The Annapolis Brass Quintet (ABQ) was a brass quintet founded by trumpet player David Cran and trombone player Robert Posten in 1971 as America's only full-time performing brass ensemble. During the course of its 22-year career, it played concerts in all fifty states and throughout Europe, the Orient, the Middle East, Central America and Canada.

Members
The original members of the quintet were trumpeters Cran and Haldon "Butch" Johnson, trombonists Posten and John Driver, and horn player Rick Rightnour. Through 1993, 14 different musicians played as regular members, including future social scientist Arthur C. Brooks. At that time, the quintet disbanded, and played again only for a single concert in December 2000 in Annapolis, Maryland to honor the late jazz guitar legend Charlie Byrd. The final roster in 1993 and at the reunion concert were Cran, Posten, trumpeter Robert Suggs, trombonist Wayne Wells, and horn player Sharon Tiebert, the only female member in the Quintet's history.

Notable performances
The Quintet is notable for its 1979 founding of the International Brass Quintet Festival in Baltimore, Maryland, which became recognized as a major forum for brass chamber music. A major highlight of the 1989 festival was the combined appearance of both the East Berlin and West Berlin Brass Quintets with the ABQ two months before the Berlin Wall toppled, a historic collaboration both musically and politically. The festival presented over 200 free public concerts and conducted workshops and seminars for students and professional brass players.

In 1985, the ABQ first performed with the Charlie Byrd Trio as Byrd and Brass. This unique and critically acclaimed blending of Latin, jazz and classical styles, with one of the world's premier jazz guitarists and his trio, led to a long collaboration including over 50 concerts throughout the United States, Christmas concerts in Annapolis, and two recordings, Byrd and Brass and Christmas with Byrd and Brass.

The Quintet made a strong commitment to expanding the repertoire for the medium and has a list of over seventy-five world premieres to its credit. Among the composers who have written works for the ensemble are Douglas Allanbrook, Michael Brown, Bruce Clausen, George Heussenstamm, Warren Kellerhouse, Jiri Laburda, Robert Hall Lewis, Allen Molineux, Lawrence Moss, Jiri Pauer, Karl Pilss, Walter Ross, Jerzy Sapieyevski, Elam Sprenkle, Robert Starer, George Walker and Robert Washburn. Of special interest are four compositions for quintet and orchestra composed for the ABQ and performed with the Baltimore Symphony, the Bavarian Radio Orchestra, the Stuttgart Philharmonic, the Wichita Symphony and the Dublin Radio Orchestra.

Awards and recognition
United States Senator Barbara Mikulski congratulated the Annapolis Brass Quintet for the national record on the floor of the United States Senate on April 27, 1993, on the occasion of their final concert on April 25, and in recognition of the "contributions that the Annapolis Brass Quintet has made to brass chamber music. During its 22-year history, it has entertained people around the world and has positively influenced the development of its genre. Its members have achieved a truly high standard of artistic excellence and, together, represent what is best in American music."

Discography
Annapolis Brass Quintet (Crystal S-202)
Quintessence (Crystal S-206)
Annapolis Sounds (Richardson RRS-3)
Encounter (Crystal S-207)
The Spirit of Christmas Brassed (Richardson RRS-5)
Music of Lawrence Moss: Symphonies (Orion ORS 79362)
Invitation to the Sideshow (Crystal S-213)
Music of Lawrence Moss: Flight (AmCam Recordings ACR 10301)
The Age of Masques and Revels (Antigua DG91.5)
Synthesis (Crystal S-219)
New Music for Brass Quintet (Crystal S-235)
Byrd and Brass (Concord Jazz, Inc.)
Brass and Pipes (CRS)
Christmas with Byrd and Brass (Antigua DG91.6)
Reflections in Brass (Antigua 92)

References

External links
 Official ABQ Website

Musical groups established in 1971
Brass quintets
American brass bands
1971 establishments in Maryland
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
1993 disestablishments in Maryland
Culture of Annapolis, Maryland

Annapolis Brass Quintet


The EuroLeague American Tour was a series of games organized in 2009, 2010 and 2012. Its purpose is for EuroLeague and sometimes 2nd-tier level EuroCup teams to play against National Basketball Association teams. The games of the EuroLeague American Tour are played by NBA rules.

The EuroLeague American Tour continues a tradition of friendly competition between NBA and EuroLeague teams that dates back to 1978, when Maccabi Tel Aviv played the Washington Bullets in Tel Aviv, Israel. Combined with the NBA Global Games, that also regularly present clashes between EuroLeague and NBA squads.

Seasons
 2009 EuroLeague American Tour
 2010 EuroLeague American Tour
 2012 EuroLeague American Tour

History
The first event that took place in 2009 involved Olympiacos, Maccabi Tel Aviv and Partizan Belgrade from the EuroLeague. They played against the San Antonio Spurs, the Cleveland Cavaliers, the Denver Nuggets and the Phoenix Suns, losing all four games.

The second event in 2010 involved CSKA Moscow and Caja Laboral against the Memphis Grizzlies, the Miami Heat, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the San Antonio Spurs.

The third edition of the EuroLeague American Tour took place in 2012, involving Real Madrid and Mens Sana Siena against the Memphis Grizzlies, the Toronto Raptors, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the San Antonio Spurs.

In 2013, CSKA Moscow traveled to the United States to play against the Minnesota Timberwolves and the San Antonio Spurs. In 2014, Maccabi Tel Aviv played in the USA against the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Brooklyn Nets.
In 2015, Maccabi Tel Aviv played against Olimpia Milano in New York City and Chicago. That was the first time two European teams met to play against each other in the United States.

Participations

See also
 NBA Global Games
 NBA Canada Series
 List of games played between NBA and international teams
 NBA versus EuroLeague games
 McDonald's Championship
 Naismith Cup

References

External links

EuroLeague
Recurring sporting events established in 2009
Basketball competitions in North America
NBA vs FIBA

EuroLeague American Tour


Franklin Barlow Sexton (April 29, 1828 – May 15, 1900) was a politician from Texas who served in the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War.

Sexton was born in New Harmony, Indiana, in rural Posey County, the only child of Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Sexton. In 1838, the family moved from Indiana and resettled in San Augustine, Texas. There, his father died when Franklin was 13 years old. Sexton briefly served as an apprentice to a local printer, and then enrolled in the local Methodist academy (Wesleyan College) and studied law. He was granted his license to practice law in 1848 by special legislative action. He established a legal practice in San Augustine and became active in local political circles. In 1852, he married Eliza Richardson, daughter of a prominent Sabine County landowner. The couple had 12 children. Sexton became a member of the Freemason movement, serving in 1856 as Grand Master.

In April 1860, Sexton was elected as president of the Texas State Democratic Convention. He presided over the convention, which passed resolutions regarding states rights and reaffirming the institution of slavery. The following year, with the outbreak of the Civil War and Texas's secession, Sexton briefly joined the Confederate States Army, but resigned after being elected to fill a vacancy in the State Senate. In 1862, he was elected to the First Confederate Congress as a representative from Texas's 4th District and left home in July to travel to Richmond, Virginia, to assume his duties, arriving in mid-August. He worked with the War Department to improve the conditions of the average soldier in the field. Sexton was reelected to a second term in 1863, serving until the fall of the Confederacy in the spring of 1865 and the dissolution of the Congress. He was one of only two Texans to be elected to both terms.

Returning to San Augustine after the war, Sexton resumed his legal practice and involvement with the Masons. In 1870, served as Grand Commander of the Knights Templar of Texas. He moved his family to Marshall, Texas, in 1872 and established a profitable practice there representing the railroad. When the state authorized construction of a new Capitol building in Austin, Sexton was selected to deliver an address at the ceremony for the laying of the cornerstone. He was a delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention in St. Louis, where he made an impassioned speech supporting Samuel J. Tilden. After his wife died, Sexton moved in with one of his daughters at El Paso. He was appointed a judge on the state Supreme Court and later served as a United States commissioner.

Sexton died in El Paso and was buried in Marshall, Texas.

In 1923, Sexton's diary recording his first two years in the Confederate Congress was discovered, providing a rare glimpse into the inner workings of that body.

References

 Mary S. Estill, F. B. Sexton, "Diary of a Confederate Congressman, 1862-1863", Volume 38, Number 4, Southwestern Historical Quarterly Online, Handbook of Texas Online
 Biography at Handbook of Texas Online

1828 births
1900 deaths
Texas state senators
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Texas
19th-century American politicians
People from New Harmony, Indiana
People from San Augustine, Texas
People from Marshall, Texas

Franklin Barlow Sexton


In 1994, the "Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts.

Municipalities (different parts of the land) that still exist

 Banja Luka (City status)
 Istočno Sarajevo (City status, was also known as Srpsko Sarajevo)
 Berkovići
 Bijeljina
 Bileća
 Bosanska Kostajnica (was known as Srpska Kostajnica)
 Bosanski Brod (was known as Srpski Brod and simply Brod)
 Bratunac
 Čajniče
 Čelinac
 Derventa
 Doboj
 Donji Žabar (was known as Srpsko Orašje)
 Foča (was known as Srbinje)
 Gacko
 Gradiška
 Han Pijesak
 Istočna Ilidža (was known as Srpska Ilidža)
 Istočni Drvar (was known as Srpski Drvar)
 Istočni Mostar (was known as Srpski Mostar)
 Istočni Stari Grad (was known as Srpski Stari Grad)
 Istočno Novo Sarajevo (was known as Srpsko Novo Sarajevo)
 Jezero
 Kalinovik
 Kneževo
 Kotor Varoš
 Kozarska Dubica
 Krupa na Uni
 Kupres
 Laktaši
 Lopare
 Ljubinje
 Milići
 Modriča
 Mrkonjić Grad
 Nevesinje
 Novi Grad
 Novo Goražde (was known as Srpsko Goražde)
 Osmaci
 Oštra Luka (was known as Srpski Sanski Most)
 Pale
 Pelagićevo
 Petrovac
 Petrovo
 Prijedor
 Prnjavor
 Ribnik (was known as Srpski Ključ)
 Rogatica
 Rudo
 Sokolac
 Srbac
 Srebrenica
 Šamac
 Šekovići
 Šipovo
 Teslić
 Trebinje
 Trnovo
 Ugljevik
 Višegrad
 Vlasenica
 Vukosavlje
 Zvornik

Renamed municipalities

Old municipalities
 Bihać
 Centar Sarajevo
 Glamoč (part included in Šipovo)
 Gradačac (parts included in Modriča and Pelagićevo)
 Grahovo (formerly Bosansko Grahovo)
 Hadžići
 Ilijaš (part included in Sokolac)
 Konjic (parts included in Nevesinje)
 Lukavac (parts included in Petrovo)
 Maglaj (parts included in Doboj)
 Olovo (parts included in Sokolac)
 Rajlovac
 Srbobran (parts included in Šipovo) (formerly Donji Vakuf)
 Srebrenik
 Tuzla (parts included in Lopare)
 Vogošća
 Zavidovići

Republika Srpska
Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1994 in Europe
1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Municipalities of Republika Srpska


Shine On You Crazy Diamond is a nine part composition by Pink Floyd. It bookends their 1975 studio album Wish You Were Here.

