William Orison Valentine (May 9, 1862– February 2, 1928) was an innovative educator and missionary in service of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society  who established and served as first president of Jaro Industrial School, now Central Philippine University. He ministered for some thirty years in Asia, first in Burma starting in 1895 and in the Philippines from 1904 until his death in 1928 at the age of 65.

Biography

Early life

Valentine was born in Spencer, New York on May 9, 1862, the son of William Valentine, a farmer and horse breeder and Electa Brown Valentine. After taking the normal course at Mansfield Normal School in Pennsylvania, he taught school for four years and then enrolled at the Colgate Theological Seminary. After completing his studies, he joined the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society and was sent to Burma – first in 1895 to Rangoon, then to Mandalay where he became principal of the Baptist Mission High School for Boys. During his eighth year in Burma he suffered severe sunstroke and returned to America for treatment. It was during his treatment that he met his future wife, nurse Ina Jane Van Allen.

Missionary work in the Philippines

Iloilo province

Valentine and Miss Van Allen were married in 1903 and the couple left for his new appointment in Iloilo in the Philippines, few years after when the country was opened to Protestant American missions in 1898. The American Baptist Mission Union had received a grant from American industrialist and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller to begin educational work in the Philippines, and the Philippine Baptist Conference voted in December 1904 to establish two schools, an industrial school for boys and a Bible school to train ministers and other Christian workers under the administration of Valentine. In the fall of 1905 the Jaro Industrial School was opened as a free vocational boarding school for boys at Jaro, in Iloilo City. The first class consisted of 20 boys who worked four hours a day to pay their tuition, room and board, and spent four hours in the classroom. One of the school's innovations was the adoption of student self-government (the first in the Philippines) known as the Jaro Industrial School Republic modeled on American civil government. The Republic continues to this day at Central Philippine University which evolved from the Industrial School over the years. By 1907 there were 300 boys working an active farm and in various trades, and the Bible school had been split off under a separate principal. Mrs. Valentine was active in school affairs and taught some courses. She also cared for the three Valentine children born in Iloilo between 1904 and 1913. In 1913 the school opened its doors to girls; it was fully incorporated by the Philippine government and enrolled 740 students. From the beginning it served poor students who could not afford schooling otherwise.

In 1914, Valentine returned to America with his family to further his studies. In America he studied at Valparaiso University, where he received a degree in education, and at the University of Chicago, where he presented a master's thesis in the department of practical theology. His thesis, Moral and Religious Values of Industrial Education, recounted the success of work-study schooling at Jaro and other schools in Burma, South Africa and India which had developed a similar philosophy of institutional self-support through the work of students.

Meanwhile, Jaro Industrial School continued to grow, and in 1953 it became Central Philippine University. In 2005, Central, had enrolled over 13,000 students at all academic levels. It currently has more than 50 academic programs and holds business and accountancy classes in Vietnam.

Negros Occidental province
With the completion of his studies in 1916, Valentine received a new appointment as Provincial Missionary for Negros Occidental, an island neighboring Iloilo in the Philippines. He and his family went to Bacolod, the capital of the province, where he assumed the pastorship of the Bacolod mission church. He built a new mission house to replace the small chapel and encouraged Filipino lay ministers to preach at Sunday services. There were also dormitories for both boys and girls who attended public schools and received a Christian education at the mission. Valentine set about to open new churches and private schools in Bacolod and throughout the province. Mrs. Valentine taught kindergarten in the Bacolod school, and both education and the ministry thrived during the eleven years that Valentine served there.

Death
On February 2, 1928, Valentine died in Bacolod of malaria complicated by heart disease and was buried at the Philippine American Cemetery in Jaro, Iloilo City. Mrs. Valentine returned to America, and bought a home offered by the Baptist Mission Society in Granville, Ohio, across the street from Denison University where all three Valentine children studied. She died on March 27, 1979, aged 100.

Legacy

Filipinos remember Valentine's vital role in fostering Christian education in the Visayas. In 1969 he received a posthumous Honorary Doctorate in Pedagogy from the Central Philippine University in Iloilo City. The university honored him further on October 1, 2005, when Central Philippine University celebrated its Founder's Day with the unveiling of a bronze bust of Valentine at Old Valentine Hall. In Negros, the Bacolod Evangelical Church and the Bacolod Christian College as well as schools and missions throughout the province are outgrowths of Valentine's work.

See also
 List of presidents of Central Philippine University

References

Further reading

William Orison Valentine, Moral and Religious Values of Industrial Education (M.A. Thesis, University of Chicago, 1916).
Roque Granada, William O. Valentine, in Half a Century of Service, Souvenir Journal of the Golden Jubilee Year (Central Philippine University, Iloilo, 1959), p. 48.
Linnea A. Nelson and Elma S. Herradura, Scientia et Fides. The Story of Central Philippine University, (Central Philippine University, Iloilo, 1981).
Ina Van Allen Valentine, An Oral History, (Recorded in 1969 and printed by Alpine Vista Press, Longmont, Colorado, 2000).
Angel F. Lobaton, Sr., The Beautiful American, (Bacolod, 1981).
Marilyn E. Peterson, Forshee's Legacy to the Philippines, (Prescott Pr., Lafayette, Louisiana, 1995).
Reinaldo M. Nolido, History of the Church, in Bacolod Evangelical Church Book of Remembrance 1902–2002 (Bacolod, 2002).
The Central Time 1905-2005, Centennial Yearbook of Central Philippine University (Iloilo,  2005).
Juanito M. Acanto, The Work-Study Service Program: Centennial Legacy of Central Philippine University, Manila Bulletin, Oct. 2, 2005, p. 11.

References

External links
Brief Biography of WO Valentine from The Centennial Echo, Central Philippine University, 2004
Founder's Day Celebration at Central Philippine University, October 1, 2005

1862 births
1928 deaths
People from Spencer, New York
Baptist missionaries in the Philippines
Baptist missionaries in Myanmar
Valparaiso University alumni
Baptist missionaries from the United States
Central Philippine University
Deaths from malaria
Colgate University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
American expatriates in Myanmar
American expatriates in the Philippines
Presidents of universities and colleges in the Philippines
Missionary educators
Visayan people
Baptists from New York (state)
Educators from New York (state)
19th-century Baptists

William Valentine


Neognathae are birds in the subclass Neornithes. The Neognathae include almost all living birds: their sister taxon Palaeognathae has just the tinamou and the flightless ratites.

There are nearly 10,000 species of neognaths. Since the Cretaceous they have undergone an adaptive radiation. This has produced the variety of form, function, and behavior which we see today. The Passeriformes (perching birds) are the largest order of land vertebrates. They are some 60% of living birds.

The neognaths have fused hand bones, an elongate third finger, and 13 or fewer vertebrae. They differ from the Palaeognathae in features like the structure of their jawbones. "Neognathae" means "new jaws" but, ironically, paleognath jaws are one of the few derived) features of that group.

Birds

Neognathae


Edmund Ignatius Rice, F.P.M., C.F.C. (; 1 June 1762 – 29 August 1844) was a Catholic missionary and educationalist. He was the founder of two religious institutes of religious brothers: the Congregation of Christian Brothers and the Presentation Brothers.

Rice was born in Ireland at a time when Catholics faced oppression under Penal Laws enforced by the British authorities, though reforms began in 1778 when he was a teenager. He forged a successful career in business and, after an accident that killed his wife and left his daughter disabled and with learning difficulties, thereafter devoted his life to the education of the poor.

Christian Brothers and Presentation Brothers schools around the world continue to follow the traditions established by Edmund Rice (see: List of Christian Brothers schools).

Early life and education

Edmund Ignatius Rice was born to Robert Rice and Margaret Rice (née Tierney) on the farming property of "Westcourt", in Callan, County Kilkenny. Edmund Rice was the fourth of seven sons, although he also had two half-sisters, Joan and Jane Murphy, the offspring of his mother's first marriage.

Rice's education, like that of every other Irish Catholic of the day, was greatly compromised by the 1709 amendment to the Popery Act, which decreed that any public or private instruction in the Catholic faith would render teachers liable to prosecution, a measure that was not reformed until 1782. In this environment, hedge schools proliferated. The boys of the Rice family obtained education at home through Patrick Grace, a member of the small community of Augustinian friars in Callan. As a young man, Rice spent two years at a school which, despite the provisions of the penal laws, the authorities suffered to exist in the City of Kilkenny.

