House of Saddam is a 2008 British docudrama television miniseries that charted the rise and fall of Saddam Hussein. A co-production between BBC Television and HBO Films, the series was first broadcast on BBC Two (in the United Kingdom) in four parts between 30 July and 20 August 2008.

Episodes

Part I
A pre-title sequence is set in March 2003, showing Saddam Hussein watching the broadcast of U.S. President George W. Bush's ultimatum to leave Ba'athist Iraq within forty-eight hours. As the bombing of Baghdad commences, Saddam and his family flee the Republican Palace.

1979: Shortly after the Iranian Revolution, Iraqi Vice President Saddam Hussein fears the increasing influence of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, as well as Iraqi president Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr's proposed union with Syria. Saddam instigates the overthrow of President Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. After being appointed president, Saddam orders his half-brother, Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, to initiate a bloody purge of the Ba'ath Party leadership in order to wipe out "traitors". Saddam himself executes his closest friend and ally, Adnan Hamdani, as a show of strength. The Islamic Dawa Party rocks Baghdad with a series of terrorist attacks while Saddam is on a hunting trip in Tikrit with his wife Sajida Talfah and son Uday.

Saddam attempts to maintain good relations with the United States as he declares war on Iran while trying to maintain his relationship with his sons Uday (Aris Sahin) and Qusay (played by Raed Khelfi). Meanwhile, he begins an affair with married school teacher Samira Shahbandar. Saddam orders the execution of two Iraqi generals after a military defeat at Khorramshahr, and turns against Barzan following the death of their mother; this puts the arranged marriage of Raghad, Saddam's daughter, and Mohammed, Barzan's son, in jeopardy. After Saddam survives an assassination attempt in the Dawa stronghold of Dujail, Barzan fears for his own life and razes the city in retribution. Saddam exiles Barzan to Switzerland and marries Raghad to Hussein Kamel al-Majid, forming an alliance with the al-Majid clan. Hussein Kamel takes over Barzan's post and becomes the new leader of the Special Republican Guard.

Part II
1988: As the war with Iran ends, an unstable Uday fires a gun in a Baghdad nightclub. Meanwhile, Saddam declares victory over Iran, even though Iraq has suffered heavy losses and is facing bankruptcy; the Iraqi economy is also being hampered by Kuwait, which is over-producing oil and driving down its price. Sajida learns that Saddam has married Samira as a second wife, and blames his trusted valet, Kamel Hana Gegeo, for assisting their affair. Uday almost kills the valet for the sake of his mother's honour, sparing him only so that he can control him when he succeeds his father. Hussein Kamel attempts to rise within the regime's inner circle by sowing mistrust between Saddam and Adnan Khairallah, Sajida's brother. Saddam's foreign minister, Tariq Aziz, travels to an OPEC meeting in Geneva and reveals that Kuwait has been slant drilling into Iraqi oil fields, demanding that the Kuwaitis cease.

Saddam's new marriage to Samira leaves Uday fearful that the couple's presumptive children will jeopardize his status as Saddam's heir. Uday confronts Kamel Hana at a late-night party and beats him to death to the horror of witnesses. After having Uday arrested, Saddam ponders on killing his first-born son in his cell. Adnan Khairallah questions Uday's abilities as Iraq's future leader, but is not supported by Hussein Kamel, who continues to gain Saddam's trust. Not long after, Adnan is killed in a suspicious helicopter explosion. Sajida confronts Saddam about her brother's death, but he dismisses her with claims that it was merely an accident.

1990-1991: Saddam meets with April Glaspie, the U.S. ambassador to Iraq, and takes her statement of "no opinion" as giving him tacit approval to invade Kuwait. However, President George H. W. Bush immediately decries the action and organizes an international coalition to drive out Saddam's forces. Saddam refuses to back down, and is forced to move between safe-houses as the First Gulf War commences with the U.S.-led bombing of Baghdad. Samira is seriously injured in a car accident during the bombings. The Iraqi Army is quickly forced into retreat as the coalition unleashes its ground offensive. However, the U.S. declares a ceasefire and withdraws from the Iraqi border, leaving Saddam defiant as American bombers drop propaganda leaflets encouraging Iraqis to stand against him.

Part III
1995: The Gulf War has left Iraq economically crippled. The United Nations refuses to lift sanctions unless the government agrees to dismantle Iraq's weapons of mass destruction. Saddam states he has nothing to hide, resulting in a stand-off between him and the U.N.'s chief weapons inspector, Rolf Ekeus. Saddam is more preoccupied with tracing his roots than with the U.N. stand-off, and ignores his other son, Qusay, when he tries to warn his father about Uday's erratic behaviour. Instead, Saddam presents a family tree purportedly proving a familial relation to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Qusay is clearly worried about his father's state of mind, but quietly leaves him to his devices.

The rivalry between General Hussein Kamel and Uday spirals out of control, as the heir apparent pelts the general with food at a dinner with Saddam's closest allies. The frustrated Hussein Kamel states his disillusionment with Saddam's regime, which allows the spoiled Uday to run wild with impunity. His patience finally ends when Uday hijacks a shipment of medical supplies intended for Hussein Kamel's brother, Saddam Kamel. The brothers discuss Hussein Kamel's plan to cooperate with Ekeus and the CIA, hoping that he will be installed as Iraq's new president after Saddam is overthrown.

During a holiday celebrating Iraq's "victory" over Iran, the Kamel brothers cross the border to Jordan with their wives, Raghad and Rana Hussein. The women, Saddam's daughters, warn their husbands of the potential consequences should Saddam discover their absences. Meanwhile, at a holiday party, Uday rapes a waitress. Qusay realises that his sisters are missing and notifies Saddam. In Jordan, King Hussein grants the self-exiled group asylum just as Saddam declares them traitors in Iraq.

Hussein Kamel plans to oust Saddam with Western support, and to reveal state secrets once installed as president. His plans are undermined when Saddam decides to reveal the information himself. Kamel becomes increasingly isolated in Jordan, and begins to lose the support of the king and the CIA. Saddam has Sajida talk their daughters into coming back to Iraq, promising her that they will be safe upon their return. He also offers a pardon to the Kamel brothers. Believing he will be forgiven, and disturbed by his increasing loss of social status, Hussein Kamel and the others return despite warnings from Raghad and Rana.

Once they return to Baghdad, Hussein and Saddam Kamel are humiliated by Uday and Qusay, who force them to divorce their wives and strip them of their Iraqi uniforms and ranks. However, they allow them to return to their family home, while Raghad and Rana go to their mother's house. Saddam Hussein then tells General Ali Hassan al-Majid that the honor of the al-Majid clan will be tainted as long as the pair go unpunished. Ali subsequently surrounds the brothers' house with troops, offering the brothers weapons so that they can die fighting. In a pitched battle, Hussein and Saddam Kamel are killed.

Part IV
2003: Saddam, along with Uday, Qusay and Aziz, watch television reports of the unfolding Second Gulf War. Qusay seizes Saddam's money from the Central Bank of Iraq on his father's orders. Meanwhile, Saddam orders his troops, particularly those from the Special Republican Guard, to fiercely resist the U.S.-led coalition forces. During a meeting with his sons in a Baghdad restaurant, Saddam advises Qusay to take care of Uday, who is commanding the Fedayeen Saddam paramilitary force.

On 9 April, Saddam is forced from power as U.S. forces take over Baghdad. As U.S. troops begin manhunts for all the high-ranking regime members, Saddam flees to rural Tikrit and goes underground with his loyal confidants. He phones Samira from a call box and tells her to leave for Lebanon. Saddam hides out in a rustic building with his remaining bodyguards. He befriends Ahmed, a lively local boy who initially does not know his identity. Saddam broadcasts messages from his hideout insisting that the Iraqi people continue to resist the U.S. occupation. Meanwhile, Sajida and her family anxiously watch news coverage of the war.

Uday, Qusay and Qusay's son Mustapha take refuge at a house in Mosul. Uday wishes to flee, but Qusay contemptuously refuses. Saddam is informed that there is a monetary reward for his family's betrayal, but he insists that they will not be caught. However, the owner of Uday and Qusay's safehouse betrays them to the Americans, and a large number of 101st Airborne Division troops surround the building with tanks and APCs. After refusing to give themselves up, and exchanging fire with the troops, the Americans fire a rocket at their position and all three are killed. Sajida is distressed to learns of her sons' deaths from TV news.

After being informed of the deaths, Saddam secretly visits the graves of his sons and grandson, laying Iraqi flags on them. He continues trying to rally the Iraqi people against U.S. forces, saying that his fallen sons are heroes of jihad. Saddam's bodyguards build a tunnel where the former dictator can hide, but one of them is captured by U.S. troops when he visits his girlfriend. Saddam decides to move elsewhere, but Ahmed warns him of U.S. patrols. He offers to hide Saddam, but the former president refuses to involve him. In Operation Red Dawn, Saddam is captured and taken into custody.

2006: Saddam is placed on trial for crimes against humanity and is sentenced to death by hanging for five different crimes against humanity, including the Dujail Massacre.

