The Witches Of Chiswick is a novel by the British author Robert Rankin, the title parodying that of The Witches of Eastwick by John Updike.

Plot
Working in a dystopian 23rd century, William Starling finds a painting, The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke by Richard Dadd  from the 19th Century with the image of a digital watch hidden within it. William takes a drug which confers the ability to tap into ancestral memories.  After learning of events occurring in the 19th century, William and Tim are attacked by a Babbage robot sent from the past, and William escapes to the past via the robot's time machine.

Stuck in the 19th century in Victorian London, William is greeted by Hugo Rune, who explains to Will that he is his direct descendant.  Will learns that 19th Century history is a lie: Charles Babbage's difference engine was a huge success, providing the growing British Empire with robots, digital watches, airships, and even the first rocket to the Moon.

After returning to London, Will and Hugo take on a case for Sherlock Holmes - to discover the identity of Jack the Ripper to learn more about the witches' cabal.  Hugo becomes the Ripper's next victim. Will finds a box in Hugo's trunk containing Barry, the Sprout Guardian.  Will uses Barry to return to the future to enlist the aid of Tim.

Will and Tim return to the past, meeting an invisible H.G. Wells, the Elephant Man, the Brentford Snail Boy, and another Will from an alternate future.  After finding Hugo's true residence in the Buttes Estate, Will and Tim set out to save the 19th Century and the future from the influence of the Witches of Chiswick.

Hugo faked his death, not for the first time, and returns to aid Tim and Will.  Will discovers that Count Otto is a Babbage robot, controlled by the Will from the alternate future.  Driven mad, the alternate Will became evil and committed the Jack the Ripper killings.  "Anti-Will" faces Hugo, travels back in time to prevent the Babbage Difference Engine from being recognized, then returns to the circus to finish his goal of controlling the world.  When Hugo confesses that 'he' cannot stop the "anti-Will", William realises he can sacrifice himself to defeat his duplicate.  Will lunges for "anti-Will" and the pair are destroyed due to the temporal paradox.  History is changed, the Victorian era never develops the computer and in the future Will and Tim are born and lead normal lives.

References

Novels by Robert Rankin
2003 British novels
British fantasy novels
British steampunk novels
Novels about time travel
Cultural depictions of Jack the Ripper
Cultural depictions of H. G. Wells
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

The Witches of Chiswick


Texas A&M University–Central Texas (A&M–Central Texas or TAMUCT) is a public university in Killeen, Texas. It is one of the newest members of The Texas A&M University System. Founded in 1999 as a branch of Tarleton State University, it became an independent member of the Texas A&M University System in September 2009. A&M-Central Texas is an upper division college, meaning its students must complete their freshman and sophomore-level coursework at a two-year college or other institution of higher education. Texas A&M–Central Texas primarily serves non-traditional students: The average age of the student body is 34, 40% of students are affiliated with the US military, and most students attend part-time. Texas A&M–Central Texas' students are known as the Warriors, and the school colors are navy blue, maroon, and silver. The university has a main campus, an extension building in north Killeen, and a site location on the United States Army post at Fort Cavazos.

History

Founding

Following the founding of Central Texas College in Killeen in the late 1960s, local citizens sought to establish an upper division college to meet the demand for a four-year, degree-granting institution. As a result, American Technological University (ATU), a private institution, was founded in September 1973. ATU initially concentrated on technological programs, but the university gradually shifted its focus to the liberal arts, counseling psychology, and criminal justice. Because of its changed academic offerings, ATU changed its name in 1989 to the University of Central Texas (UCT). UCT subsequently experienced substantial growth, doubling its enrollment from 500 students in 1988 to over 1,000 in 1997, and moved to a new facility located next to Central Texas College. Despite UCT's success, local citizens still desired a state-supported university, so then-Governor George W. Bush initiated an advanced study into the need for higher education in the Killeen area. To that end, the Central Texas University Task Force (CTUTF) was created in 1995, and their work resulted in several recommendations: Primarily, the CTUTF recommended that Central Texas College should remain intact, UCT should dissolve and turn over its assets to the state, and Tarleton State University should establish a campus in Killeen and offer junior-, senior-, and graduate-level courses. These recommendations were accepted, and Tarleton State University–Central Texas opened in 1999. As a result of the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board's "Pathway Model" of continuous improvement, legislation was put forth in 2009 in the Texas legislature to establish a stand-alone state university in Killeen. On May 27, 2009, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 629, officially establishing Texas A&M University–Central Texas.

Administration

Following a nationwide search conducted by the Texas A&M University System Board of Regents, Dr. Marc A. Nigliazzo was appointed in April 2010 as A&M-Central Texas' inaugural president. Dr. Nigliazzo previously served as the president of Galveston College, Temple College, and Arizona Western College. Dr. Nigliazzo's official inauguration and investiture ceremony was held on January 19, 2012. On July 22, 2011, the Board of Regents appointed Dr. Margaret "Peg" Gray-Vickrey as the university's provost and vice president for academic and student affairs. Dr. Gray-Vickrey came to TAMUCT from Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU), where she served as provost and vice president, among many other positions. Dr. Gray-Vickrey was selected in part because of her experience in helping to develop FGCU and guide its substantial growth in the 2000s, a feat which A&M-Central Texas is currently attempting to replicate. On July 2, 2012, the university announced the hiring of Dr. Russell Porter, a former United States Air Force captain, as the associate vice president of graduate studies and research. Dr. Porter is a prolific researcher and writer, having written over 140 books, articles, or scholarly presentations on a variety of subjects, with contributions and support to over 300 total scholarly works, and over $21.2 million in grants and contracts including NIH, NSF, DHS, DoD, USN, USA, and USAF grants. In 2016, Dr. Porter was promoted to Vice President for Research and Economic Development to concentrate on Research, Economic Development and the planning for a university research park. Graduate Studies was turned over to Dr. Kellie Cude, Director of the Graduate School at the time. Dr. Cude was promoted to Dean of the Graduate School, and is now the Associate Provost and Senior Associate Vice President for Academic Affairs.

Accreditation
Texas A&M–Central Texas became a stand-alone university on May 27, 2009, as a member of the Texas A&M University System. Since that time, SACS/COC has recognized it as an entity of its parent university, Tarleton State University, and all degrees awarded have been accredited. On June 20, 2013, Texas A&M University–Central Texas was officially awarded separate "accredited membership" status and is an accredited member of the COC, retroactive to January 1, 2013. Separate accreditation will allow the university to diversify and expand its program and course offerings, and address the regional upper-level education needs.

Academics
Texas A&M–Central Texas offers 38 bachelor's degrees, 17 master's degrees, and several professional certifications in a variety of in-demand subjects. The university's academic structure is organized into three schools: Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, and Education.

College of Arts and Sciences
The College of Arts and Sciences offers degrees in the humanities, as well as mathematics, political science, social work, and sociology. Of particular note is the history program's focus in national security studies/military history, which is considered highly desirable by the personnel of nearby Fort Cavazos. In support of this subject's importance to the local community, the history department holds an annual Military History Symposium in cooperation with the University of North Texas' Military History Center and Fort Cavazos. The school's mathematics program is also noteworthy, as Dr. Chris Thron, Assistant Professor of Mathematics, was awarded a Fulbright teaching fellowship in spring 2012 for the year 2013, his second such award.

College of Business Administration
The College of Business Administration offers degree programs in accounting, finance, and economics; management, marketing, and human resource management; computer information systems and computer science; and aviation science. Several of the school's programs are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Business Schools and Programs. The school's aviation science department is especially noteworthy because it is the only public-assisted, four-year aviation program in Texas. Many graduates of the program are currently serving as pilots and aviation managers for regional and national airlines, the US military, and private charter companies. Also noteworthy is the BBA HRM program, which was aligned with the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) in February 2018. SHRM alignment provides an early pathway to SHRM-CP certification for qualifying students.

College of Education and Human Development
The College of Education offers degrees in education, curriculum and instruction, educational leadership, and administration, experimental psychology, counseling psychology, and marriage and family therapy. Additionally, the school offers principal and teacher certifications, as well as professional certifications and licenses for psychologists. The psychology department operates the Community Counseling and Family Therapy Center at Texas A&M–Central Texas' extension building in north Killeen. The center offers counseling services free of charge to university students, faculty, and staff, and to members of the local community at a low cost, based on family income. Both the counseling center and the psychology department are especially important to the Killeen/Fort Cavazos area, as many local citizens suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and/or traumatic brain injury relating to military service.

Campus

In May 2009,  of the Fort Hood (now Fort Cavazos) military reservation were donated to the university by the U.S. Army. The donated land is currently being used to develop the university's new permanent main campus, located near the intersection of State Highway 195 and State Highway 201 near the Killeen–Ft. Hood Regional Airport, formerly known as Gray Army Airfield. Construction of Founder's Hall, Texas A&M–Central Texas' first permanent building on the new campus site, began on August 26, 2010, and the grand opening ceremony was held on May 24, 2012. The $40 million,  building has classroom space, a lecture hall, student services, enrollment services, administrative offices, support services, and a campus bookstore. On the same day Founder's Hall was opened, the university broke ground on its second building. Given the name of Warrior's Hall, this building is a $50-million,  mixed-use facility that includes a two-story library.

Overall future campus development will include 19 academic buildings totaling , four general-use buildings totaling , a student union recreation/wellness center, a conference center, a dining hall, 1,800 beds of student housing in five phases, athletic and recreation facilities, a 30,000-person-capacity football stadium, a 10,000-person-capacity baseball field, an 8,000-person-capacity indoor arena,  of outdoor recreation space (soccer, track, tennis, softball, etc.), and parking for 6,000 cars. The university has been dubbed the second-largest economic development to occur in the region only behind the establishment of Fort Hood (now Fort Cavazos).

Student body
Texas A&M–Central Texas primarily serves nontraditional students: The average age of the students is 34, 40% of students are affiliated with the US military (either active-duty military, military dependents, or veterans), and most students attend part-time. Texas A&M–Central Texas' students are known as the Warriors. About 70% of the students are undergraduates,  with the remaining 30% being graduate students. The undergraduate enrollment is among the most diverse in the Texas A&M University System (50% White non-Hispanic, 28% African American, 16% Hispanic, 3% Asian and Pacific Islander, 1% American Indian, and 2% other).

