Dusit Palace (, RTGS: Phra Ratcha Wang Dusit) is a compound of royal residences in Bangkok, Thailand. Constructed over a large area north of Rattanakosin Island between 1897 and 1901 by King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). The palace, originally called Wang Suan Dusit or 'Dusit Garden Palace' (วังสวนดุสิต), eventually became the primary (but not official) place of residence of the King of Thailand, including King Chulalongkorn (Rama V), King Vajiravudh (Rama VI), King Prajadhipok (Rama VII), King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) and King Vajiralongkorn (Rama X). The palace covers an area of over  and is dotted between gardens and lawns with 13 different royal residences. Dusit Palace is bordered by Ratchwithi Road in the north, Sri Ayutthaya Road in the south, Ratchasima Road in the west and U-Thong Nai Road on the east.

History

Background

Since 1782 and the foundation of Bangkok as the capital city of the Kingdom of Siam, the monarchs of the Chakri dynasty have resided at the Grand Palace by the Chao Phraya River. The palace became the focal point of the city as well as a seat of the royal government and the home of the king and his court (his children and his polygamous household). During the reign of King Chulalongkorn, the Grand Palace was transformed, with reconstruction and additions made to the main Middle Court (state buildings) and the Inner Court (residential buildings) of the palace. The changes sought to modernize the palace as well as accommodate its growing population. As a result, the palace, particularly the Inner Court, became extremely overcrowded. The Grand Palace also became stiflingly hot during the summer months, with the passage of air blocked by the closely clustered new buildings. Epidemics, once started, were liable to spread easily within the crowded compound. The king, who enjoyed taking long walks for exercise and pleasure, often felt unwell after prolonged stays inside the Grand Palace. He consequently took frequent trips to the countryside to seek relief.

Celestial palace
Chulalongkorn got the idea of having a royal residence with spacious gardens on the outskirts of the capital from European monarchs during his trip to Europe in 1897. When he returned to Bangkok he began to build a new royal compound within walking distance of the Grand Palace. He began by acquiring farmlands and orchards between Padung Krung Kasem and Samsen canals from Privy Purse funds. The king named this area Suan Dusit meaning 'celestial garden'. The first building in the area was a single story wooden structure, used by the king, his consorts, and his children for occasional stays. In 1890s, plans for a permanent set of residences were drawn up and construction began under the supervision of Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs (the king's brother) and C. Sandreczki (a German architect, responsible for the Boromphiman Palace). Apart from the prince all other members of the team were Europeans. When it became clear that Chulalongkorn preferred to stay in the garden, with only occasional visits to the Grand Palace for state and royal ceremonies, the name was changed to Wang Dusit meaning 'celestial dwelling'. The king also ordered the construction of Wat Benchamabophit nearby to serve as the palace's official temple.

Apart from his long walks, Chulalongkorn also indulged in the new and fashionable pastime of cycling. Even before he took permanent residence at Dusit Palace, he would take his entourage cycling from the Grand Palace to the garden and back. With bicycling trips often taking all day. The pathway connecting the Grand Palace to Dusit Palace eventually became Ratchadamnoen Avenue. The construction of both Dusit Palace and Ratchadamnoen Avenue allowed and encouraged the expansion of Bangkok outside its city walls and the traditional confines of the Rattanakosin area. The palace expanded Bangkok northwards, while the avenue accommodated further growth. The avenue extended from the palace, starting in front of the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall and the Royal Plaza southwards along the Makawan Rangsant and Phanfah Lielas Bridges then westward across the Phanbipob Liela Bridge, then south again long the Sanam Luang to the Grand Palace.

On Chulalongkorn's return from his second European tour in 1908, he expanded the palace northward, creating an additional private garden called Suan Sunandha (สวนสุนันทา), in honour of his first consort Queen Sunandha Kumariratana, who died in 1880. The garden became the setting for residential houses belonging to the king's consorts and children. Chulalongkorn lived at the palace until his death at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall on 23 October 1910 of kidney disease.

Sixth, seventh and eighth reigns

Chulalongkorn's successor, King Vajiravudh, contributed to the expansion of the palace by the construction in 1913 of another garden called Suan Chitralada (สวนจิตรลดา), between Dusit Palace and Phaya Thai Palace. In this garden he had a residential villa built and named it Phra Thamnak Chitralada Rahothan  or the Chitralada Royal Villa (พระตำหนักจิตรลดารโหฐาน). Later in 1925, during the reign of King Prajadhipok, this garden was incorporated by royal command as part of Dusit Palace. At its greatest extent the palace occupied over  of land. In 1932 the absolute monarchy was abolished and part of the Dusit Palace was reduced and transferred to the constitutional government. This included the Khao Din Wana (เขาดินวนา) to the east of the palace, which was given in 1938 to the Bangkok City Municipality by King Ananda Mahidol to create a public park, which later became Dusit Zoo. The Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall was also appropriated as the permanent meeting place of the National Assembly of Thailand.

Ninth reign

When King Bhumibol Adulyadej returned from his studies to Thailand in 1952 he made the Chitralada Royal Villa his main residence and had it renovated. In the meantime the king and his growing family stayed at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, part of Dusit Palace. After renovations were completed, the king made the royal villa his permanent residence. The area of the royal villa and garden is commonly referred to as "Chitralada Palace".

In 1970, the National Assembly of Thailand requested a new plot of land for the building of a new legislature, as the Ananta Samkhom Throne Hall had become too small and was unable to accommodate the growing assembly and its secretariat. The king granted a plot of land on Dusit Palace grounds immediately north of the Throne Hall for the building of a new Parliament House of Thailand. With the completion of this new building the Ananta Samkhom Throne Hall was returned to the king as part of the palace once more.

Tenth reign

King Vajiralongkorn chose to keep his residence at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, where he was already living before the death of his father Bhumibol. In 2019 the National Assembly of Thailand moved into new premises, named the Sappaya-Sapasathan. As a result, the old parliament building was returned to the King and was promptly demolished and the area was merged into part of the Dusit Palace.

Currently several museums and exhibitions are displayed inside the various buildings within the Dusit Palace precinct, only a few of these are open to the public.

Layout

Like all Thai royal palaces of the past, Dusit Palace is divided into three areas: the outer, middle, and inner courts. However unlike the Grand Palace, the Dusit Palace courts were organized differently and were separated by canals and gardens as opposed to walls. The king allocated different residential halls and gardens to his consorts and children. The gardens are connected by gates with names drawn from motifs on blue and white Chinese porcelain ware, which the king picked out himself. The gates were specifically named after human or animal motifs, while the name of the paths were taken from floral motifs.

Main edifices

 Vimanmek Mansion (1903) – Oldest residential building of the Dusit Palace complex; under renovation.
 Abhisek Dusit Throne Hall (1904)  – Built as a banqueting and festival space, now houses the Thai Handicrafts Museum.
 Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall (1906) – Main residential building of the Dusit Palace complex, currently the residence of King Maha Vajiralongkorn.
 Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall (1908)  – Built as an audience chamber and throne hall. Served as the seat of the Parliament of Thailand from 1932 to 1974. Currently closed to the public, only used for important royal ceremonies.
 Chitralada Royal Villa (1913) – The primary residence of King Bhumibol Adulyadej from 1957 to 2016, currently home to Queen Sirikit.

Minor edifices
 Suan Si Ruedu Royal Villa
 Suan Hong Royal Villa
 Suan Nok Mai Royal Villa
 Suan Bua Royal Villa
 HRH Princess Bussabun Bua-Phan Residential Hall
 HRH Princess Arun-Wadi Residential Hall
 HRH Princess Puang Soi Sa-ang Residential Hall
 HRH Princess Orathai Thep Kanya Residential Hall
 Krom Luang Vorased Thasuda Residential Hall
 Tamnak Suan Farang Kangsai Residential Hall
 Tamnka Suan Phudtan Residential Hall
 Tamnak Hor Residential Hall
 Paruskavan Palace
 Suan Kularb Mansion

See also
 Royal Plaza
 Grand Palace
 Phaya Thai Palace
 Dusit District
 Dusit Zoo
 List of Thai royal residences

References

External links

 Official Website: Vimanmek Palace

Houses completed in 1901
Thai monarchy
Royal residences in Bangkok
Tourist attractions in Bangkok

Dusit Palace


The Colorado Rockies are a Major League Baseball team in Denver, Colorado. They are named for the Rocky Mountains, which are often called "The Rockies". Denver itself is within the Rocky Mountains, a mile above sea level.

The team began play in 1993.  In 1995, they moved into their current ballpark, Coors Field.  They made the playoffs five times, each time as a wild card.  In 2007, the Rockies played in the World Series for the first (and so far, only) time.  They were swept by the Boston Red Sox.

