Eddie Jack "Scooter" Tucker (born November 18, 1966) is an American former Major League Baseball catcher.  Originally drafted by the San Francisco Giants in 1988, Tucker broke into the big leagues with the Houston Astros in 1992 and also played parts of the 1993 and 1995 seasons with the Astros.  In 1995 the Astros traded him to the Cleveland Indians for pitcher Matt Williams. He played college baseball for Delta State University.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Houston Astros players
Cleveland Indians players
Baseball players from Mississippi
Sportspeople from Greenville, Mississippi
Major League Baseball catchers
Everett Giants players
Clinton Giants players
San Jose Giants players
Shreveport Captains players
Tucson Toros players
Richmond Braves players
Omaha Royals players
Minor league baseball managers

Eddie Tucker


Karl Heinrich Weizsäcker (11 December 1822 – 13 August 1899) was a German Protestant theologian.

Life and work
Weizsäcker was born in Öhringen near Heilbronn in Württemberg, the son of Sophie (Rößle) and Christian Ludwig Friedrich Weizsäcker. He studied at Tübingen and Berlin.

After studying at the University of Tübingen and the Frederick William University of Berlin, he became Privatdozent at Tübingen in 1847 and professor of ecclesiastical history and the history of dogma in 1861.

From 1856 to 1878 he helped to edit the Jahrbücher für deutsche Theologie, and his elaborate studies Untersuchungen über die evangelische Geschichte, ihre Quellen und den Gang ihrer Entwicklung (Investigations in the history of the evangelical church, its sources, and its course of development, 1864) and Das apostolische Zeitalter der christliche Kirche (The Christian Church in the time of the apostles, 1886; Engl. trans. 1894-1895; 3rd ed. Leipzig and Tübingen: Mohr, 1901) made him widely known and respected. Weizsäcker's other works include Zur Kritik des Barnabas-Briefs (1863) and Ferdinand Christian Baur (1892).

In 1861 he succeeded Ferdinand Christian Baur as professor for history of church and dogma at Tübingen. Later, he became chancellor of the university.

Weizsäcker was a New Testament critic, and the editor of a theological journal, and distinguished for his learning and lucid style.

He died in Tübingen in 1899.

Family
In 1848, he married Auguste Sophie Dahm (1824-1884), with whom he had three children:
 Sophie (1850 - after 1910) ∞ 1875 Adolf von Bilfinger (1846-1902)
 Karl von Weizsäcker (1853-1926), prime minister in the Kingdom of William II of Württemberg
 Marie (1857-1939) ∞ 1875 Paul von Bruns (1846-1916), surgeon

References

German Wikipedia

1822 births
1899 deaths
People from Öhringen
19th-century German Protestant theologians
Karl Heinrich
Members of the Württembergian Chamber of Deputies
University of Tübingen alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers

Karl Heinrich Weizsäcker


The National Association of State Foresters (NASF) is a non-profit organization that represents the directors of the 50 state forestry agencies, eight United States territories, and the District of Columbia. State foresters manage and protect state and private forests across the United States, which together encompass two-thirds of the nation's forests.

Through public-private partnerships, NASF seeks to discuss, develop, sponsor and promote programs and activities which will advance the practice of sustainable forestry, the conservation and protection of forest lands and associated resources and the establishment and protection of forests in the urban environment. NASF was established in 1920.

The Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention (CFFP) Program, commonly known as the Smokey Bear program, was created to maintain public awareness of the need to prevent human caused wildfires. It is managed by the United States Forest Service in cooperation with the Ad Council and NASF.

External links

Wildfire prevention
Organizations established in 1920
State forestry agencies in the United States
Government-related professional associations in the United States

National Association of State Foresters


A gravel kit is a modification on an aircraft to avoid foreign object debris (FOD) damage or ingestion while operating on unpaved surfaces. Modifications generally include methods of preventing the nose gear spraying FOD into the engine and onto the underside of the fuselage or wings, and methods of preventing each engine from ingesting FOD from the ground directly in front of it.

Examples of planes that can be fitted with this upgrade include the Boeing 737-200, which includes a gravel deflector (similar in appearance to a wide ski) mounted to the nose wheel, and vortex dissipators, using compressor bleed air, in front of each engine. This modification was used by Alaska Airlines for many years, and is still employed by Air Inuit, Canadian North, Air North, Nolinor Aviation and First Air in northern Canada. Some Boeing 727s were also fitted with specific gravel kits on the nose wheel, while the rest were fitted with devices in the form of smaller deflectors than those used on the 737, used on all wheels, to deflect FOD away so as to prevent the rear-mounted engines from ingesting FOD from a runway. Another rear-engined aircraft—the McDonnell Douglas DC-9/MD-80/MD-90 and Boeing 717 series—uses deflectors similar to those of the conventionally-equipped 727 on all their aircraft's landing gear to prevent FOD structural damage and ingestion.

External links

Aircraft components

Gravel kit


Édouard Lantéri (31 October 1848 – 22 December 1917) was a French-born British sculptor and medallist whose romantic French style of sculpting was seen as influential among exponents of New Sculpture. His name is also frequently spelled without accents as Edouard Lanteri and his first name sometimes given in its English form as Edward.

Biography
Lantéri was born in Auxerre, France but later took British nationality. He studied art in the studios of François-Joseph Duret and Aimé Millet and at the school of fine arts under Jean-Baptiste Claude Eugène Guillaume and Pierre-Jules Cavelier. A period of poverty led him to becoming a cabinetmaker, but in 1872, at the age of 24, on the recommendation of fellow sculptor Jules Dalou, he moved to London to work as a studio assistant to Joseph Edgar Boehm. He stayed at the studio until 1890 and influenced Boehm's pupil Alfred Gilbert.

Lantéri's sculptures were mainly modelled in clay before being cast in bronze, though he would also work in stone. He produced portrait busts, statuettes and life size statues. As of 1880 he taught at the National Art Training School in South Kensington, which became the Royal College of Art in 1896, and in 1900 became the College's first Professor of Modelling (1900–10); in this role he was involved with the architectural and decorative sculpture for Sir Aston Webb's Victoria & Albert Museum, London.

Written works
Towards the end of Lantéri's life he wrote a series of three books, explaining the art of human and animal composition in sculpture. First released as a collection of three books, they are now commonly found as two, with the animal sculpture separate from the human form. These books are still common required texts for many sculpture courses. The foreword to the original book was by friend and fellow sculptor Auguste Rodin who refers to Lantéri as "Dear Master"

 Modelling; A Guide for Teachers and Students (three volumes), London, Chapman and Hall (1911)
 Modelling and Sculpting the Human Figure, Dover Publications Inc., new edition (1986)
 Modelling and Sculpting Animals, Dover Publications Inc., new edition (1986)

Notable pupils
 William Kellock Brown
 Benjamin Clemens
 Alexander Carrick
 Francis William Doyle-Jones
 Margaret Giles
 Allen Hutchinson
 Charles Sargeant Jagger
 Gilbert Ledward
 Ruby Levick
 Walter Marsden
 Esther Moore
 Oliver Sheppard
 Clare Sheridan
 Francis Shurrock
 Lilian Simpson
 Florence Steele
 Albert Toft
 Lillian Wade
 Reginald Fairfax Wells
 Charles Wheeler
 Lucy Gwendolen Williams
 Dorothy Stanton Wise
 Francis Derwent Wood

References

External links

1848 births
1917 deaths
French sculptors
French male sculptors
French medallists
Modern sculptors
People from Auxerre
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
20th-century French sculptors
19th-century French sculptors
19th-century French male artists

Édouard Lantéri


Roger Kirk is an Australian costume designer primarily for stage and film. He won the Tony Award for Best Costume Design and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Costume Design for The King and I and was nominated for 42nd Street.

Kirk began his career in television in Australia, working as a stagehand and floor manager in the Sydney ABC studios, and next worked in the West End for three years doing props. Upon returning to Australia, he worked in the costume department at ABC, and then did the costumes for the stage musical Chicago.

Kirk designs costumes for stage musicals, most recently for the musical King Kong. He has also worked in the 2006 arena production of The Boy From Oz.  He designed sets for Elton John's 1986 Australian tour, sets and costumes for the Australian TV version of Gladiators, and awards shows such as the Australian Film Institute. In 1992 his evening wear designs were on the international catwalks in London, Spain and New York as part of the Australian Fashion Framework. His work for opera includes the costumes for the Victoria State Opera production of Manon in 1997.

Stage work (selected)
Jesus Christ Superstar (revival, 2000)
The King and I (Australia, 1991; Broadway, 1996; West End, 2000; Millburn, 2002; US tour, 2004)
42nd Street (revival, 2001)

References

External links

Credits BroadwayWorld.com

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian costume designers
Tony Award winners
Helpmann Award winners

Roger Kirk (designer)


Mr Buechner's Dream is the thirteenth studio album by Christian alternative rock band Daniel Amos, issued in 2001 by Stunt Records. It was the band's first album in six years - and last for twelve years - and the only double album in their catalog.

Background
Although the album includes over 30 songs, the band did not set out to record a double album.  "I think Chris Colbert (the band's engineer) thought we were a little crazy. It's my sense that the sheer joy of being together again in a creative setting after a seven years absence opened the floodgates of the creativity I believe is unique to Daniel Amos", explains Taylor, the band's lyricist.

Lyrically the album reflected the tumultuous events experienced by members of the band in recent years: the death of two young and very dear friends, including producer and studio owner Gene Eugene, cancer in Taylor's family, and in the families of other close friends.

The "Mr Buechner" referred to in the title is Pulitzer Prize nominated author Frederick Buechner, who has been a major inspiration on the band's lyrics for years. The album also pays tribute to authors Walker Percy, T. S. Eliot, G. K. Chesterton, Flannery O'Connor, Lewis Carroll, and Dorothy L. Sayers.

Some of the studio sessions and rehearsals for the album were filmed by friends of the band. Those films were later edited together to create a "behind the scenes" DVD, appropriately entitled The Making of Mr. Buechner's Dream.

Reissue
For the album's tenth anniversary in 2011, Stunt Records rereleased the CD with an expanded booklet and one bonus track - "Nowhere Is Someplace," a song that was originally only released through the band's website in 2001 and on the Making of.. DVD.

Track listing
All lyrics by Terry Scott Taylor, and music by Daniel Amos.

