Charles Sturt (28 April 1795 — 16 June 1869) was a British Army officer who became an early explorer of Australia. He described the Murray, the Murrumbidgee and Darling Rivers. Sturt searched the desert areas of Australia in the hope of finding an inland sea.

Early life
Sturt was born in Bengal, India where his father was a judge. He went to England to go to school and in 1813 he joined the British Army. He served in France and Ireland. In 1826 Sturt went back to England and was then sent to Australia in charge of a group of convicts. He married a lady named Charlotte Christiana Greene

Darling River Expedition
People at this time thought that Australia's inland rivers which flowed west, must have flowed into an inland sea. Another explorer, John Oxley had been stopped from going west down the Lachlan and Macquarie Rivers by a marsh which he thought was the edge of the sea. Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales thought that it would be easier to travel in a drought (a long time without rain). This would mean the swamps and marshes would be dry. Darling put Sturt in charge. On 10 November 1828, Sturt and a group of 13 men, including explorer Hamilton Hume, went to find the path of the Macquarie River. They followed the Macquarie River, the Bogan River and the Castlereagh River and found the Darling River which he named after the Governor. They followed the river near from the present town of Bourke for about  downstream towards the south west. They then went back to Sydney.

Murrumbidgee - Murray Expedition
On 3 November 1829, Sturt led another group of eight men to follow the path of the Murrumbidgee River. Governor Darling wanted to know where the river went and to find out if it joined the Lachlan River. They went west from Sydney until they reached the Murrumbidgee near the present site of Jugiong and traveled along the river bank as far as the Lachlan River. From there Sturt used a small boat to travel down the river and reached the Murray River on 14 January 1830. The river had already been visited six years earlier by Hamilton Hume and William Hovell and named the Hume River. Sturt, probably hoping for a reward, renamed the river after Sir George Murray, a British politician. After several days, they found a large river joining the Murray from the north, and Sturt correctly guessed that this was the Darling River. He set up a flag pole and raised the British flag, the Union Jack, and had his men give three loud cheers. The group continued down the river and reached Lake Alexandrina which he named after Princess Alexandrina, later Queen Victoria on 9 February 1830. After finding where the Murray entered the sea, the group then had the difficult and tiring work of rowing the boat back up the river. They left the river near the present site of Narrandera on 11 April 1830 and walked back to Sydney, getting there on 25 May 1830. Sturt became very sick after the trip and became blind.

Retirement from the Army
Sturt was sent to Norfolk Island in August 1830 on military duty. Norfolk Island was a penal colony where difficult prisoners were sent. He stayed there until January 1832 and then went back to Sydney. Unable to get more important work and still unable to see properly, he went to England and left the army in July 1833. He wrote a book called Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia, 1828—1831. Sturt was rewarded with  of land in New South Wales, and in September 1834 sailed to Sydney with his new wife, Charlotte Green.

Farmer
When he got back to Australia, he took up land near Canberra, then land at Mittagong, and in 1837 moved to Varroville, a farm near Liverpool. Sturt took a herd of cattle overland to Adelaide in 1838. He did more exploring around Adelaide including a trip back to Lake Alexandrina, and north to St.Vincent's Gulf. He moved his family to Adelaide in 1839.

Government Administrator
Sturt was made the Surveyor-General (the person in charge of surveying) by the Governor of South Australia, but a new surveyor arrived who had been put in charge by the government in England. He worked as Assistant Land Commissioner until this job was abolished by England. For a short time worked as the Registrar-General, but this job did not pay as much money. He was unhappy, and hoped a new expedition would improve his chances of a better job. He wanted to go into the middle of Australia and look for an inland sea. Another explorer, Edward John Eyre had found his way to the north blocked by what he thought was a huge salt lake, shaped like a horse shoe. It was really six large dry salt lakes. Sturt hoped that he could get around the lakes by going farther to the east.

Central Australian Expedition 1844

Depot Glen

Sturt and 16 men left Adelaide on 15 August 1844, with 11 horses, 200 sheep, 32 bullocks, six dogs, a number of carts, wagons and a boat. They followed the Darling River north to Menindee Laidley's Ponds. On 15 January 1845 the group reached a waterhole  west of the present site of Milparinka. They called this creek Preservation Creek, and named their camp by the waterhole Depot Glen.

Because of the heat and drought, Sturt decided to rest the expedition there for six months. They dug an underground room to try and get away from the heat. It was so hot the lead fell out of their pencils, and the wood of their equipment boxes shrank so much that the screws fell out. The man who was second in charge, an Irish surveyor named James Poole, died from scurvy. His grave can still be seen. Sturt and his men stacked a large pile of rocks to create a cairn on top of Mount Poole. John McDouall Stuart was made second in charge to assist Sturt. When Sturt's eyesight got worse and he became nearly blind, Stuart took over the job of drawing up the maps.

Fort Grey
Sturt divided the group into two, with one group going back to Adelaide. Following some rain, Sturt moved the other group west to a waterhole on Frome Creek, which they named Fort Grey. His path west was blocked by a dry salt lake, Lake Blanche, so he took a small group north west between Cooper Creek and the Diamantina River. Here he found a desert of stones, called gibbers, which was difficult to cross. The stones hurt the feet of the horses and bullocks. This desert has been named Sturt's Stony Desert. By September 1845 he had reached the Simpson Desert and could go no farther. He went back  kilometres to Fort Grey.

He then tried to go north, getting close to the present site of Birdsville but again the Stony Desert stopped him. It was very hot, his thermometer burst at 53 degrees Celsius and Sturt decided to go back to Adelaide. He was so sick that he could not ride and had to be carried in a cart. They arrived back on 19 January 1846. He was unhappy as he had not found an inland sea, or reached the centre of Australia.

Return to England
In February 1846 Sturt was made Colonial Treasurer, he also received a gold medal from the Royal Geographical Society. He went to England and wrote a book Narrative of an Expedition into Central Australia before going back to Adelaide. He was made a member of the South Australian parliament. He retired from work at the end of 1851 and in 1853 took his family back to England. He asked to be made Governor of Victoria, and later Governor of Queensland, but it did not happen. He died suddenly in 1869, just after being nominated for K.C.M.G., a British knighthood.

Sturt today

Charles Sturt is remembered in Australia with many memorials. There are rock cairns and signs that show many of the places he explored. Two plants were named after him, Sturt's Desert Pea (Swainsona formosa), the floral emblem of South Australia, and Sturt's Desert Rose (Gossypium sturtianum), the floral emblem of the Northern Territory. Sturt found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844. He collected the seeds and brought them back for Robert Brown (1773–1858), a Scottish botanist, to study.

The Sturt Highway is the main road between Sydney and Adelaide.

The Charles Sturt University is a large university with campuses in country New South Wales. These are in Albury, Bathurst, Dubbo, Orange and Wagga Wagga.

The Sturt National Park is a large park in the north west corner of New South Wales. The park covers  hectares of semi desert country. There are several historic Sturt sites in the park including Fort Grey.

References

 Australian Encyclopaedia, pub. Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 1958
 Two Expeditions into the Interior of Southern Australia, 1828 — 1831

1795 births
1869 deaths
English explorers
Exploration of Australia

Charles Sturt


The Ilocos Times is the longest running community newspaper edited and published in Laoag, Ilocos Norte, Philippines over the past 46 years.

The paper was founded in 1920 although it came out irregularly until October 23, 1957, when it became a weekly with 90% English and 10% Iluko, the vernacular of Northern Luzon, Philippines.

The Ilocos Publishing Corporation, a family-owned entity having its own commercial printing facilities, publishes the paper.

The website edition was constructed on October 2000 primarily aimed at catering to the local news and information needs of Ilocos Norte natives and other Ilocanos living abroad.

External links
http://theilocostimes.blogspot.com/

Mass media in Ilocos Norte
Weekly newspapers published in the Philippines
Newspapers published in Luzon ex-Manila
Newspapers established in 1920
1920 establishments in the Philippines

Ilocos Times


Andrew Michael Rochford is an Australian television and radio presenter and practices as a doctor.

Rochford was formerly a co-host of Network Ten's Breakfast program alongside Paul Henry and Kathryn Robinson and National Medical Editor on the Seven Network.

Personal life
Rochford was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and grew up on the Northern Beaches. He attended secondary school at St Augustine's College before going to university and completing an undergraduate degree in medical science at the University of Sydney followed by a graduate degree in medicine, which he finalised in 2004, passing with honours.

Rochford lives an active lifestyle and enjoys playing many different sports such as swimming, skiing, basketball and golf in his spare time.

Rochford is the brother of Australian Radio and Television personality James Rochford.

Media career

Television
In 2004, Rochford and Jamie Nicholson, his girlfriend at that time, entered a competition to be a part of the Australian television show The Block. They were accepted as a reserve in the event of a departure by any other couple. Two other contestants were forced to depart after one of the couple was found to have spent six months in jail during 2002 after conviction for a drug-related offence. Rochford and his partner then went on to win the show, which included as prize money A$100,000 plus any extra money that could be won after the auction of the property they had renovated. Following that auction, the apartment they renovated sold for $868,000 which meant that the couple pocketed the extra $78,000 above the reserve price.