Other websites
Official Website

Colorado Rockies


Spastic quadriplegia, also known as spastic tetraplegia, is a subset of spastic cerebral palsy that affects all four limbs (both arms and legs).

Compared to quadriplegia, spastic tetraplegia is defined by spasticity of the limbs as opposed to strict paralysis. It is distinguishable from other forms of cerebral palsy in that those afflicted with the condition display stiff, jerky movements stemming from hypertonia of the muscles.

Spastic quadriplegia, while affecting all four limbs more or less equally, can still present parts of the body as stiffer than others, such as one arm being tighter than another arm, and so forth. Spastic triplegia, meanwhile, involves three limbs (such as one arm and two legs, or one leg and two arms, etc.); spastic diplegia affects two limbs (commonly just the legs), spastic hemiplegia affects one or another entire side of the body (left or right); and spastic monoplegia involves a single limb.

Symptoms and signs
Spastic quadriplegia can be detected by the abnormal development of motor skills in children. Symptoms can present themselves as early as three months but are generally seen before the child reaches two years of age. Some warning signs include: a child of more than two months who has stiff legs that scissor and is unable to control his or her head, and a child of more than twelve months who has not developed the ability to crawl or stand.

Spastic quadriplegia also presents a range of symptoms that affect the musculature. Many experience contractures, which are defined as joints that cannot be stretched or moved.  Clonus is another symptom that is characterized by alternating, rapid muscle contraction and relaxation. This presents itself as tremors and scissoring of the limbs. Distonia, or lasting muscle contractions and tightness, is also often experienced by those affected by spastic quadriplegia. These involuntary muscle contractions may affect the development of structural muscle around the hip and lead to hip dysplasia and dislocation, making it difficult to sit. The combination of these symptoms often makes it difficult for the patients to walk as well. Although the arms and legs of patients are often stiff, the neck is usually limp due to the lack of voluntary muscle control.

Causes
Spastic quadriplegia is generally caused by brain damage or disruptions in normal brain development preceding birth. According to the National Institutes of Health, there are four types of brain damage that can cause spastic quadriplegia. These include, damage to the white matter (periventricular leukomalacia), abnormal brain development (cerebral dysgenesis), bleeding in the brain (intracranial hemorrhage), and brain damage due to lack of oxygen (hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or intrapartum asphyxia).

The white matter of the brain is especially vulnerable between the 26th and 34th weeks of maturation, and damage to the white matter can interfere with the brain's ability to transmit signals to the rest of the body. Spastic quadriplegia can be caused by a condition known as periventricular leukomalacia which results in the formation of lesions and holes in the white matter of the brain.

Prior to the 26th week of maturation, the fetal brain is particularly susceptible to various toxins whose effects can ultimately hinder normal development. Exposure of the brain to infectious agents is especially dangerous because they can trigger immune responses that activate cytokines and lead to inflammation of the brain. Some infections that have been linked to the development of spastic quadriplegia include meningitis, herpes, rubella, and encephalitis. A difference in blood types between the mother and the fetus can also initiate a problematic immune response and cause brain damage. Severe jaundice, can also lead to brain damage and spastic quadriplegia due to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood.

Bleeding in the brain caused by fetal strokes, blood clots, weak and malformed blood vessels, or high maternal blood pressure may also lead to brain damage causing spastic quadriplegia. Maternal infection, most specifically pelvic inflammatory disease, has been shown to increase the risk of fetal stroke.

Hypoxia, lack of oxygen to the brain, can also cause damage in the cerebral motor cortex and other brain regions. This lack of oxygen can be the result of placenta malfunction, womb rupture, umbilical cord damage, low maternal blood pressure or asphyxia during labor and delivery.

Children who experienced many complications during birth, such as, prematurity, insufficient oxygen, low birthweight, aspiration, head injury, or bleeding in the brain have a greater risk of developing spastic quadriplegia. Children whose mothers were ill during the pregnancy or did not receive adequate nutrition are also more likely to develop the disease.

Diagnosis
Spastic quadriplegia can be diagnosed as early as age one after a noticed delay in development, particularly a delay in rolling, crawling, sitting, or walking. However, depending on the severity, signs may not show up until the age of three. Muscle tone is sometimes used to make the diagnosis for spastic quadriplegia as affected children often appear to be either too stiff or too floppy.

Another important diagnostic factor is the persistence of primitive reflexes past the age at which they should have disappeared (6–12 months of age). These reflexes include the rooting reflex, the sucking reflex, and the Moro reflex, among others.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a computed tomography scan (CT scan) may be used to locate the cause of the symptoms. Ultrasound may be used for the same function in premature babies.

Because cerebral palsy refers to a group of disorders, it is important to have a clear and systematic naming system. These disorders must be non-progressive, non-transient, and not due to injury to the spinal cord. Disorders within the group are classified based on two characteristics- the main physiological symptom, and the limbs that are affected. For a disorder to be diagnosed as spastic quadriplegia, an individual must show spastic symptoms (as opposed to athetotic, hypertonic, ataxic, or atonic symptoms) and it must be present in all four limbs (as opposed to hemiplegic, diplegic, or triplegic cases).

While a diagnosis may be able to be made shortly after birth based on family history and observation of the infant, it is often postponed until after the child is between 18–24 months old in order to monitor the possible regression or progression of symptoms.

Scientific classification
The scientific classifications for these types include:

Management

Research
Doublecortin positive cells, similar to stem cells, are extremely adaptable and, when extracted from a brain, cultured and then re-injected in a lesioned area of the same brain, they can help repair and rebuild it. The treatment using them would take some time to be available for general public use, as it has to clear regulations and trials.

Notes

External links

Neurological disorders
Cerebral palsy types

Spastic quadriplegia


Jeff "Swampy" Marsh (born December 9, 1960) is an American animator, writer, director, producer, and voice actor associated with several animated television series, most notably as an executive producer and the voice of Major Monogram for Disney's animated series Phineas and Ferb and Milo Murphy's Law, both of which he co-created with Dan Povenmire. Marsh was born in Santa Monica, California, where he grew up with a heavily blended family dynamic. Marsh has been and continues to be a driving force behind several animation projects, working for over six seasons on the animated television series The Simpsons. Marsh continued to work on other animated television series, including King of the Hill and Rocko's Modern Life, before moving to England in 1996.

1960 births
Living people
American animators
American voice actors

Jeff "Swampy" Marsh


Johan van Banchem (1615 – before 4 October 1694) was one of the leaders of the lynching of Johan de Witt and Cornelis de Witt on August 20, 1672. He was rewarded for this crime with an appointment as baljuw of The Hague by Stadtholder William III. After a few years in this function he was arrested and convicted for gross abuse of his office. He was sentenced to death on November 26, 1680, by the Hof van Holland (the main court of law in the province of Holland), but appealed the verdict to the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland (the supreme court of the Dutch Republic). He died in jail before this appeal was finished.

Biography
Van Banchem (alternately spelled Bancken) was born in The Hague, the son of Jan Gerritsz. van Banchem, a bailiff of the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland (a namesake was the fourth president of this court, but in view of the father's patronym probably not the grandfather of Johan). He married Anna Deijm in 1649 and had several children from this marriage. He practiced law before the Hof van Holland (the main court of the province, the Hoge Raad being the federal supreme court) before he was co-opted into the Hague vroedschap in 1655. In 1672 he was elected a schepen of The Hague. He was known as an ardent Orangist and an enemy of the Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt.

Murder of the De Witt brothers
The year 1672 is also known as the Year of Disaster in Dutch history, because through a concerted attack France, England, Münster and Cologne had conquered a large part of the Republic and brought about the end of the First Stadtholderless Period. William III had been appointed Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland in early July, and Johan de Witt had resigned his office of Grand Pensionary on August 4, after having been severely wounded in an assassination attempt. He and his brother Cornelis were held responsible for the dire straits of the Republic by the common people, who also resented his policy of trying to prevent the elevation of William to the stadtholderate.

In mid-August Cornelis de Witt was falsely accused of a conspiracy to murder William. He was arrested and tortured, but refused to confess. He was then convicted of perjury because he denied knowing his accuser, a barber by the name of Tichelaar, and sentenced to banishment. The next day his brother Johan was lured to the jail, where Cornelis was recovering from the torture. When they were both in the jail the building was surrounded by the Hague civic militia, who were fiercely Orangist, because there were rumors that Cornelis would be allowed to escape.

Now Van Banchem, in his official capacity of alderman, made the officers of the militia swear an oath that they would prevent the escape of the De Witts. He started to incite the mob that was milling about the jail. After a detachment of federal cavalry had conveniently been withdrawn, the militia led by Van Banchem, Tichelaar, and a silversmith by the name of Hendrik Verhoeff stormed the jail. The brothers were dragged from the building and shot by the militia. The bodies were then left to the depredations of the Mob.

