A Nuremberg egg (German:  Nürnberger Ei) is a type of small ornamental spring-driven clock made to be worn around the neck, produced in Nuremberg in the mid-to-late 16th century.

Their production was made possible by the miniaturisation of the torsion pendulum and coil spring mechanism by Nuremberg clockmaker Peter Henlein (d. 1542) at the beginning of the 16th century (c. 1505–10).  These portable watches were a novelty (although the oldest portable watch driven by wound-up clockwork rather than by weights dates to c. 1430, the so-called watch of Philip the Good), and their accuracy was very limited, so that they only had a single hand, showing hours.

There are three types of clock-watches made in early 16th-century Nuremberg:
 High cylindrical drum-watches (Dosenuhr) to be used as table clocks or to be carried in a purse
 Flat cylindrical drum-watches (Dosenuhr) to be worn around the neck on a cord or necklace
 Spherical watches in small  pomanders (Bisamapfeluhr) that were worn on the wrist or around the neck
The actual "eggs" (Eierlein) are a type of oval ("egg-shaped") form of the Dosenuhr which became popular from around 1580. Although they are associated with Henlein, and are a development of the watch-making tradition of Henlein's time, they thus become popular only several decades after his death. The German name Eierlein "little egg" is a corruption of a diminutive of Uhr (Middle Low German ûr, from Latin hora) "clock", Aeurlein or Ueurlein (Modern German Ührlein).  The association with "eggs" may arise with a 1571 translation of Rabelais by Johann Fischart in 1571; Fischart translated   as Eierlein an instance of    Ueurlein in Rabelais. This form of the name may have played a part in inspiring the oval shape becoming popular in the 1580s.

It is known that Henlein first succeeded in producing a portable clock in 1510, and his contributions were clearly instrumental in giving rise to the later Nuremberg "neck-watch" industry.  He is recorded to have sold a "gilded Pomander for all purposes with a clock-mechanism" (vergulten pysn Apffel für all Ding mit einem Oraiologium, i.e. a clock built into a precious perfume-box) for 15 gulden to the city on 11 January 1524.  Of the "pomander watch" type (Bisamapfeluhr), only two specimens are known to survive, one dated to 1505 and attributed to Henlein, the other dated 1530 (Walters Art Museum, Baltimore).

References

External links
 .  Pictures of early watches of 'Nuremberg Egg' style.

Clock designs

Nuremberg eggs


Axiomatic Product Development Lifecycle (APDL) (also known as
Transdisciplinary System Development Lifecycle (TSDL), and
 Transdisciplinary Product Development Lifecycle (TPDL)
) is a systems engineering product development model
proposed by Bulent Gumus that extends the Axiomatic design (AD) method. APDL covers the whole product lifecycle including early factors that affect the entire cycle such as development testing, input constraints and system components.

APDL provides an iterative and incremental way for a team of transdisciplinary members to approach holistic product development. A practical outcome includes capturing and managing product design knowledge. The APDL model addresses some weak patterns experienced in previous development models regarding quality of the design, requirements management, change management, project management, and communication between stakeholders. Practicing APDL may reduce development time and project cost.

Overview
APDL adds the Test domain and four new characteristics to Axiomatic design (AD): Input Constraints in the Functional Domain; Systems Components in the Physical Domain; Process Variables tied to System Components instead of Design Parameters; and Customer Needs mapped to Functional Requirements and Input Constraints.

APDL proposes a V-shaped process to develop the Design Parameters and System Components (detailed design). Start top-down with Process Variables (PV) and Component Test Cases (CTC) to complete the PV, CTC, and Functional Test Cases (FTC); And after build, test the product with a bottom-up approach.

APDL Domains
Customer domain
Customer Needs (CN) are elements that the customer seeks in a product or system.

Functional domain
Functional Requirements (FR) completely characterize the minimum performance to be met by the design solution, product etc. FR are documented in requirement specifications (RS).

Input Constraints (IC) are included in the functional domain along with the FR. IC are specific to overall design goals and are imposed externally by CN, product users or conditions of use, such as regulations. IC are derived from CN and then revised based on other constraints that the product has to comply with but not mentioned in the Customer Domain.

Physical domain
The Design Parameters (DP) are the elements of the design solution in the physical domain that are chosen to satisfy the specified FRs. DPs can be conceptual design solutions, subsystems, components, or component attributes.

System Components (SC) provide a categorical design solution in the DP, where the categories represent physical parts in the Physical Domain.  The SC hierarchy represents the physical system architecture or product tree. The method for categorizing varies. Eppinger portrays general categories as system, subsystem, and component Eppinger (2001). NASA  uses system, segment, element, subsystem, assembly, subassembly, and part (NASA, 1995).

SC makes it possible to perform Design Structure Matrixes (DSM), change management, component-based cost management and impact analysis, and provides framework for capturing structural information and requirement traceability.

Process domain
Process Variables (PV) identify and describe the controls and processes to produce SC.

Test domain
A functional test consists of a set of Functional Test Cases (FTC). FTC are system tests used to verify that FR are satisfied by the system. Black-box testing is the software analog to FTC. At the end of the system development, a functional test verifies that the requirements of the system are met.

Component Test Cases (CTC) are a physical analog to White-box testing. CTC verify that components satisfy the allocated FRs and ICs. Each system component is tested before it is integrated into the system to make sure that the requirements and constraints allocated to that component are all satisfied.

See also
 Systems development life-cycle
 New product development
 Product lifecycle management
 Engineering design process
 Design–build
 Integrated project delivery

References

Further reading
 B. Gumus, A. Ertas, D. Tate and I. Cicek, Transdisciplinary Product Development Lifecycle, Journal of Engineering Design, 19(03), pp. 185–200, June 2008. .
 B. Gumus, A. Ertas, and D. TATE, "Transdisciplinary Product Development Lifecycle Framework And Its Application To An Avionics System", Integrated Design and Process Technology Conference, June 2006.
 B. Gumus and A. Ertas, "Requirements Management and Axiomatic Design", Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science, Vol. 8 Number 4, pp. 19–31, Dec 2004.
 Suh, Complexity: Theory and Applications, Oxford University Press, 2005,
 Suh, Axiomatic Design: Advances and Applications, Oxford University Press, 2001,

Engineering concepts
Product development
Quality management
Systems engineering

Axiomatic product development lifecycle


Robert Edward Edmondson (1872 in Dayton, Ohio – April 12, 1959, Bend, Oregon) was an antisemitic pamphleteer and a defendant in the Great Sedition Trial of 1944. He was an organizer of the Pan-Aryan Conference. Edmondson had roots that went back to the colonial days of Virginia and Maryland and was primarily of Scottish descent. He saw himself as a nonpartisan patriot and referred to himself as a "Native American".

Career
Edmondson had a 40-year career as a reporter, editor, author and publisher on economics. He began his career as a journalist in Cincinnati, Ohio working as a reporter for the Cincinnati Post. Later he moved to New York City and became a financial reporter for the New York Herald and the New York Mail and Express. While in New York he became aware of what he came to believe was the Jewish manipulation of America's economy and started an independent financial news outlet, the Edmondson Economic Service. At this time he also became friendly with Nazi propagandist Ulrich Fleischhauer and was a participant in the latter's Welt-Dienst/World-Service anti-Jewish news service.

Edmondson believed President Franklin D. Roosevelt to be Jewish and published the flier Roosevelt's Jewish Ancestry—"He Is Not One Of Us!" to make his case. His attacks on Roosevelt during the 1936 election campaign suggested that the President was under the control of Jews such as Bernard Baruch, Felix Frankfurter and Louis Brandeis. Contemporary Nazi German caricatures of Roosevelt also depicted him as Jewish.

