Logarithms or logs are a part of mathematics. They are related to exponential functions. A logarithm tells what exponent (or power) is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiation (the other one being roots). Historically, they were useful in multiplying or dividing large numbers.

An example of a logarithm is . In this logarithm, the base is 2, the power is 8 and the answer is 3. In this case, the exponentiation function would be:

The most common types of logarithms are common logarithms, where the base is 10, binary logarithms, where the base is 2, and natural logarithms, where the base is  .

History
Logarithms were first used in India in the 2nd century BCE. The first to use logarithms in modern times was the German mathematician Michael Stifel (around 14871567). In 1544, he wrote down the following equations:  and . This is the basis for understanding logarithms. For Stifel,  and  had to be whole numbers. John Napier (1550–1617) did not want this restriction, and wanted a range for the exponents.

According to Napier, logarithms express ratios:  has the same ratio to , as  to  if the difference of their logarithms matches. Mathematically: . At first, base  was used (even though the number had not been named yet). Henry Briggs proposed to use 10 as a base for logarithms, as such logarithms are very useful in astronomy.

Relationship with exponential functions
A logarithm tells what exponent is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiation.

Just as an exponential function has three parts, a logarithm has three parts as well: a base, an power and an answer (also called exponent).

The following is an example of an exponential function:

In this function, the base is 2, the power is 3 and the answer is 8.

This exponential equation has an inverse, its logarithmic equation:

In this equation, the base is 2, the power is 8 and the answer is 3.

Difference to roots
Addition has one inverse operation: subtraction. Also, multiplication has one inverse operation: division. However, exponentiation actually has two inverse operations: the root and the logarithm. The reason why this is the case has to do with the fact that exponentiation is not commutative.

The following example illustrates this:
 If , then one can use subtraction to find out that . This is the same if : one also gets . This is because  is the same as .
 If , then one can use division to find out that . This is the same if : one also gets . This is because  is the same as .
 If , then one can use the square root to find out that . However, if , then one cannot use the root to find out . Rather, one has to use the binary logarithm to find out that .

This is because  usually is not the same as  (for example,  but ).

Uses
Logarithms can make multiplication and division of large numbers easier, because adding logarithms is the same as multiplying, and subtracting logarithms is the same as dividing.

Before calculators became popular and common, people used logarithm tables in books to multiply and divide. The same information in a logarithm table was available on a slide rule, a tool with logarithms written on it.

Aside from computations, logarithm also has many other real-life applications:

 Logarithmic spirals are common in nature. Examples include the shell of a nautilus, or the arrangement of seeds on a sunflower.
 In chemistry, the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydronium ions (H3O+, the form H+ takes in water) is the measure known as pH. The activity of hydronium ions in neutral water is 10−7 mol/L at 25 °C, hence a pH of 7. (This is a result of the equilibrium constant, the product of the concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions, in water solutions being 10−14 M2.)
 The Richter scale measures earthquake intensity on a base 10 logarithmic scale.
 In astronomy, the apparent magnitude measures the brightness of stars logarithmically, since the eye also responds logarithmically to brightness.
 Musical intervals are measured logarithmically as semitones. The interval between two notes in semitones is the base  logarithm of the frequency ratio (or equivalently, 12 times the base 2 logarithm). Fractional semitones are used for non-equal temperaments. Especially to measure deviations from the equal tempered scale, intervals are also expressed in cents (hundredths of an equally-tempered semitone). The interval between two notes in cents is the base  logarithm of the frequency ratio (or 1200 times the base 2 logarithm). In MIDI, notes are numbered on the semitone scale (logarithmic absolute nominal pitch with middle C at 60). For microtuning to other tuning systems, a logarithmic scale is defined filling in the ranges between the semitones of the equal tempered scale in a compatible way. This scale corresponds to the note numbers for whole semitones. (see microtuning in MIDI ).

Common logarithms
Base 10 Logarithms are called common logarithms. They are usually written without the base. For example:

This is true because:

Natural logarithms
Logarithms to base  are called natural logarithms. The number  is nearly 2.71828, and is also called the Eulerian constant after the mathematician Leonhard Euler.

The natural logarithms can take the symbols  or, more commonly, . Some authors prefer the use of natural logarithms as , (and usually mention it on preface pages), thought this notation is incorrect.

Common bases for logarithms

Properties of logarithms
Logarithms have many properties. For example:

Properties from the definition of a logarithm
This property is straight from the definition of a logarithm:

For example
, and
, because .

The logarithm to base  of a number , is the same as the logarithm of  divided by the logarithm of . That is,

For example, let  be 6 and  be 2. With calculators we can show that this is true (or at least very close):

The results above had a small error, but this was due to the rounding of numbers.

Since it is hard to picture the natural logarithm, we find that, in terms of a base ten logarithm:
, where 0.434294 is an approximation for the logarithm of .

Operations within logarithm powers
Logarithms which multiply inside their power can be changed as follows:

For example,

Similarly, logarithm which divides inside the argument can be turned into a difference of logarithm (because it is the inverse operation of multiplication):

Logarithm tables, slide rules, and historical applications
Before electronic computers, logarithms were used every day by scientists. Logarithms helped scientists and engineers in many fields such as astronomy.

Before computers, the table of logarithms was an important tool. In 1617, Henry Briggs printed the first logarithm table. This was soon after Napier's basic invention. Later, people made tables with better scope and precision. These tables listed the values of  and  for any number  in a certain range, at a certain precision, for a certain base  (usually ). For example, Briggs' first table contained the common logarithms of all integers in the range 1–1000, with a precision of 8 digits.

Since the function  is the inverse function of , it has been called the antilogarithm. People used these tables to multiply and divide numbers. For example, a user looked up the logarithm in the table for each of two positive numbers. Adding the numbers from the table would give the logarithm of the product. The antilogarithm feature of the table would then find the product based on its logarithm.

For manual calculations that need precision, performing the lookups of the two logarithms, calculating their sum or difference, and looking up the antilogarithm is much faster than performing the multiplication by earlier ways.

Many logarithm tables give logarithms by separately providing the characteristic and mantissa of , that is to say, the integer part and the fractional part of . The characteristic of  is one plus the characteristic of , and their significands are the same. This extends the scope of logarithm tables: given a table listing  for all integers  ranging from 1 to 1000, the logarithm of 3542 is approximated by

Another critical application was the slide rule, a pair of logarithmically divided scales used for calculation, as illustrated here:

Numbers are marked on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms. Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms. For example, adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6, which is read off at the lower part. Many engineers and scientists used slide rules until the 1970s. Scientists can work faster using a slide rule than using a logarithm table.

Related pages

 Euler's number
 Prime number theorem

References

Logarithms
Functions and mappings

Logarithm


Reginfrid (or Ragnfrid) (died 814) was a co-King of Denmark from 812, when Hemming I died, to 813, when he and his brothers were ousted by the sons of a previous king, Gudfred. He was probably a son of Halfdan, a Danish leader who became a vassal of Charlemagne in 807, and brother of Anulo (died 812), Hemming (died 837), and Harald Klak (died c. 852). He was probably also related to the Danish king he succeeded.

On Hemming's death only Reginfrid and Harald were present in Denmark and they had to recall their brother Hemming from Francia. In 813 the sons of Gudfred invaded the kingdom and drove out the three co-rulers. Only Reginfrid tried to regain the kingdom, but was killed in an attempted invasion in 814, as recorded in the Annales regni Francorum.

Notes

814 deaths
9th-century Danish monarchs
Monarchs killed in action
Year of birth unknown

Reginfrid


T-Series is a record label in India started by Gulshan Kumar in 1983. T-Series is one of the fastest-growing channels on YouTube. In April 2019, T-Series became a YouTube channel with the most subscribers, surpassing PewDiePie. In late May 2019, T-Series officially became the first YouTube channel ever to pass 100 million subscribers.

Music companies

Indian entertainment companies

T-Series


Daria's Sick, Sad Life Planner is a 1999 app developed by Hypnotix and published by Simon & Schuster Interactive. It is based on the MTV animated series Daria. Like the television show, this software is oriented towards teenagers.  It acts as a digital journal, address book, calendar, and planner with Daria-based themes, graphics, and quotes, as well as video and audio clips. The audio clips feature the same voice actors as on the TV show.

A reviewer from The New York Times gave the program a mixed review, stating that while the tools and accessories were useful, the Daria extras such as the screensavers and icons were disappointing. The reviewer also commented that the misanthropic Daria quotes and audio clips, such as Daria Morgendorffer commenting "Great, another person who pretends they like you" when adding a contact to the address book, made it hard to write anything enthusiastic or optimistic into the journal, concluding that the program may encourage anti-social thinking among teenagers.

Allgame gave the program 2 out of 5 stars. While praising some aspects such as the screensaver and the password protection feature, the reviewer stated that overall the program was dull and offered little to keep people interested in using it, concluding "Maybe the point is that it's supposed to be a little boring, as the title would indicate."

References

Windows-only proprietary software
1999 software
Video games based on Daria
MTV video games
Video games based on animated television series
Simon & Schuster Interactive games

Daria's Sick, Sad Life Planner


Magangué is a municipality of Colombia in the Department of Bolivar. The town is located in the Magdalena River; 20 km north of the mouth of the Cauca River, the Magdalena River. According to projections, the city has a population of over 198,000 inhabitants, becoming the twenty-seventh largest city in Colombia, with about 800,000 inhabitants in the Association Sabana Metropolitan, making it the eighth largest metropolitan area in Colombia. It is the second largest city of the Department, and the ninth largest of the Caribbean Region. Magangué was home to the country's largest port, now badly damaged by the problems of political corruption. It has been shown that the city has great national potential, due to its strategic location.

History
Studies and research are still in their infancy, there are only approaches and assumptions based on interpretations of the records left by some writers and settlers who came from Spain. Most of them assert that original population were indigenous belonging to the family Chimilas Carib language that inhabited the extensive river and lake region of Bolivar, Sucre, Magdalena and Cesar departments. The highest regional authority was the Chimilas Mompox and her chiefdoms: Maguey, Yati, or Simacoa Tacaloa, etc. Guazo. Indigenous had an average height of 1.65 meters, were more or less heavyset, had black hair, short legs, dark skin and short prominent nose. Despite speaking a language related to that of the Carib people, who were warlike and resisted the Spaniards, the Maguey were peaceful and docile. They mainly engaged in the farming of cassava and corn and were also experts in fishing and hunting. Both men and women engaged in these tasks.