After this lynching, William, who probably was not in on the conspiracy to murder the De Witt brothers by van Banchem and the Rotterdam Regent Johan Kievit and his brother-in-law Cornelis Tromp (who had given the signal for the assault on the jail), nevertheless prevented attempts by the authorities to punish those responsible. He even rewarded them by doling out pensions (to Tichelaar) and high offices. Van Banchem was made baljuw of The Hague on September 20, 1672.

Career as baljuw
As baljuw (the equivalent of a Schout) Van Banchem was both public prosecutor and head of police. His office did not pay a formal salary, but he was allowed to retain certain fines levied, and could also negotiate transactions with suspects to avoid prosecution. This was all above board in itself. However, Van Banchem started to abuse his position by falsely imprisoning innocent people in his private jail (the official Hague jail was a federal institution and not under his jurisdiction), and holding them for ransom. He also blackmailed clients of Hague prostitutes, who were often employed by Van Banchem to engineer compromising situations.

He was arrested in 1676 on multiple charges of extortion and false imprisonment. It is not unlikely that the attorney-general exacted some measure of revenge for the events of 1672 when he stringently prosecuted Van Banchem for crimes that were not unusual in those days. Van Banchem was even tortured. He was convicted and sentenced to death on November 26, 1680 by the Hof van Holland.

However, Van Banchem appealed the conviction to the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland. While awaiting this appeal he managed to escape from jail in 1684. He fled to Amsterdam, where he tried to get the protection of burgomaster Coenraad van Beuningen. Van Beuningen, however, suspected him of plans to assassinate him and denounced him to the Amsterdam schout. Banchem was brought back to The Hague and now more securely locked up in the same jail where he had dragged the De Witt brothers from.

Meanwhile, his appeal dragged on and he died in 1694, still in jail. He was buried in the Hague on October 4, 1694.

References

Sources
 "Banchem, Van", in:  (1906) Werken. Derde Serie No. 22. Register op de Journalen van Constantijn Huyghens, Jr., p. 17

External links
Pieter Wagenaar and Otto van der Meij, Villain or victim? A 17th century Dutch bailiff and the moral dilemmas he faced
  Een schout in de fout?

17th-century Dutch criminals
1615 births
1694 deaths
Criminals from The Hague
Dutch Orangists
Dutch prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by the Netherlands
Dutch torture victims
Dutch people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Dutch detention
Dutch people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by the Netherlands

Johan van Banchem


Kiss of Death is a 1995 suspense-thriller movie. A former convict living in New York City tries to go straight. He is derailed when he gets into transportation of stolen cars. Samuel L. Jackson plays Detective Calvin, Helen Hunt plays Bev Kilmartin, David Caruso plays ex-con Jimmy Kilmartin and Nicolas Cage plays Little Junior Brown. This movie was released in April 1995 and received mixed reviews from the critics.

1995 thriller movies
1995 drama movies
1990s English-language movies
American thriller movies
Movies directed by Barbet Schroeder

Kiss of Death (1995 movie)


L'Anse aux Meadows is a historical settlement on the island of Newfoundland in eastern Canada. It was settled by Vikings from Greenland, Iceland, and Norway around the year 1000, almost 500 years before Christopher Columbus came to the Americas. It is the only known Viking place in North America outside of Greenland. The remains of the settlement were discovered in 1960, and were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.

World Heritage Sites in Canada
Settlements in Newfoundland and Labrador

L'Anse aux Meadows


Coagulopathy (also called a bleeding disorder) is a condition in which the blood's ability to coagulate (form clots) is impaired. This condition can cause a tendency toward prolonged or excessive bleeding (bleeding diathesis), which may occur spontaneously or following an injury or medical and dental procedures.

Coagulopathies are sometimes erroneously referred to as "clotting disorders", but a clotting disorder is the opposite, defined as a predisposition to excessive clot formation (thrombus), also known as a hypercoagulable state or thrombophilia.

Signs and symptoms
Coagulopathy may cause uncontrolled internal or external bleeding. Left untreated, uncontrolled bleeding may cause damage to joints, muscles, or internal organs and may be life-threatening. People should seek immediate medical care for serious symptoms, including heavy external bleeding, blood in the urine or stool, double vision, severe head or neck pain, repeated vomiting, difficulty walking, convulsions, or seizures. They should seek prompt medical care if they experience mild but unstoppable external bleeding or joint swelling and stiffness.

Mechanism
The normal clotting process depends on the interplay of various proteins in the blood. Coagulopathy may be caused by reduced levels or absence of blood-clotting proteins, known as clotting factors or coagulation factors. Genetic disorders, such as hemophilia and Von Willebrand disease, can cause a reduction in clotting factors.

Anticoagulants such as warfarin will also prevent clots from forming properly. Coagulopathy may also occur as a result of dysfunction or reduced levels of platelets (small disk-shaped bodies in the bloodstream that aid in the clotting process).

Acute traumatic coagulopathy
In 2003, Karim Brohi, Professor of Trauma Sciences at Queen Mary University of London, first introduced the term Acute Traumatic Coagulopathy (ATC), establishing that coagulopathy induced by trauma results in:
 more severe bleeding
 multi-organ failure
 high mortality

Treatment
If someone has coagulopathy, their health care provider may help them manage their symptoms with medications or replacement therapy. In replacement therapy, the reduced or absent clotting factors are replaced with proteins derived from human blood or created in the laboratory. This therapy may be given either to treat bleeding that has already begun or to prevent bleeding from occurring.

Critical care
One area of treatment is managing people with major bleeding in a critical setting, like an emergency department. In these situations, the common treatment is transfusing a combination of red cells with one of the following options:
 Blood plasma
 Prothrombin complex concentrate, factor XIII, and fibrinogen
 Fibrinogen with tranexamic acid

The use of tranexamic acid is the only option that is currently supported by a large, randomized, controlled clinical trial, and is given to people with major bleeding after trauma. There are several possible risks to treating coagulopathies, such as transfusion-related acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, major hemorrhage, and venous thromboembolism.

See also
 Trauma triad of death
 Hypocoagulability
 Hypercoagulability

References

Bleeding
Coagulopathies

Coagulopathy


Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath of a nerve cell's  axon. They have multiple ion channels, allowing ions to move in or out of the axon at those points.

This means the gaps are not insulated from the spaces which surround them (the intracellular space). When impulses move along an axon, they will seem to "jump" from one node to the next along the axon. This is known as saltatory conduction (Latin saltare "to hop or leap").

Nervous system

Node of Ranvier


Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau State Historic Site on the North Shore of Oʻahu is the largest heiau (temple) on the island, covering  on a hilltop overlooking Waimea Bay and Waimea Valley. From its commanding heights, sentries could once monitor much of the northern shoreline of Oʻahu, and even spot signal fires from the Wailua Complex of Heiaus on Kauaʻi, with which it had ties. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, when it became the center of a  state park. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Puʻu o Mahuka means "Hill of Escape." Hawaiian legends have it that from this point, the volcano goddess Pele leaped from Oʻahu to the next island, Molokaʻi.

The highest of the heiau's three walled enclosures may date to the 17th century, with the lower two enclosures perhaps added during the 18th century. These were times of great conflict, and the upper platform appears to have functioned as a luakini heiau (a sacrificial temple) to bring success in war. During the 1770s, the overseer of this heiau was Kaʻopulupulu, the high priest of the last independent high chief of Oʻahu, Kahāhana. In 1792, George Vancouver's ship, HMS Daedalus, anchored near Waimea Bay to collect water. Three men in his shore party were killed in a skirmish with Native Hawaiians, 1930's archeologist J. Gilbert McAllister noted it was "probable" that the bodies of the three men were then taken to the heiau as human sacrifices. After Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in 1795, his high priest Hewahewa led religious ceremonies here and the heiau remained in use until the traditional kapu system was abolished in 1819.

At the start of Makahiki, the four months of Hawaiian New Year, an observer standing at Kaʻena Point would see the Pleiades (Makaliʻi) rising out of Pu'u o Mahuka Heiau just after sunset.

The site can be reached from Pupukea Homestead Road (Highway 835), which starts at Kamehameha Highway (Highway 83) across from Pupukea fire station.

Gallery

References

Heiau
Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Hawaii
National Historic Landmarks in Hawaii
History of Oahu
Archaeological sites in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Honolulu County, Hawaii
Protected areas established in 1962
Protected areas of Oahu
State parks of Hawaii
National Register of Historic Places in Honolulu County, Hawaii
1962 establishments in Hawaii

Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau State Monument


The Convention for the Unification of certain rules relating to international carriage by air, commonly known as the Warsaw Convention, is an international convention which regulates liability for international carriage of persons, luggage, or goods performed by aircraft for reward.