Cast
 Yigal Naor as Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq (1979–2003)
 Shohreh Aghdashloo as Sajida Khairallah Talfah, Saddam's first wife
 Philip Arditti as Uday Hussein, Saddam's eldest son
 Mounir Margoum as Qusay Hussein, Saddam's second son
 Agni Scott as Raghad Hussein, Saddam's eldest daughter
 Shivani Ghai as Rana Hussein, Saddam's second daughter
 Amber Rose Revah as Hala Hussein, Saddam's youngest daughter
 Christine Stephen-Daly as Samira Shahbandar, Saddam's second wife
 Amr Waked as Lieutenant General Hussein Kamel, Raghad's husband, Ali Hassan's nephew, later head of the elite Republican Guard and Commander of the Iraqi Army
 Saïd Taghmaoui as Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Saddam's half brother, head of the elite Iraqi Republican Guard
 Uri Gavriel as General Ali Hassan "Chemical Ali" al-Majid, head of Mukhabarat, the Iraqi intelligence Agency and Saddam's cousin
 Said Amadis as General Adnan Khairallah, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Iraqi Armed Forces, Sajida's brother
 Makram Khoury as Tariq Aziz, Deputy Prime Minister, foreign minister of Iraq and Saddam's best friend
 Daniel Lundh as Colonel Saddam Kamel, Rana's husband, Hussein Kamel's brother, Ali Hassan's nephew
 Akbar Kurtha as Kamel Hana Gegeo, Saddam's personal aide and food-taster
 Jihed Mejrissi as Mohammad Barzan al-Tikriti, Saddam's nephew to half-brother Barzan
 Waleed Zuaiter as Adnan Hamdani, Minister of Planning and Saddam's best friend
 Jacqueline King as April Glaspie, U.S. ambassador to Iraq from 1988 to 1990

Reception

Reviews
At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 60% based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 5.56/10. The website's critical consensus states, "House of Saddam is anchored by a commanding performance from Igal Naor's, but the miniseries offers shallow insight into the fallen tyrant and the history he helped shape." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Independent newspaper described the drama as "The Sopranos with Scud missiles", adding that it was good entertainment but that it seemed to gloss over early US and British support for Saddam's regime. Nancy Banks Smith of The Guardian also compared it to The Sopranos ("without the jokes"), and judged it to be "an extraordinarily ambitious attempt and it succeeds very well". Tim Teeman in The Times described it as "convincing and chilling... It was soap (the feeling of Dallas was heightened by the late-1970s/early-1980s tacky glam: check out Saddam's glass lift), it was reality, it was cheeky and it was terrifying." Serena Davis of The Daily Telegraph objected to some "clunking" expository dialogue explaining political events, but was impressed that "Naor's towering version of the dictator envisioned him as both adept family schemer and political giant."

Ratings

United Kingdom
 Part I (BBC Two 2008-07-30): 2.7 million viewers (59% audience share).
 Part II (BBC Two 2008-08-06): 2.3 million viewers (11% audience share).
 Part III (BBC Two 2008-08-13): 1.8 million viewers (8% audience share).
 Part IV (BBC Two 2008-08-20): 1.5 million viewers (6% audience share).

United States
HBO miniseries House of Saddam attracted approximately 1.1 Million viewers on its debut.

Australia
House of Saddam screened in 2009 on Showcase through Foxtel, Optus TV, and Austar.

Accolades

References

External links

Official HBO site
Official Press Release at BBC Press Office
Saddam drama series for BBC Two at BBC News

2000s British drama television series
2000s British television miniseries
2000s historical drama films
2008 biographical drama films
2008 British television series debuts
2008 British television series endings
American biographical series
BBC high definition shows
BBC television dramas
British biographical drama films
British historical drama films
Cultural depictions of Saddam Hussein
English-language television shows
Films directed by Jim O'Hanlon
Films set in Iraq
Gulf War films
HBO original programming
Iraq War in television
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Television shows set in Iraq

House of Saddam


The Republic of Pirates was the base and stronghold of a loose confederacy run by privateers-turned-pirates in Nassau on New Providence island in the Bahamas during the Golden Age of Piracy for about twelve years from 1706 until 1718. While it was not a republic in a formal sense, it was governed by an informal pirate code, which dictated that the crews of the Republic would vote on the leadership of their ships and treat other pirate crews with civility. The term comes from Colin Woodard's book of the same name.

The activities of the pirates caused havoc with trade and shipping in the West Indies until newly-appointed Royal Governor of the Bahama Islands Woodes Rogers reached Nassau in 1718 and restored British control. Rogers, a former privateer himself, offered clemency to the pirates of the Bahamas, known as the "King's Pardon", an offer many pirates took advantage of, and though a few would return to piracy in the following years, British control of the Bahamas had been secured.

History

The era of piracy in the Bahamas began in 1696, when the privateer Henry Avery brought his ship the Fancy loaded with loot from plundering Indian trade ships into Nassau harbour. Avery bribed the governor Nicholas Trott with gold and silver, and with the Fancy itself, still loaded with 50 tons of elephant tusks and 100 barrels of gunpowder. This established Nassau as a base where pirates could operate safely, although various governors regularly made a show of suppressing piracy. Although the governors were still legally in charge, the pirates became increasingly powerful.

The era of true pirate control occurred when a combined Franco-Spanish fleet attacked Nassau in 1703 and again in 1706; the island was effectively abandoned by many of its settlers and left without any English government presence. Nassau was then taken over by English privateers, who became completely lawless pirates over time. The pirates attacked French and Spanish ships, while the French and Spanish forces burned Nassau several more times. Pirates established themselves in Nassau, and essentially established their own republic with its own governors. By 1713, the War of the Spanish Succession was over, but many British privateers were slow to get the news, or reluctant to accept it, and so slipped into piracy. This led to large numbers of unemployed privateers making their way to New Providence to join the republic and swell its numbers. The republic was dominated by two famous pirates who were bitter rivals – Benjamin Hornigold and Henry Jennings. Hornigold was mentor to pirates such as the famous Edward Teach, known as "Blackbeard", along with Sam Bellamy and Stede Bonnet. Jennings was mentor to Charles Vane, "Calico" Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, and Mary Read. Despite their rivalries, the pirates formed themselves into the Flying Gang and quickly became infamous for their exploits. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1000 pirates in Nassau at that time and that they outnumbered the mere hundred of inhabitants in the town. Blackbeard was later voted by the pirates of Nassau to be their magistrate, to be in command of their republic and enforce law and order as he saw fit.

Pirate Thomas Barrow declared "that he is Governor of Providence and will make it a second Madagascar, and expects 5 or 600 men more from Jamaica sloops to join in the settling of Providence, and to make war on the French and Spaniards, but for the English, they don't intend to meddle with them, unless they are first attack'd by them." While originally the pirates had avoided attacking British ships, this restraint disappeared over time, and at their height, the pirates could command a small fleet of ships that could take on the frigates of the Royal Navy. The amount of havoc caused by the pirates led to an outcry for their destruction, and finally King George I appointed Woodes Rogers as royal governor of the Bahamas to bring the piracy to an end, and offered a pardon to all pirates who turned themselves in.

End of the Republic

News of the King's Pardon was brought first from Bermuda, then by Captain Vincent Pearse of , and received a mixed reception, some of those rejecting the pardon being Jacobites. Pearse made a list of 209 pirates on New Providence – fewer than half the pirates on the island – who stated their intention to take the pardon.

In 1718, Rogers arrived in Nassau with a fleet of several ships, bringing with him the authority to grant the King's Pardon. Among those who accepted was Benjamin Hornigold, and, in a shrewd move, Rogers commissioned Hornigold to hunt down and capture those pirates who refused to surrender and accept the royal pardon. As a former privateer himself, Hornigold was well placed to understand what needed to be done, and he pursued his former comrades with zeal. Although pirates such as Charles Vane and Blackbeard evaded capture, Hornigold did take ten pirates prisoner and on the morning of 12 December 1718, nine of them were executed. This act re-established British control and ended the pirates' republic in the Bahamas. Those pirates who had fled successfully continued their piratical activities elsewhere in the Caribbean in what has become known as the Golden Age of Piracy.

Code of conduct

The pirates ran their affairs using what was called the pirate code, which was the basis of their claim that their rule of New Providence constituted a kind of republic. According to the code, the pirates ran their ships democratically, sharing plunder equally and selecting and deposing their captains by popular vote. Many of the pirates were privateers out of work since the end of the Queen Anne's War and ex-sailors who had revolted against the conditions on merchant and naval ships. Africans could be equal members of the crew, and several people of mixed European and African descent became pirate captains. Some of the pirates were also Jacobites, who had become pirates to help restore the recently deposed Stuart line to the throne. A few female pirates like Anne Bonny and Mary Read were also present.

Pirates of Nassau

Captain Pearse's list of pirates intending to take the King's Pardon

In popular culture
In Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, fictional character Edward Kenway helps to seize control of Nassau and establish the pirate republic with other major pirates of the Golden Age of Piracy.

The TV series Black Sails is largely based on the history and famous historical pirate inhabitants of Nassau. Several characters' motivations are rooted in the idea of establishing a true "Republic of Pirates" in Nassau.

The Netflix limited series The Lost Pirate Kingdom (2021) is also based on the exploits and rivalries of both the Republic of Pirates as well as the Flying Gang and its members, including Benjamin Hornigold, Sam Bellamy, Henry Jennings, and Blackbeard.

The 2022 HBO Max series Our Flag Means Death features the Republic of Pirates in episode 3, "A Gentleman Pirate".

