Modern Toss is a British comic by Jon Link and Mick Bunnage. Renowned for their scurrilous humour and highly stylised animation, it was created in 2004, initially as a website publishing single panel jokes and then as series of irregularly released comics. To date there have been ten issues, with the early ones now highly collectable (especially the second, with its free sample of royal hair). The first four comics were republished as two books by Macmillan and two TV series were produced for Channel 4 and distributed worldwide by Fremantle Media.

Prior to starting Modern Toss, Link and Bunnage were on the original launch team for Loaded magazine, where they developed their first joint cartoon strip, Office Pest.

Comics and books
Since 2004, eight issues of Modern Toss have been published as comics, plus one Christmas Special in 2007. Only Issues 5 to 8 are still in print and some of the early editions are now highly collectable.

The early editions of the comics were part funded by advance subscriptions of enthusiasts who discovered Modern Toss cartoons on the web and eventually became the 'Friends of Modern Toss' – always credited on the final page of each of the comics.

The first two issues of the comic were compiled into a book, Modern Toss, published by Macmillan in 2004 (now out of print) and Simon & Schuster in the US (2006). Modern Toss: Another Book was compiled from comic issues three and four and was also published by Macmillan  in 2007. Macmillan went on to publish three further books: The Modern Toss Guide to Work (2007), Modern Toss Christmas Special (2008) which is now out of print and [https://web.archive.org/web/20130617234104/http://www.moderntoss.com/books/homeclubber-book Home-Clubber – 'All You Can Eat] (2009) drawn from the long running strip in the Guardian Guide; Home-Clubber is also out of print.

Alongside publishing the comics Modern Toss have self-published three books – Collected Thoughts by Drive-By Abuser (2009), a hand-stitched collection of comic verse from their character famed for his half-baked musings; More Work (2010) a compilation of the Work cartoons produced subsequent to the release of The Modern Toss Guide to Work ; and Desperate Business (2012), which drew on the long-running series of strips in the satirical publication Private Eye.

In 2013 a souvenir book version of the F**KYEUX Tapestry was published ; an historic cartoon snapshot that was created in six hours on 28 April 2013 at Pick Me Up in Somerset House, London by Modern Toss and some people who turned up on the day. It was scribed onto one continuous roll of paper and measures 103 metres.

Television

Channel 4 commissioned Modern Toss to produce a half-hour Comedy Lab entitled Modern Toss. A live action and animation treatment which was first broadcast in May 2005 and most recently repeated in Channel 4's Funny Fortnight in August 2012. A co-production between Modern Toss Productions and Channel X, the 30 minute show was written by Jon Link and Mick Bunnage. Live action was directed by Joe Cornish and animation by Jon Link and Mick Bunnage. The director of photography was Ben Wheatley.

Channel 4 subsequently commissioned two six part series, the first which was broadcast from 11 July 2006 and the second from 23 January 2008 4OD info. It includes live action, animation, and cartoons combining the two. The show has a voice cast that includes Mackenzie Crook, Doon Mackichan, Paul Kaye, Ralph Brown and Simon Greenall.

The live-action sketches ("I live 'ere", "Alan", "Drive by abuser", "Customer services", "Accident and emergency", "Citizens advice", "Illegal alphabet") were directed by Ben Wheatley. The animation was designed and directed by Bunnage and Link. Series one animation was produced by 12Foot6 and series two by Spy Pictures and Le Singe Media of Brighton, UK.

Alongside Channel 4 on 4 May 2007 the show aired on pay TV channel Bravo in the UK as part of the adult swim block. Between 2008 and 2010 Series 2 aired on the pay TV channel Paramount Comedy Channel (subsequently rebranded as Comedy Central). In 2010–11 the show aired on 4 Music. The first series was released on Region 2 DVD in November 2007, while a second series started on Channel 4 on 23 January 2008. The Region 2 DVD of the second series was released in spring 2008. The TV series won unanimous critical praise and were nominated for a Rose D'Or award in 2009. The two series were distributed worldwide and broadcast in 30-plus territories including the US.

Following the TV series Modern Toss produced an animated sitcom Work Experience  which was broadcast on E4 in 2008. In 2009 BBC commissioned Chaos Laboratories, a live action, sci-fi themed animation series (with Paul Kaye and Simon Day).

Channel 4 then commissioned Modern Toss to produce the Business Mouse cartoon series  for their Comedy Blaps series and ended up broadcasting them on Channel 4 in August 2012. Business Mouse picked up a Royal Television Society Award. Modern Toss also produced Robin of Essex for Channel 4  which debuted in 2012 online.

In 2012 Channel 4 commissioned Modern Toss to produce a series of five promos for their Funny Fortnight in August 2012.

Recurring cartoons
Though some of them are one-off, most of the cartoons follow recurring themes (or in a few cases loosely sequential stories). The following all appear in the publications and many also in the television series:

 Mr Tourette: a French sign-writer who produces offensive signs bearing no relation to his customers' instructions. This usually culminates in his customer being totally unhappy with the work and Mr Tourette calling them "some kind of cunt"
 Alan: a sociopathic, scribble-like creature who plays extreme practical jokes on his middle-class brother-in-law, usually involving Alan turning up uninvited to a social event and causing a large amount of destruction, to the tune of "I Like To Move It" by Reel 2 Real, before running away, leaving his brother-in-law to shout "Come back, Alan, you wanker!"
 Prince Edward, Royal Entrepreneur: the prince tries to make money out of anything associated with the royal family, no matter how tasteless
 Cheese and Wine: satire of boring 'small talk' made at parties, such as 'I hear Peter's new business is in trouble' meeting with the reply 'Peter's a cunt'
 Citizens' Advice: irate and often illogical complaints from members of the public about goods, services and employers, usually concluding with the question "where do I stand legally?"
 Work: conversations with disgruntled or complacent employees; for example, a man phones in from home, saying, "I've heard the printer's broken so I won't be coming in"
 999: emergency phone calls from people in bizarre situations
 Emergency services: people with bizarre health complaints
 Daytrippers: two men discuss plans for various violent outings
 Planet chat: everyday conversations between celestial bodies
 Space argument: astronauts arguing on the moon
 I live 'ere: a farmer who recounts his violent assaults on members of the public
 Drive-by abuser: a man on a moped who shouts pointless insults at people, animals or inanimate objects he drives past. Typical examples include:
"You're a traffic light, yeh? Changing colours, yeh? Yeh, fucking looks like it an' all"
"Well good luck to ya, 'cause I wouldn't have the fucking nerve"
"Why not, though, eh? It's your life, innit?"
"See ya around, yeah?"
 Fly talk: conversations between flies about humans they have encountered, sometimes mentioning celebrities including Chris Martin and 50 Cent.
 Home clubber: provides a panel of insight into the latest exploit of an amoral entrepreneur. These cartoons appear weekly in the "Guide" section of The Guardian
 Weekend: tedious domestic conversations
 Medieval Kneval: exploits of a medieval stuntman
 Peanut: the saga of a disbanded pop group and their manager
 Park: dog excrement related events in a park
 Dogkiller: novel methods of luring dogs to their death
 And what do you think?: vox pop interviews
 Customer Services: Customers returning purchased items to shops with absurd complaints about the item's quality, i.e.: "This CD I bought off you, made me kill someone!" Or: "This kitchen I bought off you, gave me manic depression!"

The following recurring cartoons are in the television version only:
 Gnat burglar: a giant gnat which sucks the entire contents out of things and injects it into other things
 Underground wolf gobbler: a giant semi-human monster that pops up out of the ground and eats things, bears a passing resemblance to Rupert Murdoch (Actually editor Rob Hill's father Bob)
 Peace & quiet: a man who seeks peace and quiet in his garden, but is plagued by noise from neighbours and others nearby
 Barney: a man who periodically turns into a red Incredible Hulk-like monster at the mention of Alan Titchmarsh and during everyday minor frustrations, and causes destruction in a mad rage, followed by embarrassment at what he has done
 Illegal Alphabet: a large number of human-sized letters that congregate in a field to form rude words (including bizarre portmanteaus such as "pipecock"); they are then ambushed by police. These scenes end with a BBC Radio 4-style voiceover announcing e.g. "That was Illegal Alphabet in 'unsanctioned piss meeting' followed by 'unauthorised shitcasket'"Sneezeman: a little man with a huge nose who is propelled backwards at great speed when he sneezes, usually hurting himself and destroying propertySeawalker''': this has only appeared once so far in the television series — a man with very long legs walks out of the sea onto the beach, whereupon his legs are severed by people playing frisbee

Mr Tourette and Alan appear on the covers of Modern Toss booklets and books and on merchandise.

The Periodic Table of Swearing
A creation inspired by the Periodic Table, The Periodic Table of Swearing design was featured in the 2011 book Information Graphics, which documents the history of classic presentation of information through design. Written by Sandra Rendgen and edited by Julius Wiedemann, it is effectively a survey of data visualisation, published by Taschen.

Eulogised in Eye magazine the Periodic Table of Swearing was produced as an actual, interactive table by Clay Interactive as an installation at the Latitude Festival in 2011. Released as an app the same year (see below) the Periodic Table of Swearing has also been utilised in design of a jacket for Gresham Blake, prints, T-clots, mugs and magnet sets.

Commissioned works
Bunnage and Link partnered with shoe company Kickers in 2009 to present Random Bandits, a suite of cartoons in the style of other Modern Toss productions. They have developed three strands of film theme which appear as short skits in each of the episodes that make up the Kickers presents Random Bandits series.  The films feature voiceovers by comedy actor Mackenzie Crook.

In 2011, Modern Toss were commissioned by Brighton and Hove Albion FC to produce artwork for their new stadium, the Falmer Stadium, in the West Stand of the ground.

Merchandise
There is a wide variety of Modern Toss'' merchandise, including T-shirts, soft toys, DVDs, books, comics, magnets, posters, art prints, games and beer.

"The Daily Toss: Your Daily Serving of Modern Toss" is an iPhone and iPad app developed by Modern Toss and Aimer Media. Cartoons from the Modern Toss archive are presented in a dated sequence in seasonal batches.
An earlier app The Pocket Shouter was a soundboard iPhone app featuring the Drive-by abuser. It first appeared in 2009 but as of March 2011 is no longer available. A new version is planned for Summer 2011.
The Periodic Table of Swearing android App was released in 2011 . In 2013 The Periodic Table of Swearing became available online in HTML 5

In Autumn 2012 Modern Toss collaborated with Sensei Games  in the design of IOS game "Sneezeman:Escape From Planet Sneeze"  which has 84 levels and 7 game zones.