Background
Shine On is a tribute song to Pink Floyd's former member, Syd Barrett. Barrett was removed from the band for his drug use and mental problems, which interfered with his ability to perform and develop as a musician. He was replaced by David Gilmour, who was a friend of Barrett's.

Barrett incident
One day during recording, Barrett decided to stop by Abbey Road Studios to see the band. At first, the band could not recognize him. He was now heavyset, and had shaved his hair and eyebrows. Once the band had realized Barrett's identity, Roger Waters was so distressed he burst into tears. Somebody asked to play the song again for Barrett, but he had said another play was unnecessary. Barrett said the song sounded "a bit old".

Composition

Parts I-V
Part I (Wright, Waters, Gilmour; from 0:00 to 3:54) There are no lyrics in Part I. The section begins with a fade in of chords created with synthesizers and wine glasses. Wright plays a synthesizer passage, which leads into a long guitar solo by Gilmour. The wineglass-synth chords fade into the background.

Part II (Wright, Waters, Mason, Gilmour; from 3:54 to 6:27) Part II opens with a four-note theme, called Syd's theme by fans. This repeats for much of the part. Mason and Waters begin playing after the fourth play of the theme.

Part III (Wright, Waters, Mason, Gilmour; from 6:27 to 8:42) Part III opens with a synthesizer solo from Wright. This part includes another guitar solo by Gilmour.

Part IV (Wright, Waters, Mason, Gilmour; from 8:42 to 11:10) Part IV has vocals. Waters and Gilmour sing the vocals, with backup singers Venette Fields and Carlena Williams.

Part V (Wright, Waters, Mason, Gilmour; from 11:10 to 13:32) Two guitars play an arpeggio version of the theme for a minute. Dick Parry begins playing saxophone until the part ends. The music fades into synthesizer sounds, resembling an elevator. The song fades to "Welcome to the Machine".

Parts VI-IX
Part VI (Wright, Waters, Mason, Gilmour; from 0:00 to 4:59) Howling wind fades in from "Wish You Were Here". As the wind fades away, Gilmour comes in with bass guitar. Waters adds to Gilmour's bass with his own creating a riff pattern. Gilmour and Wright harmonize with lap-steel guitar and synth at the two minute mark. The song's time signature changes to reintroduce the vocals.

Part VII (Wright, Waters, Mason, Gilmour; from 4:59 to 6:02) The vocals are introduced again. Same personnel as Part IV.

Part VIII (Wright, Waters, Mason, Gilmour; from 6:02 to 9:04) A high-noted riff plays to bridge the parts. The song switches to a funk progression. The section fades into Wright's synthesizer solo.

Part IX (Wright, Mason; from 9:04 to 12:28) A lengthy synthesizer solo. The solo plays throughout the part, and during the fade-out, a keyboard part of "See Emily Play" can be heard, one of Barrett's signature Floyd tracks.

1975 songs
Pink Floyd songs

Shine On You Crazy Diamond


Geoffrey King (born 1949) is a British composer and teacher.

Biography
Born in Croydon, England, King's first musical studies were at the Royal School of Church Music at Addington Palace. Later, at the Royal College of Music, he studied with Humphrey Searle, Justin Connolly and Alexander Goehr. As a postgraduate, he undertook further work with Alexander Goehr at University of Southampton and also with Jonathan Harvey. With an Italian government scholarship, he went to study with Ernesto Rubin de Cervin at the Conservatorio "Benedetto Marcello" in Venice.

In 1976, King moved to Edinburgh to work at St Mary's Music School and during this time, together with Peter Nelson, he formed ECAT, the Scottish promoter of new music concerts. After twelve years in Edinburgh, he moved to The Hague to do further study at the Koninklijk Conservatorium and subsequently settled in Amsterdam, where he now lives. From 1987-89 he was composer-in-residence at Huddersfield Polytechnic and then at the NCOS (National Centre for Orchestral Studies) in London.

Works
Geoffrey King has written about 100 works. His orchestral music includes several symphonies and concertante pieces. He has also written much instrumental/chamber music and some vocal and theatre music. He has been commissioned and performed by some of the main ensembles and new music promoters, including Aldeburgh Festival, Almeida Festival, Arditti Quartet, BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra, ECAT, Edinburgh International Festival, London Sinfonietta, Lontano, Musica Nova, Nash Ensemble, Piano Circus, Schönberg Ensemble, Scottish Chamber Orchestra, Slagwerkgroep Den Haag and St. Magnus Festival.

References

External links
 Official website

1949 births
Living people
British classical composers
British male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Alumni of the University of Southampton
Academics of the University of Huddersfield
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
20th-century British composers
20th-century British male musicians
21st-century British male musicians

Geoffrey King (composer)


The Analysis of Beauty is a book written by the 18th-century artist and writer William Hogarth, published in 1753, which describes Hogarth's theories of visual beauty and grace in a manner accessible to the common man of his day.

The "Line of Beauty"

Prominent among Hogarth's ideas of beauty was the theory of the Line of Beauty; an S-shaped (serpentine) curved line  that excited the attention of the viewer and evoked liveliness and movement. The Analysis of Beauty formed the intellectual centerpiece of what the historian Ernst Gombrich described as Hogarth's "grim campaign against the fashionable taste", which Hogarth himself described as his "War with the Connoisseurs".

Six principles

In The Analysis of Beauty Hogarth implements six principles that independently affect beauty. Although he concurs that those principles have an effect, he is not determinate on their specific influence. The first principle of beauty Hogarth describes is fitness, which is not in itself a source of beauty, but can be described as a material cause of it. Though the account of fitness on the total beauty of an object is only moderate, it is a necessary cause. Fitness does not necessarily imply purpose. However, improperly implied forms cannot be the source of beauty. It is in this that the necessity of fitness must be seen: if not accounted for, a form cannot readily be assumed beautiful.

The second major principle of beauty is variety. It is the source of beauty, which Hogarth shows us by the contrary notion of "sameness": "sameness", a lack of variety, offends the senses. "The ear is as much offended with one even continued note, as the eye is with being fix'd to a point, or to the view of a dead wall." In contrast, our senses find relief in discovering a certain amount of "sameness" within a varietal experience.

The third notion of regularity is understood as a form of "composed variety": it only pleases us when it is suggestive to fitness. Similar to this notion in effect is simplicity, which enhances the pleasure of variety in that it pleases the eye. The variety which causes a beautiful experience should, so to speak, be tempered by simplicity. On the other hand: simplicity without variety at best does only not displease.

Intricacy is a strange principle in that it does not directly follow from the formal behaviour of a beautiful object. Hogarth means by this the habit which causes us to end up in the whirling game of pursuit, when bit by bit discovering the beauty of an object. Intricacy arises from the love of this pursuit. Every difficulty in understanding or grasping the object enhances the pleasure of overcoming it, to continue the pursuit. There is a direct connection here to the Line of Beauty Hogarth dictates, along which every image is built up. Though the movement of our eye is discrete in itself, the movement of our "Mind's eye" follows a duplicate course of the line, a principal ray of light moving along with the line of sight. The continuous movement of our "Mind's eye" triggers the notion of intricacy.

Quantity, finally, is associated with the notion of the sublime, which, when Hogarth's book appeared, was not yet entirely distinguished from the apprehension of beauty. Hogarth thus does not speak of sublimity, but of greatness. He recognises a great quantity to have an aesthetic effect on the beholder without the necessity of a varietal or fitting form. This should not be exaggerated, as that might lead to absurdities.

See also
 List of works by William Hogarth

References and sources
References

Sources
 The Beautiful, the Sublime and the Picturesque in Eighteenth-Century British Aesthetic Theory, Walter John Hipple Jr., Southern Illinois University Press, 1957.

Further reading

External links

"An 18th Century Guide to What is Beautiful" on Atlas Obscura

1753 non-fiction books
British books
Art history books
Aesthetics books
Works by William Hogarth

The Analysis of Beauty


John Wick (also known as John Wick: Chapter 1) is a 2014 American neo-noir action movie directed by Chad Stahelski, in his directorial debut, and written by Derek Kolstad. It stars Keanu Reeves, Michael Nyqvist, Alfie Allen, Adrianne Palicki, Bridget Moynahan, Dean Winters, Ian McShane, John Leguizamo, and Willem Dafoe. It is the first movie in the John Wick movie series.

The movie received positive reviews. Many critics called it one of Reeves' best performances and one of the best action movies of 2014. It made $86 million worldwide.

Other websites

2014 action movies
American action movies
Lionsgate movies
Movies directed by Chad Stahelski

John Wick (movie)


In Mesopotamian myths, the alal was a kind of demon that, to tempt men, came out of the Underworld and took various forms, temptations that the inhabitants of Babylonia were able to reject by means of amulets.

The Chaldean-Assyrian art represents these spirits in the form of horrible monsters, as in the bas-reliefs of the Palace of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh (now Iraq), today in the British Museum) and in small bronzes and clay tablets cooked in the shape of a cylinder, cone, or stamp.

Generally these demons are seen as theriocephalous, with a human body and the head of a lion with open jaws, the ears of a dog and mane of a horse. The feet are frequently replaced by bird claws of prey.

The goddess to which the alal obeyed was called Alat, and was the wife of Nergal, god of war, and sister of Astarte.