Administrative divisions

The urban area is divided into an average of 50 to 70 neighborhoods, including:

 Florida
 Camilo Torres
 Olaya Herrera
 El Sur
 San Pablo
 San José
 El Prado
 San Mateo
 Pastrana
 El Recreo
 Macondo
Buenos Aires

The rural area is organized in 43 districts.

The major townships are:

 Ceibal
 Juan Árias
 San Sebastián de Madrid
 La Pascuala
 Yatí
 Cascajal
 Henequén
 El Cuatro
 Betania
 Retiro
 Barbosa
 Coyongal
 San Antonio

References

Populated places in the Bolívar Department

Magangué


Sir John O'Shanassy, KCMG (18 February 1818 – 5 May 1883), was an Irish-Australian politician who served as the 2nd Premier of Victoria. O'Shanassy was born near Thurles in County Tipperary, Ireland, the son of a surveyor, and came to the Port Phillip District (later Victoria) in 1839. He went into business in Melbourne as a draper, and by 1846 he was rich enough to be elected to the Melbourne City Council and to become the founding chairman of the Colonial Bank of Australasia. By the 1850s he was a major landowner and one of the wealthiest men in the colony. He also became a recognised leader of the large Irish Catholic community.

Biography

O'Shanassy was elected to the inaugural Victorian Legislative Council for City of Melbourne in 1851. When Victoria gained responsible government in 1856, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for both Melbourne and Kilmore districts, he decided to represent the latter resulting in a by-election for Melbourne. In 1868 he returned to the council as member for Central Province, then in 1877 he went back to the Assembly as member for Belfast (later known as Port Fairy), which he represented until 1883.

Although he had been regarded as a liberal in his early career, in the colonial Parliament O'Shanassy emerged as the leader of the conservative opposition to the reforming ministry of William Haines, although there was no formal party system in Victoria at this time. His alienation from the liberals was mainly as a result of the tariff issue: most colonial liberals were protectionists, but O'Shanassy was a free trader.

When Haines's ministry fell in March 1857, O'Shanassy succeeded him as Premier, but his government fell in April and Haines returned to office. O'Shanassy was Premier again from March 1858 to October 1859 and his deputy was Charles Gavan Duffy. The combination of these two Irish Catholics heading up the colony's administration was a source of great consternation among the Protestant elite and ensured that sectarian issues emerged in the election of 1859.(G. Serle) However, the Duffy/O'Shanassy link strained, possibly, because O'Shanassy departed Ireland before the turmoil of 1848, while Duffy was involved in the 1848s troubles.(O'Brien)  O'Shanassy was Premier again from November 1861. By the 1860s O'Shanassy had become a thorough-going conservative and his government was bitterly opposed by the liberal newspaper The Age and its fiery proprietor, David Syme. In retaliation, O'Shanassy withdrew government advertising from the paper. O'Shanassy's government was finally defeated in June 1863 over the land reform issue, and he never held office again.

O'Shanassy was awarded a papal knighthood in 1859, but news of that award did not reach Victoria until early 1860. The award was pilloried in the Melbourne Punch (19 January 1860, p. 209). Further, he received CMG in 1869 and a  in 1874. He retired from Parliament in February 1883, shortly before his death in Boroondara, Victoria, Australia.

References

Geoff Browne, A Biographical Register of the Victorian Parliament, 1900-84, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1985
Don Garden, Victoria: A History, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, 1984
Elizabeth Malcolm & Dianne Hall, A New History of the Irish in Australia, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 2018.
Antony O'Brien, Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: the 1859 election, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005.
Geoffery Serle,The Golden Age: A History of Colonial Victoria, 1851-1861, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1963. (plus numerous reprints)
Kathleen Thompson and Geoffrey Serle, A Biographical Register of the Victorian Parliament, 1856-1900, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1972
 Raymond Wright, A People's Counsel. A History of the Parliament of Victoria, 1856-1990, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1992

Premiers of Victoria
1818 births
1883 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Politicians from Melbourne
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
Chief Secretaries of Victoria
People from Thurles
Politicians from County Tipperary
19th-century Australian politicians
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
Australian bankers
19th-century Australian businesspeople

John O'Shanassy


The 14-19 Diploma was a composite qualification in England launched in September 2008. Its development was announced in the 14–19 Education and Skills White Paper of March 2005. It was available to learners between the ages of 14 and 19, crossing the divide between general education and vocational education. It was closed by the Department for Education in August 2013, and is no longer offered to students.

Diploma lines of learning, levels, and qualification structure
Diplomas were available in a range of 14 industry/employment sectors. These were known as lines of learning (rather than subjects). These include Engineering, Creative and Media and Travel and Tourism. Diplomas were not intended as preparation for direct entry into a profession, but as a general education as well as an introduction to an industry sector from which a student might progress, either through further study in full-time education, or training.

All 14 lines of learning were available at levels 1, 2 and 3 of the National Qualifications Framework. At level 1, the Diploma was known as a Foundation Diploma and was roughly equivalent in terms of challenge and volume of study to 5 GCSE qualifications at grades D - G. At level 2, the Diploma is known as a Higher Diploma which is comparable in terms of challenge and volume of study to 7 A* - C grades at GCSE. At level 3, two sizes of Diploma were available. The Advanced Diploma was comparable in challenge and volume of study to 3.5 A-levels, whereas the Progression Diploma, involved a smaller volume of study, approximated to 2.5 A-levels.

Most Diplomas had three main components: principal learning, generic learning and additional and specialist learning. Principal learning was a single qualification, based on the chosen line of learning. This qualification made up the greatest proportion of the Diploma. Generic learning included a number of sub-components: functional skills qualifications in English, Mathematics and ICT; a project qualification; a minimum of 10 days work experience and achievement of six personal, learning and thinking skills. The additional and specialist learning component permitted the student to choose to include one or more qualifications in their Diploma. These qualifications may, but do not have to, relate to the line of learning. The Progression Diploma did not include the additional and specialist learning component.

UCAS
Although UCAS tariff points were agreed for the advanced diplomas, many universities didn't accept the qualification for entry to further study. This led to the ultimate demise of the qualification.

References

Department for Children, Schools and Families
yp.direct.gov.uk
Qualifications and Curriculum Authority
http://www.diploma-support.org
http://www.ucas.com/students/beforeyouapply/diplomas/14-19diplomas/statements - Link broken (08/02/10)

External links
http://diploma-support.org
14-19 Reform

Academic transfer
Education in England
Education policy in the United Kingdom
Educational qualifications in England
School examinations
Standardised tests in England
2008 establishments in England
2008 in education

14–19 Diploma


Pembroke College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1347 on Christmas Eve. This was when Edward III gave Marie de St Pol the right to build a new college. She was the wife of the Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1327. The name of the college comes from him. However, it used to be called Hall of Valence Mary and only in 1856 the name was changed to the current one.

Pembroke College has about 700 students. The buildings within the college are of very different age. The oldest ones are from the 14th century, including the Chapel. The Hall was built later in the 1850s, and many of the student's rooms after the 1950s. It is found on Trumpington Street, which is near King's Parade, the main street in Cambridge.

Some very important people have studied here, like John Sulston (he won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) and Edmund Spenser (a poet).

Other websites

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1347 establishments
1340s establishments in England

Pembroke College, Cambridge


Georg Eisler (20 April 1928, Vienna – 15 January 1998, Vienna) was an Austrian painter from the school of Oskar Kokoschka. His father Hanns Eisler was a composer and his mother Charlotte Eisler, née Demant a well-known singer and music teacher.

His subject matter themes have included landscapes (often industrial featuring the north of England where he had lived after evacuating from Austria in 1936), group or crowd scenes (including jazz clubs and public transport) as well as nudes and still lifes. He returned to Vienna in 1946 where he died in 1998.

Eisler lectured at various universities including the Berlin University of the Arts (Udk), HFBK Hamburg, Stanford University, the University of New Mexico, and the University of Southern California.

Life
Out of political reasons, his mother left Austria in 1936 and lived in with Georg for two years in Moscow. They then went to Prague and in 1939 to England, after the Nazi invasion of Austria. In Manchester, Georg attended Manchester Central High School for Boys and later became a student at the Stockport School of Art and Manchester Academy. He was introduced to Oskar Kokoschka in London, who agreed to give him lessons.  In 1946, he returned to Vienna to continue his art studies but never lost touch with England. In 1970, Otto Klemperer commissioned Eisler to design the sets and costumes for Mozart's The Magic Flute at Covent Garden Royal Opera House. In 1968 he was elected President of the Vienna Secession, and served two terms. In this capacity he initiated the successful Secession show at London's Royal Academy. He also had several one-man shows in England. One was the show at the Manchester City Art Gallery in 1988 (which resulted in a BBC program) and at the Fisher Fine Art Gallery in London in 1989. He exhibited his work in numerous venues around Europe, including participation in the 1982 Venice Biennale. He also commenced his career as a major book illustrator. He taught regularly at the Salzburg Summer Academy and several times at the German Summer School run by the University of New Mexico in Taos. A major retrospective of his work was presented at the Belvedere Museum in Vienna in 2001 and another at the Albertina museum in Vienna in 2001. His work is in the permanent collections of the Albertina, the Portrait Gallery of the British Museum in London, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin. In 2003, the Leica Company celebrated his lifelong friendship with Henri Cartier-Bresson by presenting a joint show of their work in Vienna. Annually, the Georg Eisler Medal is awarded to the outstanding young artist in Austria. Georg Eisler died in 1998 and is survived by his wife Alice, who resides in Vienna. One can see some of his works dedicated to the Shoah in the TV series Holocaust (1978), in which they are known as "Karl Weiss' drawings".

Decorations and awards
 1963: Theodor Körner Prize
 Austrian State Prize for Painting
 Honorary Gold Medal of Vienna
 1971: City of Vienna Prize for Visual Arts
 Klimt Honour of the Vienna Secession
 1974: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
 1993: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class

Further reading
 Eisler, Georg, "My Father" in Blake, David (ed.), Hanns Eisler: A Miscellany. Routledge, 1995.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20071210180228/http://www.georgeisler.at/georg.eisler/allgemein.htm

1928 births
1998 deaths
20th-century Austrian painters
Austrian male painters
Jewish painters
Austrian Jews
Austrian expatriates in Germany
Austrian expatriates in Russia
Austrian expatriates in England
Painters from Vienna
People educated at the Central Grammar School for Boys
Recipients of the Austrian State Prize
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
20th-century Austrian male artists
Academic staff of the Berlin University of the Arts

Georg Eisler


Marcel Wittrisch (1 October 1901 – 3 June 1955) was a popular German operatic tenor.