In June 2018, Modern Toss launched two beers ("Horse Piss" and "Ditch Scooper"), brewed by Goldmark Craft Beers of Arundel.

Tag lines

"Modern Toss - the stink of excellence in a world gone tits up!"
"Modern Toss. Watching a TV program yeah? Looks like it an' all!" both delivered by a female voiceover (Doon Mackichan)

References

External links
 Modern Toss

British comics
Adult humour titles

Modern Toss


Diana Jones is an American singer-songwriter based in Nashville, Tennessee.  Jones's career gained wider critical acclaim in 2006 with the release of her album, My Remembrance of You.  The album made a number of critics end-of-the-year "best of" lists.  The Chicago Tribune rated the album as the "best country recording of 2006" and described Jones as "an Americana gem", whose sound rides "an old-timey vibe that never sounds fussy, ... in a voice subtly shaded by the high lonesome sound."

Jones has also won a number of songwriting competitions including the venerable "New Folk" competition at the 2006 Kerrville Folk Festival.  Her song "Pony" was nominated as "Song of the Year" by the North American Folk Alliance, and Jones herself was nominated as "Emerging Artist of the Year" for 2006.

Biography
Diana Jones was adopted as an infant and raised in New York City. She was first drawn to country music in the early 1980s while attending high school on Long Island.  While her peers were listening to Michael Jackson, Kenny Loggins and Prince she began to seek out recordings by Johnny Cash and Patsy Cline.
She was also drawn to contemporary acts like Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris.

After graduating from college Jones was reunited with her birth family in eastern Tennessee. It was there that she also gained a sense of her musical heritage when she discovered her grandfather, Robert Lee Maranville, was a talented singer and had been in a Knoxville band with Chet Atkins.  "I found my first Smithsonian Folkways recording of Southern ballads up at Cades Cove in the Smokies on a drive with him", Jones explained to the Columbus Dispatch. "I put it in the CD player, and he started singing along and tapping his finger on his leg. He knew all those songs...I felt like I had discovered the source of what I had been trying to find musically."

In the 1990s Jones continued to develop as a writer and performer in the music scene around Austin, Texas She released two albums, signed a deal with Hamstein Publishing, and began to develop a grass roots following.

It was the death of Maranville in 2000 that caused her to move back to the northeastern United States and enter a period of personal reflection: "I wrote this last project [My Remembrance of You] in a cabin in the woods, trying to recover my balance after the loss of my grandfather. I was writing songs because I had to, for myself."

Career
Although widely recognized as an "emerging artist" in 2006, Jones's recording and songwriting career began a decade earlier.  Her 1997 debut, Imagine Me, has been described as a combination of "the traditional American folk genre with a cutting edge on modern female folk music."
Two years later, Jones followed-up with The One That Got Away.

Jones really caught the attention of folk music fans when she re-emerged with My Remembrance of You.  The album was released March 12, 2006.  It was dedicated to her late grandfather while also paying tribute to producer and archivist Alan Lomax.

The recording almost immediately received high praise from critics. The collection of eleven original songs have been described as "understated and beautifully crafted" and sounding as though they could have been written in 1935 rather than 2005. In addition to vocals, Jones is featured on guitar, mandolin and fiddle.  Other musicians include Duke Levine on strings, Bob Dick on bass, Lorne Entress on percussion, and Jay Ungar on fiddle.

Perhaps the most noted track in the collection is "Pony", a song told from the viewpoint of a young Native American girl in the 1920s who is forced to assimilate to a life and culture that is not her own:

"Pony" features Ferron on backing vocals. In addition to being nominated for a "Song of the Year" award by the North American Folk Alliance, the song finished the year at number 15 in the 2006 year-end Folk Radio Airplay Chart.

In 2007 Jones produced an album of songs written and performed with North Carolina-based songwriter Jonathan Byrd.  Radio Soul  is a stripped down recording featuring the voices and guitars of the two songwriters with little added instrumentation.

In September 2008, Joan Baez released a recording of Jones's "Henry Russell's Last Words" on her album Day After Tomorrow. Baez' album has since been nominated for a Grammy.

In 2009, Jones released "Better Times Will Come" on Proper Records which included "Henry Russell's Last Words," "Cracked and Broken," and "The Day I Die." Nanci Griffith sang back up on the title track.

High Atmosphere (Proper) was released in 2011.

Museum of Appalachia Recordings was recorded at Peters Homestead Cabin, Museum of Appalachia, in Clinton, Tennessee in December 2012, and released in November 2013. Recorded live with two session musicians, the record was inspired by the love of old-time Appalachian music Jones's grandfather passed on to her.

Jones is frequently compared to other distinct voices in Americana music such as Gillian Welch, Iris DeMent, and Alison Krauss. Jones states that she is flattered by the comparisons and if asked to add a name to the list suggests "Ginny Hawker would be the name I would add. She has one of the truest voices I have heard. I love everything about the way she sings a song."

Jones has shared the stage with many artists, including Janis Ian, Steve Earle, Martina McBride, Nanci Griffith, Richard Thompson, John Gorka, Mary Gauthier, Old Crow Medicine Show, Guy Clark, and many others.

Discography
 Imagine Me (1997, New Shoes Records)
 The One That Got Away (Diana Jones album)|The One That Got Away (1998, New Shoes Records)
 My Remembrance of You (2006, NewSong Recordings)
 Radio Soul, with Jonathan Byrd (May 2007)
 Better Times Will Come (February 2009, Proper Records [UK]/ April 2009 [US])
 High Atmosphere (April 5, 2011, USA)
 Museum Of Appalachia Recordings (July 8, 2013 Proper Records [UK]/ November 5, 2013 Goldmine Records USA)
 Song to a Refugee (September 25, 2020, Proper Records)

External links
 Diana Jones, official web site
  Diana Jones at MySpace

Notes and references

American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American women singer-songwriters
American folk singers
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Proper Records artists
Country musicians from Tennessee
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee

Diana Jones (singer-songwriter)


The Solar System Family Portrait is an image of many of the Solar System's planets and moons acquired by MESSENGER during November 2010 from approximately the orbit of Mercury. The mosaic is intended to be complementary to the Voyager 1s Family Portrait acquired from the outer edge of the Solar System on February 14, 1990.

The portrait was constructed using 34 individual frames acquired using the Mercury Dual Imaging System, targeting areas surrounding each planet.  The first series of images was acquired on November 3, 2010, and the second on November 16.

Six planets are visible in the mosaic. From left to right: Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, and Saturn. Uranus and Neptune were too small to resolve at this distance (3.0-billion and 4.4-billion kilometers respectively). Careful effort was taken to avoid facing the camera toward the Solar System's central star, the Sun, due to the intense heat at close distance.

Several moons are visible in the photo, including the Earth's Moon, and all four Galilean moons: Callisto, Ganymede, Europa, and Io. Additionally, part of the Milky Way is visible between Neptune and Mars.

Because MESSENGER does not follow the same orbital plane as the Earth, the cameras on the spacecraft had to point up and down from the ecliptic to capture all of the planets. This resulted in a curved mosaic.

Although somewhat closer to Earth, a similar so-called family portrait of the Earth, Venus and Mars was taken by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft on 18 November 2020.

See also
 Family Portrait (Voyager)

References

External links
 NASA MESSENGER feature

Astronomy image articles
Bodies of the Solar System
2010 in science
Photographs of Earth from outer space
2010 works
2010s photographs
November 2010 events

ja:太陽系家族写真#メッセンジャーによる撮影

Family Portrait (MESSENGER)


Ji Jike (; 1588–1662) was a highly accomplished martial artist from Yongji, Shanxi Province.  He was also known as Ji Longfeng (). According to accepted theory, he is widely considered to be the originator of the internal martial art of Xingyiquan.  (Other, less credible, theories consider Bodhidharma or Yue Fei as the originators of this art.) Ji Jike created the martial art of Xinyiquan (Heart and Intention Boxing), which is the precursor of Xingyiquan (Form and Intention Boxing).  He based the fundamentals of Xinyi on the spear techniques for which he was also famous. It was Li Luo Neng, a most famous descendant of Ji Jike, who modified Xinyi and called it Xingyi.

Biography
During Ji Jike's lifetime, China was taken over by the Manchu Qing dynasty (1644–1912), descendants of the Jurchen tribes of Yue Fei's time. Ji Jike began his classical studies when he was seven years old, and Wushu training at 13. After sitting for the imperial examination, he passed with honors, which earned him a position as a court official in Shanxi. However, he was disillusioned in this position because of the corruption he encountered, and was eventually forced out of office.

After leaving, he traveled throughout China to refine his martial art. He eventually made his way to the Shaolin temple in Henan province to study Shaolin Wushu.  At the temple, the monks were all amazed at his skill with the spear as well as his unarmed fighting skills. Welcomed by the monks, he stayed at the Temple, where he spent more than 10 years.  It was here where he created Xinyi. Legend has it that during his time at the Temple, Ji once observed two cocks fighting, and was inspired to complete his development of the art of Xinyi. He taught his art to the monks, who passed it on as Xinyi Ba (). It was also during this time that he was suspected of being involved with the resistance opposing the Qing dynasty.

Later, after leaving the temple, he taught in the region to others from Henan.  The most prominent of his students was Cao Jiwu and the other, Ma Xueli.

When Ji returned home to Shanxi, he taught Xinyi to family members. He was nicknamed "Divine Spear" () for his exemplary skill, and was respected like a guardian deity, for he single-handedly defeated a band of bandits raiding his village when he was of old age.

References

Chinese xingyiquan practitioners
Neijia
Ming dynasty Taoists
Qing dynasty Taoists
1588 births
1662 deaths
People from Yuncheng
Sportspeople from Shanxi

Ji Jike


Adam H. Sobel (born 1967) is a Professor of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics and of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. He directs its Initiative on Extreme Weather and Climate. His research area is meteorology with a focus on atmospheric and climate dynamics, tropical meteorology, and extreme weather.

He obtained his PhD at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1998 and won the American Geophysical Union Atmospheric Science Section Ascent Award in 2014.