References

See also
 Pazuzu
 Lamashtu

 Mesopotamian demons

Alal


Ba Đình Square (Vietnamese: Quảng Trường Ba Đình) is a place in the Vietnamese capital, Hà Nội. It is where Vietnamese President Hồ Chí Minh declared the independence of the Democratic Republic of Việt Nam from French imperialist rule on 2 September 1945, the same day that World War II ended.  This is now where his mausoleum is.

Hanoi
National squares
Town squares in Asia

Ba Ðình Square


The Eleusinian Mysteries () were a series of initiations held every year in honor of the Greek goddesses Demeter and Persephone. They were held at or near the city of Eleusis. They are the "most famous of the secret religious rites of Ancient Greece". Some think the power of the Eleusinian Mysteries came from drinking a psychedelic potion called kykeon.

The mysteries were about the myth of the abduction of Persephone from her mother Demeter by Hades, the god of the underworld. This myth had a cycle of three phases: the descent (loss), the search, and the ascent.  The main theme was the ascent (άνοδος) of Persephone to the mortal realm and her reunion with her mother.

Those who took part in these mysteries were sworn to secrecy. Initiates were promised a reward in the afterlife.  It was a major festival of the Hellenic era, and later spread to Rome. Similar religious rites appear in the agricultural societies of the Near East and in Minoan Crete.

References

Ancient Greece
Religious festivals

Eleusinian Mysteries


Christianity is the predominant religion in Eswatini, with Protestantism being its largest denomination.

The Constitution of the Kingdom, which went into effect on February 8, 2006, provides for freedom of religion and the government generally respects religious liberty.

Overview
The statistics on religious adherence vary by source.

According to the US State Department religious freedom report of 2022, local religious leaders estimate that 90% of Eswatini's population is Christian (including 20% Catholic), 2% are Muslim, while under 10% belong to other religious groups.

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2020 the distribution was 40% Zionist, 20% Catholic, other Christians (including Anglican, Methodist, Mormon, Jehovah's Witness) 30%, 2% Muslim and 8% other religions (including Bahá'í, Buddhist, Hindu, indigenous, Jewish).

According to Pew Research, in 2012, over 88% of the total 1.2 million population of Eswatini expressed Christianity to be their faith, while over 0.2% express no affiliation.

Anglican, Protestant and indigenous African churches including African Zionist, and Catholics constitute the majority of the Christians in the country. On 18 July 2012, Ellinah Wamukoya was elected Anglican Bishop of Eswatini; on 17 November 2012 she became the first woman to be consecrated as a bishop in Africa.

Christianity
The king of Eswatini, Mswati II invited Methodist Christian missionaries to his kingdom in 1825. The first church to be established in the country was the Methodist Wesleyan Mission was established in Mahamba in 1844. The Christian missions largely failed through 1881, and had few conversions to their credit. A larger presence of missionaries began in 1881 when members of the United Society arrived to establish the presence of the Church of England. Lutherans arrived in 1887 from Germany, and Methodists restarted their efforts in 1895 out of their Christian missions in South Africa.

A Gothic-style church, which was built in 1912, still stands in Mahamba, and is the oldest existing place of worship in the country.
A large Catholic presence, including churches, schools, and other infrastructure, exists in the country. The country forms a single diocese – the Diocese of Manzini. The Zionist Churches, which blend Christianity and indigenous ancestral worship, and were developed in the early part of the 19th century, predominate in rural areas. Christian holidays such as Good Friday, Christmas, Ascension Day are part of the national holiday calendar.

The Christianity followed by Swazi people incorporates rituals, singing, dancing and iconography of the traditional Swazi religion. According to Sibongile Nxumalo, the Christian missionaries that ignored or misconstrued "the positive aspects of traditional beliefs, customs and institutions of Swazi society" have largely been unsuccessful. More successful missions have adopted a syncretic approach.

The Christian organizations of Eswatini have been closely involved in the politics of the country. The colonial era Swaziland League of African Churches has had a long relationship with the royalty of Eswatini, and held public ceremonies such as Easter on the behalf of the King. The Zionist churches celebrate the Good Friday over three days with singing and dancing. They have historically attempted to be apolitical, but in 2004 they campaigned to make Christianity the state religion through a constitutional amendment, a move opposed by the King. The third politically influential Christian organization in Eswatini has been the Council of Eswatini Churches, established in 1976 as refugees flooded into Eswatini, and this group voiced views on Apartheid in South Africa and the ongoing civil war in nearby Mozambique. Their views contradicted the state's position, and the leaders of this new Council were then threatened with arrests and prison terms.

Swazi religion

The traditional Swazi religion recognizes a supreme God and creator, but more important are the spirits of ancestors. Swazi religion speaks of a creator known as Mvelincanti (he who was there from the beginning). Mvelincanti is too remote and so it is ancestral spirits emadloti which are more relevant in day-to-day life.  Beasts are slaughtered and beer was brewed to please (propitiate) the spirits, and ask for help. The rituals are performed at the level of family associated with birth, death and marriage.  Some Swazis blend these traditions with contemporary Christian practices.

Incwala

In the hierarchy of Swazi society, the king assumes the leadership position. The incwala ritual, which is performed annually, is considered a national religious event. The objectives of the event are to reflect the growth of the king, and to thank the ancestors for good harvests and to pray for good rain in the coming year. This event, which only takes place when there is a king, is the most sacred national event and all male Swazis are participant. The holiday for incwala depends on the phases of the moon, and is at the end of the six-week event.

Other religions
Followers of Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism and Judaism are largely immigrants located in urban areas. According to the US State  department, Islam forms about 2% of the population, while 2% of the population is Muslim according to the CIA World Factbook, and the Official Government state it is less than 0.2%. The Muslims in Eswatini are formerly indentured workers who arrived from South Asia during the colonial era.

Freedom of religion
In 2023, the country was scored 2 out of 4 for religious freedom.

See also
 Catholic Church in Eswatini
 History of the Jews in Eswatini
 Islam in Eswatini

References

sv:Eswatini Conference of Churches

Religion in Eswatini


Margaret Webster (March 15, 1905 – November 13, 1972) was an American-British theater actress, producer and director. Critic George Jean Nathan described her as "the best director of the plays of Shakespeare that we have."

Life and career
Margaret Webster was born in New York City, the daughter of two famous actors, Ben Webster and Dame May Whitty. She was their second child, her older brother died in infancy. Her birth was announced on stage at the theatre her father was performing in during a Shakespeare play. The family travelled extensively during her formative years as her parents moved between the US and UK with various touring theatre companies. At 13, she became a boarder at Queen Anne's School, Caversham, an independent school in England.

Given her unique parentage, she was allowed time off school to act in performances with her parents. This included being on stage alongside the renowned theatre actress Ellen Terry. Terry and her family including her daughter Edith Craig were good friends with the Websters. Upon graduating in 1923, she turned down the opportunity to attend Cambridge University in order to pursue her acting career. She went on to attend Etlinger Dramatic School, London, England where her mother Dame May Whitty was a manager and acting coach.

She spent the early part of her career in England, where she became well known in the theatre. She worked for several established theatrical companies, including from 1929–1930 at the Old Vic.

She returned to the US in 1937 and began an impressive run directing the Shakespeare play, Richard II with Maurice Evans in the title role. They formed a partnership that lasted until 1942, with Webster directing Evans in Broadway productions of Hamlet, Twelfth Night and Henry IV, Part I. In 1941–42, she directed Evans and Judith Anderson in a Broadway production of Macbeth. It was while she was directing Hamlet in 1938 that she began her long romantic relationship with actress Eva Le Gallienne.

Webster was also believed to have had a brief off or on relationship with the actress Mady Christians during this same time frame. On Broadway, Christians played Queen Gertrude in Hamlet and Lady Percy in Henry IV, Part I, staged by Webster. Webster and Christians became close friends: according to Webster biographer Milly S. Barranger, it is likely that they also were lovers. Webster was said to be devastated by Christians' death from a stroke in 1951. Webster was part of a small but influential group of lesbian producers, directors, and actors in theater (a group that included Eva Le Gallienne and Cheryl Crawford).

When Evans joined the army, Webster continued to have success directing classical plays on Broadway, notably The Cherry Orchard (1944), starring Le Gallienne, and her greatest triumph Othello (1943), starring Paul Robeson in the title role and Jose Ferrer as Iago, which ran for 296 performances, by far the longest run of a Shakespearean production on Broadway, a record that has not been remotely approached since. Webster played Emilia in the production's initial year (she was replaced by Edith King in 1944).

In 1945, she staged the longest-running performance of Shakespeare's The Tempest to play Broadway, with Arnold Moss as Prospero, Canada Lee as Caliban, and ballerina Vera Zorina as Ariel. This production was only the second U.S. staging of a Shakespeare play to feature an African-American actor in a prominent role among an otherwise all-white cast. The production played for 100 performances, then took a short break and returned to Broadway for 24 more performances.

In 1946, Webster and Le Gallienne co-founded the American Repertory Theater with producer Cheryl Crawford, with Webster's staging of Shakespeare's Henry VIII as its premiere production, starring Le Gallienne as Katherine, Walter Hampden as Cardinal Wolsey and Victor Jory in the title role. The theater operated until 1948, staging such plays as John Gabriel Borkman, Ghosts, and a legendary production of Alice in Wonderland in which Webster played the Cheshire Cat and the Red Queen.

In 1948, her affair with Le Gallienne ended and she went on tour with her company, the Margaret Webster Shakespeare Company. The tour lasted until 1951, but Webster left in 1950 to become the first woman to direct a production at the Metropolitan Opera. Her debut production of Don Carlo served as opening night of the 1950–51 season and began the tenure of Rudolf Bing as general manager. Her subsequent productions were Aida (1951) and Simon Boccanegra (1959). Around 1953, she met the British author Pamela Frankau with whom she fell in love, and by 1957, they were living together at 55 Christchurch Hill in Hampstead, London. In 1964, she directed Leo Genn in 12 Angry Men in London. She also directed Macbeth at the New York City Opera.

Frankau and Webster frequently moved between London and Webster's home in Aquinnah on Martha's Vineyard. They remained together until Frankau's death from breast cancer in 1967. Webster dedicated her first autobiography, titledThe Same, Only Different: Five Generations of a Great Theatre Family (1969), to Frankau.

