Józef Dominik "Kresowiec" Bartłomiej Chołodecki (15 August 1852 – 30 January 1934) was a Polish historian.

Biography
Chołodecki was born in 1852 in  in the Galician region of the then Austro-Hungarian empire, close to the present day city of L'viv  in the Ukraine. His adopted middle name of Bialynia refers to the clan and Coat of Arms of his family. Chołodecki was the son of Celestyn, a writer and a nadleśniczy of the forestry department in Galicia, and Emilia from the house of Setti da Forli. His academic studies began at home, and continued at primary school in Stryj located in present-day Ukraine. He attended high school in Lwów, and took his maturity exam on 10 October 1870. That same year he enrolled at the University of  Lwów to study law, graduating in 1874.

He had to work even while attending high school due to his father's death. In 1873, a year prior to finishing his law degree, Józef applied to the Directors of the Lwów postal service. He received a position with the postal service in Czerlany, later in Niżniów, Stanisławów, and finally in Lwów. In 1880 he became the regional director of the commissars postal service in Czerniowce, he quickly rose up the ranks of the postal service until he became the director of the account departments of the Lwów postal service. He retired while at this position in 1909.

Patriotic traditions
Chołodecki left his home with a strong patriotic tradition.  His father, who took part in two uprisings and was jailed as a political dissident as a result, as well as other close family like Tomasz Chołodecki, a veteran of the November Uprising, had a strong influence on his upbringing.  At the age of 12, he took part in the January Uprising of 1863 as courier in the territories surrounding Lwów.  In 1867 while still in high school he was part of an underground student organization which was later dissolved by  the Austrian authorities. While a student at the University of Lwów, Chołodecki was the most active member of the highly regarded Academic Reading room (Czytelnia Akademicka), he took an active part in an assortment of Polish organizations throughout the region.  In Czerniowce he became a contributor to Gazeta Polska, a newspaper run by Klemens Kościesz Kołakowski. He became a member of the board of Czytelnia Polska, founded a library and wrote a history of the Czytelnia in 1885.

In his first literary endeavors, books and pamphlets printed from the presses of Gazeta Polska, Chołodecki wrote under the pseudonym of Walenty Ćwik, this included his historical book about Bukowina in 1884, an examination of the history of the Polish Navy and Polish artillery in 1885, and a biography of Henryk Schmitt in 1888. He used an  assumed name fearing repression by the Austrian authorities.  Finally he presented his literary ambitions to the minister of trade, and due to his influence through his position  at the postal service in Lwów, he was granted the right to publish books under his name.

Life in Lwów
After moving to Lwów, Chołodecki joined numerous organizations, becoming the president of the Postal Club, and he was able to create many other organizations that were able to  grow through his support. He was verbally attacked by the president of the Lwów postal service, a man surnamed Seferowicz, in 1906 for his  vigorous activity in these organizations, which the President claimed discredited him as a director at the Lwów postal service.

Chołodecki vehemently denied the charge and accused Seferowicz of a personal attack. Chołodecki was also part of many of intellectual circles and organizations, including the Organization for Polish Education, the Heraldic Organization, Organization of Studies in Przemyśl, and the Organization of Lwów Historians (Tow. Miłośników przeszłości Lwowa), which printed many of his most famous and renowned works. Between 1902 and 1908 Chołodecki was a radny for the city of Lwów. During World War I Chołodecki was jailed by  the Tsarist authorities in Kiev, and he took part in the defense of Lwów during the Polish-Ukrainian War.

Life as a writer
As a writer, many of Chołodecki's works dealt with the Polish November Uprising of 1830 and January Uprising of 1863. He also wrote the biographies of many prominent individuals in Poland's fight for independence. Chołodecki was a chronicler of the family history and genealogy of the Chołodecki family. He was awarded the order Polonia Restituta. He died in Lwów on 30 January 1934, aged 81.

Publications
Some of his many historical works include:

Adolf Leopold Mussil de Mussilau: szkic biograficzny (Biographical Sketch). 1915
Aleksander Morgenbesser: życiorys na podstawie zapisków akt. (Biography) 1893
Alfred Brzeziński: przyczynek do dziejów obrony Zamościa. 1910
Banialuki Rolińskiego w świetle aktów procesu karnego przeci. 1908
Białynia-Chołodeccy: uczestnicy spisków, więźniowie stanu (History of the Cholodecki family of the Bialynia Clan). 1911
Cmentarz stryjski we Lwowie (Stryjski Cemetery in Lwow). 1913
Czwarty pamiętnik zjazdów koleżeńskich byłych uczniów Gimnaz zest. 1910
Dąb-Dąbczańscy i Jan Żalplachta-Zapałowicz: przyczynek do d. 1913
Do dziejów drobnej szlachty Podola. 1911
Do dziejów poczty w Polsce (History of Polish mail). 1899

Eugeniusz Albert Ulatowski, więzień stanu i męczennik w swie. 1918
Henryk Schmitt: życiorys spisany na podstawie dokumentów. (Biography)
Jenerał Kołyszko i tegoż podkomendni na terytoryum Galicyi. 1912
Kamilla Poh.: szkic biograficzny (Biography). 1896
Ksiądz Jan Diugiewicz i tegoż męczennika śmierć w związku. 1930
Księga pamiątkowa opracowana staraniem Komitetu Obywatelskie. 1904
Księga pamiątkowa półwiekowego jubileuszu Gimnazyum im. Fran zestawił. 1909
Kult pamięci Adama Mickiewicza w Karolowych Warach. 1894
Lwów w listopadzie roku 1918 (Lwow in 1918). 1919
Józef Białynia Chołodecki. (Autobiography) 1905
Półwiekowa przeszłość Stowarzyszenia Katolickiej Młodzieży R oprac. 1906
Przyczynek do dziejów wyprawy na Narajów r. 1846: 1910
Rewizya w Kudryńcach w r. 1834 w świetle aktów procesu karne. 1910
Sprawa cucyłowska r. 1848: (wspomnienie w sześćdziesiątą ro 1908
Teatr Ludowy we Lwowie Bela Rębowicz [pseud.] 1902
W dziesiątą rocznicę bitwy pod Zadworzem, Horpinem i Firlej. 1930
W okowach do ślubu: wspomnienie z czasów procesu karnego. 1911
Wojenny posiew anioła śmierci i kult pamięci poległych. 1926
Wspomnienia z lat niedoli i niewoli: 1914-1918. 1919
Z minionej doby: kilka wspomnień na tle zapisków prywatnych (naszkicował). 1903
Zborów, pole chwały czesko-słowackiego oręża. 1924
Zwierzęta przedpotopowe i inne jakie wyniszczył lekkomyślnie. 1924

Quotes
"Revere the memory of your forebears, revere your forefathers graves: With their acts and service, sustain your spirit, sustain your strength..." Polish: "Czcij przodków twych pamięć, czcij ojców mogiły: W ich dziełach, zasługach krzep ducha, krzep siły..."

Sources
Karol Lewicki, Biographical article, 1936 from Polski Słownik biograficzny (Polish Biographical Dictionary), Kraków, 2000
A. Czołowski, Miesięcznik Heraldyczny 1935

External links

Information on Józef Bialynia Chołodecki's family history
Józef Białynia-Chołodecki, Lwów w XIX stuleciu. Lwów 1928
Józef Białynia-Chołodecki, Cmentarzyska i groby naszych bohaterów z lat 1794-1864 na terenie wschodniej Małopolski. Lwów 1928
Józef Białynia-Chołodecki, Z przeszłości gmachów wojskowych we Lwowie. Lwów 1929
Józef Białynia-Chołodecki, Lwów w czasie powstania listopadowego. Lwów 1930

19th-century Polish historians
Historians from Austria-Hungary
Polish male non-fiction writers
1852 births
1935 deaths
Jozef Bialynia Cholodecki
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
University of Lviv alumni
20th-century Polish historians
Recipients of the commemorative badge Orlęta

Józef Białynia Chołodecki


Henry DeHaven Moorman (June 9, 1880 – February 3, 1939) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.

Born on a farm near Glen Dean, Kentucky, Moorman attended the public schools.
He studied law.
He was admitted to the bar in 1900 and commenced practice in Hardinsburg.
He also engaged in agricultural pursuits and in banking.
County judge of Breckinridge County 1905–1909 and Commonwealth attorney of the ninth judicial district 1914–1927.
He served in the Spanish–American War as a private in Company C, First Regiment, Kentucky Volunteer Infantry, with service in Puerto Rico.
During the First World War enlisted in the United States Army on January 14, 1918, and was assigned to Headquarters Company, Tenth Field Artillery.
He was promoted to corporal and assigned to duty with the Judge Advocate General, Headquarters, Service of Supply, and was discharged April 1, 1919.

Moorman was elected as a Democrat to the Seventieth Congress (March 4, 1927 – March 3, 1929).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1928 to the Seventy-first Congress.
He resumed his former professional and business pursuits in Hardinsburg, Kentucky.
He died while on a visit in Hot Springs, Arkansas, February 3, 1939.
He was interred in Ivy Hill Cemetery, Hardinsburg, Kentucky.

References

1880 births
1939 deaths
United States Army soldiers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky
People from Breckinridge County, Kentucky
People from Hardinsburg, Kentucky
20th-century American politicians

Henry D. Moorman


The Anisfield-Wolf Book Award is an American literary award dedicated to honoring written works that make important contributions to the understanding of racism and the appreciation of the rich diversity of human culture. Established in 1935 by Cleveland poet and philanthropist Edith Anisfield Wolf and originally administered by the Saturday Review, the awards have been administered by the Cleveland Foundation since 1963.