Along with Tapio Schneider, he co-edited the review book The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere (2007). He was also featured in the 2012 NOVA documentary "Inside the Megastorm" about Hurricane Sandy, and later published the book Storm Surge: Hurricane Sandy, Our Changing Climate, and Extreme Weather of the Past and Future (2014). Overall his publications have been cited over 10,000 times, and he has an h-index of 56 as of September 16, 2019.

References

External links
 Publications and General Writing
 Blog
 http://www.columbia.edu/~ahs129/home.html

Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
American climatologists
1967 births

Adam Sobel


The Kingdom of Aragon (, , , ) was one of the Hispanic kingdoms of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. It arose in the central Pyrenean region in 1035 after the union of the Carolingian counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. Subsequently it expanded southward, as it took over Muslim territories, until it came to occupy the area corresponding to the current autonomous community of Aragon.

Not to be confused with the Crown of Aragon, a group of territories over which the King of Aragon was sovereign. At first it consisted of the Kingdom of Aragon itself plus the possessions of the Count of Barcelona, and later the Kingdom of Mallorca, the Kingdom of Valencia, and several territories in the Mediterranean were added by conquest. Although it was never considered a kingdom, Catalonia was one of the territories that made up the Crown, and since it had a large population and military weight, it was considered one of the "kingdoms" of the Crown of Aragon.

From the end of the 15th century, after the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, the dynastic union of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile took place. However, unlike the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon continued to function as a composite and pacitist monarchy, in which the territories shared the same monarch but maintained different laws, institutions and ways of relating to the king. Thus, the Kingdom of Aragon, like the other territories of the Crown of Aragon, maintained its own laws and institutions until 1707, in the context of the War of the Spanish Succession, King Philip V, first king of the House of Bourbon, abolished its laws, abolished the Council of Aragon and the rest of its own institutions, such as the Justice, the Provincial Council or the Courts of Aragon, imposing the laws and institutions of the Crown of Castile, through the Decrees of Nueva Planta.

Aragon would continue to be considered a territorial division of Spain until 1833, when Javier de Burgos established the territorial division by provinces, ending the division by kingdoms. The other territories of the former crown of Aragon also saw their institutions and laws abolished after the various Nueva Planta Decrees: the courts of the principality of Catalonia, the kingdom of Valencia and the kingdom of Mallorca, like those of Aragon, were from then on convened jointly with the Cortes of Castile.

History

Origin: The county of Aragon
The marriage of Andregoto, daughter of Count Galindo II of Aragon, to King Garcia Sanchez I of Navarre, led to the union of both political entities. The County of Aragon continued to retain a certain personality that had been reinforced by the revival of monastic life and the organization of a diocese coinciding with the county boundaries.

In 1035 Ramiro, natural son of Sancho III of Navarre and baiulus of the county of Aragon, incorporated the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, which had been under the rule of his brother Gonzalo, into the county. After Sancho's death, the county split from the kingdom of Navarre and was constituted as a separate kingdom, although under the tutelage of the Navarrese kingdom governed by his brother García Sánchez III. Limited to the Pyrenean valleys and neighboring the more powerful kingdom of Navarre and the important Taifa of Saragossa, the increase in population and the thirst for land for its inhabitants impelled it to expand, despite its initial military weakness.

The legitimacy of the new dynasty was achieved by the kings Sancho Ramírez and Pedro I by placing the kingdom under the protection of the Holy See. Thus the Kingdom of Aragon became part of the western states. The donation of the kingdom to the pope was made by Sancho Ramirez in 1068, in an attempt to strengthen his position against his hostile neighbors, sometimes allied against him.

11th-12th centuries: Expansion of the kingdom
Ramiro I's projection for the reconquest of the plain land was far surpassed by his immediate successors.

The king of Navarre Sancho Garcés IV was assassinated by his own brother in 1076. The Navarrese, not wanting to be governed by the fratricide, elected Sancho Ramirez of Aragon -cousin of the deceased- as their king, who incorporated the crown of Pamplona to that of Aragon. The kingdom of Navarre was divided between León-Castile and Aragon; the latter received the main territories, including the capital of Navarre, and tripled its extension, although in exchange for admitting the theoretical supremacy of Castile-León. To celebrate the expansion, Sancho founded the city of Jaca, where he took up residence and to which he transferred the Mozarabic bishopric (of Hispano-Visigothic liturgical tradition under Muslim rule) of Huesca in 1077. As he controlled the highlands bordering the Ebro to the north, he was able to undertake various raids, mainly against the Zaragozan taifa, and try to expand into the plain, mainly along the valleys of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. To compensate for the lack of soldiers needed for territorial expansion, he tried to bring them from the south of France. Expansion, however, was slow and was carried out especially through the conquest of strategic points, such as Graus in 1083 and Ayerbe, around the same time. The advances towards the south were accelerated at the end of the century, both by the lack of support of Alfonso to the Zaragozans and by the march of the Cid to the Levant, who until then had fought with them. In 1089, the Aragonese seized Monzón, which hindered communications between Lérida and Huesca, and in 1091 they built the castle of El Castellar, between Zaragoza and Tudela. Sancho undertook the siege of the important city of Huesca -much larger than Jaca and Pamplona and probably than any peninsular city in Christian hands, except Barcelona and Toledo- in 1094, but died of an arrow shot. He was immediately succeeded by his son Pedro, already associated with power and who soon resumed the siege.

King Pedro I of Aragon (1070-1104) conquered Huesca on November 27, 1096, after defeating King Al-Musta'in II of Taifa of Zaragoza in the battle of Alcoraz, which was fought on November 18 of that year. In 1101 he took Barbastro and Sariñena, and took Tamarite de Litera in 1104. In this reign the Fuero de Infanzones was regulated.

During the reign of Alfonso I the Battler (1104-1134), in the course of a few years, with the valuable collaboration of the feudal nobility of southern France, the urban centers and regions of Tudela, Tarazona, Calatayud, Daroca and Zaragoza were conquered, and after the death of his brother Pedro I of Aragon, he decided to act on the Cinco Villas and in 1105 he conquered Ejea de los Caballeros.

The king of Saragossa, Al-Musta'in II decided to carry out a plundering expedition against the neighboring Christians in the year 1110 and ended up fighting with the border knights in the battle of Valtierra where he was defeated and killed. The capture of Saragossa in 1118 meant the fall of the entire Moorish kingdom, thus radically changing the social structures and spiritual horizons of the small kingdom of highlanders that until then had been Aragon.

In 1120 the Aragonese monarch conquered Calatayud, Daroca, granted a charter to Soria and that same year the Aragonese army won a very important victory over the Muslims in the battle of Cutanda. 1125 saw the organization of the great military expedition of Alfonso I of Aragon through Andalusia, demonstrating the weakness of Almoravid power in Levante and Andalusia.

King Battallador, who had failed in his marriage to the Leonese queen Urraca, had no descendants. In his singular will, he made the military orders heirs to his kingdoms, but nobody thought of fulfilling this will and the Aragonese nobles, gathered in Jaca, recognized his brother Ramiro as king. For their part, the Navarrese elected García Ramírez, which determined the separation of the Kingdom of Navarre. At that time Ramiro was bishop of Roda-Barbastro, but he had to occupy the throne.

Ramiro II of Aragon (1086-1157) reigned for only three years, from 1134 to 1137, and was married to Inés de Poitou, daughter of Duke William IX of Aquitaine, who was crowned in Saragossa in 1134.

Crown of Aragon

In 1137 Ramiro II the Monk arranged the betrothal of Petronila of Aragon to Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Their son, Alfonso II, was the first king to inherit the titles of King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona.

At its greatest territorial extension, the Kingdom of Aragon was made up of the territories that today form the Autonomous Community of Aragon, plus a large part of the current province of Lérida, most of the Ebro valley up to the sea, with Tortosa as the main coastal city, and the north of the current province of Castellón. This expansion was articulated through the creation of the Marquisates of Lérida and Tortosa, although they were later ceded by James I of Aragon to the Principality of Catalonia.

Ferdinand II (1479-1516) married Isabella I of Castile. Their grandson, Charles I, inherited both crowns, but each maintained its own laws and customs.

In 1700, with the death of Charles II, Philip of Anjou was proclaimed king of Castile and Aragon, which provoked the War of the Spanish Succession. The Crown of Aragon sided with Archduke Charles, the other pretender. When the war ended, Philip V promulgated the decrees of Nueva Planta, which abolished the foral institutions of the Crown of Aragon, which was integrated into a modern and centralized state in most of its territory, except in the Basque Provinces and Navarre, which continued to maintain their fueros. In 1711 the Captaincy General of Aragon was created.

Fueros

Fueros is a term that can have several meanings. They were a pact between the king and the inhabitants of a place, which could be a city or an entire kingdom. The fueros of Aragon were the set of laws in force in the Kingdom of Aragon, compiled in 1247.

They replaced the local charters that existed previously, such as the charter of Jaca, granted by King Sancho el Mayor, who granted good charters to encourage the settlement in the city of Christians from the other side of the Pyrenees. These charters, or charters derived from them, were later granted to other cities and towns in Aragon and were also the basis for charters granted to towns in other kingdoms.

The Justice of Aragon began as a judge of the Court, and in 1265 was established as a judge of lawsuits between the nobles and the king and as president of the Cortes of the kingdom. At first he was appointed by the king from among the nobles, but ended up being a dignity sometimes for life and hereditary, his prerogatives being cut in 1592 as a result of the Alterations of Aragon.

In 1283, after King Peter III was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV for having occupied Sicily, a feudatory kingdom of the Holy See, the Aragonese oligarchy confederated to limit royal power and extract new privileges. The king was forced to grant the General Privilege in what would be known as the revolt of the Union in 1283. His son James II is forced to grant the Privilege of the Union. During the reign of James I, various assemblies, more or less crowded, had met to settle lawsuits. The Privilege of the Union requires the annual convocation of a court of nobles and citizens, which will end up including four arms: the rich men, the infanzones and knights, the ecclesiastical authorities and the universities. At that time, the cities, towns and communities of the kingdom were called universities. The Courts of Aragon were not convened with the required regularity, but eventually took control of the kingdom's taxation, granting funds to the king in exchange for the maintenance and extension of the privileges of the estates represented in them.