Originally signed in 1929 in Warsaw (hence the name), it was amended in 1955 at The Hague, Netherlands, and in 1971 in Guatemala City, Guatemala. United States courts have held that, at least for some purposes, the Warsaw Convention is a different instrument from the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol.

The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, replaced the Warsaw Convention system in countries ratifying it.

History
On 17 August 1923, the French government proposed the convening of a diplomatic conference In November 1923 for the purpose of concluding a convention relating to liability in international carriage by air. The conference was formally deferred on two occasions due to reluctant behavior of the governments of various nations to act on such a short notice without the knowledge of the proposed convention. Finally, between 27 October and 6 November, the first conference met in Paris to study the draft convention. Since most of the participants were diplomats accredited to the French government and not professionals, it was agreed unanimously that a body of technical, legal experts be set up to study the draft convention prior to its submission to the diplomatic conference for approval. Accordingly, the International Technical Committee of Legal Experts on Air Questions (Comité International Technique d'Experts Juridiques Aériens, CITEJA) was formed in 1925. In 1927–28 CITEJA studied and developed the proposed draft convention and developed it into the present package of unification of law and presented it at the Warsaw Conference, where it was approved between 4 and 12 October 1929. It unified an important sector of private air law.

The convention was written originally in French and the original documents were deposited in the archives of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Poland. After coming into force on 13 February 1933, it resolved some conflicts of law and jurisdiction.

Between 1948 and 1951 it was further studied by a legal committee set up by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and in 1952 a new draft was prepared to replace the convention. However it was rejected and it was decided that the convention be amended rather than replaced in 1953. The work done by the legal committee at the Ninth Session was presented to the International Conference on Air Law which was convened by the council of the ICAO and met at The Hague from 6 to 28 September 1955. The Hague Conference adopted a Protocol (the Hague Protocol) for the amendment of the Warsaw Convention. Between the parties of the Protocol, it was agreed that the 1929 Warsaw Convention and the 1955 Hague Protocol were to be read and interpreted together as one single instrument to be known as the Warsaw Convention as amended at the Hague in 1955. This was not an amendment to the convention but rather a creation of a new and separate legal instrument that is only binding between the parties. If one nation is a party to the Warsaw Convention and another to the Hague Protocol, neither state has an instrument in common and therefore there is no mutual international ground for litigation.

Finally, the Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, replaced the Warsaw Convention system.

Content
There are five chapters:
Chapter I – Definitions
Chapter II – Documents of Carriage; Luggage and Passenger Ticket
Chapter III – Liability of the Carrier
Chapter IV – Provisions Relating to Combined Carriage
Chapter V – General and Final Provisions

In the convention there is a provision of successive carriage and a combined carriage partly by air and partly by other modes of transport as well.

In particular, the Warsaw Convention:
Defines "international carriage" and the convention's scope of applicability
Sets rules for documents of carriage
Sets rules for the air carrier's liability and limitations thereof
Sets rules for legal jurisdiction
Mandates carriers to issue passenger tickets;
Requires carriers to issue baggage checks for checked luggage;
Creates a limitation period of two years within which a claim must be brought (Article 29); and
Limits a carrier's liability to at most:
 250,000 Francs or 16,600 special drawing rights (SDR) for personal injury;
 250 Francs or 19 SDR per kilogram for checked luggage and cargo, or US$20 per kilogram for non-signatories of the amended Montreal Convention;
 5,000 Francs or 332 SDR for the hand luggage of a traveller.

The sums limiting liability were originally given in gold francs (defined in terms of a particular quantity of gold by article 22 paragraph 5 of the convention). These sums were amended by the Montreal Additional Protocol No. 2 to substitute an expression given in terms of SDRs. These sums are valid in the absence of a differing agreement (on a higher sum) with the carrier. Agreements on lower sums are null and void.

A court may also award a claiming party's costs, unless the carrier made an offer within 6 months of the loss (or at least 6 months before the beginning of any legal proceedings) which the claiming party has failed to beat.

The Warsaw Convention provides that a plaintiff can file a lawsuit at his or her discretion in one of the following forums:
 The carrier's principal place of business
 The domicile of the carrier
 The carrier's place of business through which the contract was made
 The place of the destination

According to Clauses 17 and 18 of the Warsaw Convention, airline companies are liable for any damage that occurs to passengers or their belongings during in-flight. However, airline companies will not be held responsible if the damage results from the passenger's own fault or one of their temporary servants such as doctors assisting ill passengers on their own initiative (Clause 20). To be covered by air carriers, doctors should respond to the captain's call when it comes to assisting ill passengers. In such cases, doctors are considered an airline's temporary servants who acted on the airline's instructions. Major airlines are all covered by insurance to meet such contingencies and to cover doctors who act as their temporary agents.

Ratifications
As of 2015, the Warsaw Convention had been ratified by 152 states. The protocol to the convention had been ratified by 137 states.

See also
Aviation law
CMR Convention
Hague Protocol
Kenneth Macdonald Beaumont
Montreal Convention

References

External links

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In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an imaginary sphere (ball) of a very large unspecified size. The earth and the sphere have the same centre: they are concentric. They also rotate upon the same axis. All objects in the sky can be thought of as projected (drawn, written) upon the celestial sphere. This imaginary sphere is a very practical tool for positional astronomy.

Celestial hemispheres
The equator divides the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, the celestial sphere is divided by projecting the equator into space. This divides the sphere into the north celestial hemisphere and the south celestial hemisphere. One can also locate the Celestial Tropic of Cancer, Celestial Tropic of Capricorn, North Celestial Pole, and South Celestial Pole.

Sidereal time
The Earth rotates from west to east around its axis in slightly less than 24 hours. The celestial sphere and all objects on it appear to rotate from east to west around the celestial poles in the same time. This is the diurnal motion (daily motion). This is why stars will rise in the east and set in the west, (unless a star is circumpolar). On the next night a particular star will rise again, but with our normal clocks running a 24-hour 0-minute cycle, it will do so slightly less than 4 minutes earlier. By the following night the difference will be 8 minutes, and so forth with every following night (or day).

The reason for this is that the Sun does not stand still on the celestial sphere, and the stars do (except for a tiny proper motion). The sun moves about 1° per day eastwards over a great circle known as the ecliptic (which is 360° or a full circle in one year, the annual motion of the Sun). As an angle of 1° corresponds to 4 minutes in time (360° = 24 hours), we need therefore four extra minutes of diurnal motion to see the Sun back on the same meridian again, making the duration of one rotation just 24 hours exactly (on the average, ignoring small seasonal variations, see equation of time)

Normal clocks therefore indicate solar time. Astronomers studying the movements of stars may want clocks indicating sidereal time, going around once in 23h56m (solar time units).

Star globe

A celestial sphere can also refer to a physical model of the celestial sphere or celestial globe.
Such globes map the constellations on the outside of a sphere, resulting in a mirror image of the constellations as seen from Earth. The oldest surviving example of such an artefact is the globe of the Farnese Atlas sculpture, a 2nd-century copy of an older (Hellenistic period, ca. 120 BC) work.

References

Other websites

 SkyandTelescope.com SkyChart
 Monthly skymaps for every location on Earth
 Fixed pattern of distant stars, part of elementary astronomy course From Stargazers to Starships

Astronomy

Celestial sphere


Basophils, or basophil granulocytes, are rare granulocytes.  If you had 10,000 white blood cells, only 1–30 of them would be basophils.

Basophils contain large cytoplasmic granules. When stained, the granules hide the cell nucleus from sight. However, when unstained, the nucleus is visible and it usually has two lobes.

The mast cell, another granulocyte, is similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated. However, they come from different cell lines. Mast cells usually do not circulate in the blood stream, but instead stay in connective tissue. Like all circulating granulocytes, basophils go from the blood into a tissue when needed.

The name comes from the fact that these leukocytes are basophilic, i.e., they are stained by basic dyes, as shown in the illustrations.

How they work is not well understood. Basophils have protein receptors on their cell membrane which binds IgE, an immunoglobulin involved in macroparasite defence and allergy. They are found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite infection, for example, by ticks.

References

Blood cells

Basophil


Baron Botetourt ( ) is an abeyant title in the Peerage of England. It was created by writ of summons on 19 June 1305. It became abeyant in 1406, was recalled from abeyance in 1764 for Norborne Berkeley. However, it became abeyant again on his death in 1770. It was recalled a second time in 1803 for the 5th Duke of Beaufort, and became a subsidiary title of the dukes of Beaufort until the death of the 10th Duke in 1984, when it became, and remains, abeyant.

In Virginia
Known and remembered in the American state of Virginia as "Lord Botetourt", Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt was governor of the Colony of Virginia from 1768 to 1770 and a member of Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary at the capital of the Colony in Williamsburg, Virginia. Before coming to Virginia he was (as Norborne Berkeley) Member of Parliament for Gloucestershire 1741–1763. He then obtained his peerage, when it was called out of abeyance in 1764, the third holder of the title having died in 1406.