See also
1715 Treasure Fleet
Brethren of the Coast
Distribution of justice

Jolly Roger
Libertatia
Republic of Salé
Thalassocracy
Victual Brothers

References

Bibliography

External links
Cruise Port Insider website on Nassau history
St. Augustine Pirate and Treasure Museum website
Website of the book The Republic of Pirates by Colin Wodward Archived
Website on Pirate Code

18th century in the Bahamas
History of the Colony of the Bahamas
Piracy in the Caribbean
Pirate dens and locations
Former republics
Republicanism in the Bahamas
1700s establishments in the Caribbean
1706 establishments in North America
States and territories established in 1706
1718 disestablishments in North America
2nd-millennium disestablishments in the Caribbean
States and territories disestablished in the 1710s
Blackbeard

Republic of Pirates


The Smith & Wesson Model 320 was a revolving rifle produced by Smith & Wesson in the late 19th century. It is rare due to its limited production.

977 revolving rifles were manufactured between 1879 and 1887. They were serial numbered 1 to 977, with 840 being sold in the U.S. while 137 were exported.

The revolving cylinder design, while popular with pistols, did not work well for rifles. The cylinder would spray out burning powder when the weapon was fired. This was not a problem for pistols, as both hands were behind the cylinder when firing. In the rifle version, though, the shooter's left hand was in front of the cylinder, resulting in the burning powder fragments being sprayed into the shooter's left forearm at high velocity. This undesirable characteristic significantly limited the revolving rifle's popularity.

Design and features

The model 320 revolving rifle used a top break frame similar to that used on the model 3 pistol, and featured a detachable stock.

The revolving rifle used a special .32 caliber cartridge. The use of a cartridge was a significant improvement compared to the design of the Colt revolving rifle, which did not use cartridges and as a result was often subject to chain fire problems (the firing of all cylinders at once due to loose powder or residue in the weapon). While the Smith & Wesson Model 320 did not suffer from chain fire problems, the Model 320, like the Colt, tended to spray burning powder from the cylinder into the shooter's forearm.

Three barrel lengths were available, in 16, 18 and 20 inches.

References
"The History of Smith & Wesson Firearms" By Dean K. Boorman

Smith & Wesson firearms
Early rifles

Smith & Wesson Model 320


Antonio "Toño" Salazar (June 1897 - December 1986) was a Salvadoran caricaturist, illustrator and diplomat. Born in Santa Tecla, in 1920 he went to study in Mexico on an art scholarship then in 1922 traveled to France to join the throng of artists and writers from around the world who were living, working, and learning in the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris.

Salazar became friends with Mexican writer/diplomat José María González de Mendoza and the Guatemalan writer Luis Cardoza y Aragón. He did the illustrations for Aragón's 1923 book Luna Park. A leftist, in the 1930s he worked as a propagandist for the Republican cause in Spain. During World War II he went to Buenos Aires where he was employed as an illustrator and caricaturist at the socialist weekly magazine Argentina Libre. Salazar published satires of Adolf Hitler, General Franco, Benito Mussolini and Argentina's rising star, Juan Perón. The right-wing government closed Argentina Libre and Salazar was forced to leave the country. He traveled to Montevideo, Uruguay where he remained until 1949 when he was allowed back into Buenos Aires for a time.

In the early 1950s, the new El Salvador government of President Óscar Osorio gave Toño Salazar a diplomatic appointment in Montevideo. He spent twenty years serving in various consulate offices in Uruguay, France, Italy, and Israel. In 1978, his country awarded him the Order of José Matías Delgado and the Premio Nacional de Cultura.

Toño Salazar died in 1986 in San Salvador from Parkinson's disease. A significant collection of his work is at the El Salvador Museum of Art in San Salvador who held a major exhibition of his works in 2005 and who named a reception hall in his honor.

Toño Salazar's work was a strong influence on the Cuban caricaturist Juan David.

References
 EL FARO.NET article on Toño Salazar (Spanish language)

1897 births
1986 deaths
People from La Libertad Department (El Salvador)
Salvadoran diplomats
Salvadoran artists
Recipients of the Order of José Matías Delgado
Neurological disease deaths in El Salvador
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Salvadoran expatriates in Mexico
Salvadoran expatriates in France

Toño Salazar


The Eleventh Amendment (Amendment XI) to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress on March 4, 1794 and ratified by the states on February 7, 1795. It deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia.

Text

Lawsuits against states
The idea of sovereign immunity originated in English common law. It was also proposed by political theorists like Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin. The founding fathers of the Constitution were aware of the traditional doctrine that states were immune from private lawsuits. Several Anti-Federalists were afraid that Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which declares that the federal judicial power extends to suits "between a State and Citizens of another State", would override that doctrine.

The Eleventh Amendment was a direct reaction to an unpopular ruling by the Supreme Court in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793). In Chisholm the Court said federal courts had the power to hear lawsuits brought by citizens against US states. Also, that states were not immune to these cases. The Eleventh Amendment reversed this decision and does not allow cases brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country. It says nothing about a citizen bringing a suit against their own state.

In Ex parte Young, the Supreme Court decision allowed suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the State's sovereign immunity, when the State acted unconstitutionally.

The Eleventh Amendment is one of five amendments that overturned earlier Supreme Court decisions.

References

Other websites
 Eleventh Amendment Limitations on Federal Power

11
1790s in the United States

Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution


DNA repair means the processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to its DNA molecules.

In cells, normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and radiation damage DNA. There are as many as a million  molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the affected gene. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it divides. The DNA repair process must be constantly active so it can respond rapidly to any damage in the DNA structure.

The rate of DNA repair depends on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a  lot of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage, can enter one of three states:
 an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence
 cell suicide, also known as apoptosis (programmed cell death)
 unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous

DNA repair
The rate of DNA repair depends on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment.  Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection.

Damage and mutation
DNA damages and mutation are fundamentally different.
Damages are physical abnormalities in the DNA, such as single- and double-strand breaks. DNA damages can be recognized by enzymes, and so they can be repaired. Repair needs the undamaged sequence in the complementary DNA strand or in a homologous chromosome. If a cell retains DNA damage, transcription of a gene can be prevented, and, thus, translation into a protein will also be blocked. Replication may also be blocked or the cell may die.
A mutation is a change in the base sequence of the DNA. A mutation cannot be recognized by enzymes once the base change is present in both DNA strands, so a mutation cannot be repaired.  At the cellular level, mutations can cause alterations in protein function and regulation.  Mutations are replicated when the cell replicates. In a population of cells, mutant cells will increase or decrease in frequency according to the effects of the mutation on the ability of the cell to survive and reproduce.

Although different from each other, DNA damages and mutations are related because DNA damages often cause errors of DNA synthesis during replication or repair; these errors are a major source of mutation.  DNA damages in frequently dividing cells, because they give rise to mutations, are a prominent cause of cancer. In contrast, DNA damages in infrequently dividing cells are likely a prominent cause of aging.

2015 Nobel Prize research
The 2015 Nobel Prize for Chemistry went to three scientists who each discovered part of the DNA repair story.
Tomas Lindahl FRS, who is Swedish and works in the UK, discovered a mechanism called base excision repair. It counteracts the degradation of DNA.
Turkish-born Aziz Sancar, professor at the University of North Carolina, found  a different DNA repair called nucleotide excision repair.
American Paul Modrich, at Duke University in North Carolina, showed how how cells correct DNA flaws which occur in cell division. This mechanism, called mismatch repair, results in a 1,000-fold reduction in the error frequency when DNA is replicated.

References

Other websites
Human DNA repair diseases
DNA Repair
DNA Damage and DNA Repair

DNA

DNA repair


Auld Cairo (Egyptian Arabic: Masr el Adīma) is a pairt o Cairo, Egyp, that conteens the remnants o thae ceeties whilk wis caipitals afore Cairo, sic as Fustat, as weel as some ither elements frae the ceety's variet history. For ensaumple, it encompasses Coptic Cairo an its mony auld kirks an ruins o Roman fortifications. Modren tourists veesits locations lik the Coptic Museum, the Babylon Fortress, the Hangin Kirk an ither Coptic kirks, the Ben Ezra Synagogue an the Mosque of 'Amr ibn al-'As. Fort Babylon is a Roman fortress aroond whilk mony o the Egyptian Christians' auldest kirks wis biggit.

Coont Gabriel Habib Sakakini Pasha (1841–1923), wha haed acome a hoosehauld name in his time, biggit a palace an a kirk in the Sakakini aurie in 1897 an established the Roman Catholic Cemetery in Auld Cairo.

Medieval history
Durin the latter hauf o the 15t century, twa feenal major transformations teuk place in Cairo: the port o Bulaq, an a destrict cried al-Azbakiyyah in the northwast section o the ceety. The perimeters o the ceety haed been unchyngit for the past 300 year accordin tae the cairt done bi the French expedeetion in 1798 A.D. Wi the Baybars's conquest o Cyprus in 1428, Bulaq became the major port o Cairo. Bi the end o the 15t century, Bulaq cud even tak ower the role as the major commercial port frae misr al-Qadima (Auld Cairo).