Several awards in the categories of fiction, poetry, nonfiction, and lifetime achievement  are given out each September in a ceremony free and open to the public and attended by the honorees. Winners include Zora Neale Hurston (1943), Langston Hughes (1954), Martin Luther King Jr. (1959), Maxine Hong Kingston (1978), Wole Soyinka (1983), Nadine Gordimer (1988), Toni Morrison (1988), Ralph Ellison (1992), Edward Said (2000), and Derek Walcott (2004).

The jury has been composed of prominent American writers and scholars at least since 1991, when long-time jury chairman Ashley Montagu, a renowned anthropologist, asked poet Rita Dove and scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. to help him judge the large number of books submitted annually by publishers across the disciplines. When Montagu retired in 1996, Gates assumed the chair position. Like Gates, Rita Dove has remained a juror to this day; in 1996, she was joined by evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould, writer Joyce Carol Oates and historian Simon Schama. After Gould's death in 2002, psychologist Steven Pinker replaced him on the jury.

Winners

Fiction

Poetry

Nonfiction

Lifetime achievement

Special Achievement Award
1992 – Ralph Ellison for Invisible Man

Notes

References

External links
 Anisfield-Wolf.org – official website
 Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards at lovethebook.com

Awards established in 1935
American fiction awards
American non-fiction literary awards
Literary awards honoring lifetime achievement
Culture of Cleveland
1935 establishments in the United States
Anti-racism

Anisfield-Wolf Book Award


The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog is a animated television series. That airs on Nickelodeon the main characters are talking animals from the Gnarly Woods. The program follows three characters, Alfred Hedgehog, Camille Wallaby, and Milo Skunk, as they solve mysteries.

Characters

Hedgehogs
Alfred Hedgehog is the main detective of the series. He is one of three detectives appearing in every episode. His eyes are green and his primary outfit is a white shirt covered in a blue T-shirt with  khaki shorts. He is a young detective who carries a  device called a Detectaberry. With the help of his friends and family, he uses these clues to solve mysteries, most of which have something to do with the natural world or science. His catchphrase in most episodes is, "This is serious mysterious".
Lily Hedgehog is Alfred's little sister. She has low pigtails in red bows. She worships her big brother, and often helps him with collecting clues to solve his mysteries. She is a good painter. It is mentioned several times that she is able to sell her paintings and enter them in art contests against much older competitors.
Mrs. Hedgehog is the mother of Alfred and Lily. She wears a ponytail tied in a hairband and owns the house of the Hedgehog family. She is also called Mrs. "H" by Alfred's best friends.
Mr. Hedgehog is the father of Alfred and Lily. He keeps bees.

Alfred's Friends
Camille Wallaby is good, but sometimes angry and in too much of a hurry. She has red hair tied in high pigtails with a pink hairclip on her left side and blue eyes. Her outfit is a hoodie with a red skirt and blue sneakers. She is one of the three main detectives to appear in all episodes and the only girl in "Ol' Fingerbone's Revenge".
Milo Skunk has colorful imagination and likes telling jokes. He wears glasses and is a good runner. His outfit is a yellow shirt with brown pants. He is one of the three detectives to appear in all episodes. He invented the Milo-nator, a pair of goggles that separates the sound from the video.

Paynes
Cynthia Payne ( ), pronounced pain, is a minor villain of the series at times. She is the only member of the Payne family to have a long tail. As a cheerleader, she likes to use orange-colored pom-poms. She is also a worshiper of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.
Miso Payne is Cynthia's mother. She wears pink in some episodes. She runs a fundraiser mixed with an inflatable water slide ride and manicure with her in the episode called "It's Raining Fish!"
Louise is one of Cynthia's cousins. She has purple feathers and wears a pink ponytail. As one of the cheerleaders, she likes to use light blue pom-poms. She is also one of the devoted fans of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.
Tina is one of Cynthia's cousins. She has periwinkle feathers with a plum-colored Bob cut. As one of the cheerleaders, she likes to use magenta pom-poms. She is also one of the fans of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.
Gaby is one of Cynthia's cousins. She is the tallest of her cousins and as one of the cheerleaders, she uses light green pom-poms. She is also one of the devoted fans of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.

Rusards
Mr. Rusard is a fox and is a teacher of Gnarly Woods Academy. He is a supporting character in the series. He has green eyes, orange hair, and is often seen wearing a blue vest over a white button down shirt. He often organizes many events in the community and has many children. Towards the end of "Glowing Eyes", he plays a flute to attract the fireflies.
Mr. Rusard's kids, Ixabelle and Edward Cullen are seen in some episodes.

Broadcast
Nickelodeon (US) TVO (Canada) France 5 (France)

References

2010 television series debuts
2010 Canadian television series endings
Canadian children's television series
Canadian animated television series
French animated television series
2010s animated television series
2010 establishments in North America
2010s French television series
2010s Canadian television series debuts
2010 establishments in France
2010 disestablishments in Europe

The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog


Sam Hunter (January 5, 1923 – July 27, 2014) was an American historian of modern art. He was emeritus professor of Art History at Princeton University and an Art Historian, Author, Museum Director, Professor and Curator.

Life
A native of Springfield, Massachusetts, Hunter graduated from Williams College in 1944. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1943–46, rising to the rank of lieutenant junior grade and receiving five battle stars.

Sam Hunter began his professional career in 1947, when he joined the New York Times as an art critic for a two and a half year stint. He studied at the American Academy in Rome and the University of Florence through the Hubbard Hutchinson Fellowship, earning a certificate of studies in 1951. While in Florence he studied with Bernard Berenson at I Tatti and with Roberto Longhi. He spent a year as an editor with art publisher Harry N. Abrams Inc. before serving as editor of Arts Magazine. In 1954 he taught at UCLA in Los Angeles, and was then called to the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

He was an author, an Emeritus professor of art history at Princeton University,  director of the Jewish Museum, founding director of the Rose Art Museum at Brandeis University, Director of The Poses Institute of Fine Arts, acting director of the Minneapolis Institute of Art, and a visiting professor at the Clark Art Institute at Williams College, Harvard University and various other institutions of higher learning. While associate curator at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, he organized the first major museum exhibitions of the work of Jackson Pollock and David Smith.

He penned monographs, exhibition catalogues, articles, wrote the original book on the collections of the Museum of Modern Art and contributed to textbooks and various treatments of modern art that are used at universities all over the world. In addition to curating many museum and gallery exhibitions, Hunter has written on Francis Bacon, Tom Wesselmann, George Segal, Arnaldo Pomodoro, Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg, Isamu Noguchi, Larry Rivers, Alex Katz, Tony Rosenthal, Jean Dubuffet, Hans Hofmann, Philip Guston, Leonard Nelson, and many other modern artists.

Hunter's early photographs of Francis Bacon and his studio, taken in London in 1950, were most recently seen in the 2008/9 Francis Bacon exhibition that originated at the Tate Modern in London, went to the Museo del Prado in Barcelona and ended at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and that were used in the accompanying exhibition catalogue.

Hunter was a pioneer of 20th Century Art History who helped to create and build the field of art history as we know it today, along with his contemporary colleagues, art historians Thomas Hess, Harold Rosenberg, Clement Greenberg, Dore Ashton and Irving Sandler, among others. In addition, Professor Hunter forged long term friendships and associations with many well known artists, museum directors, art critics, curators, dealers, collectors and other academics and authors of the twentieth century, from the mid-1940s, some of which endured into the early 21st century.

Hunter died aged 91 in Princeton, New Jersey on July 27, 2014.

Works
 Larry Rivers, 1965
 American art since 1945, in Will Grohmann, ed., New art around the world; painting and sculpture, 1966
 American art of the 20th century, 1970
 Modern art: painting, sculpture, architecture, 1976
 George Segal, 1984

References

External links

1923 births
2014 deaths
American art historians
Williams College alumni
Princeton University faculty

Sam Hunter (art historian)


Lawrence C. Becker (April 26, 1939 – November 22, 2018) was an American philosopher working mainly in the areas of ethics and social, political, and legal philosophy.

Work
Becker is the author of books and journal articles on justice, Stoicism and Modern Stoicism, reciprocity, property rights, and metaethics. He was an associate editor of the journal Ethics from 1985–2000, and the editor, with the librarian Charlotte B. Becker, of two editions of the Encyclopedia of Ethics.

Becker is a Fellow of Hollins University, where he taught philosophy from 1965–1989, and is Professor of Philosophy Emeritus from the College of William & Mary, where he was the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor in the Humanities and Philosophy from 1989–2001.

From 2000–2011 he was on the volunteer Board of Directors of Post-Polio Health International, and served as its President and Chair from 2006–2009.

Books authored
Habilitation, Health, and Agency: a Framework for Basic Justice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. E-book, 2013.
A New Stoicism.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
 Paperback issued by Princeton University Press, 1999.
 E-book, 2010.
 Revised Edition, 2017.
Reciprocity. London and New York: Routledge, 1986. Pbk issued by the University of Chicago Press, 1990. Reissued by Routledge in hbk and e-book, 2014.
Property Rights: Philosophic Foundations.  London and New York, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977. Pbk, 1980. Reissued by Routledge in hbk and e-book, 2014.
On Justifying Moral Judgments. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973. Reissued by Routledge in hbk and e-book, 2014.