In a series of essays called American Vigilante Bulletins which eventually numbered over 400, Edmondson in the 1930s and 1940s documented what he saw as the Jewish control of America in banking, the press and the media. His research was the forerunner to Who Rules America? written and distributed decades later by Dr. William L. Pierce. In 1953 he republished some of his bulletins in a book, I Testify.

Edmondson was also a strong anti-communist and much of his writing centered around the idea that fluoride in water was part of a communist conspiracy, as well as other plots attributed to communists.

Trials
On June 11, 1936 Edmondson was indicted by a Grand Jury in New York City and charged with "libeling all persons of the Jewish Religion." In preparing his defense Edmondson subpoenaed some of the most prominent Jews of the time, including: Bernard Buruch, Henry Morgenthau, Rabbi Wise, Samuel Untermeyer, Mayor LaGuardia, James P. Warburg, Walter Lippmann and Justice Samuel Rosenman. In response, the American Jewish Committee petitioned the court to drop the charges against Edmondson. On May 10, 1938 the judge dismissed all indictments, ruling that there is no group libel law.

In the early 1940s Edmondson was again indicted for his anti-Semitism along with 29 others on charges of sedition. The Great Sedition Trial of 1944, as it became known, was eventually declared a mistrial and the charges were later dismissed. He was widely believed by U.S. intelligence to have been an agent for Nazi Germany.

From New York City Edmondson moved to Stoddartsville, Pennsylvania and later to Grass Valley, California.

Edmondson on the Jews
The following quote expresses his ideology:

I am not against Jews because of their religion, as a race, a people or as individuals, but because Jewish leadership [i.e., the bankers] is actively anti-American, is attempting to jettison the American political philosophy and take over the Country, and that I would continue to be anti-Jewish until Jewry repudiated such subversion. Were the offender any other than the Jewish minority, my attitude would be precisely the same. This problem is the biggest and most acute thing in the world today ...

Knowing that pitiless publicity is the only cure for public evils, in 1934 I started on a campaign to expose Jewish Anti-Americanism and Talmudic Communism which has been called the "Code of Hell": a "Rabbi Racket" that victimizes its own followers; an international "Satanic System" subverting France, Britain, Germany and Russia, causing the present depression and moving to take over the United States through the Jewish Radical administration [of FDR.]

Post-death controversy
Edmondson died aged 86 in 1959. Following his death his local paper, The Bend Bulletin, was at the center of controversy amongst his followers who launched a concerted letter writing and pamphleteering campaign as far right leaders attacked the paper for an editorial that was highly critical of Edmondson.

Books
I Testify: Amazing memoir-exposure of international secret war-plotting. Bend, OR: Author, 1953. First printing
The rape of the press; American free speech subversion unmasked. Democracy propaganda fraud "exploded". Bend, OR: Author, 1954. 39 p.
 Is Your Name on "the Red Death List? " the Vigilantes May Know Who is to Be "Liquidated" First By Communist Shock Troops, Now Ready to Act-"Liberty" Warns, 1939.
 "Anti- Semitic" causes of today: A politico-economic, not a religious or racial problem, 1937.
 Why twenty Oregon cities rejected fluoridation in 1956, 1957.
 Vengeance versus justice;: [report on the "mass sedition case", a communistic prosecution of anti-Communists, 1945.
 A church promissory "manifesto to the Jews": (with misleading statistics) entangles ministers : Rev. Keith Brooks of Los Angeles, with orther ... is politico-economic instead of religious, Sons of Liberty, 1981.
 The damning parallels of the Protocol "forgeries" as adopted and fulfilled in the United States by Jewish-radical leadership: A diabolical capitalist-communist alliance unmasked
 A church promissory "manifesto to the Jews": (with misleading statistics) entangles ministers : Rev. Keith Brooks of Los Angeles, with orther ... is politico-economic instead of religious, Sons of Liberty, 1981.
 The greatest war in history now on! International Jewish system against national patriotism, avec Henry Hamilton Beamish et  Adrien Arcand, New York, 1937.
 The Jewish system indicted by the documentary record, 1937.
 The National Citizen Force Bill (Mr. Will Thorne, M.P.): An appreciation & explanation, Twentieth Century Press (1908)
 John Bull's army from within: Facts, figures, and a human document from one who has been "through the mill", Unwin, (1907)

References

External links
Fliers printed by Edmondson

1872 births
1959 deaths
American activists
American conspiracy theorists
American male journalists
American people of Scottish descent
American people of World War II
American political writers
American publishers (people)
Old Right (United States)
Writers from Dayton, Ohio
American anti-communists

Robert Edward Edmondson


Signage is the design or use of signs and symbols to communicate a message. A signage also means signs collectively or being considered as a group. The term signage is documented to have been popularized in 1975 to 1980.

Signs are any kind of visual graphics created to display information to a particular audience. This is typically manifested in the form of wayfinding information in places such as streets or on the inside and outside buildings. Signs vary in form and size based on location and intent, from more expansive banners, billboards, and murals, to smaller street signs, street name signs, sandwich boards and lawn signs. Newer signs may also use digital or electronic displays.

The main purpose of signs is to communicate, to convey information designed to assist the receiver with decision-making based on the information provided. Alternatively, promotional signage may be designed to persuade receivers of the merits of a given product or service.  Signage is distinct from labeling, which conveys information about a particular product or service.

Definition and etymology
The term, 'sign' comes from the old French signe (noun), signer (verb), meaning a gesture or a motion of the hand. This, in turn, stems from Latin 'signum' indicating an"identifying mark, token, indication, symbol; proof; military standard, ensign; a signal, an omen; sign in the heavens, constellation." In the English, the term is also associated with a flag or ensign. In France, a banner not infrequently took the place of signs or sign boards in the Middle Ages. Signs, however, are best known in the form of painted or carved , inns, cinemas, etc. They are one of various emblematic methods for publicly calling attention to the place to which they refer.

The term, 'signage' appears to have come into use in the 20th century as a collective noun used to describe a class of signs, especially advertising and promotional signs which came to prominence in the first decades of the twentieth century. The Oxford Dictionary defines the term, signage, as "Signs collectively, especially commercial or public display signs."

History

Some of the earliest signs were used informally to denote the membership of specific groups. Early Christians used the sign or a cross or the Ichthys (i.e. fish) to denote their religious affiliations, whereas the sign of the sun or the moon would serve the same purpose for pagans.

The use of commercial signage has a very ancient history. Retail signage and promotional signs appear to have developed independently in the East and the West. In antiquity, the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks were known to use signage.  In ancient Rome, signboards were used for shop fronts as well as to announce public events. Roman signboards were usually made from stone or terracotta. Alternatively, they were whitened areas, known as albums on the outer walls of shops, forums and marketplaces. Many Roman examples have been preserved; among them the widely recognized bush to indicate a tavern, from which is derived the proverb, "A good wine needs no bush". Apart from the bush, certain identifiable trade signs that survive into modern times include the three balls of pawnbrokers and the red and white barber's pole. Of the signs identified with specific trades, some of these later evolved into trademarks. This suggests that the early history of commercial signage is intimately tied up with the history of branding and labelling.