See also

References

External links

Buildings and structures in Bell County, Texas
Education in Bell County, Texas
Educational institutions established in 2009
Texas A&M University System
Two year upper class colleges
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Public universities and colleges in Texas
2009 establishments in Texas

Texas A&M University–Central Texas


Heimaey Stave Church (Stafkirkjan) is a close replica of Haltdalen stave church situated in the Skansinn area of the harbour of Vestmannaeyjabær on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland.

History
The church was completed on July 30, 2000, and was a gift from Norway to Iceland in connection with the millennial anniversary of the conversion of Iceland to Christianity  by Olav Tryggvason in the year 1000. Developing from a suggestion by the Icelandic government, the Norwegian state presented Iceland with a replica of the Haltdalen Stave Church (Haltdalen stavkirke), originally from around the 1170s. The first church known on Iceland was a post church and not a stave church.

The replica was erected by the harbour of Vestmannaeyjabær in the Vestmannaeyjar, in an area formed by the lava of the 1973 eruption of Eldfell. The replica was undertaken by the Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research as a three-year research and reconstruction project from 1998 to 2000 under the leadership of  professor Elisabeth Seip, Head of Research at the  Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research.

The church was constructed at Lom from materials deliberately drawn widely from around Norway, including timber from Røros, shingles from Odalen, tar from Skjåk, wrought iron from Vågå, and a doorstep from Holtålen. A gallery was added around the outside of the building, inspired by other stave churches, to provide the building with extra strength against the stormy weather of the Vestmannaeyjar. The church was built and consecrated in summer 2000, and was completed on 30 July 2000. The project was supported by a Norwegian government grant of 5.5m Norwegian kroner; Icelandic government funding for the redevelopment of the Skansinn area of Vestmannaeyjarbær as a heritage area; and some private sponsorship was also involved, most importantly that the Icelandic company Eimskip shipped the church to Iceland for free.

The National Church of Norway also gave an altar piece. It is  replica of the St Olav frontal, one of the finest surviving medieval Norwegian works of art, undertaken under the leadership of Terje Nordsted. The original is at Nidaros Cathedral but is said (without any substantial supporting evidence) once to have been situated in the Haltdalen stave church.

References

External links

 Heimaey stave church on the Icelandic Church Map
 A Stave Church for Iceland short note with image at NIKU – The Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research
 Official press release about the delivery of the church, with a link to the speech by Trond Giske

Churches completed in 2000
Churches in Iceland
Replicas of stave churches
20th-century churches
Vestmannaeyjar

Heimaey stave church


Raymond Brown (February 23, 1908 – February 8, 1965) was an American right-handed pitcher in Negro league baseball, almost exclusively for the Homestead Grays.

During his career, he was widely considered the best pitcher in the Negro leagues at the time, and led the Grays to eight pennants in one nine-year span. He was also considered a very good pinch hitter and a solid bat. In February 2006, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Biography
Born in Alger, Ohio, he had a large variety of pitches in his arsenal, including a sinker, a slider, and even a knuckleball, but his best pitch was his curveball. Brown would fire the curveball at a batter no matter what the count was, having supreme confidence in that pitch. Brown played for Cum Posey's Homestead Grays from 1932 to 1945. Brown married Posey's daughter, Ethel. In 1944, he went 9–3 for the champion Grays, and threw a one-hit shutout in the Negro World Series to put them on top of the African-American baseball world. In 1945, he threw a seven-inning perfect game.

After his long stint with the Grays, he opted to play in Mexico and in the Canadian Provincial League in his final years. In those years, he continued to dominate most batters, leading Sherbrooke to a title in the Provincial League. He also pitched a no-hitter for Santa Clara of the Cuban Winter League, a baseball sanctuary, at that time, for many black players during the winter season. Brown also helped them to the Cuban title that year (1936).

In the Negro league version of the All-Star Game, the East-West All-Star Game, Brown got the start in 1935.

Brown led the league in wins eight times (1931, 1935, 1937–38, 1940–42, 1944). He also led the league in ERA twice (1938, 1940) along with three times in strikeouts (1931, 1937–38) among statistics that ranged from games played to innings. He was the second player in Negro league history to win the pitching Triple Crown, doing so in 1938 with fourteen wins, seventy strikeouts, and an 1.88 ERA.

Like most great Negro leaguers, Brown managed as well later on in his career. He was one of five black players mentioned as being of major league caliber in a 1938 wire sent to the Pittsburgh Pirates by the Pittsburgh Courier. The other four were Josh Gibson, Buck Leonard, Cool Papa Bell and Satchel Paige.

Brown died at age 56 in Dayton, Ohio.

He was named to the Washington Nationals Ring of Honor for his "significant contribution to the game of baseball in Washington, D.C" as part of the Homestead Grays on August 10, 2010.

References

External links
 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads

1908 births
1965 deaths
Baseball players from Dayton, Ohio
Dayton Marcos players
Homestead Grays players
Indianapolis ABCs (1931–1933) players
Leopardos de Santa Clara players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
People from Hardin County, Ohio
American expatriate baseball players in Cuba
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Thetford Mines Miners players

Ray Brown (Negro leagues pitcher)


The Book of Sirach () or Ecclesiasticus (; abbreviated Ecclus.) is a Jewish work, originally written in Hebrew. It consists of ethical teachings, from approximately 200 to 175 BCE, written by the Judahite scribe Ben Sira of Jerusalem, on the inspiration of his father Joshua son of Sirach. Joshua is sometimes called Jesus son of Sirach or Yeshua ben Eliezer ben Sira.

In Egypt, it was translated into Greek by the author's unnamed grandson, who added a prologue. This prologue is generally considered the earliest witness to a canon of the books of the prophets, and thus the date of the text is the subject of intense scrutiny.  The book itself is the largest wisdom book from antiquity to have survived.

Canonical status

Sirach is accepted as part of the canon by Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and most Oriental Orthodox Christians. The Anglican tradition considers Sirach (which was published with other Greek Jewish books in a separate section of the King James Bible) among the apocryphal books, and reads them "for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet [does] not apply them to establish any doctrine". The Lutheran Churches take a similar position. It was cited in some writings in early Christianity. There are claims that it is cited in the Epistle of James, and also the non-canonical Didache (iv. 5) and Epistle of Barnabas (xix. 9). Clement of Alexandria and Origen quote from it repeatedly, as from a  (Scripture). The Catalogue of Cheltenham, Pope Damasus I, the Councils of Hippo (393) and Third Council of Carthage (397), Pope Innocent I, the second Council of Carthage (419), the Council of Florence (1442) and Augustine all regarded it as canonical, although Jerome, Rufinus of Aquileia and the Council of Laodicea ranked it instead as an ecclesiastical book. The Apostolic Canons (not recognized by the Catholic Church) described "the Wisdom of the very learned Sirach" as a recommended text for teaching young people. Pope Innocent I officially confirmed the canon of the Bible shortly after the Third Council of Carthage. The Catholic Church then reaffirmed Sirach and the other deuterocanonical books in 1546 during the fourth session of the Council of Trent, and attached an excommunication to the denial of their scriptural status. Catholic canonical recognition only extends to the Greek text.

Sirach is not part of the Jewish canon, once thought to have been established at the hypothetical Council of Jamnia, perhaps due to its late authorship, although it is not clear that the canon was completely closed at the time of Ben Sira. Others have suggested that Ben Sira's self-identification as the author precluded it from attaining canonical status, which was reserved for works that were attributed (or could be attributed) to the prophets, or that it was denied entry to the canon as a rabbinical counter-reaction to its embrace by the nascent Christian community.

Some Jews in the diaspora considered Sirach scripture. For instance, the Greek translation made by Ben Sira's grandson was included in the Septuagint, the 2nd-century BCE Greek version of the Hebrew scriptures used by Diaspora Jews, through which it became part of the Greek canon. The multiplicity of manuscript fragments uncovered in the Cairo Genizah evince its authoritative status among Egyptian Jewry until the Middle Ages.

Because it was excluded from the Jewish canon, Sirach was not counted as being canonical in Churches originating from the Reformation, although some retained the book in an appendix to the Bible called Apocrypha.

Structure
As with other wisdom books, there is no easily recognizable structure in Sirach; in many parts it is difficult to discover a logical progression of thought or to discern the principles of arrangement.  However, a series of six poems about the search for and attainment of wisdom (1:1–10, 4:11–19; 6:18–37; 14:20–15:10; 24:1–33; and 38:24–39:11) divide the book into something resembling chapters, although the divisions are not thematically based. The exceptions are the first two chapters, whose reflections on wisdom and fear of God provide the theological framework for what follows, and the last nine chapters, which function as a sort of climax, first in an extended praise of God's glory as manifested through creation (42:15–43:33) and second in the celebration of the heroes of ancient Israel's history dating back to before the Great Flood through contemporary times (see previous section).

Despite the lack of structure, there are certain themes running through the book which reappear at various points. The New Oxford Annotated Apocrypha identifies ten major recurring topics:

 The Creation: 16:24–17:24; 18:1–14; 33:7–15; 39:12–35; and 42:15–43:33
 Death: 11:26–28; 22:11–12; 38:16–23; and 41:1–13
 Friendship: 6:5–17; 9:10–16; 19:13–17; 22:19–26; 27:16–21; and 36:23–37:15
 Happiness: 25:1–11; 30:14–25; and 40:1–30
 Honor and shame: 4:20–6:4; 10:19–11:6; and 41:14–42:8
 Money matters: 3:30–4:10; 11:7–28; 13:1–14:19; 29:1–28; and 31:1–11
 Sin: 7:1–17; 15:11–20; 16:1–17:32; 18:30–19:3; 21:1–10; 22:27–23:27; and 26:28–28:7
 Social justice: 4:1–10; 34:21–27; and 35:14–26
 Speech: 5:6, 9–15; 18:15–29; 19:4–17; 20:1–31; 23:7–15; 27:4–7, 11–15; and 28:8–26
 Women: (9:1–9; 23:22–27; 25:13–26:27; 36:26–31; and 42:9–14.

Contents

The Wisdom of Sirach is a collection of ethical teachings. Thus Sirach, sometimes called Ecclesiasticus, closely resembles Proverbs, except that, unlike the latter, it is presented as the work of a single author, not an anthology of maxims drawn from various sources, presented in verse form. The question of which apothegms actually originated with Sirach is open to debate, although scholars tend to regard him as a compiler or anthologist.