The General Delegation of the Kingdom was created in 1363 as the body delegated by the Cortes to collect and administer taxes and tariffs, and to deliver the agreed funds to the king. The four branches of the Cortes are represented in it, with two deputies for each branch. Over time its attributions will grow as it will be in charge of the administration of the funds necessary to preserve the peace and welfare of the kingdom.

Ferdinand the Catholic instituted the figure of the Viceroy, who would exercise the royal powers when the king was absent from the kingdom, something that would frequently happen with the monarchs of the House of Austria. The Viceroy was responsible for the Governor, who was in charge of maintaining order and social peace, and the Royal Audience, a court that would impart justice in serious or very important cases, or those that affected individuals with privileges. He also established the authority of the Inquisition in the kingdom, a body that later kings abused to circumvent the provisions of the Aragonese fueros, which did not prevail over the Inquisition, as occurred in the Alterations of Aragon.

Territorial organization
The oldest administrative system of the kingdom was based on the distribution of towns and lands to the nobles who participated in the conquest. The nobles could receive these honors in property or in tenancy, when the king reserved the property but ceded its administration to the noble. The nobles could receive castles in tenancy, being in charge of keeping them garrisoned in exchange for populating and obtaining rents from the lands they controlled.

The king also granted the administration of lands and towns to the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Bishoprics, archpriestships, abbeys and military orders administered and collected rents from the honors granted to them.

Over time, the king will begin to create a network of officials to control the lands and towns directly dependent on him, called realengo. The merino was an executive, judicial and military agent of the monarch that is already documented in the Fuero de Jaca. The bailes began with similar competencies, but ended up specializing in the management of the royal patrimony. The king granted to cities and villas of royalty privileges that specified the privileges of their neighbors. The regions of Daroca, Teruel, Calatayud, Albarracín and others were organized into communities that sent their own representatives to the Cortes. In the 15th century, the territory of the kingdom was divided into eleven overcollides for tax purposes, which were converted into paths, with some modifications, in the 17th century.

Demography
Before the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the population in what would later become Aragon was a mixture of Iberian and Celtiberian substratum with Roman colonizers and Visigoth invaders, with Vascones occupying the Pyrenean valleys. There was also a Jewish minority, the result of the 1st century diaspora. This minority, tolerated by the Romans, was being persecuted by the Visigoths in the period prior to the Muslim invasion.

The Muslim invaders were not very numerous, being mainly Berbers, but also, in later waves, Arabs and Syrians. Those established in the Ebro valley were mostly Arabs, divided between Qaysids and Kalbis, Arabs from the north and south. The majority of the Muslim population in the area at the time of the reconquest were Muladis, Christians converted to Islam. Those Christians who did not convert, called Mozarabs, were tolerated by the Muslim rulers in exchange for the payment of special taxes.

The first counts of the Marca Hispanica were Franks, but in time they were replaced by local elites, Vasconas and Hispano-Visigoths. The kings of Pamplona and later of Aragon promoted the immigration of Franks and Occitanians to their kingdoms, as well as Mozarabs. With the invasion of the Almohad fundamentalists, Jewish communities from al-Andalus also migrated to the Christian kingdoms. After the conquest of the Ebro valley, a considerable number of Muslims became subjects of the king of Aragon. These Muslims, called Mudejars, formed an important part of the artisan and agricultural class of the kingdom, as reflected in the widespread Aragonese Mudejar architecture.

The 13th century was the golden age of the Jews of Aragon. The Jewish minority was eminently urban, engaging in all kinds of occupations, but excelling in medicine, administration, tax collection and lending. The Jews were considered property of the crown, and the king provided them with protection in exchange for special contributions. The same century saw the arrival of Cathar refugees from Occitania, fleeing religious persecution. The situation of the Jews worsened at the end of the century due to pressure from the Catholic hierarchy, and they were forbidden to hold public office. Many Aragonese Jews converted to Christianity, with greater or lesser conviction, to avoid high taxes and persecution. These converts were integrated into the Christian population, even mixing with noble families. This could explain the significant frequency of Jewish haplotypes in the contemporary Aragonese population.

The internal conflicts, the war with Castile and above all the Black Death and other epidemics in the 14th century produced an important decrease in the population of the kingdom. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs decreed the conversion or expulsion of the Jews. In 1495 a census was taken, the fogaje of 1495, which revealed a total of 51 540 fires in the kingdom, or about 200 000 inhabitants. Muslims then made up 11% of the total population. The most populated city, Zaragoza, had less than 20,000 inhabitants.

In 1525 Charles I also decreed the conversion or expulsion of the Mudejars, being baptized most of the Muslims of Aragon in 1526. During the 16th century the total population grew by 50%, especially on the banks of the Ebro and its tributaries on the right bank. Part of the growth was due to immigration from north of the Pyrenees. In the 17th century, population growth slowed down. In 1610 some 65,000 Moriscos were expelled, about 20% of the population. Other significant factors in the slower population growth were the loss of agricultural production due to the expulsion of the Moors and periods of drought, a plague that devastated the kingdom from 1647 to 1654, the increase in taxation and the uprising in Catalonia.

Already in the 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession led to a decrease of about 10% in population, including the emigration of many of the residents of French origin after Archduke Charles decreed their expulsion.

Related pages

 The Templars in the Crown of Aragon
List of monarchs of Aragon
Chronological table of kingdoms of Spain
Medieval Aragonese language

Literature

References

Other websites

 Agustín Ubieto Arteta, Cómo se formó Aragón [Mapas y fichas de Historia de Aragón].
 Esteban Sarasa Sánchez et al., Aragón: Historia y Cortes de un Reino, Cortes de Aragón y Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, 1991. ISBN 978-84-86807-64-1
 Juan F. Utrilla Utrilla, «Aragón, de reino a corona: hacia la construcción de un estado y sociedad feudales. una síntesis interpretativa», publicado en Luis Prensa y Pedro Calahorra (coords.), Jornadas de Canto Gregoriano: XV. El libro litúrgico: del scriptorium a la imprenta. XVI. La implantación en Aragón, en el siglo XII, del rito romano y del canto gregoriano. Conferencias impartidas en las Jornadas de Canto Gregoriano correspondientes a las ediciones XV (Zaragoza, 13 al 22 de diciembre de 2010) y XVI (Zaragoza, 2 al 16 de noviembre de 2011), Zaragoza, Institución «Fernando el Católico» (CSIC), 2012, págs. 149-169. ISBN 978-84-9911-204-6
 «First Aragonese and Pamplonese emissions» apud Gaceta Numismática, 185, junio de 2013, págs. 25-56. Contiene imágenes sobre dineros de Aragón y Navarra de las primeras acuñaciones.

1030s
1707 disestablishments
Aragon

Kingdom of Aragon


William Pugsley  (September 27, 1850 – March 3, 1925) was a politician and lawyer in New Brunswick, Canada.

Biography
He was born in Sussex, New Brunswick, the son of William Pugsley, of United Empire Loyalist descent, and Frances Jane Hayward. He was educated at the University of New Brunswick. He studied mathematics, classics, and English and was awarded many scholarships. In his junior year he was the gold medallist of his class. He went on to study law, was admitted to the bar in 1872 and set up practice in Saint John. The University of New Brunswick awarded him a BCL in 1879 and would confer honorary degrees of DCL in 1884 and LL.D in 1918. Pugsley was created a QC on 4 February 1891.

Pugsley, a Liberal, served as Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, Solicitor-General and Attorney-General in various Liberal governments before becoming the 11th premier of New Brunswick in 1907.

He resigned in September of that year to become minister of public works in the federal Liberal government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He served in that position until the government's defeat in the 1911 federal election, but remained as a Member of Parliament (MP) until 1917 when he was appointed the 15th lieutenant governor of New Brunswick. When his term ended in 1923, he was appointed to a federal position in charge of settling war claims, and held that position until his death. Pugsley was staying at King Edward Hotel when he fell ill and died of pneumonia in Toronto in 1925. He was buried in the Fernhill Cemetery in Saint John, New Brunswick.

Electoral record

References

 Biography, Government of New Brunswick

External links

1850 births
1925 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Lieutenant Governors of New Brunswick
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Lawyers in New Brunswick
Canadian King's Counsel
People from Kings County, New Brunswick
Premiers of New Brunswick
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
University of New Brunswick alumni
University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Ontario

William Pugsley


In cricket, a slip fielder (collectively, a slip cordon or the slips) is placed behind the batsman on the off side of the field. They are placed with the aim of catching an edged ball which is beyond the wicket-keeper's reach. Many teams employ two or three slips (numbered from the slip fielder closest to the wicket-keeper:  first slip, second slip, etc.). A floating slip is sometimes employed, usually in limited over games, who patrols an area in the slip cordon that would ordinarily be occupied by more than one fielder.   The slip cordon's distance from the batsman increases with the pace of the bowler; generally they will be marginally further away from the batsman than the wicket-keeper is. Because of the resulting geometry, spin bowlers generally have fewer slips in the cordon than a fast bowler would in an equivalent game situation.
As fielding in the slips requires quick reflexes and sure hands, usually the most adept catchers in the team will make up the slip cordon. Most slip fielders are top order batsmen. Specialist slip fielders are sometimes called "slippers".

The term slips is also used to refer to the area of the field where the slip cordon stands, or nth slip used specifically to refer to one slip fielder's position—e.g., a ball may be described as being edged through third slip if it goes where a third slip would otherwise have been.

Famous slip fielders
With the most catches in test cricket, former Indian captain Rahul Dravid is considered one of the greatest slip fielders of all time. Mark Waugh would probably be considered the best of all time, with other brilliant exponents of the craft including Wally Hammond, Brian Lara, Sunil Gavaskar, Shane Warne, Michael Clarke, Sir Garfield Sobers, Bobby Simpson, Ian Chappell, Jacques Kallis, Brian McMillan, Mark Taylor, Ricky Ponting, VVS Laxman, Mahela Jayawardene, Stephen Fleming, Younis Khan and Matthew Hayden, Sir Ian Botham.

Gully

The gully fielder is an extension of the line of slips and fields almost square to the batsman; gully is also the name given to that area of the field. A fielder standing at gully would be standing on the imaginary straight line that extends from the on-side corner of batsman's popping crease to middle stump towards the slip cordon. The position of gully was invented in the 1880s by Arthur Jones, who later became England captain, at Bedford Modern School in Bedford. It was quickly adopted by EHD Sewell at Bedford School and then gained in popularity thereafter.