In 1968, Webster began a whirlwind romance with a married but separated American woman named Jane Brundred. She moved into Webster's Aquinnah home but within a few short months was diagnosed with terminal cancer. Brundred bequeathed money to Webster in her will despite her family being against their relationship. The money was used for a memorial sculpture in Brundred's memory in a Shakespeare garden at Vineyard Haven public library. The remainder of the money helped Webster permanently move to London after her own cancer diagnosis two years after Brundred's death. The final play she directed was George Bernard Shaw's Mrs Warren's Profession, where she directed the actress and singer Mary Ellis in 1970. Webster died from colon cancer at St Christopher's Hospice, 51 Lawrie Park Road, Sydenham, England in 1972, aged 67.

References

External links
portrait(archived)

 Barnard Hughes and Helen Stenborg papers, 1880s-2011 (holds correspondence written by Webster), held by Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

1905 births
1972 deaths
American Shakespearean actresses
Actresses from New York City
American expatriates in England
American people of English descent
American opera directors
Female opera directors
American stage actresses
British stage actresses
British opera directors
British people of American descent
Deaths from cancer in England
American lesbian actresses
LGBT theatre directors
LGBT people from New York (state)
People educated at Queen Anne's School
20th-century American actresses

Margaret Webster


The Sleepers is a painting by Gustave Courbet. The painting was made in 1866. In it, two naked women lie on a bed.  It is typical of Courbet's later erotic paintings.  The painting is done in oil on canvas. It measures 135 cm high and 200 cm wide. It is currently in the museum Petit Palais in Paris, France. The painting is also known as The Dream (French: Le Sommeil), or Lust or The Sloth and Friends.

1860s paintings
French paintings

The Sleepers


The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory (non-controlled) agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and Technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life.

Standards
United States government agencies
1901 establishments in the United States
United States Department of Commerce


Oruchuban Ebichu(Iapansc: おるちゅばんエビちゅ, Ebichu Minds the House)  is Iapansc manga and animation, adon Risa Ito in þǣm 1990. þæt story is housekeeper hamster Ebuchu and hire wīf maester is life story.

þǣm 1990 and 2007, publish serially is magazine bōc Giga&chan, by Shufutoseikatsusha(主婦と生活社), þǣm 2007 to 2008, publish serially is magazine bōc ACTION PIZAZZ, by Futabasha(双葉社). æftar 1999, 15 curtain in bōc by Futabasha. In 1999, wæs organization of 10acts and screened on Television DirecTV(ディレクTV).

Ūtanweard hlenca
 Oruchuban Ebichu (TV) (english)
 Oruchuban Ebichu (manga) (english)
 Gainax's Ebichu website in Japanese
 Gainax's Ebichu website in English (via archive.org,  removed)
 Futabasha's Ebichu website (Japan)

Oruchuban Ebichu


Khadal is a town and former minor Princely state in Gujarat, western India.

History
Khadal was a Fourth Class princely state and taluka, comprising twelve more villages, covering eight square miles in Mahi Kantha.

It had a combined population of 2,215 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 16,450 Rupees (less than half from land), paying tributes of 1,751 Rupees to the Gaekwad Baroda State and 250 Rupees to Attarsumba.

References

Princely states of Gujarat

Khadal State


Bounty is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated and sold internationally. It was introduced in 1951 in the United Kingdom and Canada. It is a coconut filling coated with milk chocolate (which is sold in a blue wrapper) or dark chocolate (which is sold in a orange wrapper) and is usually sold as two pieces wrapped in one package.

Candy

Bounty (chocolate bar)


Horse Lake Thunder is a defunct men's Senior ice hockey team that played in the North Peace Hockey League (NPHL).

2004-05 season
Former NHL superstar Theoren Fleury played a season with the Horse Lake Thunder in 2004. The 2004 Horse Lake roster also included former NHL players Gino Odjick, Sasha Lakovic and Dody Wood.  The Thunder spent millions of dollars on a new arena and players. The team went on to win the championship that season, but in the 2005 Allan Cup the Thunder were defeated in the semi-finals by the Thunder Bay Bombers who went on to win the Allan Cup.

References

Defunct ice hockey teams in Canada

Horse Lake Thunder


The Chief Secretary's Lodge is a house in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland. It is also called Deerfield House or the U.S. Ambassador's Residence. It is used as the home for the U.S. Ambassador to Ireland. The size of the property and the land around it is about . It also includes three cottages and a gate lodge.

The building was completed in 1776. It was built by Col. John Blaquiere, Chief Secretary for Ireland of the British government. He was also the bailiff of the Phoenix Park. It was used as the house for the Chief Secretary until 1922, when the Irish Free State was formed.

In 1927, the American government started to use the building for the embassy and as house for the ambassador to Ireland. Later the embassy was moved out. In 1952, the American government improved the house and lands around it.

References

Other websites
 New York Times has pictures of the inside of the building

Buildings and structures in Dublin

Deerfield Residence


Timbre is a quality of sound. It is what makes two different musical instruments sound different from each other, even when each instrument plays the same musical note.

"Playing the same note" means they have the same pitch and loudness. For instance, timbre is the difference between a guitar and a piano playing the same note at the same volume. In music, tone quality and color are synonyms for timbre.

There are many attempts by music theorists to explain timbre more fully. Unfortunately, their ideas depend on the reader having an advanced knowledge of musical theory. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) Acoustical Terminology definition 12.09 of timbre is "that attribute of auditory sensation which enables a listener to judge that two nonidentical sounds, similarly presented and having the same loudness and pitch, are dissimilar". It adds "Timbre depends primarily upon the frequency spectrum, although it also depends upon the sound pressure and the temporal characteristics of the sound".

References

Musical terminology

Timbre


The Scramble for Africa, also called the Race for Africa was a time in history when colonial expansion in Africa became rapid.  It lasted from the 1880s until the beginning of World War I.  Many European countries started colonies in Africa during this time.  This was a new Imperialism. The last half of the 19th century saw a change in the way countries controlled their colonies.  In the old imperialism, Europeans only had direct control over small coastal areas.  Now they changed from economic control by settlement, to political and military control of the colony's resources. This was seen in the fight for areas that were controlled by European nations.

Many people became famous for helping European countries find more land in Africa. They included the explorers David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza as well as the French politician Jules Ferry.

The Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885) tried to end disputes between Great Britain, the French Third Republic, the German Empire, and other European countries. They agreed that "effective occupation" would be the rule for colonial claims. Laws were made for using direct rule on a colony, backed up by military power.

Other reading
 Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa  (2006)

19th century in Africa
20th century in Africa
Colonialism

Scramble for Africa


SB-271046 is a drug which is used in scientific research. It was one of the first selective 5-HT6 receptor antagonists to be discovered, and was found through high-throughput screening of the SmithKline Beecham Compound Bank using cloned 5-HT6 receptors as a target, with an initial lead compound being developed into SB-271046 through a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study. SB-271046 was found to be potent and selective in vitro and had good oral bioavailability in vivo, but had poor penetration across the blood–brain barrier, so further SAR work was then conducted, which led to improved 5-HT6 antagonists such as SB-357,134 and SB-399,885.

SB-271046 was found to increase levels of the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate, as well as dopamine and noradrenaline in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats, and 5-HT6 antagonists have been shown to produce nootropic effects in a variety of animal studies. Suggested applications of these drugs include treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.

References

5-HT6 antagonists
N-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazines
Sulfonamides
Benzothiophenes
Chloroarenes
Peripherally selective drugs
1-Piperazinyl compounds

SB-271046


Robert Stanton Waterfield (July 26, 1920 – March 25, 1983) was an American professional football player and coach who played in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons. He played quarterback for the UCLA Bruins and Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. His No. 7 jersey was retired by the Los Angeles Rams in 1952. He was also a motion picture actor and producer.

Born in Elmira, New York, Waterfield moved to Los Angeles as an infant. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins in 1941, 1942, and 1944. In 1942, he led UCLA to a Pacific Coast Conference championship and its first Rose Bowl and was selected as the quarterback on the All-Pacific Coast team.

From 1945 to 1952, he played quarterback for the Cleveland Rams in the National Football League (NFL). He led the Rams to NFL championships in 1945 and 1951 and was selected as the NFL's most valuable player in 1945.  He was the first-team All-Pro quarterback in 1945, 1946, and 1949. Known as one of the best passers, punters, and place-kickers in the NFL, he set NFL career place-kicking records with 315 extra points and 60 field goals, as well as a single-season record with 54 extra points in 1950, and a single-game record with five field goals in a game.

Waterfield was married to movie actress Jane Russell from 1943 to 1968. During the 1950s, Waterfield also worked in the motion picture business, initially as an actor and later as a producer. He remained involved in football as an assistant coach during the 1950s and served as the head coach of the Rams from 1960 to 1962.

Early years
Waterfield was born in Elmira, New York, in 1920, the son of Staton "Jack" Waterfield (1891–1930) and Frances (Gallagher) Waterfield (1895–1963). In approximately 1921, his family moved to Los Angeles and settled in Van Nuys in the San Fernando Valley. In 1930, when Waterfield was nine years old, his father, who had become the owner and manager of Van Nuys Transfer and Storage Company, died. Waterfield attended Van Nuys High School where he was a star football player.

UCLA and military service

Waterfield enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where he played college football for UCLA Bruins football in 1941, 1942, and 1944.  During the 1942 regular season, he led the Pacific Coast Conference in passing, completing 53 of 125 passes for 1,033 yards and 12 touchdowns. He also averaged 40 yards on 60 punts and broke the UCLA school record by appearing in 557 of 600 minutes in UCLA's 10 games. He led the 1942 Bruins to the Pacific Coast Conference football championship and was selected as the first-team quarterback on the 1942 All-Pacific Coast football team. In the 1943 Rose Bowl, the Bruins lost to Georgia; the game was scoreless into the fourth quarter when Waterfield's punt was blocked for a safety.  Georgia added a touchdown to post a 9–0 win.