Rochford's profile was so increased by his time on The Block that shortly after his win he was offered a position with the What's Good For You team and joined the television program in 2006. The program was hosted by Sigrid Thornton. Specifically, Rochford's task was in part to report on certain medical myths and to be a medical "guinea-pig", testing out the fact or fallacy of the underpinning suggestion of the myth. For example, he was stung by a jellyfish to see what method best relieved the pain; ate 15 kilograms (33 lb) of carrots to see if that consumption would improve his eyesight. In addition to his role as a "guinea pig", he also has undertaken more serious roles. For example, he reported on the concentration of pathogens in various meats and related those facts to a better understanding of how to cook those meats.

Rochford has also been on game shows such as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Temptation as a guest playing for charity.

He has hosted a number Nine Network shows including Amazing Medical Stories, What's Good For You and Random Acts of Kindness.

In 2010, Rochford joined Network Ten's The Project as a regular guest panelist. He also filled in for co-host Charlie Pickering on the show . He was a regular guest panelist on The Circle and had a cameo appearance in an episode of Offspring.

On 18 August 2011, it was announced that Rochford would be a co-host of Network Ten's new breakfast show Breakfast. However he left the program on 29 June 2012.

In 2013, Rochford joined The Living Room as resident health expert. In addition he also appeared during the last half-hour of morning TV program Studio 10 on Tuesday and Thursday mornings to discuss medical issues.

In June 2014, Rochford joined the Seven Network as the network's National Medical Editor, after leaving Network Ten the week earlier. He will appear on various Seven programs

In 2018, it was announced that Rochford alongside Mark Humphries would host the Australian version of Pointless on Network Ten.

Radio
On 4 January 2011, Claire Hooper and Rochford formed a new breakfast show on radio station Mix 106.5 called The Brighter Side of Breakfast.

On 18 August 2011, Rochford left Mix 106.5 to co-host Network Ten's breakfast show Breakfast.

References and notes

External links
 What's Good for You official website
 The Block official website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian radio personalities
People from Sydney
Participants in Australian reality television series
University of Sydney alumni
21st-century Australian medical doctors

Andrew Rochford


Fort Sherman is a former United States Army base in Panama, located on Toro Point at the Caribbean (northern) end of the Panama Canal, on the western bank of the Canal directly opposite Colón (which is on the eastern bank). It was the primary defensive base for the Caribbean sector of the Canal, and was also the center for US jungle warfare training for some time. Its Pacific-side partner was Fort Amador. Both bases were turned over to Panama in 1999.

History

Concurrent with the Canal construction a number of defensive locations were developed to protect it, both with coastal defense guns, as well as military bases to defend against a direct infantry assault. Fort Sherman was the primary Caribbean-side infantry base, while Fort Amador protected the Pacific side. Construction of Fort Sherman began in January 1912 as a phase of the original 1910 defensive plans. Fort Sherman was named by War Department General Order No. 153 dated November 24, 1911, in honor of General William Tecumseh Sherman.

The Fort included  of land, about half of which was covered by jungle. The developed areas included housing, barracks for 300, a small airstrip and various recreational areas.  Sherman was the site of the US's first operationally deployed early warning radar when an SCR-270 was installed there in 1941.

Batteries
The fort contained the following batteries
 Battery Baird  4 12-inch mortars
 Battery Howard 4 12-inch mortars
 Battery Stanley 1 14-inch disappearing gun
 Battery Mower 1 14-inch disappearing gun
 Battery Kilpatrick 2 6-inch disappearing guns
 Battery Sedgwick Pratt 2 12-inch M1895 barbettes
 Battery Alexander Mackenzie 2 12-inch barbettes

During WW1 supplemental shore batteries were added on or near Fort Sherman using field pieces.
 4 155-mm guns
 4 75-mm guns

Modern use
After the decommissioning of the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps, the forested area was used by the United States Army South (USARSO) Jungle Operations Training Center (JOTC). JOTC was founded in 1951 to train both US and allied Central American forces in jungle warfare, with an enrollment of about 9,000 a year. The JOTC also taught a ten-day Air Crew Survival Course open to all branches of service and a four-week Engineer Jungle Warfare Course. Upon completion of the course the Jungle Expert Patch was awarded.

Between 1966 and 1979, 1,160 sounding rockets with maximum flight altitudes of 99 kilometres were launched from Fort Sherman.
Fort Sherman was used in the filming of the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace.

See also
 List of former United States military installations in Panama

Notes

References
 Military Railroads on the Panama Canal Zone by Charles S. Small, Railroad monographs 1982

External links
 Wikimapia: Map of Fort Sherman

Closed installations of the United States Army
Historic American Buildings Survey in the former Panama Canal Zone
Military installations of the United States in Panama
Panama Canal

Fort Sherman


Bangladesh (officially called People's Republic of Bangladesh) is a country in South Asia. To its west is West Bengal in India. To its northeast is Northeast India and to its southeast is the Southeast Asian country of Myanmar. Bangladesh's capital and largest city is Dhaka (formerly "Dacca"). Countries that are near Bangladesh include the People's Republic of China, Bhutan, and Nepal. To the south of Bangladesh is the Bay of Bengal.

Bangladesh became an independent country in 1971, breaking away from Pakistan after fighting a war in which over a million people died. Most people in Bangladesh are Muslim. Bangladesh has an area of 57,320 mi² or (142,576 km²). It is slightly smaller than Tajikistan. It ranks 92 out of 195 sovereign countries by area. There are two main rivers in Bangladesh: The Ganges and the Brahmaputra River (called Padma and Jamuna in Bangladesh). They are among the most important sources of economy, also they are sacred to Hindu people. There are often floods in Bangladesh because of these two rivers.

Bangladesh has a population of 174.3 million as per 2021 census official survey.

History
For much of its history, Bangladesh was simply the eastern part of Bengal and was considered a part of India. The Bengal delta has been ruled by Hindu rulers, Muslim rulers, and the British empire. People have lived in Bangladesh for thousands of years. Farming developed in Bangladesh very early on. By 500 BC, people grew rice there. Farming lead to the development of urban areas like cities. Early houses in Bangladesh were likely built of wood and mud, and adobe. Because Bangladesh has monsoons, there is not a lot of evidence of ancient people living there. From about 300 BC to the 1700s AD, technology like writing and the Bengali language developed. During this time, many religions were popular and many states were founded. By the 1500s, the area was rich and even peasants had plenty to eat.

Bengal under Mughal rule
In the 13th century, Turkic armies took over the Bengal delta. During this time, the delta was ruled by Hindu leaders. In 1202, the last major Hindu Sen leader was pushed out from his capital in Western Bengal(Nadiya), but they stayed for a short time in East Bengal.

In 1206, a Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate was founded. The rulers of the Bengal delta became friendly with the sultanate, and to stay separately ruled the Bengal rulers would pay tribute to the sultanate using war elephants.  In 1341, Bengal became independent from Delhi, and Dhaka became the capital of independent Bengal.  In 1576, Bengal was taken over by Akbar the Great, a Mughal emperor. Bengal stayed part of the Mughal Empire until the eighteenth century.

When the Mughals ruled the Bengal, they began to make Bengal part of India politically. Bengal, however, was too far away from the Mughal capital in Delhi. Because it was hard to talk to Bengal, local governors found it easy to ignore what the Mughals wanted for Bengal. Although Bengal remained a province, religious leaders and scientists from Mughal-ruled Bengal have been famous throughout India.

As Bengal was part of their empire, the Mughals helped it grow. They built a road from Delhi to Dhaka, started a postal service, and helped make their calendar better. This calendar is still used in Bangladesh today. The Mughals also collected taxes in Bengal. Soon, Bengal was the richest province and was called the "Breadbasket of India". The Mughals used Bengali resources to help maintain their army, but they did not help protect the Bengali people from pirates. This made the Bengali people angry, and the Mughals had to appoint powerful generals to help rule Bengal. Despite this, Bengal became a center of the textile trade in South Asia.

In 1704, the capital of Bengal was moved from Dhaka to Murshidabad.  In 1707, Aurangzeb, sometimes called the last great Mughal emperor, died.  After this, governors in Bengal still paid tribute to the Mughal empire, but were mostly left alone.  These governors protected Bengal from Hindu Marathas during the eighteenth century. When the Mughal governor Alivardi Khan died in 1756, he left rule of Bengal to his grandson, who would lose Bengal to the British in 1757.

Bengal under British rule

Bengal was under British rule from 1757 to 1947. It was part of British India. English was made one of the official languages of the Bengal Presidency.

Bengal as East Pakistan
In 1947, East Bengal and the Dominion of Pakistan were separated from India, becoming Pakistan. Pakistan was cut in half, its east and west parts separated by 930 miles (1,500 km) of India. In 1949, the Bangladesh Awami League formed, wanting the east and west parts of Pakistan separated. In 1955, East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan, with Dacca becoming the capital. The people living in East Pakistan were mostly ethnically Bengali, spoke Bengali, and had a different culture compared to the people of western Pakistan. These differences eventually led to the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Independence from Pakistan
Bangladesh declared itself as independent from Pakistan in 1971  after a liberation war in which over a million people died. After Indian military intervention, the provisional government returned from exile in Calcutta, Bengal (India). After the Instrument of Surrender, the Bengali peoples became a sovereign nation.

After Bangladesh became independent, Bengali replaced Urdu and English as the only national and official language. Bengali is used in government, business, and schools. Private English-language schools for upper-class students existed into the 1980s. English is now taught in higher education and is offered as a university subject.