His uncle Michael owned a merchant business in the nearby port town of Waterford. In 1779 Edmund was apprenticed to him, moving into a house in the market parish of Ballybricken, entering the business of trading livestock and other supplies, and the supervising of loading of victuals onto ships bound for the British colonies. Michael Rice died in 1785, and this business passed to Edmund. He was an active member of a society established in the city for the relief of the poor. His favourite charity was the Sick and Indigent Roomkeepers' Association whose members visited the sick poor in their homes. He was also introduced to Jesuit spirituality when he joined the "Waterford group" of young men who met for prayer and reading at the "Little Chapel", now St Patrick's Catholic Church in Jenkin's Lane.

In about 1785 he married a young woman (perhaps Mary Elliott, the daughter of a Waterford tanner). Little is known about their married life, and Mary died in January 1789 following an accident, possibly by a fever that set in afterwards. The circumstances surrounding this accident are unclear, but she may have fallen off a horse that she was riding, or been thrown out of a carriage by panicking horses. Mary was pregnant at the time, and a daughter was born on her deathbed. The daughter (also named Mary) was born handicapped. Edmund Rice was left a widower, with an infant daughter in delicate health.

Vocation and beginnings
Following his wife's death, he began discerning a vocation to join a monastery, perhaps in France. One day, while discussing his vocation with the sister of Thomas Hussey, the Bishop of Waterford, a band of ragged boys passed by. Pointing to them, she cried:"What! Would you bury yourself in a cell on the continent rather than devote your wealth and your life to the spiritual and material interest of these poor youths?"After settling his business affairs in 1802, Rice devoted his life to prayer and charitable work, particularly with the poor and marginalised of Waterford. In 1802, when he established a makeshift school in a converted stable in New Street, Waterford, he found the children were so difficult to manage that the teachers resigned. This prompted him to sell his thriving business to another prominent Catholic merchant, a Mr Quan, and devote himself to training teachers who would dedicate their lives to prayers and to teaching the children free of charge. Despite the difficulties involved, Edmund's classes were so popular that another temporary school had to be set up on another of his properties, this time in nearby Stephen Street.

The turning point of Rice's ministry was the arrival of two young men, Thomas Grosvenor and Patrick Finn, from his hometown of Callan. They came to him with the desire of joining a congregation, but had not decided which they would join. As it turned out, they remained to teach at Edmund Rice's school and formed their own. The subsequent success of the New Street school led to a more permanent building, named "Mount Sion", where construction began on 1 June 1802. The Mount Sion monastery was officially blessed by Bishop Hussey on 7 June 1803. Since the schoolhouse was not yet completed, Rice, Finn, and Grosvenor took up residence but walked each day from Mount Sion to their schools on New Street and Stephen Street. On 1 May 1804, the adjoining school was opened and blessed by Hussey's successor, Bishop John Power, and their pupils transferred to the new building.

Thanks to the appeals of some of Rice's more influential friends, a request made to the local Church of Ireland bishop for a school licence was eventually granted. By 1806 Christian schools were established in Waterford, Carrick-on-Suir, and Dungarvan.

Foundation of the Christian Brothers and Presentation Brothers
In 1808, seven of the staff including Edmund Rice took religious vows under the authority of Bishop Power of Waterford. Following the example of Nano Nagle's Presentation Sisters, they were called Presentation Brothers. This was the first congregation of men to be founded in Ireland and one of the few ever founded by a layman. Gradually, a transformation took place amongst the "quay kids" of Waterford, largely attributed to Edmund and his brothers' work, who educated, clothed and fed the boys. Other bishops in Ireland supplied Edmund Rice with men, and these he prepared for the religious life and a life of teaching. In this way, the Presentation Brothers spread throughout Ireland.

However, the communities were under the bishop's control in each diocese rather than Edmund Rice, which created problems when Brothers were needed to be transferred from one school to another. Rice sought approval from Pope Pius VII for the community to be made into a pontifical congregation with a Superior General. He obtained this in 1820.  The Pope's brief specified that the members were to be bound by vows of obedience, chastity, poverty and perseverance, and to give themselves to the free instruction, religious and literary, of male children, especially the poor. The heads of houses were to elect a Superior General; Rice held this office from 1822 to 1838, and he was then able to move brothers across diocesan boundaries to wherever they were most needed. During this time the institution extended to several English towns (especially in Lancashire), and the course of instruction grew out of the primary stage.

In the 1820s further difficulties emerged owing to the expansion of the society and its becoming two distinct congregations. From this time on they were called Christian Brothers and the Presentation Brothers. The motto of the Christian Brothers was: "The Lord has given, and the Lord has taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord forever" (Job 1: 21).

In 1828, the North Richmond Street house and schools in Dublin were established by Rice, the foundation stone being laid by the politician Daniel O'Connell. The building housed the Brothers' headquarters for many years and the present residence incorporates the original house built by Rice, who lived here for several years beginning in 1831.

Later life and death

In February 1838, Edmund Rice left the North Richmond Street community and returned to Mount Sion in Waterford. Aged seventy-six, and by now in poor health, he wrote to the different communities calling for a General Chapter to elect a new Superior General. The chapter, which opened on 24 July 1838, resulted in the election of Michael Paul Riordan as Rice's successor.

From this time on, Edmund Rice spent an increasing proportion of his time at Mount Sion and the adjoining school, showing a continued interest in the pupils and their teachers. He would also take a short walk each day on the slope of Mount Sion, but his increasingly painful arthritis led the community superior, Joseph Murphy, to purchase a wheelchair for his benefit. At Christmas time, 1841, Rice's health took a turn for the worse, and even though expectations of his imminent death did not turn out to be justified, he was increasingly confined to his room.

After living in a near-comatose state for more than two years (in the constant care of a nurse since May 1842), Rice died at 11 a.m. on 29 August 1844 at Mount Sion, Waterford, where his remains lie in a casket to this day. Large crowds filled the streets around his house in Dublin to honour him.

Beatification and legacy

The first attempt to introduce Rice's cause to sainthood was in 1911 by Mark Hill who travelled Waterford and other parts of Ireland collecting statements from people as to why they thought Rice should be made a saint, but very little progress was made. The cause was taken up by Pius Noonan, who was the superior general at the time. With the help of Giovanni Battista Montini (the future Pope Paul VI), the cause was officially opened in Dublin in 1957.

In 1976, the Historical Commission of the Dublin Archdiocese recommended that Rice's cause be brought to Rome, and the Holy See agreed to look into it. Three brothers had the burden of investigating archives and collecting evidence as to why Rice should be declared a saint: Mark Hill, David Fitzpatrick and Columba Normoyle.

As a result of these investigations and the examination in Rome of the results, on 2 April 1993, Pope John Paul II approved the pursual of the Roman phase of the cause, declaring Edmund Rice to be venerable. Two years later, the same Pope approved a miracle attributed to Edmund Rice's intercession. The miracle occurred in 1976, when Kevin Ellison of Newry, had been given only 48 hours to live due to complications from a gangrenous colon, and an apparent lack of viable colon tissue (a conclusion reached by five doctors after hours in surgery). A family friend, Christian Brother Laserian O'Donnell, gave Ellison's parents a relic of Edmund Rice. Many friends prayed for a miracle through the intercession of Rice and a special Mass was offered for Ellison's recovery. Only the relic of Edmund Rice was placed at the bedside of the dying man. The latter survived the 48-hour period during which he was supposed to die, and more besides. Upon investigation, surgeons discovered a considerable length of the previously undetected colon. Ellison fully recovered after a few weeks.

These events paved the way for Rice's beatification on 6 October 1996 by Pope John Paul II. His official feast day is 5 May.

A segment of his kneecap (in a reliquary) is on display in the new sports hall at St. Joseph's College in Stoke-on-Trent, "part of the Edmund Rice family of schools, founded by the Christian Brothers and following the charism of Blessed Edmund Rice."

The Edmund Rice Centre is an Australian not-for-profit organisation established in 1996 that promotes human rights, social justice, and eco-justice, performing research, and using advocacy and community education to achieve its aims. It focuses especially on Indigenous Australians and other indigenous peoples, reconciliation in Australia, asylum seekers in Australia and elsewhere, and Pacific Islanders who are being affected by climate change.