In April 1943, Waterfield was married to Jane Russell. Two weeks later, he was inducted into the United States Army and sent to Fort Benning for officer candidate school. He was commissioned as a lieutenant and played quarterback for the 1943 176th Infantry Spirits football team at Fort Benning.

In June 1944, Waterfield was honorably discharged from the Army due to a knee injury. He returned to college, played for the 1944 UCLA football team, and was selected by the Associated Press as a second-team back on the 1944 All-Pacific Coast football team.

In the East–West Shrine Game played on January 1, 1945, Waterfield led the West team with his passing and kicking to a come-from-behind victory. Hailed as a triple-threat star, he had punts of 87, 75, and 59 yards in the game. He caught the winning touchdown pass with three minutes remaining in the game. At the end of his college career, Al Wolf of the Los Angeles Times called him "one of the finest kickers and passers in Coast history."

Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams
Waterfield was drafted by the Cleveland Rams in the fifth round (42nd overall pick) of the 1944 NFL Draft. He signed with the Rams in June 1945.

1945 season
As a rookie, Waterfield won the starting quarterback job and led the 1945 Rams team to the NFL championship with a 9–1 record. Waterfield led the NFL with 1,627 yards of total offense, 14 touchdown passes and an average of 9.4 yards per attempt. He also led the league with 17 interceptions. As a defensive back, he intercepted 6 passes.

On Thanksgiving Day 1945, Waterfield completed 12 of 21 passes for a season-high 329 yards in a 28–21 victory over the Detroit Lions. Jim Benton caught 10 of Waterfield's passes for an NFL record of 303 receiving yards in a single game.

On December 16, 1945, in the 1945 NFL Championship Game, Waterfield led the Rams to a 15–14 victory over Sammy Baugh's Washington Redskins in below zero weather in Cleveland. One sports writer opined that Waterfield "literally" beat the Redskins "singlehanded." Waterfield was responsible for both Cleveland touchdowns on passes of 37 and 44 yards, and his punts kept the Redskins pinned deep in their territory. Rams owner Dan Reeves announced that, before the game, Waterfield had signed a three-year contract for $20,000 per year, which made him the highest-paid player in pro football.

After the season, Waterfield received the Joe F. Carr Trophy as the NFL's Most Valuable Player, outpacing Steve Van Buren by a tally of 65 points to 38. He was also a consensus pick as the first-team quarterback on the 1945 All-Pro Team.

1946 season

In January 1946, less than a month after winning Cleveland's first NFL championship, the Rams announced that they would move to Los Angeles for the 1946 NFL season. In their first season in Los Angeles, the Rams compiled a 6–4–1 record and finished in second place in the NFL's Western Division. Waterfield firmly established himself as one of the NFL's multi-talented players. As a passer, he led the NFL in pass attempts (251), completions (127), and passing touchdowns (17) and ranked second with 1,747 passing yards and a 67.6 passer rating. He was also the league's second leading scorer (61 points).  He led the NFL with 37 extra points out of 37 attempts and field goal percentage (66.7%) and finished third in the league with an average of 44.7 yards per punt. At the end of the season, he was selected by both the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press (UP) as the first-team quarterback on the 1946 All-Pro Team.

1947 and 1948 seasons
In 1947, the Rams dropped to fourth place in the NFL's West Division, and Waterfield did not rank among the league's leaders in any passing category except interceptions.  He did, however, lead the NFL with seven field goals and had an 86-yard punt that was the longest in the NFL during the 1947 season.  In 1948, the Rams finished in third place in the West. Waterfield ranked among the NFL leaders with 15.6 yards per pass completion (first), 14 passing touchdowns (fourth), and 18 interceptions (third), and for the second year had the longest punt in the league, this one measuring 88 yards. On October 4, 1948, Waterfield led the Rams to a 28–28 tie with the NFL champion-to-be Philadelphia Eagles; the Rams trailed, 28–0, in the third quarter, but Waterfield completed 17 of 35 passes for 263 yards and three touchdowns to lead the comeback.

In his first four NFL seasons, Waterfield also played defense and intercepted 20 passes.

1949 season
Waterfield and Rams returned to the NFL's elite during the 1949 season.  The Rams won the NFL's Western Division championship with an 8–2–2 record and lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1949 NFL Championship Game.  In 12 regular season games, Waterfield compiled career highs and ranked among the NFL leaders with 154 completed passes (third), 296 pass attempts (fourth), 2,168 passing yards (second), and 24 interceptions (first).  For the third time in his career, he was selected as the quarterback on the 1948 All-Pro Team, receiving first-team honors from the AP and UP.

1950 season
In 1950, Waterfield shared the quarterback position with Norm Van Brocklin with each starting six games. Waterfield's 57.3% completion percentage was the best in the NFL for the 1950 season. The 1950 Rams compiled a 9–3 record, won the National Conference championship, defeated the Chicago Bears in a divisional playoff game, and lost to the Cleveland Browns in the 1950 NFL Championship Game. In the playoff game against the Bears, Waterfield came off the bench suffering from the flu and completed 14 of 21 passes for 280 yards, including touchdown passes of 68, 28, and 22 yards to Tom Fears; Waterfield also kicked a 43–yard field goal and three extra points in the game. After the game, George Halas called the Rams "the finest passing team I've ever played against." On the first play from scrimmage in the 1950 NFL Championship Game, Waterfield threw an 82-yard touchdown pass to Glenn Davis, but the Browns prevailed, 30–28.

1951 season
During the off-season following the 1950 season, Waterfield tried his hand at an acting career. He starred with Johnny Weissmuller in "Jungle Manhunt" (also known as "Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land"), playing the part of a football player stranded in the jungle.

In the fall of 1951, Waterfield resumed his role as the Rams' regular starting quarterback, starting 10 of the Rams' 12 games at the position. He led the 1951 Rams to an 8–4 record and the NFL championship. During the 1951 season, Waterfield led the NFL with an 81.8 passer rating, an average of 17.8 yards per completion, and 13 field goals made. He ranked second in the league with 98 points scored. He also had the longest pass in the NFL during the 1951 season, a 91-yard touchdown pass to Elroy Hirsch in a 42–17 victory over the Chicago Bears. At the end of the 1951 season, Waterfield played in his second Pro Bowl and was selected by the UP as the second-team quarterback (behind Otto Graham) on the 1951 All-Pro Team.

1952 season
In 1952, Waterfield shared the Rams' quarterback job with Norm Van Brocklin, each starting six games. The Rams compiled a 9–3 and lost a divisional playoff game against the Detroit Lions. He announced his retirement on December 1, 1952, and was honored with Bob Waterfield Day for the Rams' final home game on December 14, 1952. The Rams retired Waterfield's No. 7 jersey and presented Waterfield with gifts in pregame ceremonies.

Career accomplishments
At the time of his retirement in December 1952, Waterfield held four NFL career records (315 extra points and 60 field goals), a single-season record with 54 extra points in 1950, and a single-game record with five field goals in a game, and was tied for another single-game record with nine extra points in a game.

During eight seasons with the Rams, he led the team to two NFL championships and four divisional championships.  He averaged 42.4 yards as a punter, and he completed 814 passes for 11,849 yards and 97 touchdowns.

Motion picture producer and football coach

In 1954, Waterfield went into business with his wife, Jane Russell, forming Russ-Field Productions to produce motion pictures. Their productions included Run for the Sun (1956) and The King and Four Queens (1956).

Waterfield also worked as the Rams' kicking coach in 1954 and again in 1955, working with Rams' linebacker Les Richter on his placekicking. In 1957, he also worked as an assistant coach for the Toronto Argonauts in the Canadian Football League.

In June 1958, Waterfield returned to the NFL as an assistant coach for the Rams. He was assigned to develop the team's quarterbacks. He developed Bill Wade into an outstanding quarterback in 1958, but Waterfield left the team after the 1958 season.

Sid Gillman resigned as the Rams head coach after the team went 2–10 in 1959. In January 1960, Waterfield signed a five-year contract to take over as the Rams' head coach. After two seasons with four wins each, the third season in 1962 was even less successful and he resigned after the eighth game with just one win. Waterfield's overall record as the Rams' head coach was 9–24–1 (.289). He was later a team scout and a rancher near Van Nuys.

Honors and awards
Waterfield received numerous awards and honors for his football career, including the following:
 He was selected as the first-team quarterback on the 1945, 1946, and 1949 All-Pro Teams.
 In 1945, he received the Joe F. Carr Trophy as the NFL's most valuable player.
 He was selected twice to play in the Pro Bowl (1950, 1951).
 In 1952, his jersey No. 7 was retired by the Los Angeles Rams.
 In 1965, he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the third class of inductees.
 In 1969, he was selected as a quarterback on the NFL 1940s All-Decade Team.

Family and later years

On April 24, 1943, Waterfield married actress Jane Russell, his sweetheart from Van Nuys High School who had subsequently gained fame as a pin-up girl. The couple eloped to Las Vegas shortly after Waterfield entered the military. They adopted three children, Thomas, Tracy, and Robert John, during the 1950s. Russell filed for divorce in February 1967, and Waterfield counterclaimed accusing Russell of habitual intemperance and excessive drinking. The divorce was granted in July 1968, with custody of the two oldest children being granted to Russell and custody of the youngest to Waterfield. He married Janet Ann Green in 1970.

After an extended illness, Waterfield died of respiratory failure on March 25, 1983, at the age of 62, five weeks before his teammate Van Brocklin. He had been in the intensive care unit at St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank for two weeks prior to his death.

Head coaching record

References

External links

1920 births
1983 deaths
American football quarterbacks
American football defensive backs
American football placekickers
American football punters
176th Infantry Spirits football players
Cleveland Rams players
Los Angeles Rams coaches
Los Angeles Rams head coaches
Los Angeles Rams players
UCLA Bruins football players
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National Football League players with retired numbers
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Van Nuys High School alumni
Sportspeople from Elmira, New York
Players of American football from Los Angeles
Coaches of American football from California
Military personnel from California

Bob Waterfield


The Planck constant (Planck's constant) says how much the energy of a photon increases, when the frequency of its electromagnetic wave increases by 1 (In SI Units). It is named after the physicist Max Planck.  The Planck constant is a fundamental physical constant. It is written as h.

