be published by Murphy in 1787.

Biography
Tyers used his Biographical Sketch to discuss Johnson's mental state, but not everyone agreed with the way Tyers revealed Johnson's private life; Hester Thrale wrote, in her Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson, "Poor Johnson! I see they will leave nothing untold that I laboured so long to keep secret; & I was so very delicate in trying to conceal his fancied Insanity." Regardless of what Thrale may have wanted, critics focused on Johnson's mental state from then after. In particular, John Wain emphasizes Tyers's description of Johnson as "like a ghost. He never speaks unless he is spoken to", which Wain considered a "bon mot".  Likwise, Walter Jackson Bate relies on how Tyers was able to partly capture Johnson's "bisociative" ability to bring "together two different frames of experience". Tyers, when saying Johnson "said the most common things in the newest manner", describes Johnson's "unpredictability" and a
"further process of mind in which the original shuffling of perspectives, already surprising us with elements we had overlooked or forgotten, is joined by considerations drawn from other matrices of experience that can only be described as 'moral,' that is, having to do with the condition of man - with human hopes and fears; with values, purpose or aim; with the shared sense, never forgotten, of the 'doom of man'; and with an unsleeping practical urgency in considering concretely what to do and how to live."

Tyers concludes his work by saying:
"At the end of this sketch, it may be hinted (sooner might have been prepossession) that Johnson told this writer, for he saw he always had his eye and ear upon him, that at some time or other he might be called upon to assist a posthumous account of him.

A hint was given to our author, a few years ago, by this Rhapsodist, to write his own life, lest somebody should write it for him. He has reason to believe, he has left a manuscript biography behind him. His executors, all honourable men, will sit in judgment upon his papers. Thuanus, Buchanan, Huetius, and others, have been their own historians.

The memory of some people, says Mably very lately, 'is their understanding.' This may be thought, by some readers, to be the case in point. Whatever anecdotes were furnished by memory, this pen did not choose to part with to any compiler. His little bit of gold he has worked into as much gold-leaf as he could

Critical response
James Boswell, in his Life of Samuel Johnson, wrote:
"[Tyers] abounded in anecdote, but was no sufficiently attentive to accuracy. I therefore cannot venture to avail myself much of a biographical sketch of Johnson which he published, being one among the various persons ambitious of appending their names to that of my illustrious friend. That sketch is, however, an entertaining little collection of fragments."

Notes

References
 .
 .
 Boswell, James. Life of Johnson Vol. 3, London: 1887.
 Davis, Bertram. "Introduction" in * The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D., ed. Bertram H. Davis, pp. vii-xxx. New York: Macmillan Company, 1961.
 Hill, G. Birkbeck, editor, Johnsonian Miscellanies Vol 2. Oxford, 1897.
 Piozzi, Hester Lynch. Anecdotes of the Late Samuel Johnson in Johnsonian Miscellanies Vol 1. ed. Hill, G. Birkbeck, pp. 141 – 351. Oxford, 1897.
 Tyers, Thomas. A Biographical Sketch of Dr Samuel Johnson in Johnsonian Miscellanies'' Vol 2. Ed. G. Birkbeck Hill, pp. 335–381. Oxford, 1897.
 .

1784 documents
Works about Samuel Johnson
Works originally published in British magazines
British biographies


Allegheny Riverfront Park is a municipal park that runs along the south bank of the Allegheny River in Downtown Pittsburgh.

It is a parcel of the Three Rivers Park, the city's grand urban waterfront park project along its rivers that will provide a continuous green trail   connecting existing and future riverfront developments. Completed segments include North Shore Riverfront Park, South Shore Riverfront Park, and Point State Park.

The boundaries of the park are the Ninth Street Pier and Fort Duquesne Bridge. The park consists of two 4,000 foot promenades that run along the river on either side of the multilevel 10th Street Bypass and Fort Duquesne Boulevard above. The lower tier, which is at river level, opened in 1998, while the upper tier was completed in 2001. Each of the Three Sisters bridges—Roberto Clemente Bridge, Andy Warhol Bridge, and Rachel Carson Bridge— intersects with the park.

The idea of riverfront parks for downtown Pittsburgh dates back to 1911 and a plan prepared by the Olmsted Brothers. The proposal was revived in the early 1990s when the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust's District Plan called for a riverfront park to frame the Cultural District's northern boundary.

The Trust's Public Arts Advisory Committee commissioned a collaboration between artists Ann Hamilton, Michael Mercil, and landscape architect Michael Van Valkenburgh, who is a professor of landscape architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and his firm Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates (MVVA) to create the new park.  According to Carol Brown, the head of the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust at the time, "the challenges of the site became the strengths of the final design of the park. Two parallel linear spaces dissected by highways, with vastly different elevations and periodic flooding, led MVVA, Hamilton, and Mercil to create an innovative, complex and highly successful design vocabulary for the park".

In 2002, Allegheny Riverfront Park received a Design Merit Award from the ASLA, and a Places/EDRA Place Design Award.

References

Berrizbeitia, Anita, ed., Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates: Reconstructing Urban Landscapes, essay by Jane Amidon, "Allegheny Riverfront Park: Material, Event, Sensation", Yale University Press, New Haven, 2009, 67–83
Freeman, Allen. "Going to the Edge." Landscape Architecture 93, no.7 (July 2003), 86–91, 106–07
Lowry, Patricia. "Park Utilizes Native Amenities." Pittsburgh Post Gazette. 30 November 1998 Allegheny Riverfront Park Opening: story by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
Lowry, Patricia. "Urban Revitalizer" Metropolis 21, no. 5 (January 2002), 66–67
Pearson, Clifford A. "Allegheny Riverfront Park, Pittsburgh." Architectural Record 188, no. 3 (March2000), 102–05.

External links

Allegheny Riverfront Park
MVVA website

Parks in Pittsburgh
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States
Urban public parks
1998 establishments in Pennsylvania
Protected areas established in 1998

Allegheny Riverfront Park


Exposure action value is a limit on the level of noise that workers can be exposed to. The level of noise is measured in decibels and after this level, the workplace needs to make sure that workers are protected from the noise. Safety plans need to be made to stop or lower the risk of hearing health problems for workers.

Workplace requirements
It is the job of the employer to make sure that workers are safe at work by creating a program that will reduce the risk of any problems.

In order to control the level of noise in the workplace, a noise dosimeter which is a device that is used to measure the amount of noise in a workplace over time is used. These devices can be worn on the body of a worker to record the level of sound they hear throughout their whole work day as they move to different areas of the workplace. They can also be used to measure the level of noise in a large specific area of the workplace. How the device is used depends on the work environment. Some workers will be walking to different areas of a workplace throughout the whole day and hear different levels of sound but some will only be staying in one area. If the noise dosimeter shows that the level of noise reaches the exposure action value, the employer needs to start using the program they have created to stop any future damage to their worker's hearing health.

The first part of this program is to find out which workers are affected by the noise that is over the exposure action value. Once the workers have been found, they each need to do a hearing test. This will help employers figure out how much hearing protection they will need to keep their workers safe as well as be able to compare the hearing level of the workers at this time to hearing levels later on. If there are large changes, that usually means that workers need more help with their hearing health.

After the tests are done, employers will be able to give the workers the type of hearing protection that is best for them. Workers should be able to pick the kind of hearing protection that they would like and it should not cost them. Tests should continue to be done on the workers and their hearing protection to make sure that it still works.

In order to make sure that workers also take care of their own hearing, the workplace should also train workers to understand hearing health and how to keep their hearing healthy.

Hearing problems
Employment law

Exposure action value


Frederick Greenwood (25 March 1830 – 14 December 1909) was an English journalist, editor, and man of letters. He completed Elizabeth Gaskell's novel Wives and Daughters after her death in 1865.

Early years
Born in Kensington, London, he was the oldest of eleven children of James Caer Greenwood, a coach builder, and his wife, Mary Ann, née Fish. He and two brothers – James and Charles, gained reputations as journalists. Frederick started life in a printing house, but at an early age began to write in periodicals. In 1853 he contributed a sketch of Napoleon III to a volume called The Napoleon Dynasty (2nd ed., 1855). He also wrote several novels: The Loves of an Apothecary (1854), The Path of Roses (1859) and (with his brother James) Under a Cloud (1860).

To the second number of the Cornhill Magazine he contributed "An Essay without End," and this led to an introduction to Thackeray. In 1862, when Thackeray resigned the editorship of the Cornhill, Greenwood became joint editor with G. H. Lewes. In 1864 he was appointed sole editor, a post which he held until 1868. While at the Cornhill he wrote an article in which he suggested, to some extent, how Thackeray might have intended to conclude his unfinished work Denis Duval. In its pages appeared the "sensation" novel Margaret Denzil's History, Greenwood's most ambitious work of fiction, also published in volume form in 1864.

Frederick Greenwood completed Elizabeth Gaskell's unfinished novel Wives and Daughters after she died suddenly in 1865.

Pall Mall Gazette
Greenwood conceived the idea of an evening newspaper, which, with news, should mainly contain original articles. Public affairs and culture were to be discussed by authoritative figures. He took the Anti-Jacobin and the Saturday Review of 1864 as models. The idea was taken up by George Smith, and the Pall Mall Gazette, named after Thackeray's fictional paper in Pendennis was launched in February 1865, with Greenwood as editor. Within a few years he became an influential Tory. "No minister in Great Britain," Mr Gladstone declared, "ever had a more able, a more zealous, a more effective supporter for his policy than Lord Beaconsfield had in Greenwood."

It was on the suggestion of Greenwood that Beaconsfield purchased in 1875 the Suez Canal shares of the Khedive Ismail; the British government was informed by Greenwood, that the shares were for sale and likely to be bought by France. Greenwood waited for the official announcement before publishing the news.

Later years
Early in 1880 the Pall Mall changed owners, and the new proprietor, Henry Yates Thompson, shifted editorial policy to supporting the Liberal Party. Greenwood at once resigned his editorship, but in May a new paper, the St James's Gazette, was started for him by Mr Henry Hucks Gibbs (afterwards Lord Aldenham), and Greenwood proceeded to carry on in it the tradition which he had established in the Pall Mall. At the St James's Greenwood remained for over eight years, continuing to exercise a marked influence upon political affairs, notably as a pungent critic of the Gladstone administration (1880–1885) and an independent supporter of Lord Salisbury. His connection with the paper ceased in August 1888, owing to disagreements with the new proprietor, Mr E Steinkopff, who had bought the St James's at Greenwood's own suggestion.