Mr Buechner's Dream (The First Collection)
 "This is the One" (2:18)
 "Mr. Buechner's Dream" (1:23)
 "The Author of the Story" (4:49)
 "Your Long Year" (3:52)
 "Who's Who Here?" (4:06)
 "Thick Skin" (2:54)
 "Ribbons & Bows" (3:23)
 "Ordinary Extraordinary Day" (3:20)
 "I Get to Wondering" (2:56)
 "Faithful Street" (2:36)
 "The Lucky Ones" (2:10)
 "Rice Paper Wings" (2:39)
 "The Tale You Told" (2:43)
 "Meanwhile" (3:10)
 "Over Her Shoulder" (3:01)
 "The Staggering Gods" (3:24)
 "A Little Grace" (2:30)
 "My Beautiful Martyr" (3:54)
 "Mr. Buechner Wakes Up" (0:40)
 "Joel" (3:17)

And So It Goes (The Second Collection)
 "Pretty Little Lies" (4:12)
 "Child on a Leash" (2:55)
 "Small Great Things" (2:55)
 "Nowhere Is Someplace" only on the 2011 re-issue (2:24)
 "Easy for You" (4:38)
 "Maybe All I Need" (3:17)
 "Pregnant Pause" (3:26)
 "She's a Hard Drink" (2:44)
 "So Far So Good" (3:47)
 "Flash in Your Eyes" (a song for Gene Eugene) (3:30)
 "Nobody Will" (2:50)
 "Fingertips" (3:10)
 "Steal Away" (2:44)
 "And So it Goes" (18:56)

Personnel
 Tim Chandler — bass and guitars
 Greg Flesch — guitars, piano, keyboards, harmonica, accordion, and mandolin
 Ed McTaggart — drums and percussion
 Terry Scott Taylor — guitars and lead vocals

Additional musicians
 Vince Hizon — saxophone on "She's A Hard Drink" and "Faithful Street"
 Tim Jacobs — trumpet on "She's A Hard Drink" and "Faithful Street"
 Frank Lenz — additional keyboards and percussion
 Shaunte Palmer — trombone on "She's A Hard Drink" and "Faithful Street"

Production notes

 Produced by Daniel Amos.
 Executive Producers: Daniel Amos, Eric Townsend, Jason Townsend, JT Feavel.
 Recorded and mixed by Chris Colbert @ "The Fabulous Green Room", Huntington Beach, California, with additional engineering by Frank Lenz and T.S. Taylor.
 Digital editing by Andrew Pricket.
 Mastering by Chris Colbert @ The Green Room.
 Jacket design by Ed McTaggart, The Color Edge, Costa Mesa, California.
 New layout and design by Eric Townsend, and Tom Gulotta.
 Proofreading assistance by Kenny Paxton and Ron Easton.
 Photos by Kristy McTaggart, Ed McTaggart, Jason Hoffman, Dennis Grimaud, and Tom Gulotta.

References

2001 albums
Stunt Records albums
Daniel Amos albums

Mr. Buechner's Dream


Tobruk is a port city on Libya's eastern Mediterranean coast. It is near the border with Egypt. It is the capital of the Butnan District. In 2011, it had a population of about 120,000. There was once an ancient Greek colony at Tobruk. Later, the Romans built a fortress there.  By 1911, Tobruk had become an Italian military base. During World War II, in a battle called the Siege of Tobruk, Allied forces captured the town. After the war, Tobruk was rebuilt. During the 1960s, a port terminal was built at Tobruk.

Cities in Libya
Ports and harbours

Tobruk


Pope Paul III (; ; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549.

He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation. His pontificate initiated the Counter-Reformation with the Council of Trent in 1545, as well as the wars of religion with Emperor Charles V's military campaigns against the Protestants in Germany. He recognized new Catholic religious orders and societies such as the Jesuits, the Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory. His efforts were distracted by nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family, including his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese.

Paul III was a significant patron of artists including Michelangelo, and it is to him that Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated his heliocentric treatise.

Biography

Early career and family
Born in 1468 at Canino, Latium (then part of the Papal States), Alessandro Farnese was the oldest son of Pier Luigi I Farnese, Signore di Montalto (1435–1487) and his wife Giovanna Caetani, a member of the Caetani family which had also produced Pope Gelasius II and Pope Boniface VIII. The Farnese family had prospered over the centuries but it was Alessandro's ascendency to the papacy and his dedication to family interests which brought about the most significant increase in the family's wealth and power.

Alessandro was given a humanist education at the University of Pisa and the court of Lorenzo de' Medici. Initially trained as an apostolic notary, he joined the Roman Curia in 1491 and in 1493 Pope Alexander VI appointed him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano. Alessandro's sister, Giulia, was reputedly a mistress of Alexander VI, and might have been instrumental in securing this appointment for her brother. For this reason, he was sometimes mockingly referred to as the "Borgia brother-in-law," just as Giulia was mocked as "the Bride of Christ." Much later (in 1535) the Venetian nobleman Soriano recorded that Alessandro was called cardinale Fregnese (Cardinal Pussy, or Cardinal Cunt) on account of the relationship between his sister and Alexander VI.

As a young cleric, Alessandro lived a notably dissolute life, taking a mistress, Silvia Ruffini.  Between about 1500 and 1510 she gave birth to at least four children: Costanza, Pier Luigi (who was later created Duke of Parma), Paolo, and Ranuccio. In July 1505, Pope Julius II legitimated the two eldest sons so that they could inherit the Farnese family estates.  On 23 June 1513, Pope Leo X published a second legitimation of Pier Luigi, and also legitimated Ranuccio (the second son Paolo had already died).

On 28 March 1509 Alessandro was named Bishop of Parma - although he was not ordained a priest until 26 June 1519 and not consecrated a bishop until 2 July 1519. As Bishop of Parma, he came under the influence of his vicar-general, Bartolomeo Guidiccioni. This led to Alessandro breaking off the relationship with his mistress and committing himself to reform in his diocese. Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34) he was named Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the College of Cardinals.

Pontificate

Papal election

On the death of Clement VII in 1534, he was elected as Pope Paul III on 13 October 1534. Farnese, who did not fall within any of the factions, was considered a very good choice by the cardinals since his state of health denoted a short papacy which would give those cardinals time to select a proper candidate for a future conclave. On 3 November, Paul III was formally crowned by the protodeacon Innocenzo Cybo.

The elevation to the cardinalate of his grandsons, Alessandro Farnese, aged fourteen, and Guido Ascanio Sforza, aged sixteen, displeased the reform party and drew a protest from the emperor, but this was forgiven when, shortly after, he introduced into the Sacred College Reginald Pole, Gasparo Contarini, Jacopo Sadoleto, and Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, who became Pope Paul IV.

Politics and religion
The fourth pope during the period of the Protestant Reformation, Paul III became the first to take active reform measures in response to Protestantism. Soon after his elevation, 2 June 1536, Paul III summoned a general council to meet at Mantua in the following May; but the opposition of the Protestant princes and the refusal of the Duke of Mantua to assume the responsibility of maintaining order frustrated the project. Paul III first deferred for a year and then discarded the whole project.

In 1536, Paul III invited a committee of nine eminent prelates, distinguished by learning and piety alike, to report on the reformation and rebuilding of the Church. In 1537 they produced the celebrated Consilium de emendenda ecclesia, exposing gross abuses in the Roman Curia, the church administration, and public worship; and proffering bold proposals aimed at abolishing such abuses. The report was widely printed, and the Pope was in earnest when he took up the problem of reform. He clearly perceived that Emperor Charles V would not rest until the problems were grappled with in earnest.

But to the Protestants the report seemed far from thorough; Martin Luther had his edition (1538) prefaced with a vignette showing the cardinals cleaning the Augean stable of the Roman Church with foxtails instead of brooms. In the end, no results followed from the committee's recommendations.

As a consequence of the extensive campaign against "idolatry" in England, culminating with the dismantling of the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, the Pope excommunicated Henry VIII on 17 December 1538 and issued an interdict.

In 1534 a decision by Paul III favoured the activity of merchants of all nationalities and religions from the Levant and allowed them to settle with their families in Ancona, which had become part of the Papal States under his predecessor Clement VII – a decision which helped make Ancona a prosperous trading city for centuries to come. A Venetian travelling through Ancona in 1535 recorded that the city was "full of merchants from every nation and mostly Greeks and Turks." In the second half of the 16th century, the presence of Greek and other merchants from the Ottoman Empire declined after a series of restrictive measures taken by the Italian authorities and the pope.

Around this time, family complications arose. In order to vest his grandson Ottavio Farnese with the dukedom of Camerino, Paul forcibly wrested the same from the duke of Urbino (1540). He also incurred virtual war with his own subjects and vassals by the imposition of burdensome taxes. Perugia, renouncing its obedience, was besieged by Paul's son, Pier Luigi, and forfeited its freedom entirely on its surrender. The burghers of Colonna were duly vanquished, and Ascanio was banished (1541). After this, the time seemed ripe for annihilating heresy.

In 1540, the Church officially recognized the new society forming about Ignatius of Loyola, which became the Society of Jesus. In 1542, a second stage in the process of Counter-Reformation was marked by the institution, or reorganization, of the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition.

On another side, the Emperor was insisting that Rome should forward his designs towards a peaceable recovery of the German Protestants. Accordingly, the Pope despatched Giovanni Morone (not yet a cardinal) as nuncio to Hagenau and Worms in 1540; and in 1541 Cardinal Gasparo Contarini took part in the adjustment proceedings at the Conference of Regensburg. It was Contarini who proposed the famous formula "by faith alone are we justified," which did not, however, supersede the Roman Catholic doctrine of good works. At Rome, this definition was rejected in the consistory of 27 May, and Luther declared that he could accept it only provided the opposers would admit that this formula constituted a change of doctrine.

Yet, even after the Regensburg Conference had proved fruitless, the Emperor insisted on a still larger council, with the final result being the Council of Trent, which was finally convoked on 15 March 1545, under the bull Laetare Hierusalem.

Meanwhile, after the peace of Crespy (September 1544), Emperor Charles V (1519–56) began to put down Protestantism by force. Pending the Diet of Worms in 1545, the Emperor concluded a covenant of joint action with the papal legate Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, with Paul III agreeing to aid in the projected war against the German Protestant princes and estates. This prompt acquiescence was probably grounded on personal motives: since the Emperor was preoccupied in Germany, the moment now seemed opportune for the Pope to acquire for his son Pier Luigi the duchies of Parma and Piacenza. Although these belonged to the Papal States, Paul III planned to overcome the reluctance of the cardinals by exchanging these papal duchies for the less valuable domains of Camerino and Nepi. The Emperor agreed, welcoming the prospect of 12,000 infantry, 500 cavalry, and considerable funds from the Pope.

In Germany the campaign began in the west, where Archbishop of Cologne Hermann of Wied had converted to Protestantism in 1542. Emperor Charles began open warfare against the Protestant princes, estates, and cities allied in the Schmalkaldic League (see Philip of Hesse). Hermann was excommunicated on 16 April 1546, and was compelled by the Emperor to abdicate in February 1547. By the close of 1546, Charles V had subjugated South Germany. The victory at the Battle of Mühlberg, on 24 April 1547, established his imperial sovereignty everywhere in Germany, and the two leaders of the League were captured. The Emperor declared the Augsburg Interim as a magnanimous compromise with the defeated schismatics.

