is a novel set in the Universal Century timeline of the Gundam universe, originally serialized in Model Graphix magazine between September 1987 and August 1988. Gundam Sentinel became a cult hit, due to its super-detailed mechanical designs and an intricate story by veteran writer Masaya Takahashi. Set between the final phase of Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam and the early stages of Gundam ZZ in UC 0088, the story shows the Earth Federation's efforts to stop an insurrection of elite Federation officers.

Gundam Sentinel took on a much more realistic, technical style of thinking and look at the Gundam universe, where mobile suits were seen more as fighter jets or military weapons. They were larger, had weapons more powerful than their predecessors', the characters were older, and the plot was on a smaller scale than what is usually found in other Gundam series. It also marked the debut of Hajime Katoki, who would become one of the franchise's most prolific mechanical designers. Gundam Sentinel is one of the most well known Gundam side stories to have been published, and is noted by Gundam fans as being one of the most mature stories in the franchise.

The series was never animated (although a short animated television commercial for a model kit was made) or released as a manga, but the mecha have been featured in various SD Gundam video games, such as SD Gundam G Generation F.

Production
Bandai originally proposed to Model Graphix the idea of having the first "non-visual" Gundam, that is, a series totally devoid of animation production and manga as its source material. Model Graphix liked the proposal, since there was a model release vacancy between Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ and the next animated Gundam series, and it would be perfect to release their first model kit for the series, the FA-010A FAZZ.

However, after the first few meetings, and with only part of the story and a few of the mechanical designs in place, Bandai began to lose interest in the project due to the anticipated release of Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack, and claiming that the simultaneous release of two Gundam stories would confuse fans. As a result, Bandai abandoned the project with Model Graphix, putting it on "pending" status. With only an alternate color version of the FAZZ model released, the fan community started to doubt the authenticity of Sentinel (due to the display of a sample model kit at the 1987 Japan Hobby Show). Bandai did not take action to defend the issue.

The then-editor of Newtype was displeased with this turn of events, and added Gundam Sentinel into its August 1987 issue, with a Gundam Saga II cover special. Six pages of a brief, detailed introduction to the story was inserted, with the words This is REAL!! added to confirm its authenticity. The six pages include detailed schematics of the titular machine, the MSA-0011 Superior Gundam, Hideaki Anno's artwork of a battle between a MSA-007 Nero and a RMS-141 Xeku Eins Type-1 mobile suit, and Hajime Katoki's design of the Superior Gundam.

Once the fan community built up the anticipation of Gundam Sentinel, Bandai decided to go ahead with the serialization of Sentinel, beginning with the September issue of Model Graphix. While Model Graphix would hold the rights to the story, characters, and mobile units, Bandai would have the sole copyright of releasing its models. Wanting to hold onto their partnership, Bandai displayed all five of the sample model kits for the Gundam Sentinel line with full descriptions at the 1988 Japan Hobby Show. The Model Graphix team regarded that year's event as a "Victory", compared to the previous show in 1987, where only a lone Superior Gundam was displayed without any descriptions.

Plot
Earth Federation Space Force (EFSF) officers stationed at the asteroid fortress Pezun rebel against the Federation leadership, which has allied with the Anti-Earth Union Group (AEUG). They self-claim themselves "New Desides" and swear to uphold the Titans' ideology of Earthnoid supremacy. The EFSF assembles Task Force Alpha, a force of EFSF, AEUG, and Karaba veterans equipped with the most advanced mobile suits, and sends them to Pezun to suppress the rebellion before it gets out of hand. The most powerful of them, the MSA-0011 S Gundam, is equipped with an artificial intelligence named ALICE (Advanced Logistic and Inconsequence Cognizing Equipment).

Task Force Alpha, consisting of four Salamis Kai cruisers ships and the flagship Pegasus III, arrives at Pezun and prepares to attack. In the midst of the action, the rebels launch a volley of guided missiles that destroys two cruisers.

A week after the encounter, the Earth Federation sends the Tenth Divisional Fleet to reinforce TF Alpha. However, fleet commander Brian Aeno - who was approached by a New Desides representative days before - announces that his force will side with the rebels. Task Force Alpha and a Federation fleet from the Moon attacks the asteroid, forcing most of the rebels to pull out and head for the city, with a small contingent on Pezun providing cover fire and wiring the base to self-destruct with a nuclear weapon. Task Force Alpha realizes the deception and escape just before the asteroid explodes.

Task Force Alpha begins to probe Ayers City with units of Neros which are quickly defeated by the Gundam Mk. V piloted by New Desides leader Brave Cod. The New Desides - which finally meets Aeno's forces after they arrive - launches a powerful counterattack just as Task Force Alpha drops mobile suits into the area. They also use a logic bomb that paralyzes Alpha's mobile suits after spies crack their operating systems' software. The EFSF counters the programming, but orders a retreat because of the high casualties and sends reinforcements, designated Task Force Beta.

Task Forces Alpha and Beta launch Operation Eagle Falls, an all-out assault on Ayers City. The New Desides, which wanted to use the Moon as a base to establish a new independent nation, fails to rally nearby other lunar cities to their cause. The fighting is spread out over 11 days. Cod also goes on a rampage, destroying Task Force Alpha's three-man FAZZ squad, but is killed by EFSF pilot Ryu Roots and his Ex-S Gundam. As the city's forces surrender to the Federation, Ayers Mayor Kaiser Pinefield commits suicide after learning of Cod's death while the Neo Zeon arrive to extract the remaining New Desides forces.

The New Desides troops that safely escape Ayers rendezvous with the remnants of Aeno's fleet. Master strategist Tosh Cray assumes control of the group, which he formally disbands over issues on whether it should side with the Neo Zeon. He plans to hijack the relay station Penta and use it as a staging area for raiding the Federation Senate at Dakar. To boost the New Desides survivors' chances of success, the Neo Zeon supplies them with the massive Zod'-Iacok mobile armor, which is capable of atmospheric reentry and will be used to bombard the Federation base in the city.

The Pegasus III is deployed to pursue the New Desides at Penta. Arriving at the station, the Pegasus III and its remaining mobile suits confront Cray and the Zod'-Iacok. The New Desides' remaining members head for Earth in three shuttles after Aeno surrenders. The S Gundam launches with Roots and pilots Shin Crypt and Tex West aboard with two Zeta Plus units in support. One Zeta Plus mobile suit is destroyed in the chase and the other, having run out of ammunition destroying one shuttle, safely enters the atmosphere. The Zod'-Iacok separates into two halves called Zoans. One Zoan piloted by First Sides explodes because of an overheating mega-particle beam cannon and Josh Offshore tries to stop Roots from intercepting the second. Cray ejects from the Zoan and reboards one of the shuttles before he falls into the atmosphere.

Realizing the desperate situation, ALICE, the S Gundam's AI, ejects its Core Fighter with Ryu, Crypt, and West inside. The now-self-aware mobile suit chases and destroys the New Desides survivors during the orbital descent, but breaks up under the blistering heat.

Characters

Earth Federation Forces
 Ryo Roots
 Shin Crypt
 Tex West
 Eton Heathrow
 Stole Mannings
 Sigman Shade
 Chung Yung

New Desides
 Brave Cod
 Tosh Cray
 Brian Aeno
 Josh Offshore
 Fast Side
 Mike Saotome

Civilians
 Kaiser Pinefield

Releases

Printed media
After the series completed its run, Model Graphix combined all of the individual articles into a 320-page photo-novel "mook" format titled Gundam Wars III: Gundam Sentinel -The Battle of "Real Gundam"-, which also includes new material, including interviews with the design staff, mechanical profiles and detailed features on the crafting of the models. It was released in September 1989 and later saw reprints based on fan demand. In July 1990, the story was again republished as a novel titled Gundam Sentinel: Alice's Confession, featuring additional content not in previous serializations of the story. Gundam Wars III was also reprinted in 1994, but it only has articles on the model kits, shortening its size to only 216 pages.

Toys/Models
The S Gundam and its variations were released along with the Model Graphix segments as 1/144 kits. In 2001 to 2002, Bandai released the S Gundam, EX-S Gundam, and the Xeku-Eins in its HGUC line. The FAZZ, the S Gundam, and the EX-S Gundam were released as part of the Master Grade line in September 2001, October 2002, and March 2003, respectively.

In March 2003, Hajime Katoki redesigned and released the S and EX-S Gundam in an oversized Plan 303E Deep Striker package under his Gundam Fix Figuration line of high-quality action figures. He later collaborated with Bandai to produce figures for the Robot Damashii KA Signature collection, starting with the Gundam Mark V in 2013. The line has since progressed to include a version of the Mark V in Earth Federation colors, and the MSA-007 Nero as a trainer model, Task Force Alpha unit, and the EWAC version.

In January 2018, Bandai announced the March 2018 release of the MSA-0011[Bst] S Gundam Booster Unit Type Plan 303E "Deep Striker" to celebrate the Master Grade line's 200th release.

References

Sentinel
1987 novels
Japanese serial novels

Gundam Sentinel


Vera Albreht (12 February 1895 – 25 May 1971) was a Slovene poet, writer, publicist and translator.

Life
She was born as Vera Kessler in Krško into the well-to-do family. Her mother was Marija Kessler, née Trenz, an ethnic German socialite, while her father Rudolph Kessler was a Slovene. Her parents' home in Ljubljana was a well known meeting point of the Slovenian literary scene at the time, frequented among others also by Ivan Cankar and Oton Župančič, who married Vera's sister Ana Kessler. She studied at the University of Vienna, but never completed her studies due to the outbreak of World War I. In 1919 she married the poet and critic Fran Albreht.

During World War II, she and her husband actively participated with the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People. They were both imprisoned by the Italian fascist authorities on a number of occasions between 1941 and 1943. In 1944, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp by the Germans. After the war she moved with her husband to Ljubljana where she worked as a publicist and at the Slovene center of International PEN. She died in Ljubljana.