Books edited with Charlotte B. Becker
Encyclopedia of Ethics. Second edition in three volumes.  New York: Routledge, 2001. (First Edition in 2 volumes: New York: Garland Publishing, 1992.)
A History of Western Ethics. Second Edition, revised with expanded index and glossary. New York: Routledge, 2003. (First Edition, New York:  Garland Publishing, 1992).

Book edited with Kenneth Kipnis
Property: Cases, Concepts, and Critiques. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984.

General editor for book series
Ethical Investigations: A Routledge Series of Article Collections. New York: Routledge, 2003. Two collections (6 vols. each) of classic journal articles. Carl Wellman, ed., Rights and Duties; Peter Vallentyne, ed., Equality and Justice.

See also
List of American philosophers
Encyclopedia of Ethics
International Ventilator Users Network
Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)
Stoicism

References

External links
 Bio blurb and CV
 Message on the passing of Lawrence C. Becker

1939 births
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
21st-century American male writers
American ethicists
Political philosophers
Philosophers from Virginia
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
2018 deaths

Lawrence C. Becker


Ibrahim Hussein Berro () (c. 1973 – 1994) was a member of Hezbollah allegedly responsible for the 1994 AMIA Bombing in Buenos Aires, which killed 85 people. Berro, a 21-year-old citizen of Lebanon, is accused by Argentine, U.S. and Israeli officials of blowing up the headquarters of Argentina's Jewish community. Hezbollah describes the accusations as "categorically false".

Berro grew up in Lebanon. According to his brothers, around 1989 he changed radically, leaving school and becoming interested in Hezbollah, where his brother Ali was an active member. His mother feared Berro would end up badly, and applied for a visa for him to go to Detroit — to where some of the family had emigrated — but the application was turned down because Berro was underage. He then traveled to Iran, where he presumably received training.

Berro is suspected of having entered Argentina near Ciudad del Este — a region known for smuggling, drugs, and other illegal activities — where Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina share a border, accompanied by a man named Ahmed Saad.

The bombing, in which a van full of explosives opposite the AMIA building was detonated, was similar to the March 1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires, possibly also committed by Hezbollah. The attacks, it appears, occurred with the support of Iran, though the Iranian government repeatedly denied these charges.

Two months after the attack, Berro was reported by radio stations in Lebanon to have been killed by the Israeli army, apparently an attempt to cover up his role in the attack in Argentina. After the bombing, Berro's wife received $300 a month from Hezbollah.

In late 2005, Berro was identified as the bombing perpetrator after years of investigation and speculation into who committed the bombing. According to official Argentine government prosecutor, Alberto Nisman, Hussein's two US-based brothers had testified that he had joined the radical Shia militant group Hezbollah. "The brothers' testimony was substantial, rich in detail and showed that he was the one who was killed," Nisman added. A U.S. House resolution in July 2004 declared Berro was the suicide bomber, but the identification was not declared positively until November 2005 after Berro's relatives in Detroit identified his photograph. Berro was also recognized with "80 percent certain[ty]"  by eyewitness Nicolasa Romero, who saw the driver in the van near the AMIA building.  Some Argentine journalists, however, have expressed reservations about these alleged findings; in an op-ed for La Nación, Jorge Urien Berri objected to those who "insist in taken hypotheses as proven when they not", and contested Berro's involvement in the incidents". Berro's two brothers also had denied this version in April 2005 before a US prosecutor, stating that Berro had died on September 9, 1994, during combat in Lebanon. No proper autopsies or DNA tests were done. The police dumped in a bin the head thought to be that of the bomber.

Berro's brother, after apparently identifying Berro in a photograph, now denies that Berro had any role in the attack. "They changed the truth," he said. "I gave them the photo [of Berro] at 17 years old, but when I saw photo in the news, I said, 'How are they publishing the photo that I gave them a few months back? They said in the news that I identified the photo, and it's not true. I gave them the photo of him at 17, but I don't know who is in the others."

In a May 2007 interview, James Cheek, Clinton's Ambassador to Argentina at the time of the bombing, told La Nación, "To my knowledge, there was never any real evidence [of Iranian responsibility]. They never came up with anything." The hottest lead in the case, he recalled, was an Iranian defector named Manoucher Moatamer, who "supposedly had all this information." But Moatamer turned out to be only a dissatisfied low-ranking official without the knowledge of government decision-making that he had claimed. "We finally decided that he wasn't credible," Cheek recalled. Ron Goddard, then deputy chief of the US Mission in Buenos Aires, confirmed Cheek's account. He recalled that investigators found nothing linking Iran to the bombing. "The whole Iran thing seemed kind of flimsy," Goddard said.

References

1970s births
Terrorism in Argentina
Hezbollah members
Lebanese criminals
Lebanese Shia Muslims
Anti-Zionism
1994 deaths
Violent deaths in Argentina

Ibrahim Hussein Berro


Edith Maud Olivier MBE (31 December 1872 – 10 May 1948) was an English writer, also noted for acting as hostess to a circle of well-known writers, artists, and composers in her native Wiltshire.

Family and childhood
Olivier was born in Wilton, of Huguenot stock, her father being Canon of Wilton, and her mother the daughter of a bishop. She was one of ten children.  After receiving schooling at home, Olivier went up to St Hugh's College, Oxford, in 1895, but completed only four terms before leaving because of asthma.

She was related to the actor Laurence Olivier through her paternal grandfather, Henry Stephen Olivier, who, through one of his other sons, was the actor's great grandfather.

Political and social activity
Until his death in 1919 her life was dominated by her father, who was both autocratic and conservative. She was an adherent of the Anglican Church and served on the Women's Diocesan Council. Olivier also undertook activities in the Conservative Party, and Women's Institute. In 1916, at the behest of the Wiltshire county agricultural committee, Olivier helped form the Women's Land Army in Wiltshire, for which she was rewarded in 1920 with an MBE. When she was elected to Wilton Town Council in 1934, she became the first woman to serve on the council, and was later mayor from 1938 to 1941. As mayoress it was her responsibility to house the children and mothers of babies evacuated from London. Southern Command was based at Wilton and every bedroom in her house was occupied by a lodger. She describes this in Night Thoughts of a Country Landlady, humorously illustrated by her close friend, the artist Rex Whistler. Her public service during the Second World War included the presidency of the local St John Ambulance Brigade.

Wilton and Wiltshire

Born at Wilton Rectory, Edith grew up playing in and worshipping the neighbouring house and gardens of Wilton House. George Lord Pembroke and his wife Gety were childless and encouraged the young Olivier children to spend time with them and to play with their nephews and nieces. When Edith's widower father, Canon Dacres Olivier, retired before the First World War, she and her sister Mildred moved with him to No.20 in Salisbury's Cathedral Close. Her father died the year the war ended, and after a short spell renting at Fitz House, Teffont Magna, the two 40-year-old Olivier sisters moved into the old dairy house (Daye House) on the Wilton estate in 1920. This was at the request of childhood friend Reginald, Lord Pembroke, who had inherited Wilton from his uncle in 1913.  Wilton and Wiltshire were her lifelong passions.
"Of all the neighbours on whom I grew to rely more and more, Edith Olivier was perhaps always the most cherished. So many of the young writers, painters and poets came to her with problems about their work and their lives and they knew that after she had listened intently to their outpourings, her advice would be unprejudiced, wise and Christian." – Cecil Beaton

In her nightly journal – missed only three times: when her brother Harold was killed fighting in 1914, her sister Mildred died from breast cancer in 1923, and her closest friend Rex Whistler was killed jumping from his tank in 1944 – Edith recorded a way of life and a generation that vanished with the outbreak of the Second World War. She describes the 'Bright Young Things' on the Earl of Pembroke's estate at Wilton and at nearby Ashcombe, Cecil Beaton's house, first discovered by Edith.  She writes of her close friendships with neighbours Stephen Tennant and his mother, Pamela, wife of Sir Edward Grey; the poet Sir Henry Newbolt; and painters Henry Lamb and Augustus John.  Her book on her beloved Wiltshire in the County Books series was published posthumously by her niece Miss Rosemary Olivier who continued to live at Daye House at the request of the Pembrokes, and became Mayor of Wilton also.

Writing and artistic circle

It was after Mildred died in 1923 that she started to engage a broader social circle. It was then that she formed a profound friendship with Rex Whistler and acted as a frequent hostess to an elite, artistic, and social set which included Cecil Beaton, Siegfried Sassoon, William Walton, and Osbert Sitwell. She describes them vividly in her journals:

Cecil Beaton: 'a marble face and voice'

John Betjeman: 'cleaner than I expected… loves Georgian churches'

Lady Diana Cooper: 'I have never seen anyone else really look what I think Helen of Troy must have looked'

Siegfried Sassoon: 'such fun to tell things to. Laughs so utterly'

Edith Sitwell: 'bitter against the world in general, and very comprehending towards individuals when she knows about them'

Stephen Tennant: 'dazzling in his inspired wit and vision'

William Walton: 'a very domestic man, ready to help in all household emergencies'

Rex Whistler: 'a reincarnation of Breughel'

Her first novel, The Love Child, was published in 1927, and was followed by further novels, biographies including one of Alexander Cruden, and the autobiographical Without Knowing Mr Walkley.

Things Past Explaining
In her autobiography Without Knowing Mr Walkley (Walkley was the theatre critic of The Times, and Edith had dreamed of becoming an actress not a writer), she has a chapter called Things Past Explaining. As she says, "Inexplicable things do happen to me, although I do not call myself 'psychic' as people say".