At first, people began to stop speaking Arabic in Bangladesh. In 1983, after Bangladesh strengthened its ties with Saudi Arabia and other oil-rich countries, people tried to make Arabic a required language to learn in school. Arabic is widely studied today in Madrassas and Islamic schools so people can understand Islamic texts better.

Despite gaining independence in 1971, Bangladesh is a poor country and has problems with political corruption. Presently, more than 75% the population can read and write.

Politics

The President of Bangladesh acts as Head of state, but the Prime Minister of Bangladesh acts as Head of government. The president is elected by lawmakers every 5 years, and has limited powers. The presidency is largely ceremonial, but sometimes the president has do more than usual. This is called a Caretaker government.

The prime minister is chosen by the president and must be a member of parliament (MP). The Cabinet is made up of people chosen by the prime minister, and is appointed by the president.

Bangladesh's parliament is called the House of the Nation, or the Jatiya Sangsad, and has only one chamber. The Jatiya Sangsad has 300 members who are elected by popular vote, and they have 5-year terms of office. The highest judiciary body in Bangladesh is the Supreme Court, whose members are chosen by the president.

After famines in 1973 and 1974, the prime minister of Bangladesh instituted a one-party socialist state. After this, a military junta ruled Bangladesh until 1990. Since then, Bangladesh has become a parliamentary democracy. In 2007, a caretaker government was appointed to help end corruption in Bangladeshi politics. Many politicians were arrested on corruption charges. Again in 2008, Bangladesh came under a parliamentary rule.

Geography
Bangladesh is in the Ganges Delta. This is where the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna come together. Most parts of Bangladesh are less than  above the sea level. The highest point in Bangladesh is in Mowdok range at  in the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the southeast of the country. Cox's Bazar, south of the city of Chittagong, has a beach that is uninterrupted over .

A large part of the coastline is a marshy jungle, the Sundarbans. They are the largest mangrove forest in the world.

Bangladesh has heavy cyclones and natural disasters, due to this many lives are often lost. The country is one of the most densely populated in the world. Cyclones are very common in the Bay of Bengal during the middle of the year, particularly in the south of country in areas like Sundarban, Chittagong, Cox's Bazaar, or in neighboring Myanmar and Republic of India. Despite the many storms, Bangladesh does not have a very effective storm prevention system, and cyclones usually inflict heavy damage.

Divisions

Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions: Barisal (বরিশাল), Chittagong (চট্টগ্রাম), Dhaka (ঢাকা), Khulna (খুলনা), Rajshahi (রাজশাহী), Sylhet (সিলেট), Mymensingh (ময়মনসিংহ) and Rangpur (রংপুর).

Divisions are divided into districts. There are 64 districts in Bangladesh.

Dhaka is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh. Other major cities include Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet, Barisal, Bogra, Comilla, Mymensingh and Rangpur. For more locations see List of settlements in Bangladesh.

Religion

The main religion in Bangladesh is Islam at (91.57%), while the second largest religion is Hinduism at (7.26%). Most Muslims in Bangladesh are Sunni. Islam was made the state religion in the 1980s. Buddhists and Christians together make up 1% of the population.

Culture

The earliest literary text in Bengali is the 8th century Charyapada. Medieval Bengali literature was often either religious or from other languages. The 19th century had poets such as Rabindranath Tagore, Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Kazi Nazrul Islam.

The musical tradition of Bangladesh is lyrics-based with few instruments. Folk music is often accompanied by the ektara, an instrument with only one string. Bangladeshi dance forms are from folk traditions.

Bangladesh makes about 80 films a year. Mainstream Hindi films are also quite popular. Around 200 daily newspapers are published in Bangladesh, along with more than 500 magazines.

Rice and fish are traditional favorite foods. Biryani is a favorite dish of Bangladeshis.

The sari is popularly worn by Bangladeshi women. The salwar kameez (shaloar kamiz) is also commonly worn. In urban areas, many people wear western clothing.

Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are major religious festivals in Bangladesh. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, and Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day), are both national holidays. The most important non-religious festival is Pohela Boishakh or Bengali New Year, the beginning of the Bengali calendar year.

Sports
Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh. Next is football (soccer). The national cricket team was in their first Cricket World Cup in 1999. In 2011, Bangladesh successfully co-hosted the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 with India and Sri Lanka.

Hadudu (kabaddi) is the national sport in Bangladesh. Other popular sports include field hockey, tennis, badminton, handball, basketball, volleyball, chess, shooting, angling, and carrom.

State symbols of Bangladesh
The National symbols of the Bangladesh are made of symbols to represent Bengali traditions and ideals that show the different aspects of the cultural life and history of the country.

Related pages
 Bangladesh at the Olympics
 Bangladesh national football team
 List of rivers of Bangladesh
 Bangladesh War

References

Other websites

Government website of Bangladesh Bangladesh national portal.
Website of Bangladesh Investment Development Authority
Bangladesh -Citizendium

1972 establishments in Asia

Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Commonwealth member states

Bangladesh


Payment protection insurance (commonly abbreviated PPI) is a special insurance. People who get a loan  can get an insurance against dying, having an accident or becoming unemployed during the period of this loan. If the person taking the loan dies, the rest of the loan is paid by the insurance company; if they become unable to work because of an accident, or because of unemployment, the insurance company will pay the installments.

This form of insurance has often been criticised because it is expensive; also the insurance and the people selling the insurance usually have high margins on these kinds of insurance.

Insurance

Payment protection insurance


The Khaavren Romances are a series of fantasy novels by American writer Steven Brust, set in the fictional world of Dragaera. The novels are swashbuckling adventure stories involving war, intrigue, and romance. They are heavily influenced by and homage The d'Artagnan Romances written by Alexandre Dumas. The series is written by Brust in the voice and persona of a Dragaeran novelist, Paarfi of Roundwood, whose style is a tongue-in-cheek parody of Dumas, matching both his swashbuckling sense of adventure and his penchant for tangents and longwindedness.  The Khaavren Romances books have all used Dumas novels as their chief inspiration, recasting the plots of those novels to fit within Brust's established world of Dragaera. The first five books in the cycle are inspired by the Musketeers books, while 2020's The Baron of Magister Valley uses The Count of Monte Cristo as a starting point.

Books
The Phoenix Guards (1991)
Five Hundred Years After (1994)
The Viscount of Adrilankha, published in three volumes:
The Paths of the Dead (2002)
The Lord of Castle Black (2003)
Sethra Lavode (2004)
 The Baron of Magister Valley (2020)

The title of each book roughly corresponds with its equivalent in the d'Artagnan Romances. The Phoenix Guards names the guard organization to which the main characters belong, as does The Three Musketeers, Five Hundred Years After describes the length of time between it and the previous book, as does Twenty Years After, and The Viscount of Adrilankha is the name of the next generation of hero, as is The Vicomte de Bragelonne. The third novel of each trilogy is broken into smaller volumes. The Baron of Magister Valley homages The Count of Monte Cristo, another Dumas novel.

Characters
The heroes of the Khaavren Romances roughly correspond with the heroes of the d'Artagnan Romances. Brust conceived of the series after assigning each of the Musketeers a House of the Dragaeran Empire.

Aerich - A Lyorn aristocrat, Aerich is every inch a nobleman. He is an expert on the subjects of honor, tradition, and propriety, and holds himself to the highest standards of a gentleman. His reserved nature and dignified manner quickly impress those who meet him. He is also an expert in the martial arts of the Lyorn, which stress a defensive style of combat that utilizes vambraces to deflect enemies' blows until a killing stroke can be applied. He is the counterpart of Athos.
Khaavren - A Tiassa nobleman without land, Khaavren seeks adventure any way he can. As a Tiassa, he is adventurous, friendly, observant, and prone to feats of inspiration. As he ages, his youthful exuberance fades into crisp military discipline and a keen air of command. He wields a long and slender sword with great skill learned from the fighting arts of the Tiassa. He is the counterpart of d'Artagnan.
Pel - A Yendi nobleman without land, Pel is an ambitious and fiendishly clever schemer whose true thoughts are rarely known even to his closest friends. Pel uses his handsome appearance and rakish charm as assets, and has many female friends in high places. He also maintains a host of contacts in the Jhereg Organization. Despite his cerebral nature and small stature, Pel is a skilled duellist and a ferocious swordsman. He is the counterpart of Aramis.
Piro - Khaavren's son, the Viscount of Adrilankha makes his first appearance in Paths of the Dead as a hero of the next generation. He is a skilled and passionate young man, like his father, but as a child of the Interregnum he is less bound by the strict cultural taboos of the Dragaeran Empire. He is the counterpart of Raoul de Bragelonne.
Tazendra - A Dzur aristocrat, Tazendra shares her House's keen interest in battle and glory. Though she wields her massive hand-and-a-half sword with seemingly reckless enthusiasm, she is a serious warrior. She perceives the world in very simple and unsubtle terms, causing her to lose track of complex situations and rely on her friends to explain the details that she misses. Despite her uncomplicated mind, Tazendra is a potent sorcerer and is the only one of her friends so skilled. She is the counterpart of Porthos.

Historical fiction
Brust uses the conventions of false documents to present the books as historical fiction novels within the world of Dragaera. The author of the novels is Paarfi of Roundwood, a nobleman and historian from the House of the Hawk. Through his narrative, Paarfi attempts to dramatize historical events of Dragaera that he has studied but not witnessed himself.