See an aw
Cairo
Coptic Cairo
Hangin Kirk
Islamic Cairo

References

Freemit airtins

 Old Cairo on Wikivoyage.org

History o Cairo
Destricts o Cairo

Auld Cairo


Paul Abadie (9 November 1812 – 3 August 1884) was a French architect and building restorer.  He is considered a central representative of French historicism.  He was the son of architect Paul Abadie Sr.

Abadie worked on the restoration of Notre-Dame de Paris, Église Sainte-Croix of Bordeaux, Saint-Pierre of Angoulême and Saint-Front of Périgueux. He won the competition in 1873  to design the Basilica of the Sacré Cœur on Montmartre in Paris, and saw construction commence on it, though he died long before its completion in 1914.

Biography
Paul Abadie (Jr.) was born on 9 November 1812 in Paris, France. He was the son of Paul Abadie Sr., who was also an architect in France. He entered the School of Fine Arts (École des Beaux-Arts) in 1835; under the direction of the Monsieur Achille Leclère.

As attaché to the commission for historical monuments, he participated in the architectural rediscovery of the Middle Ages, touring and studying medieval sites intensively.  Abadie was known to be interested in the restoration of medieval monuments and buildings; namely the Church of S. Front and the Cathedral of Angoulême. He also designed the Hotel de Ville at Angoulême.

In 1845 he became second inspector for the restoration of Notre Dame de Paris, under the directorship of architects Violet le Duc and Lassus.  In 1862 he was appointed as the diocesan architect for the Saint André Cathedral of Bordeaux, where he had already restored the facade of the church Saint-Croix (1859-1865).

In 1871 he became a member of the commission for historical monuments. In 1872 he became the general inspector of diocesan buildings, then in 1874 the diocesan architect for Paris, replacing Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who had resigned from that post.

In 1873 his entry in the competition for the construction of a basilica on Montmartre, a hill dominating Paris, was selected ahead of 12 other submissions, by Cardinal Joseph Guibert. The design became the basis for the Sacré-Cœur, Paris, which Abadie began in 1875 but did not finish. In 1874 he replaced Viollet-le-Duc as architect of Notre Dame of Paris. In 1875, he was elected to membership of the Académie des Beaux Arts.

Apart from ecclesiastical and state commissions, Abadie is known to have only accepted one private commission, Mailleberchie Castle, in 1875, which he designed in great detail, as a complete neo-medieval work of art, including stone carvings, gargoyles, stained glass windows, metalwork, wood carvings, furnishings, upholstery, wall fabrics and wallpapers.

Abadie began the Basilica of Sacré Cœur, but he died during its construction, on 3 August 1884, in Chatou, (departement of Yvelines), France.

List of works

Constructions
 Basilica Sacré-Cœur, Paris, France
 Church of Chatou, France
 Neo-romanic Church of Saint-Georges of Mussidan, France
 Mailleberchie Castle, Villebois-Lavalette, France

Restorations
 Notre Dame de Paris (initially under supervision of Viollet-le-Duc)
 Church Sainte-Croix Bordeaux Church
 Saint-Michel Tower, Bordeaux, France
 Saint-Ferdinand Church, Bordeaux, France
 Church of the Bastide (Église de la Bastide), Bordeaux, France
 Sacristy of the Saint-André Cathedral, Bordeaux, France
 Great Synagogue of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
 Saint Front Périgueux Cathedral, Périgueux, France
 Saint-Georges Church, Périgueux, France
 Saint-Pierre Abbey of Brantôme, France
 Angoulême Cathedral, Angoulême, France

 Saint-Étienne Cathedral, Cahors, France
 Saint-Léger Church, Cognac, France
 Château d'Angoulême, Angoulême, France
 Saint-Martial Church, Angoulême, France
 Sacré-Cœur, Paris, France

Other
 Grave monument for Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, Hôtel Dieu (Chapel), Angoulême, France

Legacy and influence
The work of Paul Abadie was not appreciated by some academics in the mid-twentieth century, as they felt he was fanciful, destroyed much Romanesque heritage, and had no compunction about adding whimsical sculptures of his own manufacture on capitals and corbels.  An example of his willful implantations of false Romanesque sculpture is to be found in the clover-leaf church of St Michel d'Entraygues near Angoulême. Here, he has introduced a capital featuring a triple-headed Green Man with horns and a diabolical expression. Despite its intriguing shape, this small church has no connection with the Templars, but was built to receive pilgrims on the way to Compostela. Abadie's restoration works at Périgueux Cathedral and Angoulême Cathedral have been criticized for owing more to conjecture than historical accuracy.

However, from the 1980s onwards his life-work has been positively reevaluated, in particular due to his paramount role in the neo-medieval movement, recognizing within that movement his originality versus his contemporary, Viollet-le-Duc. Many communities in the present-day Charente and Dordogne departments are indebted to him for the restoration of a large number of ecclesiastical buildings, many that were in severe disrepair or simply neglected over centuries, for example in Angoulême, Périgueux, and Cahors, where from 1849 onwards he was the diocesan architect for those dioceses.  His works, in particular Sacré Cœur, inspired many devotional and pilgrimage basilicas, for example the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels, (Koekelberg), 1919–1960, by Albert van Huffel, or the basilica Sainte-Thérèse de Lisieux, 1928–1954, by Louis-Marie Cordonnier.  He also inspired a large number of churches, most notably in Paris (Saint-Esprit, 1928–1935, by Paul Tournon; Saint-Pierre-de-Chaillot, 1931–1938, by Émile Bois; and Sainte-Odile, 1934–1946, by Jacques Barge).

References

19th-century French architects
1812 births
1884 deaths
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Architects from Paris
Gothic Revival architects

Paul Abadie


Susanna Hoffs (born 17 January 1959) is an American guitarist, vocalist and actress who has had many hit singles with the group The Bangles. Her hits included "Manic Monday" and "Walk Like an Egyptian". She and the group disbanded in 1990, although the Bangles regrouped nine years later. She also had some solo hit songs during her career. She was born near Los Angeles.

Singers from California
American movie actors
1959 births
Living people

Susanna Hoffs


The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP protects its members' musical copyrights. They do this by monitoring public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC).

Books
Blume, Jason (2006).  This Business of Songwriting.  Billboard Books (New York City).  .
 Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", Music Business Journal, Berklee College of Music, May 2011
Passman, Donald S. (2003).  All You Need to Know about the Music Business.   Free Press (New York City).  .
Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990).  This Business of Music.  Billboard Books (New York City). .

Related pages
Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)

Other websites
ascap.com, official website
ascap.com/about/history, history module of ASCAP at its official website
ascap.com/playback, Playback magazine module at ASCAP's official website

American music
Organizations in New York City


Artur Schnabel (April 17, 1882 – August 15, 1951) was an Austrian classical pianist, composer and teacher. He was one of the best pianists of the twentieth century. He was a very serious pianist. He did not try to impress people by playing fast or loud. He was most famous for playing music by Mozart and Beethoven and Schubert.

Life
The place where Schnabel was born was called Kunzendorf. It was near a town that was called Bielitz, in Austria-Hungary. Now Kunzendorf is called Lipnik, and Bielitz is called Bielsko-Biała, and it is in Poland. When he was two years old his family moved to Vienna. He started to play the piano when he was four. When he was nine he started to take piano lessons with the famous teacher Theodore Leschetizsky. He studied with Leschetizsky for seven years, until 1897. He also studied music theory and composition with Eusebius Mandyczewski. He gave his first concert in Vienna in 1897. After that he played more concerts in Budapest and Prague and Brno.

Schnabel moved to Berlin in 1898. He started to be famous from concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and from playing chamber music. He liked playing chamber music and he played it for all his life. Some of the famous musicians he played chamber music with were Carl Flesch, Joseph Szigeti and Bronislaw Huberman (violin), Paul Hindemith (viola), and Pablo Casals, Gregor Piatigorsky and Pierre Fournier (cello). He also played piano for the contralto singer Therese Behr (1876-1959). In 1905 he married her. They had two sons. Karl Ulrich Schnabel (1909-2001) was a pianist and Stefan Schnabel (1912-99) was an actor.

In 1933 Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany, and Schnabel, who was Jewish, moved to England. He moved to the United States in 1939. After the end of World War II he went back to Europe. He gave concerts there and in the United States for the rest of his life. He died in Axenstein, Switzerland, in 1951.

References

Other websites

1882 births
1951 deaths
Austrian composers
Austrian classical musicians

Artur Schnabel


In Greek mythology, Mopsus, a celebrated seer and diviner, was the son of Manto, daughter of the mythic seer Tiresias, and of Rhacius of Caria or of Apollo himself, the oracular god. Greeks of the Classical age accepted Mopsus as a historical figure, though the anecdotes concerning him bridge legend and myth.

Mythology
Mopsus (and perhaps a tradition of his heirs, like the Melampodidae, the Iamidae from Olympia or the Eumolpidae at Eleusis) officiated at the altars of Apollo at Klaros, which he founded; at Klaros the tradition was that he had been the son of a daughter of the seer Teiresias named Manto, literally "seeress". His unerring wisdom and discernment gave rise to the ancient Greek proverb, "more certain than Mopsus". He distinguished himself at the siege of Thebes; but he was held in particular veneration at the court of Amphilochus at Colophon on the Ionian coast of Asia Minor, adjacent to Caria.