Although the Emperor had subdued the German Protestant armies, he had failed to support the Pope's territorial ambitions for his son Pier Luigi, and relations between them cooled. The situation came to a total rupture when the imperial vice-regent, Ferrante Gonzaga, forcibly expelled Pier Luigi.

In 1547 the Pope's son was assassinated at Piacenza, and Paul III placed some of the blame on the emperor. In the same year, however, and after the death of Francis I of France (1515–47) deprived the Pope of a potential ally, the stress of circumstances compelled him to accept the ecclesiastical measures in the Emperor's Interim.

With reference to the assassinated prince's inheritance, the restitution of which Paul III demanded ostensibly in the name of the Church, the Pope's design was thwarted by the Emperor, who refused to surrender Piacenza, and by Pier Luigi's heir in Parma, Ottavio Farnese.

In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, Paul III, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, 10 November 1549.

Paul III proved unable to suppress the Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation. He decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII of England in December 1538. His efforts in Parma led to the War of Parma two years after his death.

Slavery and Sublimis Deus

In May–June 1537 Paul issued the bull Sublimis Deus (also known as Unigenitus and Veritas ipsa), described by Prein (2008) as the "Magna Carta" for the human rights of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in its declaration that "the Indians were human beings and they were not to be robbed of their freedom or possessions". The subsequent implementing document Pastorale officium declared automatic excommunication for anyone who failed to abide by the new ruling.

However, it met with strong opposition from the Council of The West Indies and the Crown, which declared that it violated their patronato rights, and the Pope annulled the orders the following year with the document Non Indecens Videtur. Stogre (1992) notes that Sublimis Deus is not present in Denzinger, the authoritative compendium of official Catholic teachings, and Davis (1988) asserts it was annulled due to a dispute with the Spanish crown. However, the original bull continued to circulate and be quoted by las Casas and others who supported Indian rights.

According to Falkowski (2002) Sublimis Deus had the effect of revoking the bull of Alexander VI, Inter caetera, but still leaving the colonizers the duty of converting the native people. Father Gustavo Gutierrez describes it as "the most important papal document relating to the condition of native Indians and that it was addressed to all Christians". Maxwell (1975) notes that the bull did not change the traditional teaching that the enslavement of Indians was permissible if they were considered "enemies of Christendom", as this would be considered by the Church as a "just war". He further argues that the Indian nations had every right to self-defence. Stark (2003) describes the bull as "magnificent" and believes that it was long forgotten due to the neglect of Protestant historians. Falola notes that the bull related to the native populations of the New World and did not condemn the transatlantic slave trade stimulated by the Spanish monarchy and the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1545, Paul repealed an ancient law that allowed slaves to claim their freedom under the Emperor's statue on Rome's Capitoline Hill, in view of the number of homeless people and tramps in the city. The decree included those who had become Christians after their enslavement and those born to Christian slaves. The right of inhabitants of Rome to publicly buy and sell slaves of both sexes was affirmed. Stogre (1992) asserts that the lifting of restrictions was due to a shortage of slaves in Rome. In 1548, Paul authorized the purchase and possession of Muslim slaves in the Papal states.

Also in 1537, Paul issued the bull, Altitudo divini consilii.  The bull discusses evangelization and conversion, including the proper way to apply the sacraments, in particular baptism. This was especially important in the early days of colonial rule, when hundreds and sometimes thousands of indigenous people were baptized every day. One interesting aspect of this bull is its discussion of how to deal with local practices, for example, polygamy. After their conversion, polygamous men had to marry their first wife, but if they could not remember which wife was the first, they then "could choose among the wives the one they preferred."

Patron of the arts
Arguably the most significant artistic work produced during Paul's reign was the Last Judgement by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican Palace. Although the work was commissioned by Paul III's predecessor, Pope Clement VII, following the latter's death in 1534 Paul renewed the commission and oversaw its completion in 1541.

As a cardinal, Alessandro had begun construction of the Palazzo Farnese in central Rome, and its planned size and magnificence increased upon his election to the papacy. The palace was initially designed by the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, received further architectural refinement from Michelangelo, and was completed by Giacomo della Porta. Like other Farnese family buildings, the imposing palace proclaims the family's power and wealth, similarly to Alessandro's Villa Farnese at Caprarola. In 1546, after the death of Sangallo, Paul appointed the elderly Michelangelo to take supervision of the building of St. Peter's Basilica. Paul also commissioned Michelangelo to paint the 'Crucifixion of St. Peter' and the 'Conversion of St. Paul' (1542–50), his last frescoes, in the Pauline Chapel of the Vatican.

Paul III's artistic and architectural commissions were numerous and varied. The Venetian artist Titian painted a portrait of the Pope in 1543, and in 1546 the well-known portrait of Paul III with his grandsons Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma.  Both are now in the Capodimonte Museum, Naples. The military fortifications in Rome and the Papal States were strengthened during his reign. He had Michelangelo relocate the ancient bronze of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius to the Capitoline Hill, where it became the centerpiece to the Piazza del Campidoglio.

Other activities

Society of Jesus and religious orders
On 27 September 1540, Paul III formally approved the establishment of the Society of Jesus in the papal bull, Regimini militantis Ecclesiae. Originally, Paul III restricted the fledgling order to only sixty members in the bull Iniunctum nobis, however, he lifted that restriction upon seeing just how effective they were in their missionary activities. In 1548, he permitted Saint Ignatius of Loyola to print his Spiritual Exercises.

Similarly, in 1540, Paul III approved the Rule of the Somaschi Fathers and on 9 June 1544 approved the Rule for the Ursulines in the bull Regimini Universalis.

Consistories

Throughout his papacy, Paul III elevated 71 cardinals in twelve consistories. Six of those whom he named, and later revealed publicly, were nominated "in pectore". Among those whom he named were his three immediate successors, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (the future Pope Julius III), Marcello Cervini (the future Pope Marcellus II), and Gian Pietro Carafa (the future Pope Paul IV). Among those whom he named were the likes of Reginald Pole, Rodrigo Luis de Borja y de Castre-Pinós (the great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI), Ippolito II d'Este (the grandson of Pope Alexander VI), and Enrique de Borja y Aragón (the great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI). Paul III also named John Fisher as a cardinal, however, King Henry VIII had him executed after warning the pope not to nominate him.

In 1535, Paul III intended to nominate Desiderius Erasmus to the cardinalate, however, he declined on the grounds of ill health and his age. In preparations for the 1542 consistory, Paul III intended to nominate Giovanni Guidiccioni, however, the latter died before the consistory took place. In that 1542 consistory, according to Conradus Eubel, the pope is said to have reserved an undefined number of other cardinals in pectore.

Canonizations
During his papacy, Paul III canonized only two saints: Ginés de la Jara (1541) and Abraham of Smolensk (1549).

Death

On 3 November 1549, Paul III celebrated the anniversary of his papal coronation. However, the pope was severely depressed by the deceit of his own family and the fall of Parma to Emperor Charles V, and it is known that he had a very heated argument with his cardinal nephew, Alessandro Farnese, to the point that he grabbed his red beretta, tore it into shreds, and threw it down to the ground in his anger. He had worked himself up so much to the point that he may have suffered a heart attack. On 6 November, the pope suddenly contracted a fever, retreating to the Quirinale Hill where he had hoped that the fresher air would help ease his malady. On 7 November, the agent of Archduke

Ferdinand I of Austria, Diego Lasso, wrote that the pope's temperature had increased that morning, while the French ambassador in Rome reported to King Henry II of France that Paul III suffered from a catarrh at 7:00 pm, opining that the pope had very little time to live.

Paul III died on 10 November 1549 from a catarrh. It is said that he repented of his nepotism on his deathbed.

Paul III's bronze tomb, executed by Guglielmo della Porta, is located in Saint Peter's Basilica.

Fictional portrayals
Stendhal's novel La Chartreuse de Parme was inspired by an inauthentic Italian account of the dissolute youth of Alessandro Farnese.

The character of Pope Paul III, played by Peter O'Toole in the Showtime series The Tudors, is loosely inspired by him. The young Alessandro Farnese is played by Diarmuid Noyes in the StudioCanal serial Borgia, and Cyron Melville in Showtime's The Borgias. His image is portrayed in a parody of the Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Album cover, placed inside of the Frank Zappa Mothers of Invention We're Only In It For the Money album.

See also
 Catholic Church in the Azores, diocese created by Pope Paul III in 1534
 Cardinals created by Paul III

Notes

References
 Clarence-Smith, William G.,  "Religions and the abolition of slavery – a comparative approach", at Global Economic History Network (GEHN) conference entitled 'Culture and economic performance', Washington DC, 7–10 September 2006."
Davis, David Brion, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture, Oxford University Press U.S., 1988,
 The Encyclopedia Of Christianity, Volume 5, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008,
Falola, Toyin, and Amanda Warnock, Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007,

Lampe, Armando, Christianity in the Caribbean: Essays on Church History,  2001, University of the West Indies Press,
Maxwell, John Francis, Slavery and the Catholic Church: The History of Catholic Teaching Concerning the Moral Legitimacy of the Institution of Slavery,  1975, Chichester Barry-Rose,
 Panzer, Father Joel S, The Popes and Slavery, The Church In History Centre, 22 April 2008, retrieved 9 August 2009
Stark, Rodney,  "The truth about the Catholic Church and slavery", Christianity Today, 7 January 2003

 Stogre, Michael, S.J, That the World May Believe: The Development of Papal Social Thought on Aboriginal Rights,  Médiaspaul, 1992,
Thornberry, Patrick, Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights'',  Manchester University Press, 2002,

External links

Farnese family tree from about 1390 to 1766.
 Sublimus Dei – On the Enslavement and Evangelization of Indians in the New World – 1537

Italian popes
Deans of the College of Cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
Cardinal-bishops of Ostia
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
Cardinal-bishops of Porto
Cardinal-bishops of Sabina
Cardinals created by Pope Alexander VI
Bishops of Parma
Bishops of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières
Council of Trent
People from the Province of Viterbo
House of Farnese
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
1468 births
1549 deaths
Popes
16th-century popes
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
University of Pisa alumni
Italian art patrons

Pope Paul III


The airticle leets gods and goddesses (Ansewez, Wanizaz) that mey be reconstructit for Proto-Germanic or Common Germanic Migration period paganism, or that feegur in baith Wast an North Germanic meethologie.