The Planck constant has dimensions of physical action: energy multiplied by time, or momentum multiplied by distance. In SI units, the Planck constant is expressed in joule seconds (J⋅s) or (N⋅m⋅s) or (kg⋅m2⋅s−1).
The symbols are defined here.

In SI Units the Planck constant is exactly  J·s (by definition). Scientists have used this quantity to calculate measurements like the Planck length and the Planck time.

Planck h=WL= Wb/2P 4C/3X=2WbC/3XP.
Magnetron W=Wb/2P
Electron L=4C/3X = 25e/3 =(13U1d)

Background

Between 1670 and 1900 scientists discussed the nature of light. Some scientists believed that light consisted of many millions of tiny particles. Other scientists believed that light was a wave.

Light: waves or particles?
In 1678, Christiaan Huygens wrote the book Traité de la lumiere ("Treatise on light"). He believed that light was made up of waves. He said that light could not be made up of particles because light from two beams do not bounce off each other.
In 1672, Isaac Newton wrote the book Opticks. He believed that light was made up of red, yellow and blue particles which he called corpusles. Newton explained this by his "two prism experiment". The first prism broke light up into different colours. The second prism merged these colours back into white light.

During the 18th century, Newton's theory was given the most attention. In 1803, Thomas Young described the "double-slit experiment". In this experiment, light going through two narrow slits interferes with itself. This causes a pattern which shows that light is made up of waves. For the rest of the nineteenth century, the wave theory of light was given the most attention. In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell developed equations that described electromagnetic radiation as waves.

The theory of electromagnetic radiation treats light, radio waves, microwaves and many other types of wave as the same thing except that they have different wavelengths. The wavelength of the light we can see with our eyes is roughly between 400 and 600 nm. The wavelength of radio waves varies from 10 m to 1500 m and the wavelength of microwaves is about 2 cm. In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light. The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is given by:

.

The symbols are defined here.

Black body radiators
All warm things give off thermal radiation, which is electromagnetic radiation.  For most things on Earth this radiation is in the infra-red range, but something very hot (1000 °C or more), gives off visible radiation, that is, light.  In the late 1800's many scientists studied the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from black-body radiators at different temperatures.

Rayleigh-Jeans Law

Lord Rayleigh first published the basics of the Rayleigh-Jeans law in 1900. The theory was based on the Kinetic theory of gasses. Sir James Jeans published a more complete theory in 1905. The law relates the quantity and wavelength of electromagnetic energy given off by a black body radiator at different temperatures. The equation describing this is:
.

For long-wavelength radiation, the results predicted by this equation corresponded well with practical results obtained in a laboratory. However, for short wavelengths (ultraviolet light) the difference between theory and practice were so large that it earned the nickname "the ultra-violet catastrophe".

Planck's Law
in 1895 Wien published the results of his studies into the radiation from a black body. His formula was:

.

This formula worked well for short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, but did not work well with long wavelengths.

In 1900 Max Planck published the results of his studies. He tried to develop an expression for black-body radiation expressed in terms of wavelength by assuming that radiation consisted of small quanta and then to see what happened if the quanta were made infinitely small. (This is a standard mathematical approach). The expression was:

.

If the wavelength of light is allowed to become very large, then it can be shown that the Raleigh-Jeans and the Planck relationships are almost identical.

He calculated h and k and found that
h =  erg·sec.
k =  erg·deg-1.

The values are close to the modern day accepted values of  and  respectively. The Planck law agrees well with the experimental data, but its full significance was only appreciated several years later.

Quantum theory of light

It turns out that electrons are dislodged by the photoelectric effect if light reaches  a threshold frequency. Below this no electrons can be emitted from the metal. In 1905 Albert Einstein published a paper explaining the effect. Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy. Einstein said that the effect was due to a photon striking an electron. This demonstrated the particle nature of light.

Einstein also found that electromagnetic radiation with a long wavelength had no effect. Einstein said that this was because the "particles" did not have enough energy to disturb the electrons.

Planck suggested that the energy of each photon was related to the photon frequency by the Planck constant. This could be written mathematically as:

.

Planck received the Nobel Prize in 1918 in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta. In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for linking the Planck constant to the photoelectric effect.

Application
The Planck constant is of importance in many applications. A few are listed below.

Bohr model of the atom

In 1913 Niels Bohr published the Bohr model of the structure of an atom. Bohr said that the angular momentum of the electrons going around the nucleus can only have certain values. These values are given by the equation

where
L = angular momentum associated with a level.
n = positive integer.
h = Planck constant.

The Bohr model of the atom can be used to calculate the energy of electrons at each level. Electrons will normally fill up the lowest numbered states of an atom. If the atom receives energy from, for example, an electric current, electrons will be excited into a higher state. The electrons will then drop back to a lower state and will lose their extra energy by giving off a photon. Because the energy levels have specific values, the photons will have specific energy levels. Light emitted in this way can be split into different colours using a prism. Each element has its own pattern. The pattern for neon is shown alongside.

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
In 1927 Werner Heisenberg published the uncertainty principle. The principle states that it is not possible to make a measurement without disturbing the thing being measured. It also puts a limit on the minimum disturbance caused by making a measurement.

In the macroscopic world these disturbances make very little difference. For example, if the temperature of a flask of liquid is measured, the thermometer will absorb a small amount of energy as it heats up. This will cause a small error in the final reading, but this error is small and not important.

In quantum mechanics things are different. Some measurements are made by looking at the pattern of scattered photons.  One such example is Compton scattering. If both the position and momentum of a particle is being measured, the uncertainty principle states that there is a trade-off between the accuracy with which the momentum is measured and the accuracy with which the position is measured. The equation that describes this trade-off is:

where
Δp = uncertainty in momentum.
Δx = uncertainty in position.
h = Planck constant.

Colour of light emitting diodes

In the electric circuit shown on the right, the voltage drop across the light emitting diode (LED) depends on the material of the LED. For silicon diodes the drop is 0.6 V. However for LEDs it is between 1.8 V and 2.7 V. This information enables a user to calculate the Planck constant.

The energy needed for one electron to jump the potential barrier in the LED material is given by

where
Qe is the charge on one electron.
VL is the voltage drop across the LED.

When the electron decays back again, it emits one photon of light. The energy of the photon is given by
the same equation used in the photoelectric effect. If these equations are combined, the wavelength of light and the voltage are related by

The table below can be calculated from this relationship.

Value of the Planck constant and the kilogram redefinition

Since its discovery, measurements of h have become much better. Planck first quoted the value of h to be  erg·sec. This value is within 5% of the current value.

As of 3 March 2014, the best measurements of h in SI units is  J·s. The equivalent figure in cgs units is  erg·sec. The relative uncertainty of h is .

The reduced Planck constant (ħ) is a value that is sometimes used in quantum mechanics. It is defined by

.

Planck units are sometimes used in quantum mechanics instead of SI. In this system the reduced Planck constant has a value of 1, so the value of the Planck constant is 2π.

Plancks constant can now be measured with very high precision. This has caused the BIPM to consider a new definition for the kilogram.  The international prototype kilogram is no longer used to define the kilogram. Instead the BIPM defines the Planck constant to have an exact value. Scientists use this value and the definitions of the metre and the second to define the kilogram.

Value of Theoretical Planck constant

The Planck constant can also be mathematically derived:

Here,  is the permeability of free space,  is the speed of light,  is the electric charge of electron,  is the Bohr's radius, and  is the frequency of revolution of the electron in a hydrogen atom . When these constant values are substituted to the theoretical Planck constant, the theoretical Planck constant value is exactly equal to the experimental value.

The Planck's constant elementary formula in terms of proton-to-electron mass ratio, the charge of electron, speed of light and vacuum permittivity is derived in. It is expressed as follows:

where  is the elementary charge of an electron,  the mass of a proton, the mass of an electron,   the vacuum permittivity, and  the speed of light.

Related pages
 Wave–particle duality

Notes

References

Physical constants

Planck constant


Boschendal (Dutch: bush and dale) is one of the oldest wine estates in South Africa and is located between Franschhoek and Stellenbosch in South Africa's Western Cape.

Huguenot Origins
The farm's title deeds are dated 1685. The estate's first owner, Jean le Long, was one of the party of 200 French Huguenot refugees who were fleeing religious persecution in Europe. He was granted land in the Cape of Good Hope by the Dutch East India Company in 1688 and the title deed was written in 1713. In 1715 the farm was acquired by another Huguenot, Abraham de Villiers, who sold it to his brother Jacques in 1717. The De Villiers family farmed Boschendal until 1879. In 1812 Paul de Villiers and his wife, Anna Susanna Louw, completed a new house at Boschendal on the site of his father's home. This is the homestead as restored today. Among the guests in the later years of the De Villiers era was the British Governor at the Cape, Sir George Grey, who stayed at Boschendal whenever he visited the region.

Rhodes Fruit Farms and Anglo-American
In 1887 the estate was bought by Cecil Rhodes and formed part of his commercial fruit business, Rhodes Fruit Farms which has become today's Boschendal Farm.

Phylloxera Epidemic
A global phylloxera epidemic, caused by tiny, sap-sucking insects, spread through the Cape vineyards in the 1880s and 1890s, destroying the vines of the Boschendal area in 1890. It caused much damage and led to a farming depression before resistant American vine stocks were introduced on a scale wide enough to stop the epidemic.

In the meantime, farmers needed alternative forms of agriculture, and the lucrative fruit industry in California provided a suitable model for the Cape.  Pioneering work was done by fruit farmers in Wellington and the Hex River Valley. In 1892, shipping magnate Percy Molteno developed and introduced refrigerated cargo space on Union-Castle shipping lines, between the Cape and the largest consumer markets in Europe, which revolutionized the industry and made the export of fresh fruit an attractive proposition.

Rhodes & Pickstone
Harry Pickstone, an Englishman with experience of growing fruit in California, convinced Rhodes that a commercial nursery was needed to propagate new varieties of fruit trees for the industry.  Rhodes financed his first venture, the Pioneer Fruit Growing Company.

Rhodes's political career had seen him rise to Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. When he was implicated in the Jameson Raid, an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Boer Republic in the Transvaal, he was left with little option but to resign. In 1896 Rhodes decided to invest further in fruit farming.  Pickstone advised him to buy old wine farms in the Groot Drakenstein, Wellington and Stellenbosch areas.