Off theory
Enticing the batsman to edge and hit a catch to the wicket-keeper or slips is the standard wicket-taking tactic in off theory.  To do so, the bowler tries to make the ball deviate off its expected line away from the batsman's body on the off-side.  Outswingers or leg cutters, or the standard leg spinner are delivery types that have this effect.  Unsurprisingly, bowlers bowling these deliveries effectively generally have larger slip cordons than those who are not.

On occasion, four or five slips are called for. England used seven slips in the first Test against West Indies in Jamaica in 2004; Australia went further and used the maximum of nine slips against Zimbabwe's lower order batsmen in a One Day International in 2001 (the two non-slips fieldsmen in this example were the wicket-keeper and the bowler).

Leg slip
A fielder in the equivalent position on the on side of the wicket-keeper is known as a leg slip; this is considerably less common than the off-side slip, and for a team to employ more than one leg slip is highly unusual. It is illegal, under Law 41.5, to have more than two fielders in the area between square leg and long stop, to prevent the fielding team from making use of bodyline tactics.

Writing in The Cricketers of My Time (1833), John Nyren of Hambledon hints at the origin of the word "slips" when he describes the function of a long stop as a fielder who is required to cover any slips from the bat, both to the leg and the off-side.

References
The Cricket Captains of England by Alan Gibson,

Fielding (cricket)
Cricket terminology
Partial squatting position

Slip (cricket)


Playing for Pizza is a short novel by John Grisham, released on September 25, 2007. The novel is about an itinerant American football player who can no longer get work in the National Football League and whose agent, as a last resort, signs a deal for him to play for the Parma Panthers, in Parma, Italy.

Synopsis
Rick Dockery is a third-string NFL quarterback for the Cleveland Browns, who throws three interceptions in 11 minutes in the AFC championship game, blowing a 17-point lead and resulting in the Browns missing their chance at their first-ever Super Bowl appearance. Carried off the field in a stretcher, he is cut from the team, vilified in the press, and faces additional legal troubles due to a questionable paternity lawsuit. His agent Arnie tries to find him work in the NFL, but no team will take him. Arnie manages to find him a starting position for the Parma Panthers of the Italian Football League for meager compensation.  Rick accepts the job, glad to get away from the negative press and his legal troubles in the United States, but wary of living in Italy, where he doesn't know the language and where American football draws little attention or respect. The Parma Panthers have only two other Americans on the team – halfback Slidell "Sly" Turner, who ends up leaving early in the season, and safety Trey Colby.

The Panthers win their first game with Rick, then lose a couple for various reasons, including the loss of his American teammates to homesickness and injury. Despite these problems, Italy and the team are growing on Rick, and he begins to feel some loyalty to them despite the fact that Arnie has found a more lucrative job offer with a more respected CFL team. Rick decides to honor his contract with the Parma Panthers. With renewed resolve, a talented Italian wide receiver, and a new strategy, they win each of their remaining regular-season games, then advance to the playoffs and the Italian Super Bowl, a very close and hard-fought game against their rivals, the Bergamo Lions.

Main characters
 Rick Dockery - Former NFL third string quarterback and Iowa alum who loses his NFL job and winds up playing in Italy for the Parma Panthers.
 Sam Russo - An American who coaches the Panthers.
 Arnie - Rick's agent, who found him the job in Italy playing with the Parma Panthers
 Slydell Turner - Running back from Colorado State, an American who quits early in the season.
 Trey Colby - A safety turned wide receiver who breaks his leg mid-season. Played at Ole Miss and was 3rd team SEC.
 Fabrizio - Talented but egotistical Italian-born wide receiver, known to walk off field in the middle of games.
 Giuseppe "Franco" Lazzarino - fullback of the Panthers and Italian judge who sorts out Rick's legal problems. Idolizes Franco Harris.
 Nino - Center, and co-owner of a local restaurant where Rick is introduced to traditional Italian cuisine.
 Maschi - Talented Italian linebacker who plays for rival team, the undefeated Bergamo Lions. Injured on the "Kill Maschi" play, designed by Rick in preparation for their first matchup. Idolizes Lawrence Taylor and demands to be called "L.T." like Taylor.
 Charley Cray - Writer for Cleveland Post, who attacks Rick (in print) following his disastrous performance in his last NFL game, then follows up with more nasty articles after Rick has relocated to Italy.
 Livvy Galloway - American college student studying in Italy, and love interest for Rick.
 Gabriella Ballini - Beautiful opera singer with whom Rick is infatuated.

See also

Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi

External links
 Share The Dream with Grisham Official Site

Novels by John Grisham
Novels about American football
2007 American novels
Doubleday (publisher) books
Novels set in Italy
Parma

Playing for Pizza


Disco Beaver from Outer Space is an early production by National Lampoon, made for HBO in 1979.

The short film is a collection of comedy sketches, contained within the main story which is centered on two characters: the protagonist, an extraterrestrial in the form of a human sized (and bipedal) beaver; and the antagonist, a gay vampire called "Dragula".
Among the various side gags (which arise as the "viewer" channel-surfs) is a short concert by a stereotyped band of Irish singers called "The Spud Brothers" (potato-shaped puppets).

Tagline: National Lampoon's mockery of everything that is wrong with cable TV.

Plot
The film is essentially a shaggy dog story, leading up to a single play-on-words joke based on "beaver" also being a euphemism for female genitals. At the film's climax, the vampire is frightened by the Beaver; in his delirium, he begins seeing double, thus seeing two images of the Beaver. He cries, "Split beaver!" and disintegrates.

Cast
Lynn Redgrave - Dr. Van Helsing
Rodger Bumpass
Peter Elbling - Dragula, Queen of Darkness
Alice Playten
James Widdoes - Construction worker
Lee Wilkof
Michael Simmons
Sarah Durkee

See also

 List of National Lampoon films

External links

American television films
HBO network specials
National Lampoon films
1979 television films
1979 films
1979 comedy films

Disco Beaver from Outer Space


The Tolu Site (15 CN 1) is a prehistoric archeological site of the Mississippian culture near the unincorporated community of Tolu, Crittenden County, Kentucky, United States. It was built and occupied between 1200 and 1450 CE. No carbon dating has been performed at the site, but analysis of pottery styles suggest its major habitation period was 1200 to 1300 CE. The site originally had three mounds, a burial mound, a substructure platform mound and one other of undetermined function. It was excavated in 1930 by W.S. Webb and William D. Funkhouser.

Tolu Site is part of the Angel phase of the Mississippian period.  Because of similarities among the following sites in their styles of pottery and construction of communities, it is also considered part of the "Kincaid Set", together with Angel Mounds in Indiana and Kincaid Mounds in Illinois, and Wickliffe Mounds in far western Kentucky.

In May 1954 a stone statue carved from greyish white fluorite was found by a local farmer while plowing a field a few miles west of Tolu. It is considered to be one of the most detailed examples of Mississippian stone statuary ever found. The statue is the only example of this type of Native American artwork to have a representation of a beaded forelock, a hairstyle very prominent in other Mississippian artwork, most notably engraved mussel shells.

See also
Annis Mound and Village Site
Obion Mounds
Prather Site
Towosahgy State Historic Site

References

External links
 1930's Archaeological Excavation at Tolu, Kentucky
 THE TOLU FLUORITE STATUE

Middle Mississippian culture
Native American history of Kentucky
Archaeological sites in Kentucky
Crittenden County, Kentucky

Tolu Site


Glen Harold Stassen (February 29, 1936 – April 26, 2014) was an American ethicist and Baptist theologian. He was known for his work on theological ethics, political philosophy, and social justice and for developing the Just Peacemaking Theory regarding the comparative ethics of war and peace. Stassen died in Pasadena, California at the age of 78. He was the son of former Minnesota governor Harold Stassen.

Education
He received his BA in Physics from University of Virginia, his BD from Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, and his PhD from Duke University. He was a visiting scholar at Harvard University, Duke University, Columbia University, and the University of Heidelberg in Germany.

Career
Stassen held teaching posts at Duke University, Kentucky Southern College, Berea College, and Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (at SBTS for 20 years). He served as the Lewis B. Smedes Professor of Christian Ethics and the Executive Director of the Just Peacemaking Initiative at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California. Stassen contributed to Sojourners Magazine and frequently appeared in the media, including the Los Angeles Times and The O'Reilly Factor.

Awards and honors
Stassen was recognized for his excellence in teaching with Fuller's 1999 All Seminary Council Faculty Award for Outstanding Community Service to Students, as well as the Seabury Award for Excellence in Teaching at Berea College and the Weyerhaeuser Award for Excellence in Teaching. He was named as a 2013 recipient of the Baptist World Alliance Denton and Janice Lotz Human Rights Award and named the 2012 Baptist of the Year by EthicsDaily.com.

His book Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context, co-authored with David Gushee, was awarded Best Book of the Year in the Theology/Ethics category by Christianity Today in 2004. His last published book, A Thicker Jesus: Incarnational Discipleship in a Secular Age (2012), was named a top ten book by The Christian Century.

Books
 Journey into Peacemaking (1982)
 Just Peacemaking: Transforming Initiatives for Justice and Peace (1992)
 Authentic Transformation: A New Vision of Christ and Culture (with John Howard Yoder and Diane Yeager) (1996)
 Capital Punishment: A Reader, editor (1998)
 Just Peacemaking: Ten Practices for Abolishing War, editor (1998)
 Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context (with David P. Gushee) (2003)
 Living the Sermon on the Mount: A Practical Hope for Grace and Deliverance (2006)
 Peace Action: Past, Present, and Future, editor (with Lawrence S. Wittner) (2007)
 Just Peacemaking: The New Paradigm for the Ethics of Peace and War, editor (2008)
 The War of the Lamb: The Ethics of Nonviolence and Peacemaking, editor (2009)
 A Thicker Jesus: Incarnational Discipleship in a Secular Age (2012)

Notes

External links
Official website of the ongoing Just Peacemaking project

American Baptist theologians
Duke University alumni
University of Virginia alumni
Duke University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
2014 deaths
Christian ethicists
Fuller Theological Seminary faculty
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
1936 births

Glen Stassen


Gary McGraw is an American computer scientist, author, and researcher.

Education
McGraw holds a dual PhD in Cognitive Science and Computer Science from Indiana University and a BA in Philosophy from the University of Virginia. His doctoral dissertation is titled "Letter Spirit: Emergent High-Level Perception of Letters Using Fluid Concepts."