Deities
Goddesses
 Nerþuz, descrived bi Tacitus as Mither Yird, possibly conteena'd in Norse Njǫrðr (Njord, Njorth).
 Frijjō, "wife" (specifically here the wife of Wōdanaz), Old English Frige, Norse Frigg, cf. Sanskrit http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?page=105&table=macdonell "mistress, wife".

 Fraujō, dauchter o Njǫrðr, Norse Freyja, Auld Heich German Frouwa, Auld Inglis frēo meanin "lady", cf. Gothic Fráujo "lady, mistress", German "Frau", Swadish, Dens an Norse "Fru."
 Fullō, goddess—or *Fullaz, god—o riches, plenty. Corresponds tae Norse Fulla.
 Wurdiz, "fate", Norse Urðr (Urd, Urth), Auld Inglis Wyrd.
 Sōwilō, the Sun, Norse Sól, Auld Inglis Sunne, Auld Heich German Sunna.

Gods
 Wōdanaz, "laird o poetic/mantic inspiration", "Germanic Mercury", Norse Óðinn (eften Anglicized Odin or, especially in aulder texts, Othin), Auld Inglis Wōden, Auld Heich German Wuotan.
 Þunraz, "thunner", "Germanic Jupiter", Norse Þórr (Thor), Wast Germanic Donar, Auld Inglis Þunor.
 Teiwaz, god o war an possibly early sky god, "Germanic Mars", Norse Týr an possibly Tir, Auld Inglis Tiw, Auld Heich German Ziu, conteenas Indo-European Dyeus.
 Ermunaz, Saxon god (speculative, based on Nennius' Armenon). The wird means "strong" or "exalted" (Auld Heich German ermen, Auld Norse jǫrmaun or jörmun, Auld Inglis Eormen).
 Wulþuz, "glorious ane", possibly oreeginally an epitheton, mentioned on the Thorsberg chape, conteenad in Norse Ullr.
 Ingwaz or Inguz, identifee'd wi the god addressed as fraujaz "laird" (Auld Heich German frô, Gothic frauja, Auld Inglis frēa, Auld Norse freyr)

Germanic meethologie
Germanic paganism an meethologie leets
Germanic

Common Germanic deities


El amor brujo (Translation "Love, the Magician") is a ballet in one act and two scenes of Manuel de Falla music. Choreography: Pastora Imperio. Libretto by Gregorio Martínez Sierra. First performance in Madrid, Spain, at the Teatro Lara April 15, 1915.

It was written after the famous dancer Pastora Imperio expressed to him the desire to expand his repertoire with a new song and a dance.

Plot
The story, told to the librettist's mother Pastora Imperio, is based on a popular legend. He stars a gypsy named Candela that has been abandoned recently by a man who believed he loved her. So she turns to a witch so that prepare a love potion to bring back her man from her; she goes to the lair of this witch, but finds it empty, so you sudden witch herself and the spell fails. The man who had betrayed her appears in the den of a sudden, he does not recognize the mistakes for the witch and he is afraid. Candela warns him that he had recently launched a curse on him that can be broken only by returning from its previous woman. The man, who has fear of the witch, promises that will do so, then recognizes Candela, but now the spell worked and he can no longer do without her now that he has in hand.

Music
Falla, who draws profusely and with exquisite wisdom to the historical repertoire of Spanish music has given us one of his most beautiful pieces with its Amor Brujo, rich melodies and tempo changes; Although the story is very exciting and quite short, the music, the choreography and environments create a very gypsy and manage to transport the viewer completely. Many pieces of the De Falla Ballet were highly appreciated by pianists and became famous. One of them, "The dance ritual del Fuego" (Ritual Fire Dance), was the horse of battle of the composer.

Discography

Chamber music version (1915)
 1991: Ginesa Ortega, Orchestra of the Teatre Lliure, Josep Pons - (Harmonia Mundi)

Symphonic version
 1939: Josefina Burzio, NBC Symphony Orchestra, Arturo Toscanini - (Naxos Historical)
 1946: Carol Brice, Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, Fritz Reiner - (Columbia Masterworks)
 1953: Ana-Maria Iriarte, Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Ataúlfo Argenta - (EMI Classics)
 1955: Marina de Gabarain, Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Ernest Ansermet - (Decca)
 1960: Shirley Verrett, Philadelphia Orchestra, Leopold Stokowski - (Sony Classical)
 1961 & 1964: Victoria de los Ángeles, Philharmonia Orchestra, Carlo Maria Giulini - (EMI Classics)
 1965: Grace Bumbry, Radio-Symphonie-Orchester Berlin, Lorin Maazel - (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1966: Nati Mistral, New Philharmonia Orchestra, Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos - (Decca)
 1978: Teresa Berganza, London Symphony Orchestra, Luis Antonio Garcia Navarro - (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1996: Esperanza Fernandez, Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona, Edmon Colomer - (Valois Auvidis)

Classical music

El amor brujo


Finne Jager (; born 6 December 1984), commonly known as Phynn, is a Dutch trance and techno DJ and producer. He is the founder of the American electronic dance music label Lunary Records.

Career

Early Stages
In 2000, Finne discovered his love for electronic dance music. Finding the style extremely interesting, he started exploring the possibilities of making electronic dance music. He first gained notoriety in an Ernesto vs. Bastian remix contest under the 'Mind Markers' guise. Out of hundreds of contestants, Finne was one of the three winners in the competition. He got in touch with Ernesto vs. Bastian and Sony's FTM label and did further remix work for the duo, remixing hits such as Stop 9.5 and Who's The Starter.

Phynn's 'Stop 9.5' remix was picked up by Tiësto, who played it on his second Tiesto In Concert edition, and featured it on the official DVD release.

In the second half of 2004, Finne (now commonly known as Phynn) decided to make a record with his friend Bart Van Wissen, known as Fictivision. The result was 'Escape' (released on DJ Tiësto's Black Hole Recordings), a track that introduced both Phynn and Fictivision onto the international trance map. Soon after that, Phynn followed up with an even bigger hit, this time a solo production, titled 'Lucid'. As of today it remains one of his biggest and most well known records. Lucid was heavily supported by Tiësto and was featured on the Tiesto in Concert DVD series as well.

Breakthrough
Finne was introduced to the 'big audience' as a closing act for Tiësto at the Heineken Music Hall in Amsterdam, on December 3, 2005, in front of an audience of over 5000 people. One month later, Phynn was declared 'Future Hero' by Mixmag, a well known electronic dance music magazine.

Following his global success, Black Hole Recordings asked Phynn to mix the 11th edition of the highly acclaimed In Trance We Trust series. Phynn accepted the offer and followed in the footsteps of legendary trance artists such as Johan Gielen, Cor Fijneman and Mark Norman and delivered the 11th edition of the series.

Trance Energy
In March 2007, Phynn reached a milestone in his career when he was asked to perform at the Main Stage of the world's biggest annual trance event Trance Energy, organized by Dutch event company ID&T. The audience size at Trance Energy 2007 counted over 25,000 people. At the age of 22, Phynn was the youngest DJ ever to perform at the Main Stage of Trance Energy. In 2008, Phynn performed at Trance Energy again at the 'Future Stage'.

'Metamorphosis' Album
Phynn released his debut artist album in November 2008 on Black Hole Recordings. Titled 'Metamorphosis', the album featured 12 original works, including tracks with vocalists Molly Bancroft and Tiff Lacey. Notable tracks from the album are 'Try Again feat, Tiff Lacey', 'Wait For A Moment feat. Molly Bancroft', 'C U Smile', 'Starfire At Night', 'Metamorphosis' and 'No More Mistakes feat Molly Bancroft'.

'Spacewalk' and 'Hello Love'
In 2009, Phynn released 'Spacewalk' on Black Hole Recordings. The song was an instant success, and top DJ's like Markus Schulz played the record for many months after its initial release, and it was placed on many compilations worldwide. Following up on 'Spacewalk', Phynn's next project was 'Hello Love' featuring Antonia from Jets Overhead. Just like 'Spacewalk', 'Hello Love' was a big hit with fans around the world, leading Ferry Corsten to include it on his Once Upon A Night mixed compilation.

Remixing for Coldharbour Recordings
As a result of the success of 'Spacewalk' and 'Hello Love', world-famous DJ Markus Schulz approached Phynn in 2010 to do remixes for Coldharbour Recordings. Phynn's remixes for Coldharbour Recordings became a huge success. Phynn composed and produced remixes for 'Mike Foyle pres. Statica - Deadly Nightshade', 'Rex Mundi - Opera of Northern Ocean', 'Hammer & Bennet - Language' and 'Markus Schulz - Rain'. As a result of the success of these high-profile remixes, Phynn became in high demand by record labels such as Perfecto Records, Black Hole Recordings and Euphonic Records for remixes.

Lunary Records
In mid-2013, Phynn launched his own record label Lunary Records, headquartered in the United States of America. Lunary Records focuses mainly on Techno music, but also releases other electronic music genres.

Departure from Trance
In June 2014, Phynn announced on his Facebook page that he will no longer be making Trance music, and that he is taking a new musical direction and will focus on Techno going forward.

Discography

Albums
 2008 Metamorphosis

Singles
 2004 Escape
 2004 Exotica / High Tide
 2005 Lucid / Solitude
 2005 Close Encounter
 2005 Tempest
 2006 Treasure Island
 2006 Oslo Summerparade Theme
 2007 C U Smile
 2007 This Is The Time
 2008 Starfire At Night
 2008 Try Again
 2009 Spacewalk
 2010 The Halo Effect
 2010 Hello Love
 2010 Supernova
 2012 In Your Heart / Torque
 2014 Galaxy
 2014 Quantum

Remixes
 2003 Sound De-Zign – Happiness
 2003 Simon Patterson - Andantino (with Edwin K.)
 2003 Lique - Angel
 2003 Ernesto vs. Bastian - Who's The Starter
 2004 Varian - Passion
 2004 Ernesto vs. Bastian - Stop 9.5
 2004 Lightscape - Inner Warmth
 2004 UKNY Connection - Amsterdam
 2004 Fictivision - Out Of Orbit
 2004 4 Rising Stars - Feelin' Me
 2005 Tiësto - Adagio For Strings
 2006 Javier & Finjemaen - Sweet Talk
 2006 DJ Ruby - Modulation Error
 2006 Edwin K - Encante
 2007 Jes Brieden - Ghost
 2008 Andy Duguid ft. Leah - Don't Belong
 2009 Lee Canning - The Universe
 2009 Claudia Cazacu - Earproof
 2010 Mike Foyle - Deadly Nightshade
 2010 Richard Durand - Dryland
 2010 Rex Mundi - Opera of Northern Ocean
 2010 Adiva - Desired Love
 2010 Hammer & Bennett - Language
 2010 Markus Schulz - Rain
 2010 Hans Zimmer - Time
 2011 Space Rockerz - Jet Packin'
 2011 Ronski Speed & Lifted Emotion - Voom
 2012 Wellenrausch - Million Miles To Run
 2012 Robert Vadney - Pop Star

References

External links
 Official Artist Website
 TranceSound.net November 2008 interview

1984 births
Living people
Club DJs
Dutch DJs
Dutch trance musicians
People from Nieuwegein
Remixers
Electronic dance music DJs

Phynn


A bombardment is an attack by artillery weapons against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings. It word came from the name of the medieval artillery weapon, the bombard, which was used to fire heavy stones during a siege.