The 12th century Byzantine mythographer John Tzetzes reports anecdotes of the prowess of Mopsus. Having been consulted, on one occasion, by Amphilochus, who wished to know what success would attend his arms in a war which he was going to undertake, he predicted the greatest calamities; but Calchas, who had been the soothsayer of the Greeks during the Trojan War, promised the greatest successes. Amphilochus followed the opinion of Calchas, but the prediction of Mopsus was fully verified. This had such an effect upon Calchas that he died soon after. His death is attributed by sources used by John Tzetzes to another mortification of the same nature: in this case, the two soothsayers, jealous of each other's fame, came to a different trial of their skill in divination. Calchas first asked his antagonist how many figs a neighboring tree bore; ten thousand and one, replied Mopsus. The figs were gathered, and his answer was found to be true. Mopsus now, to try his adversary, asked him how many young ones a certain pregnant sow would bring forth, and at what time. Calchas confessed his inability to answer, whereupon Mopsus declared that she would be delivered on the morrow, and would bring forth ten young ones, of which only one would be a male. The morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, and Calchas died through the grief which his defeat produced. Amphilochus subsequently having occasion to visit Argos, entrusted the sovereign power to Mopsus, to keep it for him during the space of a year. On his return, however, Mopsus refused to restore to him the kingdom, whereupon, having quarreled, they engaged and slew each other. According to another legend reported by Tzetzes, he was slain by Herakles.

Mopsus was venerated as founder in several cities of Pamphylia and the Cilician plain, among them Mopsuestia, "the house (hestia) of Mopsus" in Cilicia, and Mallos, where he quarreled with his co-founder Amphilochus and both were buried in tumuli, from which neither could see that of the other. At Mopsucrene, the "spring of Mopsus", he had an oracular site.

A bilingual (Hittite–Phoenician) inscription and a Hittitic tablet found in Turkey are independent non-greek sources on Mopsos and the migration of Greeks in Asia Minor. According to these sources, the actions of Mopsos can be dated to 1245–1230 BC.

References

Achaean Leaders
Mythological Greek seers
Children of Apollo

Mopsus (son of Manto)


Michael Adas (born 4 February 1943 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American historian and currently the Abraham E. Voorhees Professor of History at Rutgers University. He specializes in the history of technology, the history of anticolonialism and in global history.

Background
Michael Adas was born in 1943 to Harold A., and Elizabeth Rivard Adas. He attended Western Michigan University (Kalamazoo, MI), where he graduated summa cum laude in 1965. He then went to the University of Wisconsin - Madison for his graduate schooling where he earned two M.A. degrees, History (1967) and Indian Studies (1968), as well as his Ph.D in 1971. In the same year that he earned his M.A. degree in Indian studies he married Jane Hampton on June 18, 1967.

In 1971, Adas joined Rutgers University as an Assistant Professor and steadily rose through the ranks, becoming a full Professor in 1978. In 1996, Michael Adas received dual honors and was promoted to Rutgers University Board of Governors' Professor and received the Abraham E. Voorhees Chair in History. In addition, Michael Adas is a member of the Association for Asian Studies and the American Association of History Professors.

Awards
At Rutgers University, Adas won the John Simon Guggenheim Fellow Award in 1984 and the Warren Susman Teaching Award in 1987. He won the NJ-NEH Book Award in 1990, and the Dexter Prize in 1991 for Machines as the Measure of Men. In 1992, he won the Teacher of the Year Award.

Career timeline
(Editor) Islamic and European Expansion: The Forging of a Global Order, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 1993.
(Coauthor with Peter N. Stearns and Stuart B. Schwartz) Turbulent Passage: A Global History of the Twentieth Century, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1994.
(Editor) Technology and European Overseas Enterprise: Diffusion, Adaption, and Adoption, Variorum (Brookfield, VT), 1996.
State, Market, and Peasant in Colonial South and Southeast Asia, Ashgate (Brookfield, VT), 1998.
(Coeditor with Steven Adams and Kevin Reilly) World History: Selected Course Outlines and Reading Lists from American Colleges and Universities, Markus Wiener (Princeton, NJ), 1998.
(Coauthor with Peter N. Stearns and Stuart B. Schwartz) World Civilizations: The Global Experience, HarperCollins (New York, NY), 1992, 3rd edition, Longman (New York, NY), 2000.
(Editor) Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, Temple University Press (Philadelphia, PA), 2001.
Adas, Michael, "The Paradox of Exceptionalism: Contested Visions of the American Experience and its Place in the Global History of Humankind". In Comparing Nationalism and Citizenship of the United States and Japan. Edited by Chieko Kitagawa Otsuru. Japan Center for Area Studies: National Museum of Ethnology, 2001.
Adas, Michael, "From Avoidance to Confrontation: Peasant Protest in Pre-colonial and Colonial Southeast Asia". In Colonialism and Culture. Edited by Nicholas B. Dirks. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001: 89–126.
Adas, Michael, "Contested Hegemony: The Great War and the Afro-Asian Assault on the Civilizing Mission Ideology". Journal of World History, 2004: 31–64.
Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and America's Civilizing Mission, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006.
Contributor of articles and reviews to Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Journal of Asian Studies, Journal of Asian History, Journal of Economic History, and Journal of Social History.
Currently teaches at Rutgers University, 2010.

Works
The Burma Delta. Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941, Madison, Wisconsin: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1974
Prophets of Rebellion: Millenarian Protest Movements against the European Colonial Order, Univ. N. Carolina Press, 1979
Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance, Ithaca [etc.]: Cornell Univ. Pr., 1989, Paperback edition: , review
"The paradox of exceptionalism: Contested visions of the American experience and its place in the global history of humankind". In: Comparing Nationalism and Citizenship of the United States and Japan; 5 (Tokyo): 2001.01.10, ed. by Chieko Kitagawa Otsuru,  Suita: Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology, 2001
"From avoidance to confrontation: Peasant protest in precolonial and colonial Southeast Asia". In: Colonialism and Culture, ed. by Nicholas B. Dirks,  Ann Arbor: The Univ. of Michigan Press, 2001, 89–126.
"Contested Hegemony: The Great War and the Afro-Asian Assault on the Civilizing Mission Ideology".  In: Journal of World History 15/1 (2004): 31–64.
Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and America's Civilizing Mission, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 2006
(with Peter Stearns and Stuart Schwartz) Turbulent Passage: A Global History of the 20th Century, Longman, 4th edition 2008

References

1943 births
Living people
Historians of technology
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
Rutgers University faculty
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Western Michigan University alumni
Academics from Detroit
Historians from Michigan
American male non-fiction writers

Michael Adas


Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Madya Maha Vidyalaya (Polonnaruwa Royal Central College) is located in පොළොන්නරුව, Sri Lanka.  On 19 April 1959, an investment was made to construct a college to provide for the education. Hon. C.P.Silva, the minister of land development and electricity led this movement. His priority was to introduce the concept of "Central Colleges ". He considered that free education should be a right of the whole society.

History

After 6 years of laying the foundation stone Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Maha Vidyalaya was opened for sons and daughters of farmers in Pulathisipura. Scholarships weres offered to students in Polonnaruwa and Trincomalee districts.

Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Maha Vidyalaya had been built so that it could provide a world class education for its students and to compete with other educational institutions. The main objective of the school was to give proper educational opportunities for the children of farmers.

The physical resources of the college in 1965

Class rooms -32
Laboratories -4 (bio, physics, chemistry and agriculture)
Esthetics unites-3
Theatre -1
Library-1
Office rooms and other rooms
Hostels -2 (male and female)
Open Theatry-1
Stadium -1
Teacher's house-3
Laborer's house-3

Including above mentioned resources, the school possessed  and paddy fields. The income of these land was used for the school.

Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Maha Vidyalaya has the most land in Sri Lanka. The school is well planned that a person can go to any place of the school without getting wet in the rain. A great attention has been paid for the infra-structure facilities of the school.

A great attention has been paid for the security also. Alight system had been set up covering the whole school premises. A touring watcher had been set red.

In the beginning students were recruited to grade 9 and up words. Scholarship holder was included to this.

Students were selected for art, commerce, and science classes by scholarship examination in grade 8.

Mr. D.B. karunathilaka who rendered a yeoman service was the first principle.Mr. R.W. Galahitiyawa was the vice principle. In 1965, the staff was around 22.

D.M. soomarathna was the first prefect who led the student. Rupawathi was the first female prefect. Athulathmudali was first student of the school.

After 1965 the school was under the guidance of the several principals.

Mr.samarasekara
Mr.Rasigolla
Mr.Sinharachchi

In 1971 the school was closed due to the rebellion. Mr. soomasiri weerashinha was the principle in charge at that time. The school became a rehabilitation camp. No educational activity was conducted for 3 years in the school. In tread of it commerce class were held in the irrigation office. Science class was held in Topawewa School. Mr. Premathilaka was in charge of them.

After rehabilitation camp school was handed over. Then much physical resource had been destroyed hostel facilities had been destroyed completely.

These 3 year of period was the gloomiest time of the school history. After 1971 the school had a time of bad luck. Though some rehabilitation was carried out the school was not in previous condition.

Alumni of Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Madya Maha Vidyalaya

''Main Article:

Past pupils of Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Madya Maha Vidyalaya are known as Alumni of Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Madya Maha Vidyalaya, they include many distinguished figures in Sri Lanka.