Life and career
Wittrisch was born in Antwerp, Belgium to a German family, and subsequently studied in Munich, Leipzig, and Milan. His career began in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt in 1925 in a production of Hans Heiling by Marschner at the Halle Opera House. He then went to Brunswick and on to Berlin, where he sang opera from 1929 to 1944. Wittrisch also appeared as Eisenstein in Die Fledermaus at the Royal Opera House, London in 1931.

The fact that Wittisch was able to carve out a fine career in the face of competition from such renowned German tenor rivals as Richard Tauber, Helge Roswaenge, Franz Völker, Julius Patzak, and Peter Anders, among others, testifies to his talent.

Wittrisch's singing in its prime period during the 1930s was characterised by a fresh, gleaming tone and easy top notes. As his voice matured, he undertook heavier operatic roles such as Wagner's Lohengrin in 1937 at the Bayreuth Festival and eventually Siegmund and Parsifal after the Second World War. He died in  Stuttgart, aged 53.

Critical appreciation
Wittrisch is inevitably compared to his (now) better known contemporary Richard Tauber. According to the English music critic J B Steane:  "Though less individual in style [than Tauber], he was certainly comparable in timbre and less restricted in the upper register."

Recordings
Wittrisch made over 400 individual recordings. Preiser Records released a selection of them entitled Lebendige Vergangenheit - Marcel Wittrisch (717281890243) on CD in 1990, followed by Lebendige Vergangenheit - Marcel Wittrisch Vol 2 (717281895910) in 2004.

Films
 1930 Darling of the Gods
 1930 Only on the Rhine
 1930 Gigolo, der schöne arme Tanzleutnant
 1930 The Song Is Ended, music by Robert Stolz
 1931
 1932 Once There Was a Waltz, music by Franz Lehár
 1934 The Voice of Love, music by Eduard Künneke

References

Steane, J B (1992), 'Wittrisch, Marcel' in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)

External links
History of the Tenor - Sound Clips and Narration
Photographs and literature

1901 births
1955 deaths
German operatic tenors
20th-century German  male  opera singers
German expatriates in Italy
German expatriates in Belgium

Marcel Wittrisch


The Most is a 2000-2004 History Channel television series, hosted and narrated by Mike Rowe, and produced by Weller/Grossman Productions. The show covered many subjects and has a "Most Moment" at the end of every episode. The subjects of the series had to do with the "Most" of something. For example, the most isolated place in space (Mir), the most infamous symbol (swastika), or even the "most" largest island (Greenland). In addition, the stories were arranged into categories such as "close calls".

The Most detailed the "most" in history—the people, places, and events of the past that had significant impact when they occurred, and how they stood the test of time.

Subjects
 The Bubonic Plague
 The Great London Fire
 The Cross
 Russia
 Sovereign Military Order of Malta
 The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
 The Great Depression
 Hoover ball
 The Chernobyl reactor meltdown
 Flying cars
 The Mir space station
 Olympus Mons
 The Norwegian rocket incident
 NORAD
 The Swastika

Episodes

Season 1
Structures built throughout history

 Astounding Structures (3/13/00) - Temple devoted to rats; Congressional bomb shelter; weird house; largest pyramid
 Extraordinary Nations and Places (3/14/00) - Mount Everest; the Mariana Trench; tallest waterfall; longest river; smallest country; coldest place
 Incredible Disasters (3/15/00) - Volcanic eruptions; plagues; hurricanes; earthquakes; avalanches; meteors
 Remarkable Battles (3/16/00) - Glorious moments and dark hours occur during war
 Leaders; Mystery; Spies; Earth Shapers; Moon Landing (10/6/00)
 Treasure; America's Deadliest; Creatures; Hoaxes; Tiananmen Square (11/3/00)
 Criminal Duos; Treason; Proof Positive; Inventions; Lindbergh's Atlantic Crossing (11/17/00)
 On the Move; U.S. Crime Fighters; Isolation; Spoils of War (12/1/00) - Ford's landmark vehicle
 America Under Siege; Let the Games Begin; Behind Bars; The Sea (12/8/00) - Nikita Khrushchev
 Speed; Destructive Innovations; Symbols; Subterranean (12/22/00) - The Space Shuttle Challenger explosion
 Technological Catastrophes; Justice; Space Cars; Fortifications (1/5/01) - The fall of Saigon
 Close Calls; Flights of Fancy; Give & Take; Water (1/12/01) - Iranian hostage crisis
 Demolition; Oil; Nature Run Amok; Amusement (2/2/01) - Little Rock Nine
 Earth-Shattering Events; Military Embarrassments; Working; Mammoth Monuments; Pearl Harbor (3/30/01)
 Collisions; Windows Into the Past; On That Note; In the Mountains; Bastille (6/29/01) - The storming of the Bastille
 Warships; Can't Take It With You; Animal Tales; Price of Freedom; Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (7/16/01) - burial sites
 Digging It; Light; Horse Sense; Did They ... Or Didn't They?; Science vs. Rome (8/6/01) - Rome tries Galileo
 Survival; Fire; It's Mine, All Mine; Wind; Stock Market Crash of 1929 (8/20/01)
 Wastelands; Rock Legends; Sea Stories; Temples; Sutter's Mill 1848 (9/3/01) - Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in 1848
 Besieged; Heavy Metal; Family Business; Venues; Battles of Lexington & Concord (9/10/01) - Sieges; large trucks; theaters; American Revolution
 Bailing Out; Rebellion; Building Blocks; Quixotic Quests (10/1/01) - Alexander Graham Bell first demonstrates electronic transmission of speech
 Armor; Remarkable Relocations; Company Towns; Prisons (10/15/01)
 Missiles; Precision; Food; Robots; Jackie Robinson (12/24/01)
 Heists; Battlefield Innovations; Destruction; Home Sweet Home; Wright Brothers' First Flight (12/24/01)

Season 2
Devastating events of the natural world

Season 4
The most glorious moments and darkest hours of war

 ?, Unknown (4/12/04)
 ?, Unknown (4/19/04)
 ?, Unknown (4/26/04)

External links

2000 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
2000s American documentary television series
History (American TV channel) original programming
English-language television shows

The Most (TV series)


Cecil Parker (born Cecil Schwabe, 3 September 1897 – 20 April 1971) was an English actor with a distinctively husky voice, who usually played supporting roles, often characters with a supercilious demeanour, in his 91 films made between 1928 and 1969.

Career
Parker was born in Hastings, Sussex, the second son (and fifth of six children) of German-born Charles August Schwabe, manager of the Albany Hotel, Hastings, and his English wife Kate (née Parker), a church organist. He was educated at St Francis Xavier College, and at Bruges in Belgium.  He served with the Royal Sussex Regiment in the First World War, reaching the rank of sergeant. He began his theatrical career in London in 1922, adopting the surname "Parker" from his mother's maiden name. He made his first film appearance in 1933 and subsequently became a familiar face in British and occasionally American films until his death. He appeared less often on television, but many of his films have remained popular and are often shown.

He acted in two adaptations of A. J. Cronin's novels, The Citadel (1938) and The Stars Look Down (1940), in addition to appearing in The Lady Vanishes (1938) and Under Capricorn (1949). Both of these latter films were directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Other roles were in Storm in a Teacup (1937), The Weaker Sex (1948), 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956), Dangerous Moonlight (1941), Swiss Family Robinson (1960), and I Was Monty's Double (1958), as well as the comedies A French Mistress (1960), The Ladykillers (1955), The Man in the White Suit (1951), The Court Jester (1955) (in which he played an evil, usurping king of England), Indiscreet (1958) and I Believe in You (1952). Parker was also the original Charles Condomine in the West End production of Noël Coward's Blithe Spirit.

He often played a touchy senior officer or British upper class character, and his last two films were true to form: The Magnificent Two (1967) with the British comedy double act Morecambe and Wise and Richard Attenborough's version of Oh! What a Lovely War (1969).

On November 20, 1950, he co-starred with Margaret O'Brien in "The Canterville Ghost", on Robert Montgomery Presents on TV. He played a butler on one episode of The Avengers ("The £50,000 Breakfast").  In 1957 he played Dr. Morelle in BBC radio series, "A Case for Dr. Morelle" (13 episodes).

Personal life
Parker was married to Muriel Anne Randell-Brown (born in Seacombe, Cheshire), from September 1927 until his death in 1971, in Brighton.