See also
Edmund Rice Camps
Saint Edmund Ignatius Rice, patron saint archive

References

Further reading
 Dáire Keogh, Edmund Rice, 1762–1844 (Four Courts Press: Blackrock, Ireland, 1996)
 Dáire Keogh, Edmund Rice and the first Christian Brothers (Four Courts Press, 2008)
 M.C. Normoyle, A Tree is Planted: The Life and Times of Edmund Rice (Congregation of Christian Brothers: n.l., 1976)
 A.L. O'Toole, A Spiritual Profile of Edmund Ignatius Rice (The Burleigh Press: Bristol, 1984)
 A.l O'Toole,  A Religious Profile of Edmund Ignatius Rice  (The Burleigh Press: Bristol, 1985)

External links
 Presentation Brothers' official website
 Edmund Rice Network International
 St. Francis Xavier Province Australia
 Edmund Rice Oceania
 Presentation Brothers
 Edmund Rice Network New Zealand
 Edmund Rice Development Ireland

1762 births
1844 deaths
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Irish beatified people
People from Callan, County Kilkenny
Irish educators
Congregation of Christian Brothers
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Irish Christian Brothers

Edmund Ignatius Rice


Claude Sautet (23 February 1924 – 22 July 2000) was a French film director and screenwriter.

He was a chronicler of post-war French society. He made a total of five films with his favorite actress Romy Schneider.

Biography
Born in Montrouge, Hauts-de-Seine, France, Sautet first studied painting and sculpture before attending a film university in Paris where he began his career and later became a television producer. His first movie, Hello Smile! (originally Bonjour Sourire) was released in 1956.

He earned international attention with The Things of Life (Les choses de la vie, 1970), which he wrote and directed, like the rest of his later films. Featuring Michel Piccoli in the male lead, it was shown in competition at the 1970 Cannes Festival. The film also revived the career of Romy Schneider; she acted in several of Sautet's later films. In his next film Max and the Junkmen (Max et les Ferrailleurs, 1971) Schneider played a prostitute, while in César and Rosalie (César et Rosalie, 1972) she portrayed a married woman who copes with the reappearance of an old flame.

Vincent, François, Paul and the Others (Vincent, Paul, François, et les Autres, 1974) is one of Sautet's most acclaimed films. Four middle-class men meet in the country every weekend mainly to discuss their lives. As well as Piccoli, it featured Yves Montand, Gérard Depardieu, and Stéphane Audran. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian in a 2020 tribute article to Michel Piccoli thought it was "arguably the best" of the "five very well-regarded movies" on which the actor and director collaborated. Sautet achieved even further critical success with Mado (1976).

His film A Simple Story (Une Histoire simple, 1978) was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The film featured Schneider again, this time as a dissatisfied working woman in her 40s. She won the César Award for Best Actress for her performance.

In the 1980s, he made only two films Waiter! (Garçon!, 1983), a drama starring Yves Montand as a middle-aged waiter, and the comedy A Few Days with Me (Quelques Jours Avec Moi, 1988).

Claude Sautet won the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival and the César Award for Best Director for A Heart in Winter (Un cœur en hiver, 1992) and received the César once more for Nelly and Mr. Arnaud (Nelly et Monsieur Arnaud, 1995). Both films starred Emmanuelle Béart. Apart from his own directing, he also wrote screenplays for other directors.

Claude Sautet died of liver cancer in Paris in 2000 and was buried there in the Montparnasse Cemetery.

Filmography (Director)
 (1955)
 (1960)
 (1965)
 (1970)
 (1971)
 (1972)
 (1974)
Mado (1976)
 (1978)
 (1980)
 (1983)
 (1988)
 (1992)
 (1995)

Filmography (Writer)
 (1959), directed by Georges Franju (also first assistant director)
 (1963), directed by Jacques Deray
Peau de banane (1963), directed by Marcel Ophüls
 That Tender Age (1964), directed by Gilles Grangier
Échappement libre (1964), directed by Jean Becker
 (1965), directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau
 (1967), directed by Alain Cavalier
 (1970), directed by Jacques Deray
 (1971), directed by Jean-Paul Rappeneau
 (1988), directed by José Giovanni

Filmography (other)
Patrick Dewaere (1992), documentary of Marc Esposito

References

External links

Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database

1924 births
2000 deaths
People from Montrouge
French film directors
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in France
Best Director César Award winners

Claude Sautet


Antoni Pająk (; 31 July 1893, Bestwina - 25 November 1965, London) was a Polish socialist (member of the Polish Socialist Party) politician, who served as 39th Prime Minister of Poland and 9th Prime Minister in exile for nearly ten years (1955-1965).

From 1914 until 1917 he was a member of Polish Legions, led by Józef Piłsudski. In later years (1918-1919) he served in new Polish Armed Forces, created after independence.

He joined PPS in 1919. From 1920 until 1937 he was a member of party leadership. He also served as Sejm Member from 1928 to 1930.

In 1940 he was arrested by Soviets and imprisoned in a labour camp in Siberia. After reestablishment of Polish-Soviet relations following Germany's attack on USSR, he was released and became diplomatic representative of the exile government in Sakha Republic.  He was expelled in 1942 and was transported to Iran, where he was (1943-1945) a representative to Polish Armed Forces in exile. From Iran he moved to Mandate Palestine and finally to London.

He became an active politician in exile. From 10 September 1955 to 14 June 1965 he was a Prime Minister in exile. He died shortly after leaving office.

External links
 Biography from the Polish Prime Minister official site
 Larger biography with several photos

1893 births
1965 deaths
People from Bielsko County
Prime Ministers of Poland
Polish socialists
Polish deportees to Soviet Union
Polish people detained by the NKVD
Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom

Antoni Pająk


Mestizo (meh-STEE-tzo) is a Spanish term for a person who is of mixed European (usually Spanish) and Amerindian ancestry.

Mestizos have existed since the time when Spain controlled much of what is now Latin America. A mestizo was usually the son of a Spanish father and a Native American mother. Mestizos form the largest part of the population in some Latin American nations, a large minority of mestizos makes up most of the population in Mexico, which is the Spanish-speaking nation with the largest population in the world.

During the colonial era, many Native Americans were converted to Roman Catholicism and began using the Spanish language instead of their traditional one. This was because of the concept that existed in the Spanish colonies which gave more "value" to European people over Native Americans and Africans. Because of this, many Native Americans gained better social status by calling themselves "mestizos" instead of "indios."

Indo-Mestizo
Indo-Mestizo (also known as Cholo) is a Spanish term for a person who is around 3/4 Native American and 1/4 Caucasian ancestry and an unfortunate derogatory term used by the European cast system for racial discrimination against Original Native people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta

Indo-Mestizos term is a racial slur used  mostly to discriminate against Original Native people  in Eastern and Southern Mexico, much of Northern Central America,in South American West Pacific Side Ecuador, Peru, Chile Colombia and Bolivia

Indo-Mestizos usually have more Native American traits, but may have a light pigmentation with completely Native American features, or a dark pigmenation with some obvious Caucasian features.

Famous Indo-Mestizos include Maya Zapata, George Lopez, and Danny Trejo. They are so called because of their appearance, not because of known genetic background.

Native Americans

Ethnic groups

Mestizo


The Battle of Ginnis (also known as the Battle of Gennis) was a minor battle of the Mahdist War that was fought on December 30, 1885, between soldiers of the Anglo-Egyptian Army and warriors of the Mahdist State. The battle was caused by the Mahdist blockade of the Ginnis-Kosha Fort, which British commanders hoped to relieve.

The fighting resulted in a British victory that is principally remarkable as the last battle that was certainly fought by the British Army in red coats, although a Maxim battery from the Connaught Rangers may have fought in red at the Battle of Ferkeh in 1896.

Background

Situation
In 1884, a Sudanese Islamic religious leader and self proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad, planned and executed a series of attacks that left a British general, William Hicks, and thousands of ill-trained Egyptian soldiers dead at the hands of his supporters who he called the Ansār. Sudan was controlled by an Anglo-Egyptian administration. After it was decided that something must be done, General Charles Gordon was sent by the British government to be the Egyptian Army's Governor-General there. Gordon and his aide, Colonel John Donald Hamill Stewart, carried orders from both governments to evacuate the town from the Mahdi. Instead, Gordon built up the town's defenses and prepared for a siege. The British government sent two relief columns, the slow River Column and the mobile Desert Column, to rescue Gordon, Stewart and the Egyptian garrison. After both columns won hard-fought battles in Kirbekan and Abu Klea, respectively, Stewart was found to have been killed by wandering Arabs north of Khartoum after his steamboat ran aground, and Khartoum was found to have been fallen. Gordon was killed, and the columns retreated, leaving behind a series of forts.