The teachings are applicable to all conditions of life: to parents and children, to husbands and wives, to the young, to masters, to friends, to the rich, and to the poor. Many of them are rules of courtesy and politeness; and a still greater number contain advice and instruction as to the duties of man toward himself and others, especially the poor, as well as toward society and the state, and most of all toward God.

Wisdom, in Ben Sira's view, is synonymous with the fear of God, and sometimes is identified in the text with adherence to the Mosaic law. The maxims are expressed in exact formulas, and are illustrated by striking images. They show a profound knowledge of the human heart, the disillusionment of experience, a fraternal sympathy with the poor and the oppressed.

By contrast some feel Sirach exhibits little compassion for either women or slaves. He advocates distrust and possessiveness over women, and the harsh treatment of slaves (which presupposes the validity of slavery as an institution), positions which are not only difficult for modern readers, but cannot be completely reconciled with the social milieu at the time of its composition.

The book contains the only instance in biblical teaching of an explicit recommendation of physicians (chapter 38), though other biblical passages take for granted that medical treatment will be used when necessary. This is a direct challenge against the idea that illness and disease was seen as penalty for sin, to be cured only by repentance.

As in Ecclesiastes, two opposing tendencies war in the author: the faith and the morality of olden times, which are stronger than all argument, and an Epicureanism of modern date. Occasionally Sirach digresses to attack theories which he considers dangerous; for example, that man has no freedom of will, and that God is indifferent to the actions of mankind and does not reward virtue. Some of the refutations of these views are developed at considerable length.

Through these ethical chapters runs the prayer of Israel imploring God to gather together his scattered children, to bring to fulfilment the predictions of the Prophets, and to have mercy upon his Temple and his people. The book concludes with a justification of God, whose wisdom and greatness are said to be revealed in all God's works as well as in the history of Israel. These chapters are completed by the author's signature, and are followed by two hymns, the latter apparently a sort of alphabetical acrostic.

Of particular interest to biblical scholars are Chapters 44–50, in which Ben Sira praises "men of renown, and our fathers in their generation", starting from the antediluvian Enoch and continuing through to "Simon, the high priest, son of Onias" (300–270 BCE). Within this recitation, Ben Sira identifies, either directly or indirectly, each of the books of the Old Testament that would eventually become canonical, with the apparent exception of only Ezra, Daniel, Ruth, Esther, and perhaps Chronicles. The ability to date the composition of Sirach within a few years given the autobiographical hints of Ben Sira and his grandson (author of the introduction to the work) provides great insight regarding the historical development and evolution of the Jewish canon.

Authorship and translation

Joshua ben Sirach, or, according to the Greek text "Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem", was a Judahite scribe who had been living in Jerusalem, and may have authored the work in Alexandria, Egypt c. 180–175 BCE, where he is thought to have established a school. Ben Sirach is unique among all Old Testament and Apocryphal writers in that he signed his work.

The Prologue, attributed to Ben Sira's grandson and dated to 132 BCE, is generally considered the earliest witness to a canon of the books of the prophets. Thus the date of the text, has been the subject of intense scrutiny by biblical scholars.

Joshua ben Sirach's grandson was in Egypt, translating and editing after the usurping Hasmonean line had definitively ousted Simon's heirs in long struggles and was finally in control of the High Priesthood in Jerusalem. Comparing the Hebrew and Greek versions shows that he altered the prayer for Simon and broadened its application ("may He entrust to  his mercy"), in order to avoid closing a work praising God's covenanted faithfulness on an unanswered prayer.

The Greek translator states in his preface that he was the grandson of the author, and that he came to Egypt in the thirty-eighth year of the reign of "Euergetes". This epithet was borne by only two of the Ptolemies. Of these, Ptolemy III Euergetes reigned only twenty-five years (247–222 BCE) and thus Ptolemy VIII Euergetes must be intended; he ascended the throne in the year 170 BCE, together with his brother Ptolemy VI Philometor, but he soon became sole ruler of Cyrene, and from 146 to 117 BCE held sway over all Egypt. He dated his reign from the year in which he received the crown (i.e., from 170 BCE). The translator must therefore have gone to Egypt in 132 BCE.

The translation into Greek is believed to have been done after 117 BCE.

Language and alternative titles
The "Book of ben Sirach" (, ) was originally written in Hebrew, and was also known in Hebrew as the "Proverbs of ben Sirach" (, ) or the "Wisdom of ben Sirach" (, ). The book was not accepted into the Hebrew Bible and the original Hebrew text was not preserved in the Jewish canon. However, various original Hebrew versions have since been recovered, including fragments recovered within the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Cairo Genizah, the latter of which includes fragments from six separate manuscripts, referenced as manuscripts A to F.

The Greek translation was accepted in the Septuagint under the (abbreviated) name of the author:  (). Some Greek manuscripts give as the title the "Wisdom of  Son of " or in short the "Wisdom of ". The older Latin versions were based on the Septuagint, and simply transliterated the Greek title in Latin letters: . In the Vulgate the book is called  ("Book of Joshua Son of Sirach").

The Greek Church Fathers also called it the "All-Virtuous Wisdom", while the Latin Church Fathers, beginning with Cyprian, termed it Ecclesiasticus because it was frequently read in churches, leading the early Latin Fathers to call it  (Latin and Latinised Greek for "church book"). Similarly, the Nova Vulgata and many modern English translations of the Apocrypha use the title Ecclesiasticus, literally "of the Church" because of its frequent use in Christian teaching and worship.

The Babylonian Talmud occasionally cites Ben-Sira (Sanhedrin 100b; Hagigah 13a, Baba Bathra 98b, etc.), but even so, it only paraphrases his citations, without quoting from him verbatim. This is shown by comparing fragmented texts of the original Hebrew "Book of Wisdom" (Ecclesiasticus) discovered in Qumran with the same quotes as given in the Babylonian Talmud.

Date and historical significance
Sirach is generally dated to the first quarter of the 2nd century BCE. Sirach contains a eulogy of "Simon the High Priest, the son of Onias, who in his life repaired the House" (50:1). Festschrift M. Gilbert and other scholars posit that this seems to have formed the original ending of the text, and that Chapters 50 (from verse 2) and 51 are later interpolations. Under this theory, the second High Priest Simon (died 196 BCE) would have been intended, and the composition would have concluded shortly thereafter, given that struggles between Simon's successors (175–172 BCE) are not alluded to in the book, nor is the persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes (168 BCE).

Manuscripts
The work of Sirach is currently known through various versions, which scholars still struggle to disentangle.

The Greek version of Sirach is found in many codices of the Septuagint.

As early as 1896, several substantial Hebrew texts of Sirach, copied in the 11th and 12th centuries, were found in the Cairo Geniza (a synagogue storage room for damaged manuscripts). Although none of these manuscripts is complete, together they provide the text for about two-thirds of the Wisdom of Sirach. According to scholars including Solomon Schechter and Frederic Kenyon, this shows that the book was originally written in Hebrew.

In the 1950s and 1960s various of portions of Sirach were found in Dead Sea-area excavations. Two such discoveries were among the Qumran scrolls, both fragmentary parchment scrolls from the Early Roman (Herodian) period (40 BCE – 70 CE): 2Q18 (2QSir) containing Sir 6:14–15, 20–31and 11Q5 (11QPsa) containing about one-fourth of the Masoretic psalms plus others, including one found in Sir 51. The largest and oldest scroll, Mas1H (MasSir), also a fragmentary parchment scroll but dated in the Late Hellenistic (Hasmonean) period (167–40 BCE) containing most of Sir 39:27–44:17, was discovered at Masada, the Jewish fortress destroyed by the Romans in 73 CE. These early Hebrew texts are in substantial agreement with the Hebrew texts discovered in Cairo, although there are numerous minor textual variants. With these findings, scholars are now more confident that the Cairo texts are reliable witnesses to the Hebrew original.

Theological significance

Influence in Jewish doctrine and liturgy

Although excluded from the Jewish canon, Sirach was read and quoted as authoritative from the beginning of the rabbinic period. There are numerous citations to Sirach in the Talmud and works of rabbinic literature (as "", e.g., Hagigah 13a, Niddah 16b; Ber. 11b). Tractate Sanhedrin (100b) records an unresolved debate between R'Joseph and Abaye as to whether it is forbidden to read the book of Sirach, wherein Abaye repeatedly draws parallels between statements in Sirach cited by R'Joseph as objectionable and similar statements appearing in canonical books.

Sirach may have been used as a basis for two important parts of the Jewish liturgy. In the Mahzor (High Holiday prayer book), a medieval Jewish poet may have used Sirach as the basis for a poem, , in the Yom Kippur  ("additional") service for the High Holidays. Yosef Tabori questioned whether this passage in Sirach is referring at all to Yom Kippur, and thus argued it cannot form the basis of this poem. Some early 20th-century scholars also argued that the vocabulary and framework used by Sirach formed the basis of the most important of all Jewish prayers, the Amidah, but that conclusion is disputed as well.

Current scholarship takes a more conservative approach. On one hand, scholars find that "Ben Sira links Torah and wisdom with prayer in a manner that calls to mind the later views of the Rabbis", and that the Jewish liturgy echoes Sirach in the "use of hymns of praise, supplicatory prayers and benedictions, as well as the occurrence of [Biblical] words and phrases [that] take on special forms and meanings." However, they stop short of concluding a direct relationship existed; rather, what "seems likely is that the Rabbis ultimately borrowed extensively from the kinds of circles which produced Ben Sira and the Dead Sea Scrolls ....".

New Testament
Some scholars, such as Dr. Clayton N. Jefford, have argued that there are several allusions to the Wisdom of Sirach in the New Testament. These include the Virgin Mary's Magnificat in Luke 1:52 following Sirach 10:14; the description of the seed in Mark 4:5, 16–17 following Sirach 40:15; the statement by Jesus in Matthew 7:16, 20 following Sirach 27:6; and James 1:19 quoting Sirach 5:11.

The distinguished patristic scholar Henry Chadwick has said that in Matthew 11:28 Jesus was directly quoting Sirach 51:27, however, it appears that Chadwick cited these verses incorrectly because Jesus quotes Sirach 51:34 at Matthew 11:29. Additionally, compare Matthew 6:12 – "And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors" – with Sirach 28:2; "Forgive your neighbor a wrong, and then, when you petition, your sins will be pardoned."