Mystery Tennis Racket
One midsummer's night at the Daye House she woke to hear something thud onto the floor by her bed. It was an old-fashioned tennis racket. She never solved the mystery of its arrival. The windows and door to her room were closed. There was no-one in the house. 'If it was an apport left by a passing spirit, I can only say that the sense of humour of those in another world is very different from ours.′

Lost City of Lyonesse
Twice, whilst visiting Land's End, she saw a fortified city some miles out in the Atlantic. 'It was a jumble of towers, domes, spires and battlements.' On the first occasion she thought it must be the Scilly Isles but a passing coastguardsman corrected her and dismissed her as an 'imbecile.'  She saw the city again when 'the atmospheric conditions were completely different.' That day her driving companion Miss Macpherson also saw it and identified it as the lost city of Lyonesse which she had heard about and always hoped to see. Miss Macpherson felt herself lucky enough to see the city again some years later, but her sister who was with her saw nothing.

Avebury's Beckhampton Avenue
In October 1916, whilst working for the Women's Land Army, Edith stopped at Avebury to watch a fair in the rain. Many years later she discovered that the last fair had been held there sixty-six years earlier. This prompted her to explore exactly where she had seen the primitive swing boats, coconut shys, and shooting range. She learned that the avenue down which she believed she had driven (from the direction of Beckhampton) had disappeared long before the year 1800. When the excavator Alexander Keiller began searching for this avenue she did not have the courage to tell him where to start digging.

Misses Moberly and Jourdain
Edith was a published author when she was asked to write the preface to the 1931 fourth edition of the popular An Adventure by Charlotte Anne Moberly (principal of St Hugh's College, Oxford from its foundation in 1886 until 1915) and her successor Eleanor Jourdain. In it, the Oxford academics detail with considerable rigour how on a visit to Versailles in 1901 they believed they had found themselves walking in the Trianon of 1789 and seen Marie-Antoinette.  Their account was initially published in 1911 under the pseudonyms Miss Morison and Miss Lamont, in a vain attempt to protect their reputations. Jourdain died in 1924 whilst principal, her demise possibly brought on by the criticism she and Moberly received for daring to involve Oxford University in something so unscientific.  For the 1931 edition, and to support Moberly, Edith invited the scientist J.W. Dunne to introduce the account with a note concerning his interest in Serialism (and its fourth dimension) and how this might explain what Moberly and Jourdain had seen. And perhaps what occasionally happened to her.

The Bishop's Birds
Edith was familiar with the legend that two white birds would be seen flying over Salisbury Cathedral upon the death of a Bishop of Salisbury. Moberly's father had been Bishop of Salisbury and she had seen two such birds an hour after his death in 1885. She told Edith this when she first arrived at St Hugh's College, having won a scholarship organized by the current bishop of Salisbury. Edith's friends would have been familiar with these stories of the unexplained and suitably infected by her enthusiasm.  David Herbert, second son of Reginald, Earl of Pembroke, recalling her funeral, wrote: 'As they lowered her coffin into the grave, with swish of wings a pigeon flew up into the sky. Cecil [Beaton] and I gasped and in one breath said: "Edith soaring through tracks unknown!".

Bibliography

Novels
The Love Child (1927)
As Far As Jane's Grandmother's (1928)
The Triumphant Footman (1930)
Dwarf's Blood (1930)
The Seraphim Room (1932)

Non-fiction
The Eccentric Life of Alexander Cruden (1934)
Mary Magdalene (1934)
Country Moods and Tenses (1941)
Four Victorian Ladies of Wiltshire (1945)
Wiltshire (posthumously published 1951)

Autobiographical writings and diaries
Without Knowing Mr Walkley (1938)
Night Thoughts of a Country Landlady (1945)
Journals from 1 March 1894 to 22 April 1948

Death
Olivier died in 1948, after suffering three strokes, and was interred in Wilton churchyard.

References

Further reading
 Hugh and Mirabel Cecil, In Search of Rex Whistler. His Life and His Work, Frances Lincoln (2012)
 Penelope Middelboe, Edith Olivier from her Journals 1924–48, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1989) with a preface by Laurence Whistler
 Anna Thomasson, A Curious Friendship – The Story of a Bluestocking and a Bright Young Thing, Macmillan (2015)
 Laurence Whistler, The Laughter and the Urn. The Life of Rex Whistler, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1985)

External links

 Edith Olivier as the Mayor of Wilton with three council officials – 1942 portrait of Olivier by Cecil Beaton on the National Portrait Gallery website

1872 births
1948 deaths
People from Wilton, Wiltshire
20th-century British biographers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English women writers
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
English biographers
English women novelists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Edith
English women non-fiction writers
British women biographers

Edith Olivier


The age of the Earth is estimated at a little over 4.5 billion years. Working this out was a difficult problem to solve. For most of human history, the basic facts about the planet were unknown. The problem was tackled by Earth scientists in the twentieth century.

Modern estimates are based on radioactive dating methods. The oldest minerals on Earth – small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia – are at least 4.4 billion years old. Ca-Al-rich inclusions – the oldest known solid bits in meteorites formed in the solar system – are 4.567 billion years old. This gives an age for the solar system(the solar system is the combination of planet, stars,meteroids,astoriods../Https://ncertias1.blogspot.com/2023/09/social-science-of-class-6-earth-in-our.html more and an upper limit for the age of Earth.

Early science

The first facts about the Earth were worked out by the Ancient Greeks. A good estimate of the Earth's size was made by Eratosthenes (276 BC–194 BC), using trigonometry.

The first estimate of the Earth's age based on evidence was by Benoît de Maillet (1656–1738), a French diplomat, philosopher and naturalist. He thought the Earth must have developed by slow, natural forces. He studied geology in the field. He could see signs of erosion on land and sedimentation in the sea. He hid his ideas under the guise of a talk with an Indian philosopher, to avoid conflict with the Catholic Church. His work stayed in manuscript until after his death, when it was published after its editor had made changes which damaged it. Now there is a better modern edition based on the manuscripts. de Maillet estimated that the Earth was older than two billion years. He also recognized the true nature of fossils, and had early ideas about evolution.

19th century
In the last quarter of the 19th century there was a long-running debate on the age of the Earth. In Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology (1830–33), he showed that the Earth had changed slowly, and that what we see is the result of gradual changes. This uniformitarianism clearly meant that the Earth was ancient, though Lyell did not try to work out how old.

His younger friend Charles Darwin believed this, too. Darwin saw that if evolution had taken place, it would have required a long time. Also, a huge amount of sedimentary rock lies between the early fossils in the Cambrian strata, and the present land surface. Darwin and Lyell agreed that it would have taken a very long time for so much rock to be deposited.

In the first edition of On the origin of species (1859), Darwin had estimated that the erosion of the Sussex Weald must have taken 300 million years.p314 Both he and Lyell were surprised when the physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) said the Earth could not be as old as they thought. He made the calculation based on how long it must have taken the Earth to cool down to its present temperature, given a starting point of 2,000oC. Kelvin's result was based on the idea that the near-surface geothermal gradient reflects the conductive cooling of the solid Earth.

He did this calculation a number of times, making various assumptions. In 1862 his estimate was between 20 and 400 million years; but in 1866 he reduced the top estimate to 100 million years, and attacked Darwin and Lyle for not taking notice of his calculation. We know Darwin was anxious and worried that this would not be long enough to allow for evolution. Thomas Henry Huxley remarked that Kelvin's calculations were good, but his assumptions were wrong. In 1897 Kelvin did the calculation one last time, and came up with 20 to 40 million years. This, of course, would definitely not be long enough to allow for evolution. Oliver Heaviside also disagreed, and proposed an alternative geothermal model. Both Kelvin and Heaviside were eventually shown to be wrong.

Viscous mantle
Right at the end of the 19th century, someone realised that if the mantle was a highly viscous (sticky) fluid, that would make a great difference to the calculations. In 1895, John Perry, a former assistant to Kelvin, produced an age of Earth estimate of 2 to 3 billion years old using a model of a convective mantle and thin crust.

In Kelvin's model, heat on the Earth's surface is derived from the cooling of a shallow outer crust, assuming a solid Earth. But if the conductivity inside the Earth were much higher than at the surface, then the Earth's core and lower mantle would also cool. This would provide a huge store of energy to the surface. In that case, Kelvin's estimate of the age of the Earth would be too low by many times.

Perry's main reason was that convection in the fluid, or partly fluid, interior of the Earth
would transfer heat much more effectively than would conduction:
"… much internal fluidity would practically mean infinite conductivity for our purpose".

Kelvin stuck by his estimate of 100 million years, and later reduced the estimate to about 20 million years.

We now know that the existence of a viscous fluid under a thin crust is a much greater factor than the discovery of radioactivity, which was the textbook explanation for many years. The rediscovery and reexamination of Perry's work is quite recent.

20th century
In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity. In 1903, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity".

Eventually, it was realized that radioactivity was a major source of heat inside the Earth.p206 In 1921 came the first modern estimate, using radiometric dating. It was based on uranium-lead dating: the rate of decay of uranium to lead in the crust of the Earth, by Henry Norris Russell. He came up with 2 to 8 billion years.p27, table 3.1 In 1949, H.E. Suess estimated 4 to 5 billion years, based on a whole array of radioactive isotopes. This is close to the time we estimate today, which has been refined further to about 4,560 million years.

The calculation makes use of convection in a viscous fluid as well as radioactivity, so it combines Perry's idea with the effect of radioactivity, even though Perry's contribution had been forgotten. The later knowledge of plate tectonics made it quite certain that the lower mantle was a viscous fluid.