Recent research suggests that China exhibited a rich history of early retail signage systems. One well-documented, early example of a highly developed brand associated with retail signage is that of the White Rabbit brand of sewing needles, from China's Song Dynasty period (960-1127 CE). A copper printing plate used to print posters contained message, which roughly translates as: "Jinan Liu's Fine Needle Shop: We buy high quality steel rods and make fine quality needles, to be ready for use at home in no time." The plate also includes a trademark in the form of a white rabbit which signified good luck and was particularly relevant to the primary purchasers, women with limited literacy. Details in the image show a white rabbit crushing herbs, and included advice to shoppers to look for the stone white rabbit in front of the maker's shop. Thus, the image served as an early form of brand recognition. Eckhart and Bengtsson have argued that during the Song Dynasty, Chinese society developed a consumerist culture, where a high level of consumption was attainable for a wide variety of ordinary consumers rather than just the elite. The rise of a consumer culture prompted the commercial investment in carefully managed company image, retail signage, symbolic brands, trademark protection and sophisticated brand concepts.

During the Medieval period, the use of signboards was generally optional for traders. However, publicans were on a different footing. As early as the 14th century, English law compelled innkeepers and landlords to exhibit signs. In 1389, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." Legislation was intended to make public houses easily visible to passing inspectors of the quality of the ale they provided (during this period, drinking water was not always good to drink and ale was the usual replacement). In 1393 a publican was prosecuted for failing to display signs. The practice of using signs spread to other types of commercial establishments throughout the Middle Ages. Similar legislation was enacted in Europe. For instance, in France edicts were issued 1567 and 1577, compelling innkeepers and tavern-keepers to erect signs.

Large towns, where many premises practiced the same trade, and especially, where these congregated in the same street, a simple trade sign was insufficient to distinguish one house from another. Thus, traders began to employ a variety of devices to differentiate themselves. Sometimes the trader used a rebus on his own name (e.g. two cocks for the name of Cox); sometimes he adopted a figure of an animal or other object, or portrait of a well-known person, which he considered likely to attract attention. Other signs used the common association of two heterogeneous objects, which (apart from those representing a rebus) were in some cases merely a whimsical combination, but in others arose from a popular misconception of the sign itself (e.g. the combination of the leg and star may have originated in a representation of the insignia of the garter), or from corruption in popular speech (e.g. the combination goat and compasses is said by some to be a corruption of God encompasses).

Around this time, some manufacturers began to adapt the coats of arms or badges of noble families as a type of endorsement. These would be described by the people without consideration of the language of heraldry, and thus such signs as the Red Lion, the Green Dragon, etc., have become familiar, especially as pub signs. By the 17th and 18th centuries, the number of commercial houses actively displaying the royal arms on their premises, packaging and labelling had increased, but many claims of royal endorsement were fraudulent. By 1840, the rules surrounding the display of royal arms were tightened to prevent false claims. By the early 19th century, the number of Royal Warrants granted rose rapidly when Queen Victoria granted some 2,000 royal warrants during her reign of 64 years.

Since the object of signboards was to attract the public, they were often of an elaborate character. Not only were the signs themselves large and sometimes of great artistic merit (especially in the 16th and 17th centuries, when they reached their greatest vogue) but the posts or metal supports protruding from the houses over the street, from which the signs were swung, were often elaborately worked, and many beautiful examples of wrought-iron supports survive both in England and continental Europe.

Exterior signs were a prominent feature of the streets of London from the 16th century. Large overhanging signs became a danger and a nuisance in the narrow ways as the city streets became more congested with vehicular traffic. Over time, authorities were forced to regulate the size and placement of exterior signage. In 1669, a French royal order prohibited the excessive size of sign boards and their projection too far over the streets. In Paris in 1761, and in London, about 1762–1773, laws were introduced which gradually compelled sign boards to be removed or fixed flat against the wall.

For the most part, signs only survived in connection with inns, for which some of the greatest artists of the time painted sign boards, usually representing the name of the inn. With the gradual abolition of sign boards, the numbering of houses began to be introduced in the early 18th century in London. It had been attempted in Paris as early as 1512, and had become almost universal by the close of the 18th century, though not enforced until 1805.  Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large percentage of the population was illiterate and so pictures were more useful as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name—the name being derived later from the illustration on the public house's sign. In this sense, a pub sign can be thought of as an early example of visual branding.

During the 19th century, some artists specialized in the painting of signboards, such as the Austro-Hungarian artist Demeter Laccataris. Pending this development, houses which carried on trade at night (e.g. coffee houses, brothels, etc.) had various specific arrangements of lights, and these still survive to some extent, as in the case of doctors' surgeries, and chemists' dispensaries.

Several developments in the early 20th century provided the impetus for widespread commercial adoption of exterior signage. The first, spectaculars, erected in Manhattan in 1892, became commonplace in the first decade of the 20th century and by 1913, "the skies were awash with a blaze of illuminated, animated signs." In the 1920s, the newly developed neon sign was introduced to the United States. Its flexibility and visibility led to widespread commercial adoption and by the 1930s, neon signs were a standard feature of modern building around the world. Privilege signs, which employed the manufacturer's brand as a form of retail endorsement, were common on retail stores during the 20th century, but their use has waned as retailers gained increasing power in the late 20th century. A small number of privilege signs are still present, but most have become abandoned ghost signs.

An early computer generated hard copy of various size metal printed characters for displays was introduced and patented in 1971, Patent US3596285A, may have been the first data driven printed example of signage in the USA.

Historic retail sign boards

Role and function of signage

In general, signs perform the following roles or functions:

 Information-provision: signs conveying information about services and facilities, such as maps, directories, instructional signs or interpretive signage used in museums, galleries, zoos, parks and gardens, exhibitions, tourist and cultural attractions that enhance the customer's experience. Retail signage state product names or simply the prices. Highway signs, Billboards, digital displays of stock market quotes, etc.
 Persuasion: promotional signage designed to persuade users of the relative merits of a company, product or brand.
 Direction/ Navigation: signs showing the location of services, facilities, functional spaces and key areas, such as sign posts or directional arrows.
 Identification: signs indicating services and facilities, such as room names and numbers, restroom signs, or floor designations.
 Safety and Regulatory: signs giving warning or safety instructions, such as warning signs, traffic signs, exit signs, signs indicating what to do in an emergency or natural disaster or signs conveying rules and regulations.
 Navigation – may be exterior or interior (e.g. with interactive screens in the floor as with "informational footsteps" found in some tourist attractions, museums, and the like or with other means of "dynamic wayfinding").

Signs may be used in exterior spaces or on-premises locations. Signs used on the exterior of a building are often designed to encourage people to enter and on the interior to encourage people to explore the environment and participate in all that the space has to offer. Any given sign may perform multiple roles simultaneously. For example, signage may provide information, but may also serve to assist customers navigate their way through a complex service or retail environment.

Read more here on acrylic signage.
Customizable name plates made of high-quality materials designed to last for years.
Available in a variety of sizes, shapes, and colors to create a personalized look.
Customers can choose the font for their name or text.
Crafted using advanced embossing technology to create raised letters or designs on the surface.
Embossed letters or text create a three-dimensional effect, making the name or text stand out.
Adds an elegant touch to the overall design of the name plate.
Ideal for businesses, professionals, and individuals who want to create a professional and personalized look for their workspace.
Easy to install on any surface, such as an office door or desk.

Signage conventions

Pictograms

Pictograms are images commonly used to convey the message of a sign. In statutory signage, pictograms follow specific sets of colour, shape and sizing rules based on the laws of the country in which the signage is being displayed. For example, In UK and EU signage, the width of a sign's pictogram must be 80% the height of the area it is printed to. In the US, in order to comply with the ADA Accessibility Guidelines, the same pictogram must be located within its own defined field, with raised characters and braille located beneath the field.

For a pictogram to be successful it must be recognizable across cultures and languages, even if there is no text present. Following standard color and shape conventions increases the likelihood that the pictogram and sign will be universally understood.

Sign shape

The shape of a sign can help to convey its message. Shape can be brand- or design-based, or can be part of a set of signage conventions used to standardize sign meaning. Usage of particular shapes may vary by country and culture.