Works
PROSE

1957 – Lupinica (youth proze)
1960 – Nekoč pod Gorjanci (Once Upon a Time under the Gorjanci) (youth proze)
1964 – Babica in trije vnučki (Granny and Three Grandchildren) (youth proze)

POETRY

1950 – Mi gradimo (We build) (youth poetry)
1950 – Orehi (Wallnuts) (youth poetry)
1955 – Vesela abeceda (Happy Alphabet) (youth poetry)
1958 – Živali pri delu in jelu (Animals at Work) (youth poetry)
1965 – Pustov god (Pust's celebration) (youth poetry)
1967 – Jutro (Morning) (youth poetry)
1967 – Pri igri (At Games) (youth poetry)
1967 – Večer (Evening) (youth poetry)
1969 – ABC (youth poetry)
1972 – Mornar (The Sailor) (youth poetry)
1972 – Slikarka (The Painter) (youth poetry)
1977 – Ravensbriške pesmi (Ravensbrück poems)(poetry)
1978 – Dobro jutro (Good Morning) (youth poetry)

See also
List of Slovenian language poets
Slovenian literature
Culture of Slovenia
Yugoslav People's Liberation War

References

1895 births
1971 deaths
People from Krško
Slovenian women poets
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
Slovenian people of German descent
20th-century Slovenian poets
20th-century Slovenian women writers
Burials at Žale

Vera Albreht


Arthur Geoffrey Nadel (January 1, 1933 – April 16, 2012) was an American hedge fund manager, disbarred lawyer, piano player, and philanthropist. In 2009, Nadel was indicted on fifteen federal counts of securities fraud, wire fraud, and mail fraud. If found guilty, he could have been sentenced to 280 years in prison and would have been required to forfeit all assets connected to the fraud.

Nadel was a Sarasota, Florida-based manager of the hedge fund Scoop Management Co., which has reportedly lost $350 million.  He was arrested on January 27, 2009 after surrendering at the Tampa Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) office. Nadel, who had been reported missing by his fifth wife since January 14, was accompanied by two attorneys, Todd Foster and Barry Cohen.

His wife, Marguerite "Peg" J. (Quisenberry) Nadel had contacted authorities after he left a note telling her how to survive financially without him.  "The avenues to money for you will likely be blocked soon," Nadel wrote to his wife in a note that employees found January 15 in a shredding machine. "Withdraw as much cash as you can," he said, adding that he would send further instructions. "Sell the Subaru if you need money."  He left a package for his wife. "Look at all the recently paid bills in the 'package' to see where they stand," he wrote. "Also in the package are enough documents that I think will do the trick to give you complete control and ownership of what is left, and even documentation for divorce."

She said he was distraught over the losses, according to Bloomberg News. According to the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office, Nadel felt guilty and threatened to kill himself. As of January 20, 2009, federal law enforcement authorities had tracked Nadel to Slidell, Louisiana. On April 18, 2012, Nadel died at Butner Federal Correctional Complex in North Carolina. He was 79.

Personal life and previous occupations
Nadel worked his way through New York University, and in 1957, graduated from New York University Law School, playing piano in Manhattan. He never actively practiced law, but was disbarred in 1982, citing "dishonesty, fraud, deceit and misrepresentation".

He moved to Sarasota in around 1978, and he allegedly took $50,000 from an escrow account to help a friend and real estate company president who was deeply in debt. Different versions of who received the money have been reported. He had already repaid the money with interest by 1981. He had already been married and divorced twice and had several children. He was a CEO in the 1970s of a public company that built health care facilities. In 1978, he and others tried to convert the rundown, historic Mira Mar Hotel into condominiums. The plan fell apart. He subsequently played in piano bars, befriending local artists and musicians.

In 1987, he married his third wife, Virginia "Jennifer" Hoffman, an artist 22 years his junior. Her friends began complaining that he had sold their works but never paid them.  They divorced in 1991.  He attempted to expand an interior decorating business—the Sarasota Design Gallery, which sold unusual furnishings and original art—by attracting investors, claiming in a "confidential" prospectus that the gallery was profitable, although court records showed several judgments against him for unpaid bills.   He claimed destitution.

He became a real estate developer and securities investor in Sarasota during the 1960s, according to marketing documents for the Valhalla fund.

From 1994 through 1997, Nadel was employed as a piano player at Homestyle Harmony restaurant, a family-style dining establishment in Sarasota where waitstaff sang "sing-a-long" songs to customers during dinner, as well as performing for guests in a "parlor" show down the hall in the restaurant.  The restaurant closed in 1997.

In 1997, he and Peg started a day-trading club and developed a computer-based investment and trading system. They teamed up with Neil V. Moody, a Sarasota entrepreneur, and began managing money for clients in Moody's Valhalla, Victor, and Viking funds. The companies attracted scores of investors, promising high returns.  In 2005, the Nadels bought  near Asheville, North Carolina, intending to sell lots for up to $525,000 in a proposed development called Laurel Mountain Preserve. The project turned when prices collapsed.  Four lots were donated to their foundation as tax write off.

The Sarasota Herald-Tribune reported "The Nadels were known for their civic activities, serving on boards and donating money to charity: Habitat for Humanity, Jewish Family & Children's Services, and Girls Inc. which received $100,000. All received cash gifts and pledges from the couple in recent years. None had any money invested in the hedge funds." Their Guy-Nadel Foundation made more than $1-million in donations, including $200,000 to Catholic churches, $100,000 to the Sarasota Opera and $75,000 to a local theater group.

SEC charges and criminal charges
Tampa U.S. Magistrate Judge Mark Pizzo denied Nadel's request to be released on his own recognizance, and on January 30, 2009 ordered him  held  without bail at the Pinellas County jail. On February 2, 2009, Judge Pizzo issued a warrant of removal, removing the case from the jurisdiction of the Middle District of Florida to the Southern District of New York.

The SEC says Nadel had transferred at least $1.25 million from two of the hedge funds to secret bank accounts that he controlled.

16-Count indictment
On April 15, 2009, U.S. Magistrate Judge Kevin N. Fox in Manhattan appointed Mark Gombiner, an attorney from the Federal Defenders of New York, Inc., to represent Nadel.

On April 28, 2009, in the Southern District of New York, federal regulators handed down a 15-count indictment against Nadel, which carries maximum prison sentences of 280 years.

"Nadel solicited prospective clients to invest in the funds by making various misrepresentations about the performance and value of the funds, including that the net asset value of each of the funds was tens of millions of dollars.  the U.S. Attorney's Office in New York said in a statement. Nadel also claimed to investors that his purchases and sales of securities in the Funds had generated cumulatively more than $271 million in gains. In truth, Nadel's trading resulted in an overall net loss in the funds," the U.S. Attorney's Office in New York said in a statement.

On February 25, U.S. District Judge Denise Cote  had ruled he could be released after posting a $5 million bond, including $1 million in cash, and four people to whom he has a "close relationship" to guarantee his bond and be subject to electronic monitoring.  She required Nadel to cooperate with the receiver of his funds and to identify the location of $30 million he allegedly withdrew since October, 2008.

The criminal case is U.S.A. v. Nadel, 09-mJ-00169,  U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York (Manhattan).

Bankruptcy trustee
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) won a court order on January 21, 2009 freezing Nadel's assets. On February 11, 2009, the receiver, Burton Wiand moved to freeze the $650,000 Marguerite J. Nadel Revocable Trust, and Nadel's property in Asheville, North Carolina.
 Six hedge funds and two investment management companies are named as relief defendants. They are: Scoop Real Estate L.P., Valhalla Investment Partners L.P., Victory IRA Fund Ltd., Victory Fund Ltd., Viking IRA Fund LLC, Viking Fund LLC, Valhalla Management Inc. and Viking Management Inc. in the case. The SEC case is Securities and Exchange Commission v. Nadel, 09-cv-00087, U.S. District Court, Middle District of Florida (Tampa).

At the end of 2007, all six funds contained $18 million. Wiand identified $397 million taken in from investors.  Approximately $350 million was paid in distributions to investors and fees. He has recovered $120,000 in investor funds improperly transferred to two individuals, and received nearly $261,000 in business income from ongoing operations through Feb. 28, 2009.  Wiand estimated the fraud began possibly earlier than 2003, and intends to recover additional funds from the Moodys' fees collected from Scoop.

Clawbacks
Wiand has identified more than 80 investors who made "false profits" in Nadel's hedge fund and as a clawback has asked them to return the money. Any unreturned funds will be pursued in court.

Robert O. Chambers Trust, received $301,614 in false profits. Blake L. Chambers, trustee of the trust, agreed within 14 days to pay $271,453, or 90 percent of the total.

Gary Musser 70, of Las Vegas agreed to pay $192,571.43, which includes a 10 percent discount offered for settling out of court.  He has already paid income taxes on the money, yet the Internal Revenue Service only allowed him to go back three years in amending his returns to get a refund.

Others involved
The Moodys have already given statements to the U.S. Attorney.

Neil and Chris Moody, father and son partners of Nadel's served as general partners on Viking, Viking IRA and Valhalla, which at one point accounted for half of the actual brokerage firm value, estimated to be $97 million in asset management fees of 2 percent per year, plus a much larger 25 percent incentive fee for running what was portrayed as highly profitable hedge funds.  The funds held $72 million at their peak in 2004. By 2007, the actual value of those same three funds was $7 million.

Burton Wiand has confirmed he will take legal action against the Moodys to gain control of assets tied to Nadel's failed hedge funds.   It was Neil Moody who informed his 600 investors that the money they invested in Scoop's hedge funds had disappeared. The Moodys have denied knowing anything about the Ponzi scheme, but many of Nadel's investors claim that they were their primary contact.  According to Wiand, Nadel and the Moodys both represented that the hedge funds' trading activity generated more than $272 million in gains when" they actually lost $18.4 million.  The three Viking funds the Moody's managed with Nadel had results ranging from a 4 percent annualized gain to a 24.5 percent per year loss. But the Moody's told their investors that returns for the funds were much higher.

A civil fraud case against them has been filed on behalf of Louis Paolino, Jr. who lost more than $5.8 million, and a lis pendens has been placed on the Sarasota waterfront residences owned by both men.