Solar System
The formation and evolution of the Solar System is estimated to have begun 4.568 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Basically, the whole system developed in the same period of time.https://ncertias1.blogspot.com/2023/09/social-science-of-class-6-earth-in-our.html

Religious views
Use of the scientific method assumes uniformitarian methods for calculating Earth's age. The Hindu religion comes closest to the present-day scientific estimate. Some Christians and Jews believe the Genesis creation narrative is literally true, which would mean that the Earth was created between 5000 and 10,000 years ago, and the methods used to calculate age have not been consistent throughout Earth's history. However, these days most people think such questions are best answered by scientific methods.

Related pages
 Geochronology
 History of the geologic time scale
 Nature timeline

Other websites

 Age of the Earth -Citizendium

References

Earthhttps://ncertias1.blogspot.com/2023/09/social-science-of-class-6-earth-in-our.htmlthe

Geology
Earth sciences
History of ideas
History of science

Age of Earth


Jacques Nicolas Colbert (14 February 1655, in Paris – 10 December 1707, in Paris) was a French churchman.

Youngest son of Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, he was educated for a career in the church, tutored by Noël Alexandre, a Dominican theologian and philosopher later condemned for his Jansenist views.

The young Colbert was abbot at Le Bec-Hellouin before becoming Archbishop of Rouen in 1691. He was admitted to the Académie Française on 31 October 1678 and was one of the first members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

He was a patron of Jules Hardouin-Mansart and André Le Nôtre and commissioned the restoration of the official residence of the Archbishops of Rouen, the Château de Gaillon.

Publications
Philosophia vetus et nova, ad usum scholae accommodata, in regia Burgundia novissimo hoc biennio pertractata (1674)
Harangue faite au roi, à Versailles, le 21 juillet 1685, par monseigneur l'illustrissime et révérendissime Jacques-Nicolas Colbert, archevêque et primat de Carthage, assisté de messeigneurs les archevêques, évêques, et autres députés de l'Assemblée générale tenue à Saint-Germain-en-Laye en ladite année 1685, en prenant congé de Sa Majesté (1685)

References

External links
  Biographical note at the Académie française

1655 births
1707 deaths
Clergy from Paris
Archbishops of Rouen
French Oratory
Members of the Académie Française
Colbert family

Jacques Nicolas Colbert


Sky Murder is a 1940 detective film starring Walter Pidgeon as detective Nick Carter in his third and final outing for MGM as Nick Carter. The film was part of a trilogy based on original screen stories starring the popular literary series character. In the heightened tensions prior to World War II, Hollywood produced many films in the spy film genre such as Sky Murder.

Sky Murder followed Phantom Raiders (1940) and the first film in the series, Nick Carter, Master Detective (1939) and led to Sky Murder, the last of the Nick Carter series.

Plot
Old friend Cortland Grand summons private detective Nick Carter and his friend "Beeswax" Bartholomew to Washington for as meeting with Senator Monrose, who heads a committee investigating subversive groups in the U.S. Nick turns down the Senator's request to assist his committee, and flies back to New York on Cortland's personal aircraft. Joining Nick on the flight are six beautiful models accompanied by their chaperone, detective Christine Cross, and Andrew Hendon, a polo star suspected of being a spy.

Upon landing, Hendon is discovered murdered, with a nail file belonging to model Pat Evens in his throat. More ominously, three spies waiting on the landing strip are intent on silencing Pat and, getting into the cockpit, they strangle the pilot. Nick take over, bringing the passengers to Cortland's country house, where he interrogates Pat when machine gun fire hits the house. Bartholomew is dressed in Pat's robes to fool the killers, allowing Nick and Pat to make a getaway.

After leaving in the sheriff's car, Nick and Pat are arrested. When they are locked up, the spies plant a bomb with Pat and Nick again narrowly missing being killed. They take refuge in Cortland's New York apartment where Pat tells Nick that the spies had been threatening to kill her father, held captive in Europe. As Pat confesses, Bartholomew and Christine trace the spies to their hideout behind a printer's shop, but they are taken prisoner.

Sending Pat to stay in a small hotel, Nick contacts Senator Monrose and realizes that Cortland is likely the leader of the fifth column spies. Nick locates Bartholomew by following his bees but when he goes to rescue his assistant, Kathe, one of Cortland's spies, kidnaps Pat.

After rescuing Bartholomew and Christine, Nick alerts the police, who arrest the spies and free Pat. Setting a trap for Cortland, Nick and the Senator board his aircraft, and after Nick tricks him into a confession, Cortland dies in a shootout.

Cast

Production
Production on Sky Murder began on July 24, 1940. A Douglas DC-2 in scale model form is seen in the film.

Reception

Box office
According to MGM record, Sky Murder earned $270,000 in the US and Canada and $167,000 elsewhere, making a profit of $64,000.

Reviews
Film reviewer Bosley Crowther, in his The New York Times review of Sky Murder, wrote: "Let a Hollywood producer launch a film series and very shortly the stories, as they appear, become as formalized as Chinese checkers. The Nick Carter mysteries are no exception ... Through it all Nick is magnificently careless. Though sudden death lurks outside the window pane, he never pulls a shade. When seconds count, he saves one to pinch a cutie's cheek. When lesser men quail, he lights a cigarette. As usual, he wins his game in a welter of comic-strip heroics. But, as we were suggesting, it's a little like playing checkers with an opponent whose tricks became familiar long ago".

Film historian and reviewer Leonard Maltin called Sky Murder an "above-average private-eye yarn".

Film historian John Douglas Eames in The MGM Story: The Complete History Of Fifty Roaring Years (1975) described Pigeon's recurring role as sleuth Nick Carter in Sky Murder, "a 'melo'".

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Eames, John Douglas. The MGM Story: The Complete History Of Fifty Roaring Years. London: Octopus Books, 1975. .
 Pendo, Stephen. Aviation in the Cinema. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1985. .
 Quinlan, David. Quinlan's Film Stars. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2000. .

External links

1940 films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
1940 drama films
American aviation films
American drama films
Nick Carter (character)
American black-and-white films
Films directed by George B. Seitz
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Sky Murder


Polemic () is contentious rhetoric intended to support a specific position by forthright claims and to undermine the opposing position.  The practice of such argumentation is called polemics, which are seen in arguments on controversial topics. A person who writes polemics, or speaks polemically, is called a polemicist.  The word derives , .

Polemics often concern questions in religion or politics. A polemical style of writing was common in Ancient Greece, as in the writings of the historian Polybius. Polemic again became common in medieval and early modern times. Since then, famous polemicists have included satirist Jonathan Swift; Italian physicist and mathematician Galileo; French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher Voltaire; Christian anarchist Leo Tolstoy; socialist philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; novelist George Orwell; playwright George Bernard Shaw; communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin; psycholinguist Noam Chomsky; social critics Christopher Hitchens and Peter Hitchens; existential philosopher Søren Kierkegaard; and Friedrich Nietzsche.

Polemical journalism was common in continental Europe when libel laws were not as stringent as they are now. To support study of 17th to 19th century controversies, a British research project has placed online thousands of polemical pamphlets from that period. Discussions of atheism, humanism, and Christianity have remained open to polemic into the 21st century.

History
In Ancient Greece, writing was characterised by what Geoffrey Lloyd and Nathan Sivin called "strident adversariality" and "rationalistic aggressiveness", summed up by McClinton as polemic. For example, the ancient historian Polybius practiced "quite bitter self-righteous polemic" against some twenty philosophers, orators, and historians.

Polemical writings were common in medieval and early modern times. During the Middle Ages, polemic had a religious dimension, as in Jewish texts written to protect and dissuade Jewish communities from converting to other religions. Medieval Christian writings were also often polemical; for example in their disagreements on Islam or in the vast corpus aimed at converting the Jews. Martin Luther's 95 Theses, nailed to the door of the church in Wittenberg, was a polemic launched against the Catholic Church. Robert Carliell's 1619 defence of the new Church of England and diatribe against the Roman Catholic Church –  – took the form of a 250-line poem.

Major political polemicists of the 18th century include Jonathan Swift, with pamphlets such as his A Modest Proposal, Alexander Hamilton, with pieces such as A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress and A Farmer Refuted, and Edmund Burke, with his attack on the Duke of Bedford.

In the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 Communist Manifesto was extremely polemical. Both Marx and Engels would publish further polemical works, with Engels's work Anti-Dühring serving as a polemic against Eugen Dühring, and Marx's Critique of the Gotha Programme against Ferdinand Lasalle.

Vladimir Lenin would also publish polemics against political opponents. The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky was notably directed against Karl Kautsky, and other works such as The State and Revolution attacked figures including Eduard Bernstein.

In the 20th century, George Orwell's Animal Farm was a polemic against totalitarianism, in particular of Stalinism in the Soviet Union.  According to McClinton, other prominent polemicists of the same century include such diverse figures as Herbert Marcuse, Noam Chomsky, John Pilger, and Michael Moore.

In 2007 Brian McClinton argued in Humani that anti-religious books such as Richard Dawkins's The God Delusion are part of the polemic tradition. In 2008 the humanist philosopher A. C. Grayling published a book, Against All Gods: Six Polemics on Religion and an Essay on Kindness.

See also

 Critic
 Devil's advocate
 Dialectic
 Disputation
 Internet troll
 Irenicism
 Philippic
 Rhetoric
 Social gadfly
 Trash-talk

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Rhetoric
Aggression

Polemic


Mohammad Hidayatullah OBE (; 17 December 1905 – 18 September 1992) was the 11th Chief Justice of India serving from 25 February 1968 to 16 December 1970, and the sixth vice president of India, serving from 31 August 1979 to 30 August 1984. He had also served as the acting president of India from 20 July 1969 to 24 August 1969 and from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982 and from 25 July 1983 to 25 July 1983 and from 25 July 1984 to 25 July 1984. He is regarded as an eminent jurist, scholar, educationist, author and linguist.