Filmography

 The Golden Cage (1933)
 A Cuckoo in the Nest (1933) as Claude Hickett
 The Silver Spoon (1934) as Trevor
 Flat Number Three (1934) as Hilary Maine
 Nine Forty-Five (1934) as Robert Clayton
 Princess Charming (1934) as Mr. Thompson (uncredited)
 The Blue Squadron (1934) as Bianci
 Little Friend (1934) as Mason
 Lady in Danger (1934) as Piker
 Dirty Work (1934) as Gordon Bray
 Me and Marlborough (1935) as Colonel of the Greys
 Crime Unlimited (1935) as Assistant Commissioner
 The Guv'nor (1935) as Bank Director (uncredited)
 Her Last Affaire (1935) as Sir Arthur Harding
 Foreign Affaires (1935) as Lord Wormington
 Men of Yesterday (1936)
 The Man Who Changed His Mind (1936) as Dr. Gratton
 Dishonour Bright (1936) as Vincent Crane
 Jack of All Trades (1936) as Sir Chas. Darrington
 Dark Journey (1937) as Captain of Q-Boat
 Storm in a Teacup (1937) as Provost William Gow
 Housemaster (1938) as Sir Berkeley Nightingale
 The Lady Vanishes (1938) as Mr. Todhunter
 The Citadel (1938) as Charles Every
 Old Iron (1938) as Barnett
 Sons of the Sea (1939) as Cmdr. Herbert
 She Couldn't Say No (1939) as Jimmy Reeves
 The Stars Look Down (1940) as Stanley Millington
 The Spider (1940) as Lawrence Bruce
 Under Your Hat (1940) as Sir Jeffrey Arlington
 Two for Danger (1940) as Sir Richard
 The Saint's Vacation (1941) as Rudolph
 Dangerous Moonlight (1941) as Specialist
 Ships with Wings (1942) as German Air Marshal
 Caesar and Cleopatra (1945) as Britannus
 The Magic Bow (1946) as Luigi Germi
 Hungry Hill (1947) as Copper John
 Captain Boycott (1947) as Capt. Charles C. Boycott
 The Woman in the Hall (1947) as Sir Halmar Barnard
 The First Gentleman (1948) as The Prince Regent
 The Weaker Sex (1948) as Geoffrey Radcliffe
 Quartet (1948) as Colonel Peregrine (segment "The Colonel's Lady")
 Dear Mr. Prohack (1949) as Arthur Prohack
 Under Capricorn (1949) as The Governor
 The Chiltern Hundreds (1949) as Benjamin Beecham
 Tony Draws a Horse (1950) as Dr. Howard Fleming
 The Man in the White Suit (1951) as Alan Birnley
 The Magic Box (1951) as First Platform Man
 His Excellency (1951) as Sir James Kirkman
 I Believe in You (1952) as Phipps
 Father Brown (1954) as The Bishop
 For Better, for Worse (1954) as Anne's Father
 Isn't Life Wonderful! (1954) as Father
 The Constant Husband (1955) as The Professor
 The Ladykillers (1955) as Claude Courtney
 The Court Jester (1955) as King Roderick I
 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956) as Bob Matthews
 It's Great to Be Young (1956) as Mr. Frome, Headmaster
 True as a Turtle (1957) as Dudley Partridge
 The Admirable Crichton (1957) as Lord Loam
 A Tale of Two Cities (1958) as Jarvis Lorry
 Happy Is the Bride (1958) as Arthur Royd
 Indiscreet (1958) as Alfred Munson
 I Was Monty's Double (1958) as Col. Logan
 The Navy Lark (1959) as Cmdr. Stanton
 The Night We Dropped a Clanger (1959) as Air Vice-Marshal Sir Bertram Bukpasser
 The Wreck of the Mary Deare (1959) as The Chairman
 Sotto dieci bandiere (1960) as Col. Howard
 Follow That Horse! (1960) as Sir William Crane
 A French Mistress (1960) as John Crane M.A. Headmaster of Melbury School
 Swiss Family Robinson (1960) as Captain Moreland
 The Pure Hell of St Trinian's (1960) as Professor Canford
 On the Fiddle (1961) as Gr / Cpt Bascombe
 Petticoat Pirates (1961) as C-in-C
 The Brain (1962) as Stevenson
 The Iron Maiden (1962) as Sir Giles Thompson
 The Amorous Prawn (1962) as Gen. Sir Hamish Fitzadam
 Heavens Above! (1963) as Archdeacon Aspinall
 Carry On Jack (1963) as First Sealord
 Guns at Batasi (1964) as Fletcher
 The Comedy Man (1964) as Thomas Rutherford
 The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders (1965) as The Mayor
 A Study in Terror (1965) as Prime Minister
 Lady L (1965) as Sir Percy
 A Man Could Get Killed (1966) as Sir Huntley Frazier
 Circus of Fear (1966) as Sir John
 The Magnificent Two (1967) as Sir John / British Ambassador
 The Avengers (1967) TV Series, Episode: "The £50,000 Breakfast" as Glover
 Oh! What a Lovely War (1969) as Sir John (final film role)

References

External links

 Cecil Parker's performances in the Theatre Archive, University of Bristol

1897 births
1971 deaths
20th-century English male actors
British Army personnel of World War I
British male comedy actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English people of German descent
Male actors from Sussex
Actors from Hastings
Royal Sussex Regiment soldiers
Military personnel from Sussex

Cecil Parker


Univers is the name of a sans-serif typeface family designed by Adrian Frutiger and released in 1957. It is sans-serif in a geometrical style. It was made in a huge range of weights and widths. Univers was based on a much earlier design of about 1898, called Akzidenz-Grotesk.

Univers was one of the first typeface families to fulfil the idea that a typeface should form a family of consistent, related designs. By creating a matched range of styles and weights, Univers allowed documents to be created in one consistent typeface for all text documents. This matched the desire among practitioners of the "Swiss style" of typography for neutral sans-serif typefaces avoiding artistic excesses. By "excesses" might be meant blackletter, which had been used earlier in German language publications. But Univers also leaves out all the styling of the classical Roman lettering, including the use of serifs at the end of letter strokes.

One important influence was the coming of modernism, with its rejection of tradition in favour of plain function. That is mentioned by most of the people who promoted Univers and other sans serif fonts. Critics of Univers critics point to its lack of character, and monotony when used (as it is) on a huge variety of printed forms.

Historian James Mosley has described it as "probably the last major" release of a large family as metal type. The font is available for phototypesetting and computer typesetting. It is marketed under licence by almost all outlets serving the print industry.

References

Fonts

Univers


Anatol Stern (24 October 1899 in Warsaw – 19 October 1968 in Warsaw) was a Polish poet, writer and art critic. Born 24 October 1899 to an assimilated family of Jewish ancestry, Stern studied at the Polish Studies Faculty of the University of Wilno but did not graduate. Prominent among Polish futurist poets, between 1921 and 1923 he co-authored (together with Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz) the "Nowa Sztuka" (New Art) monthly. He also collaborated with other notable art magazines of the time, including the Skamander, Tadeusz Peiper's Zwrotnica and Wiadomości literackie.

With time he drifted away from avant-garde poetry and became a notable screenwriter. Prior to the outbreak of World War II, he authored more than 30 screenplays for both Polish and foreign films. After the Invasion of Poland he moved to Soviet-held Lwów, where he was arrested by the NKVD and sent to Soviet Gulag. Released after the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement, he joined the Polish Army and with it reached Palestine. There he made his living translating some of his pre-war works to Hebrew. In 1948 he returned to his home town, where he died 19 October 1968.

Selected filmography
 Exile to Siberia (1930)
 Róża (1936)
 Pan Twardowski (1936)
 Barbara Radziwiłłówna (1936)

Imdb filmography||https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0827629/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1

References
 Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Stern, Anatol

Jewish poets
20th-century Polish Jews
1899 births
1968 deaths
20th-century Polish poets
20th-century Polish screenwriters
Male screenwriters
20th-century Polish male writers

Anatol Stern


Beverley Joy Whitfield (15 June 1954 – 20 August 1996) was an Australian breaststroke swimmer of the 1970s, who won a gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich.  She was coached by Terry Gathercole and Don Talbot.

Biography
The daughter of a fitter and turner who worked in the Wollongong steelworks for more than 35 years, Whitfield was taught to swim along with her sister and their cousins at the age four by her maternal uncle, who was active in the local Learn to Swim program.  Along with her sister and cousins, she was a childhood member of the Shellharbour Swimming Club, and was mainly taken to local swimming competitions by her father and uncle.  This became even more pronounced following the death of her mother from cancer.

Whitfield showed a preference for the breaststroke from an early age, and would do a breaststroke kick when participating in freestyle activities.  She showed a wider interest in sport while at Shellharbour Public School, playing softball, netball, athletics and even playing cricket against her male classmates.  However, this ended as she approached the end of her primary school years, with swimming coming to the fore.  At the age of nine, Whitfield competed in the Primary School State Championships at North Sydney Pool, coming second to Kathy Whitlam, who happened to be the daughter of future Prime Minister of Australia Gough Whitlam.  It was at the age of ten that Whitfield witnessed Australia's Dawn Fraser win her third consecutive 100-metre freestyle Olympic gold medal at the 1964 Summer Olympics, becoming the first Olympian to win an individual event three times consecutively, that forged her resolve to become an Olympian.

At the age of 11, her uncle decided to send her to Sydney every weekend to receive training from Terry Gathercole, an Olympic medal-winning breaststroker who was regarded as Australia's foremost breaststroke coach.  This involved long daytrips for her family to help her fulfill her dream, usually starting before daybreak.  During school holidays, she boarded with Gathercole to train under him on a daily basis.  In her first year under Gathercole, she finished third in the 100-metre breaststroke in her age group at the New South Wales Championships.  Her improvement was rapid, and in 1968, she won the 100-metre and 200-metre breaststroke in the under-14 division at the State championships before placing second in her age group at the national titles in Hobart.  This her progress to the open Australian Championships, which were the selection trials for the Olympics team.  At the age of 14, she narrowly missed selection for the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, after finishing sixth and fourth in the 100-metre and 200-metre breaststroke respectively in the trials.

In 1969, Gathercole was appointed as a swimming coach in Midland, Texas, forcing Whitfield's father to raise funds for her to travel to Texas and board with his family to continue her training for six months, where she sharpened her racing skills with more frequent racing in the more competitive American scene.  Her improvement saw her place sixth and third in the 100-metre and 200-metrebreaststroke respectively at the US Championships in Louisville, Kentucky.  On her return to Australia in November 1969, Gathercole arranged for her to train under Don Talbot.  Whitfield found Talbot to be a hard-pushing coach: "I both hated and loved him.  Terry Gathercole and Don Talbot had two different approaches.  With Don I had to do all the strokes, the same number of repetitions and the same as everyone else was doing. I was exhausted."

Whitfield proceeded to win both breaststroke titles at the 1970 Australian Championships in times of 1 m 18.5 s and 2 m 48 s respectively.  She then toured South Africa with the national team before repeating the victories at the 1970 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh in times of 1 m 17.4 s and 2 m 44.2 s respectively.  She relegated England's Dorothy Harrison to silver in setting new Commonwealth records in both races. She added a third gold medal in the 4×100-metre medley relay, combining with Lynne Watson, Alyson Mabb and Denise Langford in 4 m 30.66 s. Whitfield continued her winning run in 1971, taking out the Australian Championships in both breaststroke events, although her times were slower than in Edinburgh. A third victory came with the New South Wales team in the medley relay.

She competed at the International Coca-Cola Meet at Crystal Palace in London, taking the bronze medal in the 200-metre breaststroke behind the Soviet Galina Prozumenshchikova, the world record holder.  Late in 1971, Whitfields' rival Harrison came to Australia on a Churchill Fellowship and trained alongside her with Talbot.  At the 1972 Australian Championships, Harrison took both the 100-metre and 200-metre breaststroke titles from Whitfield.  Whitfield gradually improved her times in the lead up to the 1972 Summer Olympics during the Australian training camp in Scarborough, Queensland.

Coming into the Olympics, she was not regarded as a favourite, with her best times being substantially slower than other swimmers. Whitfield's best time in the 100-metre breaststroke was only 1 m 18 s, but she repeatedly lowered this throughout the competition, coming third in her heat in a time of 1 m 17.59 s to scrape into the semi-final.  She then posted a time of 1 m 16.3 s, again placing third and again scraping into the final.  She again substantially improved her time in the final, claiming bronze in a time of 1 m 15.73 s behind Cathy Carr of the United States.