Before World War I the word bombardment was only used for the attack of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. Since then it has come to mean any mass attack delivered by artillery or short range  missiles, and also as aerial bombardment if delivered by bomber aircraft or long range missiles.

It now is also used to describe activities in science, such as firing high energy particles like electrons into atoms in the study of nuclear reactions. The word can also be used informally, for example, a person could be "bombarded" with questions.

History
In its old strict sense the term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. The purpose is to destroy the courage of your enemies. Civilians in a besieged town would put pressure on their military leaders to surrender before the place was destroyed. The practice of using artillery to do this was especially common up until World War I. Since then long range artillery bombardment has been joined by aerial bombardment delivered by aircraft and missiles.

References

Artillery

Bombardment


Nikolay Yakovlevich Afanasyev (; ) was an Imperial Russian violin virtuoso and composer. His memoirs 'Vospominaniya' ('Reminiscences') appeared in 1890, and recorded his experiences as a touring musician, as part of a panorama of Russian musical life during the mid 19th century.  He became an honorary member of the Russian Musical Society in 1896.

Biography
Afanasyev was born in Tobolsk in 1821.  He obtained his musical education from his father, the violinist Yakov Ivanovich Afanasyev, an illegitimate son of Prince Ivan Dolgorukov. In 1838, two years after his debut as a violinist in Moscow, he was appointed concertmaster of the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra. However, he resigned in 1841 to conduct the serf orchestra of a wealthy landowner at Vïksa, near Saint Petersburg. In 1846, Afanasyev left to embark on a concert tour of Russia, and eventually settled in Saint Petersburg in 1851, where he continued to perform as a soloist and as the concertmaster (sometimes conductor) of the Italian Opera.  He quit orchestral work to begin teaching piano in 1853 at the Smolny Institute, before touring Western Europe with moderate success in 1857.

After returning to Russia, Afanasyev chose to commit himself to composition, and reached his finest in his small-scale works, which tended to suffer far less from the inconsistencies in technical skill that stemmed from his informal training.  He won particular acclaim for works which were inspired by the melodies and rhythms of Russian folk music, an abiding interest of his which led to the publication of his popular anthology (1866) of folksongs arranged for four-part choir.  Afanasyev's chamber music, most notably the string quartet Volga (c. 1860) which won a prize from the Russian Musical Society in 1861, also enjoyed similar acclaim. Volga was the first string quartet written by a native Russian composer.

In contrast, his operas had far less enthusiastic receptions. Although the Mariinsky Theatre staged Ammalat-bek in 1870, it has not been performed anywhere since; Sten'ka Razin failed to pass state censorship, while Vakula-kuznets was never performed. The manuscripts of several further operas and orchestral works remain unpublished.

He died in Saint Petersburg in 1898, aged 77.

References
Spencer, Jennifer. "Afanas'yev, Nikolay Yakovlevich". Grove Music Online  (subscription required). ed. L. Macy. Retrieved on March 17, 2007.

External links

1820 births
1898 deaths
People from Tobolsk
People from Tobolsky Uyezd
Composers from the Russian Empire
Russian Romantic composers
Classical violinists from the Russian Empire
Russian classical violinists
Conductors (music) from the Russian Empire
Russian male conductors (music)
Concertmasters
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
Russian male classical composers
19th-century classical violinists
Male classical violinists

Nikolay Afanasyev (composer)


Bob Zmuda (born December 12, 1949) is an American writer, comedian, producer, and director best known for his friendship with comedian Andy Kaufman.

Biography
Bob Zmuda occasionally portrayed Kaufman's Tony Clifton character on stage and for television appearances. In a 2006 interview, Zmuda told the Opie and Anthony Show that he was masquerading as Tony Clifton with David Letterman, and that Letterman did not find out until years later.

In 1986, Zmuda founded the American version of Comic Relief, an annual event that raises money to help the homeless in the United States. The event was televised on HBO, and was hosted by comedians Robin Williams, Billy Crystal and Whoopi Goldberg.

In 1999, Zmuda wrote a book about Kaufman's life, titled Andy Kaufman Revealed!, which purported to unveil many tricks and hoaxes that the two pulled off in front of audiences and television cameras in the 1980s. One critic praised the book as "the ultimate insider's look at Kaufman's life," while some of Kaufman's fans and members of Kaufman's family criticized it for inaccuracies about Kaufman.

Later that year, Miloš Forman directed Man on the Moon, the story of Kaufman's life. Zmuda created the "Tony Clifton" makeup for the film, and made a brief appearance portraying comedian Jack Burns, one of the producers, who gets into a brawl on stage during one of Kaufman's appearances on the 1980–82 ABC late night comedy show, Fridays. Zmuda was also Man on the Moon'''s co-executive producer. On camera, the character of Bob Zmuda was played by Paul Giamatti. Stanley Kaufman, Andy's father, criticized Zmuda's influence on the film shortly after its release, writing in the form of Andy speaking from beyond the grave.

Sam Simon, executive producer on Taxi, revealed in a 2013 interview with Marc Maron for the WTF Podcast that the portrayal of Andy on the show was "a complete fiction" largely created by Bob Zmuda, who he maintained has a "vested interest" in creating stories about Kaufman. In the interview Simon stated that Kaufman was "completely professional" and that he "told you Tony Clifton was he", but conceded that Kaufman would have "loved" Zmuda's version of events.

In 2014, Zmuda co-authored another book with new anecdotes about Kaufman's desire to fake his death entitled Andy Kaufman: The Truth, Finally, which states that Kaufman's death was indeed a prank. Zmuda says that Kaufman is still alive and that Kaufman would soon be revealing himself as his upper limit on the prank was thirty years. Zmuda now states that Kaufman offered to leave him money since Zmuda's career was largely dependent on Kaufman performing but he turned it down because he believed it would implicate him in a crime.  The terms of the book deal were not disclosed.

On November 7, 2014, Bob Zmuda appeared as a guest on Greg Fitzsimmons' podcast, Fitzdog Radio.  During the interview, Zmuda claimed to have invested $50,000 in the new book. He stormed off the podcast after Fitzsimmons doubted Zmuda's intentions regarding claims of Kaufman's staged death.

On November 16, 2014, a post on the Tony Clifton Facebook page claimed that Bob Zmuda had died at the Moonlite BunnyRanch, sourcing the information to a UPI article. The same day, the BunnyRanch tweeted that they had been asked by Zmuda's management not to comment, with a link to the hoax Facebook story.

Two days later, comedy news website The Interrobang posted a story with photos, verifying that Zmuda was not dead. Later that  day, UPI posted a story, confirming the hoax.

FilmographyAndy's Funhouse (1977) TVAndy Kaufman Plays Carnegie Hall (1979) videoMy Breakfast with Blassie (1983) filmD.C. Cab (1983) filmComic Relief (1986) cable TV specialI'm from Hollywood (1989) TV specialBatman Forever (1995) filmMan on the Moon (1999) filmAndy Kaufman's Really Big Show (1999) TV specialThe Number 23 (2007) filmSaint Bernard (2013) horror filmJim & Andy: The Great Beyond'' (2017) documentary film

References

External links
 Site documenting the inaccuracies in Zmuda's book
Zmuda Interview SPLICEDwire - link broken

American male comedians
21st-century American comedians
American male film actors
American television producers
American film directors
1949 births
American people of Polish descent
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Andy Kaufman

Bob Zmuda


Mandu (만두; 饅頭) are Korean-style dumplings from Korea. Mandu were introduced in Korea in the middle of the Joseon dynasty.

They are made from flour stuffed with meat and vegetables. This filling is called so (소). Pork is the most common meat for so, but beef, chicken, or pheasant can also be ingredients of mandu. Vegetables are typically carrots, cucumbers, onions, and bean sprouts. Other additional ingredients are kimchi, tofu, or chopped noodles made from sweet potatoes. They can be fried, boiled, steamed or even baked, and each type has a different name. Mandu are usually served with soy sauce mixed with vinegar for dipping.

They were traditionally made only in the early winter or for a holiday. However, in modern times, they are an everyday food.

References
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=59581

Korean food

Mandu (dumpling)


Macross Digital Mission VF-X (マクロス デジタルミッション ブイエフエックス Makurosu Ddejitaru Misshon Buiefu Ekkusu) is a 3D shooting game developed by UNiT and published by Bandai Visual for the Sony Playstation, released on February 28, 1997. The game takes place a year after the events of the Macross 7 television series and follows the VF-X Ravens unit. The game was followed by a sequel, Macross VF-X2 in September 2, 1999.

Overview
This is a shooting game based on the Macross series, and is a wholly original setting not based on any previous works or series. It is set one year after the Macross 7, which had been the most recent of the franchise at the time. The game was initially planned as a fully polygonal 3D shooter, and the Sony PlayStation perfectly suited the game's ambition in terms of graphics.

Development began in 1995 and has long been shown on several game magazine's release schedule as software with a release date pending. The development involves the main creators of the Macross series, such as Shōji Kawamori (Valkyrie Design, Supervisor), Kazutaka Miyatake (Ship / Mecha Design), Haruhiko Mikimoto (Main Character Design). The game was noted for including the transformable modes of the VF-4 Lightning III, which had only been previously seen as a fighter on The Super Dimension Fortress Macross: Flash Back 2012.

Until the game's development, Macross-related games were released on family computers, PC engines and arcades without the involvement of Shōji Kawamori. Kawamori was uninterested in video game development at that point because he could only do 2D, but he had become interested when he learned the game was being made in 3D for the Sony Playstation.

Plot
In A.D. 2047, the five member idol group "Milky Dolls", who had been scheduled to participate in the next "ZENTRADI sound project", are abducted by unknown hostile force during a U.N. Spacy commemorative ceremony. Escaping in a camouflaged spaceship, the abductors folded to the planet Elysion.

The U.N. Spacy high command then orders the VF-X Ravens and the crew of the Valhalla III to rescue the Milky Dolls and uncover the identity of the mysterious armed force. They turn out to be a rogue Zentradi militia.