Some common signage shape conventions are as follows:
 Rectangular signs are often used to portray general information to an audience.
 Circular signs often represent an instruction that must be followed, either mandatory or prohibitive.
 Triangular signs are often warning signs, used to convey danger or caution.

Sign technology

Materials
Below is a list of commonly used materials in signmaking shops.

 Acrylic
 Aluminium composite panel
 Corrugated plastic
 High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
 High-density polyurethane
 Medium density overlay panels
 Modular curved frame technology
 Oilcloth
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl)
 Polycarbonate
 Polypropylene, polystyrene, and other thermoplastics
 Wood
Stainless Steel
 Plexiglass
 Channelume Signs

Processes
Below is a list of commonly used processes in signmaking shops.

 CNC routing
 Laser cutting
 Abrasive blasting
 Plotter cutting
 Printmaking, Screen printing, or sign painting
 Channel lettering
 Vacuum forming
 Steam welding / rolling
 Laminating prints

Lighting
Signs frequently use lighting as a means of conveying their information or as a way to increase visibility.

Neon signs, introduced in 1910 at the Paris Motor Show, are produced by the craft of bending glass tubing into shapes. A worker skilled in this craft is known as a glass bender, neon or tube bender.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs ) are frequently used in signs for both general illumination, display of alphanumeric characters with animation effects, or as part of multi-pixel video displays.  LED signs became common at sport venues, businesses, churches, schools, and government buildings. Brightness of LED signs can vary, leading to some municipalities in the United States banning their use due to issues such as light pollution.

In wayfinding

See also
Barber's pole
Brand implementation
Digital signage
Georges Claude
Ghost sign
Information sign
Neon sign
Neon lighting
Privilege sign
Semiotics
Signwriter
Trailblazing

References

Further reading

External links

Advertising by medium
Encodings
Illustration
Infographics
Retailing equipment and supplies

Signage


Sejong Center for the Performing Arts () is the largest arts and cultural complex in Seoul, South Korea. It has an interior area of 53,202m². It is situated in the center of the capital, on Sejongno, a main road that cuts through the capital city of the Joseon Dynasty. The center took 4 years to complete, opening in 1978. It was "built as a cultural center for Seoulites". It currently contains one of the biggest pipe organs in Asia.

History
After the Seoul National Hall was destroyed by fire in 1972, the City Council of Seoul commissioned the construction of a venue to continue the cultural heritage of that structure. Built in 1978, commissioned by the City of Seoul, Sejong Center was largely unsupported financially for 20 years, being under the control of the Special City of Seoul. In 1999, the center was placed under control of a foundation governed by civilians whose passion for the arts fueled its massive newfound success. This venue hosted Miss Universe 1980.

The center's design was based on a fusion of Korean national symbols and the western architectural designs. The name "Sejong" is from the 4th ruling king of the Joseon Dynasty, Sejong the Great.

On 23 September 2012, the Seoul Metropolitan Government started on a trial basis, a 550-m designated section of Sejong-ro as pedestrian-only but permitted for cyclists. The section includes the road from the Gwanghwamun three-way intersection, along Gwanghwamun Plaza in front of the Sejong Center to the Sejong-ro intersection.

Facilities

The Sejong Center is made up of many different halls, centers and theaters.

Main Auditorium
The "Big" Theater as it is called in Korean, is a technologically advanced theater. It opened in 1999 to show Shim Hyung-rae's Yonggary and has a capacity for 3,000 people and is the biggest Theater at the country.

Minor Hall
Called The "Small" Theater in Korean, is constructed in an interesting style over 2 floors, and can seat 442 people, the stage can allow for 100 people on performance.

Arts Forum Galleries
Main Gallery: The Arts Forum is a large room (1,056 m2) that is divided into 4 separate rooms for viewings of different sizes and numbers.
New Gallery: The New Gallery is a (594 m2) place for artwork that excels in  the social, popular and cultural side of Korean art.
Gwang Hwa Moon Gallery: Originally part of the 5th Line Subway Metro System, it houses artworks that are considered to be outstanding by the youth and new up-and-coming artists. Considered to be an example of Subway Art Galleries.

Gwang Hwa Rang
The Gwang Hwa Rang is situated underneath the Sejong-ro crossroads, it opened on February 17, 2005, with complete free access to pedestrians and art-discerning Seoulites. It includes a window-gallery that enable by-passers on ground level to peek inside.

Sejong Convention Center and Hall
The Convention Center and Hall is usually used for big events and conferences. With a size of 627 m2, it can house around 400 people. It is available for many different events. It includes 250 translating systems that interprets five different languages simultaneously. The convention hall has a smaller size convention center that is used for similar purposes and is able to accommodate 120 people.

Sam Chung Gak
Measuring in 19417m², Sam Chung Gak is a collaboration of six traditional Korean Housings. Since 2001, it has been used by the center as a place for traditional heritage experience.

Resident companies
Seoul Philharmonic
 Seoul National Philharmonic
 Seoul Metropolitan Theater Company
 City of Seoul Musical Company
 Seoul Metropolitan Chorus
 Seoul National Traditional Dance Company
 Seoul Metropolitan Opera
 Seoul Youth Orchestra
 Seoul Youth Choir

See also
Contemporary culture of South Korea
List of concert halls
Sejong the Great of Joseon
Statue of King Sejong (Gwanghwamun)

References

External links
Official website

Jongno District
Arts centres in South Korea
Theatres in South Korea
Concert halls in South Korea
Culture of Seoul
Buildings and structures in Seoul
Tourist attractions in Seoul
Sejong the Great

Sejong Center


RTÉ News and Current Affairs is the news service of the Irish public broadcaster, Raidió Teilifís Éireann. It is the largest and most popular news source in Ireland.  77% of the Irish public see it as their main source of both Irish and international news. It broadcasts in English, Irish and Irish Sign Language. The organisation is also a source of commentary on current affairs. The division is based at the RTÉ Television Centre in Donnybrook, Dublin. It also operates regional bureau across Ireland and the world.

Republic of Ireland
Television programs

RTÉ News


Jìyuán (寂円, 1207 – 8 October 1299), better known to Buddhist scholars by his Japanese name Jakuen, was a Chinese Zen Buddhist monk and a disciple of Rujing. Most of his life is known to us only through medieval hagiography, legends, and sectarian works. It is generally agreed, though, that during his time at Tiāntóng Mountain he befriended Dōgen who was also studying under Rujing. After Rujing's death in 1228, Jakuen immigrated to Japan in order to join his friend's emerging Sōtō school, but did not receive dharma transmission from Dōgen directly, rather his disciple Koun Ejō.

Jakuen outlived Dōgen and became embroiled in the sandai sōron, a dispute over orthodoxy and succession. In 1261 he left Eihei-ji, leaving the other monks to resolve the power struggle amongst themselves, but allegedly taking with him many treasures of Eihei-ji entrusted to him by Dōgen. He arrived on a remote mountain in Fukui prefecture, where he became famous to the locals for his ascetic meditation on a mountainside without the benefit of any monastic community. During this time, according to medieval legend, he gained the friendship of a cow and dog who would follow him into town during almsrounds. The rock that he sat on has also become a local landmark. Eventually he built a monastery called Hōkyō-ji (宝慶寺) in the style of Tiāntóng, which today owns the only surviving early treasures of Eihei-ji, and serves as a training center for Japanese and international Sōtō Zen Buddhists.

In medieval Japan Jakuen's monastic community split into two separate lineages, one at Hōkyō-ji and one at Eihei-ji which was responsible for some of the corruption that went on there.