Messianic interpretation by Christians

Some Christians regard the catalogue of famous men in Sirach as containing several messianic references. The first occurs during the verses on David. Sirach 47:11 reads "The Lord took away his sins, and exalted his power for ever; he gave him the covenant of kings and a throne of glory in Israel." This references the covenant of 2 Samuel 7, which pointed toward the Messiah. "Power" (Hebrew ) is literally translated as 'horn'. This word is often used in a messianic and Davidic sense (e.g. Ezekiel 29:21, Psalms 132:17, Zechariah 6:12, Jeremiah 33:15). It is also used in the Benedictus to refer to Jesus ("and has raised up a horn of salvation for us in the house of his servant David").

Another verse (47:22) that Christians interpret messianically begins by again referencing 2 Samuel 7. This verse speaks of Solomon and goes on to say that David's line will continue forever. The verse ends stating that "he gave a remnant to Jacob, and to David a root of his stock". This references Isaiah's prophecy of the Messiah: "There shall come forth a shoot from the stump of Jesse, and a branch shall grow out of his roots"; and "In that day the root of Jesse shall stand as an ensign to the peoples; him shall the nations seek…" (Isaiah 11:1, 10).

References in Sirach and pre-modern texts
Note: verse numbers may vary slightly between versions.

 Aesop's fable of The Two Pots is referenced at Sirach 13:2–3
 The Egyptian Satire of the Trades (written during the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, between 2025 and 1700 BCE), or another work in that tradition referenced at Sirach 38:24–39:11
The treatises of Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia, on the nature and power of the Virgin Mary quotes Sirach 3:30, "Water extinguishes a burning fire and almsgiving atones for sin."
The Kebra Nagast chapter 88 quotes the Book of Sirach 15:16–17.
Bede quotes Ecclesiasticus 32:1 in the Lives of the Abbots of Wearmouth and Jarrow.
The third song O Tod, wie bitter bist du of Vier ernste Gesänge quotes Sirach 41:1–3.

References in culture

 The opening lines of Chariots of Fire, Best Picture at the 1982 Academy Awards, is from Sirach 44:1: "Let us now praise famous men, and our fathers that begat us."
 In "Canon Alberic's Scrap-Book", the first ghost story in his first published collection, M. R. James has his protagonist, Dennistoun, quote lines from Ecclesiasticus 39:28: "Some spirits there be that are created for vengeance, and in their fury lay on sore strokes."
 "Their name liveth for evermore" is a phrase from the King James Bible, forming the second half of a line in Sirach 44:14, widely inscribed on war memorials.
 The title of James Agee and Walker Evans's book Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is taken from Sirach 44:1.
 Ecclesiasticus 43:11–26 was recited at the 2021 funeral of Prince Philip by the Dean of Windsor.

See also
Roy Kinneer Patteson Jr.
David Kohn
Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
The road to hell is paved with good intentions

Notes

References

Sources
Askin, Lindsey A. (2018) Scribal Culture in Ben Sira E.J. Brill, Leiden
Beentjes, Pancratius C. (1997) The Book of Ben Sira in Hebrew: A Text Edition of All Extant Hebrew Manuscripts and a Synopsis of All Parallel Hebrew Ben Sira Texts E.J. Brill, Leiden,
Toy, Crawford Howell and Lévi, Israel (1906) "Sirach, The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of" entry in the Jewish Encyclopedia
Amidah, entry in (1972) Encyclopedia Judaica Jerusalem, Keter Publishing, Jerusalem,

External links

Sirach (Ecclesiasticus) – Latin Vulgate with Douay-Rheims version side-by-side
BenSira.org, original Hebrew manuscripts
"Ecclesiasticus" Catholic Encyclopedia
Sirach – Bibledex video overview
Sirach 2012 Translation with Audio
 The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach, Jewish Encyclopedia (1906 ed.).

2nd-century BC books
Deuterocanonical books
Essene texts
Ancient Hebrew texts
Wisdom literature
Jewish apocrypha
Jerusalem
Poetic Books

Book of Sirach


Manhar Udhas is a Hindi and Gujarati language singer and Bollywood playback singer.

Early life
Manhar Udhas is the eldest son of Keshubhai Udhas and Jituben Udhas, and the elder brother of singers Pankaj Udhas and Nirmal Udhas. He completed his mechanical engineering training in Gujarat and moved to Mumbai in the late 1960s to look for a job. He was interested in music since childhood. His brother-in-law, who was making Gujarati film in Mumbai, introduced him to Music Director Kalyanji Anandji. Udhas used to hang around Kalyanji Anandji to help them in song recording. Once singer Mukesh was not immediately available. So it was decided to dub song in the voice of Udhas and later on Mukesh would sing over it. The song was 'aap se hum ko bichchade huye ek zamana beet gaya' for 1969 film Vishwas. When Mukesh heard the song he said that Udhas has sung the song perfectly and there was no need to record the song in his voice. The song became a hit. It proved to be turning point in his career.

Career
Manhar has worked with many composers of the film world and has lent his voice to many Bollywood heroes. He has sung for more than 300 films – Gujarati, Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali and many others. He, like his brother Pankaj, is well known for singing Ghazals. He has released 30 albums (last one, "Aashirwad", launched in Australia November 2013). He has also worked with Pankaj on albums and Live Shows. His 31st album Alankar was released at VadFest on 18 January 2015 at Vadodara. His latest album "Aakarshan" was launched on 5 May 2018 at Anand, Gujarat.also sung for film kagaz ki nau- har janam mey hamara milan – 1978

Discography
1969 Vishwas
1970 Preet Na Shamna
1971 Taamari yaad ma Polydor present Music purshotam upadhyay
1970 Purab Aur Paschim
1972 Gomti Ke Kinare 1972 R.D.Burman.

1973 Abhimaan( Lute Koi Man ka Nagar)
1973 Chori Chori
1975 Suraj Dhalti Saanjno
1980 Aap To Aise Na The (Tu Iss Tarah Se) ; Qurbani (Hum Tumhe Chaahte Hai)

1983 Hero
1983 Log Kya Kahenge
1986 Janbaaz
1985 Mera Jawab
1986 Karma
1986 Naam
1987 Aagman
1988 Dayavan

1988 Avsar
1988 Ram Avtar
1989 Tridev 1989 Ram Lakhan

1989 Anand
1990 Aavkar
1990 Jungle Queen – A Tarzan Love Story
1991 Saudagar
1991 Sadak
1991 Arpan
1991 Ghar Jamai
1992 Prem Deewane
1992 Swati
1992 Aamantran
1993 Arman
1993 Lootere
1993 Khalnayak
1994 Abhinandan
1994 Amrut
1994 Saajan Ka Ghar
1995 Aabhushan
1996 Anurag
1996 Jaan
1997 Abhishek
1997 Trimurti
1998 Aarambh
1998 Anubhav
1999 Asmita
1999 Jaanwar
2000 Aakar
2001 Aawaaz
2002 Aalaap
2003 Apeksha
2005 Aafreen
2006 Akruti
2007 Aabhaar
2008 Akshar
2010 Anmol
2012 Abhilasha
2013 Adbhut
2014 Alankar
2015 Amar
2017 Aradhana
Avsar

Singles
Aap se hum ko bichhde hue (Vishwas, 1969)
Purva suhaani aayee (Purab Aur Paschim, 1970)
Loote koi man ka nagar (Abhimaan, 1973)
Tu Is Tarah Se (Aap To Aise Na The, 1980)
Hum tumhe chahte hai aise (Qurbani, 1980)
Jeete the jiske dum se (Roohi, 1981)
Tu mera jaanu hai (Hero, 1983)
Pyar karne wale kabhi (Hero, 1983)
Har kisi ko nahin milta (Jaanbaaz, 1986)
Tu kal chala jaayega (Naam, 1986)
Tera naam liya (Ram Lakhan, 1989)
Gali Gali mein (Tridev, 1989)
Laila ne kaha ye majnoo se (Jungle Love, 1990)
Hum tere bin kahin nahin (Sadak, 1991)
Ilu Ilu (Saudagar, 1991)
Ek musafir (Gunaah, 1993)
Jaan (Jaan, 1996)
Mausam Ki Tarah Tum Bhi (Jaanwar, 1999)

Shirdi Ke Saibaba Bhajan albums
Sai Bharosa, Lyrics: Pt. K. Razdan

References

External links

The Hindu newspaper article on Manhar Udhas
Manhar Udhas as Judge for popular Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Zee TV show

Indian male ghazal singers
Indian male playback singers
Bollywood playback singers
1943 births
Living people

Manhar Udhas


A paragraph is a collection of words strung together to make a longer unit than a sentence. Several sentences often make a paragraph. There are normally three to eight sentences in a paragraph. Paragraphs can start with a five-space indentation or by skipping a line and then starting over. This makes it simpler to tell when one paragraph ends and the next starts simply it has 3-9 lines.

A topic phrase appears in most ordered types of writing, such as essays. This paragraph's topic sentence informs the reader about the topic of the paragraph. In most essays, numerous paragraphs make statements to support a thesis statement, which is the essay's fundamental point.

Paragraphs may signal when the writer changes topics. Each paragraph may have a number of sentences, depending on the topic.

A pilcrow mark (¶) is sometimes used to show where a paragraph begins.

Grammar
Typography
Writing

Paragraph


Obi (帯, おび) is a Japanese word meaning "belt" or "band". Mostly, it is used to describe the types of sash worn with kimono and keikogi.

Obi are worn by both men and women. They can be very simple, made of one layer of lightweight fabric, or decorated heavily, made of stiff, woven material, embroidered and dyed with different designs.

Obi for men are less wide and shorter than obi for women. Men mostly wear kaku obi, but sometimes wear heko obi, which are made of much softer material. Heko obi are worn casually, but kaku obi can be worn casually and formally.

Obi for women are much wider and longer. Most women usually wear a nagoya obi, which is wider at one end. In summer, women wear hanhaba obi with yukata. Formal obi for women can be woven from metallic yarns, covered in embroidery, or dyed in an elegant design.