In March 1897 Rhodes secured the first of more than 20 farms, including Boschendal and Rhone. Twelve young managers were appointed, many of whom had been trained  in California. Under Pickstone's tutelage they transformed the farms, introducing modern methods of pruning, grafting and irrigation, and training farm workers in the new skills.  They planted 200 000 deciduous fruit trees - pears, apricots, plums and peaches.

In its new incarnation as Boschendal - The Estate, the former "Rhodes Fruit Farms" continues to be a major source of employment for local communities.

Boschendal - The Estate

The Boschendal estate is crowned by the original Cape Dutch manor house, which is open to visitors, together with associated wine tasting venues, restaurants and outbuildings and visitor attractions.

In the late 1960s the estate was taken over by the Anglo American Corporation, before being sold in 2003 to a consortium of international investors, led by the property developer Clive Venning.  In 2012 the estate was sold to a consortium of South African investors who began an intensive rejuvenation and agricultural programme.

The Wines
The vineyards at Boschendal cover 2.54 km² between Groot Drakenstein and Simonsberg, and include substantial plantings of Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc, together with recent plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Shiraz. The winery is noted particularly for its complex white wines.

When Anglo American took ownership of Rhodes Fruit Farms and Boschendal in 1969 one of the key projects was the re-establishment of a range of wines under the Boschendal brand. In 1978, Achim van Arnim took charge as Cellarmaster, vowing to restore pre-eminence for the Estate's produce.

It was then that "Blanc de Noir"  ( white from black) was created — a "blush" white wine made from red grapes, an innovation that sets Boschendal Wines apart.

See also
 Huguenots in South Africa
 Cecil John Rhodes
 Herbert Baker
 Rhodes Fruit Farms
 Paarl
 Stellenbosch

References

External links
 Official Boschendal web site
 Official Boschendal The Estate Website
 Official Boschendal Wines web site
 Official Boschendal Restaurants web site
 Boschendal in Australia web site

Wineries of South Africa
Economy of the Western Cape
Huguenot history in South Africa
Wine brands
South African brands
South African heritage sites

Boschendal


John Edwin Bunnell (born May 25, 1944) is a former American sheriff of Multnomah County, Oregon. Bunnell is best known for presenting World's Wildest Police Videos between 1998 and 2001 and its revival briefly in 2012.

Background
Bunnell was born in Pendleton, Oregon. He obtained a degree in social sciences before joining the Multnomah County Sheriff's Department in January 1969. Bunnell managed the drugs and vice unit in the 1980s. Between 1989 and 1990, Multnomah County's Sheriff's Office was featured in 15 episodes of COPS and in 1991, 13 episodes of American Detective, which he also hosted. He was appointed Sheriff of Multnomah County when the previous sheriff, Robert G. Skipper, retired in 1994 before the end of his term. Bunnell took the oath of office on November 30, 1994 and served until May 1995. In the spring of 1995, Bunnell ran against Dan Noelle for Multnomah County Sheriff, losing the election to Noelle, who assumed office in June, 1995.

He is usually referred to as "Sheriff John Bunnell" despite no longer being active in law enforcement; this is occasionally shown as "Sheriff John Bunnell [Ret]".

His son, Mark, is a corrections deputy with the Multnomah County Sheriff's Office and was first seen with his father on an episode of COPS as a teenager back in 1989. His COPS segments involved drug crimes as seen in this video.

Media appearances
His appearances on several early episodes of COPS conducting drug stings led to him hosting World's Wildest Police Videos. Bunnell attained a cult following due to his over-the-top commentary style. Bunnell hosted the show, which originally ran from 1998 to 2001 and again since 2012, describing situations featured on the program as they developed and offering personal opinions about the criminals and the police that pursued them using clichés, innuendos, and double meanings such as "This man decided to rob a bank. Now he'll learn crime doesn't pay". Bunnell's hosting of World's Wildest Police Videos led to him hosting a similar show, Train Wrecks, as well as many other police related specials, such as World's Scariest Police Stings and  World's Craziest Police Chases. He also appeared on America's Most Wanted. Bunnell lends his voice to the Sony PlayStation game World's Scariest Police Chases, warning, "Due to the graphic nature of this game, player discretion is advised," similar to the warning at the beginning of the counterpart television program. He has also had minor acting roles in Ghost World and  Bad Santa, both directed by Terry Zwigoff. In "Quagmire's Baby" and "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side", both 2009 episodes of Family Guy, Bunnell provided the voice of himself during gags that referenced World's Wildest Police Videos. In 2010, Bunnell appeared on commercials for the Adult Swim Block Party.

See also
C. W. Jensen

References

External links

Multnomah County Sheriff's Office

People from Pendleton, Oregon
Multnomah County sheriffs
1944 births
Living people
American television personalities
Male television personalities

John Bunnell


Genes are parts of DNA. DNA is a molecule inside a cell that carries the instructions for making the proteins the cell will need. Each gene contains a single set of instructions. These instructions usually code for a particular protein. Humans have about 20,000 genes that code proteins and many more that are non-coding. Half of a person's genes come from the mother. The other half come from the father.

The definition
Originally: a hereditary unit which occupies a specific position (locus) on a chromosome. Other definitions are ways the gene showed itself:
1. A unit which has one or more specific effects on the phenotype of an organism;
2. A unit that can mutate to various alleles;
3. A unit which recombines with other such units.

Modern definitions must take note of later discoveries. There are now two classes of genes:p173
1. genes that are transcribed into RNAs and are translated into polypeptide chains.
2. genes whose transcripts (tRNAs, rRNAs, snRNAs) are used directly. These are operators which serve as 'regulatory sequences' during transcription and translation of the DNA."The building blocks of life."

What genes do?
Genes are passed on from parent to child and are an important part of what decides how children look and act (their biological properties). Genes affect the way our bodies work, including how we look. Our eye, hair and skin color are decided by genes. It is said that genes cause genetic effects in our bodies.

A gene may be dominant or recessive. These terms refer to the effect a gene has on the offspring who carry it in their genome.

For example, let's say a mother only has genes for brown hair and a father only has genes for red hair. The child will inherit – receive – genes for red hair (from her father) and brown hair (from her mother). The brown hair gene is 'dominant' to the red hair gene. This means the child will have brown hair even though she has genes for both red and brown hair. This means only one dominant gene is needed for the child to receive that particular trait, while two recessive genes are needed for one.

A recessive trait might stay hidden for many generations. Let us use the child from the last example. We will call her "Mary". Mary has brown hair but has genes for both red and brown hair. Let us say Mary grew up and married Tom. Tom also has brown hair, but like Mary one of his parents had red hair. This means Tom has genes for both red and brown hair. Mary and Tom would each have a chance of passing either brown or red hair genes to their children. This means that the children of Mary and Tom could have either red or brown hair. This explains why a person might look different from their parents, but look like their grandparents or great-grandparents.

Structure and function
The structure of a gene has many elements: the actual protein coding sequence is only a small part. There are DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

Related pages
Allele#Dominance
Sequence analysis
Genetics
ENCODE, the complete analysis of the human genome
Gene therapy

References

Cell biology
DNA
Classical genetics

Gene


Van Helsing is a 2004 movie directed by Stephen Sommers and starring Hugh Jackman and Kate Beckinsale. Some movie critics liked it and some did not. It had an animated prequel called Van Helsing: The London Assignment.

Cast
Hugh Jackman as Gabriel Van Helsing
Kate Beckinsale as Anna Valerious
Richard Roxburgh as Dracula
David Wenham as Friar Carl
Shuler Hensley as Frankenstein's monster
Robbie Coltrane as the voice of Mr. Hyde
Samuel West as Dr. Victor Frankenstein

2004 action movies
2004 horror movies
American action movies
American horror movies
Dracula movies
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde movies
Frankenstein movies
Horror crossover movies
Movies directed by Stephen Sommers
Movies set in Paris
Movies set in Romania
Movies set in the 1880s
Screenplays by Stephen Sommers
Universal Pictures movies
Van Helsing (Universal Pictures franchise)
Werewolves in movies
Movies set in Rome
2000s monster movies

Van Helsing (movie)


Dan Sterling is an American screenwriter and television producer who has worked on many successful television shows, including King of the Hill, Kitchen Confidential, The Daily Show, South Park, The Sarah Silverman Program and The Office.

Sterling's script The Interview became famous after it was seen as an act of war by the supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Kim Jong-un. The Guardians of Peace made terrorist threats of "a 9/11 style attack" against cinemas who planned to screen the film, and also threatened the safety of Sony Pictures employees and their families. As a result of these threats, Sony Pictures initially cancelled the release of The Interview, though it was later given a limited theatrical release, with broad digital release online through a Sony website, Google Play, Microsoft's Xbox Video, and YouTube Movies.

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

American television producers
American television writers
Jewish American writers
Living people
American male screenwriters
American male television writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American Jews

Dan Sterling


In statistical signal processing, the goal of spectral density estimation (SDE) or simply spectral estimation  is to estimate the spectral density (also known as the power spectral density) of a signal from a sequence of time samples of the signal. Intuitively speaking, the spectral density characterizes the frequency content of the signal. One purpose of estimating the spectral density is to detect any periodicities in the data, by observing peaks at the frequencies corresponding to these periodicities.

Some SDE techniques assume that a signal is composed of a limited (usually small) number of generating frequencies plus noise and seek to find the location and intensity of the generated frequencies.  Others make no assumption on the number of components and seek to estimate the whole generating spectrum.

Overview

Spectrum analysis, also referred to as frequency domain analysis or spectral density estimation, is the technical process of decomposing a complex signal into simpler parts. As described above, many physical processes are best described as a sum of many individual frequency components.  Any process that quantifies the various amounts (e.g. amplitudes, powers, intensities) versus frequency (or phase) can be called spectrum analysis.

Spectrum analysis can be performed on the entire signal.  Alternatively, a signal can be broken into short segments (sometimes called frames), and spectrum analysis may be applied to these individual segments. Periodic functions (such as ) are particularly well-suited for this sub-division.  General mathematical techniques for analyzing non-periodic functions fall into the category of Fourier analysis.