One of the forts was near the towns of Kosha and Ginnis, in northern Sudan, where a detachment of Cameron Highlanders and Egyptian-Sudanese troops from the Ninth Sudanese Battalion were stationed. Thousands of Mahdist warriors, led by their provincial amirs, began raiding in the vicinity of Ginnis. They besieged the fort, the garrison's Gardner gun was once dismounted by a Mahdist artillery barrage. General Evelyn Wood, the British commander in Egypt and the sirdar (commander) of the Egyptian Army, became concerned about the siege and the raids and ordered Major General Francis Grenfell, with a force of two infantry brigades and a cavalry brigade, to rid the area of Mahdists.

Grenfell's force
The First Brigade consisted of the First Berkshires, the West Kent Regiment, the Second Durham Light Infantry, an Egyptian artillery battery escorted by 60 Egyptian troops and a Royal Engineer detachment. The brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Butler. Colonel Huyshe's Second Brigade was composed of the Yorkshire Regiment, six companies of the Cameron Highlanders, 152 Sudanese soldiers, 278 men of the 1st Egyptian Battalion, a mule battery of the Royal Artillery and detachments from both the British Camel Corps and its Egyptian counterpart. Three Gardner guns were also brought along by the Second Brigade. The cavalry brigade, led by Colonel Blake, was formed by another detachment of the Egyptian Camel Corps, a British Mounted Infantry company and 57 Egyptian cavalrymen. Some of the British troops were dressed in scarlet coats, but the Durham Light Infantry had left their red coats in Cairo before they headed south and were wearing khaki. The Egyptians were dressed in white or khaki. Some Egyptian officers preferred their traditional blue coat. British soldiers and officers wore white sun helmets, and the Egyptians wore red fezes.

Battle

Opening clashes
At 5:00 on the morning of December 30, 1885, General Grenfell and his troops marched out of their bivouack, which was between the Ginnis-Kosha fort and a smaller fort further south on the Nile. The First Brigade was at the head of the column, and the Camel Corps and Second Brigade followed. The Second Brigade took up positions overlooking Kosha, and the fort garrison, seizing the opportunity, sortied and stormed the town. On the Nile, the steamer Lotus, which had mounted a Gardner gun, reported that a large body of Mahdists were moving out of Ginnis in the direction of Grenfell's column. The Camerons and Sudanese, followed by the Second Brigade and covered by the Lotus, moved to investigate and counter the threat.

Main battle
As the Second Brigade fought through the palm groves near Ginnis, Mahdist riflemen fired several volleys at the First Brigade. Although the firing was inaccurate, the smoke that it created allowed spearmen to surprise the Camel Corps. In the ensuing skirmish, that detachment was forced to withdraw, but the Durham Light Infantry moved forward and repulsed the Mahdist attack.

As the First Brigade prepared to attack the main Mahdist camp near Ginnis, the Second Brigade entered the town itself. Fighting their way through the streets, they took control of it. Nearby, the First Brigade's attack forced the Mahdists to retreat from their camp and pull back into the Atab Defile. Grenfell then ordered Colonel Blake's cavalry brigade to dislodge the Arabs in the Defile. After the Mounted Infantry took the Atab Defile with a bayonet charge, a general pursuit began, but Blake halted his men and the Mahdists fled to the desert.

As the First Egyptian Battalion marched through Kosha, the men noticed that some of the Mahdists, probably seeking shelter during the retreat from the town, had holed up, with their weapons, in a house. With a screw gun from the Mule Battery covering them, the Egyptians stormed the house. That encounter marked the end of the battle.

Aftermath
The Anglo-Egyptian victory at Ginnis effectively ended the First Sudan Campaign and the first third of the Mahdist War, which had begun with the destruction of an Egyptian force near Fashoda in 1881. A few more campaigns, mainly defensive or relief operations, were fought until a large Anglo-Egyptian army, commanded by both Sirdar Sir Herbert Kitchener, a former intelligence officer, and General Sir Reginald Wingate reconquered Sudan in a massive campaign from 1896 to 1898. Most Mahdist resistance ended after the large-scale Battle of Omdurman in 1898.

References

Savage and Soldier Online
Queen Victoria's Little Wars by Byron Farwell

External links
 Egypt 1882 - 1885. Sudan 1896-97 Lieutenant John Frederick Soltau - 1st Bn Berkshire Regiment

1885 in Sudan
Battles of the Mahdist War
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving Sudan
Conflicts in 1885
December 1885 events

Battle of Ginnis


Saint Augustine by the Sea Catholic Church is a parish of the Roman Catholic Church of Hawai'i in the United States.  It falls under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Honolulu and its bishop; it is staffed by the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. Located at 130 Ohua Avenue, adjacent to Kalākaua Avenue in Waikiki, Saint Augustine by the Sea ministers primarily to visitors, as Waikiki contains the highest number of domestic and international visitors in the State of Hawai'i.

The parish campus is the home of the Damien Museum which houses several relics of Saint Damien of Moloka'i and related historical artifacts.  A 20-minute video is shown about Father Damien and his work with Kalaupapa leprosy settlement.

The current clerics of the parish include Father Lane K. Akiona, SS.CC., pastor, and Father Lucius, SS.CC., parochial vicar.

History
Father Modestus Favens, SS.CC., was said to have built the first chapel in Waikiki as early as 1854.  The chapel was about twenty-feet by forty-feet with a steeple.  Mass was seldom said in this chapel - the predominant weekly activity was Sunday afternoon devotions and religious instruction.  In 1898, during the Spanish–American War, many American soldiers were encamped near Diamond Head.  At their request, Msgr. Gulstan Ropert, SS.CC., authorized the first Mass for these soldiers in the chapel.  The chapel was deemed much too small for continued military use and a temporary wooden frame structure was erected by the military authorities with a roof and open sides thatched with coconut palm fronds. Msgr. Ropert blessed the new structure and entrusted it to the care of Father Valentin Franckx, SS.CC.  Father Franckx later made improvements to the chapel by putting in flooring, galvanized roofing and lattice walls.  When the soldiers left, the community in Waikiki continued to frequent the chapel on Sundays when Father Valentin said Mass.

Ropert approved plans to build a more permanent church and in 1901, on the feast day of Saint Augustine, he dedicated the new church under the title of its festal namesake, as the carpenters took a break while the services were conducted.  Waikiki was being touted as a tourist destination and the number of parishioners and visitors continued to grow.  The church underwent enlargement in 1910, and 1925, essentially by cutting the building in two and moving the back to the beach.  In 1920, the church acquired a right-of-way access to Kalākaua Avenue.

Gallery

External links
 Official site
 Damien Museum

Augustine by the Sea
Museums in Honolulu
Biographical museums in Hawaii
Religious museums in Hawaii
Roman Catholic churches in Honolulu
Waikiki
1854 establishments in Hawaii
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1901
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States


The First Folio is the common name for the first collection of William Shakespeare's plays. It was published in 1623. Its title is Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies.  The collection was assembled by Shakespeare's theatrical colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell.

Four plays are missing: Pericles, Prince of Tyre, The Two Noble Kinsman, and the "lost plays" Cardenio and Love's Labours Won. It is believed about 750 copies were originally published. Two hundred twenty-eight remain in existence. The Folger Library in Washington, D. C. holds the most copies at 82. Copies that arrive at auction realize prices in the millions.

William Shakespeare
1620s books

First Folio


Thomas Knight Finletter (November 11, 1893 – April 24, 1980) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman.

Early life
Finletter was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Thomas Dickson Finletter and Helen Grill Finletter. He was the grandson of Thomas K. Finletter, for whom the Thomas K. Finletter School in Philadelphia is named.

He took his early education at The Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with both Bachelor of Arts degree in 1915 and bachelor of laws in 1920. He also served as editor-in-chief of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review.

Career
In World War I, he served with the 312th Field Artillery advancing to the rank of captain. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1920 and the New York Bar in 1921.

Finletter practiced law in New York until he began his government service in 1941, as a special assistant to Secretary of State Cordell Hull on international economic affairs. In 1943, he was appointed executive director and later deputy director of the Office of Foreign Economic Coordinator (OFEC). In this post, he was in charge of planning economic activities related to liberated areas and was in control of matters of foreign exchange and matters relating to the operations of the Alien Property Custodian. Finletter resigned his post in 1944, when the functions of OFEC were absorbed by the newly created Foreign Economic Administration.

In 1945, Finletter acted as consultant at the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco.

In the same year he was a cosigner of the "Declaration of the Dublin, N.H., Conference", a declaration on world peace issued by the Dublin Conference on World Peace. The declaration stated that the United Nations was inadequate to maintain world peace, and advocated a world federal government.