Steven Brust presents himself as Paarfi's English translator. At the end of several of the Khaavren books, Brust and the character Paarfi have a comedic interaction or interview, and the two often quarrel. Brust claims to have changed Paarfi's original text in a number of ways in order to accommodate the differences in language. For example, the Dragaeran language has gender neutral pronouns, which Brust has translated into the generic male, a change that outrages Paarfi during one of their conversations.

Writing style
Paarfi narrates with a distinctive voice that satirizes the flowery and verbose style of Alexandre Dumas and his contemporaries, a voice satirically analyzed in essays appearing in the Khaavren Romances that are credited to Paarfi's Dragaeran colleagues. For example, Paths of the Dead includes an essay by Brust's editor Teresa Nielsen Hayden, titled "How to Write Like Paarfi of Roundwood", which identifies 17 characteristics of Paarfi's style.

The preface to Five Hundred Years After, written by Pamela Dean in the guise of a Dragaeran academic, asserts that Paarfi writes dialogue in a historically-inauthentic style taken from Redwreath and Goldstar Have Traveled to Deathsgate, a Dragaeran play. The play's title is a veiled reference to Tom Stoppard's play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, from which Brust adapted Stoppard's game of "questions" into a distinctive pattern of dialogue throughout the series, in which characters must ask a question multiple times before receiving an answer.

Paarfi's writing also makes heavy use of metafiction, as he frequently calls attention to his twin roles as historian and storyteller. He often pauses the story to defend the historicity of a certain plot detail or to explain a literary technique that he is about to use. Paarfi's regular intrusions, combined with the biographical information included in several of the peripheral essays, make him into a frame tale for the series.

Continuity
The events described in the Khaavren Romances take place several hundred years before the events of the Vlad Taltos novels. Dragaeran society is somewhat different in the Romances than that in which Vlad lives. The capital of the Empire is Dragaera City, which serves as the primary setting for the first two novels of the series. In addition, sorcery is much weaker and more rare. Most of the characters in the Khaavren Romances have no sorcerous ability or training, and use no magical weaponry apart from a limited supply of grenade-like "flashstones". By Vlad's time, Dragaeran society has been transformed by the abundance of sorcery and its accessibility to all citizens.

There are many crossovers between the Khaavren Romances and the Vlad Taltos novels. Due to the long lives of many characters in Dragaera, some characters appear in both series. Paarfi wrote The Phoenix Guards during a time roughly contemporary to Vlad's life, while the rest of the series was written at least one hundred years later. Some of Paarfi's other work is referenced in the Vlad novels. There are some discrepancies between the two series, but many of them are intentional. Paarfi, like Vlad, is not a completely reliable narrator. Brust has stated that while Paarfi is very well informed, he does not know as much as he thinks he does, and sometimes simply makes things up.

Critical reception
Roz Kaveney, reviewing Brust's bibliography in the 1999 book The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, called the Khaavren series "the jauntiest and most likeable" of his novels.

References

Fantasy novel series
Dragaera
Novels by Steven Brust
Book series introduced in 1991
Novels based on works by Alexandre Dumas

Khaavren Romances


Oronzio Maldarelli was an Italian born American sculptor and artist. He was born in 1892. He came to the United States from Naples, Italy as a child. He died in 1963 at the age of 71.

At age fourteen, he took lessons in drawing and clay modeling. After two years, he started to study at the National Academy of Design with Leon Kroll, Ivan Olinsky, and Hermon McNeil. In 1912, he entered the Beaux-Arts Institute. It was there that Jo Davidson and Elie Nadelman helped him out. He was a great artist at everything. In 1935, he started doing mostly just sculpture. Maldarelli is best known for sculptures of female forms that have great detail. Some of them took as long as 13 years. In 1941, Maldarelli won the Logan Prize ($500) for a detailed sculpture of a limestone head. He was a teacher at Columbia University for many years, teaching the art of sculpting.

1892 births
1963 deaths
American artists
Artists from Naples

Oronzio Maldarelli


Squalus is a genus of dogfish sharks in the family Squalidae. Commonly known as spurdogs, these sharks are characterized by smooth dorsal fin spines, teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size, caudal peduncle with lateral keels; upper precaudal pit usually present, and caudal fin without subterminal notch. In spurdogs, the hyomandibula (the bone connecting the braincase to the jaws) is oriented at a right angle to the neurocranium, while in other sharks, the hyomandibula runs more parallel to the body. This led some to think that the upper jaw of Squalus would not be as protractile as the jaws of other sharks. However, a study that compared different jaw suspension types in sharks showed that this is not the case and that Squalus is quite capable of protruding its upper jaw during feeding.

The name comes from squalus, the Latin for shark; this word is the root for numerous words related to sharks such as squaline and scientific names for sharks, such as the order Squaliformes.

Species
Currently, 32 recognized species are placed in this genus:
 Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 (spiny dogfish)
 Squalus albicaudus Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (Brazilian whitetail dogfish)
 Squalus albifrons Last, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (eastern highfin spurdog)
 Squalus altipinnis Last, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (western highfin spurdog)
 Squalus bahiensis Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (northeastern Brazilian dogfish)
 Squalus blainville (A. Risso, 1827) (longnose spurdog)
 Squalus brevirostris S. Tanaka (I), 1917 (Japanese shortnose spurdog)
 Squalus bucephalus Last, Séret & Pogonoski, 2007 (bighead spurdog)
 Squalus chloroculus Last, W. T. White & Motomura, 2007 (greeneye spurdog)
 Squalus clarkae Pfleger, Grubbs, Cotton & Daly-Engel, 2018 (Genie's dogfish)
 Squalus crassispinus Last, M. J. Edmunds & Yearsley, 2007 (fatspine spurdog)
 Squalus cubensis Howell-Rivero, 1936 (Cuban dogfish)
 Squalus edmundsi W. T. White, Last & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (Edmund's spurdog)
 Squalus formosus W. T. White & Iglésias, 2011 (Taiwan spurdog)
 Squalus grahami W. T. White, Last & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (eastern longnose spurdog)
 Squalus griffini Phillipps, 1931 (northern spiny dogfish)
 Squalus hawaiiensis Daly-Engel, Koch, Anderson, Cotton, Grubbs, 2018 (Hawaiian spurdog)
 Squalus hemipinnis W. T. White, Last & Yearsley, 2007 (Indonesian shortsnout spurdog)
 Squalus japonicus Ishikawa, 1908 (Japanese spurdog)
 Squalus lalannei Baranes, 2003 (Seychelles spurdog)
 Squalus lobularis Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (Atlantic lobefin dogfish)
 Squalus megalops (W. J. Macleay, 1881) (shortnose spurdog)
 Squalus melanurus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (blacktailed spurdog)
 Squalus mitsukurii D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1903 (shortspine spurdog)
 Squalus montalbani Whitley, 1931 (Indonesian greeneye spurdog)
 Squalus nasutus Last, L. J. Marshall & W. T. White, 2007 (western longnose spurdog)
 Squalus notocaudatus Last, W. T. White & J. D. Stevens, 2007 (bartail spurdog)
 Squalus quasimodo Viana, M. R. de Carvalho & U. L. Gomes, 2016 (humpback western dogfish)
 Squalus rancureli  Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979 (Cyrano spurdog)
 Squalus raoulensis Duffy & Last, 2007 (Kermadec spiny dogfish)
Squalus shiraii Viana & M. R. de Carvalho, 2020 (Shirai's spurdog)
 Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1855) (Pacific spiny dogfish)

See also
 List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera

References

Extant Campanian first appearances
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Spurdog


James Graham Brown (August 18, 1881 — March 20, 1969) was an American businessman and real estate developer best known as the builder of the Brown Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky and for his philanthropy.

Early life
Born in Madison, Indiana, he moved to Louisville in 1903 and founded, with his brother and father, the W.P. Brown and Sons Lumber Company. Brown also began developing commercial buildings, concentrated around Downtown Louisville, including the Brown Hotel, Brown Theater, Brown Garage, the Commonwealth Building (originally the Martin Brown Building), and Kentucky Towers.

From 1944 until 1947, Brown owned the Newell B. McClaskey House and plantation in Bloomfield, Kentucky.

Later career
Brown was still involved with downtown hotel development in the 1960s, as well as suburban developments like the Brown Suburban Hotel, and a  development on the site of his east end farm which eventually became Baptist Hospital East and the surrounding business and retail center called Breckenridge Square. He served on the board of directors of Churchill Downs for 32 years.

Brown was an opponent of organized labor, once threatening to sell his hotels to the highest bidder if employees organized.  Brown would not desegregate his hotel and theater until public accommodation laws forced change. When "Porgy and Bess," which had an all black cast, was playing at the Brown Theatre, local blacks were barred from attending. During the early 1960s, civil rights sit-ins were held in front of the Brown Theatre.

Philanthropic work
Later in his life he became active in philanthropy, pledging $1.5 million in 1962 to fund the establishment of the Louisville Zoo. He donated a similar amount to build a student center at his Alma mater, Hanover College. He also donated heavily to the University of Louisville and to various other schools and hospitals. He was also a lifelong supporter of the Boy Scouts of America. Many of these donations were anonymous. He lived in a small suite at his hotel for much of his life.

At the time of his death, Brown had no heirs, and his estate was estimated to be worth $100 million, making him the wealthiest man in Kentucky at the time. The bulk of the estate was given to a charitable foundation that bore his name. The foundation, which he had created in 1943, has donated to local and state causes over the years, and remains active . The current active President and CEO of the foundation  is local Louisville resident, Mason Bennett Rummel. The foundation claims $462,816,066 in donations through 2,700 grants so far. Projects the foundation has made key donations to include Louisville Waterfront Park and the University of Louisville's James Graham Brown Cancer Center. An early donation allowed the Kentucky Derby Museum to be created.