Missions
A series of missions takes place in the game under "Operation Orpheus". The enemies of the VF-X Ravens are primarily rogue Zentradi forces, consisting of Battle Pods

 Battle battle with VF-4G. Only the VF-1X-Plus SP Valkyrie can be used.
 Destroy enemy radar sites in urban areas. The VF-4G can be used in this stage.
 One of the Milky Dolls' members, Liatris is rescued.
 Destroy enemy satellites.
 Destroy enemy ground base. VF-11 Thunderbolt and VF-17 Nightmare are available from this stage.
 Destroy enemy air units.
 Elimination of enemies in the airspace around Valhalla III. Plunge into the atmosphere from the middle and pursue.
 Follow the enemy transport boat and locate and destroy the enemy weapon factory. The VF-19 Excalibur and VF-22 Sturmvogel II are be available in this stage.
 Eradication of enemy units in urban areas.
 Violeta speaks to the player.
 Final battle with the enemy fortress.
 The Milky Dolls persuade the Captain of the Valhalla III to perform on a battle stage against the enemy.

Characters

Valhalla III Crew
 Main Character (VF-X)
 Valhalla III Captain
 Miho Miho
 Karen Allen
 Powan Howan
 Euri Yui

Milky Dolls
 Aoi Tsuwabuki
 Liatris
 Molly
 Violeta
 Freesia

Unidentified Enemy
 Enemy Commander (VF-X)
 Enemy Rival (VF-X)

Mechanic

Valhalla III
 VF-1X Valkyrie Plus (Atmosphere Missions Only)
 VF-1X Super Valkyrie Plus (Space Missions Only)
 VF-4 Lightning III
 VF-11 Thunderbolt
 VF-17 Nightmare
 VF-19 Excalibur
 VF-22 Sturmvogel II
 VC-551 Valhalla III

Unidentified Enemy
 Regult Kai
 Glaug Kai
 Quell Quallie
 Gnerl
 Fz-150 Feios Valkyrie

Music

Opening Theme
 Try Again
 Lyrics- K . INOJO, Fukuyama Atsuko, composition- Yoshiki Fukuyama, arrangement - Tanaka Atsushi **Song - Fire Bomber

Theme Song
 Only You
 Lyrics and composition- Mari Iijima, arrangement - Shimizu Nobuyuki, Milky Dolls
 Milky Dolls' theme song.
 Shimizu, who was provided by Iijima who played Lynn Minmay, was the arranger for Shimizu, who once served as the arranger for the song Do You Remember Love?, which Iijima sang.

Ending Theme
 Rainbow Palette
 Lyrics-Composition by Hiroshi Hiroshi, Yamakawa Kekkoka and Milky Dolls

Reception
The game received fairly negative reviews at the time. Gamespot is quoted saying "Macross VF-X looks elegant at times, but ultimately fails to capture the emotion, the excitement, and the sheer visual splendor of its source material.", citing how the game featured lengthy, boring missions and poor control flight mechanics, controls and physics. Many others have criticized the game's horrible audio / sound effects and poor music, which utilized MIDI arrangement. These criticisms would later be rectified in its sequel, Macross VF-X2.

Notes & Trivia
 The Milky Dolls was one of the first appearances of a proper idol group for the franchise's history. The concept of idol groups had been seen with the Jamming Birds in Macross 7 and would later explored further with Walküre for Macross Δ.
 Maximilian Jenius' VF-1X Plus is an unlockable playable aircraft.
 The final Milky Doll song, "Only You", was written and composed by Mari Iijima herself.
 The game notably starred infamous voice actress Kikuko Inoue playing the role of Liatris of the Milky Dolls. She had previously played roles such in Kekko Kamen and Ikki tousen.

Related Products

Soundtrack
 MACROSS DIGITAL MISSION VF-X ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK
 Victor Entertainment, released March 21, 1997, CD: VICL-789
 Otani is the composer of game music. Includes 20 BGM songs and 3 songs.

Strategy Guide
 Macross Digital Mission VF-X Official Program
 Mediax, March 20, 1997, First edition. ISBN 978-4896137538
 Macross Digital Mission VF-X Strongest Capture Guide
 Shogakkan, April 10, 1997, First edition. ISBN 978-4091025777

Related pages

Series
 Super Dimension Fortress Macross

Movies
 The Super Dimension Fortress Macross: Flash Back 2012
 Super Dimensional Fortress Macross II: Lovers Again

Other websites
 Macross Mecha Manual
 MAHQ

References
 https://macross.fandom.com/wiki/Macross_Digital_Mission_VF-X#cite_ref-1
 https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/macross-digital-mission-vf-x-import-review/1900-2548176/
 https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/ps/197818-macross-digital-mission-vf-x/faqs/4549

PlayStation-only games
PlayStation games
Shooter video games
1997 video games
Japan exclusive video games
Video games developed in Japan

Macross Digital Mission VF-X


The Authi car company of Pamplona, Spain, was founded in 1965 as a result of a collaboration between BMC (the British Motor Corporation) and NMQ (Nueva Montaña Quijano).

BMC needed a way to sell their cars in Spain, which at the time had strict rules to protect local automobile manufacturers from imported competitors and to protect local companies from foreign takeover.  Thus, Authi built almost identical copies of a range of Austin and Morris cars.  The company survived only until 1976 when British Leyland ran out of money and the almost new Authi plant was sold to the SEAT car company after the failure of a bid for it from General Motors.

Name
The company's name stands for Automoviles de Turismo Hispano Ingleses: it is generally written and spoken as a word rather than as an acronym.

Beginnings
The Authi firm was officially registered on 12 November 1965 under the chairmanship of Eduardo Ruiz de Huidrobo y Alzurena, with its head office and premises at Arazuri, a few kilometers to the west of Pamplona. The share capital was held by a Santander metal working business called Nueva Montaña Quijano S.A. (NMQ) which had originally been founded in 1899. The real owners of the business were the Banco de Santander and the Quijano family. The bank also had a controlling interest in Fasa Renault which had been building Renaults at their Valladolid plant for the Spanish market since 1951.  NMQ had been supplying engines for the Spanish-built Renaults. Work dried up when Renault moved their engine production in-house. Therefore, BMC's search for a Spanish partner able to build their cars for the Spanish market in Spain had coincided with  NMQ's search for another automotive partner able to provide designs that could be produced locally.

The first Spanish-built Authi product, an MG 1100, emerged in January 1967.  A Mini C 1275 followed in October, featuring leather seats and a walnut dashboard, along with various other pieces of additional equipment not featured by Minis produced in England.

BLMC takes a controlling share
It was announced in July 1967 by BLMC Chairman, Lord Stokes that his company had taken a controlling 51% share in NMQ.  There was a further capital injection by Leyland in 1973 which raised the share capital to 2,400 million pesetas and left the residual minority share holders with very little influence over the business. In this year, presidency of the company passed to Manuel Diez Alegria.  Highlighted at the time was the company's new spare parts centre, featuring a state-of-the-art computer inventory control system, employing punch-cards.

Success and the Mini
Volume production started with the opening of the Pamplona plant in 1969. In April of that year, two versions of the Mini 1000 came to the market, respectively Standard and Special (Standard y Especial): even the standard version was seen as relatively well equipped at the time. The Mini would achieve the highest sales volumes of any model in the short history of Authi, with more than 140,000 shipped by the time the plant closed down seven years later.  The car was entirely assembled at Pamplona. The bodywork and under panels were delivered from England. The engine and the gear box were manufactured at NMQ's own plant at Los Corrales de Buelna. Other parts including axle, suspension, windows and smaller components were produced locally and in Barcelona in order to comply with the government's determinedly protectionist trade policies.

Milking the Mini brand
In January 1970, a Mini 850 was added to the range, featuring virtually the same engine that had been fitted in the original English-built Mini in 1959. A reduced specification Mini 1000 followed. This broadened the appeal of the range in the still acutely price-sensitive Spanish auto-market, but it also dragged the Authi brand down-market which would compromise the company's future ability to price its cars at a premium against competitor Fiat and Renault designed products.

By this time the company's reputation was beginning to suffer the effects of inadequate investment in the dealership network.  After-sales service suffered because the cars, in some ways more sophisticated than the old models offered by SEAT and Renault, were often not sufficiently understood by workshop personnel at the Authi dealers.

In 1971 the company introduced the Mini 1275 GT, its specification closely matched to the corresponding English-built car. This replaced the company's first model, the Mini C 1275. The leather seats and walnut dashboard of the old model disappeared.  The 1275 GT was, however, more aggressively priced than its predecessor.

Production
The following cars were built by Authi:
 Authi Mini  1968–1975
 Authi Mini Cooper 1973–1975
 Morris 1100/1300 1966–1972
 Austin Victoria - Austin Victoria De Luxe 1972–1975
 Austin de Luxe 1974–1975

Production figures

Life after disposal by bankrupt Leyland
After BLMC closed down production of their models and the sale of the plant to SEAT, the Spanish automaker built the SEAT 124, SEAT 131, SEAT Panda and Lancia Beta at the former Authi factory. General Motors had been interested in buying the Authi production facility in 1974, but these talks collapsed, and the company set about building its own factory in the country, finally opening a plant at Zaragoza in 1982.

Future
In 2010, all the rights were bought by Pedro J. Santos, Tauro founder.

Other Spanish manufacturers
 GTA Spano
 Hurtan
 IFR Aspid
 SEAT
 Sunred
 Tauro Sport Auto
 Tramontana
 Urovesa

Notes

External links
 Authi.net: website of Authi enthusiasts—
 Mini Clasico—

Car manufacturers of Spain
Cars of Spain
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Spain
Companies based in Navarre
Pamplona
Industrial history of Spain
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1965
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1976
1965 establishments in Spain
1976 disestablishments in Spain
British Leyland
BMC vehicles
SEAT
Car brands

Authi


Hydropneumatic suspension is a type of motor vehicle suspension system, designed by Paul Magès, invented by Citroën, and fitted to Citroën cars, as well as being used under licence by other car manufacturers, notably Rolls-Royce (Silver Shadow), Bmw 5-Series e34 Touring,  Maserati (Quattroporte II) and Peugeot.  It was also used on Berliet trucks and has been used on Mercedes-Benz cars, where it is known as Active Body Control. The Toyota Soarer UZZ32 "Limited" was fitted with a fully integrated four-wheel steering and a complex, computer-controlled hydraulic Toyota Active Control Suspension in 1991.  Similar systems are also widely used on modern tanks and other large military vehicles. The suspension was referred to as :fr:Suspension oléopneumatique in early literature, pointing to oil and air as its main components.

The purpose of this system is to provide a sensitive, dynamic and high-capacity suspension that offers superior ride quality on a variety of surfaces.