He returned back to public service July 18, 1947, when President Harry S. Truman established a temporary, five-man commission that inquired into all phases of aviation and drafted the national air policy report. This commission was sometimes known as "The Finletter Commission". Finletter served as chairman of the Air Policy Commission which, on January 1, 1948, sent to the president the report entitled "Survival in the Air Age."

Finletter was chief of the Economic Cooperation Administration's mission to the United Kingdom with headquarters in London, to which he had been appointed early in 1949.

Secretary of the Air Force
President Truman appointed Finletter as the second Secretary of the Air Force succeeding Stuart Symington on April 24, 1950, in which office he served until January 20, 1953.

In 1958, Finletter was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate from New York. He won the support of some liberal reformers, prominently including Eleanor Roosevelt, and was chosen as the Liberal Party's candidate, though the Democratic Convention preferred Frank Hogan. Finletter then withdrew from the Liberal ticket, endorsing Hogan.

Diplomatic service
President John F. Kennedy appointed Finletter to be the Ambassador to NATO to succeed William Henry Draper Jr. in 1961. He served in that office until 1965 when he was replaced by Harlan Cleveland.

Later life
In 1965, following his term as Ambassador to NATO, he retired from government service and returned to his law practice with the firm of Coudert Brothers, in New York City. In January 1967, he approached Senator Eugene McCarthy to see if he was interested in challenging Lyndon Johnson for the 1968 Democratic nomination for president, on the issue of the Vietnam War. McCarthy did go on to challenge Johnson, but failed to win the Democratic nomination. Finletter died on April 24, 1980.

Book
Interim Report on the U.S. Search for a Substitute for Isolation, W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York: 1968

Political and Professional Affiliations
Americans for Democratic Action
Council on Foreign Relations
United World Federalists
Delta Phi

See also
Pace-Finletter MOU 1952

Notes

References

The Truman Library
The Political Graveyard
U.S. Air Force, The Air and Space Power Journal
Declaration of the Dublin, N.H., Conference
Television News Archive, Vanderbilt University

External links

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1893 births
1980 deaths
United States Secretaries of the Air Force
Truman administration personnel
Permanent Representatives of the United States to NATO
United States Air Force officers
Episcopal Academy alumni
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
New York (state) lawyers
Pennsylvania lawyers
Lawyers from Philadelphia

Thomas K. Finletter


François C.H. Giguère (born June 24, 1963) was the former general manager and executive vice president of the Colorado Avalanche. He was promoted on May 24, 2006. He previously worked for the Dallas Stars as assistant general manager and, previous to that, he worked in the Avalanche organization as vice president of hockey operations for the 2001 season and as assistant general manager between 1995 and 2000. He also worked in the Quebec Nordiques organization between 1990 and 1995. He has won two Stanley Cups in his career with Colorado, 1996 and 2001. He was released from the Colorado Avalanche on Monday April 13, 2009.

External links
 Avalanche to announce Giguere as GM

1963 births
Living people
Colorado Avalanche executives
Dallas Stars executives
National Hockey League executives
National Hockey League general managers
People from Sainte-Foy, Quebec City
Quebec Nordiques personnel
Ice hockey people from Quebec City
Stanley Cup champions

François Giguère


The Humboldt-University of Berlin () is Berlin's first public university. It was founded by Wilhelm von Humboldt. He was the German Minister of Education at the time. Von Humboldt organized Germany's system of education which is still used today. The first building was donated by Frederick William III of Prussia. The University opened its doors in 1810 as the University of Berlin.

History
At the time of its founding in 1810, there was pressure to make the new university both practical and industrial. Von Humboldt wanted it to be a center for the pursuit of truth in learning. In the end he won out. The University was set up under his principles. In 1828 it was formally renamed the Frederick-William University. The university was named in honor of the reigning monarch, Frederick William III of Prussia.  The university offered the traditional faculties of law, medicine, theology and philosophy. Emperor William made several establishments at the University. One of these was the professorship of "American History". It is now called the "Theodore Roosevelt professorship". It required the position be filled by an American professor who must lecture in German. In an interview with then president Butler of Columbia University, a second professorship in Berlin was established with a lectures in English taught by a German professor.

From 1933 to 1945, under Nazism, the university lost many of its Jewish scholars and students. Some were killed. On May 10, 1933 many university books were burned. Before World War II Humboldt was still the major university in Berlin. After the war the university was greatly weakened. It reopened in  January 1946. It was in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Many students and faculty wanted to continue their education free of communist government control. With the help of the US Army and donations from the United States government, the Free University of Berlin was established in 1948 in West Berlin.

In 1949 the university was given its present name, Humboldt-University of Berlin (), to honor the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt. The university underwent a number of changes by the government of East Berlin in the 1950s. But it regained its importance as a major center of learning.

The university today
The university got its start reflecting the principles of the great educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt. It pioneered many new academic disciplines. In spite of its problems in the 20th century, the university has returned to its founding principles. There are 260 degree courses offered. The university has an academic staff of about 2,170 and 35,000 students. it is currently ranked 80th among the world's universities. It has been informally called "Berlin University" throughout its history. Also, informally, the "University of Linden" () after its location.

References

Other websites
 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Home page (in German)

1949 establishments in Germany
Colleges and universities in Berlin
Education in Berlin

Humboldt-University of Berlin


Mei Wu () a character featured within the classic Chinese novel Fengshen Yanyi.

Mei Wu has been a high-ranking officer under the renowned Shang Dynasty for many a year, and has gained great renown for his loyalty. Following Chong Houhu's coalition against the rebel leader, Su Hu, Mei Wu would be the right hand general serving under the Chong. After Chong finally arrived at the gates to Su Hu's Ji province, Mei Wu had been the first general to respond to the duke's call -- the capture of Su Hu.

When the renowned Mei Wu appeared before Su Hu, he could be seen riding atop a chestnut stallion, wearing bright golden armor, a Phoenix Wing's helmet, and a bright red robe with a lion-headed belt. After the son of Su Hu - Su Quanzhong - appeared as Su Hu's protecter, Mei Wu shouted these words at him: "Su Quanzhong! You, father and son, are committing a capital crime! You know the king's army can very easily overwhelm your region and destroy your ancestral shrine!" Thus, Mei Wu, who wielded a golden axe, charged at Quanzhong; a fine duel then ensued between the two great warriors. After the two warriors had fought for more than twenty rounds, Quanzhong finally found an opening and slashed Mei Wu off his horse with his spear. A major battle then ensued, resulting in the fleeing of Chong, and the death of the great Mei Wu.

Mei Wu was appointed as the deity of Tiankong Star (天空星) in the end.

Notes

References
 Investiture of the Gods - Chapter 2 (pages 21-22)

Investiture of the Gods characters

Mei Wu


Lazar Komarčić (Komartica, Pljevlja, 9/21. januar 1839 — Beograd, 9/22. januar 1909) je bio srpski novinar i književnik.

Biografija
Napisao je 1902. prvi srpski naučno-fantastični roman Jedna ugašena zvezda, koji se uz dramu Dragutina Ilića Posle milijon godina (1889) smatra za temelj moderne srpske naučne fantastike.

Roman Jedan razoreni um je 1893. nagradila je Srpska kraljevska akademija, a zapažena je bila i zbirka pripovedaka Zapisnik jednog pokojnika. Napisao je i romane "Dragocena ogrlica" (1880), "Dva amaneta" (1893), "Prosioci" (1905). Ovi romani imaju kriminalistički zaplet i spadaju među prve takve vrste na srpskom jeziku.

Za razliku od Žil Verna i H. Dž. Velsa gotovo da je potpuno zaboravljen. Društvo ljubitelja fantastike "Lazar Komarčić" neguje naučnu fantastiku i za ime svog društva je uzelo ime jednog od prvih ljudi koji su pisali naučnu fantastiku na srpskim i južnoslovenskim prostorima.

Reference

Spoljašnje veze
 Pavle Zelić, Vladimir Lazović: Lazar Komarčić — pionir naučne fantastike u Srbiji
 Božidar Kovačević: Lazar Komarčić Komarica (1839—1909)
 Biografija Lazara Komarčića

Evo prevod na engleskom za Wikipediju englesku:

Lazar Komarčić

Lazar Komarčić (Komartica, Pljevlja, 9 January 1839 -  Belgrade, Serbia, 9 January 1909)  is nowadays recognized as Serbian first science fiction novelist. He was a novelist, playwright and best known for his profound influence on what was to be become later the literary genres of science fiction and crime novels. He was the most read author during the turn of the century, according to literary critic Jovan Skerlić. Unfortunately, science fiction and crime novel writing at the begininning of the 20th century was not considered a literary pursuit and as time passed he was forgotten until the 1970s when his works were revived.