Death and burial
Brown died of congestive heart failure and was buried in Cave Hill Cemetery.

Notes

Further reading

External links
James Graham Brown Foundation Official website

1881 births
1969 deaths
Burials at Cave Hill Cemetery
Businesspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
Hanover College alumni
People from Madison, Indiana
Philanthropists from Indiana
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American businesspeople

James Graham Brown


Hiram Blanchard (January 17, 1820 – December 17, 1874) was a Nova Scotia lawyer, politician, and the first premier of Nova Scotia. Blanchard won election to the Nova Scotia legislative assembly in Inverness in 1859 as a Liberal.

Early life
Hiram Blanchard was born in West River, Nova Scotia on January 17, 1820 to father Jonathan Blanchard and mother Sarah Goggins. Hiram attended the same school as his brother, Jotham Blanchard, Pictou Academy. After graduating, Blanchard began studying law at Guysborough, Nova Scotia with future Nova Scotia House of Assembly member William Frederick DesBarres and was admitted to the bar as an attorney at age 21 in November 1841. Marrying Eliza Cantrell in 1842, he was admitted to the bar as a barrister in April 1843. Shortly after his admission to the bar, Blanchard opened up a law office in the small seaside village of Port Hood, Nova Scotia, practising in the law courts of Antigonish and Guysborough. In a short time, Blanchard gained a reputation amongst those in the legal profession for his skill in examining witnesses and clear presentation of facts.

In 1860, Blanchard moved to Halifax and became engaged in a partnership with Jonathan McCully, then Solicitor General and railway commissioner in the government of Joseph Howe. There, he argued against characters such as James MacDonald, the future federal Minister of Justice and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. Charles James Townshend, a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, observed the courtroom encounters of McCully and Blanchard, commenting "... it was delightful and instructive to listen to [their] forensic battle. Both were men of high and honourable character, incapable of any unworthy schemes to win their cases." In 1870, Blanchard became partners with Nicholas Meagher, future Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.

Political career
In 1860, William Young left politics to become chief justice of Nova Scotia. Blanchard had been very reluctant to become involved in politics until up to just before this time. The 1859 Nova Scotia election was largely influenced between the ongoing squabbles between Roman Catholic and Protestant populations, but Hiram Blanchard's election win for the Liberals in his constituency of Inverness was based on a platform of "equal rights to all, proscription of none, favouritism to none". Blanchard rose above religious quarrels and managed to win in a Roman Catholic community, even though he was a Presbyterian himself. In the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, Blanchard drew particular attention to the plight of the insane and the deaf, two disadvantaged groups in Nova Scotia at the time. Although he supported the free schooling initiative of Premier Charles Tupper, Blanchard objected to the idea that schools should be governed by a council made up of members of the Executive Council of Nova Scotia.

Blanchard supported the idea of confederation, and after Nova Scotia became a part of Canada in 1867, he became attorney-general and leader of the Conservative Party government, as the position of leader of the government had been vacated by Charles Tupper following his run for federal politics. However, Blanchard was in his new-found position for less than three months. In the September 1867 provincial election, the issue of Nova Scotia's entry to the confederation led to the government's demise in favour of William Annand's Anti-Confederation Party, and in the newly elected Assembly, only two members, Blanchard included, supported the idea of confederation. In 1868, Blanchard's re-election to his constituency of Inverness was declared invalid as he had recently been appointed the legal advisor for the federal government in his province. In the subsequent by-election, Blanchard was defeated. In the 1871 election, he was once again elected, serving as leader of the opposition until his death on December 17, 1874 at Halifax. Blanchard was survived by his four daughters and wife.

References

1820 births
1874 deaths
Canadian Presbyterians
Premiers of Nova Scotia
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Lawyers in Nova Scotia
People from Pictou County
People of New England Planter descent
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Nova Scotia political party leaders

Hiram Blanchard


The Victor Talking Machine Company was an American recording company and phonograph manufacturer that operated independently from 1901 until 1929 when the company was purchased by the Radio Corporation of America and subsequently operated as the  RCA Victor Division of the Radio Corporation of America.

Headquartered in Camden, New Jersey, Victor was the largest and most eminent firm of its kind in the world, best known for its use of the iconic "His Master's Voice" trademark, the production, marketing, and design of the popular "Victrola" line of phonographs and the company's extensive catalog of operatic and classical music recordings by world famous artists on the prestigious Red Seal label. After its merger with RCA in 1929, the company maintained its eminence as America's foremost producer of records and phonographs until the 1960s.

History
In 1896, Emile Berliner, the inventor of the gramophone and disc record, contracted machinist Eldridge R. Johnson to manufacture his inventions.

Name
There are different accounts as to how the "Victor" name came about. RCA historian Fred Barnum gives various possible origins of the name in "His Master's Voice" In America, he writes, "One story claims that Johnson considered his first improved Gramophone to be both a scientific and business 'victory.' A second account is that Johnson emerged as the 'Victor' from the lengthy and costly patent litigations involving Berliner and Frank Seaman's Zonophone. A third story is that Johnson's partner, Leon Douglass, derived the word from his wife's name 'Victoria.' Finally, a fourth story is that Johnson took the name from the popular 'Victor' bicycle, which he had admired for its superior engineering. Of these four accounts, the first two are the most generally accepted."  The first use of the Victor title on a letterhead, on March 28, 1901, nine weeks after the death of British Queen Victoria.

Marketing

Herbert Rose Barraud's deceased brother, a London photographer, willed him his estate, including his DC-powered Edison-Bell cylinder phonograph with a case of cylinders and his dog, named Nipper. Barraud's original painting depicts Nipper staring intently into the horn of an Edison-Bell while both sit on a polished wooden surface. The horn on the Edison-Bell machine was black and after a failed attempt at selling the painting to a cylinder record supplier of Edison Phonographs in the UK, a friend of Barraud's suggested that the painting could be brightened up (and possibly made more marketable) by substituting one of the brass-belled horns on display in the window at the new gramophone shop on Maiden Lane. The Gramophone Company in London was founded and managed by an American, William Barry Owen.  Barraud paid a visit with a photograph of the painting and asked to borrow a horn. Owen gave Barraud an entire gramophone and asked him to paint it into the picture, offering to buy the result. On close inspection, the original painting still shows the contours of the Edison-Bell phonograph beneath the paint of the gramophone.

In 1915, the "His Master's Voice" logo was rendered in immense circular leaded-glass windows in the tower of the Victrola cabinet building at Victor's headquarters in Camden, New Jersey. The building still stands today with replica windows installed during RCA's ownership of the plant in its later years. Today, one of the original windows is located at the Smithsonian museum in Washington, D.C.

Acoustical recording era (1901–1925)

In the company's early years, Victor issued recordings on the Victor, Monarch and De Luxe labels, with the Victor label on 7-inch records, Monarch on 10-inch records and De Luxe on 12-inch records. De Luxe Special 14-inch records were briefly marketed in 1903–1904. In 1905, all labels and sizes were consolidated into the Victor imprint.

The first jazz and blues records ever issued were recorded by the Victor Talking Machine Company. The Victor Military Band recorded the first recorded blues song, "The Memphis Blues", on July 15, 1914, in Camden, New Jersey. In 1917, The Original Dixieland Jazz Band recorded "Livery Stable Blues".

Electrical recording era (1925–present)

The advent of radio as a home entertainment medium in the early 1920s presented Victor and the entire record industry with new challenges. Not only was music becoming available over the air free of charge, but a live broadcast made using high-quality microphones and heard over high-quality receivers provided clearer, more realistic sound than a contemporary phonograph record. After plummeting sales and much resistance from Victor's senior executives, the company switched from the acoustical or mechanical method of recording to the new microphone-based electrical system developed by Western Electric in 1925. Victor called its version of the improved fidelity recording process "Orthophonic", and sold a new line of phonographs called "Orthophonic Victrolas", scientifically designed by Western Electric to play these new records. Victor's first electrical recordings, issued in the spring of 1925 were not advertised as such; in order to create an extensive catalog of the new records to satisfy anticipated demand, and to allow dealers time to liquidate their stocks of old-style Victrolas, Victor and its longtime rival, Columbia Records, agreed to keep electrical recording secret until the autumn of 1925. Then, with the company's largest advertising campaign to date, Victor publicly announced the new technology and introduced its new records and the Orthophonic Victrolas on November 2, 1925, dubbed "Victor Day".

Victor's first commercial electrical recording was made at the company's Camden, New Jersey studios on February 26, 1925. A group of eight popular Victor artists, Billy Murray, Frank Banta, Henry Burr, Albert Campbell, Frank Croxton, John Meyer, Monroe Silver, and Rudy Wiedoeft gathered to record "A Miniature Concert". Several takes were recorded by the old acoustical process, then additional takes were recorded electrically for test purposes. The electrical recordings turned out well, and Victor issued the results that summer as the two sides of twelve inch 78 rpm disc, Victor 35753. Victor's first electrical recording to be issued was Victor 19626, a ten-inch record consisting of two numbers recorded on March 16, 1925, from the University of Pennsylvania's thirty-seventh annual production of the Mask and Wig Club, released in April, 1925. On March 21, 1925, Victor recorded its first electrical Red Seal disc, twelve inch 6502 by pianist Alfred Cortot, of works by Chopin and Schubert.