Nadel's accountant, Michael D. Zucker, had not been licensed as a Certified Public Accountant in the state of Florida since 1990.

David S Band
Law firm "Band Weintraub PL" will pay nearly $1 million to settle claims that it was front and center in a conspiracy to hide money from the receiver in the Arthur Nadel Ponzi scheme.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldtribune.com/article/20131127/ARTICLE/131129667/,|title= "Law firm to pay $1 million to settle conspiracy claim", Sarasota Herald-Tribune" via heraldtribune.com (November 27, 2013)|work=HeraldTribune.com|accessdate=26 October 2014}}</ref>

"The most consistent returns I have ever seen"
Nadel's funds purportedly returned 21.6% in 2002 and 19.8% in 2001, years when the S&P 500 returned -23.3% and -13.0% respectively. An article in The Wall Street Digest'' by Donald H. Rowe, Chairman of Carnegie Asset Management, cited the superior returns of Nadel's funds as "the best track record and most consistent returns I have ever seen."  Rowe apparently ignored initial misgivings about the source of Nadel's returns, writing: "My curiosity about Nadel's computerized trading program eventually led to a due diligence visit to the offices of Nadel & Moody. Understandably, I did not learn the various mathematical formulas in Nadel's "black box" computer program."

Despite the statistical improbability of the stated returns, Rowe's article offers a glowing recommendation and includes contact information for the funds.  Fine print disclosures in the article reveal that "Carnegie Asset Management is affiliated with The Wall Street Digest, Inc., as is The Wall Street Trader, Inc. Carnegie Asset Management, from time to time, makes referrals to MRM Asset Allocation Group, Inc.,and/or The Nadel Moody Group, registered investment advisors not affiliated with each other nor with Carnegie Asset Management, for which Carnegie Asset Management receives monetary compensation."

Burton Wiand's April, 2009 interim receiver's report, submitted as part of the Securities and Exchange Commission's civil suit against Nadel, says Nadel paid out some $53 million in "fictitious profits" as part of his Ponzi scheme.

Total value of hedge funds
Nadel traded for three funds established by partnerships Valhalla Management and Viking Management and three funds established by Scoop Management and Scoop Capital LLC.  Scoop was created by Nadel himself. Viking and Valhalla were created by unnamed partners.

According to the SEC:
Victory Fund: securities, $1,901.31, and cash, $78,764.37
Scoop Real Estate: securities, $2,119.81, and cash, $122,830.40
Viking IRA Fund: securities, $2,923.58, and cash, $77,025.20
Viking Fund: securities, $917.70, and cash, $65,708.33
Valhalla Investment Partners: securities, $4,413.66, and cash, $16,158.05
Victory IRA Fund: securities, $2,938.86, and cash, $131,139.52
The total value of the hedge fund securities on January 14 — the date of Nadel's disappearance — was thus $15,214.92, and the cash on hand was $491,625.87.

Investor losses
More than 371 investors invested $397 million.  Investors' out-of-pocket losses are estimated at $168.7 million.

Neil V. Moody, 70 told the Associated Press that his immediate family has lost $12 million due to Nadel.  Moody, one of Nadel's business partners, suggests the $350 million figure may be inflated due to Nadel's own overstating of his fund's success.

Dennis Raefield, president and chief executive of Mace Security International Inc., based in Horsham, Pennsylvania, claims that Nadel's Victory Fund failed to pay $2.2 million as promised, the day after Nadel vanished on January 15, 2009. Raefield said he asked Nadel in June 2008 to redeem Mace's entire $3.2 million investment in the short-term hedge fund, Victory. The money was to be paid by October 10, 2008, or 10 business days after the close of the third quarter. On October 15, fund managers asserted their right to withhold the payout "due to extraordinary market circumstances". After negotiations, the fund agreed to pay the money in two installments. Mace received only one payment of $1 million on November 5.

Louis Paolino, Jr., former executive officer of Mace Security lost more than $5.8 million of personal funds in the Viking Fund LLC.  His lawsuit claims that the Moodys took fraudulently obtained money from investors in Scoop's funds and bought homes with part of the proceeds.

David Walters of Ocala, Florida lost most of his pension from Bethlehem Steel, more than $670,000.

Michael Sullivan, a neighbor of Nadel's, an 80-year-old attorney, invested $15 million.

Sullivan, an Illinois entrepreneur recommended by his neighbor, put $250,000 into Nadel's Scoop Management three years ago, and an additional $1.4 million shortly before Nadel vanished.

Dr. Brad Lerner, Sarasota, invested $500,000.

Other business interests
On January 27, 2009, Venice Jet Center LLC and Tradewind LLC, two of Nadel's businesses, were ordered into receivership by Tampa U.S. District Judge Richard Lazzara. The judge appointed attorney Burton Wiand as receiver for Nadel's funds, said in a court filing that the businesses were bought with fraudulently obtained money. Venice Jet Center provides charter services and a flight school, and "is a viable business with potential to generate assets for the receivership".  Tradewind owns and controls at least five aircraft and owns airport hangars at the Newnan-Coweta County Airport in suburban Atlanta, Georgia. The Venice Jet Center trained some of the 9/11 hijackers under different ownership. Tradewind Aviation was run by his son Chris, who has an airline pilot's license. Federal records show Tradewind owns two Cessna Citation jets, a Lear Jet, a helicopter, and several smaller aircraft.

Public records show Nadel was an officer of Summer Place Development Corp., a  undeveloped parcel in Manatee County, Florida. He was listed as director, secretary, and treasurer.

See also
 Bernard Madoff
 Nicholas Cosmo
 Joseph S. Forte
 Marcus Schrenker
 Raoul Weil
 Marc Dreier

References

External links
 "Police Probe Fla. Fraud Claim, Fund Manager Missing", AP Via Yahoo News (January 17, 2009)
 "Fund Manager Reported Missing", Bloomberg News (January 17, 2009)
 "America's Top Ranked Money Manager", The Wall Street Digest (January 19, 2009)
 "FBI and SEC Investigate Nadel Fund", The New York Times (January 19, 2009)
 "SEC Sues Missing Money Manager Arthur Nadel", Chicago Tribune (January 22, 2009)
"Troubled Times Bring Mini-Madoffs to Light", The New York Times (January 28, 2009)
16-Count Indictment, United States of America v. Arthur G. Nadel Case No. 09-mj-00169, (April 28, 2009).
 Nadel Receivership Website
 SEC Appointed Receiver Burton W. Wiand

1933 births
2012 deaths
American financiers
American hedge fund managers
American money launderers
American money managers
American people who died in prison custody
American white-collar criminals
Businesspeople in aviation
American confidence tricksters
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Pyramid and Ponzi schemes
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
20th-century American philanthropists
21st-century American Jews

Arthur Nadel


Martin Stuart Feldstein ( ; November 25, 1939 – June 11, 2019) was an American economist. He was the George F. Baker Professor of Economics at Harvard University and the president emeritus of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). He served as president and chief executive officer of the NBER from 1978 to 2008 (with the exception of 1982 to 1984). From 1982 to 1984, Feldstein served as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers and as chief economic advisor to President Ronald Reagan (where his deficit hawk views clashed with the Reagan administration's large military expenditure  policies). Feldstein was also a member of the Washington-based financial advisory body the Group of Thirty from 2003.

Early life and education
Feldstein was born in New York City to a Jewish family and graduated from South Side High School in Rockville Centre, New York. He completed his undergraduate education at Harvard University (AB, summa cum laude, 1961), where he was affiliated with Adams House, and then attended Nuffield College, Oxford (B.Litt., 1963; M.A., 1964; D.Phil., 1967). He was a Research Fellow there from 1964 to 1965, an Official Fellow from 1965 to 1967 and was later an Honorary Fellow of the college.

Career
In 1977, he received the John Bates Clark Medal of the American Economic Association, a prize which was awarded every two years until 2010 when it began to be awarded yearly. It is awarded to the economist under the age of 40 who is judged to have made the greatest contribution to economic science. That same year, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1989, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. He was among the ten most influential economists in the world, according to IDEAS/RePEc. He was the author of more than 300 research articles in economics and made contributions to health economics, international economics, and the economics of national security. However, he was known primarily for his greater contributions to macroeconomics, public finance and social insurance. Pioneering much of the research on the working mechanism and sustainability of public pension systems, he advanced the current understanding of the effects of social insurance. Feldstein was an avid advocate of Social Security reform and was a main driving force behind former President George W. Bush's initiative of partial privatization of the Social Security system.  Aside from his contributions to the field of public sector economics, he also authored other important macroeconomics papers.  One of his more well-known papers in this field was his investigation with Charles Horioka of investment behavior in various countries.  He and Horioka found that in the long run, capital tends to stay in its home country — that is to say, a nation's savings is used to fund its investment opportunities.  This has since been known as the "Feldstein–Horioka puzzle."

In 1997, writing about the upcoming European monetary union and the euro, Feldstein warned that the "adverse economic effects of a single currency on unemployment and inflation would outweigh any gains from facilitating trade and capital flows" and that, while "conceived of as a way of reducing the risk of another intra-European war", it was "more likely to have the opposite effect" and "lead to increased conflicts within Europe and between Europe and the United States."

In 2005, Feldstein was widely considered a leading candidate to succeed chairman Alan Greenspan as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. This was in part due to his prominence in the Reagan administration and his position as an economic advisor for the Bush presidential campaign. The New York Times wrote an editorial advocating that Bush choose either Feldstein or Ben Bernanke due to their credentials, and the week of the nomination The Economist predicted that the two men had the greatest probability of selection out of the field of candidates. Ultimately, the position went to Bernanke, possibly because Feldstein was a board member of AIG, which announced the same year that it would restate five years of past financial reports by $2.7 billion.  Subsequently, AIG suffered a serious financial collapse that played a central role in the worldwide economic crisis of 2007–2008 and the ensuing global recession.  The firm was rescued only by multiple capital infusions by the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank, which extended a $182.5 billion line of credit.  Although Feldstein was not explicitly linked to the accounting practices in question, he had served as a Director of AIG since 1988. In March 2007, the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation announced that one of four 2007 Bradley Prizes to honor outstanding achievement would be awarded to Feldstein.  On September 10, 2007, Feldstein announced that he would be stepping down as president of NBER effective June 2008.