Obi for women are usually the most expensive part of a kimono outfit. However, obi for men can be expensive as well. Expensive obi are usually made by very skilled artists. Some of these people are called National Living Treasures because they are so skilled.

Obi worn for practicing martial arts are a lot thinner and shorter than other kinds of obi. They come in different colours, and the colours show how skilled someone is in practicing martial arts. When someone becomes skilled enough, they wear a new colour of obi. Both men and women wear the same size and length of obi in martial arts, and they are not decorated with embroidery or dyes designs.

Japanese clothing

Obi


Subhash Chand Fiji ke amateur boxer log me se sab se jaada medal jitis hae. Chand, Labasa ke rahaa jahan ke aur koi boxer abhi talak South Pacific khels me part nai liis hae.

1966 se lae ke 1971 talak, Chand Fiji ke Flyweight Champion rahaa. Uu National Championship me ek amateur boxer se compete karis binaa coach yah trainer ke madat se. Cjand ke record hae:

 1966 - 1971 - Fiji Flyweight Champion
 1966 Noumea South Pacific khels - Gold Medal
 1969 Port Moresby South Pacific khels - Gold Medal
 1971 Tahiti South Pacific khels - Silver Medal

Chand 1974 me boxing se retire hoe gias. Uske maut 1989 me bhais rahaa. 1996 me, Chand ke Fiji Sports Hall of Fame me lewa gais.

1974-1989 District Manager Toyota Auto Parts Western Division

January 1989 - Brain Tumor operation in Auckland, New Zealand. Remained in coma for one week in NZ then flown back to Lautoka Hospital, another week in coma.

Passed away February 1, 1989, day after he turned 46 years of age.
Survived by wife and 3 children. Family live in Australia and USA

C
S
Chand, Subhash (boxer)
Chand, Subhash (boxer)
Chand, Subhash

Subhash Chand (boxer)


Yes Oh (styled as yes Oh) was an Israeli television channel carried by the Israeli satellite television provider - yes, which broadcasts newer American and British TV Shows from HBO, AMC, Showtime, Starz and FX at Midnights. The channel began airing on January 21, 2012, on channel 14, replacing yes Real

yes Oh aired all of its schedule in High Definition simulcast on yes Oh HD on channel 14.

After the cancellation of yes Oh, it's shows have been moved to other yes TV channels.

Programs shown
 Dexter (TV series)
 Masters of Sex
 Ray Donovan
 Hannibal (TV series)
 Downton Abbey
 Da Vinci's Demons
 Spartacus: Blood and Sand
 Vikings (2013 TV series)
 American Horror Story
 The Americans
 the Killing
 Tyrant (TV series)
 Louie
 Game of Thrones
 Boardwalk Empire
 The Sopranos
 Rome
 True Blood
 True Detective
 Banshee (TV series)
 Luck (TV series)
 The Newsroom
 Vinyl (TV series)
 VEEP
 Girls
 Silicon Valley (TV series)
 Curb Your Enthusiasm
 In Treatment
 The Wire
 Spy
 Wilfred
 A Young Doctor's Notebook (TV series)
 The Following
 The Bridge (2011 TV series)
 The Fall (TV series)
 The Knick

History of the channel

yes stars Next / yes Next

On January 17, 2010, yes launched the channel Yes Next (styled as yes Next and formerly called yes stars Next), which broadcast American, British and Israeli TV shows from all genres. The concept of the channel was to air shows approaching to the younger demographics. The channel began airing on January 17, 2010 on channel 15 - as part of the latest television shows' channels re-brand by yes. yes Next also aired shows which were available in HD in High Definition simulcast on yes Next HD.

On January 15, 2011, yes Next went off-air and was replaced by yes SCI FI. yes SCI FI will air all of its schedule in high definition simulcast on yes SCI FI HD.

yes SCI FI

On January 15, 2011 yes Next replaced by yes SCI FI, which broadcasts American and British TV Shows of the Science Fiction and Thrillers genres. The channel airs the shows' new episodes on weeknights (Sundays - Thursdays) and on Saturday, and its re-runs on weekdays and weekends (Fridays - Saturdays).

yes Real

On July 3, 2011 yes SCI FI was replaced by yes Real, which broadcasts American and British TV Shows of the Reality Television genres. The channel airs the shows' new episodes on weeknights (Sundays - Thursdays) and on Saturday, and its re-runs on weekdays and weekends (Fridays - Saturdays).

On January 16, 2012 yes Real was shut down and replaced by yes Oh on January 21.

Picture formats

yes Oh airs shows in 4 formats:
 Normal (4:3)
 Letterboxed (4:3)
 Pan & Scan (4:3)
 Widescreen (16:9)

In order to watch widescreen (16:9) shows on a 4:3 TV, there are 3 options to see the picture:
 4:3 Letterbox (Widescreen with black bars - Original Aspect Ratio)
 16:9 (Anamorphic Widescreen)
 4:3 (Pan & scan)

Choosing the format of the picture is via the digital set-top box setup. The setup does not affect shows which are not broadcast in Widescreen.

yes Oh HD airs the shows in High Definition 1080i and in widescreen (16:9) at all times. Shows that are not shot in HD are upscaled to 1080i.

References

External links

Television channels in Israel
Yes (Israel)

he:ערוץ yes Oh

Yes Oh


Northern, was the trading name of Arriva Rail North. It was a train operating company in Northern England. It was a subsidiary of Arriva UK Trains. It operated the Northern franchise from 1 April 2016 to February 2020 and inherited trains from the previous operator Northern Rail.

Post-privatisation British railway companies

Northern (train operating company)


DuPont v. Kolon Industries is an intellectual property lawsuit centering on the allegation that Kolon Industries (of 코오롱그룹), a South Korea-based company, stole trade secrets concerning the production and marketing of Kevlar from DuPont, an American chemical company. Kevlar is a high strength synthetic fiber used in applications as diverse as bicycle tires and body armor.  On September 14, 2011, a jury found in favour of DuPont and awarded damages of $919.9 million. A 2015 settlement reduced the damages to $275 million.

Background
Kevlar is a registered trademark for a para-aramid synthetic fiber developed at DuPont in 1965 and used commercially from the early 1970s onwards.  On February 3, 2009, DuPont filed suit against Kolon for "theft of trade secrets and confidential information" relating to its product, Heracron. The suit alleged that Michael Mitchell, a Kolon employee who formerly worked at DuPont, had "retained certain highly confidential information on his home computer" that he illegally passed to his new employer.  Following an investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Mitchell pleaded guilty to the theft of trade secrets and was sentenced to 18 months imprisonment in March 2010.

Destruction of evidence
On July 21, 2011, the court found that Kolon had intentionally destroyed relevant evidence.  Kolon was sanctioned for this behavior when evidence was produced of screenshots showing explicit instructions to delete potentially relevant emails and documents in violation of litigation holds supposedly in effect.  According to a forensic analyst acting for DuPont at least 17,811 files and emails were deleted, many of which were deemed relevant to the case.  As a result of this finding the jury was given an adverse inference instruction, and Kolon was ordered to pay DuPont's costs in connection with the motion.  District Judge Robert E. Payne explained that "the actions taken by the key employees discussed herein were intentional, in bad faith and quite serious."

Judgment and reactions
On September 14, 2011, a jury in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia found in favor of DuPont which was awarded damages of $919.9 million.  Kolon announced that it intended to appeal and described the judgment as "the result of a multiyear campaign by DuPont aimed at forcing Kolon out of the aramid fiber market", adding "Kolon had no need for and did not solicit any trade secrets or proprietary information of DuPont, and had no reason to believe that the consultants it engaged were providing such information. Indeed, many of the 'secrets' alleged in this case are public knowledge."  It also confirmed that it intended to continue a retaliatory antitrust case alleging monopolistic practices on the part of DuPont.

Thomas G. Powell, President of DuPont Protection Technologies, said "The size of this award is one of the largest in defense of business processes and technologies. It also sends a message to potential thieves of intellectual property that DuPont will pursue all legal remedies to protect our significant investment in research and development and our proprietary information for the benefit of our shareholders and customers... Not only are the technologies and processes of Kevlar important to DuPont, but also to the thousands of soldiers, law enforcement officers and first responders globally whose lives Kevlar protects."  In a press release DuPont further stated that it intended to seek the award of costs and injunctive relief, requiring Kolon to return the stolen information and cease production of products made using the information.

Appeal and settlement
In 2014, a federal appeals court overturned the 2011 verdict. On April 30, 2015, Kolon Industries settled and agreed to pay $275 million in damages to DuPont. The company also pleaded guilty to a federal charge of conspiracy to convert trade secrets, for which they will pay $85 million in criminal fines.

References

Trade secret case law
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia cases
United States intellectual property case law
2011 in United States case law
DuPont

DuPont v. Kolon Industries


Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Although he considered himself a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, by the end of his life it was Ingres's portraits, both painted and drawn, that were recognized as his greatest legacy.

Gallery

1780 births
1867 deaths
French painters

Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres


Common Ground is a 2000 Showtime television film directed by Donna Deitch and written by Paula Vogel, Terrence McNally and Harvey Fierstein.

Plot

"A Friend of Dorothy's"
In the 1950s, Dorothy Nelson (Brittany Murphy) joins the United States Navy where she meets the Friends of Dorothy, a code name for a group of gay and lesbian sailors. Nelson meets Billy (Jason Priestley), who takes her to an interracial nightclub that tolerates gay people. However, the NIS raids the nightclub, and Nelson is among those servicemembers who receive a blue discharge for "sexual perversion."  Returning to Homer, she tries to restart her life as a public school teacher, but her unfavorable discharge prevents her from getting a job. When her homosexuality becomes public knowledge, her mother expels her from the house, forcing her to seek shelter at a family friend's grocery store. However, the townspeople disapprove of this arrangement, and Nelson becomes homeless. An independent-minded woman named Janet (Helen Shaver) at the local diner defends her against the verbal harassment and advises Nelson to go to the bohemian Greenwich Village, a place where she might be free to be herself.