Early life and education

Hidayatullah was born in 1905 in the well-known family of Khan Bahadur Hafiz Mohammed Wilayatullah.
His grand father Munshi Kudartullah was advocate in Varanasi. His father was a poet of all-India repute who wrote poems in Urdu and probably it must have been from him that Justice Hidayatullah got his love for language and literature. Wilayatullah was Gold medallist of Aligarh Muslim University in 1897 - besting famous mathematician Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, a favourite of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Wilayatullah served in ICS until 1928 and as a member of the Central Legislative Assembly from 1929 to 1933. Hidaytullah's elder brothers Mohammed Ikramullah (ICS, later Foreign Secretary, Pakistan) and Ahmedullah (ICS, retired as Chairman, Tariff Board) were scholars as well as sportsmen. He on the other hand excelled in Urdu poetry.

After completing primary education at the Government High School of Raipur in 1922, Hidayatullah attended Morris College in Nagpur, where he was nominated as the Phillip's Scholar in 1926. When he graduated in 1926, he was awarded the Malak Gold Medal. Following the trend of Indians studying British law abroad, Hidayatullah attended Trinity College at the University of Cambridge from 1927 to 1930 and obtained B.A. and M.A. Degrees from there. Here he secured the 2nd order of merit and was awarded a gold medal for his performance in 1930. He was called to the Bar from Lincoln's Inn when he was just 25 years old. He was awarded LL.D. (Honoris Causa) from University of the Philippines and D. Litt. (Honoris Causa) from University of Bhopal (now Barkatullah University) and University of Kakatiya. While at Cambridge, Hidayatullah was elected and served as the President of the Indian Majlis in 1929. Also while here, he pursued English and Law Tripos from the renowned Lincoln's Inn. In addition he secured a place of Barrister-at-Law in 1930.

Career

After graduation, Hidayatullah returned to India and enrolled as an advocate of the High Court of Central Provinces and Berar at Nagpur on 19 July 1930. He also taught Jurisprudence and Mahomedan Law in the University College of Law at Nagpur
and was also the Extension Lecturer in English literature. On 12 December 1942, he was appointed Government Pleader in the High Court at Nagpur. On 2 August 1943, he became the Advocate General of Central Provinces and Berar (now Madhya Pradesh) and continued to hold the said post till he was appointed as an Additional Judge of that High Court in 1946. He had the distinction of being the youngest Advocate General of an Indian state, Madhya Pradesh.

On 24 June 1946, Hidayatullah was appointed as Additional Judge of that High Court of Central Provinces and Berar and on 13 September 1946 he was appointed as permanent judge of said High Court where he served until being elevated to Chief Justice of the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on 3 December 1954, being the youngest Chief Justice of a High Court. In November 1956, he was then appointed as the Chief Justice of Madhya Pradesh High Court. On 1 December 1958, he was elevated as a justice to the Supreme Court of India. In his time he was the youngest judge of the Supreme Court of India. After serving as a judge for nearly 10 years, he was appointed as the Chief Justice of India on 28 February 1968 – becoming the first Muslim Chief Justice of India.

He retired from this position on 16 December 1970.

Presidency
During his term as the Chief Justice of India, the then-President of India, Zakir Husain died suddenly, in harness, on 3 May 1969. Then Vice President of India Mr. V. V. Giri became the acting President. Later, Giri resigned from both offices as acting president and Vice-President to become a candidate in the 1969 Presidential Election. Hidayatullah then served as the President of India for a short period from 20 July to 24 August. The visit of President of the United States Richard Nixon to India made his presidential term historic.

After his retirement, Hidayatullah was elected as the Vice-President of India by a consensus among different parties and occupied that high office with distinction from 1979 to August 1984. During his tenure as the Vice-President, he won the respect of all concerned for his impartiality and independence.

In 1982, when the then President Zail Singh went to the U.S. for medical treatment, Vice-President Hidayatullah officiated as president from 6 October 1982 to 31 October 1982. Thus, he officiated as acting president twice.

Having served at all of these positions made Hidayatullah unique among other members of Indian history. He became the only person to have served in all three offices of Chief Justice of India, President of India, and the Vice President of India.

During his long tenure in the Supreme Court he was a party to a number of landmark judgments including the judgment in Golaknath v. State of Punjab which took the view that the Parliament had no power to cut down the Fundamental Rights by constitutional amendment. His judgment in the case of Ranjit D. Udeshi dealing with the law of obscenity, displayed a flair for literature and is particularly of note.

Career in Nagpur
Before being elevated as a judge to High Court, Hidayatullah was involved in local and state affairs. The following are some of the committee positions he held:

 Member of the Nagpur Municipal Committee (1931–1933)
 Member of the Nagpur University's Executive and Academic Councils (1934–1953)
 Member of the Nagpur Improvement Trust (1943–1945)
 Member of the Nagpur Bar Council (1943–1946)
 Chief Commissioner of the Madhya Pradesh Bharat Scouts and Guides (1950–1953)

Many of these positions, as well as those of High Court Justice were held prior to Indian Independence, they were all considered service to Great Britain, thus Hidayatullah was conferred the honour as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire by King George VI in the 1946 King's Birthday Honours.

Teaching and other associations

Having received an education at one of the premier legal institutions of the time, Hidayatullah was able to segue into an academic career not long after returning to India. In 1935, he took a teaching post at University College of Law, where he taught until 1943. Later he served as Dean of the Faculty of Law at Nagpur University from 1949 to 1953. In addition, he served as Faculty of Law at various other institutions throughout the 1950s: Sagar University, Court Vikram University, and the Aligarh Muslim University. He was Pro-Chancellor of the Delhi University from 1968 to 1970, Chancellor of the Jamia Millia Islamia from 1969 to 1985, Chancellor of the Delhi and Punjab Universities between 1979 and 1984 and Chancellor of the Hyderabad University from 1986 to 1990. He was the President of the Indian Law Institute from 1963 to 1970, President of the International Law Association (Indian Branch) from 1968 to 1970 and of the Indian Society of International Law in 1969–70.

He was, at one time, a Member of the Executive Council of the World Assembly of Judges and of the Managing Committee of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law. He was a Member of the International Council of Former Scouts and Guides, Brussels, and Chief Scout of the Boy Scouts Association of India. Post-retirement, Hidayatullah renewed his interest in Boy Scouts and served as Chief Scout of the All India Boy Scouts Association from 1982 to 1992. He held the posts of the President of Bombay Natural History Society and of the Patron of Schizophrenic Research Foundation of India and Commonwealth Society of India. He was also a Member of the World Association for Orphans and Abandoned Children and a Settlor of the Jawaharlal Nehru-Cambridge University Trust. He also represented India in International Conferences held in different countries and cities, such as,
Washington, London, Geneva, Sydney, the Hague, Tokyo, Stockholm, Belgrade, Cairo and Bangkok.

Scholar and linguist
Hidayatullah was a scholar in Hindi, English, Urdu, Persian and French. He had working knowledge of some other Indian languages including Sanskrit and Bengali.

Institutions

Hidayatullah was the president of Indian Law Institute, International Law Association (Indian Branch), Indian Society of International Law from 1968 to 1970. He also presided the Indian Red Cross Society in 1982. He was closely associated with Hunger Project of USA, World Association of Orphans and Abandoned Children (Geneva), and Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues (1982–84).

The Hidayatullah National Law University at Naya Raipur is named after him.

Books

 Democracy in India and the Judicial Process, 1966 by Asia Publishing House (1967).
 The South-West Africa Case, Published 1967 by Asia Publishing House (1966).
 Judicial Methods Published for the Institute of Constitutional and Parliamentary Studies by National Publishing House (1970).
 A Judge's Miscellany, N. M. Tripathi (1972).
 USA and India: All India Reporter (1977).
 A Judge's Miscellany (Second Series) N. M. Tripathi(1972).
 The Fifth and Sixth Schedules to the Constitution of India, Ashok Pub. House
 My own Boswell (Autobiography) Arnold-Heinemann (1980).
 Editor, Mulla's Mohammedan Law
 Constitutional law of India: Bar Council of India Trust (1984).
  Right to property and the Indian Constitution: Calcutta University (1984).
 Justice Hidayatullah on commercial laws: Deep & Deep (1982).

Awards and honours

 Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), 1946 King's Birthday Honours
 Order of the Yugoslav Flag with Sash, 1970,
 Medallion and Plaque of Merit Philconsa, Manila, 1970 and
 Knight of Mark Twain, 1971;
 Honoured with "Proud Past Alumni" in the list of 42 members, from "Allahabad University Alumni Association", NCR, Ghaziabad (Greater Noida) Chapter 2007-2008 registered under society act 1860 with registration no. 407/2000.
 Honorary Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, 1968;* President of Honour, Inns of Courts Society, India.
 War Service Badge, 1948;
 Key of the City of Manila, 1971;
 Shiromani Award, 1986;
 Architects of India Award, 1987;
 Dashrathmal Singhvi Memorial Award of the Banaras HinduUniversity.

Between 1970 and 1987, as many as 12 Indian Universities and the University of Philippines conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctorate of Law or Literature.

Legacy

 In his honour, the Hidayatullah National Law University was established in 2003, in his home town of Raipur, in the state of Chhattisgarh. University also organises Justice Hidayatullah Memorial National Moot Court Competition (HNMCC) in his memory.