Feldstein served as a member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board from 2006 to 2009.

Feldstein said in March 2008 he believed the United States was in a recession and it could be a severe one.

As a member of the board of AIG Financial Products, Feldstein was one of those who had oversight of the division of the international insurer that contributed to the company's crisis in September 2008. In May 2009, Feldstein announced he would step down as a director of AIG. He served as a board member for Eli Lilly and Company.  He also previously served on the boards of several other public companies including JPMorgan and TRW.

On February 6, 2009, Feldstein was announced as one of U.S. President Obama's advisors on the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board.  He served as a member on the President's Economic Recovery Advisory Board from 2009 to 2011.

Latter positions
He was a consultant to the U.S. Department of Defense.

He served on the board of directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Trilateral Commission, the Group of 30 and the National Committee on United States-China Relations. Feldstein was invited to participate in the Bilderberg Group annual conferences in 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005-2008 and 2010 through 2015. He is also a member of the JP Morgan Chase International Council, a member of the Academic Advisory Council of the American Enterprise Institute, and a member of the British Academy.

In 2011 he was included in the 50 Most Influential People in Global Finance ranking of Bloomberg Markets Magazine.

In 2017, Feldstein joined a small group of "Republican elder statesmen"  proposing that conservatives embrace carbon taxes, with all revenue rebated with lump-sum dividends, as a policy to deal with global climate change. The group also included James A. Baker III, N. Gregory Mankiw, Henry M. Paulson Jr., and George P. Shultz.

Significant interests and publications
Domestic saving and international capital flows

Published in 1980, this article made a significant contribution to international economics. Feldstein along with Charles Horioka contributed to the overall understanding of the international capital market by revealing the essence of the flow of capital in the world capital market. By examining the relationship between domestic investment and domestic savings of 21 OECD countries, Feldstein and Horioka provide statistical estimates revealing that almost all incremental savings of a country will remain in that country despite greater investment opportunities abroad. Puzzled by the unexpected direct relationship between domestic savings and investment, Feldstein and Horioka's findings have become known as the "Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle".

Social security, induced retirement and aggregate capital accumulation

Published in 1974, this article made a significant contribution to social insurance. Feldstein facilitated a greater understanding of the effects of social security upon household consumption and savings. The article provides a theoretical analysis of the impact of social security on an individual's decision regarding retirement and the amount of savings necessary for such retirement. Feldstein revealed that Social Security results in individuals deciding to save less for retirement and to retire earlier. The finding was later contested because it contained a calculation error. Feldstein and other authors did not agree on whether the corrected results made a change of the conclusions necessary.

The European Union, the euro and the sovereign debt crisis

Martin Feldstein participated in the academic and popular debate on the European Union (EU) and the European common currency from its early stages, with increased interest during the sovereign debt crisis. Taking a political economy perspective, Feldstein argued that the European Union project in general and the creation of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in particular were driven by a strange mix of pro-European internationalism and the pursuit of strictly national interests. Although nuanced in his criticism, Feldstein can be characterized as a Eurosceptic. Feldstein, an enthusiastic supporter of a single market for goods and services in the EU, argued that this goal does not require a monetary union. Furthermore, the creation of a single currency in the EU would increase political tensions in the union, as not all countries share the anti-inflationary stance of the German policy makers. In military and foreign policy, the objective of achieving a political union (of which the monetary unification is only one aspect) would promote the development of a common foreign and defense policy capable of projecting strength on the international scene. During the sovereign debt crisis, Feldstein argued in favor of a "eurozone holiday" solution whereby the countries most affected by the crisis (such as Greece) would temporarily leave the eurozone, revert to their national currencies, devalue and re-enter at a lower exchange rate a few years later, a policy that would ensure a boost in international competitiveness solid enough to offset the economic recession.

Teaching
A well-known figure on the Harvard campus, Feldstein taught the introductory economics class "Social Analysis 10: Principles of Economics" for 20 years and was succeeded by N. Gregory Mankiw. The class, since renamed Economics 10, was usually the largest class at Harvard, which remains the case. He also taught courses in American economic policy and public sector economics at Harvard College.

Feldstein may have made one of his greatest impacts by the concentration of his students in top echelons of government and academia, such as Larry Summers, former Harvard president and U.S. Treasury secretary; David Ellwood, dean of Harvard Kennedy School; and James Poterba, MIT professor and member of Bush's tax reform advisory panel. Lawrence Lindsey, formerly Bush's top economic adviser, wrote his doctoral thesis under Feldstein, as did Harvey S. Rosen, the previous chairman of the president's Council of Economic Advisers, Douglas Elmendorf, the former Director of the Congressional Budget Office, José Piñera, Chile's Secretary of Labor and Social Security during its pension privatization in 1980–1981, Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University, and Glenn Hubbard, Bush's first chairman of the council and now dean of the Columbia Business School.

References

External links

 Faculty profile at Harvard University
 Profile at the National Bureau of Economic Research

 Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
 Column archive at Project Syndicate
 Feldstein Says U.S. Dollar Needs to Depreciate, Jan Zilinsky, The Harvard Crimson, January 12, 2007

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1939 births
2019 deaths
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists
Alumni of Nuffield College, Oxford
American International Group
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Economists from Massachusetts
Economists from New York (state)
Eli Lilly and Company people
Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Hoover Institution people
Jewish American social scientists
JPMorgan Chase people
Macroeconomists
Massachusetts Republicans
National Bureau of Economic Research
People from Belmont, Massachusetts
People from Rockville Centre, New York
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Public economists
Scientists from New York City
South Side High School (Rockville Centre) alumni
Writers from New York City
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic Advisers
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society

Martin Feldstein


In politics, a state is a the government of a country which has control over a geographic area or territory. States have three main features:
Control over a geographic area, or territory
A people, the population of the state.
Institutions which have the power to make laws.

There are different forms of government a state may have, for example a republic or a monarchy. Sometimes states form their own countries. In its origin the United States had different kinds of states, but they agreed to join together. Most states also have armed forces, civil service, law and police.

Government institutions in a country are commonly referred to as "the state".

Different definitions
The definition above is very broad. It  is based on ideas by Georg Jellinek (1851-1911). Other people had other ideas:

 Max Weber (1864-1920) had another definition: According to him, a state is a community of people which has "the monopoly to legitimately use physical force within a well-defined area".
 Another definition  is from political science: A state is a system of public institutions which are there to regulate the  issues of a society.
 Some philiospohers, such as Aristotle, Rousseau and Hegel had a moralistic view: In their opinion, a state arises when individuals reach their goals and that of society. According to Hegel,  the state is the reason God came into the world; it is the power of reason. This reason manifests as His will.

Because of the different definitions, there's no universally accepted definition of state. The one given at the start of the article is now part of international law.

History

Early states
The earliest states could not be just human settlements. They had to be more than tribes. An example is New Guinea, which has many small tribes, but no larger organisations. Amazonia in the 18th century was also like this, with many small tribes. They are not states. To be a state, tribes have to be bounded together, for example, by a monarch. They may also be bonded by their language, and by living in the same region.

An example of monarchy is early Egypt under the Pharaohs.  Similar military-based states included the Babylonian Empire and the huge Roman Empire and early China.

Some early states were based on cities.  Some Ancient Greek city-states had democracy in a limited form.  Other states had inheritance of kingship or even challenges and fighting to decide leadership.  Early city states had a feature that modern society cannot match.  Every man got to see and know the leading citizens.  "Man" because most city-states limited the vote to male heads of families. One reason was that the adult men would do the fighting if the group were attacked.

From military to modern state
When the military-based state, the Roman Empire, fell, lots of little states were made and each was also military-based and controlled by a king. These states did not often work together and war raged. However, once people within the state itself started fighting (what's called a Civil war), the kings had to make peace and start parliaments.

Modern states

Modern states soon started in the late 15th century. The main states in Europe were:
England under the Tudors
Spain under the Habsburg
France under the Bourbons
Russia under Catherine the Great and Alexander II of Russia

These states all tried to improve their politics and economy. They became more and more like the states today. They formed proper boundaries for their lands and worked with the powers in the state, such as the Church and the nobility. They made armies, tax systems and embassies to make them more powerful and stable.

Different types of state
Types of state can be separated into two categories: democracy and dictatorship. However, just because a group of states are all democratic does not mean that they follow the same rules. Iran, Pakistan, France, Germany and the United States of America are all states. Each of them sees itself as a democracy. Each of them however has a different idea of what democracy really means.

Different states of the same 'category' can also function differently. For example, two democratic states may be quite different if one has a well-trained police or army while the other does not. Therefore, the word 'state' only tells us what type of government that state follows (democratic or dictatorship) and does not tell us about the country itself.

Sub-categories of state
There are lots of sub-types of state branching off from democracy and dictatorship. The main ones are Pluralism, Marxism and Institutionalism.

Pluralism
Pluralism has been very popular in the United States. It shows the state as a neutral place for settling arguments between other states. Pluralism allows each group of people to tell the state what to do. This type of state is called a polyarchy.

Also in a pluralist state, politics, the military and the economy are all united and work together. This means that all power in the state is 'diffused' across the people who live there.

Marxism
Marxism is an ideology advocating for the rights of workers and labourers of society. It was started by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism rejects the idea that a state is there to protect business interest, and is definitely not a neutral place for settling arguments.

The main job of a Marxist state is to protect the labour and financial situation of the working classes. With such reforms, a Marxist state focuses on collectivising resources and creating a planned economy to ensure the well-being of the workers.

Both Marxist and Pluralist states have to react to the activities of groups of people in the state itself. Institutionalist states do not see themselves as 'instruments' to be controlled, they are more just geographical areas. In this area, the people just form groups themselves. An institutionalist state can be made up of both Marxist and Pluralist people, both which have the power to control themselves and not influence the other parties of the state.