"Mr. Roberts"
The second story flashes forward to the town of Homer in the 1970s, towards the end of the Vietnam War. There a closeted gay high school French language teacher, Mr. Roberts (Steven Weber), has a student named Tobias Anderson, nicknamed Toby, (Jonathan Taylor Thomas) who is on the verge of coming out of the closet, and who he suspects wishes to confide in him. Roberts must keep his homosexuality a secret for the fear of losing his job, but his live-in boyfriend Gus (Scott McCord) pressures him to set a good example for the students by illustrating the importance of tolerance and justice. Toby visits a prostitute on the advice of his swimming coach, with the idea that she can help him "become a man", but rather instead gives him some good advice about being himself.

After Toby is sexually assaulted by bullies and is discovered by Roberts, Roberts then himself comes out to his students and lectures them on the evils of bias-motivated hatred. Toby graduates from high school and leaves Homer to attend college in the big city.

"Andy and Amos"
The final short story takes place in the present day (2000), when a father and the townspeople have to come to terms with the fact that two men will be getting married during a commitment ceremony to be held in the town.  Ira (Ed Asner), the father, is planning to lead a protest march against the wedding, while his son, Amos (James LeGros), is nervous about getting married and going against the cultural stereotype of gay men. The film ends on a positive note, with father and son reconciling and the wedding taking place as scheduled.

Cast
 Edward Asner as Ira
 Beau Bridges as Father Leon
 Harvey Fierstein as Don
 Brian Kerwin as Chuck Dawson
 Margot Kidder as Mrs. Nelson
 Erik Knudsen as Young Johnny Burroughs
 James LeGros as Amos
 Brittany Murphy as Dorothy Nelson
 Jason Priestley as Billy
 Mimi Rogers as McPherson
 Helen Shaver as Janet
 Eric Stoltz as Johnny Burroughs
 Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Tobias "Toby" Anderson
 Steven Weber as Gil Roberts
 Scott McCord as Gus
 Caterina Scorsone as Peggy

Production
A Friend of Dorothy's was written by Paula Vogel; Mr. Roberts was written by Terrence McNally; and Andy & Amos was written by Harvey Fierstein.

The plays star Brittany Murphy, Jason Priestley, Steven Weber, Jonathan Taylor Thomas, Edward Asner and James LeGros. The film contains three short stories about gay Americans during different time periods in the fictional town of Homer, Connecticut, and their efforts to find "common ground" or respect from the heterosexual majority.

References

External links

2000 films
American LGBT-related television films
Lesbian-related television shows
Films set in Connecticut
Films with screenplays by Terrence McNally
Showtime (TV network) films
2000 LGBT-related films
LGBT-related drama films
2000s English-language films
Films directed by Donna Deitch
2000s American films

Common Ground (2000 film)


The Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal, also known as the Main Building of the U.S. Arsenal at Little Rock, or Headquarters Building of the Little Rock Barracks, is the home of the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History. It is also a part of the MacArthur Park Historic District, in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Built between 1840 and 1841, it was part of Little Rock's first U.S. military installation. Since decommissioning, the building has housed two local museums. It was home to the Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities from 1942 to 1997 and the MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History since 2001. It has also housed the Little Rock Æsthetic Club since 1894. The building receives its name from its distinct octagonal tower. Besides being the last remaining structure of the original U.S. military installation and one of the oldest buildings in central Arkansas, it was also the birthplace of General Douglas MacArthur, who became the supreme commander of U.S. forces in the South Pacific during World War II. It was also the starting place of the Camden Expedition during the American Civil War.

History

Background

The building and the surrounding park were used for many public purposes throughout the early 20th century. The Tower Building served as headquarters for the United Confederate Veterans Reunion, May 15–18, 1911. Over 106,000 Civil War veterans, the largest popular gathering in the history of the city up to that time, attended and were housed in the building or camped in the park, which had also become a popular camping area. Later the building served as an armory for the Arkansas National Guard. In 1912, the second floor of the Tower Building became Little Rock's first public library. In 1917, Little Rock built a fire station in the park. A band shell named for H. H. Foster also was built in the park during this time, but no longer exists. In 1936, Works Progress Administration built the Museum of Fine Arts, now called the Arkansas Arts Center, just south of the Tower Building.

The arsenal was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Due to its association with the Camden Expedition of 1864, the arsenal may be included in the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark designated in 1994.

In 1942, the Tower Building was renovated due to the efforts of the Æsthetic Club, Little Rock philanthropist Frederick W. Allsop, and the Works Progress Administration. It became the new home of the Arkansas Museum of Natural History and Antiquities, which had been located in Little Rock City Hall. The museum remained in the tower building for approximately fifty-five years. The area surrounding the Tower Building had been known as Arsenal Park when the first decommissioned and then later renamed City Park. Due to the efforts of Bernie Babcock, however, the city finally named it MacArthur Park in 1942 in honor of Douglas MacArthur.

In 1997, the Museum of Science and Natural History merged with the Little Rock Children's Museum, which had been located in Union Station, to form the Arkansas Museum of Discovery. The new museum was relocated to a historic building in the Little Rock River Market District. The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History opened on May 19, 2001 in the Tower Building. The new museum's goal is to educate and inform visitors about the military history of Arkansas, preserve the Tower Building, honor servicemen and servicewomen of the United States and commemorate the birthplace of Douglas MacArthur.

Construction
The arsenal was constructed at the request of Governor James S. Conway in response to the perceived dangers of frontier life and concerns over possible confrontations with Native Americans who were passing through the state on their way to established Indian Territory following their removal from the southern United States. Thirty-six acres were appropriated on the outskirts of Little Rock by Major Robert B. Lee of the U.S. Army. The land had been previously used as a racetrack by the local jockey club. John Wormley Walker, a builder for the Federal Government, supervised the construction. Originally $14,000 was allocated for the construction of the arsenal, but proved inadequate. The budget was later increased to $30,000. Work began on the Tower Building in 1840, and it was the first permanent structure of the arsenal to be built. Being originally constructed to store ammunition, the building was designed with  exterior walls. The original plans called for it to be built of stone, however, masonry was used instead. The Arkansas Gazette referred to the structure as "A splendid specimen of masonry".

American Civil War

For several years the arsenal, which was owned by the federal government, served as a simple arms depot and was staffed with only a handful of soldiers. But in November 1860, with the American Civil War on the horizon, a company of the Second United States Artillery, consisting of sixty-five men, was transferred to Little Rock under the command of Captain James Totten. On January 15, 1861, the state legislature decided to hold a referendum to determine if a state convention should be held to consider the issue of secession and to elect delegates to such a convention. It was planned for February 18; however, events at the arsenal, would not wait. On January 28, then Governor Henry M. Rector informed Captain Totten that he and his soldiers would be "permitted to remain in the possession of the Federal officers until the State, by authority of the people, shall have determined to sever their connection with the General Government," Totten responded to this by telling the Governor that his orders came from the United States Government and began a desperate but ultimately futile dispatch of letters and telegrams asking for reinforcements, although rumors were widely spread that they were already coming. The first telegraph wire to span between Little Rock and Memphis had recently been completed. Local attorney John M. Harrell was asked to compose the first telegraph dispatched from Arkansas's capital. In his message, Harrell reported unconfirmed rumors that more federal troops had been sent to reinforce the Little Rock Arsenal.

The United States troops at the outposts of the western frontier of the state and in the Indian nation have all been recalled from winter quarters to reinforce the garrison at Fort Smith. The garrison at Fort Smith had been previously transferred to the United States Arsenal in this city (Little Rock).  The arsenal is one of the richest depositories of military stores in the United States and is supposed to be the ultimate destination of the tropps[sic]ordered from the frontier.
-John M. Harrell Telegram, January 31, 1861

The item was intended simply as a piece of news, but telegraph lines quickly spread the news throughout the state, fueling procession sentiment. The rumor was interpreted by some Arkansans as a call from the governor to assemble to help expel the federal troops from the arsenal. By February 5, six militia units, consisting of 1,000 men, with a guarantee that the numbers could be increased to 5,000 if the situations deemed it necessary, had assembled in Little Rock. Governor Rector vehemently denied ordering the troops to assemble or giving any order at all in connection with the troops. Faced with the fact that the military had assembled believing they were following his orders and the consensus of the citizens of Little Rock against any armed conflict between the civilian army and federal troops, Governor Rector was forced to take control of the situation. On February 6, he sent a formal demand for surrender of the arsenal to Captain Totten,

This movement is prompted by the feeling that pervades the citizens of this State that in the present emergency the arms and munitions of war in the Arsenal should be under the control of the State authorities, in order to their security. This movement, although not authorized by me, has assumed such an aspect that it becomes my duty, as the executive of this Sate, to interpose my official authority to prevent a collision between the people of the State and the Federal troops under your command. I therefore demand in the name of the State the delivery of the possession of the Arsenal and munitions of war under your charge to the State authorities, to be held subject to the action of the convention to be held on the 4th of March next.

Perhaps because Abraham Lincoln had not yet been inaugurated as President, Captain Totten received no instructions from his superiors and was forced to withdraw his troops. He agreed to surrender the arsenal as long as the governor agreed to three provisions:
 The governor would take possession of the arsenal in the name of the United States.
 The soldiers would be allowed safe passage in any direction carrying any personal and public property besides munitions of war.
 The soldiers would be allowed to march away as men leaving under orders, not as conquered and surrendering soldiers.

On the morning of February 8, 1861, Rector and Totten signed an agreement placing the arsenal in the hands of state officials. That afternoon, the citizen militia marched to the arsenal with Governor Rector at its head. All of the federal troops had left at this point, except Totten who had stayed behind to listen to the Governor's speech and to hand the arsenal over in person.

The Little Rock Arsenal was classified in 1860 as an "arsenal of deposit," meaning that it was simply a warehouse for the storage of weapons intended for the use of the state militia in times of crisis. Thus there were no substantial operations for ordnance fabrication or repairs, nor for the manufacture of cartridges at the time the Arsenal fell into State hands. Most of these operations were started from scratch through the efforts of the Arkansas Military Board.