In the 200-metre breaststroke, she came second in her heat to Prozumenshchikova in a time of 2 m 44.5 s, making her the sixth fastest qualifier for the final, placing her in lane seven.  Talbot told her to stay calm if Prozumenshchikova made an early attack, telling Whitfield that the third lap was the critical part of the race. The Australian public were not expecting much of Whitfield. Her final was on the same night as the women's 100-metre freestyle and the men's 200-metre freestyle, in which Shane Gould and Michael Wenden had been anticipated to win.  After the first lap of the race, Whitfield seemed unlikely to deliver an upset victory, turning through the 50-metre mark in last place.  She clawed back a little ground in the next lap but was still far behind at the midpoint of the race. She made her move in the third lap as instructed by Talbot, and began to reel in her opponents, causing a crowd reaction.  She was fourth at the 150-metre mark, before moving into third place after the turn at Prozumenshchikova's expense before claiming the lead with 20 metres to go by passing Hungary's Ágnes Kaczander and American Dana Schoenfield. Her time of 2m 41.71s was 2.5 s faster than her previous best, holding off a final ditch attack from Schoenfield. The 4×100-metre medley relay was an anti-climax as the Australians swam poorly and came fifth in their heat and failed to qualify for the final. On her arrival in her home town, she was accorded a street parade.

This was Whitfield's career peak.  She won both breaststroke titles the following year at the Australian Championships in times slower than she had recorded in Munich, but failed to win a medal at the 1973 World Aquatics Championships in Belgrade.  Again in 1974, she won both events at the national championships in even slower times, but managed only a bronze in the 200-metre event in a time of 2 m 43.58 s and a silver in the medley relay.  In 1975, she lost both of her national titles, and subsequently retired, admitting that she had lost her drive to compete.

She later worked for a period as a youth worker for the New South Wales Department of Youth and Community Services in Shellharbour and Wollongong.

In 1994 the Beverley Whitfield Pool in Shellharbour was named in her honour. Whitfield was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame in 1995. She died suddenly in 1996 at the age of 42.

Whitfield's strength was her kick, with ergometer tests showing her leg power to be comparable to that of weightlifters.

See also
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)

References

Further reading

External links

1954 births
1996 deaths
Sportswomen from Queensland
Sportspeople from Wollongong
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Australian female breaststroke swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Australia
Swimmers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Swimmers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Swimmers at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
20th-century Australian women
Medallists at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1974 British Commonwealth Games

Beverley Whitfield


Albert L. Hopkins Jr. (1931 - 2016) was an American computer designer. He worked at the US MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (now known as the Draper Lab) during the development of the Apollo Guidance, Navigation, and Control System, or the GN&C.  The system was designed in two forms, one for the command module and one for the lunar module. The CM version included an optical system with an integrated scanning telescope and sextant for erecting and correcting the inertial platform. Albert Hopkins received a Ph.D. from Harvard University under Howard Aiken, he then joined the MIT Instrumentation Lab where he was Assistant Director; together with Ramon Alonso, and Hugh Blair-Smith he was a member of the group that designed the computer, designated AGC for Apollo Guidance Computer, identical in the CM and LM.

The AGC was a 15-bit plus parity machine with a 1 MHz clock.  It was about one cubic foot in volume and weighed about 80 pounds. It used integrated circuit NOR gates, two to a package, but integrated RAM and ROM devices had not been developed yet. It had 2,000 words of magnetic ferrite core read-write memory and maybe 24 thousand words of read-only memory in the form of magnetic core ropes. These cores used metal tape magnetic cores. With such limited computing resources, the software had to be extremely tightly written in assembly code. These computers were designed with extremely long mean times to failure. Fifty were built by Raytheon, and none failed during several years of life. The human interface was a keyboard with ten digit keys and a few auxiliary keys for such things as "+" and "–" and "enter", and a display with three numbers of 5 decimal/octal digits, a two-digit program number, and a two-digit verb and a two-digit noun. The astronauts used it for all phases of command.

After leaving Draper Labs, Albert Hopkins, with his wife Lynne Zaccaria, opened a pottery and antiques shop in South Danbury, New Hampshire. Laterly they lived in Florida.
He died on May 17, 2016. http://www.chadwickfuneralservice.com/fh/obituaries/obituary.cfm?o_id=3724138&fh_id=12966

See also
Charles Stark Draper
Apollo program

References

Bibliography
The Apollo Guidance Computer (1963)
A Multiprocessing Structure (1967)

External links
Some Aspects of the Logical Design of a Control Computer: A Case Study (1971)
Ramon Alonso interview (2001)
Herb Thaler interview (2001)
Visual intro of Apollo Guidance Computer
We hack the Moon: Albert Hopkins, Apollo Guidance Computer Designer

American computer scientists
Harvard University alumni
People from Merrimack County, New Hampshire
1931 births
2016 deaths

Albert L. Hopkins


Stigma (plural: stigmata) may refer to:

In biology:

 Stigma (anatomy), a small spot, mark, scar, or minute hole
 Stigma (botany), the part of a flower which takes in pollen
 The eyespot apparatus of unicellular organisms, for example Euglena and Chlamydomonas
 Astigmatism (eye) (stigma of the eye), difficulty in seeing clearly that is caused by a change in the inner shape of the eye

In discrimination:

 Badge of shame, a mark of infamy or disgrace
 Social stigma, a social disapproval of personal characteristics or beliefs that are against cultural norms, including:
Weight stigma, negative attitudes towards overweight/obese individuals

In literature:

 Stigma (book), a 1963 book written by Erving Goffman
 Stigma (manga), a Japanese manga story by Kazuya Minekura

In music:

 Stigma (album), an album recorded by the band EMF in 1992
 Vinnie Stigma, the long time guitarist of the seminal hardcore bands Agnostic Front and Madball

In sociology:

 Stigma (sociological theory), the phenomenon whereby an individual with an attribute, which is deeply discredited by his/her society, is rejected as a result of the attribute

In other fields:

 A bodily mark, sore, or sensation of pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus; see stigmata
 "Stigma" (Enterprise episode), a second-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 Stigma (movie), a 1972 movie featuring Philip Michael Thomas
 Stigma (letter), a ligature of the Greek letters sigma and tau

Stigma


Skokloster Castle () is a Swedish Baroque castle built between 1654 and 1676 by Carl Gustaf Wrangel, located on a peninsula of Lake Mälaren between Stockholm and Uppsala. It became a state museum in the 1970s and displays collections of paintings, furniture, textiles and tableware as well as books and weapons that amount to 20,000 items.

History
The castle was built in the Baroque style between 1654 and 1676 by the wealthy military commander count Carl Gustaf Wrangel on a peninsula of Lake Mälaren between Stockholm and Uppsala. It was designed mainly by architect , and other architects involved were Jean de la Vallée and Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. It is probable, that castle was built based on Ujazdów Castle in Warsaw, Poland.

The castle is a monument to the Swedish Age of Greatness, a period in the middle of the 17th century when Sweden expanded to become one of the major powers in Europe. The death of Wrangel in 1676 meant that the castle was never truly completed. The Brahe family who inherited the castle after Wrangel's death, had their own family castles and did not complete the interiors. Thus a large banqueting hall remains largely in the same condition as the builders left it in the summer of 1676. It is now called the Unfinished Hall. Skokloster Castle is the only building in Europe with a complete 17th-century building site of equal authenticity. Alongside the Unfinished Hall there are a number of other related items from the same period, as several hundred tools and about a dozen books on construction.

In 1967, the Von Essen family, who inherited the castle from Brahe when the family died out in 1930, sold the castle and its contents to the Swedish government; Skokloster Castle became a state museum and government agency named the Royal Armoury and Skokloster Castle with the Hallwyl Museum Foundation (LSH). the family still resides in the vicinity.
In the 1970s, architect Ove Hidemark renovated the castle by using the same materials and building techniques as in the 17th century, constituting a benchmark in Swedish conservation techniques.

The interiors of the castle are thought to be especially well preserved, considering that it is without modern heating in a cold climate. A thorough renovation of the roof was undertaken with a second stage of the renovation commencing in March 2015, as the roof had leaked resulting in mold and damage especially to the paintings.

Museum collections
 The finished parts of the castle display the full, sumptuous splendour of the Baroque. Its detailed chambers are home to collections of paintings, furniture, textiles and silver and glass tableware. One of the most famous paintings is the 16th century Vertumnus by Italian master Giuseppe Arcimboldo, depicting the face of Holy Roman emperor Rudolf II as the Roman god of the seasons using fruits and vegetables. The painting was taken as war booty in Prague in the 17th century.

The castle armoury and library are noteworthy, both founded on Wrangel's collections of weapons and books and enriched and enlarged by other 17th- and 18th-century aristocratic bequests, such as those by Carl Gustaf Bielke.

The armoury contains the largest collection of personal 17th century military weapons in the world. Mostly muskets and pistols, but also swords - including Japanese samurai swords - small cannons, pikes and crossbows. The weapons collection also includes various exotic items such as a 16th-century Eskimo canoe and snake skins. The original scale model of the castle, which the architect Caspar Vogel had made to demonstrate his plan to Count Wrangel, is also there. A large part of the collection are war spoils looted from Poland during the Deluge in 17th century.

Further reading

References

External links
Official site

 3D view of the King's hall
 The Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea
Virtual tour of the Skokloster Castle provided by Google Arts & Culture

Houses completed in 1676
Historic house museums in Sweden
Castles in Stockholm County
Museums in Stockholm County
1676 establishments in Sweden

Skokloster Castle


The Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest are American Indian tribes with similar cultures in the southwest United States and part os northern Mexico. This region includes the present-day states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada. Other names for this region are "American Southwest", "Northern Mexico", "Chichimeca", and "Oasisamerica/Aridoamerica". These areas are usually dry with little rain. However, the grounds are rich and allow for agriculture. The landscape includes plains, valleys, mountains, desert lands, canyons and grasslands. Important people groups include the Southern Athabaskan language group. This includes the Navajo and Apache. The Puebloans are another important group.

Native Americans


Brighton Rock (US: Young Scarface). is a 1948 British gangster film noir directed by John Boulting and starring Richard Attenborough as violent gang leader Pinkie Brown (reprising his West End role of three years earlier), Rose Brown (Carol Marsh) as the innocent girl he marries, and Ida Arnold (Hermione Baddeley) as an amateur sleuth investigating a murder he committed.