Anarchism
Anarchism is when a group of people have complete freedom and do not believe in having a state at all. Anarchists are a lot like Marxists, but they believe (opposite to Marxists) that a country can work without without a state forcing people to do anything. Law and order are not necessary.

Anarchists (such as Bakunin and Kropotkin in the 19th century), often want a form of Marxism but ignoring some of their rules. They want workers to manage themselves and simply get paid for what they do, rather than getting paid in wages.

Related pages
 Country
 Sovereign state
 International relations
 List of sovereign states
 Montevideo Convention
 Nation
 Social contract
 U.S. state
 Unitary state
 Province
 Political economy
 Constitutional economics
 Local government

References

International law

State


The root mean square is a way of calculating how badly a set of observed numbers differs from a set of expected numbers.

Assume we have a set of observations as numbers, and we also know for each observation what the expected number was. Now let's say that we want to know how much these observations differ from their expected numbers. One approach would be to calculate the individual differences (expected - observed), add them all up, and divide by the number of observations. The problem here is that some of the observations will be larger than the expected values resulting in negative difference values.

To prevent the negative numbers from canceling out the positive we first need to take the absolute value of each of the differences. The average of the absolutes is called the Mean Absolute Error. The MAE treats all numbers as equal when it calculates the average, however, what if we care more about large differences and not so much about smaller ones.

This is where the root mean square is helpful. The RMS first squares the difference values, it then calculates the average and finally takes the root of the result. The square and root operations cancel each other out. And the square operation also neatly solves our problem of negative numbers. Since we are now squaring numbers larger differences count heavier in the final value.

Algorithm

 For each of the observations:
 Subtract observed value from expected value, this is the difference
 Square the difference
 Add the squared difference to a total
 Divide the total by the number of values
 Take the root of the division

Mathematics

Root mean square


The Hoopes–Smith House is a late Victorian period, Queen Anne Style home built between 1890 and 1892 in Rockport, Texas by James M. Hoopes (1839–1931), a prominent local businessman and land developer.

The home later served as a boarding house between 1894 and 1930. In 1934, the house was sold to T. Noah Smith, Sr. (1888–1955) another prominent businessman with dealings in oil and shipbuilding.

The house was designated a Texas Historic Landmark in 1989 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The house is located at 28.0271° -97.0497°, 417 N. Broadway, Rockport, Texas, United States and is currently used as a bed and breakfast.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Aransas County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks in Aransas County

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
Bed and breakfasts in Texas
Houses in Aransas County, Texas
National Register of Historic Places in Aransas County, Texas
Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks

Hoopes–Smith House


Oleta Kirk Abrams, known to many as Lee (June 12, 1927 – January 8, 2005) was one of the three founders of Bay Area Women Against Rape, the first rape crisis center in the U.S., and the first victim-witness advocate for the Alameda County district attorney's office.

She became involved after her 15-year-old daughter was raped at her high school. Abrams was appalled at the treatment her daughter received both from the school and the hospital to which she was taken. Rather than merely protest, she enlisted two friends to found the center.

Early life
Oleta Margaret Kirk was born July 12, 1927, in Bozeman, Montana, to Howard Manning Kirk, who was a geologist, and Margaret Maxey. Because of her father's job, she and her family traveled to many places around the world such as Turkey and Haiti.

Education
She graduated from Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts with a drama degree. After college, she worked as an elementary school teacher. She then attended the master's program at the University of Pittsburgh focusing on autistic children.

Later life
In 1947, she married James Lewis McClintock in Newcastle, Pennsylvania. From that marriage, she had two children, Maxey and Rebecca Mary. Shortly after the birth of Rebecca Mary, the marriage ended. She then met Harry Anderson while studying at the University of Pittsburgh and married him in 1956. This marriage quickly ended. In 1959, she married her third husband Melvin Abrams and gave birth to Alexandra in 1960 and Simon Peter Kirk in 1964. She died in 2005 from medical complications during a lung biopsy.

Work
Oleta Kirk Abrams started her crisis center because of the appalling way her foster daughter's rape case was handled—the police didn't let her call her guardians, had to wait to be sent to the doctors who didn't even test her for pregnancy or diseases. In 1971 she established the Bay Area Women Against Rape (BAWAR), which provides counseling and education regarding sexual assault issues, with Julia Schewendinger, created the first 24-hour hot line to support rape victims and accompanied them in court when they testified against their attackers. Abrams was very dedicated to her work and eventually retired at the age of 70.

References

External links
honoraryunsubscribe.com entry.
Obituary with more details.

1927 births
2005 deaths
American activists
Sexual abuse victim advocates

Oleta Kirk Abrams


SA80 (Small Arms for the 80s) is the name of a weapons family used by the British Army and Royal Marines. All are of bullpup design: this means the magazine is behind the trigger so the weapon is shorter yet still has a long barrel.

The series includes an assault rifle known as the L85 and a Light Support Weapon (LSW) designated the L86 as well as a carbine variant for helicopter crews and a bolt action army cadet variant.

The LSW variant is far more accurate than its predecessor, and is used in army FSGs (Fire Support Groups). They are amazingly accurate for their size (Army marksmanship tests were redesigned after the SA80 introduction because it was so accurate). Nevertheless, the SA80 family has been plagued by poor reliability. They have had an upgrade by the German arms company H&K when it was British owned. This resulted in the A2 series, but not all models have been upgraded.

The SA80 also has a cadet force variant (L98 A2 Cadet GP) that is the same size, and is used throughout the ACF. It has a success rate far higher than the old, bolt-action A1 version.

Firearms
British Army equipment

SA80


Vitača () was Queen consort of Bosnia as the first wife of King Stephen Ostoja of Bosnia.

Vitača married Ostoja, the illegitimate son of King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, before his accession to the throne of Bosnia. Ostoja was a member of the Bosnian Church and Vitača was most likely a member of that church as well. It is unknown whether they had any children.

Vitača became queen when her husband was elected to succeed Jelena Gruba in 1399. Vitača, however, was not related to the powerful nobility of Bosnia. Ostoja was forced to leave her, which was not hard to do because the Bosnian Church allowed divorce. The Ragusans referred to her as the repudiated wife of the King of Bosnia in September 1399; they kept correspondence with the ex-queen Vitača for some time after her divorce.

Ostoja married Kujava Radinović and divorced her sixteen years later.

References
 John Van Antwerp Fine, Bosnian Institute; The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century, Saqi in association with The Bosnian Institute, 2007

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Queens consort of Bosnia
14th-century births
15th-century deaths
Repudiated queens
Kotromanić dynasty

Vitača


Thomas Chalmers  (17 March 178031 May 1847), was a Scottish Presbyterian minister, professor of theology, political economist, and a leader of both the Church of Scotland and of the Free Church of Scotland. He has been called "Scotland's greatest nineteenth-century churchman".

He served as Vice-president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1835 to 1842.

The New Zealand town of Port Chalmers was named after Chalmers. A bust of Chalmers is on display in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling.

The Thomas Chalmers Centre in Kirkliston is named after him.

Early life

He was born at Anstruther in Fife, the son of Elizabeth Hall and John Chalmers, a merchant.

Age 11 Chalmers attended the University of St Andrews studying mathematics. In January 1799 he was licensed as a preacher of the gospel by the St Andrews presbytery. In May 1803, after attending further courses of lectures at the University of Edinburgh, and acting as assistant to the professor of mathematics at St Andrews, he was ordained as minister of Kilmany, about 9 miles from the university town, where he continued to lecture.  Kilmany was a small and predominantly agricultural parish, with a population under 800 in 1811.

Lecturer and minister
Chalmers made an issue within the University of St Andrews of the quality of mathematics teaching. It came to involve attacks on John Rotheram, the professor of natural philosophy. His mathematical lectures roused enthusiasm, but they were discontinued by order of the authorities. Chalmers then opened mathematical classes on his own account which attracted many students; at the same time he delivered a course of lectures on chemistry, and ministered to his parish at Kilmany. In 1805 he became a candidate for the vacant professorship of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, but was unsuccessful.

In 1815 he became minister of the Tron Church, Glasgow, in spite of determined opposition to him in the town council on the grounds of his evangelical teaching. From Glasgow his reputation as a preacher spread throughout the United Kingdom. When he visited London Samuel Wilberforce wrote, "all the world is wild about Dr Chalmers." At this time he lived at Wellington Place in Glasgow.

Parochial work
In November 1817 Chalmers used a memorial sermon for Princess Charlotte of Wales to appeal for a Christian effort to deal with the social condition of Glasgow. His parish contained about 11,000 persons, and of these about one-third were not connected with any church. He considered that parochial organizations had not kept pace in the city with the growing population. He declared that twenty new churches, with parishes, should be erected in Glasgow; and he set to work to revive the old parochial economy of Scotland. The town council agreed to build one new church, attaching to it a parish of 10,000 persons, mostly weavers, labourers and factory workers, and this church was offered to Chalmers.

In September 1819 he became minister of the church and parish of St John, where of 2000 families more than 800 had no connection with any Christian church. He first addressed himself to providing schools for the children. Two school-houses with four endowed teachers were established, where 700 children were taught, at moderate fees. Between 40 and 50 local Sabbath schools were opened, where more than 1000 children were taught. The parish was divided into 25 districts with 60 to 100 families. Chalmers was the centre of the whole system, visiting families and holding evening meetings.

Moral philosopher and theologian

In 1823 Chalmers accepted the chair of moral philosophy at the University of St Andrews, the seventh academic offer made to him during his eight years in Glasgow. His lectures led some students to devote themselves to missionary effort. Among his pupils were William Lindsay Alexander, Alexander Duff, and James Aitken Wylie. At this period Robert Morrison and Joshua Marshman visited St Andrews.

In November 1828 Chalmers was transferred to the chair of theology at the University of Edinburgh. He then introduced the practice of following the lecture with a  examination on what had been delivered. He also introduced text-books.

In 1834 Chalmers was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in the same year he became corresponding member of the Institute of France; in 1835 Oxford conferred on him the degree of DCL. At this time he was living at 3 Forres Street on the Moray Estate in the west end of Edinburgh.