References

Royal College Polonnaruwa on Facebook

Polonnaruwa Rajakeeya Maha Vidyalaya Web Site

Public schools in Sri Lanka

රාජකීය මධ්‍ය මහා විද්‍යාලය, පොළොන්නරුව


Friedel Klussmann (1896 – 1986) was a prominent member of San Francisco society. She is credited with leading the campaign that saved the San Francisco cable car system in the 1940s and 1950s, and the foundation of the San Francisco Beautiful organization in 1947.

Friedel Klussmann and the Cable Cars

In 1947, Mayor of San Francisco Roger Lapham proposed the closure of the two Powell Street cable car lines, which were owned by the city as part of the San Francisco Municipal Railway. In response to a joint meeting of 27 women's civic groups, led by Friedel Klussmann, formed the Citizens' Committee to Save the Cable Cars. In a famous battle of wills, the citizen's committee eventually forced a referendum on an amendment to the city charter, compelling the city to continue operating the Powell Street lines. This passed overwhelmingly with 166,989 yes votes to 51,457 no votes.

In 1951, the three cable car lines owned by the private California Street Cable Railroad (Cal Cable) were shut down when the company was unable to afford insurance. The city purchased and re-opened the lines in 1952, but the amendment to the city charter did not protect these lines, and the city proceeded with plans to replace them with buses. Again Mrs Klussmann came to the rescue, but with less success this time. The result was a compromise protected system made up of the California Street line from Cal Cable, the Powell-Mason line already in municipal ownership, and a third hybrid line made up by grafting the Hyde Street section of Cal Cable's O'Farrell, Jones & Hyde line onto a truncated Powell-Washington-Jackson line (now known as the Powell-Hyde line).

When Klussmann died at the age of 90 in 1986, the cable cars were decorated in black in her memory. In 1997, the city dedicated the turntable at the outer terminal of the Powell-Hyde line to Klussmann.

References

Joe Thompson (1998–2004). Who Was Important in the History of the Cable Car?. Retrieved May 27, 2005.

1986 deaths
1896 births
Activists from San Francisco

Friedel Klussmann


Lāmlic clūt is dǣl þǣre Eorðan hrūsan (oþþe stānþōðres).  Se oferblica þǣre Eorðan stendeþ on seofon micelum lāmlicum clūtum and manigum ōðrum lǣssum.

The plates are around 100 km (60 miles) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima) and continental crust (sial). Under both lies a relatively plastic layer of the Earth's mantle called the asthenosphere, which is in constant motion. This is in turn underlaid by a solid layer of mantle.

The composition of the two types of crust differs markedly. Oceanic crust consists largely of basaltic rocks, while the continental crust consists principally of lower density granitic rocks rich in aluminium and silica. The two types of crust also differ in thickness, with continental crusts considerably thicker than oceanic.

The churning of the asthenosphere carries the plates along in a process known as continental drift, which is explained by the theory of plate tectonics. Interaction between the plates creates mountains and volcanoes, as well as giving rise to earthquakes and other geological phenomena.

Þā gemǣru þāra clūta ne acordaþ mid þǣm gemǣrum þāra ƿorulddǣla. For instance, the North American Plate covers not only Norþ America ac ēac Grēneland, far eastern Siberia and Norðiapan.

Þæs þe is geƿiten, is sēo Eorðe se āna planēta in þǣre Sunnlican Endebyrdnesse tō hæbbenne foldlice clūtas, þēah þe man sægde þæt Mars mihton geāgen in þǣre forþgeƿitenan tīde, ǣr þǣm þe sēo planētanhrūse frēas on stæle.

Sēo ēac
Getalu foldlicra clūta

Ūtanƿearde bendas

Bird, P. (2003) An updated digital model of plate boundaries  also available as a large (13 mb) PDF file
Landcarte eorþclūta

Eorþclūtlār
Worulddǣl

Foldlic clūt


The matrix or groundmass of a rock is the finer-grained mass of material in which larger grains, crystals, or clasts are embedded.

The matrix of an igneous rock is made up of fine-grained, often tiny, crystals in which larger crystals, called phenocrysts, are embedded. In South Africa, diamonds are often mined from a matrix of weathered clay-like rock (kimberlite) called "yellow ground".

The matrix of sedimentary rocks is made up of finer-grained sedimentary material, such as clay or silt, in which larger grains or clasts are embedded.

References

Geology

Matrix (geology)


Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer. She is the eldest of the Jackson siblings.

Life and Career
Maureen was born at 2300 Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana, She began performing on stage in 1974 and later appeared in the television program  The Jacksons. In 1984 Rebbie released her debut album Centipede, her most successful album. The single "Centipede" reached number 4 in the US R&B chart. It has backing vocals from siblings La Toya and Michael Jackson and The Weather Girls. In 1976 she was in the TV series The Jacksons. It was the first TV show starring an African-American family. She then released two more albums in the 1980s and then went on hiatus, returning in 1998 with Yours Faithfully. She has not had an album released since 1998.

Personal life
She married Nathaniel Brown in 1968. He died in 2013 of cancer. They have three children, Austin, Stacee (who has Jackson's only grandchild, London), and Yashi Brown.

References

African-American singers
Singers from Indiana
1950 births
Living people
Jackson family
Musicians from Gary, Indiana

Rebbie Jackson


William Parry  (2 May 1743 – 12 February 1791) was a Welsh artist. Primarily a portrait painter, he attracted extensive patronage in Wales due to his connections with Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 4th Baronet.

He was the son of John Parry, a blind harpist who held a key position in the household of Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3rd Baronet of Wynnstay, Denbighshire, the wealthiest and most powerful Welshman of the time. At the age of sixteen he enrolled at William Shipley's drawing academy, later becoming a pupil to Joshua Reynolds. In late 1769 or early 1770 he returned to Wales, where the Wynnstay estate had lately been inherited by the third baronet's son, an art lover who had just returned from his Grand Tour. He also received commissions for chalk and painted portraits from others in the Welsh gentry. Sir Watkin funded Parry's own Grand Tour in 1770–5, during which he produced full-scale copies of paintings by Raphael and Correggio. In 1776 he was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy, having exhibited five portraits in that year's Summer Exhibition. In around 1775–6, he painted the Portrait of Omai with Sir Joseph Banks and Dr Daniel Solander, one of his most celebrated works. In 1779 Parry's wife Elizabeth (née Keene) died in childbirth. In 1789 Parry returned to Italy, according to James Northcote, "to seek employment in art, in addition to the wish of stifling the regret for the loss of an amiable wife". After a sudden decline in his health, he returned to London, where he died in 1791, aged 47.

References

 Miles Wynn Cato, Parry: The Life and Works of William Parry A.R.A. (1743–1791). WelshArt, 2008

External links

 Paintings by William Parry in National Museum Cardiff
 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections

1743 births
1791 deaths
18th-century Welsh painters
18th-century Welsh male artists
Welsh male painters
Associates of the Royal Academy

William Parry (artist)


The Old Dark House is a 1963 comedy horror film directed by William Castle. A remake of Universal's 1932 film of the same name directed by James Whale, the film is based on the 1927 novel by J. B. Priestley originally published under the name Benighted, and the new screenplay was written by Robert Dillon. The opening title art was drawn by legendary macabre cartoonist Charles Addams, whose signature is painted by a hairy hand.

Synopsis
Tom Penderel, an American car salesman in London, delivers a car to an old mansion on Dartmoor for his eccentric roommate Casper Femm. The car is damaged by a falling statue in a raging storm, Tom enters the house, and finds that his roommate Casper is dead. Tom is invited to stay at the house by members of Casper's family, including his twin brother Jasper, his cousins, the demure young Cecily and the seductive Morgana, and his Uncle Potiphar, who has been building an ark in anticipation of another great flood.

Each of the relatives is required to return to the dilapidated mansion before midnight each evening or forfeit his share of the family fortune. During the night, one of the Femm family dies every hour. First Agatha Femm, Casper's mother, is discovered with her knitting needles stuck in her neck. Casper's twin brother, Jasper, is the next victim, followed by Roderick, the head of the family.

Tom stumbles upon the fact that the killer is a woman, and he suspects Morgana, but discovers that Cecily is guilty just before she confesses, explaining that she wanted the entire family estate. Cecily runs from the house, and Tom discovers that she has placed time bombs in all of the clocks in the house. Racing against time, he frantically defuses each of the bombs. With moments to spare, he hurls the last bomb out of the window, and it explodes at Cecily's feet.

Cast
 Tom Poston as Tom Penderel
 Robert Morley as Roderick Femm
 Janette Scott as Cecily Femm
 Joyce Grenfell as Agatha Femm
 Mervyn Johns as Potiphar Femm
 Fenella Fielding as Morgana Femm
 Peter Bull as Caspar/Jasper Femm
 Danny Green as Morgan Femm
 John Harvey as Club Receptionist
 Amy Dalby as Gambler (uncredited)

Reception
The remake has not been as well received by modern critics as the original film. Craig Butler of the film database Allmovie wrote of the 1963 film, that "When compared with the James Whale original upon which it is based, this remake of The Old Dark House is pretty sorry stuff." Halliwell's Film and Video Guide 2000 describes this film as "a travesty which has nothing to do with the 1932 film and possesses no merit of its own. The cast is left floundering". The Hammer Story: The Authorised History of Hammer Films called it "one of the oddest pictures [Hammer Film Productions] ever made", but "strangely endearing".