Personal life
In 1948, Hidayatullah married Pushpa Shah, who was from a Jain family. Her father name was A. N. Shah who was chairman of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. She was the eldest daughter in her family. She married Hidayatullah on 5 May 1948.

Their son, Arshad Hidayatullah, is a Senior Counsel at the Supreme Court of India.

See also

 Chief Justice of India
 President of India
 Hidayatullah National Law University

References

External links

 J. Hidayatullah's

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1905 births
1992 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Chief justices of India
Chief Justices of the Madhya Pradesh High Court
20th-century Indian judges
Indian barristers
20th-century Indian Muslims
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Member of the Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco
Scholars from Lucknow
Acting presidents of India
Presidents of India
Scouting and Guiding in India
Vice presidents of India
Advocates General for Indian states
20th-century Indian lawyers
Politicians from Lucknow
Indian people of Arab descent

Mohammad Hidayatullah


Walter Dewey Redman (May 17, 1931 – September 2, 2006) was an American saxophonist who performed free jazz as a bandleader and with Ornette Coleman and Keith Jarrett.

Redman mainly played tenor saxophone, though he occasionally also played alto, the Chinese suona (which he called a musette), and clarinet. His son is saxophonist Joshua Redman.

Biography
Redman was born in Fort Worth, Texas. He attended I.M. Terrell High School, and played in the school band with Ornette Coleman, Prince Lasha, and Charles Moffett. After high school, he briefly enrolled in the electrical engineering program at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama but became disillusioned with the program and returned home to Texas. In 1953, he earned a bachelor's degree in Industrial Arts from Prairie View Agricultural and Mechanical University. While at Prairie View, he switched from clarinet to alto saxophone, then to tenor. After graduating, he served for two years in the U. S. Army.

After his discharge from the Army, Redman began working on a master's degree in education at the University of North Texas. While working on his degree, he taught music to fifth graders in Bastrop, Texas and worked as a freelance saxophonist at night and weekends in Austin, Texas. In 1957, he graduated in Education with a minor in Industrial Arts. While at North Texas, he did not enroll in any music classes.

In 1959, he moved to San Francisco, resulting in a collaboration with clarinetist Donald Garrett.

Redman was best known for his 1968-1972 collaboration with saxophonist Ornette Coleman, with whom he had performed in his Fort Worth high school marching band. He also played in pianist Keith Jarrett's American Quartet (1971–1976). Jarrett's The Survivors' Suite was voted Jazz Album of the Year by Melody Maker in 1978. In the 1970s Redman formed the quartet Old and New Dreams with Don Cherry, Charlie Haden, and Ed Blackwell. They recorded four albums in the period to 1987.

Redman recorded as a sideman with Paul Motian and Pat Metheny. In 1981 he performed at the Woodstock Jazz Festival for the tenth anniversary of the Creative Music Studio. He was the subject of the award-winning documentary film Dewey Time directed by Daniel Berman (2001).

On February 19 and 21, 2004, he played tenor saxophone as a special guest with Jazz at Lincoln Center in a concert entitled "The Music of Ornette Coleman". Reviewing the performance, Howard Mandell wrote, "Redman, a veteran of Coleman's bands, played on 'Ramblin' and 'Peace', demonstrating more originality, maturity and conviction than anyone else on the bandstand."

Redman died of liver failure in Brooklyn, New York, on September 2, 2006. He is buried at the Calverton National Cemetery in Calverton, Suffolk County, New York.

Discography

As leader
 Look for the Black Star (Freedom, 1966; re-released on Arista Freedom in 1975)
 Tarik (BYG Actuel, 1969)
 The Ear of the Behearer (Impulse!, 1973)
 Coincide (Impulse!, 1974)
 Musics (Galaxy, 1979)
 Soundsigns (Galaxy, 1979)
 Red and Black in Willisau with Ed Blackwell (Black Saint, 1980)
 The Struggle Continues (ECM, 1982)
 Living on the Edge (Black Saint, 1989)
 Choices featuring Joshua Redman (Enja, 1992)
 African Venus featuring Joshua Redman (Evidence, 1994; re-released on Venus in 1998 as "Satin Doll") – recorded in 1992
 In London (Palmetto, 1998) – recorded in 1996
 Momentum Space with Cecil Taylor and Elvin Jones (Verve, 1999) – recorded in 1998

As Old and New Dreams
With Ed Blackwell, Don Cherry and Charlie Haden
 Old and New Dreams (Black Saint, 1976)
 Old and New Dreams (ECM, 1979)
 Playing (ECM, 1980)
 A Tribute to Blackwell (Black Saint, 1987)

As sideman

With Jane Bunnett
 In Dew Time (Dark Light, 1988)
 Radio Guantánamo: Guantánamo Blues Project, Vol. 1 (Blue Note, 2006)

With Ornette Coleman
 New York Is Now! (Blue Note, 1968)
 Love Call (Blue Note, 1968)
 Ornette at 12 (Impulse!, 1968)
 Crisis (Impulse!, 1969)
 Friends and Neighbors: Live at Prince Street (Flying Dutchman, 1970)
 Live in Paris 1971 (Jazz Row, 1971)
 The Belgrade Concert (Jazz Door, 1971)
 Science Fiction (Columbia, 1971)
 Broken Shadows (Columbia, 1971-2 [1982])
 The Complete Science Fiction Sessions (Columbia, 1971–2 [2000])

With Charlie Haden's Liberation Music Orchestra
 Liberation Music Orchestra (Impulse!, 1970)
 The Ballad of the Fallen (ECM, 1982)
 Dream Keeper (Blue Note, 1990)

With Keith Jarrett
 El Juicio (Atlantic, 1971)
 Birth (Atlantic, 1971)
 Expectations (Columbia, 1972)
 Fort Yawuh (Impulse!, 1973)
 Treasure Island (Impulse!, 1974)
 Death and the Flower (Impulse!, 1974)
 Back Hand (Impulse!, 1974)
 Shades (Impulse!, 1975)
 Mysteries (Impulse!, 1975)
 The Survivors' Suite (ECM, 1976)
 Bop-Be (Impulse!, 1977)
 Eyes of the Heart (ECM, 1979)

With Paul Motian
 Monk in Motian (JMT, 1988)
 Trioism (JMT, 1993)

With Michel Benita
 Preferences (Label Bleu, 1990)
 Soul (Label Bleu, 1993)

With others
Jon Ballantyne, 4tets (Real Artist Works, 2000)
Ed Blackwell, Walls–Bridges (Black Saint, 1992)
Michael Bocian, Reverence (Enja, 1994)
David Bond, The Key of Life (Vineyard, 2009)
Cameron Brown, Here and How! (OmniTone, 1997)
Don Cherry, Relativity Suite (JCOA, 1973)
Anthony Cox, Dark Metals (Polygram, 1991)
Mark Helias, Split Image (Enja, 1984)
Billy Hart, Enchance (Horizon, 1977)
Leroy Jenkins, For Players Only (JCOA, 1975)
Pat Metheny, 80/81 (ECM, 1980)
Roswell Rudd & The Jazz Composer's Orchestra, Numatik Swing Band (JCOA, 1973)
Clifford Thornton & The Jazz Composers Orchestra, The Gardens of Harlem (JCOA, 1975)
Randy Weston, The Spirits of Our Ancestors (Antilles, 1991)
Matt Wilson, As Wave Follows Wave (Palmetto, 1996)
Dane Belany, Motivations (Sahara, 1975)
John Menegon, Search Light (Maki Records 2003)

References
General references

 In Black and White. A guide to magazine articles, newspaper articles, and books concerning Black individuals and groups. Third edition, Supplement. Edited by Mary Mace Spradling. Detroit: Gale Research, 1985
 The Negro Almanac. A reference work on the Afro American. Third edition. Edited by Harry A. Ploski and Warren Marr, II. New York: Bellwether Co., 1976. Later editions published as The African-American Almanac
 The African-American Almanac. Sixth edition. Detroit: Gale Research, 1994. Formerly published as The Negro Almanac
 The African American Almanac. Eighth edition. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. Formerly published as The Negro Almanac
 The African American Almanac. Ninth edition. Detroit: Gale Group, 2003. Formerly published as The Negro Almanac
 All Music Guide to Jazz. The experts' guide to the best jazz recordings. Second edition. Edited by Michael Erlewine. San Francisco: Miller Freeman Books, 1996
 All Music Guide to Jazz. The definitive guide to jazz music. Fourth edition. Edited by Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra and Stephen Thomas Erlewine. San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2002
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 13: September 1982 – August 1984. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1984
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 18: September 1992 – August 1993 New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1993
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 26: September 2000 – August 2001 New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 2001
 Biography Index. A cumulative index to biographical material in books and magazines. Volume 29: September 2003 – August 2004. New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 2004
 Contemporary Musicians. Profiles of the people in music. Volume 32. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001
 The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Third edition. Eight volumes. Edited by Colin Larkin. London: MUZE, 1998. Grove's Dictionaries, New York, 1998
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Jazz. By Brian Case and Stan Britt. New York: Harmony Books, 1978
 The Negro Almanac. A reference work on the Afro-American. Fourth edition. Compiled and edited by Harry A. Ploski and James Williams. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983
 The Negro Almanac. A reference work on the African American. Fifth edition. Detroit: Gale Research, 1989
 The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Four volumes. Edited by H. Wiley Hitchcock and Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan Press, 1986
 The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. First edition. Two volumes. Edited by Barry Kernfeld. London: Macmillan Press, 1988
 The Penguin Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Edited by Donald Clarke. New York: Viking Press, 1989
 Who's Who in America. 42nd edition, 1982–1983. Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who, 1982
 Who's Who in America. 43rd edition, 1984–1985. Wilmette, IL: Marquis Who's Who, 1984
 Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. Ninth edition. Edited by Laura Kuhn. New York: Schirmer Books, 2001
 The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Edited by Barry Kernfeld. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994
 The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Second edition. Three volumes. Edited by Barry Kernfeld. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2002
 ASCAP Biographical Dictionary. Fourth edition. Compiled for the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers by Jaques Cattell Press. New York: R.R. Bowker, 1980
 Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians. By Eileen Southern. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982
 Biographical Dictionary of Jazz. By Charles Eugene Claghorn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1982
 The Encyclopedia of Jazz in the Seventies. By Leonard Feather and Ira Gitler. New York: Horizon Press, 1976
 Who's Who in America. 59th edition, 2005. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who, 2004