In January 1891 Greenwood brought out a weekly review which he named the Anti-Jacobin. It failed, however, to gain public support, the last number appearing in January 1892. In 1893 he published The Lover's Lexicon and in 1894 Imagination in Dreams. He continued to express his views on political and social questions in contributions to newspapers and magazines, writing frequently in the Westminster Gazette, the Pall Mall, Blackwood, the Cornhill, etc. Towards the end of his life his political views reverted in some respects to the Liberalism of his early days.

In the words of George Meredith Greenwood was not only a great journalist, he had a statesman's head. The national interests were always urgent at his heart. He was remarkable for securing for his papers the services of the ablest writers of the day, and for the gift of recognising merit in new writers, such, for instance, as Richard Jefferies and J. M. Barrie. His instinct for capacity in others was as sure as was his journalistic judgment. In 1905, on the occasion of his 75th birthday, a dinner was given in his honour by leading statesmen, journalists, and men of letters (with John Morley—who had succeeded him as editor of the Pall Mall—in the chair). In May 1907 he contributed to Blackwood an article on "The New Journalism," in which he drew a sharp contrast between the old and the new conditions under which the work of a newspaper writer is conducted. He belonged to the Garrick Club. He died at Sydenham on 14 December 1909.

References

Attribution:
 This work in turn cites:
Honouring Frederick Greenwood, being a report of the speeches at the dinner on April 8, 1905 (London, privately printed, 1905)
"Birth and Infancy of the Pall Mall Gazette," an article contributed by Greenwood to the Pall Mall (14 April 1897)
"The Blowing of the Trumpet" in the introduction to the St James's (31 May 1880)
Athenaeum (25 December 1909)
The Times (17 December 1909)

Bibliography
 1950

External links

1830 births
1909 deaths
British newspaper editors
English male journalists

Frederick Greenwood


The Rally for Caledonia (, RPC) was a Gaullist political party in New Caledonia, strongly supportive of the French status of the region; it is close to the French Union for a Popular Movement.

History

Jacques Lafleur had been the historical leader of the right-wing anti-independence Rally for Caledonia in the Republic (RPCR) since the party's creation in 1977. However, in 2005, Lafleur announced his intentions to step down in favour of Pierre Frogier, who represented New Caledonia's second constituency and was a close supporter of the President of the UMP in France, now-President Nicolas Sarkozy. Frogier was seen as Lafleur's chosen successor. However, he came back on this decision and ran against Frogier for the RPCR leadership at the party congress. Frogier defeated Lafleur by a large margin.

In January 2006, Lafleur announced the creation of a new political newspaper in New Caledonia, the Bulletin d'Information. In the April 2006 edition of the paper, he announced the creation of a new party, which would take the original name of the RPCR, the Rally for Caledonia. He criticized the RPCR for being a "small Rally" as opposed to a "large Rally". Senator Simon Loueckhote soon joined the RPC.

In the New Caledonia's first constituency, Lafleur's constituency, Lafleur was defeated by the first round of the 2007 French legislative election by a number of candidates, most notably the RPCR's Gaël Yanno. Yanno went on to win the seat in an easy runoff.

With Lafleur's defeat, the RPC's only parliamentarian was the island's sole Senator, the anti-independence Kanak Simon Loueckhote. However, Loueckhote left the RPC in April 2008 to found his own party, the Movement for Diversity.

In the 2009 election, the RPC obtained 4.46% and only one seat in the Congress of New Caledonia.

Lafleur left his seat in the Congress in 2010 to Jean-Luc Regent. The former leader of the anti-independists and founder of the RPC died on 4 December 2010. His daughter, Isabelle Lafleur, has succeeded him as leader of the RPC.

Political parties in New Caledonia
Gaullist parties

Rally for Caledonia


The Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi is a palace in Rome, Italy. It was built by the Borghese family on the Quirinal Hill; its footprint occupies the site where the ruins of the baths of Constantine stood, whose remains still are part of the basement of the main building, the Casino dell'Aurora. Its first inhabitant was the famed art collector Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the nephew of Pope Paul V, who wanted to be housed near the large papal Palazzo Quirinale. The palace and garden of the Pallavicini-Rospigliosi were the product of the accumulated sites and were designed by Giovanni Vasanzio and Carlo Maderno in 1611–16. Scipione owned this site for less than a decade, 1610–16, and commissioned the construction and decoration of the casino and pergolata, facing the garden of Montecavallo. The Roman palace of this name should not be mistaken for the panoramic Villa Pallavicino on the shores of Lake Como in Lombardy.
The Palace has also been the scene of important cultural and religious events.
On June 6, 1977 Princess Elvina Pallavicini invited in Palazzo Pallavicini Rospigliosi the archbishop monsignor Marcel Lefebvre for a conference on the Second Vatican Council and for the celebration of a Traditiona Mass, under the careful direction of the marquis Roberto Malvezzi, and Frigate Captain marquis Luigi Coda Nunziante di San Ferdinando. Many members of Alleanza Cattolica , the baron Roberto de Mattei, the pharmacologist Giulio Soldani, the sociologist Massimo Introvigne, the psychiatrist Mario Di Fiorino and Attilio Tamburrini (who will manage, together with Alfredo Mantovano, the Pontifical Foundation of the Catholic Church "Aid to the Church in Need") and his brother Renato Tamburrini took part to the event.

The Casino dell'Aurora and L'Aurora fresco by Guido Reni
The palace's main attraction, beside the art gallery, is the Casino dell'Aurora. The casino was designed by Vasanzio is located overlooking the Piazza del Quirinale. On the walls are four frescoes of the Seasons by Paul Bril, and two Triumphs by Antonio Tempesta. Its ceiling displays what is considered the Bolognese painter Guido Reni's fresco masterpiece (1614), commonly called L'Aurora. It is surrounded by a painted frame or quadro riportato and depicts Apollo in his Chariot preceded by Dawn (Aurora) bringing light to the world. The incorporated heraldic symbols were meant to link Scipione with Apollo. The work is classically restrained and mimics poses from ancient Roman sarcophagi, many of which are part of the museum's collection. The chariot procession, which recalls the Annibale Carracci paintings in the Farnese Gallery in the Farnese Palace, shows even more restraint. There is little concession to perspective, and if anything the vibrantly colored style is an affront to the tenebrism of Caravaggio's followers, despite this being a pavilion commissioned by one of Caravaggio's early patrons, Scipione Borghese. The pergolata is decorated by Paul Bril.

The architect Vasanzio succeeded in achieving a perfect balance between the architectural structure and the lavish decoration of the façade. It is characterised by slabs from Roman sarcophagi of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, which recount ancient mythological tales linked to the subject of love-death and the immortality of the soul. The central part of the façade is enhanced by big windows, which create charming transparency between outdoors and indoors and open onto the big central hall with its ceiling decorated with the Aurora fresco.

The same room holds other beautiful frescoes: the Triumph of Fame and the Triumph of Love by Antonio Tempesta, the Cardinal's coat of arms and Cherubino Alberti's putti, the Four Seasons by Paul Bril, 17th-century marble busts and sculptures from the Roman era, including the famous Artemis the Huntress and the Rospigliosi Athena. The ceilings of the two side halls are frescoed by Domenico Passignano with the Battle between Rinaldo and Armida and Giovanni Baglione with the Tale of Armida and some paintings from the Pallavicini Collection are still kept there.

Later the site was sold to Giovanni Angelo Altemps for the sum of 115,000 scudi with the Reni Aurora fresco valued at 200 scudi. It was then sold to the Bentivoglio family, followed by the Lante family, and then to Cardinal G. Mazarini. It is during the ownership by these families and individuals that the main building of the palace took its final shape.

The palace served as the French embassy in Rome prior before it moved to its more spacious current accommodation at the Palazzo Farnese. In 1704, the palace became a property of the Rospigliosi-Pallavicini family, who still own it and who enriched its decoration and completed its present art gallery.

The casino is rented out for meetings.

Art gallery
The art gallery, the Galleria Pallavicini, was begun by Cardinal Lazzaro Pallavicini, and includes more than 540 paintings, designs and sculptures. Aside from the collections of the Doria-Pamphili and Colonna families, this is the largest private collection in Rome. The rooms are frescoed by Paul Bril, and a loggia in a garden is decorated with frescoes by Orazio Gentileschi and Agostino Tassi. Among the paintings that remain in the collection, following some sales and losses in previous centuries, are works by artists such as:

Botticelli
Johann van Bloemen with a veduta of the Colosseum.
Paul Bril with veduta of coast.
Abraham Brueghel III with a Still life with apples, pomegranate, grapes and a man.
Annibale Carracci
Giuseppe Chiari with Flight from Egypt.
Sebastiano Conca with a Holy Family.
Pietro da Cortona
Jacques Courtois with two battle paintings.
Domenichino, Anthony van Dyck with a Santa Rosalia.
Ludovico Gimignani with an "Ester who faints in front of Assuero" and another completed with help by David de Coninck: Boy with greyhound .
Luca Giordano with Helen's escape.
Guercino has eight paintings including San Francis praying, Fruit-seller and child and Flora.
Lorenzo Lotto: Madonna with Child and Saints Jerome and Nicholas of Tolentino.
Benedetto Luti with a portrait of Cardinal Fabroni.
Simone Pignoni has an attributed a Cefalo and Procris.
Poussin
Mattia Preti with a Christ before Pontius Pilate.
Reni
Rubens: Thirteen portraits of Jesus Christ and The Twelve Apostles
Sacchi with the Drunkedness of Noah.
Luca Signorelli
Ferdinand Voet with a portrait of Vincenzo Rospigliosi.

See also
 Palais Pallavicini in Vienna

There is also a Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi in Pistoia.

References

External links
Official website
A Brief Guide to Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi
 Satellite photo- The Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi, Casino dell'Aurora, and the gardens are located obliquely south of Piazza Quirinale and the massive Palazzo Quirinale. It is adjacent to a nearly triangular building. The casino overlooks the street.

Houses completed in 1616
Pallavicini-Rospigliosi
Borghese residences
Renaissance architecture in Rome
Private collections in Italy
Rome R. I Monti
1616 establishments in the Papal States
1616 establishments in Italy

Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi


Edouard Guillaume Eugène Reuss (; 18 July 180415 April 1891) was a Protestant theologian from Alsace.

Life

He was born at Strasbourg, where he studied philology (1819–22). He went on to study theology at Göttingen under Johann Gottfried Eichhorn; and Oriental Languages at Halle under Wilhelm Gesenius, and afterwards at Paris under Silvestre de Sacy (1827–28). In 1828 he became Privatdozent at Strasbourg. From 1829 to 1834 he taught Biblical criticism and Oriental languages at the Strasbourg Theological School; he then became assistant, and afterwards, in 1836, regular professor of theology at that university. He became Professor of Old Testament at the same institution in 1864. Reuss was appointed as a regular member of the  in May 1846. The sympathies of Reuss were German rather than French, and after the annexation of Alsace to Germany he remained at Strasbourg, and retained his professorship till he retired on a pension in 1888. He died in the same city.