In 1834 he became leader of the evangelical section of the Scottish Church in the General Assembly. He was appointed chairman of a committee for church extension, and in that capacity made a tour through a large part of Scotland, addressing presbyteries and holding public meetings. He also issued numerous appeals, with the result that in 1841, when he resigned his office as convener of the church extension committee, he was able to announce that in seven years upwards of £300,000 had been contributed, and 220 new churches had been built. His efforts to induce the Whig government to assist in this effort were unsuccessful.

In 1840 Chalmers was unsuccessful in applying for the chair of divinity at the University of Glasgow. It went to the Moderate Alexander Hill.

Non-intrusionism and the Free Church
Chalmers found himself at the head of the party in the Church of Scotland which stood for "non-intrusionism": the principle that no minister should be intruded into any parish contrary to the will of the congregation. Cases of conflict between the church and the civil power arose in Auchterarder, Dunkeld and Marnoch. The courts made it clear that the Church, in their opinion, held its temporalities on condition of rendering such obedience as the courts required. The Church then appealed to the government for relief. In political manoeuvres with Westminster politicians, Chalmers was opposed by John Hope.

In January 1843 the government put a final negative on the church's claims for spiritual independence. The non-intrusionist movement ended in the Disruption: on 18 May 1843, 470 clergy withdrew from the general assembly and constituted themselves the Free Church of Scotland, with Chalmers as moderator. He had prepared a sustentation fund scheme for the support of the seceding ministers.

In 1844, Chalmers announced a church extension campaign, for new building. In 1846 he became the first principal of the Divinity Hall of the Free Church of Scotland, as it was initially called.

Later in life he was quoted as saying: "Who cares about the Free Church compared with the Christian good of the people of Scotland? Who cares for any Church, but as an instrument of Christian good?"

Death

On 28 May 1847 Chalmers returned to his house at Church Hill in Morningside, near Edinburgh, from a journey to London on the subject of national education. On the following day (Saturday) he was employed in preparing a report to the General Assembly of the Free Church, then sitting. On Sunday, the 30th, he continued in his usual health and spirits, and retired to rest with the intention of rising at an early hour to finish his report. The next morning he did not make his appearance, and he was discovered lying dead in bed.

Chalmers was interred in the Grange Cemetery on 4 June, the very first burial in that cemetery. His grave is on the north wall, near the north-west access. A large crowd of persons of all denominations accompanied his remains to the grave. His wife Grace Pratt died 16 January 1850 and is buried with him, as is his daughter Grace Pratt Chalmers (1819–1851) and two of his other six daughters. James Sievewright, the moderator on the year he died, preached a eulogy.

Works
Chalmers's academic years resulted in a prolific literature of various kinds: his writings fill more than 30 volumes. Contemporaries regarded him highly as a natural theologian. A series of sermons on the relation between the discoveries of astronomy and the Christian revelation was published in January 1817, and within a year nine editions and 20,000 copies were in circulation.

Political economy

In 1808 Chalmers published an Inquiry into the Extent and Stability of National Resources, a contribution to the discussion created by Bonaparte's commercial policy.

As a political economist he first dealt with: the relationship between the degree of the fertility of the soil and the social condition of a community; capital accumulation; and the general doctrine of a limit to all the modes by which national wealth may accumulate. He was the first also to advance that argument in favour of religious establishments which met on its own ground the doctrine of Adam Smith, that religion—like other things—should be left to the operation of the law of supply and demand.

In 1826 he published a third volume of The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns, a continuation of work begun at St John's, Glasgow. In 1832 he published a Political Economy, the chief purpose of which was to argue that the right economic condition of the masses is dependent on their right moral condition, so that character is the parent of comfort, not vice versa.

Poor law reform
Parochial machinery gave Chalmers experience in dealing with the problem of poor relief. He became an influential thinker on poverty. Chalmers was a Malthusian in his belief that the cause of pauperism was the poor having too many children. He also thought that poor-relief officials should be tenured and business-like; and voluntary taxation was the correct way to support poor relief.

When Chalmers undertook the management of the parish of St John's, the poor of the parish cost the city £1400 per annum, and in four years the pauper expenditure was reduced to £280 per annum. The investigation of new applications for relief was given to the deacon of the district, and an effort was made to enable the poor to help themselves. At this time there were few parishes north of the Forth and Clyde where there was a compulsory assessment for the poor, but the English method of assessment was spreading. Chalmers opposed compulsory assessment as counter-productive, and believed that relief should instead be raised and administered by voluntary means. It has been argued that Chalmers was both a paternalist, on the moral plane, and a supporter of economic individualism.

Critics replied to Chalmers that his approach was impossible in large cities. William Pulteney Alison engaged in controversy with him; Chalmers countered with moral arguments. In arguing that private charity should outweigh public expenditure in relieving poverty, he was one of a group of British writers of the period of similar views, that included also Samuel Richard Bosanquet, Thomas Mozley and Frederick Oakeley. The views from Chalmers and Edinburgh had a notable effect in Wales, through Lewis Edwards, Y Traethodydd, and Owen Thomas.

Moralist

In his St Andrews lectures Chalmers excluded mental philosophy and included the whole sphere of moral obligation, dealing with man's duty to God and to his fellow-men in the light of Christian teaching. Many of his lectures were printed in the first and second volumes of his published works.

In the field of ethics he made contributions in regard to the place and functions of volition and attention, the separate and underived character of the moral sentiments, and the distinction between the virtues of perfect and imperfect obligation.

Religion
At his own request the article on Christianity was assigned to him in David Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopædia. The separate publication of this article, and contributions to the Edinburgh Christian Instructor and The Eclectic Review, enhanced his reputation as an author.

Chalmers's writings are a source for argument and illustration on the question of Establishment.  "I have no veneration", he said to the royal commissioners in St Andrews, before either the voluntary or the non-intrusive controversies had arisen, "for the Church of Scotland qua an establishment, but I have the utmost veneration for it qua an instrument of Christian good."

Natural theology
Chalmers' Bridgewater Treatise, in the series On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God as Manifested in the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man, appeared in two volumes 1833 and went through 6 editions. As noted by Robert M. Young, these books effectively represent an encyclopedia of pre-evolutionary natural history, commissioned and published whilst Charles Darwin was on board the .

In the area of natural theology and the Christian evidences he advocated the method of reconciling the Mosaic narrative with the indefinite antiquity of the globe which William Buckland advanced in his Bridgewater Treatises, and which Chalmers had previously communicated to him.

Gap creationism
In 1814 Chalmers lectured on the concept of gap creationism, also known as the "gap theory", and subsequently spread its popularity of this idea which he credited to Episcopius. He wrote of Genesis 1:1: "My own opinion, as published in 1814, is that it forms no part of the first day but refers to a period of indefinite antiquity when God created the worlds out of nothing. The commencement of the first day's work I hold to be the moving of God's Spirit upon the face of the waters. We can allow geology the amplest time ... without infringing even on the literalities of the Mosaic record."

This form of old Earth creationism posits that the six-day creation, as described in the Book of Genesis, involved literal 24-hour days, but that there was a gap of time between two distinct creations in the first and the second verses of Genesis, explaining many scientific observations, including the age of the Earth. Gap creationism differs from day-age creationism (which posits that the "days" of creation were much longer periods - of thousands or millions of years), and from young Earth creationism (which although it agrees concerning the six literal 24-hour days of creation, does not posit any gap of time).

The "New College", as the Divinity School became known, was a centre of opposition to the Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844). Chalmers himself did not mention the work, but indirectly attacked its view of development in writing for the North British Review.

Family
Chalmers' eldest daughter Anne married William Hanna, who wrote a long biography of his father-in-law.

His brother, Charles Chalmers, founded the Merchiston Castle School. Charles' son, David (Thomas' nephew) was a noted industrialist and owner of the Cowan & Co. paperworks.

References

Bibliography
 Brown, Stewart J. (1982). Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. . .
 Topham, Jonathan R. (2022). Reading the Book of Nature How Eight Best Sellers Reconnected Christianity and the Sciences on the Eve of the Victorian Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. . .
 .

Attribution:

  Endnotes:
Memoirs by his son-in-law, W. Hanna, LL.D., 4 vols. 1849–52;
Selection from Correspondence, 1 vol.;
Biographical Notice from Transactions of Royal Society of Edin., by Dean Ramsay; North British Review, May 1852 and November 1856 (articles ascribed to Isaac Taylor);
Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk (John Gibson Lockhart);
Carlyle's Reminiscences, vol. i.;
McCosh's Scottish Philosophy;
The Chalmers' Lectures, 1st series, by Rev. Sir Henry W. Moncreiff, bart., D.D.;
Records of General Assembly of the Free Church, 1849;
Witness newspaper, 1 and 9 June 1849;
Dodds's Thomas Chalmers, a Biographical Study;
Walker's Thomas Chalmers;
Fraser's Men worth Remembering;
Chalmers's Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of the Birth of Dr. Chalmers, 1880.

Further reading
 Bayne, Peter, 1890, Men Worthy to Lead; Being Lives of John Howard, William Wilberforce, Thomas Chalmers, Thomas Arnold, Samuel Budgett, John Foster, London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. Ltd, Reprinted: Bibliolife, .
 Blaikie, William Garden, Biography of Thomas Chalmers
 Chalmers, T., On the Power Wisdom and Goodness of God. As Manifested in the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man; Bridgewater Treatises, W. Pickering, 1834 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )
 Chalmers, T., A Series of Discourses on the Christian Revelation, Viewed in Connection with the Modern Astronomy; John Smith and Son, 1817 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )
 Chalmers, T. The Expulsive Power of a New Affection; (Sermon: date unknown) Read on www.theologynetwork.org
 Chalmers, T. The Christian and civic economy of large towns; C. Scribner's Sons, 1900
 Chalmers, T. The application of Christianity to the commercial and ordinary affairs of life : in a series of discourses; Chalmers & Collins, 1820.
 Chalmers, T. The evidence and authority of the Christian revelation; William Blackwood, 1817.
 Chalmers, T. Tracts on pauperism; William Collins, 1833.
 Among the biographical accounts and academic studies of the life and works of Thomas Chalmers are those of John Roxborogh, Alexander Campbell Cheyne, Friedhelm Voges and S. J. Brown.