As governor, Lord Botetourt resided in the Governor's Palace near Duke of Gloucester Street, now a major attraction of Colonial Williamsburg in the Historic Triangle. Although a popular governor, Lord Botetourt served only two years. He died suddenly while still in office in 1770 and was buried in the crypt beneath the chapel of the Wren Building. Following his death a statue was commissioned and placed on the piazza of the Capitol building. Later it was moved, and the statue stood for many years in front of the Wren Building before being relocated once again to a more sheltered location within the ground floor of Earl Gregg Swem Library. A full-size facsimile stands in its place, one of the more familiar of campus icons.  Nowadays, William & Mary students dress up the statue for various occasions such as Charter Day (February 8).

Botetourt County, Virginia, was named in his honor, as was Berkeley County, which became part of West Virginia at the time of the American Civil War.  A lifelong bachelor, he endowed an award at the College of William and Mary that is still known as the Botetourt Medal; it is the College's most prestigious award. The medal was awarded to two students a year from 1772 to 1775, one in Classics and one in the Physical or Metaphysical Sciences. The medal was not awarded again until 1941, and has been awarded to one student each year since then.  It is awarded to the "single undergraduate with the greatest distinction in scholarship" on Commencement Day each May. Lord Botetourt High School, located in Botetourt County, Virginia is named after him as well. Additionally, Botetourt Street and Botetourt Gardens, both located in Norfolk, Virginia are also named after him.

Barons Botetourt (1305)

 John Botetourt, 1st Baron Botetourt (d. 1324)
 John Botetourt, 2nd Baron Botetourt (d. 1385), grandson
 Joan Burnell, 3rd Baroness Botetourt (d. January 1, 1406)
 abeyant until 13 April 1764
 Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt (d. October 15, 1770)
 abeyant until 4 June 1803
 Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort, 5th Baron Botetourt (1744 – October 11, 1803)
 Henry Charles Somerset, 6th Duke of Beaufort, 6th Baron Botetourt (1766–1835)
 Henry Somerset, 7th Duke of Beaufort, 7th Baron Botetourt (1792–1853)
 Henry Charles FitzRoy Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort, 8th Baron Botetourt (1824–1899)
 Henry Adelbert Wellington FitzRoy Somerset, 9th Duke of Beaufort, 9th Baron Botetourt (1847–1924)
 Henry Hugh Arthur Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort, 10th Baron Botetourt (1900–1984)
 abeyant

References
Citations

Sources

1305 establishments in England
Abeyant baronies in the Peerage of England
Noble titles created in 1305

Baron Botetourt


In Australian Aboriginal culture, life is based on a foundation of beliefs which are called the Dreamtime, or The Dreaming. This is a complex set of ideas with deep levels of meanings. The Dreamtime has four parts: The beginning of everything; the life and power of the ancestors; the way of life and death; and power in life. Dreamtime was all four of these things at the same time because it is more powerful than time and space. In it all things exist at once. The Aboriginal peoples call Dreamtime the all-at-once time because they think it is the past, present, and future at the same time. It is a beginning that has no end.

They meet The Dreamtime by doing special dances and singing special songs. Aboriginals believe that people have a part of them that will live forever. This part existed before a person was born and will exist after they die. It exists in The Dreamtime.

All Australian Aboriginals believe in the Dreamtime. Each group and each person has their own stories and traditions. In Central Australia, the Pitjantjatjara call it the Tjukurpa. The Tjukurpa provides the answers for questions about life. It also gives the rules for behaviour and how to live together. It explains the complex relationship between the people, animals, plants and the land. It teaches the how and why the land is to be looked after. It provided the information about what could be eaten, the rules of marriage, of growing up and the rituals of death. Some parts of the Dreamtime are only known to those who have inherited the right to the knowledge.

Dreamtime is often used to describe the time before time, or the time of the creation. Most Aboriginals believe that all life is connected to the great spirit ancestors of the Dreamtime. Every hill, water hole, river, the sky, every feature was created in the Dreamtime. The journeys of the ancestors across the country created the landscape, and populated it with plants and animals. These journeys are often told in cycles of stories, songs and dances, known as iwara, or songlines. These great spirit ancestors have not gone, they are still present, even if they can not be seen. The ceremonies of songs and dance keep the people in contact with the spirits. "Without ceremony the land soon dies..."

References

Australian mythology
Indigenous Australian culture
Creation myths

Dreamtime


Richard Hurd (13 January 1720 – 28 May 1808) was an English divine and writer, and bishop of Worcester.

Life

He was born at Congreve, in the parish of Penkridge, Staffordshire, where his father was a farmer. He was educated at Brewood Grammar School and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He took his B.A. degree in 1739, and in 1742 he proceeded M.A. and became a fellow of his college. In the same year he was ordained deacon, and given charge of the parish of Reymerston, Norfolk, but he returned to Cambridge early in 1743. He was ordained priest in 1744. In 1748 he published some Remarks on an Enquiry into the Rejection of Christian Miracles by the Heathens (1746), by William Weston, a fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.

He prepared editions, which won the praise of Edward Gibbon, of the Ars poetica and Epistola ad Pisones (1749), and the Epistola ad Augustum (1751) of Horace. A compliment in the preface to the edition of 1749 was the starting-point of a lasting friendship with William Warburton, through whose influence he was appointed one of the preachers at Whitehall in 1750. In 1765 he was appointed preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and in 1767 he became archdeacon of Gloucester.

In 1768, he proceeded D.D. at Cambridge, and delivered at Lincoln's Inn the first Warburton lectures, which were published later (1772) as An Introduction to the Study of the Prophecies concerning the Christian Church. He became bishop of Lichfield and Coventry in 1774, and two years later was selected to be tutor to the prince of Wales and the duke of York. In 1781 he was translated to the see of Worcester and made Clerk of the Closet, holding both positions until his death. He lived chiefly at Hartlebury Castle, where he built a fine library, to which he transferred Alexander Pope's and Warburton's books, purchased on the latter's death.

He was extremely popular at court, and in 1783, on the death of Archbishop Cornwallis, the king pressed him to accept the primacy, but Hurd, who was known, says Madame d'Arblay, as "The Beauty of Holiness," declined it as a charge not suited to his temper and talents, and much too heavy for him to sustain. He died, unmarried, on 28 May 1808. His memorial in Worcester Cathedral was sculpted by William Humphries Stephens.

He bequeathed his library to his successors as bishop, and it remains at Hartlebury Castle, but its fate remains uncertain, now that the castle has ceased to be used as the bishop's residence.

Works

Hurd's Letters on Chivalry and Romance (1762) retain a certain interest for their importance in the history of the romantic movement, which they did something to stimulate. They were written in continuation of a dialogue on the age of Queen Elizabeth included in his Moral and Political Dialogues (1759) Two later dialogues On the Uses of Foreign Travel were printed in 1763. Hurd wrote two acrimonious defences of Warburton On the Delicacy of Friendship (1755), in answer to John Jortin and a Letter (1764) to Dr Thomas Leland, who had criticized Warburton's Doctrine of Grace. He edited the Works of William Warburton, the Select Works (1772) of Abraham Cowley, and left materials for an edition (6 vols., 1811) of Addison. His own works appeared in a collected edition in 8 vols. 1811.

References

External links

The works of Richard Hurd Vol. I
The works of Richard Hurd Vol. II
The works of Richard Hurd Vol. III
The works of Richard Hurd Vol. IV
The works of Richard Hurd Vol. V
The works of Richard Hurd Vol. VI
The works of Richard Hurd Vol. VII
The works of Richard Hurd Vol. VIII
'Dialogues of the Uses of Foreign Travel', (1764)
 Richard Hurd at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

1720 births
1808 deaths
People from Penkridge
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Masters of the Temple
Bishops of Lichfield
Bishops of Worcester
Archdeacons of Gloucester
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Richard Hurd (bishop)


Girth is the circumference of a cylindrical object, such as a tree trunk.

Girth is sometimes used by postal services and delivery companies as basis for pricing. For example, (for at least one delivery company), if one has a box to ship, it has three sides: length (the longest side) and height and width. The girth in this case is 2 * (height + width).

Geometry

Girth


Spock Must Die! is an American science fiction novel written by James Blish, published February 1970 by Bantam Books. It was the first original novel based on the Star Trek television series intended for adult readers. It was preceded by a tie-in comic book line published by Gold Key and the novel Mission to Horatius by Mack Reynolds, all intended for younger readers.

Blish aimed to kill off a popular character as a way to surprise readers, and during the novel's production chose Spock, with the aid of his wife, J.A. Lawrence.