Reuss belonged to the liberals in the Lutheran Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine. His critical position was to some extent that of K. H. Graf and Julius Wellhausen: he was in a sense their forerunner, and was actually for a time Graf's teacher. The originator of the new movement, he hesitated to publish the results of his studies.

His son, Ernst Rudolf (1841–1924), was in 1873 appointed city librarian at Strasbourg.

Works

Amongst his earliest works were: De libris veteris Testamenti apocryphis plebi non negandis (1829), Ideen zur Einleitung in das Evangelium Johannis (1840) and Die Johanneische Theologie (1847). In 1852 he published his Histoire de la théologie chrétienne au siècle apostolique, which was followed in 1863 by L'Histoire du canon des saintes écritures dans l'église chrétienne. In 1874 he began to publish his translation of the Bible, La Bible, nouvelle traduction avec commentaire. New Testament criticism and exegesis formed the subject of Reuss's earlier labours—in 1842, he had published in German a history of the books of the New Testament, Geschichte der heiligen Schriften N. Test.; and though his own views were liberal, he opposed those of the Tübingen school. After a time he turned his attention to Old Testament criticism, based on knowledge of Hebrew. In 1881 he published in German his Geschichte der heiligen Schriften A. Test., a history of Israel from its earliest beginning till the taking of Jerusalem by Titus.

For many years Reuss edited with A. H. Cunitz the Beiträge zu den theologischen Wissenschaften. With A. H. Cunitz and J. W. Baum (1809–1878), and after their death alone, he edited the monumental edition of Calvin's works (38 vols., 1863 ff.). His critical edition of the Old Testament appeared a year after his death.

Notes

References

 Article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie
 Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology in Germany since Kant (1890).

1804 births
1891 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
19th-century German Protestant theologians
German biblical scholars
Old Testament scholars
New Testament scholars
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

Édouard Guillaume Eugène Reuss


Crop rotation  is a practice used in farming. It involves the planting of different seeds on the same land in different years or seasons, using a set pattern. This technique helps replace the nutrients in the soil for the plants. It also reduces plant-specific pests on the land.

References

Agriculture

Crop rotation


Sardar Ghulam Muhammad Khan Tarzi (born Kandahar, April 30, 1830 – 1900/1901) son of Sardar Rahim Dil Khan (and grandson of Sardar Payinda Khan Mohammadizi or Sardar Payinda Muhammad Khan) was a ruler of Kandahar.  He was a Pashtun soldier, poet, and military leader in Afghanistan. He is often credited with developing the traditional family name 'Tarzi,' which played a critical role in the history of Afghanistan.

Early life
Tarzi's family belonged to the royal sub-tribe known as the Mohammadzai, the most powerful and prominent of the Barakzai Dynasty. A soldier in his youth, he later took up poetry. Soon after, Amir Dost Muhammad integrated him into the community of state princes and learned scholars. Tarzi was related to both Amir Dost Muhammad and his successor, Amir Sher Ali Khan.

Chief
Evidence shows Tarzi as a Chief in southern Afghanistan, most likely holding the majority of the region his father held. A report from the Bombay foreign Secretary to the government of India regarding Tarzi stated: "Sardar Gholam Mohammad of Kandahar is the eldest son of Sardar Rahimdel. Our scant information indicates that at one time he was a prominent chief but there is no actual evidence that he held an important post in Afghanistan at this time. His cousin, the governor does not have a good opinion of him. As far as we know, he has never rendered a service to the British government and therefore we are in no way indebted to him."

Sardar
Tarzi participated and led his men into battle in the Second Anglo-Afghan War. After the war, he became one of the Sardars (leaders) whom the Amir accused of rebellion. He was expelled from Afghanistan in 1881.

Poet
He moved to Karachi and then to India. There, he returned to writing poetry and toured many major cities in India, where he was welcomed by the anti-monarchs. He took the pen-name "Tarzi" (the stylist/the intellectual) as he wrote religious, mystic and secular poetry in a personal style that became known from Syria to Turkmenistan to India. He tired of India and moved his family to Baghdad, as invited guests of Sheikh Abdul-adar Ghilani. The British did not count him as a supporter and were glad to see him leave. Soon thereafter, the family moved to Istanbul, Turkey, where the Sultan bestowed royal favours and had them stay at a government house with a large monthly allowance. After a long tenure, they moved to Damascus. Tarzi was known for intimate gatherings with city leaders to talk philosophy and ethics.

Later in life Tarzi reestablished contact with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan. Tarzi's name and his works are still well known in countries from Iran to China. He and his son Mahmud Tarzi became valuable academic sources in Western countries in the early 19th century.

Death
On December 8, 1900, he died in Damascus, Syria, where he had come for vacation or on 5 February 1901. His fame and the political instability in Afghanistan 1888-1919 may be the reason for hiding the date. Formal funeral arrangements were made by the Syrian authorities. He was buried in the Hazrat Dahdah cemetery in Damascus, with leaders paying respects from over ten nations/empires.

Legacy
Tarzi is the father of Afghan leader Mahmud Tarzi  who served as Ambassador and Foreign Minister of Afghanistan and was also a poet. Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi married 5 times, leaving 11 sons and 6 daughters Tarzi's granddaughter, Soraya Tarzi, became the first Queen consort of Afghanistan and an international women's leader.

References

External links
 Official website of Mahmud Tarzi

19th-century Afghan poets
Barakzai dynasty
1830 births
1900 deaths
Pashtun people
People of the Second Anglo-Afghan War
People from Kandahar
19th-century Afghan politicians
19th-century Afghan writers

Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi


Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty is a Chinese television series based on the life of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty. Directed by Feng Xiaoning and starring Hu Jun as the emperor, the series was first aired on CCTV in China in 2006.

Plot
Turmoil engulfs China in the final years of the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty as the government degenerates into corruption while rebel forces sprout throughout the land to overthrow the Yuan regime. Somewhere in the wilderness, Zhu Chongba, a young cowherd, stands on a huge rock and proclaims to his friends, "I, Emperor Zhu, will reward each of you with a large piece of rice cake when I ascend the throne one day!" Around the same time, his parents died of starvation at home.

To give his parents a proper funeral, Zhu becomes a novice monk at a local monastery and spends part of his childhood there. A few years later, the monastery is destroyed so he has no choice but to become a beggar. One day, he encounters Yuan soldiers and narrowly escapes death, but is captured by some rebels, who suspect that he is a spy and want to kill him. At this critical moment, he is saved by a girl, and he joins Guo Zixing's rebel army later.

Zhu Chongba proves his capability on the battlefield and wins the favour of Guo Zixing. Guo gives Zhu Chongba a new name, "Yuanzhang", and arranges for his goddaughter, Lady Ma, to marry Zhu. From then on, Zhu Yuanzhang starts his journey towards becoming an emperor. He earns the support of talented men, such as Xu Da, Chang Yuchun, Lan Yu, Li Shanchang and Liu Bowen, triumphs over his nemesis Chen Youliang at the Battle of Lake Poyang, overthrows the Yuan Dynasty, and finally establishes the Ming dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang initiated a beginning for a golden era of China under the reigns of his successors. He implemented land reforms to prevent peasants from being abused by wealthy landlords and bureaucrats; harshly punished officials found guilty of corruption; drafted the Code of the Great Ming; introduced policies to help the country recover from the effects of war. However, he also used ruthless and brutal means to consolidate power: he killed some of his subjects who had contributed greatly to the founding of his empire for fear that they would rebel against him.

Cast

 Hu Jun as Zhu Yuanzhang
 Zhou Ti as Zhu Yuanzhang (teenager)
 Ju Xue as Empress Ma
 Yin Guohua as Hu Weiyong
 Zheng Xiaoning as Liu Bowen
 Chen Changhai as Li Shanchang
 Ebusi Yonglin as Xu Da
 Yang Hongwu as Tang He
 Hou Xiangling as Zhu Biao
 Zhou Zhengbo as Yang Xian
 Qian Yifei as Song Lian
 Xu Shouxin as Lü Xu
 Zeng Ang as Lan Yu
 Li Haifeng as Chang Yuchun
 Yao Changjiang as Erhu
 Bobo Gan as Yu'er
 Chen Ming as Liu Lian
 Wang Yuzhang as Guo Zixing
 Lü Yiding as Guo Tianxu
 Bao Depan as Sun Deya
 Li Ming as Chen Youliang
 Yao Yuxing as Chen Li
 Gao Huailiang as Zhang Shicheng
 Li Jieni as Han Lin'er
 Tu Men as Toqto'a
 Liu Dong as Dahu
 Zhou Yang as Li Jin
 Zheng Jie as Wu Feng
 Ren Suyun as Ma Sandao
 Ran Weiqun as Lu Mingyi
 Gao Sen as Master Peng
 Yang Si as Qian'er
 Zhang Xueying as Qing'er (Xiaoqing)
 Zhou Junhao as Zhu Yunwen
 Qian Lin as Zhu Di

Releases
The series was released in Japan under the title 大明帝国 朱元璋 in a three box DVD set.

See also
 Chuanqi Huangdi Zhu Yuanzhang

External links
  Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty on Sina.com
  Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty on xinhuanet.com
  Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty plot synopsis
  Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty official website on Chinese Drama Legend

2006 Chinese television series debuts
Television series set in the Yuan dynasty
Television series set in the Ming dynasty
Television shows about rebels
Mandarin-language television shows
China Central Television original programming
Chinese historical television series
Television series set in the 14th century
Television shows written by Zhu Sujin

Founding Emperor of Ming Dynasty


Steven Maharey (born 3 Februar 1953 in Palmerston North), kent as Steve Maharey, is a New Zealand politeecian, an wis a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty, frae 1990 tae 2008. He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin North Palmerston.

1953 births
New Zealand politeecians
Fowk frae Palmerston North

Steve Maharey


Lostwithiel is a small town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, at the head of the estuary of the River Fowey. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,739. The town is in the Fowey river valley, between the A390 road from Tavistock to Truro and the upper tidal reaches of the river.

Lostwithiel railway station is on the Cornish Main Line from Plymouth to Penzance. It is at the south of the town, just across the medieval bridge which was built in the early 14th century. A branch line takes china clay trains to Fowey.

Lostwithiel's most notable buildings are St Bartholomew's Church and Restormel Castle.