Post-acquisition (1929–present)
In 1926, Johnson sold his controlling (but not holding) interest in the Victor Company  to the banking firms of JW Seligman and Speyer & Co., who in turn sold Victor to the Radio Corporation of America in 1929.

List of Victor Records artists

Archives
The Discography of American Historical Recordings (DAHR) is a continuation of the Encyclopedic Discography of Victor Recordings (EDVR) project by Ted Fagan and William Moran to make a complete discography of all Victor recordings as well as adding the recordings of Columbia, Brunswick and other historic American labels now controlled by Sony Music Entertainment. The Victor archive files are the main source of information for this project.

In 2011, the Library of Congress and Victor catalog owner Sony Music Entertainment launched the National Jukebox offering streaming audio of more than 10,000 pre-1925 recorded works for listening by the general public; the majority of these recordings have not been widely available for over 100 years.

See also
 RCA Records
 RCA Red Seal
 RCA Victrola
 RCA Camden
 His Master's Voice
 Grammy Award
 List of phonograph manufacturers
 Johnson Victrola Museum

Further reading
 Bryan, Martin F. Report to the Phonothèque Québécoise on the Search for Archival Documents of Berliner Gram-O-Phone Co., Victor Talking Machine Co., R.C.A. Victor Co. (Montréal), 1899–1972. Further augmented ed. Montréal: Phonothèque Québécoise, 1994. 19, [1] p.

References

External links

 Victor masters in the Discography of American Historical Recordings
 "Victrola Credenza" at Victor-Victrola page
 "Identifying Victor Products" at Victor-Victrola page
 Victor timeline at the David Sarnoff Library
 RCA Corporation records at Hagley Museum and Library  (1887–1983) About the history of RCA and Victor
 RCA Corporation photos at Hagley Museum (1878–1960)
 Victor Records on the Internet Archive's Great 78 Project
 Instructions for the setting up, operation & care of The Victrola, Spring Type, Victor Talking Machine Company, Camden, NJ., c. 1924. (from ''The Roaring 20's Victrola page)

New Jersey record labels
Jazz record labels
Record labels established in 1901
Record labels disestablished in 1929
Defunct companies based in New Jersey
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Companies based in Camden, New Jersey

Mass media in Camden, New Jersey

Victor Talking Machine Company


Carly Fiorina (born September 6, 1954) is an American umwhile business executive. She bolted fur the Republican Pairty's 2016 nomination o Preses o the Unitit States bit kicked oot her campaign.

References

1954 births
20t-century American businessfowk
21st-century American businessfowk
21st-century American politeecians
21st-century American non-feection writers
21st-century American weemen writers
American computer businessfowk
American memoirists
American nonprofit chief executives
American fowk o Inglis strynd
American fowk o German strynd
American philanthropists
American technology chief executives
American weemen business executives
American business executives
AT&T fowk
Breast cancer survivors
Businessfowk frae Californie
Businessfowk frae Texas
Businessfowk in telecommunications
Californie Republicans
Female Unitit States presidential candidates
Female Unitit States vice presidential candidates
Umwhile Anglicans
Hewlett-Packard fowk
Livin fowk
MIT Sloan Fellaes
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Fowk frae Austin, Texas
Fowk frae Santa Clara Coonty, Californie
Stanford Varsity alumni
Ted Cruz
Texas Republicans
Varsity o Maryland, College Park alumni
Candidates in the 2016 Unitit States presidential election
2016 Unitit States vice-presidential candidates
Virginie Republicans
Weemen corporate directors
Weemen in Californie politics
Weemen memoirists
21st-century American weemen politeecians
American weemen non-feection writers
American weemen chief executives

Carly Fiorina


An ore-bulk-oil carrier, also called a combination carrier or OBO, is a ship that carries wet or dry cargo. The idea is to reduce the number of empty voyages in which large ships carry cargo one way and are empty for another.

OBO carriers are today not as common as in the 1970s and 1980s.

One of the most famous OBO carriers is the Derbyshire. It sank during a typhoon in 1980 in the Pacific.

Ships

Ore-bulk-oil carrier


MyCoke (formerly known as Coke Music and Coke Studios) was an online chat game used for marketing the Coca-Cola brand and products. It was created in January 2002 by VML Inc (Previously Studiocom) an Atlanta-based digital agency using core technology from Sulake Corporation, the company responsible for a similar popular online game called Habbo Hotel. Version 2 of the game was released in late 2004 on a new technology platform called Galapagos, created by Studiocom, and featuring new locations and a special double-reward 'Coca-Cola Red Room'.

On December 6, 2007 MyCoke closed, and encouraged users to join CC-Metro, which was part of There. There was closed on March 9, 2010.

The main focus of the game was to socialize, mix music, and decorate various interiors. The in-game currency was decibels, and was rewarded for doing various activities. There were various locations based on real-life cities where the user could perform music, such as San Francisco or Mexico. Coke Studios had sponsored several high-profile films and television shows, in which events and promotions would happen on the website or the client.

Gameplay
The main focus of the game was to socialize, mix music, and decorate various interiors. The in-game currency was decibels, and was rewarded for: receiving 'Thumbs Up' votes from other users whilst performing music; drinking Virtual Coca-Colas found in crates, vending machines, and refrigerators; playing other games on the Coke Studios website; and filling out surveys. There are various locations based on real-life cities where the user can perform their music, such as San Francisco, Mexico, Goa, Tokyo, and London.

MyCoke's website also hosted a number of smaller games that tied into Coke Studios. Players would be represented by their avatar(called a virtual ego or V-ego) to compete either against other players or against the clock in order to earn decibels or prizes in the form of virtual furniture. The games proved to be very popular especially during times when Coke Studios was not open as well as when Coke Studios was at full capacity. The games also used a lobby system similar to Coke Studios if they involved more than one player. The games offered were:

V-ego San
V-ego San was a game of rock paper scissors set in a sumo wrestling setting, with the players dressed in sumo wrestler costumes. Players would choose a move from the available list and see if their move beat their opponent. A move that beats the other player will receive a point. However, some move combinations would result in a stalemate and give neither player a point. The player with the most points at the end of 3 rounds would win decibels and stay in the ring to face another opponent. A tie at the end of 3 rounds would result in both players going to the end of the line, as there was no sudden death situation in place. If a player won a certain number of games consecutively, they would receive a prize in the form of virtual furniture for use in Coke Studios, starting with a tatami mat and gradually getting more valuable.

Uncover The Music
Uncover The Music was a matching game played in a jungle ruins setting where players compete to uncover matching symbols that play the same small beat, such as a jungle drum. A matching pair would give the player points. There were also two special tiles: a snake which would end the player's turn and a frog which would automatically match the player's selection. The player with the most points when all tiles were matched would receive decibels for use in Coke Studios.

MyCoke Coaster
MyCoke Coaster was a roller coaster race between two teams of players involving memory and speed. Each team would be given a combination of colored levers to pull and pulling them in the right order caused the roller coaster car to move up the hill. The combination gradually got more complex each round, requiring both memorization skills and speed in order to beat the other team. The team that completed each round and got to the top of the incline first would win the game and be awarded decibels. Jairo Fula was a major contributor to the art and design of this game.

Recycler
Recycler was a single player game in a factory setting. The player would have to take pieces of furniture and maneuver around moving obstacles to reach the other side and win points. If the player hit an obstacle, they would lose what they were carrying and have to start again. The game was a race against the clock to get the most points possible. If the player got a certain number of points, they would be rewarded special themed furniture, such as a robot statue or a gear chair for use in Coke Studios. There was also a high score system for players to compare their point totals against others.

Sports Challenge Quiz Game
The trivia game was a competition between 2 players to answer questions and win points. The player with the most points at the end would receive decibels.

Pop Quiz
Pop Quiz was a 5-player game that mixed trivia questions, photo-reveal and name-that-tune with open-ended creative competition. The creativity culminated in a rap battle. All players were given the same three lines from a fictional rhyme and each composed a fourth line to complete the quatrain. In the open-ended competition the players vote for the best line - but they cannot vote for themselves. This game was principally developed by GamesThatWork,  including trivia content by Gerri Miller.

Sponsors
Coke Studios had sponsored several high-profile films and television shows including: Shark Tale in October 2004; American Idol in April 2005; Batman Begins in June 2005; American Idol in 2006; and FIFA in June 2006. During these sponsorships, the in-game client released furniture advertising such shows. The Shark Tale sponsorship changed the entire game, turning every avatar into fish in the style of the characters in the movie, and the rooms were underwater themed. There were also new minigames to be played.

CaveJam is a game with Coke Studios rooms, items, avatars, and user interface as well as other come studio assets. It contains additional features which did not exist in the original game, such as infinite worlds, mining, and the ability to customize the layouts of private studios.

CC Metro
CC Metro is an online spin-off of the virtual world There. It was developed by Makena Technologies and sponsored by the Coca-Cola corporation. It was released December 6, 2007, but closed on March 9, 2010 because of the closure of There. In CC Metro, activities were focused on music, and entertainment. The virtual world included a hoverboard skate park and a theater presenting Coca-Cola videos. Players could use a "music mixer" tool to develop their own music. The chat system was focused on textboxes or voice over IP. Players could create their own customized avatar, and could obtain property, and buy pets and vehicles. CC Metro allowed players to use My Coke Rewards points to obtain various items in the game.