The film was adapted from the 1938 novel Brighton Rock by Graham Greene, and was produced by Roy Boulting through the Boulting brothers' production company Charter Film Productions.

The title comes from the old-fashioned candy "a stick of rock": Ida in the film says that like Brighton rock she doesn't change—as the name Brighton stays written the whole way through.

Plot
In Brighton in 1935, a gangster named Kite is found dead, shortly after a newspaper published a story exposing local rackets and gang wars. Kite's old gang, now led by the psychopathic teenaged hoodlum Pinkie Brown, learns that the reporter who wrote the story, Fred Hale, will be in town for one day for a promotional stunt (similar to the real-life "Lobby Lud" promotion). Fred will play "Kolley Kibber", leaving cards around town that can be redeemed for a monetary prize, with a larger prize for the first person who publicly identifies Fred as Kolley Kibber.

Pinkie and the gang hold Fred responsible for Kite's death. They confront Fred in a local pub, threaten him, and pursue him through the crowded resort town before Pinkie finally murders Fred on the ghost train. While Fred is attempting to elude the gang, he meets brassy, outgoing Ida Arnold, a middle-aged entertainer currently appearing in a local show. Ida takes a liking to Fred and notes that he appears to be afraid. The police think that Fred's death is a heart attack or suicide, but Ida suspects foul play and begins her own amateur investigation.

To establish an alibi for himself, Pinkie sends one of his gang members, Spicer, to distribute Fred's "Kolley Kibber" cards throughout the town, making it look like Fred was going about his business normally. Spicer errs by leaving one card under the tablecloth in a restaurant, creating a risk that the waitress would be able to identify Spicer. Pinkie visits the restaurant and discovers that the sweet, naive young waitress Rose found the card and noticed that Spicer, not Fred, had left it. Pinkie warns Rose not to speak about the person who left the card, and as part of gaining her confidence, asks her out on a date.

Pinkie is also being pressured by Colleoni, the older and more powerful leader of a rival gang, and owner of the large Cosmopolitan Hotel. He is also pursued by the police, who want him to leave town to avoid further gang warfare. Deciding that Spicer is a liability, Pinkie sends him to the racetrack in hopes that Colleoni's men will kill him there. However, Pinkie is also attacked by Colleoni's men, receiving a long scar on his right cheek, and runs off thinking Spicer is dead. However he is told later that Spicer lived. Pinkie ends up finishing Spicer off himself by pushing him down a stairwell in front of several witnesses.

Rose falls in love with Pinkie, discovering he is also a Catholic, and he decides to marry her so she cannot testify against him. After their wedding, at Rose's request he makes a record of his voice at a fairgrounds booth, on which he says, "What you want me to say is I love you. Well here is the truth. I hate you, you little slut. You make me sick." Rose cherishes the record, wrongly assuming that it contains Pinkie's profession of love, although she does not have a gramophone to play it on and is unaware of its true contents. Ida, who by now suspects Pinkie of killing both Fred and Spicer, poses as Rose's mother to visit her while Pinkie is out and warn her about Pinkie, but Rose is loyal to Pinkie and Ida leaves.

Ida's visit makes Pinkie decide he needs to kill Rose too, and he confides to his last remaining gang member, Dallow, his plan to get Rose to enter a suicide pact with him and kill herself first. Pinkie also tries to destroy the voice recording he made to avoid its becoming evidence after Rose's death, but only succeeds in scratching it. Dallow objects, saying Rose's death is unnecessary because Ida is about to leave Brighton, having been unable to find any convincing evidence against Pinkie. Colleoni has also paid off Pinkie and Dallow to leave town, and they go for a final drink with Rose before departing.

When Ida enters the bar, the paranoid Pinkie decides to carry out his plan for Rose's death, and takes her for a walk on the pier. Pinkie convinces Rose he will soon be hanged and the two of them should commit suicide in order to always stay together. He gives Rose his gun and tries to get her to shoot herself first. Rose is torn between her love for Pinkie and the Catholic prohibition against suicide, and hesitates. Meanwhile, Dallow and Ida, both wishing to protect the innocent Rose, alert police, who rush onto the pier after Pinkie. Upon seeing the police, Rose throws the gun into the water and Pinkie tries to run away, but falls from the pier to his death. A grief-stricken Rose later plays the damaged record of Pinkie's voice, which sticks on Pinkie's words "I love you" without playing the rest. Rose clings to the belief that Pinkie really did love her.

Themes

Like the book and like other Greene film adaptations such as The Third Man, the film deals with Roman Catholic doctrines concerning the nature of sin and the basis of morality; damnation, forgiveness and mercy. Rose, and Pinkie (ostensibly), are Catholics, as was Greene; their beliefs are contrasted with Ida's strong but non-religious moral sensibility.

Cast

 Richard Attenborough as Pinkie Brown
 Hermione Baddeley as Ida Arnold
 Carol Marsh as Rose Brown
 William Hartnell as Dallow
 Harcourt Williams as Prewitt
 Wylie Watson as Spicer
 Nigel Stock as Cubitt
 Alan Wheatley as Fred Hale
 Virginia Winter as Judy
 Reginald Purdell as Frank
 George Carney as Phil Corkery
 Charles Goldner as Colleoni
 Lina Barrie as Molly
 Joan Sterndale-Bennett as Delia
 Harry Ross as Bill Brewer
 Campbell Copelin as Police Inspector
 Marianne Stone as Lazy Waitress
 Norman Watson as Racecourse Evangelist
 Ronald Shiner as the Look-Out (uncredited)
 Constance Smith as singer (uncredited)

Production
Greene and Terence Rattigan wrote the screenplay for the 1948 film adaptation, produced and directed by John and Roy Boulting, with assistant director Gerald Mitchell. The ironic ending of the film, in which Rose's damaged gramophone record of Pinkie's voice sticks and repeats the words "I love you", was changed against Greene's wishes from his original story, in which Rose is about to hear the entire recording and will realise that Pinkie hated her. This is described by Greene as "The greatest horror of all". The filmmakers believed censors were likely to object to the more tragic original ending. Instructed to lose weight for the film, Richard Attenborough trained with Chelsea F.C.

Much of the filming was done on location in Brighton, although some locations were recreated in the studio. The scenes where Fred is pursued through Brighton were shot with hidden cameras, capturing footage of Brighton residents and tourists engaged in their regular activities, unaware that a movie was being made. The climax of the film takes place at the Palace Pier, which differs from the novel, the end of which takes place in the nearby town of Peacehaven.

The Colleoni gang was modelled  after the Sabini racetrack gang of the 1930s, which fought public battles with straight razors in its competition to control crime at racecourses in southern England, including one at Brighton. A former Sabini gang member named Carl Ramon served as technical adviser, including teaching Attenborough how to behave as Pinkie. Ramon also appeared in a non-speaking role as a barman.

Carol Marsh was cast as Rose after responding to a newspaper advertisement for a 16 or 17-year-old girl, "frail, innocent, naive, and tolerably but not excessively pretty." Although the film was her most significant role, in 1997 she said that she "had never seen the film and couldn't bear to."

Release and reception
First screened to the trade and cinema distributors on 25 November 1947, the film held its World Premiere in Brighton on 8 January 1948, followed by a Gala Premiere at the Leicester Square Warner Cinema London on 9 January 1948.

At the time of its release, Brighton Rock caused a critical uproar in Britain due to its depictions of crime and violence, with the Daily Mirror critic denouncing the razor-slashing scenes as "horrific" and concluding, "This film must not be shown." It was banned in New South Wales. Some reviewers, as well as author Greene, also objected to the final scene as sentimental and contrary to the original book's darker ending.

Nevertheless, Brighton Rock was described in the trade papers as being a "notable box office attraction" in British cinemas in 1948.  It was less successful in the United States (where it was released as Young Scarface) and critics did not consider its violence excessive.

As of 1 April 1950 the film earned distributor's gross receipts of £147,124 in the UK of which £94,902 went to the producer.

Over time, Brighton Rock has maintained a good reputation, with the Encyclopedia of Film Noir calling it "superb". In the British Film Institute's 1999 survey of the top 100 British films, it ranked at #15. It currently scores 100% on Rotten Tomatoes.

New adaptation

A new adaptation of the novel, written and directed by Rowan Joffé, was released in the United Kingdom on 4 February 2010. Joffé changed the setting from the 1930s to the 1960s, during the mods and rockers era.

Revival
The original film had a run at Film Forum in New York City 19–26 June 2009, and The New York Times previewed the revival, saying "both [Greene's] Catholicism and his movie-friendliness are in full cry in John Boulting's terrific 1947 gangster picture."

See also
BFI Top 100 British films

References

External links
 Brighton Rock at the British Film Institute's Film and TV Database

 Review of film at Variety

1948 films
1940s crime thriller films
1948 crime drama films
British crime thriller films
British crime drama films
British black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
Film noir
British gangster films
Films based on British novels
Films based on works by Graham Greene
Films set in Brighton
Films directed by John Boulting
Films with screenplays by Graham Greene
Films with screenplays by Terence Rattigan
Films set in 1935
1940s British films

Brighton Rock (1948 film)


Kay Whitmore, Jr. (born April 10, 1967) is a Canadian former ice hockey goaltender. He played for the Hartford Whalers, Vancouver Canucks, Boston Bruins, and Calgary Flames during his career, as well as several teams in the minor American Hockey League and International Hockey League, from 1987 until 2002.

Hockey career
As a youth, Whitmore played in the 1979 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Greater Sudbury.

In 1983-84, Whitmore joined OHL's Peterborough Petes and went 17-8-0 as a major junior rookie. The following season, he paced the league with 53 games by a goalie and 35 wins. In the playoffs, he went 10-4. In 1985-86, he went 27-12-2 with a league-best three shutouts and 2.77 GAA. At year's end, he was named an OHL First Team All-Star.

Whitmore was drafted 26th overall in the 1985 Entry Draft by the Hartford Whalers.  He played most of his first four professional seasons for Hartford's minor league teams in Binghamton and Springfield, with some spot duty for the Whalers in 1989, 1990 and 1991.  In the 1991 American Hockey League season, Whitmore led the Springfield Indians to the franchise's seventh and final Calder Cup, and was named the winner of the Jack A. Butterfield Trophy as playoff MVP.