References

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall

Lostwithiel


Minangka catetan waktu nu geus kaliwat, abad ka-20 nyaéta taun-taun antara 1901-2000. Dumasar kana pamingpn nagara dimimitian ti 1 Januari 1901 sarta dipungkas 31 Desember 2000. Sababaraha ahli sajarah nganggep jaman ti antara 1914 nepi ka 1991 minangka Abad Kaduapuluh hiji nu Pondok (Short Twentieth Century).

Dina basa sapopoe, disebut "sarebu salapan ratus" (seni), nunjul kana taun 1900-an nepika  1990-an.
The twentieth century was a remarkable shift in the very existence of humanity due to the technological, medical, social, idéological, and international innovations. Terms like genocide, holocaust, nuclear war, and terrorism rose to common language and an influence on the lives of everyday péople.   The trends of mechanization of goods and services and networks of global communication, which were begun in the continued at an ever-incréasing pace in the 20th. In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world péace. As the 35th United States présidént John F. Kennedy said:

"What kind of peace do we seek? I am talking about a genuine peace, the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. Our problems are man-made, therefore they can be solved by man. For in the final analysis, our most basic common length is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all breath the same air, we all cherish our children's future, and we are all mortal."

Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century.

 Death rates
 Infant mortality
 Infectious disease
 Life expectancy
 Maternal death rates
 Battles

Kamekaran penting, kajadian jeung beubeunangan

Élmu jeung téhnologi
 Bahasa Indonesia
 Deutsch
 English
 Español
 Español estadounidense
 Français
 Français canadien
 Italiano
 Português
 Português brasileiro
 Русский язык
 Türkçe

 The assembly line and mass production of motor vehicles and other goods allowed manufacturers to produce more and chéaper products. This allowed the automobile to become the most important méans of transportation.
 The invention of heavier-than-air flying machines and the jet engine allowed for the world to become "smaller". Space flight incréased knowledge of the rest of the universe and allowed for global réal-time communications via geosynchronous satellites.
 Mass media technologies such as film, radio, and television allow the communication of political messages and entertainment with unprecedented impact
 Mass availability of the telephone and later, the computer, especially through the Internet, provides péople with new opportunities for néar-instantanéous communication
 Applied electronics, notably in its miniaturized form as integrated circuits, made possible the above mentioned rise of mass media, telecommunications, ubiquitous computing, and all kinds of "intelligent" appliances; as well as many advances in natural sciences such as physics, by the use of exponentially growing calculation power (see supercomputer).
 The development of Nitrogen fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides resulted in significantly higher agricultural yield.
 Advances in fundamental physics through the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics led to the development of nuclear weapons, the nuclear reactor, and the laser.  Fusion power was studied extensively but remained an experimental technology at the end of the century.
 The big bang modél of cosmology was developed.
 Inventions such as the washing machine and air conditioning led to an incréase in both the quantity and quality of leisure time for the middle class in Western societies.
 Most influencing inventions in the 20th century: Antibiotics, Internet
 More...

Perang jeung pulitik

 Rising nationalism and incréasing national awareness were among the causes of World War I, the first of two wars to involve all the major world powers including Germany, France, Italy, Jepang, the United States and the British Commonwealth. World War I led to the création of many new countries, especially in Eastern Europe.
 The economic and political aftermath of World War I led to the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe, and shortly to World War II. This war also involved Asia and the Pacific, in the form of Japanese aggression against China and the United States. While the First World War mainly cost lives among soldiers, civilians suffered gréatly in the Second—from the bombing of cities on both sides, and in the unprecedented German genocide of the Jews and others, known as the Holocaust.
 Unhappiness in Russia led to the rise of Communism and the Russian Revolution. After the Soviet Union's involvement in World War II, Communism became a major force in global politics, spréading all over the world: notably, to éastern Europe, China, Indochina and Cuba. This led to the Cold War with the western world, led by the United States.
 The "fall of Communism" in the late 1980s left the United States as the world's only superpower. It also led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia into successor states, many rife with ethnic nationalism.
 Through the League of Nations and, after World War II, the United Nations, international cooperation incréased. Other efforts included the formation of the European Union, léading to a common currency in much of Western Europe, the euro.
 The end of colonialism led to the independence of many nagara di Afrika jeung Asia. During the Cold War, many of these aligned with the USA, the USSR, or China for defense.
 The création of Israel, a Jewish state in a mostly Arab region of the world, fueled many conflicts in the region, which were also influenced by the vast oil fields in many of the Arab countries.

Five overall largest mass killings of the 20th century
(méasured in numbers of péople killed; also see )
 World War II and regime of Adolf Hitler (1937-1945), over 50 million déad, including the Holocaust, killing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe (6 million).
 Regime of Mao Zedong and Chinese famine (1949-1976), over 28 million déad.
 Regime of Joseph Stalin (1924-1953), over 20 million déad.
 World War I (1914-1918), over 15 million déad.
 Russian Civil War (1918-1921), over 8.5 million déad.

Budaya jeung hiburan

 Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and music originate from the United States, American culture spréad rapidly over the world.
 After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, women became more independent throughout the century.
 modérn art developed new styles such as expressionism, cubism, and surrealism.
 The automobile provided vastly incréased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the éarly to mid-century, spréading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a léading symbol of modérn society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
 Sports became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on television, became a popular activity.

Highest grossing films of the 20th century
 Titanic (1997)
 Star Wars (1977)
 Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
 Jurassic Park (1993)

Most critically acclaimed films
 Battleship Potemkin (1925)
 Citizen Kane (1941)
 Psycho (1960)
 The Wizard of Oz (1939)
 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
 The Godfather (1972)
 It's a Wonderful Life (1946)

Disease and medicine
 Though modérn medicine is better than ever, an influenza pandemic kills 25 million in 1918-1919 (the Spanish Flu), while AIDS, killing many remains incurable and tréatments remain too expensive for wide use in developing countries.
 Advances in medicine, such as the invention of antibiotics, decréased the number of péople dying from diséases. Contraceptive drugs and organ transplantation were developed. The discovery of DNA molecules and the advent of molecular biology allowed for cloning and genetic engineering.

Natural resources and the environment
 The widespréad use of petroleum in industry—both as a chemical precursor to plastics and as a fuel for the automobile and airplane—led to the vital géopolitical importance of petroleum resources. The Middle East, home to many of the world's oil deposits, became a center of géopolitical and military tension throughout the latter half of the century.
 A vast incréase in fossil fuel consumption léads to depletion of natural resources, while air pollution possibly léads to global warming and the ozone hole. The problem is incréased by world-wide deforestation, also causing a loss of biodiversity. The problem of a depletion of natural resources is decréased by advances in drilling technology which led to a net incréase in the amount of fossil fuel that is réadily obtainable at the end of the century, as compared with the amount considered obtainable at the beginning of the century.

Significant people

Pamingpin dunya
 Afrika
 Gnassingbe Eyadema, Togo
 Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Côte d'Ivoire
 Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia
 Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya
 Idi Amin, Uganda
 Nelson Mandela, Afrika Kidul
 Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe
 Gamal Abdel Nasser, Mesir
 Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana
 Julius Nyerere, Tanzania
 Habib Bourguiba, Tunisia
 Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, Libya
 Cecil Rhodes, Afrika Kidul
 Haile Selassie, Étiopia
 Léopold Sédar Senghor, Senegal
 Ahmed Sékou Touré, Guinea
 Amérika
 Theodore Roosevelt, AS
 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, AS
 Dwight Eisenhower, AS
 John F. Kennedy, AS
 Richard Nixon, AS
 Ronald Reagan, AS
 Bill Clinton, AS
 George H. W. Bush, AS
 George W. Bush, AS
 Wilfrid Laurier, Kanada
 William Lyon Mackenzie King, Kanada
 Pierre Trudeau, Kanada
 Ernesto 'Che' Guevara, Kuba
 Fidel Castro, Kuba
 Juan Perón, Argentina
 Salvador Allende, Chili
 Augusto Pinochet, Chili
 Emiliano Zápata, Meksiko
 Pancho Villa, Meksiko
 Asia
 Mao Zedong, Republik Rahayat Cina
 Deng Xiaoping, Republik Rahayat Cina
 Pol Pot, Cambodia
 Mahatma Gandhi, India
 Indira Gandhi, India
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan
 Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia
 Jawaharlal Nehru, India
 Kaisar Hirohito, Jepang
 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
 Sun Yat-sen, Republik Rahayat Cina
 Chiang Kai-shek, Republik Cina
 Achmad Sukarno, Indonesia
 Lee Kuan Yew, Singapura
 Eropa
 Kemal Atatürk, Turki
 Neville Chamberlain, United Kingdom
 Winston Churchill, United Kingdom
 Margaret Thatcher, United Kingdom
 Charles de Gaulle, Prancis
 Eamon de Valera, Irlandia
 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke Austria, Austria-Hungaria
 Kaiser Wilhelm II, Jerman
 Václav Havel, Républik Céko
 Adolf Hitler, Jerman
 Helmut Schmidt, Jerman
 Helmut Kohl, Jerman
 Gerhard Schröder, Jerman
 Benito Mussolini, Itali
 Francisco Franco, Spanyol
 Jozef Pilsudski, Polandia
 Josip Broz 'Tito', Yugoslavia
 Milan Kučan, Slovenia
 Olof Palme, Swedia
 Nicolae Ceausescu, Romania
 Lech Walesa, Polandia
 John Paul II, Dunya

 Wétan Tengah
 Abdul Nasser, Mesir atawa United Arab Republic
 Anwar Sadat, Mesir atawa United Arab Republic
 David Ben-Gurion, Israel
 Golda Meir, Israel
 Menachem Begin, Israel
 Hafez el Assad, Syria
 Saddam Hussein, Irak
 King Hussein, Yordania
 Rusia jeung Uni Soviet
 Czar Nicholas II
 Vladimir Lenin
 Joseph Stalin
 Leon Trotsky
 Nikita Khrushchev
 Leonid Brezhnev
 Mikhail Gorbachev
 Boris Yeltsin
 Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin

Scientists

 Niels Bohr
 Albert Einstein
 Enrico Fermi
 Howard Walter Florey
 Sigmund Freud
 Kurt Gödel
 Fritz Haber
 Werner Karl Heisenberg
 Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov
 Linus Pauling
 Erwin Schrödinger
 John von Neumann
 Alan Turing

Economics and business

 John Maynard Keynes
 John Kenneth Galbraith
 Milton Friedman
 Henry Ford
 Thomas J. Watson
 Bill Gates