External links

 resource on the life and work of Dr. Thomas Chalmers
 Thomas Chalmers on the history of social work timeline
 The Legacy of Thomas Chalmers—a paper (1999) by John Roxborogh

1780 births
1847 deaths
British Christian creationists
19th-century British economists
19th-century Scottish mathematicians
19th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
19th-century British male writers
19th-century Scottish writers
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Burials at the Grange Cemetery
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
19th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
People from Anstruther
Port Chalmers
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Scottish mathematicians
Scottish male writers
Scottish evangelicals
Authors of the Bridgewater Treatises

Thomas Chalmers


St Peter's Church is a Church of England parish church at Dixton in Wales. It is situated on the banks of the River Wye, about  north-east of Monmouth, Wales.  The church is a Grade II* listed building and the cross in the churchyard is both a listed building and a scheduled monument.

History
The Book of Llandaff refers to the existence of a church, or monastery, on this site in about 735, when it was already described as an "old church" (henllan; Old Welsh, hên-llan).  Later charters refer to its fishing rights on the River Wye.  At that time, it was dedicated to the Welsh saint Tydiwg, or Tadeocus. The Welsh name of the parish, Llandydiwg, and ultimately the name Dixton, derives from that of the saint.

The existing church, now substantially rendered and whitewashed, consists of a nave with a separate chancel, a vestry, a tower to the west, and north and south porches. The oldest parts of the building, including the herring-bone masonry in the north wall of the nave, may have an Anglo-Saxon origin or, alternatively, date from the 12th century. The nave seems to have been lengthened during the 13th century, perhaps when the tower and chancel were built. A small window in the southwest corner dates from the early 14th century; even so, in 1397 the church was described as "intolerably dark". The exposed Old Red Sandstone walling in the chancel dates from the 14th century; the chancel has a sanctuary window on each side, a priest's door, and an ancient stone bench outside.  A royal coat of arms dated 1711 is painted on a board inside the church.

The north porch and vestry were added in 1824, and the whole church was restored in 1861–62. Inside the church are five stained glass windows. The 1862 window on the south of the nave is titled Christ Raising the Daughter of Jairus and Healing the Son of the Widow of Nain.  It was designed by John Pollard Seddon, who with John Prichard restored the church. On the same wall is an 1871 window titled The Sermon on the Mount by Ward and Hughes. The last large window is on the east wall of the chancel and is entitled Agnus Dei Adored by St Mary Magdalene and St Tadioc; it dates from 1954.

The church is a Grade II* listed building as of 27 June 1952. In 2005 the cross in the churchyard was also made a listed building. The churchyard cross is also a scheduled monument.

The church is too low-lying to prevent winter floods from entering the building, and brass plates near the chancel arch record the heights of notable floods. A new balcony has been constructed at the back of the church so that perishable items can be kept above the floodline. This balcony is decorated with a beautiful oak screen. The church had a rectory, which was later known as Dixton Cottage.

Burials include Admiral Thomas Griffin (died 1771) and cricketer Trevor Arnott (1902 – 1975).

Diocese

The church remains part of the Diocese of Hereford and the Church of England, despite being in Monmouthshire, Wales.  With Monmouth, it was transferred to the Diocese of Llandaff in 1844.  However, a vote by the parishioners in 1915 decided that it should not join the Church in Wales when it became disestablished, but stay as part of the Church of England; it therefore returned in 1920 to the Diocese of Hereford. In the following year John Witherston Rickards, who had been the vicar since 1886, died.

References

Dixton
Scheduled monuments in Monmouthshire
Church of England church buildings in Wales

St Peter's Church, Dixton


The Santa María de Iquique school Massacre was on December 21, 1907.  At that time Chile's government was led by Pedro Montt.  Hundreds of workers died in the front of the school Santa María de Iquique.

The workers had been walking from saltpetre mines of Tarapacá, striking to get better life conditions.

The strikers first went to San Lorenzo, and then to Iquique.  They arrived in Iquique on December 16.  They stayed peacefully in the school.  Military forces arrived, and without provocation General Silva Renard give the order to shoot the people there in front of school. Hundreds of people were killed.

20th century in Chile
1907

Santa María de Iquique School Massacre


The Taoiseach (), also referred to as An Taoiseach (), is the head of the government in Ireland.  The term prime minister is not used by the Irish media.

Appointment

When a new Dáil Éireann meets after an election it nominates one of its members to be Taoiseach.  He then visits the President, and is appointed.  He then presents a list of ministers to the Dáil and when this is approved they are also appointed by the President.

If the Taoiseach resigns all members of the government are said to have resigned as well.  If a minister does not resign when asked by the Taoiseach, the Taoiseach can ask the President to sack the minister.  The President cannot refuse to do this.

Department of the Taoiseach
The Department of the Taoiseach helps the Taoiseach to do his job.  The main duty of the Taoiseach is to start policy and coordinate policy of the rest of government.  Especially policies on Economic and Social Development, Northern Ireland, the European Union and Public Sector Change and Oireachtas Reform.

The Government Chief Whip, who has to make sure the government's policies and ideas are turned into law, is a part of the Taoiseach's department.

The current Taoiseach is Leo Varadkar since 14 June 2017.

List

Notes

References

Government of the Republic of Ireland
Government occupations

Taoiseach


Margot Claire Heinemann (18 November 1913 – 10 June 1992) was a British Marxist writer, drama scholar, and leading member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB).

Early life
She was born at 89 Priory Road, West Hampstead, London NW6. Her parents were Meyer Max Heinemann, a merchant banker, and Selma Schott, both non-Orthodox Jews from Frankfurt, Germany.
Heinemann was educated at Roedean School and at King Alfred School in London, and read English at Newnham College, Cambridge from 1931, later graduating from Cambridge University with a BA with first class honours. She was the lover of John Cornford while a student. The historian Eric Hobsbawm, who studied at Cambridge at the same time, wrote "she probably had more influence on me than any other person I have known."

Career
She joined the CPGB in 1934, because of its active opposition to the British Union of Fascists.

After Cambridge she taught 14-year-old girls at Cadbury's Continuation School in Bournville, now Bournville College, on day release from the chocolate factory. In the CPGB she worked in the Labour Research Department from 1937.

She stood as the communist candidate for Vauxhall Constituency in the 1950 General Election.

In 1959 she resumed teaching at Camden School for Girls and then Goldsmiths College from 1965 to 1977. In 1976 she was made a Fellow of New Hall, Cambridge (now Murray Edwards College). She was still teaching at New Hall up to 1989 and stayed with the CPGB until it was dissolved in 1991.

Personal life
She had a child (Jane, b. 1953) with John Desmond Bernal.

Works
 Britain's coal: A Study of the Mining Crisis, Left Book Club, 1944
 Wages Front, 1947, Labour Research Department
 Coal must come first, 1948, prepared for the Labour Research Department
 The Tories and how to beat them, Communist Party, 1951
 The Adventurers, 1960 (novel)
 Britain in the Nineteen Thirties, 1971 (with Noreen Branson)
 Experiments in English Teaching - New Work in Higher and Further Education 1976 (editor with David Craig)
 Culture and Crisis in Britain in the 30s, 1979 (with Jon Clark, David Margolies and Carole Snee)
 Puritanism and Theatre: Thomas Middleton and Opposition Drama under the Early Stuarts, 1980
 History and the Imagination - Selected Writings of AL Morton, 1990 (editor)

References

David Margolies and Maroula Joannou, editors (2002) Heart of the Heartless World: Essays in Cultural Resistance in Memory of Margot Heinemann

1913 births
1992 deaths
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Communist Party of Great Britain members
English anti-fascists
English people of German-Jewish descent
Fellows of New Hall, Cambridge
Marxist writers
English Jewish writers
Jewish socialists
People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex
People educated at South Hampstead High School
20th-century British women writers
20th-century British non-fiction writers
Communist women writers

Margot Heinemann


A kingdom is the most common type of monarchy. This means that the ruler or head of state) of the country is a king. They get their position from inheritance. With some countries a female may become head of state as a queen.

When the current king or queen dies, then their eldest child becomes the new monarch.

For example, the United Kingdom has a king as head of state. His mother Queen Elizabeth II was, at the time of her father's death, his only child.

Not all countries have this system. Many countries today have no royal family. In their case, the head of state is a leading politician.

Monarchy

Kingdom


Harmost (, "joiner" or "adaptor") was a Spartan term for a military governor. The Spartan general Lysander instituted several harmosts during the period of Spartan hegemony after the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.  They were sent into their subject or conquered towns, partly to keep them in submission, and partly to abolish the democratic form of government, and establish oligarchies instead.

Although in many cases they were ostensibly sent for the purpose of abolishing the tyrannical government of a town and restoring freedom, they were accused of acting like kings or tyrants themselves, such that the first century AD grammarian Dionysius thought that harmost was merely another word for "king".

In the peace of Antalcidas the Lacedaemonians pledged to reestablish free governments in their subject towns, but they nevertheless continued to install harmosts in them. Even Xenophon, generally pro-Spartan, censured the Spartans for the manner in which they allowed their harmosts to govern.

It is uncertain how long the office of an harmost lasted; but considering that a governor of the same kind, who was appointed by the Lacedaemonians in Cythera, with the title of Cytherodikes, held his office only for one year, it is not improbable that the office of harmost was of the same duration.

The Thebans also used the term during the Theban hegemony.

There is an earlier use of the word in a scholium to Pindar's odes, but the meaning isn't explained. It's been proposed these were officials sent as overseers into the Perioci communities.