Inside the Little Rock Arsenal after its seizure in February, 1861, the Confederates inventoried some 10,247 weapons, 250,000 musket cartridges, and 520,000 percussion caps, as well as the four bronze cannon of Totten's battery. Long arms in the Arsenal's inventory consisted of:

M1822 .69 cal (flintlock) 5,625
M1822 .69 cal (percussion-converted) 53
M1842 .69 cal smoothbore (percussion) 357
M1855 .58 cal rifle-muskets 900
M1817 common rifles 125
M1841 rifle ("Mississippi Rifle") 54
M1847 musketoon 2
Hall's carbines 267
Hall's rifles (flintlock) 2,864
Total 10,247

Of this number, approximately 9600 weapons were serviceable, or ready-for-issue. Note there were only 1,364 percussion weapons available. Disposition of the weapons found in the Arsenal is somewhat sketchy, but from various records it can be surmised that the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Arkansas Infantry Regiments, mustered in June, 1861, were issued M1816/M1822 .69 caliber flintlocks. The 9th and 10th Arkansas, four companies of Kelly's 9th Arkansas Battalion, and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry Regiment were issued flintlock Hall's Rifles. The units comprising the infantry force of Van Dorn's Army of the West were the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles were also armed with M1822 flintlocks from the Little Rock Arsenal. By the time the 11th and 12th Arkansas Infantry Regiments mustered in at Little Rock, the supply of arms had been almost completely exhausted, and only old "junker" weapons were left.

Most of the equipment, arms, and machinery at the Little Rock Arsenal was removed to east of the Mississippi River by order of Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn in April and May 1862, and accountability for it is lost at that point. By all appearances, the equipment was sent down the river to Napoleon, Arkansas, and from there to Jackson Mississippi, where it was probably destroyed during the Vicksburg campaign in the early summer of 1863.

Major General Thomas C. Hindman, sent to command the district of Arkansas in May, 1862, found the state nearly destitute of military material. Hindman established another armory at Arkadelphia, and revived the Little Rock Arsenal as a collection point and depot for armaments and ammunition manufacture for small arms. Hindman recorded:

"Machinery was made for manufacturing percussion caps and small arms, and both were turned out in small quantity, but of excellent quality. Lead mines were opened and worked, and a chemical laboratory was established and successfully operated in aid of the Ordnance Department and in the manufacture of calomel, castor oil, spirits of nitre, the various tinctures of iron, and other valuable medicines. Most of these works were located at or near Arkadelphia on the Ouachita River, 75 miles south from Little Rock. The tools, machinery, and the material were gathered piecemeal or else made by hand labor. Nothing of this sort had been before attempted on Government account in Arkansas to my knowledge, except for the manufacture of small arms, the machinery for which was taken away by General Van Dorn and there was neither capital nor sufficient enterprise among the citizens to engage in such undertakings� A further supply, along with lead and caps, was procured from the citizens of Little Rock and vicinity by donation, purchases, and impressments.

This ammunition, and that which I brought with me, was rapidly prepared for use at the Laboratory established at the Little Rock Arsenal for that purpose. As illustrating as the pitiful scarcity of material in the country, the fact may be stated that it was found necessary to use public documents of the State Library for cartridge paper. Gunsmiths were employed or conscripted, tools purchased or impressed, and the repair of the damaged guns I brought with me and about an equal number found at Little Rock commenced at once. But, after inspecting the work and observing the spirit of the men I decided that a garrison 500 strong could hold out against Fitch and that I would lead the remainder - about 1500 - to Gen'l Rust as soon as shotguns and rifles could be obtained from Little Rock instead of pikes and lances, with which most of them were armed. Two days elapsed before the change could be effected."

The Confederate ordnance establishment at Little Rock was reactivated in August, 1862. Looking around for a suitable person to head this activity, General Hindman turned to the Confederate Navy and borrowed Lieutenant John W. Dunnington. Lt. Dunnington was the commander of the gunboat C.S.S. Pontchartrain, which had been brought to Little Rock in hopes of converting it to an ironclad. Dunnington was selected to head the ordnance works at Little Rock, and although he continued to draw his pay from the Confederate Navy Department, he was placed in charge of all Confederate ordnance activities (which included artillery functions) there with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Lt. Col. Dunnington's "Returns for the month of August, 1862, at Little Rock Arsenal, C.S.A.," are found in Vol. 149, Chapter IV of the "Captured Rebel Ordnance Records," and are most enlightening as to the scope of Confederate ordnance activities at Little Rock during this crucial time. According to Dunnington, "When I assumed command at this Post, all material had been removed to Arkadelphia. There were no persons employed. No shops were open for repair of arms or for fabricating ammunition. Material, tools, etc., had to be procured as well as the employment of laborers. Work commenced the last part of the month."

The military force at Little Rock under Dunnington's command consisted of four officers: himself, Major John B. Lockman, Captain C.C. Green, and 2nd Lt. W.W. Murphy. In addition to these, he had 20 enlisted men and a civilian force composed of a foreman, 2 clerks, 3 gunsmiths for repairing small arms, a laboratorian, 26 laborers in the ammunition laboratory, and a carpenter for making packing boxes.

During the month of August, 1862, the following work was performed:
"Fabricated: one pair of musket bullet moulds; 10,000 buck & ball shot cartridges; repaired: 750 muskets, shotguns, and rifles; received and repaired: ordnance stores and ordnances; performed: guard, office, and police duties; inspected: Posts at Camden and Arkadelphia."

Lt. Col. Dunnington continued to build up his works at Little Rock until November 1862, when Captain Sanford C. Faulkner (composer of The Arkansas Traveler) was placed in charge of the Arsenal. Dunnington presumably returned to his naval duties and the Pontchartrain.

A "Summary of the Work Done for November, 1862, Little Rock Arsenal" shows:
Fabrication:
75,000 buck & ball cartridges - percussion
14,000 buck & ball cartridges - flint
275 paper fuzes
117 rounds, 6-pounder canister shot
130 rounds, 6-pounder ball shot
96 ammunition packing boxes

Repaired:
2,236 shotguns and rifles (repaired mostly for troops in service)
23 pistols (repaired mostly for troops in service)
Received & Issued:
752 packages of ordnance and ordnance stores received and mostly issued to troops in service.

Repaired and painted:
4 gun carriages

Performed:
Guard, office, and police duties.

Perhaps the most illuminating points of the above "Summary of Work" and those for following months are that the standard ammunition made was ."buck & ball", indicating that the .69 caliber smoothbores and shotguns remained the predominant caliber weapon in use, and of this, nearly one sixth or more of all small arms ammunition was still for flintlock weapons, indicating that no less than a sixth of the Confederate troops in this vicinity were still armed with obsolete flintlock weapons.

The "Summaries of Work done at Little Rock Arsenal, C.S.A." continue at about the same pace and scale from August 1862 until August 1863. Appended to the "Summary" for August, 1863 is the ominous notation, "During the last week in the month, nearly all stores at the Arsenal have been packed and sent to Arkadelphia, in obedience to orders from Chief of Ordnance, District of Arkansas." This then marks the beginning of the evacuation of ordnance activities from Little Rock, with the city being surrendered to the advancing Federal troops of Frederick Steele's Arkansas Expedition on September 11, 1863.

In 1864, after Little Rock fell to the Union Army and the arsenal had been recaptured, General Fredrick Steele marched 8,500 troops from the arsenal beginning the Camden Expedition.

Brooks-Baxter War

In 1874, the arsenal was briefly seized once more by Joseph Brooks loyalists.

Decommissioning
In 1873, the arsenal was renamed Little Rock Barracks and the main building used as married officers' quarters. The building was drastically altered the inside and outside. Prior to renovation, a rear basement door provided the only entrance, while the tower served as a hoist to move munitions between floors. By 1868, front and rear porches had been added to the building, as well as interior walls and stairs, some of which remain today, including the central staircase. In 1880, Douglas MacArthur was born on the northwest upper floor of this building while his father, U.S. Army Captain Arthur MacArthur, was stationed there.

In the 1880s, the federal government began closing many small arsenals around the country in favor of smaller ones built near railroads for quick deployment. The arsenal commander received word from Washington that the Little Rock site must be abandoned "not later than October 1, 1890." On April 12, 1893 the tower building and the surrounding buildings were traded to the city of Little Rock for 1,000 acres (4 km²) in Big Rock Mountain on the north side of the Arkansas River, present day North Little Rock, under the condition that the building and land be "forever exclusively devoted to the uses and purposes of a public park."  That site later became Fort Logan H. Roots.  All of the original buildings surrounding the Tower Building were demolished.

Æsthetic Club
In 1894 the Little Rock Æsthetic Club, one of the oldest women's societies west of the Mississippi River, moved into the Tower Building. This was prompted due to increased membership and a need for larger, more permanent quarters. The previous year, club members working with women's organizations throughout the state, raised money to furnish the Arkansas Building of the Columbian Exposition at The Chicago World's Fair. At the fair's conclusion, artifacts from the exhibit were displayed in the Tower Building, with the Æsthetic Club invited to meet in the "Columbian Room."

Except for Æsthetic Club meetings, the Tower Building remained largely unoccupied for almost fifty years and suffered significant deterioration. The Æsthetic Club provided much-needed financial support during the period and even paid the electric bill during the Great Depression. The Æsthetic Club is still headquartered in the Tower Building.

Museum
The MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History, named for General Douglas MacArthur who was born in what is now the museum when it was military barracks is located in the Tower Building. The museum opened in May 2001 and as of 2018 had been visited by more than 500,000 people. It is operated by the Little Rock Department of Parks and Recreation and tells the stories of Arkansas' soldiers from the Civil War through Vietnam via artifacts, photographs, weapons and other ephemera. One of its galleries is focused on the Battle of Little Rock.

See also
 Battle of Bayou Fourche
 Capital Guards Memorial
 David O. Dodd
 Old State House Museum

References

Further reading

External links

 Government

 General information
 The Little Rock Æsthetic Club
 MacArthur Museum of Arkansas Military History at Arkansas Heritage Trails
 Seizure of the Little Rock Arsenal at Encyclopedia of Arkansas
 Tower Building of the Little Rock Arsenal at Encyclopedia of Arkansas

1841 establishments in Arkansas
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
Arkansas in the American Civil War
Arkansas Heritage Trails System
Brooks–Baxter War
Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark
Government buildings completed in 1841
Government buildings in Little Rock, Arkansas
Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Former military installations
Historic American Buildings Survey in Arkansas
History museums in Arkansas
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Arkansas
MacArthur Park (Little Rock, Arkansas)
Military history of Little Rock, Arkansas
Military installations of the Confederate States of America
Museums in Little Rock, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Little Rock, Arkansas


The conversion van is a full-sized cargo van. The vans are sent to third party companies and then outfitted with luxuries for road trips and camping. They are available in high topped or in low topped versions, as office vans, travel vans and disability vans. Conversion vans began coming into style during the 1970s and 1980s. Early conversion vans were simply vans which had seats inserted in them.