Aerospace pioneers

 Robert Goddard
 Wernher Von Braun
 Neil Armstrong
 Louis Bleriot
 Yuri Gagarin
 Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov
 Freddie Laker
 Charles Lindbergh
 Ron McNair
 Ellison Onizuka
 Herman Potočnik Noordung
 Alan Shepard
 Valentina Tereshkova
 Wright Brothers

Military leaders
 Charles de Gaulle
 Dwight Eisenhower
 Sir Bernard Freyberg
 Douglas Haig
 Douglas MacArthur
 Rudolf Maister
 Bernard Montgomery
 Chester Nimitz
 George Patton
 Erwin Rommel
 Franc Rozman Stane
 Leon Trotsky
 Mao Zedong
 Georgy Zhukov

Religious figures
 Grigori Rasputin
 Pope John XXIII
 Pope John Paul II
 Mother Theresa of Calcutta
 The 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Thubten Gyatso
 The 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, Tenzin Gyatso
 The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.
 The Rev. Billy Graham
 Mahatma Gandhi
 Prabhupada A.C. Bhaktivedanta

Artists
 Constatin Brancusi
 George Braque
 Salvador Dalí
 Marcel Duchamp
 Jacob Epstein
 Juan Gris
 Wassily Kandinsky
 Henri Matisse
 Joan Miró
 Amedeo Modigliani
 Piet Mondrian
 Henry Moore
 Pablo Picasso
 Jackson Pollock
 Andy Warhol

Entertainers
 The Beatles
 Bob Dylan
 Bob Marley
 Charlie Chaplin
 Charlie Parker
 Elvis Presley
 Frank Sinatra
 Groucho Marx
 Jimi Hendrix
 Kraftwerk
 Louis Armstrong
 Lucille Ball
 Marilyn Monroe
 Michael Jackson
 Miles Davis
 Pink Floyd
 Queen (band)
 Spike Jones
 Spike Milligan
 The Velvet Underground

Writers and poets
 Louis Aragon
 Samuel Beckett
 Jorge Luis Borges
 André Breton
 Basil Bunting
 Albert Camus
 Noam Chomsky
 Cid Corman
 Hart Crane
 Robert Creeley
 e. e. cummings
 T. S. Eliot
 Paul Eluard
 William Faulkner
 Gabriel García Márquez
 Allen Ginsberg
 Alamgir Hashmi
 Seamus Heaney
 Ernest Hemingway
 H.D.
 Orrick Johns
 James Joyce
 Franz Kafka
 Jack Kerouac
 Philip Larkin
 Mina Loy
 Hugh MacDiarmid
 Antonio Machado
 Andre Malraux
 Marianne Moore
 Sean O'Casey
 Charles Olson
 George Oppen
 George Orwell
 Ezra Pound
 Marcel Proust
 Thomas Pynchon
 Ayn Rand
 Charles Reznikoff
 Dorothy Richardson
 Jean-Paul Sartre
 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
 Gary Snyder
 Gertrude Stein
 Wallace Stevens
 John Millington Synge
 J.R.R. Tolkien
 William Carlos Williams
 Virginia Woolf
 W. B. Yeats
 Louis Zukofsky

Sports figures
 Babe Ruth
 Muhammad Ali
 Wilfred Benitez
 Larry Bird
 Sir Donald Bradman
 Roberto Clemente
 Fausto Coppi
 Angel Cordero
 Wilfredo Gomez
 Wayne Gretzky
 Sir Edmund Hillary
 Magic Johnson
 Michael Jordan
 Martina Navratilova
 Diego Maradona
 Jack Nicklaus
 Pelé
 Jackie Robinson
 Martin Strel
 Mark Todd
 Mike Tyson
 Ted Williams

Notorious figures
 Adolf Hitler
 Saddam Hussein
 Joseph Goebbels
 Osama bin Laden
 Timothy McVeigh
 Charles Manson
 Harold Shipman
 Josef Stalin
 Jeffrey Dahmer

Tumbu luar

Decades and years

Abad jeung Dékadeu

Abad ka-20


Doggerland was an area in the North Sea.  During the last ice age, the oceans sank and it became dry land.  It connected Great Britain to the European continent. Between 6500 and 6200 BCE sea levels rose, and Doggerland was flooded. Research has suggested that Doggerland was between the east coast of England, the coast of the Netherlands, and Jutland. Doggerland is named after the Dogger Bank. It was first suspected to exist in 1931 when a fishing boat found an antler of a deer in the area. Doggerland had a surface of about .

Landforms of the United Kingdom
Geography of Europe

Doggerland


James C. Chatters (born March 20, 1949) is an American archaeologist and paleontologist. , he is the owner of forensics consulting firm, Applied Paleoscience; and serves as a research associate in the Office of Graduate Studies, Research, and Continuing Education at Central Washington University; Deputy Coroner of Benton County, Washington; and a consulting scientist on staff with Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation of Bothell, Washington. In 1996, Chatters was the first scientist to excavate and study the prehistoric (Paleo-Indian) skeletal remains, known as Kennewick Man, which were discovered on the banks of the Columbia River.

Educational background
James Chatters attended Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, graduating in 1971 with a bachelor's degree in anthropology. He then enrolled in the University of Washington in Seattle, where he continued his study of anthropology, earning his master's degree and Ph.D in 1975 and 1982, respectively.

Professional background
Since 1964, Chatters has participated in archeological studies and excavations, and provided osteological analyses throughout the western US and the Pacific Northwest, as well as Hawaii, Alaska, Minnesota, Texas, the province of Saskatchewan in Canada, and the country of Brazil. After earning his Master's degree in 1975, he began participating in paleoecological projects in the western US, along with Kentucky and Maryland.

In the fall of 1977, he served as an archeologist in the Custer National Forest in Watford City, North Dakota. The following year, he returned to the University of Washington, to pursue his Ph.D in anthropology, while simultaneously serving as the acting director of the Office of Public Archeology for the school. From 1980–81, he served as an assistant professor with the department of anthropology at Central Washington University, and in 1982, he began serving as the associate director of the Central Washington Archaeological Survey.

In 1987, Chatters relocated to the Tri-Cities, where he joined the staff of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, also known as Battelle-Northwest, serving as senior research scientist in the environmental sciences department. He held this role until 1993, when he chose to establish the forensics consulting firm if Applied Paleoscience. It is in this role that he has provided forensic analysis and scientific research for government agencies, law enforcement officials, and tribal nations throughout the Northwest.

Ancient One discovery
On July 28, 1996, two local students, Will Thomas and Dave Deacy, discovered a skull embedded in the mud and underbrush of the south bank of the Columbia River, while they were wandering alongside the river during the Tri-City Water Follies hydroplane boat races. After they alerted a local police officer, a local dive team went out to the area, gathered more bone fragments along with the skull, then taped off the shore for protection, as a possible crime scene.

At the time of the discovery, Chatters owned a forensics consulting business called Applied Paleoscience, in which he often worked with local government officials and law enforcement to assist with criminal investigations. He also consulted with Northwest tribes to assist with protection and repatriation of Native American remains discovered throughout the Columbia Basin.

On the early evening of the discovery, the Benton County Coroner, Floyd Johnson, called Chatters to ask him to take a look at the skull to determine if it belonged to a current or recent crime victim. Chatters, eager to help, invited Johnson to bring the skull over to his home, after which they quickly returned to the discovery site to gather more skeletal remains, before the sun would set that evening. His initial assessment determined that the skull displayed characteristics consistent with ancient Paleo-Indian remains. Subsequent tests determined that the remains dated back to a calibrated age of 9,800 years.

Chatters' scientific findings brought controversy to the discovery and triggered a nine-year legal battle between scientists, the US Army Corps of Engineers, and Native American tribes, who attempted to claim the remains as one of their ancestors, in accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). Various Northwest tribes, including the Umatilla, Yakama, Colville, Nez Perce, and Wanapum nations all asserted rights to claim the remains for immediate reburial, without further scientific study or examination. The US Army Corps of Engineers, who oversaw the land where the remains were found, agreed to comply with the requests of the tribes. Before the transfer could be made, eight scientists filed a lawsuit asserting their legal right to study the remains. They believed that the bones were a rare national treasure, that held the potential to reveal vital information about the peopling of the North American continent.

In 2002, a federal court in the state of Oregon ruled that the tribes failed to establish viable and definitive cultural links between themselves and Ancient One, formerly known as, Kennewick Man. This ruling opened up the way for Chatters and the team of eight scientists to study the remains. Following an appeal in February 2004, a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the decision. The ruling additionally set a precedent, ensuring that any future discovery of ancient remains would also be made available for scientific studies.

However, in 2015, Ancient One, formerly known as, Kennewick Man was shown to be more closely related to local indigenous populations than to any other group, worldwide, thanks to DNA analysis. Using craniometry, a team had concluded that Ancient One, formerly known as Kennewick Man, was related to Western- or South-Pacific populations such as the Ainu or the Polynesians.

Published works
 Chatters, James C. Ancient Encounters: Kennewick Man and the First Americans, Simon & Schuster, 2001.
 Chatters, James C. (ed.); Prentiss, Anna (ed.); and Kuijt, Ian (ed.). Macroevolution in Human Prehistory: Evolutionary Theory and Processual Archaeology, Springer Publishing, 2009.

References

21st-century American anthropologists
American archaeologists
American paleontologists
1949 births
Living people
20th-century American archaeologists
21st-century American archaeologists

James Chatters


The Imaginatively Titled Punt & Dennis Show is a British stand-up and sketch show by comedians Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis. There are two series: the first was shown in 1994; the second in 1995.

Alistair McGowan and Ronni Ancona were among the regular guests on the show. It only ran for two series. The second was more simply titled Punt and Dennis.

There were several character inventions in the sketches.  Some of these were "The Gullibles", who were always falling for scams, as well as a number of Punt and Dennis's characters from The Mary Whitehouse Experience, such as the milk-obsessed "Mr Strange". There were also spoofs from TV programs such as Baywatch and The X-Files.

The second series also had performances by tribute bands.  They impersonated bands including The Beatles and The Rolling Stones.

1994 British television series debuts
1995 British television series endings
1990s British comedy television series
BBC television comedy
British comedy television series
Television sketch shows
English-language television programs


Thomas Michael Glavine (born March 25, 1966) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball, for the Atlanta Braves (1987–2002, 2008) and New York Mets (2003–2007).

With 164 victories during the 1990s, Glavine earned the second-highest number of wins as a pitcher in the National League, second only to teammate Greg Maddux's 176. He was a five-time 20-game winner and two-time Cy Young Award winner, and one of only 24 pitchers (and just six left-handers) in major league history to earn 300 career wins. He was the Most Valuable Player of the 1995 World Series as the Braves beat the Cleveland Indians.