Today, there are communities of monks in both China and Japan who claim descent from Jakuen. His disciple Giun became abbot of Eihei-ji. In Japan, there is a temple in Tokyo named Jakuen-ji. Hōkyō-ji is officially in communion with the official Sōtō lineage through Keizan, but unofficially consider Jakuen their patriarch.

References
 William M. Bodiford. Sōtō Zen in Medieval Japan. University of Hawai'i Press, 1993.

External links
  Jakuen at Tsuratsura Wiki

1207 births
1299 deaths
Chinese Zen Buddhists
Kamakura period Buddhist clergy
Song dynasty Buddhist monks
Soto Zen Buddhists
Zen Buddhist monks

Jakuen


Alfred Moore Scales (November 26, 1827 – February 9, 1892) was a North Carolina state legislator, Confederate general in the American Civil War, and the 45th Governor of North Carolina from 1885 to 1889.

Early life
Scales was born at Reidsville, in Rockingham County, North Carolina. He lived on Mulberry Island Plantation. After attending a Presbyterian school, the Caldwell institute and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Scales entered teaching for a time. Later, he studied law with Judge William H. Battle and Judge Settle and then opened a law office in Madison, North Carolina. While at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he was a member of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies.

Pre-War public service
Scales was elected county solicitor in 1852. He was elected four times to the North Carolina state legislature and served as chairman of the Finance Committee. In 1854 he ran a close but unsuccessful race as the Democratic candidate for United States Congress in a Whig district. In 1857 he was elected to Congress  but was defeated for re-election two years later. From 1858 until the spring of 1861 he held the office of clerk and master of the court of equity of Rockingham County. In 1860 he was an elector for the Breckinridge ticket and subsequently involved in the debate over North Carolina's secession.

Civil War service

Early military service
All of Alfred Scales's Civil War service was with Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Soon after the call for troops from Washington he volunteered as a private in the North Carolina service, but was at once elected captain of his company, H of the 13th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, and was elected to succeed General William Dorsey Pender as colonel on November 14, 1862. He was engaged at Yorktown and the Battle of Williamsburg in the Peninsula Campaign, and in the Seven Days Battles near Richmond. After Malvern Hill, he collapsed from exhaustion and came near to death. His superior, Brig. Gen. Samuel Garland, Jr., said in his report that Scales was "conspicuous for his fine bearing. Seizing the colors of his regiment at a critical moment at Cold Harbor and advancing to the front, he called on the 13th to stand to them, thus restoring confidence and keeping his men in position." It took him until November to recuperate so he missed the battles of both Second Manassas and Antietam, but returned in time for the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville.

During the winter of 1862–63, the 35-year-old colonel married 18-year-old Kate Henderson. She was the daughter of a prominent family from Gaston County, North Carolina.

At Fredericksburg, in December 1862, Scales temporarily took command of the brigade after General Pender fell wounded. Pender turned over the command during a Federal assault, saying to him, "Drive those scoundrels out". Scales promptly ordered Major C. C. Cole of the 22nd North Carolina to dislodge the enemy, which A.P. Hill reported was "handsomely done."

Scales again served with distinction during the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, where he was wounded in the thigh, continuing on the field until loss of blood forced him to leave. It was to his regiment that General Pender said, "I have nothing to say to you but to hold you all up as models in duty, courage and daring." In his official report Pender referred to Colonel Scales as "a man as gallant as is to be found in the service."

Gettysburg Campaign
While at home recovering from his wound, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 13, 1863, and upon his return was assigned to the command of Pender's old brigade when Pender was promoted to the command of A.P. Hill's Light Division. In the first day's fight at Gettysburg with Pender's Division, it was the attack of his brigade that helped pave the way for Abner M. Perrin's brigade to break through the Union line on Seminary Ridge and force the enemy to retreat toward Cemetery Hill.

During this attack, Scales's Brigade suffered heavy casualties. He personally fought with gallantry, and was severely wounded in the leg by a shell fragment on Seminary Ridge. Every field officer of his brigade was killed or wounded except two, and his brigade, already reduced by its losses at Chancellorsville, lost nearly 550 men out of the 1,350 engaged.

On the second day at Gettysburg, the brigade was only engaged in skirmishing, but on the third day of battle it participated in Pickett's Charge. Half of General Pender's division, James Lane's and Scales's brigades advanced in the charge with Pickett's and Pettigrew's divisions. Since Pender had been wounded, his two brigades in the charge were placed under the command of Major General Isaac R. Trimble. Due to Scales's wounding, his brigade was commanded during the charge by Colonel William Lee J. Lowrance. Elements of this brigade were among the Confederates to advance farthest in the unsuccessful charge.

With General Pender at his side, Scales rode back to Virginia in an ambulance, and after being left at Winchester, he recovered enough from his wounds to be returned to service; however, General Pender died from his wounds.

Military service after Gettysburg
After returning to service upon the apparent recovery from his wound, Scales participated in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia during 1864 including the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and the Siege of Petersburg. Due to his previous wounds being unhealed, Scales took a leave of absence late in the war, and was at home in North Carolina when the army surrendered at Appomattox Court House. There is no record that the general was ever formally paroled, but he applied for amnesty at Raleigh on June 22, 1865, and was pardoned on June 18, 1866.

Post-War public service

After the war, Scales returned to the practice of law, a profession in which he gained great distinction. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty-fourth Congress, and was re-elected to the four succeeding congresses. In 1884, he was elected Governor of North Carolina by a majority of over twenty thousand votes. Upon the expiration of his term as governor in 1888 he retired permanently from political life, repeatedly refusing to run again for Congress. In 1888 Scales left the governorship and was elected president of the Piedmont Bank at Greensboro, and served as its president until he died.

Scales was never in good health after leaving the governorship in 1888. His condition was diagnosed as Bright's disease, causing his brain to become so affected that during the last months of his life, he was only conscious for short intervals. He died in Greensboro and was buried there at the Green Hill Cemetery.

Alfred Scales was greatly beloved and respected by all. Noted historian Douglas S. Freeman, in discussing eight promotions to brigadier general Lee needed to make after Chancellorsville said, "One promotion was a matter of course. ..." and then mentioned Scales first of the eight. At the time of his death all the businesses in Greensboro closed and the entire city turned out to attend his funeral. His family life was always pleasant. He was survived by his wife, Kate, and his daughter, Mrs. John Noble Wyllie.

The Alfred Moore Scales Law Office at Madison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

See also
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Army, Christopher J. "Every Discharge Made Sad Havoc in our Line: Scales Brigade at Gettysburg, July 1, 1863." Blue and Gray magazine, Volume XXII, Issue 2, Spring 2005.
 Clark, Walter. Histories of the Several Regiments and Battalions from North Carolina. 5 vols. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot, 1996. . First published 1901 by E. M. Uzzell.
 Dougherty, James J. Stone's Brigade and the Fight for the McPherson Farm. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 2001. .
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. .
 Hill, D. H., Confederate Military History, Extended Edition. Vol. 5, North Carolina. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot, 1987. . First published 1899 by Confederate Publishing Co.
 Moore, J. Michael. "Perrin's Brigade on July 1, 1863." Gettysburg Magazine 13 (July 1995).
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998.
 U.S. War Department. The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901..
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Welsh, Jack D. Medical Histories of Confederate Generals. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. .

1827 births
1892 deaths
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Democratic Party governors of North Carolina
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
People from Reidsville, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Scales family
19th-century American politicians
People from Madison, North Carolina

Alfred Moore Scales


Komiža (; ) is a Croatian coastal town lying on the western coast of the island of Vis in the central part of the Adriatic Sea. As of 2011 Komiža proper has a population of 1,397 while the entire municipality has 1,526 residents.