Reviews of the novel have been mixed. Some reviewers have directed criticism at the structure or tone of the novel, while others have expressed no enthusiasm for the work, overall.

Spock Must Die! was reprinted numerous times with different cover art, including a cover by Kazuhiko Sano. The novel was collected in an omnibus for the Science Fiction Book Club in 1978.

Prior to the release of Spock Must Die!, Blish had written three collections of short stories adapting episodes of the television series. The second collection, Star Trek 2 (February 1968), included an adaptation of the episode "Errand of Mercy", which the novel directly references in the second chapter.

Plot
Doctor Leonard McCoy and Engineer Montgomery Scott discuss McCoy's fear of the transporter. McCoy posits that an original person is killed upon dematerialization, and a duplicate is created at the destination. Scotty explains that the technology does not destroy the original object but causes every single particle to undergo a "Dirac jump" to its new location, and that converting a human-sized mass to energy would blow up the ship. McCoy is not convinced, and he wonders what happens to the soul in a transporter beam. The conversation is interrupted by the news that the Organians appear to have been destroyed by the Klingon Empire. The Organians had been enforcing a peace treaty between the Empire and the Federation, and the planet's disappearance is a threat to the peace.

As the Enterprise is a long way from Organia, Scotty develops a modification of the transporter that uses tachyons to create a copy of a crewman that could be transported to Organia long before the ship can reach the planet. Spock is chosen, but a permanent duplicate is created unexpectedly upon transport, as something at or on Organia has functioned as a perfect, impenetrable, mirror for the tachyon transporter beam. The crew is unable to distinguish between the two Spocks. Kirk arbitrarily designates one as "Spock One" and the other as "Spock Two". Spock Two soon argues that the duplicate will be operating on a pro-Klingon agenda, since, being physically reversed, he is also ethically reversed as well, and he states that the duplicate must therefore be killed, "even if it is I".

After faking a mental breakdown and barricading himself in sick bay, Spock One escapes in a stolen shuttlecraft which he has adapted to warp drive. This offers strong evidence that he is the duplicate and traitor. The crew find corroboration of this when they discover that Spock One used the Enterprise's science facilities to manufacture chirality-reversed amino acids. He had undergone a total left-to-right inversion down to the atomic level during his creation. To survive, he had to infuse the inverse forms of amino acids into his diet. McCoy explains that such a meager diet would have induced deficiency diseases in a human, but that a Vulcan is able to endure it indefinitely.

The Enterprise receives communiques indicating that the war is going badly for the Federation. Upon arriving at Organia, the crew are affected by a powerful mental disturbance centered on the planet. Kirk, Scotty and Spock transport to the surface, but Kirk identifies the Spock with him as the duplicate Spock (Spock One). Realizing the danger to Kirk and Scotty, via their psychic link, Spock Two transports to the planet and kills his duplicate. The landing party discover that the Organians are not dead, but imprisoned. A weapon deployed by the Klingons has restrained their mental abilities, preventing them from expressing their thoughts. As thought-creatures, the restraint will ultimately destroy them if it is not disabled. Scotty is able to disable the weapon and the thought screen surrounding the planet, freeing the Organians. In retaliation, the Klingon race is confined to their homeworld, and the Klingon commander, Koloth, is trapped in a bubble of asymptotically slowing time, unaware of his fate.

The Enterprise continues on its five-year mission of exploration.

Production

For the first original Star Trek novel for adults, Blish wanted to surprise readers by killing a popular character. Unexpectedly, Spock had been the most popular character in the television series—more popular than Captain Kirk. Blish discussed his premise with his wife, J.A. Lawrence, only to discover she preferred Spock to Kirk, as well. Following their discussion, Blish chose to kill Spock.

The plot, featuring both the Klingons and the Organians, is a follow-up to the first season episode "Errand of Mercy", which had previously been adapted into a short story by Blish, published in Star Trek 2 (February 1968).

Spock Must Die! contains a number of references to other works: Mervyn Peake's Gormenghast series is hinted at by an alien species found on Organia called "gormenghastlies" by Kirk; Uhura says she is able to transmit a message in Eurish, a reference to James Joyce's Finnegans Wake; Scotty uses the word "mathom" to describe the objects that have materialized on the ship as part of his transporter experiments, which is a reference to The Lord of the Rings. Another alien species mentioned is the "reepicheep", based on the name of a Talking Mouse in Prince Caspian and Voyage of the Dawn Treader.

The novel's conclusion does not reset the universe, as was common in episodes of the television series. Instead, the Organians have confined the Klingon race to their homeworld for a thousand years, unable to take advantage of space flight, and the antagonist Commander Koloth is trapped in an asymptotically slowing distortion of local time, unaware of his punishment. It is likely Blish would have continued to explore the results of these changes in a follow-up novel.

Spock Must Die! was released after the cancellation of the television series. Blish included a rally cry in his "Author's Notes" to encourage fans to advocate for the series renewal.

Sales of the novel following its release were promising, but Blish's death in 1975 ended all plans for follow-up. Spock, Messiah! by Theodore Cogswell and Charles Spano, released in September 1976, is not a sequel to Spock Must Die!.

Spock Must Die! was collected in the omnibus The Star Trek Reader IV (April 1978), for the Science Fiction Book Club. Also included were the short story collections Star Trek 10 (February 1974), and Star Trek 11 (April 1975). Bantam Books reprinted and reissued the novel twenty times from February 1970 to June 1996. The final printing featured an original cover designed by Japanese artist Kazuhiko Sano.

Reception
In A Clash of Symbols (October 1979), Brian M. Stableford described the novel as a "combination of space opera and whimsy, quite typical of the Star Trek mythos". Stableford believed the sequences in the novel would have been too expensive for the television series. However, the novel's structure was similar to an actual episode containing "sub-climaxes that one can easily imagine would bracket commercial breaks".

Strother B. Purdy referred to novel's text as a "rather well-written" example of the duplication of characters in science fiction, in his study The Hole in the Fabric (March 1977). Purdy was also impressed by novel's play on elements in the vein of Martin Gardner's The Ambidextrous Universe and Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. Astrobiologist Daniel Glavin was quoted in the 15 May 2010 issue of the New Scientist, saying it was an "intriguing idea" and that Spock Must Die! is "certainly a novel turn in this twistiest of tales: the story of how life came to be left-handed".

Ellen Kozak reviewed Spock Must Die! as "one of the better original novels written from the series" in the December 1979 issue of Science Fiction and Fantasy Book Review. Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (May 2005), by Don D'Ammassa, synopsizes the novel as "interesting historically, but … a mediocre piece of fiction". George Mann criticised Blish's Star Trek fiction, including Spock Must Die!, as "obviously written primarily for money", and that Blish does not display the "literary and intellectual skill evident in his earlier work".

Ellen Cheeseman-Meyer reviewed the novel for Tor.com, in 2012, saying the women aboard Enterprise sexually desiring Spock (Spock One) was "unsettling". And that the novel offers "sex with Spock, the magical half-breed", as the "cure for racism that 23rd century women cannot find anywhere else". However, Cheeseman-Meyer noted Spock Must Die! was "worth reading as a celebration of the world Star Trek envisioned, however strange that could sometimes be".

See also
 "Errand of Mercy" – an episode of The Original Series which features the Organians and the basis of Spock Must Die!
 "The Enemy Within" – an episode of The Original Series which features a duplicate Captain Kirk.
 "Second Chances" – an episode of The Next Generation where a duplicate of Commander William T. Riker is found.
 "Mirror, Mirror" – an episode of The Original Series where Captain Kirk goes to a parallel universe where other characters have evil counterparts.
 Chirality (physics)
 Chirality (chemistry)
 Tachyon

References

External links

 .
 Spock Must Die! at Goodreads.

1970 British novels
1970 science fiction novels
Novels based on Star Trek: The Original Series
Novels by James Blish
Bantam Books books

Spock Must Die!


Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research, Inc. is a nonprofit conservation organization in Newark, Delaware, dedicated to indigenous wild bird rehabilitation, especially rehabilitation efforts related to oil spills. It is notable for its research and rehabilitation efforts concerning wildlife affected by oil spills, which have been international in scope.

History
Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research was established in the winter of 1976 after the Liberian oil tanker Olympic Games ran aground in the Delaware River. The original focus of the organization concerned the study, treatment, and development of methods to remove oil from wildfowl in the case of a future oil spill.

In 1982, the organization established a full-time Wild Bird Clinic in order to care for and rehabilitate injured or orphaned wild birds and fledglings. This operation grew rapidly and moved into a newly built facility in 1989.

The first Effects of Oil on Wildlife Conference (EOW) was established and hosted by Tri-State Bird Rescue in 1982. The purpose of this conference was to bring together wildlife experts from a variety of disciplines in order to address the issue of wildlife affected by oil spills. A second EOW conference was held in Washington, DC, in 1990. The conference has continued to meet every 2–3 years since then, most recently in Baltimore, Maryland, in 2018.