On January 8, 2014, Glavine was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility, receiving 91.9% of the votes cast.

Early years
Glavine was born in Concord, Massachusetts, and raised in Billerica, Massachusetts. Glavine attended Billerica Memorial High School, where he was an excellent student and a letterman in ice hockey as well as baseball. He was a four-year member of the honor roll and the National Honor Society. In hockey, he scored 47 goals and 47 assists in 23 high school games, and as a senior, he was named the Merrimack Valley's Most Valuable Player. In baseball, he led his team to the Division I North Title and the Eastern Massachusetts Championship as a senior. He graduated from high school in 1984 with honors. Glavine was elected to the Billerica Memorial/Howe High School Athletic Hall of Fame in 1993.

Professional career
Glavine was drafted by both the Los Angeles Kings in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft (in the fourth round, 69th overall—two rounds ahead of future National Hockey League star Brett Hull and five rounds ahead of Luc Robitaille, both 2009 Hockey Hall of Fame inductees), and the Atlanta Braves Major League Baseball organization in the second round of the 1984 amateur baseball draft. Glavine elected to play baseball and made his major league debut on August 17, 1987.

Atlanta Braves (1987–2002)

Glavine had mixed results during his first several years in the majors, compiling a 33–43 record from 1987 to 1990, including a 17-loss performance in 1988. His fortunes turned around in 1991, when he won 20 games and posted a 2.55 earned run average. It was his first of three consecutive seasons with 20 or more wins, and saw him earn his first National League Cy Young Award. Glavine was the ace of the 1991 Braves' starting rotation that included Steve Avery, Charlie Leibrandt, and another future NL Cy Young Award winner and Hall of Fame inductee, John Smoltz. His season helped ensure a dramatic reversal in the Braves' competitive fortunes as they won the National League pennant and earned a trip to the World Series, though they lost to the Minnesota Twins in seven games. In an era of the diminishing 20-game winner (there were none in the majors in 2006 and 2009), Glavine became the last major league pitcher to win 20 games in three straight years (1991–1993).

Atlanta, long thought of as a perennial cellar dweller, was lifted in the 1990s into one of the most successful franchises in the game on the strength of its stellar pitching staff and solid hitting. After the Braves acquired Greg Maddux from the Chicago Cubs in 1993, Glavine, Maddux, and Smoltz formed one of the best pitching rotations in baseball history. Among them, they won seven Cy Young Awards during the period of 1991 to 1998. Glavine won his second Cy Young Award in 1998, going 20–6 with a 2.47 ERA. Years later, after Glavine joined the Mets and Maddux played for the San Diego Padres, the three (along with Smoltz who still pitched for Atlanta) all recorded wins on the same day, June 27, 2007. The Braves defeated the Cleveland Indians in six games in the 1995 World Series, and Glavine was named the Series MVP. He won two games during that series: Game 2 and Game 6. In Game 6, he pitched eight innings of one-hit shutout baseball.

In addition to the championship won with the Braves in 1995, he pitched in four other World Series with the team (in 1991, 1992, 1996, and 1999) when the Braves lost to the Minnesota Twins, Toronto Blue Jays, and New York Yankees twice, respectively.

New York Mets (2003–2007)
In 2003, Glavine left Atlanta to play for the rival New York Mets, signing a four-year, $42.5 million deal. Glavine's performance had slumped in the second half of 2002 and he was ineffective in his two postseason starts, so Atlanta refused to guarantee a third year on his contract. Glavine struggled in his first year as a Met. For the first time since 1988, he failed to win 10 games, also posting his first losing record in that span, 9–14. He also allowed his first career grand slam, hit by José Vidro of the Expos on September 19. Glavine did get to enjoy a personal highlight at the end of the season, however, when the Mets called up his brother Mike to join the team.

Glavine began 2004 well, highlighted by a May 23 one-hit shutout of the Colorado Rockies and selection to the National League All-Star team. However, he struggled again during a second half marred by losing front teeth in a car accident while riding in a taxicab. He went on to post a slightly better record, though still a losing one, going 11–14. He started off 2005 slowly, but rebounded after advice from pitching coach Rick Peterson, who encouraged Glavine to begin pitching inside more often (including a change-up in) and incorporate a curveball in his repertoire. Glavine's turnaround helped him earn National League Pitcher of the Month in September. He finished the season with a 13–13 record and a respectable 3.53 ERA.

The Mets' faith in Glavine was rewarded when he returned to his old form during the 2006 season. He finished one victory shy of the NL lead in wins and was selected to the All-Star team. That season Tom Glavine became the first Mets left-hander in nearly 30 years to start at least thirty games in four consecutive seasons. Glavine and the Mets got a scare in August 2006. His pitching shoulder was tested for a blood clot because he was suffering from coldness in his left ring finger. This was originally thought to be a symptom of Raynaud's syndrome, which had been diagnosed in 1990. According to the pitcher, "Doctors... picked something up when they did the ultrasound." The results of that new test showed the problem could be treated with medicine, and Glavine resumed pitching on September 1, against the Houston Astros.

Glavine finished the 2006 season with a fine 15–7 record and a 3.82 ERA, as the Mets won the National League Eastern Division, allowing him to make his first playoff appearance since leaving the Braves. He started Game 2 of the Division Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, pitching six shutout innings and surrendering only four hits to pick up the win, as the Mets went on to sweep the series from the Dodgers. He then started Game 1 of the National League Championship Series against the St. Louis Cardinals, pitching seven shutout innings to pick up the win, helped by Carlos Beltrán's two-run home run. Glavine's postseason scoreless innings streak ended in his next start. He suffered the loss in Game 5 while the Mets went on to drop the series to the Cardinals in seven games.

Glavine re-signed with the Mets for the 2007 season, needing only 10 wins to reach 300 wins for his career. He started his fourth Opening Day game as a Met in the 2007 season.

On August 5, 2007, Glavine won his 300th game, against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field on ESPN's Sunday Night Baseball. In the game, he also was 1 for 2 with a run batted in and a walk. He pitched  innings and won 8–3, bringing his lifetime record to 300–197. Glavine is the 23rd pitcher to win 300 games, and the fifth left-handed pitcher to do so, joining Eddie Plank, Lefty Grove, Warren Spahn, and Steve Carlton. (Randy Johnson won his 300th game on June 4, 2009, becoming the 24th pitcher and 6th left-hander to do so.)

On September 30, 2007, Glavine started the final game of the Mets' 2007 regular season against the Florida Marlins. The Mets, tied with the Philadelphia Phillies after having squandered a seven-game lead over the past sixteen games, needed a win to either win the division or force a playoff game with the Phillies for the division. Unfortunately, Glavine made one of the worst starts of his career, allowing seven runs while recording only one out, and the Mets were eliminated from playoff contention with an 8–1 loss.

Glavine declined a one-year, $13 million contract option for the 2008 season with the Mets on October 5, 2007, ending his tenure with the team. However, he did collect a $3 million buyout when he declined the $13 million option.

Return to Atlanta Braves (2008) and retirement

On November 18, 2007, Glavine rejoined the Braves, seemingly bringing his career full circle, with a one-year contract worth $8 million. On April 18, 2008, Glavine was placed on the disabled list (DL) for the first time in his 22-year career.

On May 14, 2008, Glavine won his first game with the Atlanta Braves since September 19, 2002. This was also his 304th win, and it occurred while the Atlanta Braves were playing against the Philadelphia Phillies. Coincidentally, both his win on September 19, 2002, and May 14, 2008, were against the Phillies.

On August 14, 2008, Glavine appeared in his final game. He started against the Chicago Cubs, and he gave up seven runs in only four innings. A few days later, he was placed on the disabled list because of a recurring shoulder injury.

On February 19, 2009, Glavine agreed to return to Atlanta by signing a $1 million, one-year contract that included another $3.5 million in possible bonuses based on roster time. However, the Braves released Glavine on June 3, 2009, as he was completing his rehab assignment. On June 20, Glavine announced he would not pitch for the rest of the season. On February 11, 2010, he officially retired from the sport, having strongly hinted at that decision throughout the prior few months.

On the date of his retirement, Glavine agreed to take a job as a special assistant to Braves president John Schuerholz starting in the 2010 season. He was a guest analyst for some Braves games for several seasons. Following the death of his father in 2021, Glavine announced that he would be taking a break from broadcasting during the 2022 season. He returned to the broadcast booth in a part-time role in 2023.

The Braves retired Glavine's #47 on August 6, 2010.

On July 29, 2021, Glavine was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame's Board of Directors.

Pitching style

Glavine, a left-hander, gradually lost velocity over the latter part of his career. Even at the end of his career, he was an effective starting pitcher in the National League due to his excellent control and deception, changing speeds, and locating pitches off the outside corner of the strike zone. His most common approach was to begin by locating his circle changeup off the outside corner, then follow with alternating fastballs and changeups to confuse the hitter. While batters frequently made contact with his pitches, the substantial movement he placed on them made drives very soft, resulting in easily fielded ground balls and fly outs. Glavine's consistency was also highlighted by his durability; beginning with his first full year, in 1988, he started at least 25 games every season and was never placed on the disabled list until his final season—at age 42. In addition to his excellent changeup and well-controlled fastball, Glavine had a plus-curve ball, a slider, and a tailing two-seam fastball. Despite being a left-handed pitcher, Glavine was often more effective against right-handed batters. Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully noted that this attribute was likely due to Glavine pitching from the extreme right edge of the pitching rubber.

Like longtime Atlanta teammate Greg Maddux, Glavine was one of the better-hitting pitchers of his generation. He had a career .186 batting average—decent for a modern pitcher—and hit over .200 in nine seasons, with a career-best of .289 in 1996. He had a good eye, drawing a high number of walks (for a pitcher), which, combined with his hits, gave him a career on-base percentage of .244. Because Glavine got on base almost a quarter of the time he came at bat, opposing pitchers were never able to treat him as an automatic out in the lineup. In 2004, Glavine walked as often as he struck out (10 times each). Glavine's 201 sacrifice bunts prior to 2007 ranked second among active players at the time, only behind Omar Vizquel. Glavine won four Silver Slugger Awards, ranking him second all-time for pitchers behind Mike Hampton, while being the most among Cy Young Award Winners and Hall of Famer pitchers.