Carol Kruse, vice president of Global Interactive Marketing at Coca-Cola, stated in an interview that "to evolve Coke Studios we needed a digital partner that offered technology and capabilities that we didn't have". She further stated that "There.com's digital platform offered more flexibility and creativity to develop a more lifelike world through which we can deliver greater and more varied content."

The virtual world was officially shut down on March 9, 2010.

On May 18, 2011, Michael Wilson announced that There.com will be re-opening, on the There.com homepage. All previous members will have access to their old avatars.

References

External links
 MyCoke official US site (Archive)

2002 video games
Browser games
Inactive multiplayer online games
Promotional campaigns by Coca-Cola
Social simulation video games
Virtual world communities
Advergames
Internet properties established in 2002
Video games about food and drink
Video games developed in the United States
Internet properties disestablished in 2007

MyCoke


Park Overall (born March 15, 1957) is an American actress, political activist, and former U.S. Senate candidate, known for her trademark heavy Southern accent.  Her best-known role was as nurse Laverne Todd in the sitcom Empty Nest, though she has appeared in a number of feature films, including Biloxi Blues, Mississippi Burning, Talk Radio, and In the Family.

Early life and acting career
Overall was born in Nashville, Tennessee, and raised in Greeneville, Tennessee. She is the daughter of Thomas Wesley "Jack" Overall, Jr., a federal magistrate judge and Frances (née Bernard), a professor of English.  She has described her parents as Yellow Dog Democrats.  As a teenager, she worked on the political campaigns of Tom Wiseman and Jim Sasser.

Overall graduated from Tusculum University with a degree in English, and briefly attended graduate school at the University of Tennessee. In her late 20s, she moved to New York to pursue an acting career. One of her first roles was in Skin, an off-off-Broadway play about Andy Warhol and Edie Sedgwick.  She also appeared in both the stage and film versions of Neil Simon's Biloxi Blues, and had a role in a failed pilot called The Line (which aired once in the summer of 1987) with Dinah Manoff, with whom she eventually costarred on the NBC series Empty Nest.

Empty Nest, which aired from 1988 to 1995, provided Overall's breakthrough role. She played Laverne Higby Todd Kane, nurse to Harry Weston, played by Richard Mulligan. She played the same role in the early episodes of the Empty Nest spinoff, Nurses, in the early 1990s. She later starred in the short-lived TV series Katie Joplin and Ladies Man, both from 1999.

In 1995, she was the voice of Alice Tompkins in the animated series The Critic. She has appeared in several TV movies, including the Lifetime drama Fifteen and Pregnant (1998). She has made guest appearances on TV shows such as The Golden Girls,  The Young Riders, and Reba, in which she had a recurring role during the series' first season.

Her first feature role was in Tainted (1987); she appeared in four additional films the same year: Biloxi Blues, Vibes, Mississippi Burning, and Talk Radio. Her role on Talk Radio was voice only. Her most recent appearances were in To Kill a Mockumentary (2006), the Toby Keith film Beer for My Horses (2008), and the Patrick Wang film In the Family (2011).

Activism
Overall has actively supported a number of environmental causes, primarily those affecting her native East Tennessee. In 1995, she gave an interview on ABC's news show Primetime attacking the paper company Champion International, which had for years been accused by  environmentalists of polluting the Pigeon River.  Abnormally high levels of dioxins in the river had been traced to the company's plant in Canton, North Carolina, and were believed by environmentalists to be the cause of the relatively high rate of cancer deaths in the area around Hartford, Tennessee.

In recent years, Overall has been a vocal critic of Nuclear Fuel Services, which operates a uranium processing complex in Erwin, Tennessee. She has charged that the complex has poor safety standards, pointing to a study released in 2010 that found soil samples along the Nolichucky River contaminated with enriched uranium traced to the complex.  Overall has filed numerous petitions with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which insists the complex's radiation output levels are safe.

In 2002, Overall helped thwart an attempt by Louisiana Energy Services to build a uranium enrichment facility in the Erwin vicinity. The complex, known as the National Enrichment Facility, has since been constructed in New Mexico. In subsequent years, she sought to prevent NFS's implementation of the Blended Low-Enriched Uranium (BLEU) project in Erwin, which will provide fuel for reactors at Tennessee Valley Authority nuclear power plants.

In 2014, Overall campaigned against a proposed  pipeline that would allow the new U.S. Nitrogen plant in Mosheim to use water from the Nolichucky River.  Environmental activists argue that removing water from and discharging the water back into the river will harm the ecosystem downstream from the pipeline, though U.S. Nitrogen insists the pipeline is safe.  Overall accused the plant and regulatory agencies that approved the pipeline of lying about how much of the river's water the plant would use.

2012 U.S. Senate primary campaign
On April 4, 2012, Overall entered the Democratic primary to become the nominee to oppose Republican incumbent Bob Corker.  She stated that she planned to focus on the environment, as well as women's issues, opposing the Senate transportation bill's Blunt Amendment, which would have provided a religious exemption for the Obama Administration's contraception mandate, asking, "Why is my womb attached to a transportation bill?"  She criticized various measures introduced in the Tennessee General Assembly, including Stacey Campfield's "Don't Say Gay" bill and Richard Floyd's bill that would have forced transgender people to use restrooms for the gender listed on their birth certificates, stating that such legislation was meant to "denigrate" and "inspire fear."  She also accused Republicans of "poisoning" the Nolichucky River through lax environmental regulations.

In the August 2, 2012, Democratic primary, Overall garnered less than 15% of the vote, placing a distant third behind conservative Mark Clayton.

Political positions
Overall believes that the government's role is to be "stewards of this planet, and of our people, and of this great nation." She argues that tax dollars should be used for infrastructure, roads, libraries, schools, and "services that made this country great."

Stating that she grew up in a household with an AFL-CIO ashtray on the dinner table, Overall has spoken in favor of labor unions, and warns that Republicans have "stolen" the language of unions, successfully redefining terms like "good benefits" and "pensions" as "a string of cusswords."

Overall is pro-gay marriage, arguing that same-sex couples are guaranteed the right to marry by the 14th Amendment. In response to President Obama's May 2012 endorsement of the legalization of gay marriage, Overall released a statement saying, "Hallelujah and what took so long?"

Overall has frequently criticized state lawmakers for passing restrictions on abortion. In her Jackson Day keynote address in Nashville on April 5, 2012, she mocked the Tennessee state legislature for passing a bill requiring abortion providers to have hospital admitting privileges, stating, "if you have an abortion, you have to have a doctor who has in-house privileges, but keep in mind, the guy who does my botox and lips doesn't." She also accused Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell of not knowing the meaning of "transvaginal", referring to McDonnell's initial support (which he later withdrew) of a measure that would have required a transvaginal ultrasound for women seeking an abortion.

In January 2016, Overall endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for president, but stated she would support whoever is the Democratic nominee.

Filmography

References

External links

1957 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Tennessee
American actor-politicians
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American LGBT rights activists
People from Greene County, Tennessee
People from Greeneville, Tennessee
Tennessee Democrats
Tusculum, Tennessee
Candidates in the 2012 United States elections

Park Overall


Fateless or Fatelessness (, ) is a novel by Imre Kertész, winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize for literature, written between 1960 and 1973 and first published in 1975.

The novel is a semi-autobiographical story about a 14-year-old Hungarian Jew's experiences in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps. The book is the first part of a trilogy, which continues in A kudarc ("Fiasco" ) and Kaddis a meg nem született gyermekért ("Kaddish for an Unborn Child" ).

Kertész won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2002, "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history".

The book was first translated into English by Christopher C. Wilson and Katharina M. Wilson in 1992 as Fateless ( and ), while in 2004 a second translation by Tim Wilkinson appeared () under the title Fatelessness. In the UK edition, Wilkinson's translation  retained the title Fatelessness ().

Plot summary

The novel is about a young Hungarian boy, György "Gyuri" Köves, living in Budapest. The book opens as György's father is being sent to a labor camp. Soon afterwards, György receives working papers and travels to work outside of the Jewish quarter. One day all of the Jews are pulled off of the buses leaving the Jewish quarter, and are sent to Auschwitz on a train without water. Arriving there, György lies about his age, unknowingly saving his own life, and tells us of camp life and the conditions he faces.

Eventually he is sent to Buchenwald, and  continues on describing his life in a concentration camp, before being finally sent to another camp in Zeitz. György falls ill and nears death, but remains alive and is eventually sent to a hospital facility in a concentration camp until the war ends. Returning to Budapest, he is confronted with those who were not sent to camps and had just recently begun to hear of the terrible injustice and suffering.

Analysis

A parallel can be drawn between Fatelessness and Franz Kafka's The Trial. Both novels portray the descent of an innocent protagonist into the madness of a system in which he is caught and György's rationalizations for the events that occur around him bear a resemblance to the eventual acceptance by The Trial protagonist Josef K. of his own fate.

Movie

A movie version, with screenplay by Imre Kertész, was released in 2005, made in Hungary by director Lajos Koltai, with Marcell Nagy in the starring role. It also features British actor Daniel Craig, who plays a cameo as an American Army Sergeant.