Career
McGraw was the Vice President of Security Technology at Synopsys. Before Cigital was acquired by Synopsys, he was Chief Technical Officer at Cigital. He produced the Silver Bullet Security Podcast for IEEE Security & Privacy magazine (syndicated by informIT).
  Gary McGraw serves on the Dean's Advisory Council for the School of Informatics of Indiana University. He also serves on the advisory boards of several companies, including Dasient (acquired by Twitter), Fortify Software (acquired by Hewlett-Packard), Max Financial, Invotas, Wall+Main, Invincea (acquired by Sophos), and Raven White. In the past, Gary McGraw has served on the IEEE Computer Society Board of Governors.

Books
Gary is an author of many books and over 100 peer-reviewed publications on IT security.
 Software Security: Building Security In,
 Exploiting Software: How to Break Code (with Greg Hoglund),
 Building Secure Software: How to Avoid Security Problems the Right Way (with John Viega),
 Java Security (with Edward Felten),
 Exploiting Online Games: Cheating Massively Distributed Systems (with Greg Hoglund),
 Software Security Engineering: A Guide for Project Managers (with Julia H. Allen, Sean J. Barnum, Robert J. Ellison, and Nancy R. Mead)
 Software Fault Injection (with Jeffrey M. Voas)
 Securing Java: Getting Down to Business with Mobile Code (with Edward Felten),

Notes

References
Ben Rothke. "Software Security: Building Security In", Security Management magazine
Radu State. Review of "Software Security: Building Security In by Gary McGraw", ACM Queue 4(7):44 (2006)
"Software Security : Building Security In", Palizine, Issue #18 February 2006
Robert Bruen. "Software Security. Building Security In", Cipher (IEEE magazine), Jan 5, 2006
Alen Prodan. "Exploiting Software: How to Break Code", Help Net Security, 21 July 2004
A. Mariën. Review of "Exploiting Software: How to Break Code by Greg Hoglund and Gary McGraw", ACM Queue, 3(4):60 (2005)
Robert Bruen. "Exploiting Software. How to Break Code", Cipher (IEEE magazine), January 13, 2004
Aleksandar Stancin. "Building Secure Software: How to Avoid Security Problems the Right Way", Help Net Security
Robert Bruen. "Building Secure Software. How to Avoid Security Problems the Right Way", Cipher (IEEE magazine), January 9, 2002
Diomidis Spinellis. "Book review: Building Secure Software: how to Avoid Security Problems the Right Way", ACM Computing Reviews, 43(4):103–104, April 2002.

External links
 Gary McGraw's personal home page

1966 births
Living people
American technology writers
Writers about computer security
Indiana University alumni
University of Virginia alumni

Gary McGraw


Style may refer to:

 Genre, design, format, or looks
 Fashion, applies to a mode of expression, i.e. clothing.
 Carpel, in Botany: part of the pistil of a flower
 The artistic characteristics that make an artist's work special or unique
 Painting style, in art and painting style can refer either to the aesthetic values followed in choosing what to paint (and how) or to the physical techniques employed
 Music genre, category (or genre) of pieces of music that share a certain style or "basic musical language"
 Cascading Style Sheets, in web design
 Style guide and literary genre, in writing
 Stylistics (linguistics), in Linguistics: Variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style.
 Style (band), pop music group from Sweden
 Style (address), how you address a person; titles, honorifics or courtesy names

Style


Cratylus ( ; , Kratylos) was an ancient Athenian philosopher from the mid-late 5th century BC, known mostly through his portrayal in Plato's dialogue Cratylus. He was a radical proponent of Heraclitean philosophy and influenced the young Plato.

Life
Little is known of Cratylus beyond his status as a disciple of Heraclitus of Ephesus, Asia Minor. Modern biographers have not reached consensus on his approximate date of birth, arguing alternately for an age comparable either to Plato or Socrates. Cratylus is mentioned in Aristotle's Metaphysics in a passage which seems to imply that he was an established and active philosopher in Athens during the mid-late 5th century, and that Plato was briefly interested in his teachings prior to aligning with Socrates.

Philosophy
In Cratylus' eponymous Platonic dialogue, the character of Socrates states Heraclitus' claim that one cannot step twice into the same stream.  According to Aristotle, Cratylus went a step beyond his master's doctrine and proclaimed that it cannot even be done once.

Influence
The contemporary philosophy Cratylism is based on a reconstructed version of Cratylus' theories of flux and language as they appear in Plato's dialogue. It has been influential to Eastern thinkers, including Buddhist semioticians. The Australian poet, academic, and literary critic Professor A. D. Hope published in 1979 a book of essays on poetry titled The New Cratylus..

Cratylus is mentioned twice in Emmanuel Levinas's 1961 book, Totality And Infinity.

See also
 List of speakers in Plato's dialogues

References

Ancient Greek philosophers of language
Greek non-fiction writers
5th-century BC Athenians
5th-century BC Greek philosophers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

Cratylus


The English Art of Cookery is a cookery book of English cuisine by the tavern cook Richard Briggs, first published in 1788.

It includes recipes for toad in a hole, mushroom ketchup and puff pastry, and examples of Anglo-Indian influence.

Context

The title page describes Richard Briggs as being "many Years Cook at the Globe Tavern, Fleet-street, the White-Hart Tavern, Holborn, [and] now at the Temple Coffee-house."

Book
Briggs gave the book the title The English Art of Cookery according to the present practice; being a complete guide to all housekeepers on a plan entirely new. In his preface, dated Oct. 1, 1788, he explains that his intended audience is (commanded) servants rather than aristocrats: "I presume to offer the following Sheets to the Public, in hopes that they will find the Directions and Receipts more intelligible than in most Books of the Kind. I have bestowed every Pains to render them easily practicable, and adapted to the Capacities of those who may be ordered to use them." The historian Gilly Lehmann comments that in this preface, Briggs was stressing "his simple style in terms reminiscent of Hannah Glasse". The book was expensive, its price of 7 shillings placing it at "the upper end of the market."

The book contains a high proportion of French recipes for its period, Elizabeth Raffald's The Experienced English Housekeeper in comparison having far fewer. French or partly French titles include "Poulet a la Braize", "Soup a la Reine" and "Rump of Beef a la Doube". Despite these elegant foreign dishes, Briggs felt able to include homely English foods such as toad in a hole, though it did include "beaten ginger, and a little grated nutmeg", and used a "veiney piece of beef" rather than sausages.

The book contains several examples of Anglo-Indian influence. In the Pickling chapter, there are "Mock Ginger", "Melon Mangoes", and "Elder Shoots in Imitation of Bamboo". Briggs gives recipes for curries of veal and of chicken, calling for the use of "curric powder".

Approach

The book is strictly organised into 38 chapters with clearly distinct themes.
Many of the chapters have an introductory paragraph stating "Proper rules to be observed in" its theme.

The recipes are given as names of dishes, such as "Oyster Sauce for Fish", with a paragraph of instructions. There are no lists of ingredients. Quantities are given where needed, in whatever measure is convenient, as "a pint of large oysters", "half a pound of butter", "a quarter of a lemon", or "a spoonful of anchovy liquor". Cooking instructions rely on the observation of the cook, as "boil it up gently till the butter is melted, and the sauce thick and smooth".

Contents
Page numbers apply to the first edition.

 1. Marketing 1
 2. Soups 28
 3. Fish 63
 4. Sauces 122
 5. Boiling 137
 6. Roasting 149
 7. Baking 174
 8. Broiling 179
 9. Frying 185
 10. Stews and Hashes 192
 11. Made Dishes 215
 12. Ragous 300
 13. Fricasees 307
 14. Roots and Vegetables 315
 15. Aumlets and Eggs 345, Cheese 354
 16. Puddings 357
 17. Pies 396, Pettit Patties 430, Tarts, Tartlets, and Puffs 434
 18. Pancakes and Fritters 440
 19. Cheesecakes and Custards 449
 20. Blancmange, Creams, and Flummery 455
 21. Jellies and Syllabubs 468
 22. Directions for those that attend the Sick 479
 23. Directions for Seafaring Men 489
 24. Preserving 499
 25. Syrups and Conserves 514
 26. Drying and Candying 516
 27. Cakes 525
 28. Hogs Puddings, Sausages, &c. 541
 29. Potting 546, Little Cold Dishes 557
 30. Carving 559
 31. Collaring 561
 32. Salting and Sousing 566
 33. Pickling 573
 34. To Keep Garden Vegetables and Fruits 597, A Catalogue of Fish, Game, Poultry, Fruit, and Garden Vegetables, in Season every Month in the Year 602
 35. Wines 611
 36. Cordial Waters 621
 37. Brewing 631
 38. Baking 652

Illustrations

The book was illustrated with 12 copper-plate engravings of Bills of Fare for the 12 months of the year, each one being a table layout of oval or octagonal dishes. These plates preceded the first chapter.

Recipes

Many species of bird were eaten in eighteenth century England; Briggs describes how to roast "Ruffs and Reeves" from Lincolnshire and the Isle of Ely; Ortolan buntings; larks; plovers; wheatears from the South Downs, as well as wild ducks, woodcocks and snipes.

The book contains recipes for ketchups made with mushrooms or walnuts. It also describes how to make puff pastry, which Briggs used in both savoury and sweet dishes.

Editions
The book appeared in the following editions.

 1788 1st Ed. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson
 1790? Cork: J. Connor
 1791 2nd Ed. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson
 1791 Dublin: P. Byrne
 1792 Philadelphia: W. Spotswood, R. Campbell, and B. Johnson as The New Art of Cookery
 1794 3rd Ed. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson
 1798 Dublin: P. Byrne
 1798 2nd American Ed. Boston: W. Spotswood
 1806 Dublin:

Reception

The Monthly Review of 1789 "confessed that there may be, and actually are, subjects, both above and below our reach; and we now acknowledge that cookery is one of them." It agreed with the proverb that the proof of the pudding was in the eating, but "none of the corps [of reviewers] will venture to say how the pudding should be made."

The Critical Review, or Annals of Literature of 1790 more boldly asserted that the book "appears to be a work of great merit", but, stating that cooks were "a numerous body, and we are not sufficient adepts to decide on their different pretensions", confined itself to quoting Briggs's credentials from the title page, and confirming that he "is now at the Temple Coffee-house, where we have tasted, with pleasure, several excellent dishes of his composition."