Biography

Lazar Komarčić was born in a small village of Komartica, near the town of Pljevlja, Serbia (then part of the Ottoman Empire), on the ninth of January 1839, to Milenko and Spasenija Komorica of Gornja Maoča in northeastern Bosnia. Lazar's uncle was killed by Turks and Milenko (Lazar's father) took revenge. He was captured and imprisoned in Pljevlja. After Milenko escaped, he took his wife and children and moved with kin in Valjevo. It was at this time that the family changed their surname to Komarčić. In Valjevo Lazar started school, but his parents soon both died. He moved to Belgrade where he studied at the Grande école (University of Belgrade).

A defining incident of Komarčić's life was the Turkish bombardment of Belgrade in 1862 that left him without three fingers. An incident erupted at Čukur ćesma when teenager Savo Petković, who was trying to get water at the fountain (ćesma) was shot and killed in cold blood by a Turkish soldier. That killing infurieted the citizens of Belgrade and a major conflict erupted between Serbs and Turkish occupying forces. Belgrade was then bombarded from Kalemegdan. During that bombardment by Turkish artillery from the Kalimegdan fortress, Komarčić at twenty-three held his ground together with the rest of Serbian insurgents. A Turkish grenade exploded near him causing him to loose three fingers on his right hand. What become known as the "Čukur ćesma conflict" brought the intervention of the European Powers and the Turks were eventually expelled from Belgrade.

After receiving that wound Komarčić decided to go into teaching, and from this time onwards he made writing his principal work.

To help out his sister he went to Crna Bara to buy and take over her business. After three or four years as a tavern-keeper he returned to Belgrade and began his literary career by contributing articles to a local journal, "Srbija". He also wrote for "Zbor". Eight of his novels were published at a time when Jules Verne, Camille Flammarion, and H. G. Wells were independenly working on the same genre. His most popular novel "Jedna ugasena zvezda" (One Extinguished Star) is heavily influenced by spiritism. Komarčić, like most writers of his generation, was influenced by Rufina Noeggerath (1821-1908), the famous Finnish spiritist who was known affectionately as "Bonne Maman" in her day.

Before the war of 1876 Komarčić took a leading place among the most radical section of Serbian politicians as an opponent of the "opportunists" who continued the policy of Svetozar Marković. In 1875 he became an editor of "Zbor", and worked with varying success to bring about the revision of the sentences passed on the so-called socialists.

Komarčić descriptive powers were of the highest order, and his style, pure of all affectations and embellishments, is of singular force and suppleness. He was as original a genius as Serbia produced during the turn of the century, the late 19th to the early 20th.

He died at Belgrade on the ninth of January 1909.

Works

Lazar Komarčić position in Serbian literature is unique. There was nothing like his type of novel before his time. Komarčić wrote in 1902 the first modern Serbian science fiction novel "Jedna ugasena zvezda" (One Extinguished Star), and in collaboration with Dragutin Ilic, a drama entitled "Posle milijon godina" (A Million Years From Now, 1888). Interestingly, the first science fiction drama on this planet was performed in Belgrade and published in the magazine Kolo in 1889. Both the novel and the drama are now considered the foundation of Serbian science fiction literature.

Also, Komarčić wrote such popular novels as "Dragocena ogrlica" (An Expensive Necklace) in 1880, "Dva Amaneta" in 1893, "Prosioci" (Beggers, 1905), "Jedan razoren um: i Zapisnik jednog pokojnika" (1908), "Mućenici za slobodu", "Pretci i potomci: istorijske slike iz postanja danasnje Srbije" (1905), "Bezdušnici" (Heartless Men, novel).

Legacy

His contribution to the genre as writer, along with the novelists Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, he is one person in Serbia sometimes called "The Father of Science Fiction". In his honor, awards are presented to authors of the best science fiction work by the "Društvo ljubitelja fanatstike "Lazar Komarčić". This Belgrade sci-fi fan club Lazar Komarčić continues to keep his name alive today.

References

Translated and adapted from Serbian Wikipedia: https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Komar%C4%8Di%C4%87

Srpski pisci
SF-pisci
Biografije, Pljevlja
Authority control

Lazar Komarčić


Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton, 1st Baronet (23 June 172725 February 1792) was a British naval officer who finished his career as a rear admiral in the Royal Navy and was ennobled as the first Baronet Bickerton of Upwood. He served in several naval engagements, and died Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth in 1792. His son Richard Hussey Bickerton, who likewise rose to flag rank in the Royal Navy, succeeded to the baronetcy following his death.

Naval career
Richard Bickerton was born on 23 June 1727 in Bridgnorth, the third son of a Lieutenant in the 4th Dragoon Guards. Educated at Westminster School, he joined the navy in 1739    and served aboard , , St George, ,  and , before being commissioned as a lieutenant on 8 February 1746 at the age of 18.  He served as a Lieutenant aboard the 60-gun fourth rate Worcester in 1748.  On 2 August 1758 he was appointed Master and Commander of the fireship Etna, and then on 21 August 1759 promoted to the rank of Captain and appointed to command the 74-gun third rate Culloden.  However, he was swiftly removed into the much smaller 20-gun sixth rate Glasgow, in command of which he sailed on 25 April 1760 for the West Indies.  Returning to England in 1761, he commanded the similar 20-gun Lively for a short while.

In 1767 Bickerton was appointed to command the 30-gun fifth rate Renown, again for employment to the West Indies.  At the start of 1771 he took command of the 74-gun third rate Marlborough, remaining in this post for nearly three years.  He was knighted on 24 June 1773.  He subsequently commanded the Royal yacht Princess Augusta, and from October 1776 the 74-gun third rate Terrible; while aboard the latter he captured the American privateer Rising States on 15 April 1777 while cruising off Ushant.  He was created a Baronet of Upwood on 29 May 1778, and while still commanding the Terrible distinguished himself at the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778.

In early 1780 Bickerton took command of the new 74-gun Fortitude, and later was re-appointed to the Royal yacht Princess Augusta, before hoisting his broad pendant — as a commodore — aboard the 80-gun Gibraltar in January 1782.  He sailed from England on 6 February 1782 in command of a squadron of six third rates and two frigates, escorting a convoy to India. In the Indian Ocean, he joined the fleet commanded by Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Hughes, and took part in the Battle of Cuddalore on 20 June 1783. Returning to England upon the conclusion of hostilities, he hoisted his broad pendant aboard the 50-gun fourth rate Jupiter for a brief period as Commander-in-Chief on the Leeward Islands Station in 1786.

Bickerton reached flag rank on 24 September 1787, when he was appointed Rear Admiral of the Blue, and was promoted to Rear Admiral of the White on 21 September 1790, at that time flying his flag aboard the 90-gun second rate Impregnable.  In the General Election of 1790, he was elected to the British House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Rochester in Kent, retaining that seat until his death from an apoplectic fit on 25 September 1792. At the time of his death he was Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, flying his flag in the 98-gun second rate St. George.

Family
In 1758 Bickerton had married Mary Anne Hussey, and the marriage produced two sons and two daughters, the former including Richard Hussey Bickerton, an equally successful naval officer who became the 2nd Baronet upon his father's death, and rose even further in the Navy's ranks to finish as Admiral of the Red.

References

Further reading
John Charnock, Biographia Navalis (London, 1798).
David Syrett and R. L. DiNardo, The Commissioned Sea Officers of the Royal Navy, 1660-1815. (Naval Records Society, 1994).

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|-

1727 births
1792 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1790–1796
Royal Navy rear admirals
People educated at Westminster School, London
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War

Sir Richard Bickerton, 1st Baronet


Anandalok Puraskar or Anandalok Awards ceremony is an award ceremony for Bengali film in India. The Anandalok, only film magazine in Bengali language, published from Ananda Publishers and Ananda Bazar Patrika presents this award (Puraskar). The magazine was started on 25 January 1975 and the awards ceremony was started in 1998.