Home video
In the US, the film was originally released by Sony Pictures on an anamorphic 1.85 aspect ratio DVD, with the only extra being the original theatrical trailer. It was later paired on disc with Mr. Sardonicus and included in two separate William Castle box sets. The original disc was later reissued as a DVD-R burn-on demand release from Sony Pictures Choice Collection. The film has also been released on DVD in Spain, retitled La vieja casa oscura, both separately and as part of a William Castle box set.

See also
 List of American films of 1963

References

Sources

External links

 Classic-Horror review

1963 films
1963 horror films
1960s comedy horror films
American comedy horror films
Remakes of American films
British comedy horror films
British remakes of American films
Columbia Pictures films
Comedy mystery films
Films based on British novels
Films directed by William Castle
Films scored by Benjamin Frankel
Films set in country houses
Films set in Devon
Films set in England
Hammer Film Productions horror films
Horror film remakes
1963 comedy films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
1960s British films

The Old Dark House (1963 film)


ITV (first known as Independent Television) is a public television broadcasting service in the United Kingdom. It was set up in 1954 by the Television Act 1954 provide competition to the BBC.

History
The Television Act 1954 outlined the service that Independent Television would produce. It also created the Independent Television Authority to manage the ITV network and its transmitters that would be used by the ITV companies to produce a regional service. In 1969, colour television started in some areas of the ITV network and by 1975, the entire ITV network was in colour.

In 1998, ITV2 launched as a channel. It was mainly promoted with ONdigital (renamed ITV Digital in 2001) and it's subscription service even though ITV2 was free to air.

In 2002, all franchises in England and Wales started using the ITV1 name.

In 2004, ITV plc launched ITV3 as a free to air channel, replacing Plus (originally Granada Plus before Granada and Carlton merged into ITV plc.).

In 2005, ITV plc launched ITV4. The channel was supposed to replace Men & Motors, the last channel of the Granada Sky Broadcasting deal that was finalised in 1996, but it would end up replacing the ITV News channel.

In 2009, ITV1 HD launched as a high definition channel on Freeview HD and 5 months later on other platforms.

Current ITV regions
Listed as they were originally named and as they are known now:

Anglia Television (now known as 'ITV Anglia', broadcasting to the East of England)
Carlton Central (now known as 'ITV Central', broadcasting to the English Midlands)
Carlton / London Weekend Television (now known as 'ITV London', broadcasting to London)
Meridian Broadcasting (now known as 'ITV Meridian', broadcasting to South West England)
Tyne Tees Television (now known as 'ITV Tyne Tees', broadcasting to North East England)
Granada Television (now known as 'ITV Granada', broadcasting to North West England)
Channel Television (now known as 'ITV Channel Television' broadcasting to the Channel Islands)
Yorkshire Television (now known as 'ITV Yorkshire' broadcasting to Yorkshire and Lincolnshire)

Related pages
ITV Yorkshire

1955 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in the United Kingdom

ITV


USS Vincennes was a 703-ton Boston-class sloop of war in the United States Navy from 1826 to 1865. During her service, Vincennes patrolled the Pacific, explored the Antarctic, and blockaded the Confederate Gulf coast in the Civil War. Named for the Revolutionary War Battle of Vincennes, she was the first U.S. warship to circumnavigate the globe.

Service history
Vincennes—the first American ship to be so named—was one of ten sloops of war whose construction was authorized by Congress on 3 March 1825. She was laid down at New York in 1825, launched on 27 April 1826, and commissioned on 27 August 1826, with Master Commandant William Compton Bolton in command.

The ship set sail for the first time on 3 September 1826, from New York bound for the Pacific by way of Cape Horn. She cruised extensively in that ocean, visiting the Hawaiian islands in 1829 and made her way to Macau by 1830, under Commander William B. Finch. Her return voyage was made by way of China, the Philippines, the Indian Ocean, and the Cape of Good Hope. Ship chaplain Charles Samuel Stewart published a book about the voyage. After nearly four years, Vincennes arrived back in New York on 8 June 1830, becoming the first U.S. Navy ship to circumnavigate the Earth. Two days later the ship was decommissioned.

Following repairs and recommissioned, Vincennes then operated in the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico as part of the West Indies Squadron in 1831–32. After a long bout of yellow fever, she was decommissioned again for a time in 1833 before sailing once more. She departed for a second Pacific deployment in 1833, becoming the first American warship to call at Guam. She again sailed around the globe to return to the U.S. East Coast in June 1836.

Supporting the Wilkes Expedition

Decommissioned once again in 1836, while she underwent remodeling, she was refitted with a light spar deck and declared the flagship of the South Sea Surveying and Exploring Expedition to the Antarctic region. Commanded by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, the expedition sailed from Hampton Roads in August 1838, and made surveys along the South American coast before making a brief survey of Antarctica in early 1839.  Entering into the South Pacific in August and September 1839, her cartographers drafted charts of that area that are still used today.

Following survey operations and other scientific work along the west coast of South America and in the South Pacific during the rest of the year, in late 1839 Vincennes arrived at Sydney, Australia, her base for a pioneering cruise to Antarctica. She unintentionally exposed the lack of defences and security at Sydney Harbour when she slipped unnoticed into Sydney Harbour on 30 November 1839 under the cover of darkness. Between mid-January and mid-February 1840, she operated along the icy coast of the southernmost continent. The coast along which the ship sailed is today known as Wilkes Land, a name given on maps as early as 1841.

The remainder of her deployment included visits to the islands of the South Pacific, Hawaii, the Columbia River area, Puget Sound, California, Wake Island, the Philippines and South Africa. This third voyage around the world ended at New York in June 1842.

1842–1847 operations
Vincennes was next assigned to the Home Squadron and placed under the command of Commander Franklin Buchanan, a distinguished officer destined to become the first Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. She sailed to the West Indies and cruised off the Mexican coast until the summer of 1844. Though this duty proved relatively uneventful, Vincennes did rescue two grounded English brigs off the coast of Texas and received the thanks of the British government for this service. Buchanan was also ordered to prevent any attempted invasion by Mexico of the new Republic of Texas. This eventuality never materialized; and Vincennes returned to Hampton Roads on 15 August to enter dry dock.

On 4 June 1845, Vincennes sailed for the Far East under command of Captain Hiram Paulding. She was accompanied by the ship-of-the-line , under the command of Captain Thomas Wyman; and the two vessels formed a little squadron under the command of Commodore James Biddle, who carried a letter from Secretary of State John C. Calhoun to Caleb Cushing, American commissioner in China, authorizing Cushing to make the first official contact with the Japanese Government.

The squadron sailed for Macau by way of Rio de Janeiro and the Cape of Good Hope. Commodore Biddle arrived safely in Macau only to find that Cushing had already left for home and that his successor, Alexander H. Everett, was too ill to make the trip. Therefore, Biddle determined to conduct the negotiations himself.

Accordingly, Vincennes and Columbus sailed for Japan on 7 July 1846 and anchored off Uraga on 19 July. The Japanese surrounded the vessels and allowed no one to land. Otherwise the visitors were treated with courtesy. However, Commodore Biddle's attempts to force the opening of feudal Japan to multinational trade were politely rebuffed, and the vessels weighed anchor on 29 July. Columbus returned to the United States by way of Cape Horn, but Vincennes remained on the China Station for another year before returning to New York on 1 April 1847. Here, she was decommissioned on the 9th, dry-docked, and laid up.

1849–1860 operations
Vincennes remained in ordinary until 1849. Recommissioned on 12 November 1849, she sailed from New York exactly one month later, bound for Cape Horn and the west coast of South America. On 2 July 1850, while lying off Guayaquil, Ecuador, she harbored the Ecuadoran revolutionary General Elizalde for three days during one of that country's frequent civil disturbances. Sailing on to San Francisco, California, the vessel lost 36 members of her crew to the gold fever sweeping California at the time. Turning south, Vincennes cruised off South America until late 1851, closely monitoring the activities of revolutionaries ashore.

She made a courtesy call to the Hawaiian Islands at the end of the year and proceeded thence to Puget Sound where she arrived on 2 February 1852. She anchored briefly there and returned via San Francisco and the Horn to New York where she arrived on 21 September and was decommissioned on the 24th.

Following repairs and a period in ordinary, Vincennes was recommissioned on 21 March 1853 and sailed into Norfolk, Virginia on 13 May to join her second exploratory expedition, serving as flagship to Commander Cadwalader Ringgold's survey of the China Sea, the North Pacific, and the Bering Strait. Comdr. Ringgold was a veteran of the Wilkes expedition. The squadron stood out of Norfolk on 11 June 1853, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and charted numerous islands and shoals in the Indian Ocean before arriving in China in March 1854. Here Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry relieved Ringgold for medical reasons and gave command of the expedition to Lt. John Rodgers.

Vincennes sailed on to survey the Bonin and Ladrone Islands and returned to Hong Kong in February 1855. The expedition sailed again in March and surveyed the islands between the Ryūkyū chain and Japan, and then the Kurils. Vincennes left the squadron at Petropavlovsk, Russia, and entered the Bering Strait, sailing through to the northwest towards Wrangel Island. Ice barriers prevented the vessel from reaching this destination, but she came closer than any other previous ship. Vincennes returned to San Francisco in early October and later sailed for the Horn and New York, where she arrived on 13 July 1856 to complete yet another circumnavigation of the globe.