The following season, Whitmore stuck in the NHL, platooning with Peter Sidorkiewicz in the Whalers' nets but losing his job to Frank Pietrangelo at season's end and in the playoffs.

In the 1992 offseason, he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks for Corrie D'Alessio and cash. That season, he played 31 games behind Kirk McLean and helped the Canucks win the Smythe Division season title, going 18-8-4 with a 3.10 GAA. In 1994, he played 32 games and posted an 18-14-0 record. In the playoffs, he helped his team win the Clarence Campbell Bowl in the Western Conference finals before losing to the New York Rangers in the Stanley Cup finals. In the shortened 1994-95 season, Kay played eleven games for the Canucks.

His contract expiring thereafter, Whitmore spent the next five seasons in the minor leagues, his most successful season being 1998, when he led the Long Beach Ice Dogs of the International Hockey League into the league semi-finals, as well as winning First Team All-Star accolades.

Being traded to the Boston Bruins in 1999 for future considerations, he was recalled from Boston's Providence farm team in the 2000-01 season when Bruins goaltenders Byron Dafoe and John Grahame were both injured. Whitmore, getting his first NHL start in over six years, posted a 5–4 win over the Chicago Blackhawks on November 2, 2000. In five games with the Bruins, Whitmore's save percentage stood at .809, and he was sent back down to the minors. The following season Whitmore signed as a free agent with the Calgary Flames, but only played in one game for them, seeing most of his action for their American Hockey League farm team, the Saint John Flames.  He retired from professional hockey thereafter, save for a three-game playoff stint for the Nuremberg Ice Tigers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga in 2005.

Post playing career
Following his hockey career, Whitmore was the goaltending coach for the Peterborough Petes from 2002-2004. From 2005-2006, Whitmore worked as a studio analyst on the NHL Network's program On the Fly, as well as a guest studio analyst on The NHL on OLN Post Game Report. Whitmore can also be seen as a guest analyst on the Versus Network
. Currently, Whitmore is serving as a goaltending supervisor for the NHL.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1967 births
Binghamton Whalers players
Boston Bruins players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Hartford Whalers draft picks
Hartford Whalers players
Living people
Nürnberg Ice Tigers players
Ice hockey people from Greater Sudbury
Peterborough Petes (ice hockey) players
Providence Bruins players
Saint John Flames players
Södertälje SK players
Springfield Indians players
Syracuse Crunch players
Vancouver Canucks players

Kay Whitmore


Thomas Ritchie  (November 5, 1778 – July 3, 1854) of Virginia was a leading American newspaper journalist, editor and publisher.

Biography
He read law and medicine, but, instead of practicing either, set up a bookstore in Richmond, Virginia in 1803. He bought out the Republican newspaper the Richmond Enquirer in 1804, and made it a financial and political success, as editor and publisher for 41 years.  The paper appeared three times a week.  Thomas Jefferson said of the Enquirer: "I read but a single newspaper, Ritchie's Enquirer, the best that is published or ever has been published in America."  Ritchie wrote the stirring partisan editorials, clipped the news from Washington and New York papers, and did most of the local reporting himself.  For 25 years he was state printer, a method by which his political friends subsidized their most articulate voice.

Ritchie was a leader of the "Richmond Junto" that controlled the Republican state committee, originally with Ritchie's relatives Spencer Roane and Dr. John Brockenbrough of the Virginia State Bank. Richmond was a violent frontier town when Ritchie arrived. Controversial rival journalist and Jefferson opponent James T. Callender was found drowned in three feet of water in 1803. Nonetheless, Ritchie set up a press and began advocating restrictions on free blacks as well as slave manumissions. Lawyer and Richmond Enquirer founding editor Meriwether Jones died in a duel on August 3, 1806. John Daly Burk and Skelton Jones (Meriwether's brother) also both died in duels before completing a projected four volume history of Richmond. Ritchie editorialized against South Carolina and Georgia reopening the transatlantic slave trade, and later for U.S. intervention in the War of 1812. Political rivals also could find themselves excoriated in the press, and even President James Monroe was not immune. A faction of the Democratic-Republican party, once nicknamed the quids and thought more radical than Jefferson, grew increasingly pro-slavery, anti-foreigner and anti-Catholic over time. Committed to democratic reform in representation of the western counties and full manhood suffrage (for whites), Ritchie promoted the 1829 Virginia state constitutional convention.  A modernizer, Ritchie came to promote public schools and extensive state internal improvements.

In national politics, Ritchie's influence rested first on an alliance with New York Senator Martin Van Buren. They both promoted William H. Crawford's presidential candidacy in 1824, and next that of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Ritchie favored the "Old Republican" "principles of '98, '99" against what he considered the corrupting influence of Henry Clay and the divisive tactics of John C. Calhoun, whose nullification and Southern-party policies Ritchie detested. Late in his life, Ritchie denounced abolitionists but supported gradual emancipation.

In the 1844 US presidential election, Ritchie supported James K. Polk because of Polk's support for the annexation of Texas.  Polk brought Ritchie to Washington to edit the national paper The Union (1845 to 1851). Ritchie supported the Compromise of 1850, but the new paper never was as influential as the Enquirer. Meanwhile, Ritchie had lost his Virginia base, as his son and namesake took over the Richmond Enquirer. In 1846, Thomas Ritchie Jr. killed Richmond Whig founder and editor John Hampden Pleasants in a duel.

See also
 Charles Henry Ambler – Preeminent Virginia & West Virginia historian, and Thomas Ritchie biographer
 History of Virginia
 History of West Virginia

References

 Charles H. Ambler, Thomas Ritchie: A Study in Virginia Politics (1913)
 Pearson, C. C. "Ritchie, Thomas" in Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 8 (1935)

Journalists from Virginia
Writers from Richmond, Virginia
1778 births
1854 deaths
19th-century American journalists
19th-century American male writers
American male journalists
American duellists

Thomas Ritchie (journalist)


Joseph Louis "Joe L." Hensley (March 19, 1926 – August 27, 2007) was a lawyer, prosecuting attorney, member of the Indiana General Assembly, circuit court judge, science fiction fan, and writer of science fiction and mysteries. He was a long-time resident of Madison, Indiana, and died there of complications of leukemia.

Early life
Hensley was born in Bloomington, Indiana, and became involved in science fiction fandom by the time he was 13. He graduated from Bloomington's University High School in 1944, went into the United States Navy, serving as a Pharmacist's Mate in the Navy Hospital Corps. He received a B.A. degree in 1950 from Indiana University, and on June 18, 1950, married Charlotte Ruth Bettinger in her home town of Tell City, Indiana; she died in 2000. He was again inducted into the Navy during the Korean War, serving as a Journalist 3rd Class. He received his L.L.B. degree from Indiana University School of Law in 1955, and moved to Madison to begin his legal practice.

Legal career
He served one term in the Indiana General Assembly in 1961-1962, representing Jefferson and Scott counties. He was then elected prosecuting attorney for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, serving from 1963 to 1966. In 1975, he was appointed Judge pro tem of the Ripley Circuit Court by the Indiana Supreme Court and was subsequently elected and served two terms as Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit from 1977 through 1988. He served two years as president of the Indiana Judges Association. In 1998, he was named a Sagamore of the Wabash by then Indiana Governor Frank O'Bannon.

Writing career
While working as a law student, lawyer, legislator and judge, Hensley wrote science fiction and crime fiction (and at least one auto-racing story for a pulp magazine) as Joe L. Hensley and Louis J. A. Adams. His first fiction sale was the short story "And Not Quite Human," published in the September 1953 issue of Beyond Fantasy Fiction.  His first published novel was The Color of Hate in 1960. He had 20 more novels and collections published (over half of them in the series featuring Indiana circuit judge Donald Robak, which began with 1971's Deliver Us to Evil) and around 100 short stories. His collaborators in science fiction included Alexei Panshin and Harlan Ellison; he co-wrote one mystery novel (Loose Coins) with fellow Indiana prosecuting attorney Guy M. Townsend. His last novel, Snowbird's Blood, was published in February 2008. Many of his mystery novels were set in the fictitious Bington, a place which combined aspects of Madison and Bloomington.

Science fiction fandom
Hensley remained active in science fiction fandom throughout his life; the Hensleys were familiar faces at science fiction conventions such as Rivercon and Midwestcon. Hensley was a First Fandom "Dinosaur" (which meant he had been active in fandom prior to July 4, 1939), and received the First Fandom Hall of Fame Award in 2006.

Papers
Many of his papers dealing both with his career as a judge and attorney, and his activities as a writer and science fiction fan, are in the collection of the Lilly Library of Indiana University.

Notes

External links
 Obituary of Hensley
 Another obituary
 Partial bibliography of Hensley
 Partial bibliography of his popular fiction

1926 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American crime fiction writers
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Indiana lawyers
Indiana state court judges
Indiana University alumni
Deaths from leukemia
Politicians from Bloomington, Indiana
Deaths from cancer in Indiana
Writers from Bloomington, Indiana
People from Madison, Indiana
20th-century American judges
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Indiana
Indiana University Maurer School of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers

Joe L. Hensley


Tyr is a god in Norse mythology. In the Eddas, he is either the son of Odin or Hymir. He is the god of single (man-to-man) combat. Tyr only has one hand.

How Tyr lost his hand

At one point in time, the gods decided that the wolf Fenrir (also called Fenriswolf) could no longer go free. They wanted to lock him up onto a chain. But he broke every chain they tried to put on him. Finally, they had the dwarves make a magical chain. But Fenrir sensed what the gods would do. So Fenrir asked that one of them put his hand into his mouth. Knowing that if Fenrir was left unfettered, he would have grown strong enough to kill all the gods and destroy the world. Tyr was the only one who had the courage. When Fenrir sensed he had been tricked, he bit off Tyr's hand. Tyr remained handless forever.

Fenrir will remain bound until Ragnarök. Then, Tyr's opponent will be Garm, the guard dog of Hel.

Norse gods and goddesses

Tyr


Raymond Ericson (June 26, 1915 – December 30, 1997) was an American music critic who wrote articles for The New York Times for 30 years.

Life and career
Born in Brooklyn, Ericson earned an associate degree in mathematics from North Park Junior College in Chicago in 1934, and then earned bachelor's degrees in mathematics and music from the University of Chicago. In the late 1930s he worked as an associate music and drama critic for The Chicago Tribune. He served in the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) during World War II from 1939-1942.