Awards

Best Films
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Best Screenplay
Best Cinematographer
Best Art Director
Best Editor
Best Music Director
Best Lyricist
Best Male Playback
Best Female Playback
Best Make Up Man
Most Promising Director
Most Promising Actor
Most Promising Actress
Best Action Hero

Special awards

Hindi section

Anandalok Award for Best Actor (Hindi)
Anandalok Award for Best Actress (Hindi)
Anandalok Award for Best Film (Hindi)

Previous awards

2010
 Best Film – Le Chakka Srijan arts
 Best Director – Raj Chakraborty for Le chakka
 Best Hindi Feature Film – Rajneeti
 Best Actor (Hindi) – Abhishek Bachchan for Raavan
 Best Actress (Hindi) – Aishwarya Rai Bachchan for Raavan
 Best Bengali Actor – Dev for (Le chakka)
 Best Bengali Actress – Payel Sarkar for (Le chakka)
 Best Debut (Male)- Joy Mukherjee for Target
 Best Debut (Female) – Barkha Sengupta for  Dui Prithibi
 Best Music Director – Indradeep Dasgupta for Le chakka
 Lifetime Achievement Award – Sharmila Tagore2009
 Best Actress (Critics' Choice) – Rani Mukerji for Dil Bole Hadippa!
 Best Actor popular – Neil Nitin Mukesh for New York

2008
 Best Film – Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Best Director-Raj Chakraborty for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Best Actor-Rahul Banerjee for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Best Actress-Priyanka Sarkar for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Best Music-Jeet Ganguly for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Best Action Hero-Hiran Chatterjee for Nabab Nandini
 Best Actress (Hindi)- Prachi Desai for Rock On!!

 Best Film Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Chalo Let's Go
 Khela
 Nabab Nandini
 Kailashe Kelenkari
 Best Director Haranath Chakraborty for Nabab Nandini
 Raj Chakraborty for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Anjan Dutt for Chalo Let's Go
 Sandip Ray for  Kailashe Kelenkari
 Arjun Chakraborty for Tolly Lights
 Rituparno Ghosh for Khela
 Best Actor Prosenjit for Khela
 Sabyasachi Chakrabarty for  Kailashe Kelenkari
 Jisshu Sengupta for  Bor Asbe Ekhuni
 Rahul Banerjee for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Jeet for Krishnakanter Will
 Dev for Premer Kahini
 Best Actress Koyel Mullick for Nabab Nandini
 Subhashree Ganguly for Bajimaat
 Priyanka Sarkar for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Sreelekha Mitra for Tolly Lights
 Rituparna Sengupta for  Chander Bari
 Best Music Jeet Ganguly for Chirodini Tumi Je Amar
 Indradeep Dasgupta for Bor Asbe Ekhuni
 Neel Dutt for Chalo Let's Go
 Arundhuti Roychowdhury-Shibaji Chatterje for Chander Bari

2007

Own for 2007
 Best Film – Minister Fatakeshto
 Best Music – Pritam Chakraborty
 Lifetime Achievement Award – Moushumi Chatterjee
 Best Action Hero – Anubhav Mohanty for Kalishankar
 Best Actor- Mithun Chakraborty for Minister Fatakesto
 Best Actress- Rituparna Sengupta for Anuranan
 Best Actress (Hindi)-Vidya Balan for  Bhool Bhulaiyaa
 Best Debut- Subhashree Ganguly for Bajimaat

Nominated for 2007

2006
 Best Cinematography – Abhik Mukhopadhyay for Dosar
 Best Director – Prabhat Roy for Shubhodristi
 Best Film – Shubhodristi
 Best Music- Jeet Ganguly for Shubhodristi
 Best Playback Singer (Male)- Pranjal Bakshi for Bhalobasar Anek Naam
 Best Actor – Prasenjit for Dosar
 Best Actress – Sreelekha Mitra for Kantatar
 Best Upcoming Star (Female) – Koel Mallick for Shubhodristi
 Best Upcoming Star (Male)-Jeet for Priyotama
 Best Villain – Rajatava Dutta for M.L.A. Fatakesto
 Best Actress (Bollywood) – Rani Mukerji for Black
 Best Actor (Bollywood) – Amitabh Bachchan for Black
 Best Film (Bollywood) – Black

2005

 Best Director -Rituparno Ghosh for Antarmahal
 Best Film -Antarmahal
 Best Playback Singer (Female) -Shreya Ghoshal for Manik
 Best Playback Singer (Male) -sonu nigam for Bandhan
 Best Actor -Jeet for Manik
 Best Actress -Debashree Roy for Tista
 Best TV Serial – Bohnishikha
 Best Telefilm – Palatak
 Best Makeover – Sudipta Chakraborty
 Best Actress (Mega serial) – Indrani Halder (Bohnishikha)
 Best Actor (Mega serial) – Saswata Chattopadhyay (Ekdin Pratidin)
 Best Glamour Queen – Rituparna Sengupta
 Best Actress (Bollywood) – Rani Mukerji for Hum Tum
 Best Actor (Bollywood) — Abhishek Bachchan
 Best Film (Bollywood) – Veer-Zaara

2004

 Best Director: Anjan Das for Iti Srikanto
 Best Film : Aalo
 Best Playback Singer (Female):Arundhati Holme Chowdhury for  Aalo
 Best Playback Singer (Male):Babul Supriyo for Sangee
 Critics Choice :Koneenika Bandyopadhyay for Aabar Asibo Phire
 Lifetime Achievement Award : Ranjit Mallick
 Best Actor : Sabyasachi Chakrabarty for  Bombayer Bombete
 Best Actor (Hindi): Saif Ali Khan
 Best Actress : Vidya Balan for Bhalo Theko
 Best Actress (Hindi): Preity Zinta for Kal Ho Naa Ho
 Best Director (Hindi) : Rajkumar Hirani for Munnabhai M.B.B.S.
 Best Film (Hindi) : Munnabhai M.B.B.S.
 Best Newcomer (Hindi) : Ashmit Patel for Murder

2003
 Best Director : Buddhadeb Dasgupta for Mando Meyer Upakshan
 Best Playback Singer (Female) :Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta for Chokher Bali
 Best Playback Singer (Male):Srikanta Acharya for Aamar Bhuban
 Critics Choice : Konkana Sen Sharma for  Mr. and Mrs. Iyer
 Best Actor : Jeet for Sathi
 Best Actress: Aishwarya Rai for Chokher Bali
 Best Debut (Female): Rimi Sen for Hangama
 Best Debut (Male):Shahid Kapoor for Ishq Vishk
 Creator of the Most Outstanding Film of the Year: Rakesh Roshan for Koi... Mil Gaya
 Outstanding Music Director: Rajesh Roshan for Koi... Mil Gaya
 Outstanding Performance of the Year (Female): Kareena Kapoor for Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon
 Outstanding Performance of the Year (Male): Hrithik Roshan for Koi... Mil Gaya

2002
 Best Film: Dekha
 Best Playback Singer (Female): Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta for  Dekha
 Lifetime Achievement Award: Hema Malini
 Best Actor: Sabyasachi Chakrabarty for Ek Je Achhe Kanya
 Best Actress: Aparna Sen for Titlee
 Best Debut: Madhur Bhandarkar for Chandni Bar
 Editor's Choice: Dia Mirza and Vivek Oberoi

2001
 Lifetime Achievement Award- Sabitri Chattopadhyay & Shammi Kapoor Best Actor Mithun Chakraborty
 Best Actress Aparna Sen
 Editor's Choice Raveena Tandon

2000
 Best Screenplay Anjan Chowdhury Jiban Niye Khela
 Best Story Samaresh Majumdar Atmiyoswajan
 Lifetime Achievement Award Sunil Dutt
 Special Jury Award Indrani Dutta Swapno Niye
 Best Actress in a Supporting Role Rituparna Sengupta Atmiyoswajan
 Best Actor Soumitra Chatterjee AtmiyoswajanSoumitra Chatterjee Asukh
 Best Actress Indrani Haldar Anu
 Best Debut Shilajit Majumdar Asukh
 Editor's Choice Tabu Hu Tu Tu
 Voice of the Millennium Manna Dey