A hydropneumatic system combines the advantages of two technological principles:
Hydraulic systems use torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of the distance between the input and output, without the need for mechanical gears or levers.
Pneumatic systems are based on the fact that gas is compressible, so equipment is less subject to shock damage.
Gas absorbs excessive force, whereas liquid in hydraulics directly transfers force

The suspension system usually features both self-leveling and driver-variable ride height, to provide extra clearance in rough terrain.

The principles illustrated by the successful use of hydropneumatic suspension are now used in a broad range of applications, such as aircraft oleo struts and gas filled automobile shock absorbers, first patented in the U.S. in 1934 by Cleveland Pneumatic Tool Co. This type of suspension for automobiles was inspired by the pneumatic suspension used for aircraft landing gear, which was also partly filled with oil for lubrication and to prevent gas leakage, as patented in 1933 by the same company. Other modifications followed, with design changes such as the 1960 "Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber" patented by Peter Fullam John and Stephan Gyurik.

Effects
Hydropneumatic suspension has a number of natural advantages over steel springs, generally recognized in the auto industry.

Suspension and springing technology is not generally well understood by consumers, leading to a public perception that hydropneumatics are merely "good for comfort". They also have advantages related to handling and control efficiency, solving a number of problems inherent in steel springs that suspension designers have previously struggled to eliminate.

Although auto manufacturers understood the inherent advantages over steel springs, there were two problems. First, it was patented by the inventor, and second it had a perceived element of complexity, so automakers like Mercedes-Benz, British Leyland (Hydrolastic, Hydragas), and Lincoln sought to create simpler variants using a compressed air suspension.

Citroën's application of the system had the disadvantage that only garages equipped with special tools and knowledge were qualified to work on the cars, making them radically different from ordinary cars with common mechanicals.

France was noted for the poor quality of its roads after World War II, but the hydropneumatic suspension as fitted to the Citroën ID/DS and later cars reportedly ensured a smooth and stable ride there.

Hydropneumatic suspension offers no natural roll stiffness. There have been many improvements to the system over the years, including steel anti-roll bars, variable ride firmness (Hydractive), and active control of body roll (Citroën Activa).

Basic mechanical layout

This system uses a belt or camshaft driven pump from the engine to pressurise a special hydraulic fluid, which then powers the brakes, suspension and power steering.  It can also power any number of features such as the clutch, turning headlamps and even power windows.

Nitrogen is used as the trapped gas to be compressed, since it is unlikely to cause corrosion. The actuation of the nitrogen spring reservoir is performed through an incompressible hydraulic fluid inside a suspension cylinder. By adjusting the filled fluid volume within the cylinder, a leveling functionality is implemented. The nitrogen gas within the suspension sphere is separated from the hydraulic oil by a rubber membrane.

History

Citroën first introduced this system in 1954 on the rear suspension of the Traction Avant. The first four-wheel implementation was in the advanced DS in 1955. Major milestones of the hydropneumatics design were:
 During World War II, Paul Magès, an employee of Citroën, with no formal training in engineering, secretly develops the concept of an oil and air suspension to combine a new level of softness with vehicle control and self-levelling.
 1954 Traction Avant 15H: Rear suspension, using LHS hydraulic fluid.
 1955 Citroën DS: Suspension, power steering, brakes and gearbox/clutch assembly powered by high pressure hydraulic assistance. A belt driven 7-piston pump, similar in size to a power steering pump, generates this pressure when the engine is running.
 1960 The United States Patent and Trademark Office issues  for a Double stage oleo-pneumatic shock absorber using concepts very similar to those developed earlier by Paul Magès - Patent forms the basis for aircraft oleo struts and gas-filled shock absorbers
 1965 Rolls-Royce licenses Citroën technology for the suspension of the new Silver Shadow
 1967 The superior non-hygroscopic LHM mineral fluid is introduced
 1969 Citroën M35: The Citroën M35 was a coupé derived from the Ami 8, and equipped with a Wankel engine and a hydropneumatic suspension. The bodies were produced by Heuliez from 1969 to 1971.
 1969 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration legalizes LHM mineral fluid in the United States
 1970 Citroën GS: Adaptation of the hydropneumatic suspension to a small car
 1970 Citroën SM: Variable speed auto-returning power steering, dubbed DIRAVI, and hydraulically actuated directional high beams. The beams of all six headlights are maintained parallel to the road surface by a hydraulic system separate from the directional long range high beams. The headlights' steering and leveling systems are totally separate from the central system that powers the suspension, steering and brakes and use a different fluid, a glycerine type.
 1972 BMW E12 5-series released with optional hydropneumatic rear suspension. Coil springs are retained, though softer than conventional coils for the same car. This system was offered in most BMW 5-, 6-, and 7-series models, as well as the E30 Touring (station wagon/estate), into the 1990s when it was replaced with an air suspension. Until late 1987, the hydraulic circuit was separate from the power steering, and the pump electrically-powered.
 1974 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration bans vehicles with height adjustable suspension, impacting consumers in the United States. Ban repealed 1981.
 1974 Citroën CX: The car was one of the most modern of its time, combining Citroën's unique hydro-pneumatic integral self-leveling suspension and speed-adjustable DIRAVI power steering (first introduced on the Citroën SM). The suspension was attached to sub frames that were fitted to the body through flexible mountings, to improve even more the ride quality and to reduce road noise. The British magazine Car described the sensation of driving a CX as hovering over road irregularities, much like a ship traversing above the ocean floor.
 1974 Maserati Quattroporte II: was on an extended Citroën SM chassis, available since Citroën had purchased the Italian company and was the only Maserati Quattroporte to feature hydropneumatic suspension and front-wheel drive
 1975 The Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9 W116 replaces the air suspension of the 6.3 with hydropneumatic suspension, with the pump driven by the engine's timing chain instead of an external belt. This adaptation was used only for the suspension. Power steering and brakes were conventional hydraulic- and vacuum-powered, respectively.
 1980 Mercedes-Benz W126 500SEL used hydropneumatic suspension as optional, later this system was available on 420SEL and 560SEL models.
 1983 Citroën BX, built as a 4WD in 1990
 1984 Mercedes-Benz W124 selected models of E class had this technology (rear only hydraulic suspension) height adjustable suspension and self-levelling suspension mixed with coil springs.
 1987 BMW E30 3-series Touring (station wagon/estate) begins production in July, offering the same self-leveling hydropneumatic rear suspension as previous BMW, with the difference that the pump is a parallel circuit on the belt-driven steering assist pump, and shares its fluid. Starting in September, the E32 7-series (in production since June '86) switches to this pump from the previous electric pump. The BMW E34 5-series begins production in November, also with this new pump.
 1989 Citroën XM: Hydractive Suspension, electronic regulation of the hydropneumatic system; sensors measure acceleration and other factors
 1990 Peugeot 405 Mi16x4: first Peugeot equipped with rear hydropneumatic suspension
 1990 JCB Fastrac high speed agricultural tractor uses this system for its rear suspension.
 1991 Toyota Soarer UZZ32 used hydraulic struts controlled by an array of sensors with yaw velocity sensors, vertical G sensors, height sensors, wheel speed sensors, longitudinal and lateral G sensors) that detected cornering, acceleration and braking force.
 1993 Citroën Xantia used hydropneumatic, on 1995 Optional Activa (active suspension) system, eliminating body roll by acting on anti-roll bars. A Xantia Activa was able to reach more than 1g lateral acceleration, and still holds the record speed () through the moose test maneuver, due to its active anti-roll bars. This test is conducted by the magazine Teknikens Värld's, as a test of avoiding a moose in the road. The second place car, Porsche 997 GT3 RS was able to manage .
 1995 Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W210) on estate (wagon) models on rear suspension used hydraulic suspension with spheres height adjustable suspension and self-levelling suspension mixed with coil springs.
 1999 Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C215) and Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220) introduce optional Active Body Control - an electronically controlled hydropneumatic system
 2001 Citroën C5: Hydractive 3 removes the need for central hydraulic pressure generation; combined pump/sphere unit for the suspension only and with electric height adjustment sensors. Hydractive 3+ was available on some models
 2005 Citroën C6: An improved version of the C5 system known as Hydractive 3+ (also fitted to some C5 models), C6 with a V6 engine was fitted with AMVAR version of Hydractive 3+ (sometimes called Hydractive 4)
 2007 Citroën C5 II: Hydractive 3+ as optional on Exclusive models. other versions of the car have normal spring suspension.
 2008 JCB Fastrac high speed 7000 series agricultural tractors now use this system for front and rear suspension.
 2019 Mercedes-Benz 450 GLE introduces eActive Body Control on a Sport utility vehicle, discarding mechanical roll bars, notably enhancing performance.
 2023 BYD Auto introduces advanced active hydropneumatic suspension systems on the Yangwang U8 SUV and U9 sportscar. The suspension features the ability to drive with only three wheels fitted, and jump in the air while parked remaining level.

Functioning

At the heart of the system, acting as pressure sink as well as suspension elements, are the so-called spheres, five or six in all; one per wheel and one main accumulator as well as a dedicated brake accumulator on some models.  On later cars fitted with Hydractive or Activa suspension, there may be as many as ten spheres. Spheres consist of a hollow metal ball, open to the bottom, with a flexible Desmopan rubber membrane, fixed at the 'equator' inside, separating top and bottom. The top is filled with nitrogen at high pressure, up to 75 bar, the bottom connects to the car's hydraulic fluid circuit. The high pressure pump, powered by the engine, pressurizes the hydraulic fluid (LHM – liquide hydraulique minéral) and an accumulator sphere maintains a reserve of hydraulic power. This part of the circuit is at between 150 and 180 bars. It powers the front brakes first, prioritised via a security valve, and depending on type of vehicle, can power the steering, clutch, gear selector, etc.

Pressure flows from the hydraulic circuit to the suspension cylinders, pressurizing the bottom part of the spheres and suspension cylinders. Suspension works by means of a piston forcing LHM into the sphere, compressing the nitrogen in the upper part of the sphere; damping is provided by a two-way 'leaf valve' in the opening of the sphere. LHM has to squeeze back and forth through this valve which causes resistance and controls the suspension movements. It is the simplest damper and one of the most efficient. Ride height correction (self leveling) is achieved by height corrector valves connected to the anti-roll bar, front and rear. When the car is too low, the height corrector valve opens to allow more fluid into the suspension cylinder (e.g., the car is loaded). When the car is too high (e.g. after unloading) fluid is returned to the system reservoir via low-pressure return lines. Height correctors act with some delay in order not to correct regular suspension movements. The rear brakes are powered from the rear suspension circuit. Because the pressure there is proportional to the load, so is the braking power.