After the USAAC was disbanded in March 1942, Ericson moved back to Brooklyn where he obtained the post of organist and choir director of the Pilgrim Covenant Church. He also worked as press agent for a theatrical production company in Manhattan. In 1949 he became a staff writer at Musical America, and was later promoted to position of managing editor at that magazine in the mid-1950s. In 1960 he left that job to join the music editorial staff at The New York Times where he first worked as the editor of the Sunday recordings page. He quickly began writing music criticism for the newspaper as well; eventually writing the weekly news column Music Notes as well as additional feature articles and concert and record reviews. He retired in 1981, but continued to do freelance work for The New York Times up until 1990 when he suffered a debilitating stroke.

Ericson lived in retirement in Sherman, Connecticut with his life partner Frank Milburn. He died in 1997 at the age of 82 at Danbury Hospital.

Sources

1915 births
1997 deaths
American music critics
American LGBT musicians
American LGBT writers
Critics employed by The New York Times
North Park University alumni
Musicians from Brooklyn
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American non-fiction writers
People from Sherman, Connecticut
20th-century American LGBT people

Raymond Ericson


Beta-glucans, β-glucans comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides (glucans) naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source. Typically, β-glucans form a linear backbone with 1–3 β-glycosidic bonds but vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, branching structure, and gelation properties, causing diverse physiological effects in animals.

At dietary intake levels of at least 3 g per day, oat fiber β-glucan decreases blood levels of LDL cholesterol and so may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. β-glucans are natural gums and are used as texturing agents in various nutraceutical and cosmetic products, and as soluble fiber supplements.

History
Cereal and fungal products have been used for centuries for medicinal and cosmetic purposes; however, the specific role of β-glucan was not explored until the 20th century.  β-glucans were first discovered in lichens, and shortly thereafter in barley. A particular interest in oat β-glucan arose after a cholesterol lowering effect from oat bran reported in 1981.

In 1997, the FDA approved of a claim that intake of at least 3.0 g of β-glucan from oats per day decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol and reduced the risk of coronary heart disease. The approved health claim was later amended to include these sources of β-glucan: rolled oats (oatmeal), oat bran, whole oat flour, oatrim (the soluble fraction of alpha-amylase hydrolyzed oat bran or whole oat flour), whole grain barley and barley beta-fiber. An example of an allowed label claim: "Soluble fiber from foods such as oatmeal, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease. A serving of oatmeal supplies 0.75 grams of the 3.0 g of β-glucan soluble fiber necessary per day to have this effect." The claim language is in the Federal Register 21 CFR 101.81 Health Claims: "Soluble fiber from certain foods and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)".

Structure
Glucans are arranged in six-sided D-glucose rings connected linearly at varying carbon positions depending on the source, although most commonly β-glucans include a 1-3 glycosidic link in their backbone. Although technically β-glucans are chains of D-glucose polysaccharides linked by β-type glycosidic bonds, by convention not all β-D-glucose polysaccharides are categorized as β-glucans. Cellulose is not conventionally considered a β-glucan, as it is insoluble and does not exhibit the same physicochemical properties as other cereal or yeast β-glucans.

Some β-glucan molecules have branching glucose side-chains attached to other positions on the main D-glucose chain, which branch off the β-glucan backbone. In addition, these side-chains can be attached to other types of molecules, like proteins, as in polysaccharide-K.

The most common forms of β-glucans are those comprising D-glucose units with β-1,3 links.  Yeast and fungal β-glucans contain 1-6 side branches, while cereal β-glucans contain both β-1,3 and β-1,4 backbone bonds. The frequency, location, and length of the side-chains may play a role in immunomodulation. Differences in molecular weight, shape, and structure of β-glucans dictate the differences in biological activity.

In general, β-1,3 linkages are created by 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase, and β-1,4 linkages are created by cellulose synthase. The process leading to β-1,6 linkages is poorly understood: although genes important in the process have been identified, not much is known about what each of them do.

β-glucan types

β-glucans form a natural component of the cell walls of bacteria, fungi, yeast, and cereals such as oat and barley. Each type of beta-glucan comprises a different molecular backbone, level of branching, and molecular weight which affects its solubility and physiological impact. One of the most common sources of β(1,3)D-glucan for supplement use is derived from the cell wall of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). β-glucans found in the cell walls of yeast contain a 1,3 glucose backbone with elongated 1,6 glucose branches. Other sources include seaweed, and various mushrooms, such as lingzhi, shiitake, chaga, and maitake, which are under preliminary research for their potential immune effects.

Fermentable fiber

In the diet, β-glucans are a source of soluble, fermentable fiber – also called prebiotic fiber – which provides a substrate for microbiota within the large intestine, increasing fecal bulk and producing short-chain fatty acids as byproducts with wide-ranging physiological activities. This fermentation impacts the expression of many genes within the large intestine, which further affects digestive function and cholesterol and glucose metabolism, as well as the immune system and other systemic functions.

Cereal

Cereal β-glucans from oat, barley, wheat, and rye have been studied for their effects on cholesterol levels in people with normal cholesterol levels and in those with hypercholesterolemia. Intake of oat β-glucan at daily amounts of at least 3 grams lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 5 to 10% in people with normal or elevated blood cholesterol levels.

Oats and barley differ in the ratio of trimer and tetramer 1-4 linkages. Barley has more 1-4 linkages with a degree of polymerization higher than 4. However, the majority of barley blocks remain trimers and tetramers. In oats, β-glucan is found mainly in the endosperm of the oat kernel, especially in the outer layers of that endosperm.

β-glucan absorption
Enterocytes facilitate the transportation of β(1,3)-glucans and similar compounds across the intestinal cell wall into the lymph, where they begin to interact with macrophages to activate immune function. Radiolabeled studies have verified that both small and large fragments of β-glucans are found in the serum, which indicates that they are absorbed from the intestinal tract. M cells within the Peyer's patches physically transport the insoluble whole glucan particles into the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

(1,3)-β-D-glucan medical application
An assay to detect the presence of (1,3)-β-D-glucan in blood is marketed as a means of identifying invasive or disseminated fungal infections.  This test should be interpreted within the broader clinical context, however, as a positive test does not render a diagnosis, and a negative test does not rule out infection.  False positives may occur because of fungal contaminants in the antibiotics amoxicillin-clavulanate,  and piperacillin/tazobactam. False positives can also occur with contamination of clinical specimens with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Alcaligenes faecalis, which also produce (1→3)β-D-glucan.  This test can aid in the detection of Aspergillus, Candida, and Pneumocystis jirovecii.  This test cannot be used to detect Mucor or Rhizopus, the fungi responsible for mucormycosis, as they do not produce (1,3)-beta-D-glucan.

See also
 Prebiotic (nutrition)
 Resistant starch
 Xylooligosaccharides

References

External links

Edible thickening agents
Food additives
Medicinal fungi
Natural gums
Polysaccharides

Beta-glucan


Stefan Hatos-Monty Hall Productions is a television production company responsible for producing several American game shows in the 1970s and 1980s. The company is best known for its hit series Let's Make a Deal, which aired in several company-produced iterations off and on between 1963 and 1986.

The company disbanded sometime in 1987, but the company exists as a holding company for all Hatos-Hall assets.  It is currently owned by Marcus/Glass Entertainment.

History: Let's Make a Deal

Prior to meeting and while working in 1962 on the NBC game show Your First Impression, hosted by Bill Leyden, Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall had different career paths. Hatos was a writer and producer who had worked in both television and radio and had also been a producer for Bob Hope's early television specials. Hall's American media career began in 1955 when he became a contributor for the NBC Radio Monitor program. After five years of this, he moved to Hollywood and became the host of the Merrill Heatter-produced Video Village. While hosting the series in 1962, he sold his first production (the aforementioned Your First Impression) to NBC and met Hatos, who was working on the show as a producer (Hall was executive producer).

The next year, the duo debuted the long-running Let's Make a Deal on NBC, and the show was an instant success, running in daytime on NBC and later on ABC for 13 seasons. Two weekly network primetime versions also aired, one on NBC in 1967 and one on ABC from 1969 to 1971.

The show's popularity also spawned a syndicated version, which aired weekly from 1971 to 1977 and was one of the first network game shows to do so.

Other shows

In addition to LMAD, Stefan Hatos-Monty Hall Productions also produced the 1970s hit Split Second for ABC. The series, which ran from 1972 to 1975, was the only other show the company produced that lasted more than one season.

Other game shows produced by the team included Chain Letter, Three for the Money and It's Anybody's Guess for NBC and It Pays to Be Ignorant and Masquerade Party in syndication. The last of those series was the hosting debut for Richard Dawson.

The 1980s

After a hiatus of several years, Stefan Hatos-Monty Hall Productions returned to production in the mid-1980s with a revival of Let's Make A Deal, which ran in daily syndication from 1984 to 1986. (Another daily syndicated version, which aired from 1980 to 1981, while hosted by Hall was not produced with Hatos.) After that series ended its run, Hatos and Hall revived Split Second in syndication in the fall of 1986 with Hall hosting. The company broke up following the show's cancellation.

Afterwards

Although Hatos retired from writing and producing television shows after Split Second ended in 1987, he continued to oversee the licensing agreements and was involved with the foreign versions of Let's Make a Deal until his death in 1999.

Hall was retired for the most part following the 1987 cancellation of Split Second, though he frequently made cameos related to Let's Make a Deal such as one he made as part of Good Morning America'''s 2009 game show week. Hall replaced Bob Hilton as host of a daytime Let's Make a Deal series NBC attempted in 1990 (which was produced by Dick Clark Productions) and helmed it until its 1991 cancellation and later made a cameo on a weekly primetime edition NBC aired in 2003.

For the 2009 CBS daytime series, Hall served as a consultant and Stefan Hatos-Monty Hall Productions is credited as a co-production company (much in the same way Mark Goodson's name was used on The Price Is Right'' long after his production company was dissolved). Hall has also hosted at least one game on the current version. Hall died in 2017 and the family is still involved in the production company with its current owners.

In 2021, the holding company was acquired by Glass Entertainment and Marcus Entertainment.  The joint venture also hired Monty Hall's daughter Sharon, a former Endemol Shine executive, as consultant.

References

External links
 Letsmakeadeal.com: Stefan Hatos biography

 01
Defunct film and television production companies of the United States
Entertainment companies based in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Entertainment companies established in 1963
Mass media companies established in 1963
Mass media companies disestablished in 1987
1963 establishments in California
1987 disestablishments in California
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Let's Make a Deal

Stefan Hatos-Monty Hall Productions