In 1991, members of the Tri-State Oil Spill Response Team traveled to the Middle East, sponsored by UNESCO, in order to assist with response efforts related to the intentional destruction of oil fields and transport ships during the Gulf War.

In 2001, the organization was invited by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to help draft the "Best Practices for Migratory Bird Care During Oil Spill Response" document, to serve as a guide for personnel seeking to provide care for affected birds during an oil-spill containment effort.

Tri-State oil-spill staff have been involved in incidents near Spain, France, South Africa, the Galapagos Islands, as well as many domestic incidents across the United States. Tri-State was the lead wildlife rehabilitation response organization during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.

Activities
Tri-State oil-spill response staff train volunteers, engage in rehabilitation efforts, and work in concert with other organizations and agencies in order to develop responses to oil-spills. Tri-State staff and affiliates also conduct research regarding methods by which affected wildlife may be rehabilitated.

Tri-State staff also cooperate with interns and researchers from universities and institutions in order to conduct bird-related research not directly applicable to oil-spill situations. The organization has assisted the USGS with a study concerning the effects of lead and pesticide exposure on fish-eating birds, as well as surveys of the prevalence of West Nile virus among birds in the region.

The organization's Wild Bird Clinic is one of the largest of its type in the United States, and handles the rehabilitation of birds from the region (and also from elsewhere within the United States), with the aim of eventual release to the wild. The facility operates under federal and multiple state permits, and is staffed by both veterinary staff and volunteers. This clinic handles more than two thousand birds annually. It is currently housed within the Frink Center for Wildlife.

In addition to oil-spill response and bird rehabilitation, the staff and organization also publish papers and journals, and provide workshops and training for affiliate and local personnel from other organizations and agencies elsewhere.

References

External links

Veterinary organizations
Non-profit organizations based in Delaware
Environmental organizations based in the United States
Ornithological organizations in the United States
Wildlife rehabilitation and conservation centers
Bird conservation organizations
1976 establishments in Delaware
Organizations established in 1976
Veterinary medicine in the United States

Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research


Lehi is the first prophet listed in the Book of Mormon. He is the father of Nephi, Sam, Laman, Lemuel, Jacob, and Joseph. According to the Book of Mormon, Lehi was praying and was told in a dream to go to the wilderness with his family. They also believe that Judaism was the first real religion, but God left them, got into a human form and took on a different nation.

Mormonism

Lehi


George XI (; 1651 – 21 April 1709), known as Gurgin Khan in Iran, was a Georgian monarch who ruled the Kingdom of Kartli as a Safavid Persian subject from 1676 to 1688 and again from 1703 to 1709. He is best known for his struggle against the Safavids which dominated his weakened kingdom and later as a Safavid commander-in-chief in what is now Afghanistan. Being an Eastern Orthodox Christian, he converted to Shia Islam prior to his appointment as governor of Kandahar.

Life

He was the son of Vakhtang V, whom he succeeded as a ruler of Kartli in 1676. As with many other Georgian rulers, he had to nominally accept Islam and take the name of Shahnawaz II before being able to be confirmed as a viceroy by Shah Solayman I. However, Georgians continued to consider him as their king under his Christian name Giorgi (or "George" in English).

When nearly half-century-long peaceful relations between Kartli and its Persian suzerains significantly deteriorated. George attempted to centralise loose royal authority in Kartli and weaken the Persian influence. He patronised Catholic missioners and had correspondence with Innocent XI. After the Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Vienna George XI hoped to exploit that Empire's new weakness. In a letter to Innocent XI dated April 29, 1687 he vowed to be a Catholic King and declared his readiness and willingness and that of his troops to obey any order of the Roman Pope. According to Catholic missionaries George remained until his death a faithful Catholic.

In 1688, George headed an abortive coup against a Persian governor of the neighboring Georgian region of Kakheti, and attempted, though vainly, to gain an Ottoman support against the Safavid overlordship. In response, Shah Solayman deposed George and gave his crown to the rival Kakhetian prince Erekle I, who then embraced Islam and took the name Nazar-Ali Khan. Abbas Qoli-Khan, the beglarbeg (governor general) of Ganja, was placed in charge of the government in Kakheti and commissioned to reinforce Erekle's positions in Kartli. George fled to Racha in western Georgia, whence he made several attempts to reclaim his possession. In 1696, he managed to stage a temporary comeback and helped his brother Archil to temporarily regain the crown of Imereti in western Georgia, but was eventually forced to withdraw from Kartli again. In 1694, following the death of Solayman, there was a change in the government in Georgia: Abbas-Quli Khan was accused by his rivals of supporting George XI. On the orders of the new shah Soltan Hosayn, he was promptly arrested by Erekle and sent to Isfahan under guard, while of his possessions were confiscated. Qalb-Ali Khan was appointed Abbas-Quli Khan's successor as Persian governor of Kakheti. However, the strife in Georgia as well as the Safavid empire in general forced Husayn to make peace with George who was summoned to Isfahan in 1696. The shah entrusted him with restoring order along the eastern frontiers of the empire and appointed him beglarbeg of Kerman in 1699. It was the beginning of an illustrious but, ultimately, tragic career in the service of the Safavids.

George, aided by his brother Levan, by 1700 had reestablished the shah's sovereignty in Kerman. As a reward, George was restored to the throne of Kartli in 1703, but was not allowed to return to his country. Instead, he was soon assigned to suppress the Afghan rebellion in May 1704. He was granted the title of Gurgin Khan by the Shah and was appointed the viceroy of Kandahar province and sipah salar (commander-in-chief) of the Persian armies. While he was in the field, he entrusted the administration of his country of Kartli to a nephew, the future King Vakhtang VI. Gurgin managed to crush the revolts of Afghan tribes and ruled Kandahar with uncompromising severity. He subdued many of the local leaders and sent Mirwais Khan Hotak, a powerful chieftain of the Ghilji Afghans (Pashtuns), in chains to Isfahan. However, Mirwais Khan managed to gain the favour of the Shah and even to arouse his suspicion against the beglarbeg. Determined to bring about the overthrow of Gurgin, Mirwais Khan staged a carefully planned coup. On April 21, 1709, when the majority of the Georgian troops under Gurgin's nephew, Alexander, were away from Kandahar on a raid against the rebels, Mirwais invited Gurgin on a banquet at his country estate at Kokaron in Kandahar City and assassinated him. The assassin was supposedly an Afghan warrior, Younis Kakar, one of a tribal chiefs of Mirwais Khan Hotak. Gurgin's small escort was also massacred and Mirwais seized power in Kandahar. He sent to Isfahan the cross and psalms, found at the murdered Georgian general, as the proof of the latter's covert defection.

A punitive expedition into the Afghan lands led by George's nephew, Kay Khusrau, ended in October 1711 disastrously with his death and the destruction of nearly his entire force of 30,000.

Family and children
George XI was married twice. He married first Tamar, daughter of Prince David Davitishvili in 1676. She died on 4 December 1683, having mothered two children:
 Prince Bagrat (died 1692/94), who was sent to the shah as a political hostage and died at Herat;
 Princess Mariam (died 1715), who married in 1687 David Kvenipniveli, Duke of Ksani Duchy of Ksani and had nine children.

George XI married his second wife Khoreshan (died 24 February 1695), daughter of Prince Giorgi Mikeladze, at Kojori in 1687. They had a daughter.
Princess Rodam of Kartli (d. 1730)

See also
List of the Kings of Georgia
Iranian Georgians
History of Georgia

References

Further reading
Rudi Matthee's biography of Gorgin Khan in Encyclopædia Iranica
Martin Sicker, The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire (Hardcover) (2000), Praeger/Greenwood, , page 44
The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 6, the Timurid and Safavid Periods, edited by Peter Jackson, Stanley I Grossman, Laurence Lockhart: Reissue edition (1986), Cambridge University Press, , page 315
Willem Vogelsang, The Afghans (2001), Blackwell Publishing
 Political history of Georgia 1658–1703, excerpt from David Marshall Lang, The Last years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832

External links

გიორგი XI (In Georgian)
Afghanland – Mirwais Khan Hotaki

1651 births
1709 deaths
House of Mukhrani (royal line)
Safavid appointed kings of Kartli
Iranian people of Georgian descent
Former Georgian Orthodox Christians
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Shia Islam
Roman Catholics from Georgia (country)
Safavid governors of Qandahar
Safavid governors of Kerman
Commanders-in-chief of Safavid Iran
17th-century people from Safavid Iran
18th-century people from Safavid Iran
17th-century people from Georgia (country)
18th-century people from Georgia (country)
Shia Muslims from Georgia (country)

George XI of Kartli


Din Djarin, also known as The Mandalorian, is a bounty hunter in Star Wars and the main character of The Mandalorian. The Mandalorian was hired by a remnant of the Galactic Empire to capture the mysterious Grogu or "The Child" but instead decides to protect Grogu from the Empire. Din Djarin is not allowed to take off his helmet per strict rules from his people, the Mandalorians. Mando and Grogu go on many adventures together including helping protect a village with ex-rebel shock trooper Cara Dune. During the first season's penultimate episode, a former employer, Greef Karga tells Din that the Empire has overridden his town and he promises to take the bounty of The Child's head if he helps take out the Imperials. With the help of Cara Dune, Kuiil, and IG-11 the group goes to take back the town. However during the encounter the group is ambushed by Moff Gideon who has a larger forces, traps Mando and takes The Child for himself and Kuiil gets killed in the process. But IG-11 saves Grogu and an ensuing fight takes place between Mando, Greef, Cara, IG-11 and the Imperial forces. They seek help from the hidden Mandalorian covert in the tunnels of the town but instead find one Mandalorian, The Armorer who tells Mando he must deliver Grogu to other members of his kind. IG-11 sacrifices himself so the others can escape and fight off Moff Gideon in the final fight.