Inline citations

External links

"Dewey Redman: The Sound of a Giant", at All About Jazz
"Dewey Redman: an Enduring Original, 1931–2006", obituary in Jazz Police magazine, by Andrea Carter
obituary at The Bad Plus blog
Dewey Redman obituary from All About Jazz

1931 births
2006 deaths
American jazz tenor saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz alto saxophonists
American jazz clarinetists
African-American saxophonists
Free jazz saxophonists
Prairie View A&M University alumni
University of North Texas alumni
Musicians from Fort Worth, Texas
ECM Records artists
Freedom Records artists
Impulse! Records artists
Enja Records artists
Palmetto Records artists
BYG Actuel artists
Galaxy Records artists
Avant-garde jazz saxophonists
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Texas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Old and New Dreams members
African-American United States Army personnel
20th-century African-American musicians
21st-century African-American people
Deaths from liver failure

Dewey Redman


Geodætisk Institut (1928–1987) was a Danish state-run cartographic institute.

It was created by law number 82, of 31 March 1928, combining Generalstabens Topografiske Afdeling and Den danske Gradmaaling, two institutions that did somewhat overlapping cartographic and topographic mapping of Denmark. It was initially part of Ministry of War (Krigsministeret), later Ministry of Defence (Forsvarsministeret).

In the years 1940–1953 Geodætisk Institut made the second nationwide precision landscape levelling of Denmark. The first was done 1885–1905 by Den danske Gradmaaling. The height fix point remains Århus Domkirke (Dansk Normal Nul (DNN)), as established in 1905.

A third levelling was done 1982–1994. This formed the basic for the new height system DVR90, replacing DNN. The height fix point remains Aarhus Domkirke, however its kote was changed from 5.6150m to 5.570m in DVR90.

Geodætisk Institut made the third topographic mapping of Denmark in the years 1966–1987, based on aerial photography. (First 1842–1887, second 1887–1938)

Starting in 1953 Geodætisk Institut made a whole set of new maps 1:25,000, 1:50,000 and 1:100.000, all based on UTM/ED50 map projections, where Denmark is located in zone 32 and 33. This work was finished in 1975.

By royal resolution of 10 September 1987, Geodætisk Institut was combined with Matrikeldirektoratet and Søkortarkivet, to form Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen.

Geodætisk Institut departments
 Administrativ Afdeling
 Geodætisk Afdeling I
 Geodætisk Afdeling II
 Seismisk Afdeling
 Topografisk Afdeling
 Teknisk Afdeling

Government agencies of Denmark
National mapping agencies

Geodætisk Institut


The Royal Pavilion, also known as the Queen's Pavilion, was a royal residence located at Aldershot in Hampshire. The most unpretentious of all royal residences, it was built by George Myers as a wooden structure in 1855 for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert for use by members of the Royal Family when in Aldershot to attend military reviews and other occasions. Located off the Farnborough Road opposite the former West Cavalry Barracks, nearby are the Royal Garrison Church and the Wellington Statue. It was dismantled in the early 1960s. Today the site is the location of the Royal Pavilion Office Park.

Origins of the Royal Pavilion

Before the establishment of the 'Camp at Aldershot', the British Army did not have any single permanent camp for training troops on a large scale. Prince Albert realised that the training and resources of the British Army compared unfavourably with some European armies and lobbied for something to be done. In 1852, following the death of The Iron Duke, a group of reformers, which included Prince Albert, forged an alliance that would seek to improve the training of the Army. Consequently, several thousands of acres of Aldershot heathland  were subsequently purchased with the view to setting up a permanent military camp in the area.

As Queen Victoria and Prince Albert showed a keen interest in the establishment and the development of Aldershot as a garrison town, on 2 April 1854 Prince Albert, accompanied by Lord Hardinge, Major General Sir Frederick Smith and a Lieutenant Nicholson inspected a number of sites in the Aldershot area before selecting a small hill overlooking the Long Valley and Caesar's Camp. Prince Albert instructed Lieutenant Nicholson to ride around the approved site dropping sticks from a bundle of pea sticks to mark the boundaries for the proposed Pavilion.

In 1855 the Royal Pavilion was built by George Myers, one of the contractors involved in building the nearby Camp, as a temporary residence in the style of a wooden pavilion. Myers is best known as the builder employed by Augustus Pugin to execute the majority of his designs. One of the first buildings to be erected in the new Camp, the Pavilion is recorded as having had "graceful timberwork, looking oddly like C20 Scandinavian and an impressive testimony to Prince Albert's modernity". Victoria and Albert would often stay at the Pavilion when attending reviews of the Army on the nearby Long Valley.

The design
On 16 June 1855 Queen Victoria made her first visit to the Royal Pavilion and, following an inspection of the Camp took refreshments in the Pavilion. Her first stay there was in April 1856 on the occasion of her inspecting 14,000 troops at Aldershot. Queen Victoria "was delighted with [the building's] simplicity, the charming views from its windows and its seclusion" and she painted some of these views during her visits to Aldershot. A writer for The Illustrated London News, however, was less enthusiastic, writing of the Pavilion that "The design was of three sides of a square - bald, cold and ugly to an extreme. The whole Pavilion is built entirely of wood - not a single brick has been used in its construction."

Its pine wood walls were painted white and the shutters on either side of each window were painted green. The Pavilion's interior walls and ceilings were made of canvas stretched over a wooden frame and papered over. The building had a breakfast room, drawing room, large dining room with salon and a study for Prince Albert. There were four large bedrooms - one each for Albert and Victoria and two more for important guests.

The terrace had a small artificial pond with goldfish. With stabling for 40 horses, the kitchen and servants' quarters were nearby in a detached building at the rear of the Pavilion and on a lower level. The kitchens were connected to the Pavilion by way of an underground passage with a glass roof half way along its length.

Royal residence

In 1879 the Royal Pavilion was occupied for a period by the Duke of Connaught after his wedding, while in March 1903 it was occupied by Edward VII and Queen Alexandra.

George V and Queen Mary were regular visitors early in their reign. When they were staying at the Pavilion in 1914, however, the local police were kept busy preventing Suffragettes from getting into the grounds. The Royal Family did not return to the Pavilion until 1923 to attend one of the famous military tattoos being held nearby.

In 1935 it became the residence of Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester near the barracks of the Duke's regiment where the Duke was taking the Army staff course. "It was a very simple cabin" recalled the Duchess of Gloucester, and "the only royal thing about it was my husband's presence".

Later uses

During World War II the Royal Pavilion came under the control of Aldershot and District Borough Council when it became the officers' mess for the Canadian Army Overseas. From March to June 1944 it was the Headquarters for the 11th Armoured Division, and from November 1944 it became "B" Mess for the Headquarters Aldershot Division. From January to July 1948 it was the officers' mess for the 2nd Battalion the Royal Tank Regiment, after which from July 1948 to May 1949 it was taken over by the 3rd Battalion the Coldstream Guards. From 1951 the Royal Pavilion had become the officers' mess for 13 Command Workshops REME.

After the Pavilion was dismantled the site was used in 1963 to build a Training Centre for the Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps (QARANC) with Princess Margaret laying the foundation stone. Facilities included a drill square, small gym, learning centre, single roomed accommodation, dining hall, kitchens, NAAFI coffee bar and lounge area, QARANC Museum, (now at Keogh Barracks, Ash Vale), a guardroom, courtyard, an officers' mess and accommodation.

Royal Pavilion Office Park

The Training Centre was demolished in 1998 and the land sold off to the Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), a Californian computer services provider. CSC began planning its new European Headquarters on the site of the Royal Pavilion in 1999. The Company had offices scattered over the whole south-east of the United Kingdom and wanted to consolidate most of them in a new base. CSC invited five architects to enter a limited competition to build a £42m headquarters. The winning architect, RTKL Associates, designed the present huge computer science complex and office campus of four interconnected modern buildings set in 43 acres of parkland and woodland, together with extensive parking, meeting rooms, conference facilities, restaurant and coffee bar.

RTKL's design for the Royal Pavilion was commended in the 2003 Corporate Workplace Award of the British Council for Offices (BCO). The name remains, as the address is still "Royal Pavilion". The former Guardroom beside the main entrance has been a Grade II listed building since 1979.

See also
 Royal Pavilion
 Pavillon du Roi

References

External links
The Royal Pavilion, Aldershot, 1860: the dining-room - Royal Collection Trust
Royal party at the Royal Pavilion, Aldershot in 1921 - Sense of Place website

1855 establishments in England
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Military in Aldershot
Buildings and structures in Aldershot
Pavilions
Royal residences in England

Royal Pavilion, Aldershot