Players' union representative
Starting in 1991, Tom Glavine served as the Atlanta Braves team representative to the Major League Baseball Players Association, succeeding former NL Most Valuable Player and Braves icon Dale Murphy in the position. Prior to and during the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike, Tom Glavine was heavily involved in negotiations between the union and team owners and was frequently interviewed and quoted in the press about the talks. Ultimately, the strike caused the cancellation of the 1994 World Series and lasted  months. When play resumed in 1995, Glavine was frequently booed by Braves fans for his role in the players' union and was criticized for it in the local Atlanta press.

Personal life

Glavine and his wife Christine married in 1998 and have a blended family of five children. One of their sons, Peyton, was selected in the 2017 MLB draft but chose to play at Auburn University. He currently pitches in the Washington Nationals organization. They live in Johns Creek, Georgia, and Glavine coaches his sons' hockey teams. Glavine is a Roman Catholic and is a member of Catholic Athletes for Christ.

Glavine is known for being humble about his accomplishments and an avid golfer, so a good friend, Jack Kennedy, gifted Glavine six dozen golf balls that display his uniform number, 47, on one side and the number of losses he had in his career on the other, 203. The gift was given around the time Glavine received the phone call that he would be a first-ballot Hall of Fame inductee.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders
 Major League Baseball titles leaders

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Atlanta Braves announcers
Atlanta Braves players
Catholics from Massachusetts
Cy Young Award winners
Greenville Braves players
Gulf Coast Braves players
Gwinnett Braves players
Gwinnett Gladiators players
Los Angeles Kings draft picks
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players with retired numbers
Mississippi Braves players
Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League wins champions
New York Mets players
People from Billerica, Massachusetts
Baseball players from Concord, Massachusetts
Richmond Braves players
Rome Braves players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Sumter Braves players
World Series Most Valuable Player Award winners
People from Johns Creek, Georgia

Tom Glavine


The Industrial Bank of Japan, Limited (IBJ), based in Tokyo, Japan, was one of the largest banks in the world during the latter half of the 20th century.

It combined with Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank and Fuji Bank in 2002 to form Mizuho Financial Group.

History

IBJ was founded as a public-sector bank under the Industrial Bank of Japan Act of 1902. At that time, Japan was in the throes of its industrial revolution, and there was a strong demand for long-term investment capital. IBJ raised funds by issuing bank debentures.

IBJ also acted as the trustee in corporate debenture issues - notably, the major Japanese railway company issue of 1906 in London, amount to the then-enormous sum of 1 million pounds sterling. These activities contributed to the building of the Japanese domestic securities market, and to the generating of a higher profile for Japanese borrowers in the international market.

This early experience of a sophisticated mix of corporate and investment banking with exposure to trust work is unique to IBJ amongst Japanese banks. In the original Act, there was the wording, "Trust business related to local government bond, corporate bonds, and equities". This was the first time for the term "trust", or , to appear in the Japanese statute book.

The 1918 amendment to the IBJ Act permitted the underwriting and offering of equities. At that point, IBJ had the full capabilities for what is now termed investment banking. However, that was at what proved to be the peak of the demand created for Japanese products by the First World War and the consequent economic boom.

Thereafter, the next 30 years of Japanese history encompassed many adversities for society in general and for financial institutions in particular: the Great Kantō earthquake, the Showa Financial Panic, and finally, the Second World War and the postwar recovery.

IBJ became a private-sector bank in 1950 and took on legal form under the Long-Term Bank Act of 1952. However, the Act was framed within the terms of the US-led Occupation policy of compartmentalizing financial services. IBJ was forced to retreat from much of its former investment banking activities and return principally to long-term lending funding by issuing bank debentures.

During the high-growth period of the Japanese economy in the 1960s, IBJ was particularly active in financing steel production, shipping, shipbuilding, and automobile manufacturing. Following the first oil crisis, Japan moved to a pattern of lower growth as a mature economy, and IBJ expanded its customer base at home, and started the process of expansion overseas.

In Japan, the wholesaling of bank debentures to major financial institutions and the regional banks led to a network of strong relationships. This was all supported by the fact that, originally a public-sector bank, IBJ had no keiretsu affiliations: IBJ has always been independent of the large corporate groupings characteristic of Japan and was hence number 2 banker to each and all of the major keiretsu groupings. Internationally, IBJ was free to pursue its investment banking ambitions.

See also

 Mizuho Financial Group
 Mizuho Corporate Bank
 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank
 Fuji Bank
 Economy of Japan

References

Banks disestablished in 2002
Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Defunct banks of Japan
Mizuho Financial Group
Banks established in 1902
Japanese companies established in 1902
Fuyo Group
Financial services companies based in Tokyo

Industrial Bank of Japan


The Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts is a multi-disciplinary arts center in Annapolis, Maryland which offers opportunities in the arts for individuals of all ages, skill levels and backgrounds.  It was founded in 1979 to promote art appreciation and education in Maryland.

Maryland Hall offers year-round arts classes for children, teens and adults.  Classes are available in drawing, painting, dance, drama, crafts and clay/ceramics. There are three semesters each year, Winter/Spring, Summer and Fall.

Maryland Hall also houses five gallery spaces: the Chaney Gallery, the Martino Gallery, the Openshaw Gallery, the Hallway Gallery, and the Alcove Gallery.  Exhibitions are mounted year-round and gallery admission is free and open to the public.  An Artist-In-Residence program also provides studio space to local and visiting visual artists.

Maryland Hall's performing arts program presents national and international artists, children's entertainment, local musicians, independent film and free performances.  The four resident programs: Ballet Theatre of Maryland, Annapolis Opera, the Live Arts Maryland, and the Annapolis Symphony Orchestra also perform in Maryland Hall's 725-seat theater.  The hall is located at 801 Chase Street in Annapolis, in the facility of the former Annapolis High School.

References

External links
Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts official website

Arts centers in Maryland
Buildings and structures in Annapolis, Maryland
Tourist attractions in Annapolis, Maryland
Music venues in Maryland
Event venues established in 1979
1979 establishments in Maryland

Maryland Hall for the Creative Arts


Homâyun Serâji ( 1947 – 16 April 2007) was an Iranian scientist, engineer, a JPL senior researcher and former professor of Sharif University of Technology who published extensively in the field of multivariable control systems, focusing on optimal control, pole placement, multivariable PID controllers, and output regulation. Also he has significant publications in the field of Robotics, and space exploration.

Education
Seraji was born and grew up in Tehran. He ranked first in the Iranian national high-school diploma examinations in 1965. He then moved to the United Kingdom and studied at Sussex University and majored in Electrical Engineering. Seraji earned his Ph.D. in Control Systems at the University of Cambridge in 1972.

Career
In 1974, he joined Aryamehr University of Technology (now Sharif University of Technology), as a Professor of Electrical Engineering and was involved in teaching and research in control systems for ten years. He was also selected as a United Nations Distinguished Scientist in 1984.

In 1985, Seraji joined NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Caltech. During his tenure at JPL, he conducted extensive research that has led to major contributions in the field of robot control systems, particularly in: adaptive robot control, control of dexterous robots, contact control, real-time collision avoidance, rule-based robot navigation, and safe spacecraft landing.

The outcome of his research in controls and robotics has been published in 98 peer-reviewed journal papers, 119 refereed conference publications, 5 contributed chapters, and has led to 10 patents.

In 2003, he was recognized as the most-published author in the 20-year history of the Journal of Robotic Systems.

Awards
JPL Edward Stone Award for Outstanding Research Publication in 2003
NASA Group Achievement Award in 1991 and 2002
Fellow of IEEE in 1997
NASA Exceptional Engineering Achievement Award in 1992
NASA Major Space Act Award

See also
Science and technology in Iran

Notes

External links
Homayoun Seraji at JPL

Iranian electrical engineers
Iranian engineers
American people of Iranian descent
American electrical engineers
NASA people
Engineers from Tehran
Academic staff of Sharif University of Technology
1947 births
2007 deaths
Control theorists
Iranian roboticists
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Iranian expatriate academics
American roboticists
Iranian expatriates in the United Kingdom
20th-century American engineers

Homayoun Seraji


The Chief Rabbinate of Israel, Hebrew:  הרבנות הראשית לישראל - Ha-Rabanut Ha-Rashit Li-Yisra'el, is the highest rabbinical institution in Israel.

It consists of (mainly) Chief Rabbis of various places in Israel, and is presided by two Chief Rabbis, an Ashkenazi and a Sephardi rabbi, both elected for ten years.

The Chief Rabbinate has religious legal power in Israel, but also involves with matters of halakha outside the country.

In Israel it deals with matters concerning Jewish life, like marriage and divorce, conversion to Judaism, kosher food, holy sites like the Western Wall, yeshivas, rabbinical courts etc.

The Chief Rabbinate of Israel is in Jerusalem.

Related pages
 List of Chief Rabbis of Israel
 Heichal Shlomo, former seat of the Chief Rabbinate

References
 Chief Rabbinate of Israel Website

Chief Rabbinate of Israel


Tal Shaked is an American chess grandmaster who is best known for winning the World Junior Championship in 1997.

Chess career
Shaked learned the game at the age of seven, and developed his chess skills in the scholastic chess organizations of Tucson, Arizona. As a junior, Shaked won several national scholastic championships, including the 1987 National Primary Championship, the 1990 National Elementary Championship, the 1991 National K-8 Championship, the 1992 National K-8 Championship, the 1992 U.S. Cadet (under 16) Championship, and the 1995 U.S. Junior (under 20) Championship; he also won the 1995 National Open. Shaked won the Laura Aspis Prize in 1991 as the number-one rated American chess player under the age of 13, and that same year became the youngest ever winner of the Arizona State Championship.

Shaked's victory at the 1995 US Junior Championship granted him a place in the 1996 U.S. Chess Championship.  Although he was by far the youngest and lowest-rated player in the field, he surprised many by his performance, leading the tournament after eight rounds.  Later in 1996, Shaked received the Frank Samford fellowship, which allowed him the monetary resources to fully devote his time to chess.  Making the most of the opportunity, Shaked obtained three grandmaster norms within five months, officially attaining the title of grandmaster; it would be ten years later until another American-born player would achieve the grandmaster title.  Two months after his third norm, Shaked won the 1997 World Junior Championship, defeating top-seed and future super-grandmaster Alexander Morozevich and scoring a total of six wins and seven draws to beat out Morozevich, future FIDE world chess champion Ruslan Ponomariov and others.