Komiža is located at the foot of the Hum hill (587 m).  Town has a Mediterranean climate. The economy is based on farming, winemaking, fishing and fish processing, seafaring, and, in recent times, tourism. The fishermen are noted for their Falkuša vessels.

Komiža has two roads that connect it with the town of Vis, the only town being connected with Split by ferry line  — they are the D117 state road and a county road.

General information
Situated in a deep bay, whose eastern shore abounds with large pebble beaches (Kamenica, Gusarica, Nova Pošta, Velo Žalo), Komiža offers excellent visitor opportunities: quality accommodations (hotels and apartments), and a number of cultural and historic sites, monasteries and fortresses. It is known for its fishermen.

Sports and recreational facilities include three boccia courts, as well as various playgrounds for basketball, handball and football. Water sports and diving are part of the towns summer activities. Additionally, Komiža is well-known for its wines.

Geography
Komiža is located on the island of Vis, which is the most distant large island in the Central Dalmatian coast. Vis is centered on 90.3 square kilometers of land. Its widest point spans 17 kilometers and from north to south its maximum length is 8 kilometers.  It is approximately 45-55 kilometers from the Dalmatian coastline to the island of Vis. The coastline of Vis measures 76.7 kilometers long and is marked by bays, coves and natural ports.

Climate
Komiža experiences warm and temperate winters with warm to hot summers with the landward breeze making it the most moderate climate in the Republic of Croatia. The climate allows for Tropical and Mediterranean vegetation, including palms, carobs, olives, grapes and lemons. The average rainfall is about  per square meter. The island of Vis has a number of natural sources of drinking water from the natural spring water reservoirs.  The island is also home to twelve distinct types of island vegetation. Vis has been marked as one of the ten most environmentally preserved islands in the Mediterranean by the World Organization for Environmental Protection.

Population

Landmarks

The settlement of Komiža was first mentioned in the 12th century. In the 13th century, the Benedictines established the St. Nicholas Monastery on elevated ground above the settlement. The oldest part of the monastery is a single-naved Romanesque church with a semi-circular apse dating from the 13th century.

In the period between the 14th and 17th century a large five-naved church was built; its central nave dates back to the beginning of the 16th century and the large Baroque sanctuary to 1652. Two high square towers in Romanesque style are what is left from the original monastery fortifications; the tower above the church facade was converted into a bell tower in 1770. The citadel in the port was built in 1585.

The church of Our Lady of Pirates consists of three single-naved churches connected via internal arches. The oldest of the three is the middle church (16th century), while the side churches were built in the 17th and the 18th centuries. The church features Baroque altars, an organ from 1670 and a 17th-century silver relief of Our Lady of the Rosary.

The fortified church of St. Roch (Rocco) was erected in 1763, and the church of Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows (the New Church) dates back to 1756.

The Art Nouveau building of the Community Centre from the beginning of the 20th century is a work by the architect A. Bezic; the Memorial Centre was designed by S. Planic, and the author of the reliefs and mosaics is B. Mardesic. The Gallery of Duro Tiljak has been open in Komiža since 1966, and since 1984 also the Gallery of Boris Mardesic.

Komiža is well known for its close proximity to the island of Biševo, which is visited by 10,000 tourists each year who come to see the unique Blue Grotto. Biševo, in the early 1900s with a population of about 200 residents, was noted for bee-keeping and wild honey production. Popular sights also include the St. Nicholas' Convent monastery from the 13th century, the Kastel (Venetian Tower) in the harbor from the 16th century and the Baroque sanctuary from the 16th century.

There is also the annual celebration of Komiža's fishing heritage, Ribarska Noć (Fisherman's Night). The festival features fireworks, many types of traditional food, souvenir shops, ice cream stands, and a children's kayak race.

Winemaking

Today winemaking is done mostly for personal consumption. The money generated by winemaking is not enough  for a commercial industry. The grape harvest is performed in mid-September, with the grapes being field crushed and then fermented for 3–10 days. This is then pressed once and barrel aged for about 2–4 months. The pressed mash is reconstituted with water and allowed to ferment for a few more days and is pressed again, with this pressing being distilled and used to make the famous "grappa". Generally the vines are sprayed once with insecticide and then blue stoned (copper sulfate) about four times during the growing season.

The distillation of rosemary oil results in the production of up to 24,000 pounds oil per year.

Fishing tradition
In the early 20th century many Komižini fishermen emigrated to America and settled in Washington state. They were among the first to introduce modern fishing methods and helped pioneer the North Pacific salmon fishing industry. In the earliest days of the 20th century  these intrepid men fished the fertile waters of Puget Sound. By 1920 they were voyaging from their home ports of Everett, Seattle, Bellingham, Gig Harbor and Anacortes, on wooden vessels typically of no more than 60'. Equipped with only a compass and often highly inaccurate charts to navigate by, they traveled to the abundant Alaskan salmon fishing grounds of Prince William Sound, Southeast Alaska and False Pass, on the edge of the Bering Sea. This perilous journey covered thousand miles, often taking weeks, and from which countless men did not return. Descendants of these men still fish the same waters and take the same perilous journeys today.

Komiižni fishermen also emigrated to California's San Pedro / Long Beach area and Monterey California's Cannery Row (immortalized in  Steinbeck's novel of the same name) and were highly successful in the then thriving California sardine fisheries of the first half of the 20th century.

Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana is home to another group descended from Komižini fishermen who left Dalmatia over a century ago. As a result of this influence it is still local custom to serve at least one meal every day that includes seafood. Traditionally these fishermen used the falkuša, a unique wooden sailboat that is tapered narrowly on both ends.

Notable residents
 Ranko Marinković (1913–2001), an acclaimed Croatian novelist and dramatist born in Komiža. The public library in Komiža bears his name, and the most prominent literary prize in Croatia was named after his famous novel (Cyclops - Nagrada Kiklop).

See also
Croatia
Vis (island)
Biševo
Dalmatia

References

External links

Tourist Board of Komiža
Moj otok Vis - news portal
Komiža City Council

Cities and towns in Croatia
Populated places in Split-Dalmatia County
Populated coastal places in Croatia
Vis (island)

Komiža


Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr (c. 1352 – 7 May 1427) was an English nobleman, the second son of Roger la Warr, 3rd Baron De La Warr and Elizabeth de Welle, daughter of Adam, 3rd Baron Welles.

Intended for the church, in 1363, De La Warr received a dispensation, permitting him to be ordained at the age of twenty, and was made a canon of Lincoln. He received his first parish on 13 October 1372; he was at various times, rector or prebend of Ashton-under-Lyne, New Lafford, Sleaford, Swineshead, Grindall (in the East Riding of Yorkshire), Manchester, Oxton and Cropwell, Riccall, and Ketton; frequently in plurality.

He was responsible for (in 1420) building St. Luke's church in Brislington. He enlarged Manchester Cathedral into a collegiate church in 1421. There is a statue of him on the exterior of the Manchester town hall.

He inherited the title and lands when his brother John died on 27 July 1398; but asked, three years later, to be excused from Parliament. (He was summoned, on pain of his life, in 1403.) He died, and was presumably buried, at his then parish of Swineshead, Lincolnshire.

Notes

1352 births
1427 deaths
People from Swineshead, Lincolnshire
Barons De La Warr

Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr


The Prager-Haus or Bernhard-Prager-Haus is the former home of the Jewish Prager family, situated in Apolda, Thuringia, Germany, in Pragergasse, a narrow alley.

The Prager family and the history of Jews in Apolda
Bernhard Prager was born on June 28, 1888, and was killed on September 26, 1944, in the Theresienstadt concentration camp. He lived with his family in the house, which he owned, until they were deported. The Prager family in its entirety became victims of the Shoa. The Aryanization of the family's property is documented in a book with historical primary sources published by the Thüringer Landeszentrale für politische Bildung (Thuringia State Agency for Political Education).