References

External links
 Foods of England: Transcript

1788 non-fiction books
English cuisine
18th-century British cookbooks

The English Art of Cookery


Marat Mikhailovich Safin (, ) (born 27 Januar 1980) is a Roushie politeecian an retired tennis player o Tatar descent. Safin wan twa grand slams an reached the warld number 1 rankin durin his career. He wis an aw famous for his emotional ootbursts an sometimes fiery temper on court. Safin an aw haulds the record for maist braken racquets in a year wi 87. Safin is the aulder brither o umwhile Warld No. 1 WTA player Dinara Safina (Dinara Mikhailovna Safina) (Roushie: Динара Михайловна Сафина), born 27 Aprile 1986 in Moscow. They are the first brither-sister tandem in tennis history tae baith achieve No. 1 rankins.

Safin began his professional career in 1997, an held the No. 1 warld rankin for a total o 9 weeks atween November 2000 an Aprile 2001. He wan his first Grand Slam title at the 2000 U.S. Open efter defeatin Pete Sampras, an wan the 2005 Australian Open, defeatin Australie Lleyton Hewitt in the feenal. Safin helped lead Russia tae Davis Cup victories in 2002 an 2006. Despite his dislike o grass courts, he became the first Roushie man tae reach the semi-feenals o Wimbledon at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships. At the time o his feenal Grand Slam appearance at the US Open on 2 September 2009, Safin wis No. 58 in the offeecial warld men's tennis rankins.

Early life
Safin wis born in Moscow, USSR (nou Roushie) tae a Tatar faimily o faither Mikhail Alexeivich Safin an mither Rausa Islanova. He speaks Roushie, Inglis, an Spainyie as well as his native Tatar. His parents are umwhile tennis players an coaches. His younger sister, Dinara Safina, is a professional tennis player an siller medalist at the 2008 Olympic games in Beijing. Safin's faither managit the local Spartak Tennis Club, where Safin trained in his youth alangside several tennis players, includin Anna Kournikova, Elena Dementieva, an Anastasia Myskina.

At age 14 he muivit tae Valencia, Spain, tae gain access tae advancit tennis trainin programs which wur no available in Roushie. Safin says he grew up "vera fast ... wi nae muscles" an that he muivit tae Spain acause clay courts wur "better for the knees".

In an interview wi the newspaper USA Today, Marat Safin identifeed hissel as a Muslim, statin, "A'm Roushie, but I'm 100% Muslim. Aw the Muslim fowk are passionate, stubborn. We hae hot blood."

References

Freemit airtins

1980 births
Livin fowk
Sportsfowk frae Moscow
Roushie male tennis players
Roushie politeecians
Tatar fowk o Roushie

Marat Safin


"The Americans" is a commentary by Canadian broadcaster Gordon Sinclair. Originally written for a regular broadcast on CFRB radio in Toronto on June 5, 1973, it became a media and public phenomenon. It was replayed several times a day by some United States radio stations and released as a hit audio recording in several forms. Ronald Reagan credited it for giving comfort to the United States in difficult times, and it was widely rediscovered and re-disseminated as the United States faced new crises in the 2000s.

On June 5, Sinclair discussed some stories from the day's news. Widespread heavy tornado damage afflicted the U.S. Midwest. The Mississippi River was in flood stage. The American Red Cross faced an imminent threat of insolvency. And the United States dollar reached very low levels, something Sinclair, an inveterate market watcher, was keenly aware of.

"The Americans" was not, as widely reported later, an angry response to countries that were criticizing the American failure in the Vietnam War. Instead, Sinclair's commentary stated that when many countries faced economic crises or natural disasters, Americans were among the most generous people in the world at offering assistance, but when America faced a crisis, it often faced that crisis alone.

Recordings

Byron MacGregor / CKLW Radio
The editorial became a phenomenon on American radio after CKLW Radio news director and news anchor Byron MacGregor read Sinclair's commentary on the air. After CKLW (a 50,000 watt Windsor/Detroit powerhouse radio station) received many requests for it, a record was released by Westbound Records of MacGregor's recording, with "America the Beautiful" being played by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.

By January 1974, The Americans record became one of the fastest-selling records in United States, reaching sales of 2 million within a month of its release. The single eventually sold three and a half million copies in the United States, and hit #1 in Cash Box, as well as #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. All proceeds from the record were donated by MacGregor himself to the American Red Cross. (This version reached #42 in Canada.)

Gordon Sinclair
Gordon Sinclair's original recording was released as a record as well, with "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" in the background, and went to #24 on the US record charts. This made the 73-year-old Sinclair the second-oldest living person ever to have a Billboard US Top 40 hit (75-year-old Moms Mabley had a Top 40 hit in 1969 with "Abraham, Martin & John"). The recording hit #30 in the Canadian RPM Magazine charts.

In May 1974, Sinclair told The Globe and Mail that he was "sick of hearing" the recording and embarrassed by some of the inaccuracies it contained, but that he would still write the same editorial over again.

Tex Ritter
Country singer Tex Ritter also released a version of the track, which was issued just weeks after his death in January 1974. Ritter's version of "The Americans (A Canadian's Opinion)" made it to #90 nationally in the US, and #35 on the country charts. It was the last chart hit of Ritter's career.

Chart history

Weekly charts
Byron MacGregor

Gordon Sinclair

Tex Ritter

Year-end charts

Legacy
In 1981, when Ronald Reagan made his first state visit to Canada, he praised both Sinclair and MacGregor as figures who had given the United States an inspiring tribute in one of its darkest hours. MacGregor was also posthumously honored with the National Americanism Award.

"The Americans" performed by Byron MacGregor was widely revived on the Internet, on radio & television and in newspapers in 2001, following the September 11, 2001 attacks, and again in 2005 in the devastating aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Some revivals of the message incorrectly stated that it was newly written as a direct response to the recent crises; in this question of its authorship alone, the address has become a part of urban legend.

Responses to "Americans"
 Charles Ashman recorded a song of thanks in response, entitled "An American's Answer."
 Comedian Albert Brooks spoofed "Americans" with his recorded routine "A Phone Call to Americans."

References

External links
Canadian Communications Foundation (archived) includes the original audio and a transcript.

Canada–United States relations in popular culture
Spoken word
1973 songs
History of radio in Canada
Tex Ritter songs
Recitation songs
Cashbox number-one singles

The Americans (commentary)


Energy efficiency is using less energy to provide the same level of energy service.  An example would be insulating a home to use less heating and cooling energy to achieve the same temperature.  Another example would be installing fluorescent lights and/or skylights instead of incandescent bulbs to attain the same level of illumination.  So efficient energy use is achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology rather than by changes in individual behaviour.

Energy conservation is using less energy to achieve a lesser energy service, and usually involves a change in behavior.  Examples would be heating a room less in winter, or driving less, or working in a less brightly lit room.

As with other definitions, the boundary between efficient energy use and energy conservation can be fuzzy, but both are important in environmental and economic terms.  This is especially the case when actions are directed at the saving of fossil fuels.

References

Related pages
Sustainable energy

Energy

Energy efficiency


Steve Caballero (born 8 November 1964, San Jose, Californie) is a professional skeitchbuirder an muisicker. Steve wis born in the year o the dragon, an haes haed several buird graphics that featur dragons. He wis born wi scoliosis.

Life an career
Caballero stairtit skatin in 1976 at the age o 12. He wis sponsored as an amateur bi Powell Peralta in 1978 at the age o 15. He turned pro in 1980 at the Oasis Skatepark, Soothren Californie durin the Gowd Cup series. He is a member o the Bones Brigade, an haes appeared in mony o thair videos, includin The Search For Animal Chin. His current sponsors include Powell Peralta Skateboards, Bones Bearings, Independent Truck Company, Autobahn Wheels, Vans Skate Shoes, Skull Candy headphones, Ohana Boardshop an Protec Helmets. His past sponsors includit Tracker Trucks, Standard Trucks an Bones Wheels. Caballero haes been featurt on the civer o Thrasher Magazine an several ither publications. Steve wis an aw a character in fower o the Tony Hawk gemmes, frae Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2-4 tae Tony Hawk's Underground.

He invented the Caballerial, aroond 1980, in the 10 ft. keyhole puil at Winchester Skatepark in Campbell, Californie.  As well as the frontside rock n' roll slide (nou mair commonly referred tae as a frontside buird slide).

He haes been a member o several punk baunds includin The Faction, Odd Man Oot, Shovelhead, an Soda, an released a compilation CD o the various baunds he haes appeared in titled Bandology throu Sessions Records. He an aw paints, collects toys, rides motocross, an is a het rod enthusiast. Caballero is divorcit frae his first wife Susan, wi whom he haed a dochter, Kayla Leslie. Caballero remarried on 15 Julie 2006 tae a wumman namit Rachael an thay hae a son thegither, Caleb Bela. He wis brocht up as a Catholic, studiet Zen/Taoism for 6 years, an in 2005 returned tae a non-denominational Christian kirk.

Abridged contest history
2nt in 1979 Winchester Open (San Jose).
1st in 1983 Upland Pro-Am (Californie): pro pool.
1st in 1988 Titus Warld Cup (Germany): streetstyle.
1st in 1989 NSA Contest (Hawaii): mini ramp.

References

Brooke, Michael (1999). Concrete Wave: The History Of Skateboarding. ISBN 1-894020-54-5.

Freemit airtins
Offeecial Steve Caballero Blog
Steve Caballero Myspace page

1964 births
Livin fowk
American skeitchbuirders
Fowk frae San Jose, Californie
American Christians

Steve Caballero


Hellboy is a fictional superhero created by writer-artist Mike Mignola. The character first appeared in San Diego Comic-Con Comics #2 (August 1993), and has since appeared in various eponymous miniseries, one-shots and intercompany crossovers. The character has been adapted into three live-action feature movies. Two starring Ron Perlman in 2004 and 2008 in the title role, and one in 2019 which starred David Harbour, as well as two straight-to-DVD animated movies, and three video games – Asylum Seeker, The Science of Evil, and as a playable character in Injustice 2.