As winner of the World Junior Championship, Shaked was invited to play in the super-grandmaster event in Tillburg, Holland, a field which included world champion Garry Kasparov, future world champion Vladimir Kramnik, and super-grandmasters Peter Svidler, Peter Leko, Alexei Shirov, Judit Polgár and Michael Adams.  In late 1997, Shaked competed in the FIDE World Chess Championship, winning his first round match before losing in the second round.  In 1998, Shaked advanced to the semifinals of the United States Championship, defeating grandmaster Boris Gulko before losing to eventual champion Nick de Firmian. Having entered college at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County on a full chess scholarship in 1998, he helped lead UMBC to the 1998 Pan-American Intercollegiate Championship as his team's top-rated player. He eventually transferred to the University of Arizona where he graduated with a degree in computer science in 2002.

Post-chess career
Tal Shaked eventually gave up competitive chess, though he remained active with blitz chess on the internet. His last serious competition was the FIDE World Chess Championship 1999, and he had already decided to leave chess prior to that tournament due to motivation and the economic uncertainty in being a professional chess player.

Shaked received his master's degree in computer science from the University of Washington in 2004 and joined Google as a Software Engineer on 4 October 2004.  On 9 March 2019 he left Google in order to lead Machine Learning and AI at Lyft. On 7 October 2019, he went back to work for Google, as Distinguished Engineer (Senior Director).

External links

Where Have You Gone, Rachels, Shaked & Rao?, September 2008 issue of Chess Life. Online (USCF membership required)

References

1978 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
American chess players
World Junior Chess Champions
University of Maryland, Baltimore County alumni
University of Arizona alumni

Tal Shaked


Classic Hits (known as Kool Gold until June 17, 2012) is a 24-hour music format produced by Westwood One. Its playlist is composed of oldies music from the mid-1960s to mid-1980s, from artists such as Billy Joel, The Beatles, The Temptations, Fleetwood Mac, Hall and Oates and dozens more artists mainly targeted at listeners 45–54. It was known as The Oldies Channel until they changed their name to "Kool Gold" to avoid confusion with the ABC Radio/Citadel Media "The True Oldies Channel".  It was branded as Kool Gold Timeless Classics as part of Dial Global's revamped satellite format group, but has then reverted to its original Kool Gold ident to avoid confusion with Citadel's former Timeless format, which once used the "Timeless Classics" positioner.

Its competitors were "Oldies Plus" by Waitt, Classic Hits and Good Time Oldies by Jones; however, those assets were absorbed by Triton Media Group, leaving ABC Radio/Citadel Media's Classic Hits and The True Oldies Channel the only competitors. Prior to early 2009, the network has now consolidated Jones' "Good Time Oldies" into this satellite feed.  The former "Oldies Plus" format was subsequently absorbed into Dial Global's portfolio and now is offered by Dial Global as a locally customized version of the Classic Hits/Pop format.

Kool Gold was originally a 1950s and 1960s oldies format produced by Jim Seemiller of Adams Broadcasting  and syndicated nationally by Satellite Music Network (later by ABC Radio Networks).  The programming was produced in Phoenix, AZ beginning in the late 1980s and ending in about 1996.  The format concentrated entirely on the first decade of rock & roll and featured a large playlist of more than 1,500 songs.  In its heyday, the syndicated programming was broadcast by 50+ affiliate stations. The Kool in the title was borrowed from the call letters of the format's flagship station, KOOL (AM) -- now KKNT, 960 kHz—in Phoenix, Arizona. KOOL GOLD was first radio station to syndicate itself 24 hours a day, and created a brand that now is used by more than 50 radio stations in US. In conjunction with KOOL-FM, the stations were nominated for 4 Marconi Awards and won in 1991/92 as best Oldies stations, under the tutelage of Jim Seemiller

Stations that once aired the original Kool Gold Format:

 KOOL (AM) 960 (Phoenix, AZ)
 KCBQ (AM) 1170 (San Diego, CA)
 WQAM AM 560 (Miami, FL)
 KLUP 930 (San Antonio, TX)
 WHND 560 AM (Detroit, MI - carried the format in its last several months as an oldies station prior to switching to a Spanish format in 1994)

External links
Classic Hits/Pop - Info from Dial Global

Radio formats
American radio networks
Radio stations established in 2010

Classic Hits/Pop


Democratic socialism is a variant of socialism where the government is organized by democracy. In short, it believes that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect.

The combination of the two ideologies of democracy and socialism make democratic socialism. Democratic socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few. To achieve a more just society, many structures of the government and economy must be radically transformed through greater economic and social democracy so that ordinary citizens can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives. Democratic socialists do not want to create an all-powerful government bureaucracy, but at the same time do not want big corporate bureaucracies to control our society either.

Examples of democratic socialists include Salvador Allende, the democratically elected President of Chile who was overthrown by a US-backed coup; Evo Morales, the former president of Bolivia; and the United Kingdom Parliament's former Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.

Democratic socialism is different from Marxism-Leninism, which believes in single party rule, contrasted to the democratic policies of democratic socialism. It is also different than social democracy, which calls for keynesian capitalism, where a competitive, capitalist economy exists, but with the government stepping in to protect consumers, as well as state-controlled programs like welfare and universal healthcare.

References

Related pages

 socialism
social democracy (do not confuse with democratic socialism)

Socialism
Democracy
Political systems

Democratic socialism


The Sten Mk II was the main submachine gun of the British military in World War II.

Early in the war, the US lent many weapons to the British to fight German forces, including the Thompson submachine gun. However, since the Thompson was expensive to make in large numbers, the British made a submachine gun of their own, that would be cheap and quick to make. This was the Sten Mk II.

The weapon was only made of 47 parts, making it relatively fast to put together and take apart and therefore easy to ship and hide. This feature made it popular among resistance fighters, including the Free French.

It was also the first SMG to have a silencer made for it, making it useful for stealth and surprise. However, due to its low quality, it was not a very reliable weapon as it tended to jam very frequently and fire entire magazines without pulling the trigger.

It is stated that British soldiers who captured German MP-40 would often abandon the Sten and fight using the MP-40 instead. The switch was not difficult since both weapons fired the same type of bullet, the 9x19mm Parabellum, with the same type of magazines (which meant that they could use the enemy's ammunition to load their Stens or vice versa).

References

Submachine guns

Sten Mk II


Giovanni Pietro de Pomis (ca.1565 or 1569/70 – 6 March 1633) was an Italian painter, medailleur, architect and fortress master builder.  His works show a marked influence of late-Mannerism.

Biography
De Pomis was born in Lodi, Lombardy.  He was apparently a pupil of the Venetian Jacopo Tintoretto.  From 1588 to 1595, before coming to Graz, de Pomis served as the chamber painter to Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria in the Tyrol (not to be confused with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor who was de Pomis's subsequent patron). On 25 October 1595 de Pomis married Judith Anna Dermoyen, the daughter of a Dutch court tapestry master. In that same year his son Johannes Baptist came into the world.  He was followed by his sister Elisabeth in 1596.  De Pomis and his wife had a total of 13 children; some of whom died at a young age.  Both sons Johannes Baptist and Johann Nikolaus died in the Long Turkish War.

In 1595 the Italian artist was appointed as a court artist under Archduke Ferdinand (later Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor) in the Styrian capital of Graz.  Traveling with his patron to Rome and Loreto and with Ferdinand's mother, the Archduchess Maria to Spain de Pomis became a close acquaintance of his later principal, Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg.  It was likely on this trip to Spain that he made sketches of El Escorial which served as a model for Schloss Eggenberg.  In 1600 the artist was granted his own coat of arms.  In 1601 he was employed as a military engineer in Ferdinand's retinue in Groß-Kanizsa.  Beside his activity as a painter, medailleur and architect he was also a fortress master builder in Görz, Trieste, Gradisca and Fiume.

In 1619, he founded the Confraternity of Painters in Graz and was selected to the board of directors.  Ferdinand II bestowed nobility on him on 10 February 1623 in Regensburg.  This confirmation of nobility, also afforded an improvement to the coat of arms and lent de Pomis the title von Truiberg.  The last years of the court artist's life were marred by a misappropriation of construction funds (1630) and discrepancies with the court chamber.  On 6 March 1633 at the age of 63, after long years of illness, Giovanni Pietro de Pomis died in Graz, Styria, Austria, and was buried in his own work, the Graz Mariahilferkirche.  He was survived by his widow and four daughters.

Among his most famous works are the Mausoleum of Ruprecht von Eggenberg to Ehrenhausen in Ehrenhausen, Schloss Eggenberg (Graz) which he designed with the help of his principle, Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg, the Mariahilferkirche in Graz, which also holds the Eggenberg family crypt and was later renovated by Joseph Hueber, as well as the Graz Church of St. Catherine of Alexandria and the attached Mausoleum of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor which was not completed in de Pomis' lifetime but was finished by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach at the behest of Ferdinand's grandson Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Selected works

Architecture
 Mariahilferkirche (Graz)
 Katharinenkirche und Mausoleum (Graz)
 Schloss Eggenberg (Graz)
 Sacristy in the Graz Cathedral
 Mausoleum of Ruprecht von Eggenberg in Ehrenhausen
 Wallfahrtskirche zum hl. Antonius von Padua in Radmer, Styria
 Castello di San Giusto in Triest

Paintings
 Original painting of the façade of Herzogshofs in Graz
 Altar paintings in the Graz Cathedral
 Altar painting in the Graz Antoniuskirche (Graz)
 Portrait of Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg in the Alte Galerie of the Joanneum in Schloss Eggenberg
 Archduke Ferdinand as Fighter for a Righteous Cause in the Alte Galerie

Gallery

References

Literature
 Werner Strahalm und Peter Laukhardt: Graz. Eine Stadtgeschichte. Edition Strahalm, Graz 2003, S. 149ff.
 Kurt Woisetschläger et al.: Giovanni Pietro de Pomis. Graz: Verlag Styria, 1974.
 Barbara Kaiser: Schloss Eggenberg. Graz: Christian Brandstätter Verlag, 2006.  (English Edition) or  (German Edition)
 Tomáš Kleisner: Giovanni Pietro de Pomis Medal of the Battle of the White Mountain Studia Rudolphina 8, 2008, S. 90-93

External links

 Profile on Art-Platform
 AEIOU Entry
 Biography on Artisti Italiani Austria

16th-century Italian architects
17th-century Italian architects
Italian Mannerist architects
Architects from Lombardy
Austrian architects
16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
17th-century Italian painters
Italian Mannerist painters
Painters from Venice
1633 deaths
1560s births

Giovanni Pietro de Pomis


Klymene was an Okeanid. She was one of the daughters of Okeanos and Thethys. Some people think she was Asia. With Iapetos, she had the children  Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus and Menoitio.

She was married to Merops, with whom she raised Phaethon. She also raised the Heliades with him. The father of the Heliades was Helios. She is sometimes called Merope, and Phaeton's father is given as Clymenus.

Nymphs

Klymene