The association and the memorial project
An association founded in January 2007 attempted to preserve the house as a location of remembrance and commemoration to the Jewish inhabitants of Apolda. The group educates the public about antisemitism documents the Holocaust. The association promotes research into the cultural and social history of the region of Weimar-Apolda, especially that of social, religious and political minorities.

The association was preceded by 20 years of research. Material evidence from this time (artifacts ) were collected, oral reports by contemporary witnesses were transcribed, contacts were established with escapees and their descendants. On Bernhard Prager's 100th birthday on June 29, 1988, a memorial plaque commemorating this family was placed on the house. A book was published in 1991 that gives an overview over Jewish life in Apolda.

In 1999 the association Geschichtswerkstatt Weimar-Apolda was founded, later merged into the Prager-Haus Association, and published further material regarding Jewish life, persecution in the first Thuringia concentration camps in Nohra and Bad Sulza and the daily regime of National Socialism.

Prominent advocates for the group include Apolda mayor Rüdiger Eisenbrand and Wolfgang Peller, a Jew from Apolda persecuted during Nazism, who later became deputy minister of justice of the GDR (East Germany) and now lives in Berlin.

Efforts to purchase the house began soon after the founding of the association. In 2008 the association began publishing a series describing the destiny of affected families, resistance against Nazism and the life of minorities in town.

In May 2008 Gunter Demnig, performance artist from Cologne, placed the first three Stolpersteine (stumbling blocks) in front of the Prager Haus. In October nine more blocks were placed. At various city festivals and public events the association turned to the public with information booths, also offering souvenirs for financing the project.

References

Publications of the Prager-Haus Association and the Geschichtswerkstatt Weimar-Apolda
Thomas Bahr: Die Rosewitz, Prager, Lichtenstein... . Apolda 1992
Peter Franz: Der gewöhnliche Faschismus. Über die alltägliche Herrschaft der "Nationalsozialisten" am Beispiel einer Mittelstadt des Deutschen Reiches. Eine Chronologie in Jahresscheiben. Weimar 2001,
Peter Franz, Udo Wohlfeld: Jüdische Familien in Apolda. Diffamierung, Ausgrenzung, Entrechtung, Vertreibung, Deportation, Vernichtung, Ungehorsam. Die Apoldaer Judenheit während des Faschismus, Weimar 2006,
Peter Franz, Tina Unglaube, Udo Wohlfeld: Die Pragers. Eine jüdische Familie in Apolda. Geschichtswerkstatt Weimar-Apolda e.V., Apolda 2008,
Karl Berger, Peter Franz, Udo Wohlfeld: August Berger. Sozialdemokrat in Apolda. Geschichtswerkstatt Weimar-Apolda e.V., Apolda 2008,
Wolfgang Peller, Peter Franz, Udo Wohlfeld: Die Pellers. Eine jüdische Familie in Apolda. Geschichtswerkstatt Weimar-Apolda e.V., Apolda 2008,

External links
 Official website: prager-haus-apolda.de

Holocaust commemoration
History organisations based in Germany
Houses in Germany

Prager house


Graham Paul Webb (13 January 1944 – 28 May 2017) was an English racing cyclist who became the world amateur road race champion in 1967. In response to a journalist's shouted comment that the last British amateur world road champion had been Dave Marsh 45 years earlier, Webb retorted: "And they'll have to wait another 45 years before another British rider wins." Not only did no British man win a world road race championship in the following 45 years, but none can now win the amateur championship as the segregation between amateur and professional cycling no longer exists.

Biography

Early days
Graham Webb was born on 13 January 1944, as the youngest of five children brought up by a war widow in a slum in Birmingham, England. He was given the last rites twice as a child before gaining his health.

He got his first bike when he was eight and soon enjoyed going not only on long rides, but rides of such length that they were beyond him. He began riding from Birmingham to Gloucester and back, just because it was a magical  round trip, and persisted until he could do it without literally falling into a ditch from exhaustion. He succeeded 'non-stop' only on his third attempt. "I just enjoyed doing it," he said. "I enjoyed suffering, I suppose. I still do."

Webb entered his first race aged 17, a  time trial. Unaware of what he was supposed to do, shy and not understanding why competitors were starting individually as opposed to together in a bunch, Webb waited until he was called, by which point, he was late for his allocated start time; the time was calculated from the allocated start time instead of his actual start time as a penalty.

Wearing a T-shirt and pumps, Webb set off under the impression that he had to catch the riders that had started ahead of him in order to win. He was hampered initially as one of his pumps fell off and he had to wait for cars to pass before being able to return to collect his shoe and continue. Webb later commented that "I quickly caught someone and waited for him. And he was telling me 'clear off, clear off' – very unsociable, I thought. I rode on, went round the turn in the road, came back; and the chain jumped off between the block and the frame. So I had to get off the bike, and I'd got a whole tool kit with me, spanner, oil can, cloth for cleaning my hands and so on, and this was wrapped round my seat tube with a spare inner tube. I had to undo the back wheel, put the chain on, do up the wheel nuts, put everything behind the seat tube and carry on."

The following Thursday evening, Webb went to his club meeting; as usual he stood painfully shy to one side. Eventually he was asked if he was Graham Webb, because if he was, he was the winner of the race. He had ridden the 25 miles in 1 hour 1 minute and 31 seconds. Had it not been for the penalty of the late start and mechanical trouble, Webb would have broken the hour on an ordinary sports bicycle; at a time when to ride 25 miles in less than an hour was still the dream of most experienced cyclists.

Racing career
Webb spent the next years competing in several time trials and often won mass-start events on the road. Attempts to ride well in the British national track team, according to Webb, were hindered by the team's persistent lack of morale and ambition.

On a Monday evening in 1966 at Salford Park, Birmingham, having led his team to win the National Team Pursuit Championships the previous Saturday, Webb set new national track records at 10 miles, 25 miles and 1 hour; on a track which had shallow bankings and bumpy tarmac, and on which it was deemed impossible to set any kind of record. The 10-mile record had never previously been set during an hour record attempt; spectators were shouting at Webb to "slow down, you'll not last the distance at that speed!". Webb took no notice and went on to beat the old hour record by approximately 400 metres. His new record remained unbeaten for many years.

In 1967, Webb and his wife sold all they owned and moved to Hilversum in the Netherlands, where a Dutch journalist and race organiser, Charles Ruys, had offered to find him a club and accommodation. In his first Dutch race, a semi-classic called the Omloop van de Baronie, Webb crashed over a river bank and finished 16th dripping mud and slime. After that he began winning regularly, often lapping the field several times at criteriums.

Webb's attempts at the World Track Championship in 1967 came to nothing. He trained between 200 and 300 kilometres a day for the World Road Race Championship which followed a week later. Webb got into the important breakaway in this race but dropped back to help a fellow British rider, Peter Buckley, up to the front, on his return to the front of the race Webb discovered that a handful of riders had broken away. Webb led the chase, dropping Buckley in the process, and took the lead in a corner late in the race, accelerating clear to win alone.

Turning professional
Webb turned professional in 1968 for the Mercier team which included Raymond Poulidor and another French star, Jean Stablinski, although things started going wrong from the moment a shipping strike stranded him in Sardinia, where he had been training, forcing him to miss the team's first race. On his return home to Belgium, his racing equipment was stolen from his car, which was parked at the time in the center of Turin, Italy. This was only two days before his first professional race, the then classic Omloop Het Volk. Mechanical trouble in the Omloop Het Volk, followed by knee pain in Kuurne-Brussels-Kuurne meant that by the time he was fit to ride Paris-Nice, the team's leaders had abandoned him to the extent that he found himself alone in the rain at the end of the first stage, he left his bike in a bar in Paris and was given a lift home by a spectator.