References

1975 novels
Hungarian novels
Autobiographical novels
Novels about the Holocaust
Personal accounts of the Holocaust
Hungarian novels adapted into films
Novels set in Budapest
Magvető books

Fatelessness


Publicly and privately held for-profit corporations give corporate titles or business titles to company officials to identify their job. Many colleges and universities also use corporate titles. Some places require corporations to have certain officers such as president, secretary, and treasurer. The top executives in senior management are usually the chief executive officer (CEO), chief operations officer (COO), and chief financial officer (CFO).

References

Business
Employment

Corporate title


Robin Givhan (born September 11, 1964) is an American fashion editor and Pulitzer Prize winning writer.

Givhan was a fashion editor for The Washington Post. She joined the Post in 1995, and left in 2010 to become the fashion critic and fashion correspondent for The Daily Beast and  Newsweek. She returned to the "Post" in 2014.

Givhan won the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 2006, the first time the award was given to a fashion writer. The Pulitzer Committee cited Givhan's "witty, closely observed essays that transform fashion criticism into cultural criticism."

Background

She is a native of Detroit, Michigan. She was the valedictorian at Renaissance High School in 1982, graduated from Princeton University in 1986, and holds a master's degree in journalism from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

After working for the Detroit Free Press for about seven years, she held positions at the San Francisco Chronicle and Vogue magazine. Givhan appeared as a guest on The Colbert Report in January 2006.

In 2009 she moved from New York City to Washington, D.C., where her fashion beat was expanded to cover First Lady Michelle Obama.

Opinions

Givhan generated an uproar on July 20, 2007, when she penned a Washington Post opinion piece that drew attention to an outfit worn by presidential candidate Hillary Clinton during her July 18 speech on the Senate floor. Givhan said Sen. Clinton's slightly V-shaped neckline was "unnerving" and "startling," especially for a woman "who has been so publicly ambivalent about style, image and the burdens of both." She added, "[I]t was more like catching a man with his fly unzipped. Just look away!"

Givhan has made a reputation for being blunt. In an interview on writers who cover the fashion industry, Givhan told CBS News, "There are a lot of people who sort of say that something is good or important or progressive or edgy when in fact, it's just crappy. And no one will just say it's crappy." She added, "I'll also say when I think something is absolutely magnificent."

Commenting on a heavy, dark-green parka worn by Vice President Dick Cheney at a ceremony in 2005 commemorating the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, Givhan wrote, "It's the kind of attire one typically wears to operate a snow blower.... Here he was wearing something that visually didn't symbolize to me the level of solemnity and respect that I thought a service like this demanded... He was representing the American people. I don't want to be represented by someone in, you know, a parka who looks like he's at a Green Bay Packer game."

She also slammed the attire worn by the wife and young children of Supreme Court nominee John Roberts during his swearing in as Supreme Court Chief Justice, saying they resembled "a trio of Easter eggs, a handful of jelly bellies, three little Necco wafers."

In August 2009, she criticized First Lady Michelle Obama for wearing shorts while on a family vacation. "Avoiding the appearance of queenly behavior is politically wise. But it does American culture no favors if a first lady tries so hard to be average that she winds up looking common," wrote Givhan on the subject of the first lady's attire.  Givhan continued her criticism in the Washington Post of January 3, 2010, complaining the First Lady lacked "focus" in her advocacy.

Recognition and publications

In 2013, Robin Givhan was inducted into the University of Michigan's Detroiter Hall of Fame. Givhan's book about The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show, entitled The Battle of Versailles: The Night American Fashion Stumbled into the Spotlight and Made History, was published by Flatiron Books in 2015.

She has also contributed to a number of books, including captions for photographer Lucian Perkins's book Runway Madness and a commemorative book entitled Michelle: Her First Year as First Lady.

Awards

 2006 Pulitzer Prize for Criticism

References

External links
Robin Givhan's official website
Video interviews/conversations with Ann Althouse at Bloggingheads.tv
"Off the Runway" blog by Givhan at the Washington Post

 Givhan at The Daily Beast
University of Michigan Detroit Center; Detroiter Hall of Fame

1965 births
American newspaper editors
Princeton University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
American fashion journalists
American women journalists
African-American women journalists
African-American journalists
Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winners
Living people
The Washington Post people
Detroit Free Press people
San Francisco Chronicle people
Fashion editors
Women newspaper editors
American women critics
Women magazine editors
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

Robin Givhan


Sewage treatment is the process of dealing with sewage so that it does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. A house that doesn't have access to a city's sewage treatment will have its own septic system.

Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out.  This protects the machines in later stages.
Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage.  Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top.  Fats and solids stay in the tank and the water continues to the next stage. This is called primary treatment.

Modern sewage treatment started in London in about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

Importance of oxygen
Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to  run the sewage through oxygenated water.  It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.

Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria.  Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on.  Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.

Solids from the first and second treatment tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers' fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.

References

Waste management

Sewage treatment


Prentice Gautt (February 8, 1938 – March 17, 2005) was an American football running back for the University of Oklahoma football team from 1956 to 1959.  Gautt was the first black football player at the University of Oklahoma where he wore #38.

When former Sooners coach Bud Wilkinson was pressured against giving Gautt a scholarship, a group of black doctors and pharmacists gave him money to attend the school. Within a year, Gautt had a scholarship and the donated money was given to another black student.  Gautt then became a two-time All-Big Eight player. His senior year, he was named to the Academic All-American team.

He played football professionally in the NFL with the Cleveland Browns (one year) and St. Louis Cardinals (six years).

After the NFL, Gautt coached football at Missouri while earning his Ph.D. in psychology.  He then started a career in athletics administration, first as an assistant commissioner for the Big Eight Conference and as a special assistant to the commissioner of the Big 12 Conference.

Gautt played high school football at Douglass High School in Oklahoma City.  His senior year, he became the first black player to play in the All-State game and he earned MVP honors.

Gautt died on March 17, 2005, from flu-like symptoms.

He was posthumously given the 2005 Outstanding Contribution to Amateur Football Award by The National Football Foundation (NFF) & College Football Hall of Fame  in May 2005.

External links
 Dr. Prentice Gautt Big 12 Postgraduate Scholarship Recipients
 Brown v. Board of Education Profiles
 Gautt, Prentice Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture

1938 births
2005 deaths
African-American players of American football
Players of American football from Oklahoma City
American football running backs
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Cleveland Browns players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
Missouri Tigers football coaches
University of Missouri alumni
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people

Prentice Gautt


A golf course is where the game of golf is usually played. It is made up of a series of 'holes', each consisting of certain key areas. A teeing ground is used to start playing the hole. A Fairway is the area between the tee and the green, where the grass is kept short for ball play. The green (or putting green) is a closely mowed area of grass surrounding the hole. It has a flagstick so the golfer can see the hole at longer distances. The hole itself has a diameter of 4¼ inches (108mm). Other areas of a golf course are called hazards. These include sand hazards and water hazards. Hazards are designed to make the game more challenging.

A standard round of golf consists of playing eighteen holes. Many golf courses are designed with eighteen holes.  Some, however, only have nine holes, and the course is played twice per round.

References

Golf

Golf course


Romanitas is an alternate history novel by Sophia McDougall, published by Orion Books. It is the first of a trilogy of novels based on a world in which the Roman Empire survives in contemporary times and now dominates much of the world.

Plot summary
After attending his parents' funeral, Marcus Novius Faustus Leo, the teenage nephew of the emperor (and heir apparent since the death of his father), is informed by his father's secretary Varius that his father Leo and his mother were murdered by a conspiracy concerned about Leo's ambition to abolish slavery. While this is happening, Varius' wife eats sweets given to Marcus by his cousin Makaria and dies of poisoning. Varius promptly arranges for Marcus to flee to a hidden refuge in Spain, run by Delir, an anti-slavery activist and secret ally of Leo. Meanwhile, a British slave named Una, who has the ability to read minds, rescues her brother Sulien who has been falsely accused of rape and sentenced to crucifixion.

The three runaways meet in Gaul. Despite initial suspicion, they agree to help each other and travel to the refuge. However, Varius has been arrested and the conspirators force him to reveal the location of the refuge, as well as making him confess to the murder of Marcus's parents, as well as the murder of Marcus himself.

Upon discovering that Varius has confessed to murdering him and his parents, Marcus decides to go to Rome to reveal he is in fact still alive, planning to reveal the conspiracy in public so the conspirators will be unable to kill him. He runs away from the refuge and travels to Rome, evading the soldiers sent to capture him. Una and Sulien follow him, but are unable to find him in time to prevent him revealing himself. Marcus reveals himself but is captured and taken to a hospital. There he is injected with a hallucinogen by one of the conspirators so that when Emperor Faustus is taken to him, Marcus appears to be mad. As many of the Imperial family have succumbed to a hereditary madness in the past (including, apparently, Marcus' other uncle, Lucius), Faustus agrees to keep Marcus in seclusion.

The runaway slaves make it to Rome, and manage to rescue Marcus from the asylum where he is being held. Thereafter, Marcus succeeds in revealing the truth about Varius' innocence to the emperor, as well as the plot to kill him. Makaria manages to exculpate herself from any involvement in the conspiracy, pouring suspicion onto the emperor's current wife, Tulliola.

See also

 Agent of Byzantium
 Germanicus trilogy
 Gunpowder Empire
 Lest Darkness Fall
 Roma Eterna
 Rome Burning
 Warlords of Utopia

References

External links
 Official website
 Review of Romanitas by The International Writers Magazine

2005 British novels
British alternative history novels
Alternate history novels set in ancient Rome
Orion Books books

Romanitas (novel)