Working fluid
Citroën quickly realized that standard brake fluid was not ideally suited to high pressure hydraulics, and developed a special red-coloured hydraulic fluid named LHS (), which they used from 1954 to 1967. The chief problem with LHS was that it absorbed moisture and dust from the air, which caused corrosion in the system. Most hydraulic brake systems are sealed from the outside air by a rubber diaphragm in the reservoir filler cap, but the Citroën system had to be vented to allow the fluid level in the reservoir to rise and fall, thus it was not hermetically sealed. Consequently, each time the suspension would rise, the fluid level in the reservoir dropped, drawing in fresh moisture-laden air. The large surface of the fluid in the reservoir readily absorbed moisture. Since the system recirculates fluid continually through the reservoir, all the fluid was repeatedly exposed to the air and its moisture content.

To overcome these shortcomings of LHS, Citroën developed a new green fluid, LHM (). LHM is a mineral oil, quite close to automatic transmission fluid. Mineral oil is hydrophobic, unlike standard brake fluid; therefore, water-vapour bubbles do not form in the system, as would be the case with standard brake fluid, creating a "spongy" brake feel. Use of mineral oil has thus spread beyond Citroën, Rolls-Royce, Peugeot, and Mercedes-Benz, to include Jaguar, Audi, and BMW.

LHM, being a mineral oil, absorbs only an infinitesimal proportion of moisture, plus it contains corrosion inhibitors. The dust inhalation problem continued, so a filter assembly was fitted into the hydraulic reservoir. Cleaning the filters and changing the fluid at the recommended intervals removes most dust and wear particles from the system, ensuring the longevity of the system. Failure to keep the oil clean is the main cause of problems. It is also imperative to always use the correct fluid for the system; the two types of fluids and their associated system components are not interchangeable. If the wrong type of fluid is used, the system must be drained and rinsed with Hydraflush (Total's Hydraurincage), before draining again and filling with the correct fluid. These procedures are clearly described in DIY manuals obtainable from automotive retailers.

The latest Citroën cars with Hydractive 3 suspension have a new orange coloured LDS hydraulic fluid. This lasts longer and requires less frequent attention. It conforms to DIN 51524-3 for HVLP.

Manufacturing

The whole high pressure part of the system is manufactured from steel tubing of small diameter, connected to valve control units by Lockheed type pipe unions with special seals made from Desmopan, a type of polyurethane thermoplastic compatible with the LHM fluid. The moving parts of the system, e.g., suspension strut or steering ram, are sealed by contact seals between the cylinder and piston for tightness under pressure. The other plastic/rubber parts are return tubes from valves such as the brake control or height corrector valves, also catching seeping fluid around the suspension push-rods. Height corrector, brake master valve and steering valve spools, and hydraulic pump pistons have extremely small clearances (1–3 micrometres) within their cylinders, permitting only a very low leakage rate. The metal and alloy parts of the system rarely fail, even after excessively high mileages, but the elastomer components (especially those exposed to the air) can harden and leak, typical failure points for the system.

Spheres are not subject to mechanical wear, but suffer pressure loss, due to the pressurised nitrogen diffusing through the membrane. They can, however, be recharged, which is cheaper than replacing them. When Citroën designed their Hydractive 3 suspension they redesigned the spheres with new nylon membranes, which greatly slow the rate of deflation. These are recognisable by their grey colouring.

Classic (non-saucer) green- (and grey-) coloured suspension spheres typically last between 60,000 and 100,000 km. Spheres originally had a threaded plug on top for recharging. Newer ('saucer') spheres do not have this plug, but it can be retrofitted, enabling them to be recharged with gas. The sphere membrane has an indefinite life unless run at low pressure, which leads to rupture. Timely recharging, approximately every 3 years, is thus vital. A ruptured membrane means suspension loss at the attached wheel; however, ride height is unaffected. With no springing other than the (slight) flexibility of tyres, hitting a pothole with a flat sphere can bend the suspension parts or dent a wheel rim. In the case of main accumulator sphere failure, the high pressure pump is the only source of braking pressure for the front wheels. Some older cars had a separate front brake accumulator on power steering models.

The old LHS and LHS2 (coloured red) cars used a different elastomer in the diaphragms and seals that is not compatible with green LHM. The orange LDS fluid in Hydractive cars is also incompatible with other fluids.

Hydractive
Hydractive Suspension is an automotive technology introduced by Citroën in 1990. The prototype debuted in 1988 on the Citroën Activa concept. It describes a development of the 1954 hydropneumatic suspension design using additional electronic sensors and driver control of suspension performance. The driver can make the suspension stiffen (sport mode) or ride in outstanding comfort (soft mode). Sensors in the steering, brakes, suspension, throttle pedal and gearbox feed information on the car's speed, acceleration, and road conditions to an on-board computer, which in turn activates or deactivates an extra pair of suspension spheres on the circuit, to enable either a more smooth supple ride or tighter handling in corners.

Hydractive 1 and Hydractive 2
Citroën Hydractive (and later Hydractive 2) suspension was available on several models, including the XM and Xantia, which had a more advanced sub-model known as the Activa. The first Hydractive suspension systems (now known as Hydractive 1) had two user presets, Sport and Auto. In the Sport setting the car's suspension was always kept in its firmest mode. In the Auto setting, the suspension was switched from soft to firm mode temporarily when a speed-dependent threshold in accelerator pedal movement, brake pressure, steering wheel angle, or body movement was detected by one of several sensors.

In Hydractive 2, the preset names were changed to Sport and Normal. In this new version the Sport setting would no longer keep the suspension system in firm mode, but instead lowered the thresholds significantly for any of the sensor readings also used in Normal mode, allowing for a similar level of body firmness during cornering and acceleration, without the sacrifice in ride quality the Sport mode in Hydractive 1 systems had caused.

Whenever the Hydractive 1 or 2 computers received abnormal sensor information, often caused by malfunctioning electrical contacts, the car's suspension system would be forced into its firm setting for the remainder of the ride.

Starting with Xantia model year 1994 and XM model year 1995, all models featured an additional sphere and valve that together functioned as a pressure reservoir for rear brakes because of new hydraulic locks, letting the car retain normal ride height for several weeks without running the engine. Correctly called the SC/MAC sphere, it often became known as the 'anti-sink' sphere, because of its ability to better maintain rear suspension height.

Hydractive 3
The 2001 Citroën C5 has continued development of Hydractive suspension with Hydractive 3. Compared to earlier cars, the C5 stays at normal ride height even when the engine is turned off for an extended period, through the use of electronics. The C5 also uses orange synthetic hydraulic fluid named LDS fluid in place of the green LHM mineral oil used in millions of hydropneumatic vehicles.

A further improved Hydractive 3+ variation was for cars with top engines on the Citroën C5 and in 2005 was standard on the Citroën C6. Hydractive 3+ systems contain additional spheres that can be engaged and disengaged via a Sport button, resulting in a firmer ride.

The Hydractive 3 hydraulic suspension has 2 automatic modes:
Motorway position (lowering by 15 mm of the vehicle height above 110 km/h)
Poor road surface position (raising by 13 mm of the vehicle height below 70 km/h)

The BHI of the Hydractive 3 suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:
Vehicle speed
Front and rear vehicle heights

The 3+ Hydractive hydraulic suspension has 3 automatic modes:
Motorway position (lowering by 15 mm of the vehicle height above 110 km/h)
Poor road surface position (raising by 13 mm of the vehicle height below 70 km/h)
Comfort or dynamic suspension (variation of suspension firmness)

The BHI of the 3+ Hydractive suspension calculates the optimum vehicle height, using the following information:
Vehicle speed
Front and rear vehicle heights
Rotation speed of steering wheel
Angle of rake of steering wheel
Vehicle's longitudinal acceleration
Vehicle's lateral acceleration
Speed of suspension travel
Movement of the accelerator throttle

C5 I (2001–2004)
Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3: EW7J4 and DW10TD engines.
Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: EW10J4, EW10D, ES9J4S and DW12TED4 engines.

C5 II (2004–2007)
Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3: EW7J4, EW10A, DV6TED4 and DW10BTED4 engines.
Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: ES9A and DW12TED4 engines (prior to RPO No 10645).

C6 (2005–2012)
Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: Standard on all models.

C5 III X7 (2007–2017)
Hydractive hydraulic suspension 3+: Depends on country and trim.

See also
Hydrolastic - a type of automotive suspension system used in many cars produced by British Leyland and its successor companies.
Hydragas - is an improved form of Hydrolastic, using nitrogen-pressurised gas springs, rather than rubber.
Hydraulic recoil mechanism - uses the same principal for artillery.
Oleo strut - suspension for most large aircraft, using the same physical properties of air and hydraulic fluid.
Active Body Control - ABC, is the Mercedes-Benz brand name used to describe hydropneumatic fully active suspension, that allows control of the vehicle body motions and therefore virtually eliminates body roll in many driving situations including cornering, accelerating, and braking.
Air suspension - a type of vehicle suspension powered by an electric or engine-driven air pump or compressor. This compressor pumps the air into a flexible bellows, usually made from textile-reinforced rubber. The air pressure inflates the bellows, and raises the chassis from the axle.
Electronic Air Suspension (EAS) is the air suspension system installed on the second version of the Range Rover. Five suspension heights are offered by this system.

References

External links
 The Citroën Technical Guide

Automotive suspension technologies
Vehicle safety technologies
Armoured fighting vehicle equipment
Automotive technology tradenames
Citroën
Tank suspensions

Hydropneumatic suspension


Frank Mellen Nye (March 7, 1852 – November 29, 1935) was a Representative from Minnesota.

Early life and education
born in Shirley, Piscataquis County, Maine; moved to Wisconsin with his parents, who settled on a farm near River Falls, Pierce County, in 1855; attended the common schools and the local academy in River Falls.

Career
He taught school for several years and then studied law; as admitted to the bar in 1878 and commenced practice in Hudson, Wisconsin; district attorney of Polk County, Wisconsin, 1879 – 1884; member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1884 and 1885; moved to Minnesota in 1886, settled in Minneapolis, and continued the practice of law; assistant prosecuting attorney of Hennepin County; prosecuting attorney 1893 – 1897; elected as a Republican to the Sixtieth, Sixty-first, and Sixty-second congresses (March 4, 1907 – March 3, 1913); declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1912; resumed the practice of his profession in Minneapolis; elected in 1920 judge of the district court of Hennepin County for a six-year term; reelected in 1926 and served until his retirement in 1932; died in Minneapolis, November 29, 1935; interment in Greenwood Cemetery, River Falls, Wisconsin.

References

External links

Minnesota state court judges
Republican Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
1852 births
1935 deaths
People from Piscataquis County, Maine
Politicians from Minneapolis
People from River Falls, Wisconsin
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota
Lawyers from Minneapolis

Frank Nye