Webb rode a further year as a professional but without success. He opened a bar and had his world champion's rainbow jersey on display; when it became dirty from cigarette smoke, and as depression rose over what could have been, Webb took it down and threw it in the fire. Webb was later employed at a steel works in Ghent, as a crane operator. He never lived in Britain again, saying he was glad to leave as it had too many memories of abuse and poverty.

Webb raced successfully as an amateur, especially on the track, but became seriously unwell when he suffered an abdominal aortic aneurysm whilst riding in Ghent. Restored to close to normal health, Webb was a regular figure at bike races in Belgium. His two links with his former country were his willingness to help British riders trying to race in Belgium (although he claimed the British Cycling Federation never replied to his offer to work without pay as its permanent representative there) and his passion for MGB sports cars, which he drove from his home at Wachtebeke north of Ghent.

Honours
In 2007, Webb was acknowledged by his home town, Birmingham, on the birmingham.gov.uk web site, as a famous 'Brummie'.

In 2009, he was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame.

Palmarès

1966
1st Individual Pursuit, British National Track Championships
1st Team Pursuit, British National Track Championships for division teams
1st Team Pursuit, British National Track Championships
National track record – 10 miles, 25 miles & 1 hour

1967
1st World Amateur Road Race Championships, Heerlen
3rd GP d'Espéraza (FRA)
16th Omloop van de Baronie (NED)
1st Ghent Amateur Six Day Cycle Race (BEL)

1968
3rd Gavere (BEL)
1st Tienen (BEL)
1st Tessenderlo Criterium (BEL)
1st Kalmthout (BEL)

References

External links

1944 births
2017 deaths
English male cyclists
Sportspeople from Birmingham, West Midlands

Graham Webb


Vǫluspá is the first and best known poem of the Poetic Edda. It tells the story of the creation of the world and its coming end, related to the audience by a völva addressing Odin. It is one of the most important primary sources for the study of Norse mythology.

Norse mythology

Völuspá


Antonios Kalamogdartis (Greek: Αντώνιος Καλαμογδάρτης, 1810–1856) was a Greek revolutionary leader and a politician which he was elected many times.

He was born in 1810 in Patras. He continued his studies and he began to learn French and Italian. He was enrolled into the military body of Favieros. He battled many battles and distincted him in the siege of the Acropolis in Athens. He was an attorney at the national council between 1843 and 1844.

He was councilled into the in 1854 and battled the Turks for the liberation of Epirus where he was hurt and injured. He later pardoned freely and mainly headed for Nafplio and later for Patras. He translated many poems from French and Italian and was the poetic literature. He had in occupation in the outer area in the area of Chalkomata in that and had the name the desert of Chalkomata.

He was married to Vasiliki Lontou, sister of the mayor of Patras Andreas Ch. Lontos and had two daughters.

References
Istoria tis poleos Patron (Ιστορία της πόλεως Πατρών = History Of The City Of Patras, Stefanos Thomopoulos, Achaikes publishers SET
Patra mia elliniki protevoussa ston 19o eona (Πάτρα μία ελληνική πρωτεύουσα στον 19ο αιώνα Patras, A Greek Capital In The 19th Century), second ecition Nikos Bakounakis, Kastaniotis publishers , Athens 1995
Peloponnisioi agonistes tou 1821, Nikitara apomnimonevmata (Πελοποννήσιοι αγωνιστές του 1821, Νικηταρά απομνημονεύματα = Peloponnesian Revolutionary Leaders of 1821, Nikitaras Remembered), Fotakou, Vergina Publishers, Athens 1996
This article is translated and is based from the article at the Greek Wikipedia (el:Main Page)

1810 births
1856 deaths
Greek people of the Greek War of Independence
Politicians from Patras
Military personnel from Patras

Antonios Kalamogdartis


Blue Haven is a suburb on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, located on Pacific Highway at Wallarah Creek. Its local government area is .

The suburb has an Aldi Supermarket and Medical Centre.

History
Blue Haven was once made up of several dirt roads (the main road being 'Roper Road', the only way in or out of Blue Haven at the time) and surrounded by bushland. It's now made up of hundreds of streets and has 3 different main entries and exits. The wetland areas are now preserved areas. Blue Haven, in the past, would suffer from constant bushfires in the dry season.

Pre-1991
Before it was named Blue Haven, the suburb was known as Blueridge Estate – and depending on where mail was sent, the northern area was Doyalson and the southern area was Charmhaven.

Population
According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 6,378 people in Blue Haven.
 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.4% of the population.
 84.3% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were UK 3.1% and New Zealand 1.6%.
 91.4% of people only spoke English at home.
 The most common responses for religion were No Religion 26.7%, Catholic 26.7% and Anglican 26.4%.

Geography
Blue Haven is bounded by Pacific Highway to the east, the Doyalson Link Road (linking to the Pacific Motorway) to the north, Spring Creek to the west and Wallarah Creek to the south. Spring Creek and Wallarah Creek are connected to Tuggerah Lake, one of Australia's largest coastal saltwater lakes.

Education
Blue Haven contains a state primary school, Blue Haven Public School (No.4623), which commenced in 1999 and, as of 2 September 2008, had over 600 students from kindergarten to year 6, and 33 teaching and administrative staff. The neighbouring suburb of San Remo is home to Northlakes High School, which opened in 1981 and has over 1000 students.

Environment
There are several wetland areas located in the southern parts of the town. Blue Haven also has an Oval, skate park, basketball courts and a community centre located on Apsley Court.

The Community Centre incorporates an After School Care facility and a "Schools as Community Centre" that operates in conjunction with Blue Haven Public School.

There are also several parks and reserves located within the estate, these include:
Blue Haven Pocket Park – The Circuit
Blueridge Drive Reserve – Blueridge Drive
Lady Laurel Drive Reserve – 18 Lady Laurel Drive
Lawrance Reserve – 36 St Lawrence Avenue
Miller Crescent Reserve – 10 Marsden Road
Redgum Hilltop Park – 1 Elkington Drive
Spring Creek Reserve – Corner Olney Drive and Waterhen Close

In October 2015, an Aldi supermarket opened on the corner of Blue Haven Way and Roper Rd.  Blue Haven previously had only one shop, Blueys Grocery, Takeaway & More Store located 2 White Swan Drive.  The shop is now for lease and is bound to be back operating as a coffee/takeaway corner store again soon.

Transport
Blue Haven is served by three public transport routes, provided by Busways Wyong and some 98 services operated by Coastal Liner (CDCNSW):

• 96 Wyee Stn to Budgewoi Via Blue Haven, San Remo and Buff Point
 98 Lake Haven to Blue Haven and Chain Valley Bay.
 99 Lake Haven to Blue Haven, Gwandalan, Swansea and Charlestown.

Local Sport
Blue Haven Raiders Junior Rugby League Club was established in 2006 by foundation members Brian Howden, Mark D'Silva and Mick & Jackie James.

Blue Haven entered the Central Coast competition in 2007 with 10 teams. Every year the Raiders have increased in size. In 2010, the Raiders expanded to 20 teams, 280 boys and girls participating from 6 to 16 years.

The Green Machine as they are affectionately known, will join the Central Coast Senior Rugby league Competition in 2011, entering two U/17 and one U/19 team.

Blue Haven Raiders J.R.L.C., visit www.bluehavenraiders.com.au

References

Suburbs of the Central Coast (New South Wales)

Blue Haven, New South Wales