Vincennes operated with the African Squadron in 1857–1860.

American Civil War service

After the outbreak of the American Civil War in April 1861, Vincennes was recommissioned on 29 June and assigned to duty in the Gulf Blockading Squadron. She arrived off Fort Pickens, Florida, on 3 September, and was ordered to assist in the occupation of Head of Passes, Mississippi River, and remain there on blockade duty. Though the Federal warships did successfully deploy, on 12 October 1861 the Confederate metal-sheathed ram  and armed steamers  and  drove the Union blockaders from Head of Passes in the Battle of the Head of Passes, forcing the Screw sloop-of-war  and Vincennes aground. Vincennes was ordered abandoned and destroyed to prevent her capture, and her engineer set a slow match to the vessel's magazine while her men took refuge on other ships. However, her engineer cut the burning fuse and threw it overboard before the magazine could explode and, after the Confederate vessels withdrew early in the afternoon, Vincennes was refloated.

After the Confederate attack, the Union sloop-of-war continued on blockade duty off the Passes of the Mississippi, capturing the blockade-running British bark Empress, aground at North East Pass with a large cargo of coffee on 27 November. On 4 March 1862, she was ordered to proceed to Pensacola, Florida, to relieve  and spent the next six months shuttling between Pensacola and Mobile, Alabama, performing routine patrol and reconnaissance duty. On 4 October, she was ordered to assume command of the blockade off Ship Island, Mississippi, and to guard the pass out of Mississippi Sound. While so deployed, boat crews from the vessel and  captured the barge H. McGuin in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, on 18 July 1863. Vincennes also reported the capture of two boats laden with food on 24 December.

End-of-war service and decommissioning

Vincennes remained off Ship Island for the remainder of the war and was laid up in ordinary at the Boston Navy Yard on 28 August 1865. The veteran world traveler was decommissioned in August 1865 and sold at public auction at Boston on 5 October 1867 for approximately $5,000.00, completing a career that made her one of the Navy's most widely traveled ships.

See also

Mexican–American War
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
Union Navy

Notes

References

External links
 USS Vincennes (1826–1867) at ibiblio
 Vincennes

1826 ships
Exploration ships
History of Antarctica
Maritime incidents in October 1861
Mexican–American War ships of the United States
Ships built in Brooklyn
Ships of the Union Navy
Ships of the United States Exploring Expedition
Sloops of the United States Navy
United States and the Antarctic

USS Vincennes (1826)


Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari (born Ermanno Wolf) (January 12, 1876 – January 21, 1948) was an Italian composer and teacher. He is best known for his comic operas such as Il segreto di Susanna (1909). A number of his works were based on plays by Carlo Goldoni, including Le donne curiose (1903), I quatro rusteghi (1906) and Il campiello (1936).

Life
Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari was born in Venice in 1876, the son of German painter August Wolf and Emilia Ferrari, from Venice. He added his mother's maiden-name, Ferrari, to his surname in 1895. Although he studied piano from an early age, music was not the primary passion of his young life. As a teenager Wolf-Ferrari wanted to be a painter like his father; he studied intensively in Venice and  Rome and traveled abroad to study in Munich. It was there that he decided to concentrate instead on music, taking lessons from Josef Rheinberger. He enrolled at the Munich conservatory and began taking counterpoint and composition classes. These initially casual music classes eventually completely eclipsed his art studies, and music took over Wolf-Ferrari's life. He wrote his first works in the 1890s.

At age 19, Wolf-Ferrari left the conservatory and traveled home to Venice. There he worked as a choral conductor, married, had a son called Federico Wolf-Ferrari, and met both Arrigo Boito and Verdi. In 1900, having failed to have two previous efforts published, Wolf-Ferrari saw the first performance of one of his operas, Cenerentola, based on the story of Cinderella. The opera was a failure in Italy, and the humiliated young composer moved back to Munich. German audiences would prove more appreciative of his work; a revised version of Cenerentola was a hit in Bremen in 1902, while the cantata La vita nuova brought the young composer international fame.

Wolf-Ferrari now began transforming the wild and witty farces of the 18th-century Venetian playwright Carlo Goldoni into comic operas. The resulting works were musically eclectic, melodic, and utterly hilarious; every single one became an international success. In fact, until the outbreak of World War I, Wolf-Ferrari's operas were among the most performed in the world. In 1902 he became professor of composition and director of the Liceo Benedetto Marcello.

In 1911 Wolf-Ferrari tried his hand at full-blooded Verismo with I gioielli della Madonna; a story of passion, sacrilege and madness. It was quite popular in its day and for a period after, especially in Chicago, where the great Polish soprano Rosa Raisa made it a celebrated vehicle. Maria Jeritza (and, later, Florence Easton) triumphed in it at the Metropolitan Opera, in an all-out spectacular production in 1926.

World War I, however, was a nightmare for Wolf-Ferrari. The young composer, who had been dividing his time between Munich and Venice, suddenly found his two countries at war with each other.  With the outbreak of the War, he moved to Zurich and composed much less, though he still wrote another comedy, Gli amanti sposi (1916). A new melancholy vein appeared in his post-war work; his operas grew darker and more emotionally complex.

He did not really pick up his rate of output until the 1920s, when he wrote Das Himmelskleid (1925) and Sly (1927), the latter based on William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. In 1939 he became professor of composition at the Mozarteum in Salzburg. In 1946 he moved again to Zürich before returning to his home city of Venice.  He died in Venice at Palazzo Malipiero and is buried in the San Michele cemetery on Island of San Michele.

Music
As well as his operas, Wolf-Ferrari wrote a number of instrumental works, mainly at the very beginning and very end of his career. Only his violin concerto has ever been performed with anything approaching regularity, though he also wrote Idillio-concertino (essentially a chamber symphony), various pieces of chamber music including a piano quintet and two piano trios, three violin sonatas and a number of works for the organ amongst others. In recent years, a recovery of his instrumental music has been underway by the pianist Costantino Catena, who has recorded his piano works, sonatas for violin and piano, sonata for cello and piano and piano quintet for the Brilliant Classics label.

Wolf-Ferrari's work is not performed very widely (with the exception of several of his overtures and his Jewels of the Madonna intermezzo) although he is generally thought of as probably the finest writer of Italian comic opera of his time. His works often recall the opera buffa of the 18th century, although he also wrote more ambitious works in the manner of Pietro Mascagni, which are thought of less well.

Works

Operas

See List of operas by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari

Other vocal works
La vita nuova, cantata 1902
4 Rispetti, Op. 11
4 Rispetti, Op. 12
Canzoniere, Op. 17

Orchestral
 Serenade for Strings in E flat major
 Idillio-concertino in A major for Oboe and small orchestra, Op. 15 (1932)
 Suite-concertino in F major for Bassoon and small orchestra, Op. 16 (1933)
 Venezianische Suite (Suite Veneziana) in A minor, Op.18
 Triptychon (Trittico) op.19
 Divertimento in D major op.20
 Arabesken (Arabeschi) für Orchester op.22 (after a theme of Ettore Tito)
 Violin Concerto in D, Op. 26 Guila Bustabo in ammirazione (1943)
 Sinfonia Brevis in E flat major op.28
 Concertino in A flat major for English horn and small orchestra, Op. 34 (1947)

Chamber music
 String Sextet in C minor (1894/95, also as a string trio)
 Sinfonia da Camera Op. 8 (1901)
 Sonata No.1 for Violin & Piano in G minor, Op.1 (1895)
 Sonata No.2 for Violin & Piano in A minor, Op.10 (1901)
 Sonata No.3 for Violin & Piano in E major, Op.27 (1943)
 Sonata for Cello & Piano in G major, Op.30  (1945)
 String Duo in G minor for Violin & Cello, Op.33b (1946)
 String Duo, "Introduzio mnjkkjkne e Balletto", for Violin & Cello, Op.35 (1948)
 String Trio in B minor for Violin, Viola & Cello, WoO. (1894)
 String Trio in A minor for Violin, Viola & Cello, Op.32 (1945)
 String Quartet in E minor, Op.23 (1940)
 String Quintet in C major for 2 Violins, 2 Violas & Cello, Op.24 (1942)
 Piano Trio No.1 in D major, Op.5 (1898)
 Piano Trio No.2 in F major, Op.7 (1900)
 Piano Trio "Sonata" for in F major for 2 Violins & Piano, Op.25 (1943)
 Piano Quintet in D major, Op.6 (1901)

Sources
Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno by John C G Waterhouse, in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1980)

Wolf-Ferrari, Ermanno by John C G Waterhouse, in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992)

References

External links
 Wolf-Ferrari.com Biography, current performances, publications, discography
 Wolf-Ferrari Piano Quintet Soundbites & Discussion

1876 births
1948 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
Burials at Isola di San Michele
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Italian people of German descent
Italian Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Venice
Pupils of Josef Rheinberger

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari


Bridgeport, one of 77 community areas of Chicago, Illinois, is a neighborhood on the city's South Side, bounded on the north by the South Branch of the Chicago River. It is a working-class neighborhood on Chicago's south side. Five mayors of Chicago were born here. The neighborhood is known for being Irish.

Community areas of Chicago

Bridgeport, Chicago