See also
Episcopi
Epistates
Phrourarch
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities

References

Military ranks of Sparta
Ancient Greek government

Harmost


Amanda [ uh-man-duh ] is a female given name. It comes from Latin language. The name means "she who must be loved" or "worthy of love". The name Amanda first appeared in 1212 in birth records from England. It was not until around the 1700s that the name became popular. This name became very popular in the United States starting in the 1930s. The name was especially popular in the United States starting in 1978 and ending in 1992. In 2009 the name was ranked at 166. Famous people with the name include Amanda Bynes, Amanda Seyfried and Amanda Blake. This name was ranked #475 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People
 Amanda Barrie (born 1935), British actress
 Amanda Blake (1929–1989), American actress who played Miss Kitty on Gunsmoke
 Amanda Carter (born 1964), Australian wheelchair basketball player
 Amanda Crew (born 1986), Canadian actress
 Amanda Donohoe (born 1962), British actress
 Amanda Forsyth (born 1966), Canadian cellist
 Amanda Holden (born 1971), British actress
 Amanda Lang (born 1970), Canadian journalist and senior business correspondent for CBC News
 Amanda Marshall (born 1972), a Canadian singer and musician
 Amanda Vanstone (born 1952), former Australian politician, former ambassador to Italy

Places
 Amanda Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica
 Amanda, Ohio

Astronomy
 725 Amanda, an asteroid

Other
 Amanda (gastropod), a member of the nudibranch family Facelinidae
 Operation Amanda, a 1994 United Nations Protection Force mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina

References

Amanda


Hans Solereder (11 September 1860 Munich – 8 November 1920 Erlangen), was a German botanist and university professor.

Solereder studied biology from 1880 at the University of Munich, under Radlkofer, and was awarded a PhD in 1885. From 1886 to 1890 he was Assistant, and from 1888 tutor in the botany department's laboratory. In 1890 he became curator of the  Botanical Museum in Munich. In 1899 he became associate professor and in 1901 Professor of Botany at the University of Erlangen, where he was also Director of the Botanical Gardens.

Solereder undertook field trips to Texas, California and the Yellowstone National Park. He edited the Dicotyledons according to the system devised by Radlkofer.

This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Soler. when citing a botanical name.

Books
 (1908): Systematische Anatomie der Dicotyledonen: Ein Handbuch für Laboratorien der wissenschaftlichen und angewandten Botanik - Stuttgart : Enke
 (1885): Über den systematischen Wert der Holzstructur bei den Dicotyledonen. (Dissertation)

See also
List of florilegia and botanical codices

References
 Ilse Jahn (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Biologie.

Botanists with author abbreviations
19th-century German botanists
German taxonomists
1869 births
1920 deaths
20th-century German botanists
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg

Hans Solereder


Abhishek Bachchan (born 5 February 1976) is an Indian movie actor, producer and occasional playback singer. He is the son of famous Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan.

Bachcahn made his acting debut in 2000 with J. P. Dutta's war film, Refugee.This was followed by over a dozen of films which were both critical and commercial disasters.His first commercial success came with the 2004 action film Dhoom, which changed his career prospects. Bachchan later earned critical appreciation for his performances in films such as Yuva (2004), Sarkar (2005), and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006), all of which garnered him three consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.In 2007, he portrayed "Gurukant Desai" a character loosely based on Dhirubhai Ambani in Mani Ratnam's drama film Guru, which earned him a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Actor.

Biography
He was born in Bombay on February 5, 1976 in the family of the famous actor Amitabh Bachchan and actress Jaya Bhaduri. He studied in Switzerland, at the prestigious private school Aiglon College.

In 2000, Abhishek made his debut in Forsaken, directed by J.P. Dutt. The film was not a commercial success, but received critical acclaim for its performance.

In 2004, the movie "Bikers" was released, where he played a Mumbai police officer looking for a gang of robbers on motorcycles. The film became a "blockbuster" and his next works "All is not Lost" and "Dance Inspiration" were also commercial success.

In 2006, in the film "Never Say Goodbye", Abhishek played the role of Rishi Talvar, whose wife has an affair on the side.

From 2010 to 2012, four films with his participation failed at the box office.

References

Other website

1976 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
People with dyslexia

Abhishek Bachchan


Sex.com videos is an Internet domain name and web portal currently owned by Clover Holdings LTD. The domain name was the focus of one of the most publicized legal actions about ownership of domain names. Kieren McCarthy, a journalist who followed the case, wrote the book Sex.com, which was published in 2007.

History

On May 9, 1994, entrepreneur Gary Kremen (who also founded Match.com and Clean Power Finance) registered sex.com with Network Solutions, but did not develop the site as he focused on growing Match.com.

On October 18, 1995, Network Solutions transferred, without permission, the domain to Stephen M. Cohen, who had been trying to gain control of the domain for some time by misrepresentation, using phone calls, e-mails and forged letters. He eventually persuaded an employee of Network Solutions to change the ownership details by submitting a fake fax. After gaining control of the domain, Cohen produced an advertising-heavy site that received up to 25 million hits a day. From payments for click-throughs and other advertising, Cohen was reportedly making $50,000 to $500,000 per month. Kremen undertook steps to recover the domain, while Cohen claimed he obtained the domain legally from Online Classifieds (OCI). A five-year legal battle ensued, led by cyberlawyer Charles Carreon.

Kremen was victorious in November 2000, when Network Solutions was ordered to return the domain to the plaintiff. According to the record of Kremen v. Cohen, Cohen was ordered to pay $25 million into court; in April 2001, the California District Court awarded Kremen an additional $40 million for lost earnings, for a total judgment of $65 million. Cohen appealed the judgment and refused to allow assessment of his business: he provided false information and declared most of his companies bankrupt while illegally moving assets out of US jurisdiction. When an arrest warrant was issued, Cohen fled to Mexico. Kremen offered a $50,000 reward for information, but Cohen remained at large while continuing to file appeals that were rejected. In October 2005, Cohen was arrested in Tijuana, Mexico for immigration violations, and was handed over to US authorities.

Kremen settled his lawsuit against Network Solutions for an undisclosed amount. Cohen has continued to avoid paying the $67 million judgment, and claims poverty. Courts have found in Kremen's favor several times since 2006, with evidence that seven individuals and twelve companies were used to help Cohen hide the money, including his brother, his daughter, his ex-wife and also his former lawyer. A court case against his brother is ongoing.

Sex.com relaunched in May 2012 marketing itself as a Pinterest for porn.

Highest price paid for domain
Sex.com was reportedly sold to Escom LLC in January 2006. At a reported $14 million price, the domain name had widely been cited as the highest priced domain sale.

On February 18, 2010, the domain name was ordered to be sold at a foreclosure auction. On March 18, 2010, a day before the auction, creditors of Escom, LLC filed an involuntary Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition to prevent a possible loss of value by selling the name at foreclosure. At Mike Mann's request the domain was brought to Sedo to be auctioned.

On October 20, 2010, Sedo reportedly completed the auction, filing in a California court that it had approved the sale for $13 million to a Clover Holdings LTD. A bankruptcy hearing was held on October 27, 2010 to determine if the sale was finalized and approved by all creditors. On November 18, 2010, Sedo confirmed the new sale price in a press release, and marked the previous sale at $11.5 million, negating the claimed $14 million buying price published in 2006.

References

External links

StartUp podcast episode about the case

American erotica and pornography websites
American social networking websites
Internet properties established in 1994
Domain names

Sex.com


The Orroral Valley tracking station was an Earth station in Australia, supported Earth-orbiting satellites, as part of NASA's Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STADAN). It was located approximately 50 km south of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and was one of three tracking stations in the ACT, and seven in Australia.

Construction of the site commenced shortly after site selection in 1963 and was completed in May 1965. It was home to a 26 m antenna and several smaller VHF and microwave frequency antennas.

The main requirement of the station, as distinct from the long-range communication tasks of Tidbinbilla and Honeysuckle Creek, was to be able to quickly switch from supporting one satellite to another. The signal received from satellites in Earth orbit are relatively strong but view periods are short, a few minutes being typical. Many of the supported satellites used different systems for transmitting data, or for receiving commands so the station had to cope with a variety of equipment for support of the individual satellites. Data from the satellites were recorded on magnetic tape and air-freighted to the United States for study.

The station supported the joint Apollo-Soyuz project in 1975, which saw American astronauts and Soviet cosmonauts link in Earth orbit and conduct joint experiments in space. In April 1981, Orroral tracking station supported the Space Shuttle Columbia. It provided telecommunication support to Space Shuttle missions until its closure in 1985.

The 26 m telescope was moved in 1985 to Tasmania, Australia, and now forms the core of the Mount Pleasant Radio Observatory run by the School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Tasmania.

In 2018, Orroral Valley Tracking Station was the endpoint for the annual ANU Inward Bound.

In 2019, a paraglider landed at the Orroral Valley Tracking Station and was promptly attacked by a wild kangaroo. The pilot suffered no injuries from the attack.

See also
 Spacecraft Tracking and Data Acquisition Network
 Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex
 Carnarvon Tracking Station
 Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station

References

Apollo program facilities
Space Shuttle facilities
NASA facilities in Australia
NASA radio communications and spacecraft tracking facilities
Earth stations in the Australian Capital Territory
1965 establishments in Australia
1985 disestablishments in Australia

Orroral Valley Tracking Station


Larry Turner (January 16, 1939 – November 27, 2009) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1985 until his death. He represented the 85th district, which is composed of part of Shelby County.

Turner was a member of the Consumer and Employee Affairs Committee, the House Education Committee, the House K-12 Subcommittee, the House Consumer Affairs Subcommittee, the House Employee Affairs Subcommittee, and the Joint TACIR Committee. Turner was also the Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus. He is a former chairman of the Shelby County Delegation.

Turner was born in 1939 in West Memphis, Arkansas. He graduated from Memphis State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting and Real Estate. He was the owner of the Larry Turner and Associates Realty Company. He was also a veteran of the U.S. Air Force.

Turner died November 27, 2009 at Methodist University Hospital following a short, unexpected illness and laid to rest at West Tennessee Veterans Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

References

1939 births
2009 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
20th-century American politicians
African-American state legislators in Tennessee
20th-century African-American politicians
21st-century African-American people

Larry Turner (politician)