The Fourier transform of a function produces a frequency spectrum which contains all of the information about the original signal, but in a different form.  This means that the original function can be completely reconstructed (synthesized) by an inverse Fourier transform.  For perfect reconstruction, the spectrum analyzer must preserve both the amplitude and phase of each frequency component.  These two pieces of information can be represented as a 2-dimensional vector, as a complex number, or as magnitude (amplitude) and phase in polar coordinates (i.e., as a phasor).  A common technique in signal processing is to consider the squared amplitude, or power; in this case the resulting plot is referred to as a power spectrum.

Because of reversibility, the Fourier transform is called a representation of the function, in terms of frequency instead of time; thus, it is a frequency domain representation.  Linear operations that could be performed in the time domain have counterparts that can often be performed more easily in the frequency domain.  Frequency analysis also simplifies the understanding and interpretation of the effects of various time-domain operations, both linear and non-linear.  For instance, only non-linear or time-variant operations can create new frequencies in the frequency spectrum.

In practice, nearly all software and electronic devices that generate frequency spectra utilize a discrete Fourier transform (DFT), which operates on samples of the signal, and which provides a mathematical approximation to the full integral solution.  The DFT is almost invariably implemented by an efficient algorithm called fast Fourier transform (FFT).  The array of squared-magnitude components of a DFT is a type of power spectrum called periodogram, which is widely used for examining the frequency characteristics of noise-free functions such as filter impulse responses and window functions.  But the periodogram does not provide processing-gain when applied to noiselike signals or even sinusoids at low signal-to-noise ratios.  In other words, the variance of its spectral estimate at a given frequency does not decrease as the number of samples used in the computation increases.  This can be mitigated by averaging over time (Welch's method)  or over frequency (smoothing).  Welch's method is widely used for spectral density estimation (SDE).  However, periodogram-based techniques introduce small biases that are unacceptable in some applications.  So other alternatives are presented in the next section.

Techniques

Many other techniques for spectral estimation have been developed to mitigate the disadvantages of the basic periodogram.  These techniques can generally be divided into non-parametric, parametric, and more recently semi-parametric (also called sparse) methods. The non-parametric approaches explicitly estimate the covariance or the spectrum of the process without assuming that the process has any particular structure.  Some of the most common estimators in use for basic applications (e.g. Welch's method) are non-parametric estimators closely related to the periodogram.  By contrast, the parametric approaches assume that the underlying stationary stochastic process has a certain structure that can be described using a small number of parameters (for example, using an auto-regressive or moving average model). In these approaches, the task is to estimate the parameters of the model that describes the stochastic process. When using the semi-parametric methods, the underlying process is modeled using a non-parametric framework, with the additional assumption that the number of non-zero components of the model is small (i.e., the model is sparse). Similar approaches may also be used for missing data recovery  as well as signal reconstruction.

Following is a partial list of non-parametric spectral density estimation techniques:
 Methods for which the signal samples can be unevenly spaced in time (records can be incomplete)
 Least-squares spectral analysis, based on least squares fitting to known frequencies
 Lomb–Scargle periodogram, an approximation of the Least-squares spectral analysis
 Non-uniform discrete Fourier transform

 Methods for which the signal samples must be evenly spaced in time (records must be complete)
 Periodogram, the modulus squared of the discrete Fourier transform
 Bartlett's method is the average of the periodograms taken of multiple segments of the signal to reduce variance of the spectral density estimate
 Welch's method a windowed version of Bartlett's method that uses overlapping segments
 Multitaper is a periodogram-based method that uses multiple tapers, or windows, to form independent estimates of the spectral density to reduce variance of the spectral density estimate
 Singular spectrum analysis is a nonparametric method that uses a singular value decomposition of the covariance matrix to estimate the spectral density
 Short-time Fourier transform
 Critical filter is a nonparametric method based on information field theory that can deal with noise, incomplete data, and instrumental response functions
- Parametric techniques (an incomplete list):
 Autoregressive model (AR) estimation, which assumes that the nth sample is correlated with the previous p samples.
 Moving-average model (MA) estimation, which assumes that the nth sample is correlated with noise terms in the previous p samples.
 Autoregressive moving average (ARMA) estimation, which generalizes the AR and MA models.
 MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) is a popular superresolution method.
 Maximum entropy spectral estimation is an all-poles method useful for SDE when singular spectral features, such as sharp peaks, are expected.
- Semi-parametric techniques (an incomplete list):
 SParse Iterative Covariance-based Estimation (SPICE) estimation, and the more generalized -SPICE.
 Iterative Adaptive Approach (IAA) estimation.
 Lasso, similar to Least-squares spectral analysis but with a sparsity enforcing penalty.

Parametric estimation

In parametric spectral estimation, one assumes that the signal is modeled by a stationary process which has a spectral density function (SDF)  that is a function of the frequency  and  parameters . The estimation problem then becomes one of estimating these parameters.

The most common form of parametric SDF estimate uses as a model an autoregressive model  of order . A signal sequence  obeying a zero mean   process satisfies the equation

where the  are fixed coefficients and  is a white noise process with zero mean and innovation variance . The SDF for this process is

with  the sampling time interval and  the Nyquist frequency.

There are a number of approaches to estimating the parameters  of the  process and thus the spectral density:
 The Yule-Walker estimators are found by recursively solving the Yule-Walker equations for an  process
 The Burg estimators are found by treating the Yule-Walker equations as a form of ordinary least squares problem. The Burg estimators are generally considered superior to the Yule-Walker estimators. Burg associated these with maximum entropy spectral estimation.
 The forward-backward least-squares estimators treat the  process as a regression problem and solves that problem using forward-backward method. They are competitive with the Burg estimators.
 The maximum likelihood estimators estimate the parameters using a maximum likelihood approach. This involves a nonlinear optimization and is more complex than the first three.

Alternative parametric methods include fitting to a moving average model (MA) and to a full autoregressive moving average model (ARMA).

Frequency estimation

Frequency estimation is the process of estimating the frequency, amplitude, and phase-shift of a signal in the presence of noise given assumptions about the number of the components. This contrasts with the general methods above, which do not make prior assumptions about the components.

Single tone

If one only wants to estimate the single loudest frequency, one can use a pitch detection algorithm. If the dominant frequency changes over time, then the problem becomes the estimation of the instantaneous frequency as defined in the time–frequency representation. Methods for instantaneous frequency estimation include those based on the Wigner-Ville distribution and higher order ambiguity functions.

If one wants to know all the (possibly complex) frequency components of a received signal (including transmitted signal and noise), one uses a multiple-tone approach.

Multiple tones

A typical model for a signal  consists of a sum of  complex exponentials in the presence of white noise,
.
The power spectral density of  is composed of  impulse functions in addition to the spectral density function due to noise.

The most common methods for frequency estimation involve identifying the noise subspace to extract these components. These methods are based on eigen decomposition of the autocorrelation matrix into a signal subspace and a noise subspace. After these subspaces are identified, a frequency estimation function is used to find the component frequencies from the noise subspace. The most popular methods of noise subspace based frequency estimation are Pisarenko's method, the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) method, the eigenvector method, and the minimum norm method.

 Pisarenko's method
 MUSIC ,
 Eigenvector method
 Minimum norm method

Example calculation

Suppose , from  to  is a time series (discrete time) with zero mean. Suppose that it is a sum of a finite number of periodic components (all frequencies are positive):

The variance of  is, for a zero-mean function as above, given by

If these data were samples taken from an electrical signal, this would be its average power (power is energy per unit time, so it is analogous to variance if energy is analogous to the amplitude squared).

Now, for simplicity, suppose the signal extends infinitely in time, so we pass to the limit as  If the average power is bounded, which is almost always the case in reality, then the following limit exists and is the variance of the data.

Again, for simplicity, we will pass to continuous time, and assume that the signal extends infinitely in time in both directions. Then these two formulas become

and

The root mean square of  is , so the variance of  is  Hence, the contribution to the average power of  coming from the component with frequency  is  All these contributions add up to the average power of

Then the power as a function of frequency is  and its statistical cumulative distribution function  will be

 is a step function, monotonically non-decreasing. Its jumps occur at the frequencies of the periodic components of , and the value of each jump is the power or variance of that component.

The variance is the covariance of the data with itself. If we now consider the same data but with a lag of , we can take the covariance of  with , and define this to be the autocorrelation function  of the signal (or data) :

If it exists, it is an even function of  If the average power is bounded, then  exists everywhere, is finite, and is bounded by  which is the average power or variance of the data.

It can be shown that  can be decomposed into periodic components with the same periods as :

This is in fact the spectral decomposition of  over the different frequencies, and is related to the distribution of power of  over the frequencies: the amplitude of a frequency component of  is its contribution to the average power of the signal.

The power spectrum of this example is not continuous, and therefore does not have a derivative, and therefore this signal does not have a power spectral density function. In general, the power spectrum will usually be the sum of two parts: a line spectrum such as in this example, which is not continuous and does not have a density function, and a residue, which is absolutely continuous and does have a density function.

See also
 Multidimensional spectral estimation
 Periodogram
 SigSpec
 Spectrogram
 Time–frequency analysis
 Time–frequency representation
 Whittle likelihood
 Spectral power distribution

References

Further reading

Statistical signal processing
Signal estimation
Frequency-domain analysis

Spectral density estimation


Ấn Quang Temple (, , meaning: "Temple of the Light of the (Dharma) Seal") in Master Vạn Hạnh Street is a meeting place for Vietnamese Buddhist leaders in Ho Chi Minh City and is a site of the Institute for Dharma Propagation.  It has been at the focus of development of modern Vietnamese Buddhism as the seat of the School of Buddhist Studies and the headquarters of the Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam.

Since its founding in 1948, its buildings have been expanded in number and size; they now include a library and a publishing house.  But the importance of the temple lies in the large number of Dharma teachers who started from this place and the thousands of monks and nuns who received their training there.

Today the temple serves as the headquarters of the Ho Chi Minh City Buddhist Sangha and it may serve as a place of reconciliation between the (underground) Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam (UBCV) and the Communist Party and government who oppose it.

References

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1948
Pagodas in Vietnam
Buddhist temples in Ho Chi Minh City
20th-century Buddhist temples
1948 establishments in Vietnam
Unified Buddhist Church Buddhists

Ấn Quang Temple