Vans

Conversion van


In military science, a blockhouse is a small fortification. It usually has one or more rooms with loopholes, allowing its defenders to fire rifles or handguns in various directions. It usually refers to an isolated fort in the form of a single building. It serves as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess siege equipment or, in modern times, artillery. A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a fortress or a redoubt.

In modern times, it may be a pillbox, a small underground bunker. However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within a larger fortification, usually a battery or redoubt. The term "blockhouse" is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle Dutch blokhus and 18th-century French blocus (blockade).

References

Fortification

Blockhouse


Johannes Stadius or Estadius (Dutch: Jan Van Ostaeyen; French: Jean Stade) (ca. 1 May 1527 – 17 June 1579), was a Flemish astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician.  He was one of the important late 16th-century makers of ephemerides, which gave the positions of astronomical objects in the sky at a given time or times.

Life

Born Jan Van Ostaeyen in the town of Loenhout (Loennouthesius, meaning 'from Loenhout', is sometimes appended to his Latin surname) in the Duchy of Brabant, Stadius grew up in the Schaliënhuis on the old Dorpsstraat, which was one of the oldest houses in Loenhout (today a tavern and restaurant).  Not much else is known regarding his youth besides the fact that his parents were not married to each other.

After receiving his education at the Latin school of Brecht, Stadius studied mathematics, geography, and history at the Old University of Leuven, where one of his teachers was Gemma Frisius.  After completing his studies, he became a professor of mathematics at his alma mater. In 1554 he left his home country and travelled to Turin, where he enjoyed the patronage of the powerful Duke of Savoy.

Stadius subsequently worked in Cologne, Brussels and Paris.  In Paris, he debated with the trigonometrist Maurice Bressieu of Grenoble and made astrological predictions for the French court.  In his Tabulae Bergenses (1560), Stadius calls himself both royal mathematician (of Philip II of Spain) and mathematician to the Duke of Savoy.

Ephemerides
During his stay in Brussels Stadius published his first work, the Ephemerides novae et auctae, first published by the publisher Arnold Birckmann of Cologne in 1554.  An ephemeris (plural: ephemerides) (from the Greek word ephemeros, "daily") was, traditionally, a table providing the positions (given in a Cartesian coordinate system, or in right ascension and declination or, for astrologers, in longitude along the zodiacal ecliptic), of the Sun, the Moon, and the planets in the sky at a given moment in time; the astrological positions are usually given for either noon or midnight depending on the particular ephemeris that is used.

This work posited a link between mathematics and medicine and was influential on Tycho Brahe and Nostradamus.  Stadius had been encouraged to publish the Ephemerides by his old teacher Gemma Frisius.  Frisius had in a letter written in 1555 urged Stadius not to be afraid of being accused of believing in a moving earth and a stationary sun (i.e. the theory of Copernicus) or of abandoning the medieval Alfonsine Tables in favor of his own observations.   In this letter Frisius further wrote that the system devised by Copernicus gave a better understanding of planetary distances, as well as of certain features of retrograde motion. Frisius' letter was published in several editions of the Ephemerides.

Death and legacy
Stadius died in Paris where he is buried.  The inscription on his epitaph states that he died on 17 June 1579 and that he had lived for nearly 52 years and 2 months. Stadius' estimated birth date of 1 May 1527 is based on this inscription.

The lunar crater Stadius is named after Stadius.

External links
 Prospector: Johannes Stadius
 Flapuit: Johannes Stadius
 Bibliopolis: Ephemerides
James H. Holden: A History of Horoscopic
Astrology
Steven Vanden Broecke: The Limits of Influence: Pico, Louvain, and the Crisis of Renaissance Astrology
(in Dutch) Geschiedenis van Loenhout Joannes Stadius

Further reading

References

External links

16th-century Dutch astronomers
16th-century mathematicians
People from Wuustwezel
Old University of Leuven alumni
1527 births
1579 deaths
Flemish astronomers
Flemish mathematicians
16th-century astrologers
Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven
Scientists of the Habsburg Netherlands

Johannes Stadius


The was (Egyptian wꜣs "power, dominion") sceptre is a symbol that appeared often in relics, art, and hieroglyphs associated with the ancient Egyptian religion. It appears as a stylized animal head at the top of a long, straight staff with a forked end.

Was sceptres were used as symbols of power or dominion, and were associated with ancient Egyptian deities such as Set or Anubis as well as with the pharaoh. Was sceptres also represent the Set animal or Khnum. In later use, it was a symbol of control over the force of chaos that Set represented.

In a funerary context the was sceptre was responsible for the well-being of the deceased, and was thus sometimes included in the tomb-equipment or in the decoration of the tomb or coffin. The sceptre is also considered an amulet. The Egyptians perceived the sky as being supported on four pillars, which could have the shape of the was. This sceptre was also the symbol of the fourth Upper Egyptian nome, the nome of Thebes (called wꜣst in Egyptian).

Was sceptres were depicted as being carried by gods, pharaohs, and priests. They commonly occur in paintings, drawings, and carvings of gods, and often parallel with emblems such as the ankh and the djed-pillar. Remnants of real was sceptres have been found. They are constructed of faience or wood, where the head and forked tail of the Set animal are visible. The earliest examples date to the First Dynasty.

The Was () is the Egyptian hieroglyph character representing power.

See also
Sekhem scepter

References

External links

Egyptian artefact types
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian words and phrases
Egyptian amulets
Walking sticks
Anubis
Set (deity)

Was-sceptre


Seibert Stadium is a 6,700-seat multi-purpose stadium in Homewood, Alabama. It is home to the Samford University Bulldogs college football team. The facility opened in 1958 and is named for F. Page Seibert, who in 1961, donated money for the completion of the stadium. The largest crowd in stadium history was in 1994 when over 11,000 showed up to see Steve McNair and Alcorn State.

History
The four-level Bashinsky Press Tower was completed before the 1989 season. This Georgian-Colonial structure contains complete facilities for print and electronic media on the third level, reserved seating for 51 guests on the second level, and a concession stand and restroom facilities on the ground floor. A partially covered film deck is located atop the facility, and an elevator serves all levels.

At the same time, more than 200 theatre-type reserved seats were added in front of the press tower, bringing the seating capacity to 6,700. Aluminum seating replaced the original wooden seats. A scoreboard featuring an electronic matrix message board was added before the 1994 season.

In fall 2005, the original grass surface was replaced with an LSR Blade Synthetic Surface. That surface was updated and replaced in the summer of 2014.

In 2009, Samford added the Cooney Family Field House in the south end zone of the stadium. The field house holds a locker room, weight room, training room, equipment room, coaches offices and meeting rooms for the team.

See also
 List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums

References

External links
Seibert Stadium website

1958 establishments in Alabama
American football venues in Alabama
College football venues
Multi-purpose stadiums in the United States
Samford Bulldogs football
Sports venues completed in 1958

Seibert Stadium


The C programming language is a computer programming language developed in the early 1970s by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs.   They used it to improve the UNIX operating system.  It is still much used today.  C is a procedural language, which means that people write their programs as a series of step-by-step instructions.  C is a compiled language, which means that the computer source code, written in C, is converted to make some machine code that a computer chip can actually execute.

Because the ideas behind C are like the ideas used in the design of the computer, the compiler (program builder) can generate fast machine code for the computer. The language itself has very few keywords, and most things are done using libraries, which are collections of code made to be reused. C has a big standard library called stdio, which stands for standard input/output.

C has a variety of uses:
 writing embedded systems like the code that runs inside a computer mouse, or a car headlight.
 writing device drivers like the code inside a laptop computer that interacts with the touchpad or the microphone
 writing protocol stacks like the code that allows one computer to talk to other computers on the internet.
 writing operating systems, such as Linux, MacOS and UNIX, and the utilities that come with those operating systems.
 writing application software, such as web browsers, word processors, etc.
 writing video games. Many of the most well-reviewed video games, including Doom, Quake, and Super Mario 64 are written in C.
 The compilers and interpreters of many other programming languages, such as Python and Perl, are written in C.

C standards
There are three successive standards for the C programming language ANSI C, ISO C and Standard C which are published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

C is available for many different types of computers. This is why C is called a "portable" language. A program that is written in C and that respects certain limitations can be compiled for most platforms, and all in mainstream use.

The syntax of C has also influenced many other programming languages, such as C++, C#, and Java, and many more programming languages we use nowadays.

Example code
Here is an example of a program written in C. When built and run it will show "Hello world!", followed by a new line on the computer screen.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
    printf("Hello world!\n");
    return 0;
}

 #include <stdio.h> gets the standard input/output tools ready for the program to use. This allows text to be displayed (output).
 int main() is called the main function, and it is where the first code starts being run in a C program.
 printf("Hello world!\n"); is what displays text, in this case, "Hello world!" with a new line (\n) at the end.
 return 0; tells the computer that the program finished and did not run into problems.

Related pages
 C dynamic memory allocation
 C++
 C#
 Objective-C

Other websites
 Introduction to C programming
 Coding Programmer Page / C Library Reference and Examples (English)
 C (programming language) -Citizendium

Programming languages

C (programming language)


Vim is a text editor made by Bram Moolenaar. Moolenaar publicly released Vim on November 2, 1991.

Vim stands for Vi IMproved. Vim is an improved version of the vi text editor, an editor created by Bill Joy in 1976. Vim is free, and the source code is publicly available on GitHub. It is available in multiple languages, and it works on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS. Vim can be used from either a command-line interface or a graphical user interface.

While Vim can be hard to use, there are built-in commands new users can learn from reading the Vim user manual, running the :help command in Vim, or using the vimtutor command in a terminal.

Vim is widely popular because it allows users to perform many functions on a document (save, search, scroll, etc.) by pressing as few keys as possible. However, many critics argue that these keystrokes are confusing.

One can customize Vim using a .vimrc file. To add new features like keyboard shortcuts, one can use Vim script, Vim's built-in programming language. Many Vim plugins and extensions are also available online for free.

There is an Internet turf war between programmers that prefer Vim and programmers that prefer Emacs, another common text editor.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Free software
Computer programming
Linux software

Vim