With a new mission to do, Din Djarin learns that another Mandalorian on Tatooine can help him locate a Jedi so they can Grogu, but only if he gets their armor back. But instead a marshal, Cobb Vanth who isn't a Mandalorian is wearing the armor but they both cut a deal for the armor. As Mando rides away a once thought dead, Boba Fett looks on at Din who is unknowingly in procession of his armor. Mando then arrives on another planet after helping the Frog Lady who promised information. Din goes on a mission with Mandalorian, Bo-Katan Kryze who tells him to seek out Ahsoka Tano. Mando goes and finds Ahsoka who tells him Grogu's real name and his past. He helps her on a mission but she refuses to train Grogu and tells Din Djarin to place The Child on a seeing stone and he will chose his path. When Mando and Grogu go do this another bounty hunter comes after them, Boba Fett had been tracking them in hopes of getting his armor back. Mando agrees to give him the armor as long as Boba and his sidekick, Fennec Shand help protect Grogu from the incoming Imperial forces. But they fail to do so and The Child is captured by the Empire but not before sending out a call to any surviving Jedi through The Force. Mando, Boba and Fennec recruit Cara to help get Grogu back and after getting the location of Moff Gideon's cruiser they head off to fight him with the help of Bo-Katan. They are met with strong resistance when they attack the cruiser and Mando duels Moff Gideon in order to get The Child.  They are eventually cornered in the command bridge by Imperial elite troopers when a single X-Wing starfighter shows up. Unknown to the others but The Child grabs at the security screen as a dark figure in a green lightsaber cuts down troopers and makes his way to the bridge. Luke Skywalker greets them and tells them he has come for The Child and he is to be trained. Grogu and Din Djarin have an emotional goodbye before he leaves.

References

Star Wars characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2019

Din Djarin


The Sims is a video game released in 2000 . It is a life simulator that imitates real life. Sims can get jobs, have needs, and can get married. It was the third best selling computer and video game of all time (it mostly sold well on the computer).

The Sims was so successful it has created three sequels, (The Sims 2 in 2004, The Sims 3 in 2009, and The Sims 4 in 2014) along with many other spin-offs of the series.

History
The Sims was created by Will Wright, who worked at Maxis, which was owned by EA Games. It was first released in February 2000. His intention was to make an open-ended game without a set objective. This feature was the reason why it attracted so many gamers.

Gameplay
The first part of the game is to make a family, or play one of the preexisting families. Every family can have children and adults. A player can choose what they look like from many different clothes and hair styles. Each family must include at least one adult.

Each family starts with $20,000, regardless of how many sims are in the family.  After the family is made, the player can move them into a lot.  Some lots are empty while other lots have houses on them.

There are many different floor coverings, wall coverings and doors to choose from when building a house. After building, the player can purchase objects, such as a refrigerator, bed, or other things.

Players control the Sims in Live Mode.  The main goal is to keep the Sim's eight needs up and in the green.  These needs eventually go down as time goes by.  If Sims have no energy, they will fall to the ground.  If they are swimming and run out of energy they will drown.  If they are too hungry, they will die of starvation.

Other goals include making money (called Simoleons in this game).  Sims must get jobs to get more money so they can pay bills, buy new objects, and expand the house.  If they do not go to work two days in a row, they will be fired.  Each Sim has eight skill levels to work towards.  Each skill level has 10 points.  For instance, in the military job, the ultimate requirement is 10 body points.  Jobs also require a certain number of friends to receive a promotion.  The higher they go, the more money they make per day.

Children must go to school.  If they do not keep their grades up, they will be sent to military school and will never return.  They can read books to study.

Expansion packs
The Sims is well known for having many expansion packs, or smaller games that add onto the main game.  The player must own the original game to buy and install these packs. The Sims has 7 official expansion packs.

Other Sims games

After it sold well on the computer, it was put on other platforms such as the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, GameCube and Xbox. The console releases are:

 The Sims (console game)
 The Sims Bustin' Out
 The Urbz: Sims in the City
 The Sims 2 (console Game)

These all follow a different concept. They are more objective-based rather than free-willed and have not been as popular as the original PC editions.

References

The Sims
2000 video games

The Sims


Max Erdmannsdörfer (14 June 184814 February 1905) (sometimes seen as Max von Erdmannsdörfer) was a German conductor, pianist and composer.

He was born in Nuremberg.  He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory, becoming concertmaster at Sondershausen. In 1874 he married the pianist and composer Pauline Fichtner, a student of Franz Liszt.  She later used the professional name Pauline Erdmannsdörfer-Fichtner.
Erdmannsdörfer corresponded with Liszt, and he premiered Liszt's symphonic poem Hamlet at Sondershausen on 2 July 1876.  He also once owned at least parts of the score of Liszt's lost Piano Concerto No. 3, which was finally pieced together only in 1989 from separate manuscript pages that had been dispersed as far afield as Weimar, Nuremberg and Leningrad.
Max Erdmannsdörfer also had an association with Joachim Raff.  He and Pauline were the co-dedicatees of the two-piano version of Raff's Piano Quintet, Op. 107, and they premiered it at Sondershausen on 22 September 1877.  In 1870, Pauline had been the dedicatee of Raff's Piano Suite in G minor.  Erdmannsdörfer completed Raff's unfinished Symphony No. 11, Op. 214, after its composer's death, and had it published.

He premiered Sir Alexander Mackenzie's overture Cervantes at Sondershausen in 1877.

In 1882 he became the principal conductor of the Russian Musical Society concerts in Moscow, and professor at the Moscow Conservatory.  He and his wife remained there until 1889.

He had a significant association with Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.  While Tchaikovsky wrote that Erdmannsdörfer was "inclined to indulge the public's taste of exaggerated nuances" and "offhanded in his attitude to Russian music (except my own)", he nevertheless considered him "a very skilful, experienced and expert conductor".  Tchaikovsky permitted him to conduct the following premiere performances of his works, all in Moscow:
 Symphony No. 1 (revised version, 1 December 1883)
 Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem (1 December 1883)
 Suite No. 2 (16 February 1884; Tchaikovsky had just attended the premiere of his opera Mazeppa the night before, and was in such a nervous state that he set out for Berlin and Paris on 16 February, without even remaining to hear the premiere of the Suite No. 2, which absence caused Erdmannsdörfer some offence.)
 Concert Fantasia (6 March 1885)
 Manfred symphony (11 March 1886).

Tchaikovsky's Suite No. 3 is dedicated to Erdmannsdörfer, who gave the Moscow premiere in January 1885, a few days after the world premiere in Saint Petersburg under Hans von Bülow. One source says Erdmannsdörfer conducted the premiere of Tchaikovsky's Serenade for Strings, Op. 48, but other sources say it was Eduard Nápravník (Saint Petersburg, 30 October 1881).  It is possible Erdmannsdörfer conducted the Moscow premiere.

Tchaikovsky so highly valued Erdmannsdörfer's arrangement of his Chant sans paroles, Op. 2, No. 3, from Souvenir de Hapsal that he himself conducted it in 1892. Erdmannsdörfer also orchestrated piano pieces by Anton Rubinstein.  His own compositions are forgotten now.

After returning to Germany in 1889, the couple settled in Bremen and in 1896 moved to Munich.

Erdmannsdörfer supported the introduction of the five-stringed double bass invented by Carl Otho.

References

External links
  Tchaikovsky Research

1848 births
1905 deaths
19th-century German composers
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century German pianists
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
German male composers
Musicians from Nuremberg
German male pianists
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory

Max Erdmannsdörfer