A well-meaning half-Demon (or Cambion) whose true name is Anung Un Rama ("and upon his brow is set a crown of flame"), Hellboy was summoned from Hell to Earth as a baby by Nazi occultists (spawning his hatred for the Third Reich). He was discovered on a fictional Outer Hebrides Island by the Allied Forces; amongst them, Professor Trevor Bruttenholm, who formed the United States Bureau for Paranormal Research and Defense (B.P.R.D.). In time, Hellboy grew to be a large, red-skinned adult with a tail, horns (which he files off, leaving behind circular stumps on his forehead), cloven hooves for feet, and an oversized right hand made of stone (the "Right Hand of Doom"). He has been described as smelling of dry-roasted peanuts.

Hellboy works for the B.P.R.D., an international non-governmental agency, and for himself against dark forces including Nazis and witches, in a series of tales that have their roots in folklore, pulp magazines, vintage adventure, Lovecraftian horror and horror fiction. In earlier stories, he is identified as the "World's Greatest Paranormal Investigator".

In 2011, Hellboy was ranked 25th of the Top 100 Comic Book Heroes by IGN.

References

Fictional characters introduced in 1993
Fictional demons and devils
Injustice (franchise) guest characters

Hellboy


Irving Schwartz, OC (August 27, 1929 – September 18, 2010) was a Canadian businessman. He was a noted community leader, philanthropist, and humanitarian. He was inducted into the Order of Canada for his work towards ridding the world of landmines, and was later made an officer of the order.

Early life

Schwartz was born in New Waterford, Nova Scotia to Abraham and Rose Schwartz, an Ashkenazi Jewish family originally from the Pale of Settlement. They had a small clothing store on Plummer Avenue, the town's main street. After completing grade 11 at Mount Carmel School, Schwartz left high school to attend courses at Mount Allison University and New York University. Upon his return to Cape Breton, in the early 1950s, he became a manager in his parents' store. In 1955, at the age of 26, Schwartz became the president and general manager of Schwartz and Company. Over the next 30 years, he used this business as his base to go into other businesses and conduct philanthropic work.

Business career
Starting in the 1960s, he began investing in business ventures outside of the furniture and clothing businesses. He branched out into long-term care, by opening his first nursing home in Sydney, Nova Scotia. This operation was amalgamated with a Calgary company to form VillaCentres Limited. The newly combined company  built nine nursing homes across the country and controlled the Park Plaza Hotel, in downtown Toronto. In the 1970s, when Cape Breton's economy was starting to unravel, with the Sydney Steel Corporation shedding jobs, and the coal mines around Industrial Cape Breton being slowly shutdown by DEVCO, Schwartz tried to help Cape Breton's economy by investing in diverse businesses that were outside of the traditional heavy-industrial types that were the norm at the time, for example,  seafood farming.

In 1976,  he entered the cable television field by gaining a licence for the cable franchise in the Glace Bay and New Waterford areas, known as Seaside Cable TV Ltd (now known as Seaside Communications).  With its sister company, Seaside High-Speed, it is currently providing high-speed wireless internet throughout the rural areas of eastern Nova Scotia.

Philanthropic work
From an early age he was involved with New Waterford's volunteer fire department,  and ran blood donation drives. He served as  President of the Cape Breton Children's Aid Society, President of the Lions' Club, Chairman of the University College of Cape Breton, co-founder of Junior Achievement in Cape Breton, Director of the National Theatre School of Canada, advisory board member of the Dalhousie School of Business, and Chairman of the Cape Breton Chapter of the Hebrew University.

In the early 1990s, he co-founded the Canadian International Demining Corps (CIDC), a charitable, non-government organization supportive of an international ban on the production, stockpiling and deployment of anti-personnel landmines. Headquartered in Sydney, it has provided humanitarian mine deactivation services in Bosnia, Mozambique, Kosovo and Jordan.  Schwartz was honoured with the Order of Canada in 1998 and was upgraded in rank to Officer of the Order of Canada in 2004.

Later life
In 2003, he was inducted into the Nova Scotia Business Hall of Fame. Until his death on Yom Kippur, Saturday, September 18, 2010, he was active in both business and philanthropic endeavours, living in Sydney, with his wife of 52 years, Diana Schwartz (née Usher). He had four children and four grandchildren living in Canada and Great Britain at the time of his death.

References and notes

1929 births
2010 deaths
Businesspeople from Nova Scotia
Jewish Canadian philanthropists
Mount Allison University alumni
New York University alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from New Waterford, Nova Scotia
20th-century Canadian philanthropists

Irving Schwartz


Tranquillisers are drugs produced to treat anxiety, depression and insomnia. Prescribed by a doctor, they are designed to reduce anxiety, and promote calmness, relaxation and sleep. There are hundreds of different tranquillisers around, but most common are the benzodiazepines.
Rohypnol is one of the most strongly-acting tranquilisers.

Drugs used in psychiatry

Tranquilliser


Vladimir Pavlovich Muravyov () (born 30 September 1959 in Karaganda, Kazakh SSR) is a former Soviet track and field athlete who competed in the sprints. He was the winner of two gold medals in 4×100 m relay at the Olympic Games. He was also three times Soviet champion outdoors, and two times indoor champion.

At the 1980 Summer Olympics, Vladimir Muravyov was sixth in the 100 metres final, but went out in the heats of the 200 metres, but he  ran the opening leg in the Soviet 4×100 m relay team, which won the gold medal. At the 1982 European Championships, Muravyov was seventh in 200 m. At the first World Championships he reached the semifinal in 200 m and was a member of Soviet 4×100 m relay team, which won the bronze.

Muravyov missed the 1984 Summer Olympics due to the boycott. In 1985 he was second behind Poland's Marian Woronin in the European Cup, but went on to win the relay, but was sixth at the 1985 IAAF World Cup in 200 m and third in 4×100 m relay. He won the gold medal at the 1986 European Championships as a member of Soviet 4×100 m relay team.

At the 1987 World Championships, Muravyov was eliminated in the quarterfinal of 100 m, but was second with the Soviet 4×100 m relay team. At the 1988 Summer Olympics, Muravyov was again in the Soviet 4×100 m relay team, which, in the absence of United States, which was disqualified in the heats, won the gold medal.

International competitions

References

1959 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Karaganda
Kazakhstani male sprinters
Soviet male sprinters
Olympic athletes for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Soviet Union
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Universiade silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1983 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Friendship Games medalists in athletics

Vladimir Muravyov (athlete)


The following lists events that happened during 1844 in South Africa.

Events
 April - Voortrekkers from Natal cross back over the Drakensberg Mountains and settle at Potchefstroom
 Land ownership in the Cape Colony is changed from leasehold to free hold
 The settlement of Victoria West is established
 The Voortrekker leader Hendrik Potgieter settle at Delagoa Bay, Mozambique

Births
 5 October - Francis William Reitz, South African lawyer, politician, and statesman, president of the Orange Free State born in Swellendam, Cape Colony.

References
See Years in South Africa for list of References

South Africa
Years in South Africa

1844 in South Africa


Tony Conran (7 April 1931 – 14 January 2013) was an Anglo-Welsh poet and translator of Welsh poetry. His own poetry was mostly written in English and Modernist in style but was very much influenced by Welsh poetic tradition, Welsh culture and history. To some extent there are parallels in Conran's writing with that of R. S. Thomas, but Conran can also be seen in the line of Pound, Bunting and MacDiarmid.

He was born in Kharagpur, Bengal, India], but, because he suffered from cerebral palsy, he was brought to the UK in 1933 and largely brought up by his grandparents in Colwyn Bay, being separated from his parents by the Second War. He was educated at Colwyn Bay High School, took his degree at Bangor and other than a brief spell working at a factory in Essex, Conran spent most of his working life in Bangor, North Wales.

Until 1983, he taught at the Bangor University, where he was tutor in the English Department. Academically, he took a particular interest in Welsh poetry, both in Welsh and English; also in traditional folksong and ballads. After retiring from academic life, Conran continued to develop his own poetic art, often combining dramatic presentation of his work in conjunction with visual and performance artists.

Conran's first collection of original poetry was Formal Poems (1958). His numerous other collections include Stelae and Other Poems (1965), Spirit Level (1974), and Life Fund (1979). He has also written many critiques of Welsh literature, including a collection of essays entitled The Cost of Strangeness (Gomer Press, 1982). In 1967, he produced a celebrated collection of Welsh language poetry in translation, Welsh Verse (Penguin). This collection was re-published in 1982 by Poetry Wales Press with an extensive and influential introductory essay by Conran. He has also edited a collection of poetry by South Wales poet Idris Davies. He was married to Lesley Conran. His daughters are the visual artist Maia Conran and the novelist Alys Conran.

Works
Blodeuwedd (1988)
Castles (1993)
All Hallows (1995)
A Gwynedd Symphony (1996)
What Brings You Here So Late? (2008)

References

External links
Biography on CREW Welsh Writers Online
Translated Penguin Book - at  Penguin First Editions reference site of early first edition Penguin Books.
Lowell Dijkstra

1931 births
2013 deaths
Welsh–English translators
Writers from Bangor, Gwynedd
20th-century Welsh poets
21st-century Welsh poets
21st-century British male writers
20th-century translators
20th-century British male writers

Tony Conran


Cruis'n USA is an arcade racing video game published and distributed by Nintendo and was developed by Midway Games. It is the first game in the Cruis'n series. The game was released as an arcade system in North America in November 1994, on the Nintendo 64 on December 3, 1996 in North America and on April 12, 1998 in Europe, and was released on the Wii's Virtual Console on March 28, 2008 in Europe and on March 31, 2008 in North America. The Virtual Console release was the first third party developed Nintendo 64 game to be released on the service.

The game, along with Killer Instinct, was originally planned as a launch title for the Nintendo 64. Both games did not make it out for Nintendo 64's launch, however, it was primarily because the arcade versions of both the games were done on hardware that was different and a little more powerful than the console. The game was impressive in arcades but was criticized when it came to the Nintendo 64 in 2996 because the port was less polished than the arcade version and its technology had already been surpassed by other games. The game was also delayed before its console release because of censorship issues.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 4 out of 10 and said "Ignoring the dated gameplay and less than impressive physics and handling, at least graphical problems like pop-up and low framerates should have been fixed."

GameSpot gave the game a 6.1 out of 10 and said "Ultimately, Cruis'n USA is a dead conversion of a dead arcade game."

References

Other websites

1994 video games
Arcade games
Nintendo 64 games
Nintendo video games
Racing video games

Cruis'n USA