1999
 Best Art Direction = Rupchand Kundu Surya Kanya
 Best Cinematography Soumendu Roy Surya Kanya
 Best Director Biresh Chattopadhyay Surya Kanya
 Best Editing Arghakamal Mitra Dahan
 Best Film Dahan
 Best Lyrics Nachiketa Chakraborty Hathat Brishti
 Best Music Nachiketa Chakraborty Hathat Brishti
 Best Playback Singer (Female) Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta Surya KanyaSreeradha Bandhopadhaya Surya Kanya
 Best Playback Singer (Male) Kumar Sanu For Ami Sei Meye Best Screenplay Joy Mukherjee Sanghat
 Best Story Taposi Roychoudhury Surya Kanya
 Lifetime Achievement Award Tapan Sinha
 Special Jury Award Dolon Ray SanghatFirdous Ahmed Hathat Brishti
 Best Actor in a Supporting Role Manoj Mitra Hathat Brishti
 Best Actress in a Supporting Role Mamata Shankar Surya Kanya
 Best Actor Prasenjit Ranakshetra
 Best Actress Indrani Haldar DahanRituparna Sengupta Dahan
 Editor's Choice Jaya BachchanMithun Chakraborty
 Living Legend Rajesh Khanna
 Special Editor Award Jaya BachchanMithun Chakraborty

1998
 Best Art Direction Goutam Bose Moner Manush
 Best Cinematography Venu Lal Darja
 Best Director Buddhadeb Dasgupta Lal Darja
 Best Editing Oankar Bakri Gane Bhuban Bhoriye Debo
 Best Film Sedin Chaitramas
 Best Lyrics Jatileswar Mukhopadhyay DamuMohit Chottopadhayay Damu
 Best Music Jatileswar Mukhopadhyay DamuPartha Sengupta Damu
 Best Playback Singer (Female) Swagatalakshmi Dasgupta Sedin Chaitramas
 Best Playback Singer (Male) Kumar Sanu Gane Bhuban Bhoriye Debo'
 Best Screenplay Mohit Chottopadhaya Damu
 Best Story Bimal Kar Nayantara
 Lifetime Achievement Award Dev AnandSoumitra Chatterjee
 Special Jury Award Rabi Ghosh NayantaraSaswata Chattopadhyay Nayantara
 Best Actor in a Supporting Role Ashad Lal Darja
 Best Actress in a Supporting Role Alokananda Ray Sedin Chaitramas
 Best Actor Subhendu Chattopadhyay Lal Darja
 Best ActressMamata Shankar Nayantara

References

External links
www.Bhalobasa.in Anandalok Awards 2010
www.gomolo.in Anandalok Awards
 www.bollywoodhungama.com Anandalok Awards

Civil awards and decorations of West Bengal
1998 establishments in West Bengal
Indian television awards

Anandalok Puraskar


The Australian Riding Pony is a breed of pony developed in Australia since the 1970s. It has been greatly influenced by the British Riding Pony, the Thoroughbred and Arabian bloodlines.

Characteristics
These ponies are small copies of elegant show hacks, developed from English Riding Pony bloodlines.  They range in height from  in contrast to the Australian Pony breed, which does not exceed . Australian Riding Ponies have a free-flowing, lower action than many of the older pony breeds.  Australian Riding Ponies are of one of the solid colors, with small heads and ears.

Breed history
Equids are not native to Australia. The imported foundation sires which contributed to the establishment of the Australian Riding Pony were:

Aristocrat of Flawforth, imported in 1973, who was out of the Thoroughbred/Welsh mare Chirk Catmint.
Treharne Talisman a son of Bwlch Valentino
The Laird, imported to South Australia, also a son of Bwlch Valentino.

The Australian Riding Pony Stud Book Society was formed in about 1980 in the wake of interest aroused in the Riding Ponies that were shown in several Royal Shows. A foundation section was formed which required at least three crosses of animals from approved breeds before a pony could be entered in Section A. Originally there were four sections, but with the foundation firmly established some have been finished.  Nowadays most of the major British and New Zealand bloodlines are represented in the Australian Riding Ponies. The use of artificial insemination has permitted even more bloodlines.

Uses
Today, the pony is mainly used as a children's show mount and for small adult riders. They compete in dressage, show jumping, combined driving, gymkhana, mounted games, and horse shows.

See also
German Riding Pony
Welsh pony

References

Other sources
 Huntington, Peter, Jane Myers, Elizabeth Owens: Horse Sense: The Guide to Horse Care in Australia and New Zealand. Nature: 2004, p. 86.

Horse breeds originating in Australia
Horse breeds

Australian Riding Pony


Lalonde Keida Gordon, HBM (born 25 November 1988) is a Tobagonian male track and field sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres. He won the bronze medal at the 2012 London Olympics with a personal best of 44.52 seconds. He is the third fastest 400 m runner from his country after Machel Cedenio and Ian Morris.

He took a second Olympic bronze with the 4 × 400 metres relay team in London, setting a national record in the process. He was also part of the Trinidad and Tobago relay teams that won gold at the 2017 IAAF World Championships, bronze at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, silver at the 2011 CAC Championships, and bronze at the 2010 CAC Games.

Career
Born in Lowlands on the island of Tobago, he competed in track and field from an early age. He was named after former WBC light heavyweight champion, Donny Lalonde, who defeated Trinidadian fighter, Leslie Stewart, in a fight held in Port of Spain, Trinidad on 29 May 1988, a few months before he was born.  He moved to New York City in the United States at the age of seven, but gave up running as a teenager around 2003. While studying at Mohawk Valley Community College he returned to training in 2009 with the hope of representing the school. He competed in the 200 metres and 400 metres, later choosing to focus on the longer event, despite the fact that he took an initial dislike to it. After leaving Mohawk Valley, Gordon ran for and graduated from Morgan State University.

Gordon ran at the 2010 national championships and broke 21 seconds for the 200 m (running 20.96 seconds) and went under 47 seconds in the 400 m, taking second place behind Zwede Hewitt. He teamed up with Hewitt for the 4×400 metres relay at the Central American and Caribbean Games a month later and won a bronze medal. Gordon was chosen to run individually at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and he was a semifinalist with a personal best run of 46.33 seconds. The next season, he had his first win abroad at the Rabat Meeting where he edged William Collazo in a new best of 45.51 seconds. At  2011 Central American and Caribbean Championships , he reached the 400 m final and was a silver medallist in the relay. He focused on the shorter sprints at the 2011 Trinidad and Tobago Championships and finished the contest with third place in the 200 m and a win in the 4×100 metres relay.

He started the 2012 season indoors and ran a world-leading time of 46.43 to win the 400 m at the New Balance Games in New York. He was second in his heat at the 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships, but was disqualified for a lane infraction. He led off a relay team of Renny Quow, Jereem Richards and Jarrin Solomon which went on to break the national indoor record for the event and take the bronze medal behind the United States and Great Britain. Outdoors, he set three personal bests on New York's Road to London meet series, setting times of 10.45 for the 100 metres and 20.62 for the 200 m in May, before winning the 400 m event in 45.33 seconds in June. At that year's national championships he beat defending champion Quow in the 400 m and helped set a new national record (3:00.45 minutes) in the 4 × 400 m relay.

He was chosen for the relay for the Trinidad and Tobago Olympic team, but did not have an individual place because he had not achieved the Olympic "A" qualifying standard. His mother paid for a flight to the US National Club Championship in Omaha in July and he improved his best with a winning run of 45.02 seconds. Having achieved the "A" standard, he headed to England in preparation for the 2012 London Olympics. He marked himself out as a medal contender by winning his semi-final with the fastest qualifying time – an unexpectedly quick best of 44.58 seconds. He bettered that time again to take the bronze medal in 44.52 seconds in the 400 m Olympic final, becoming only the second man from his nation to take an Olympic medal in the event (after Wendell Mottley's silver in 1964). Boosted by his performance, he encouraged the relay team to perform just as well and a team of Gordon, Jarrin Solomon, Ade Alleyne-Forte and Deon Lendore ran a national record of 3:00.38 minutes to win their qualifier. The quartet went even faster in the final and pipped Britain to the bronze medal position with a time of 2:59.40 minutes, becoming the country's second medalling team in the event (again achieved by Mottley at the 1964 Olympics).

He was also part of the Trinidad and Tobago teams that won gold at the 2017 World Championships, silver at the 2015 World Championships , and bronze at the 2016 World Indoor Championships.  At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, he won two bronzes, in the 400 m and the 4 x 400 m.  He ran a personal best in the individual 400 m.

Personal bests
100 metres: 10.45 sec (2012)
200 metres: 20.16 sec (2013)
200 metres (indoor): 20.49 sec (2017)
400 metres: 44.52 (2012)
400 metres (indoor): 45.17 sec (2014)
500 metres (indoor): 1:02.83 min (2012)

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Trinidad and Tobago
Olympic bronze medalists for Trinidad and Tobago
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Trinidad and Tobago
World Athletics Championships medalists
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Trinidad and Tobago
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Trinidad and Tobago
Competitors at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
World Athletics Championships winners
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games

Lalonde Gordon


The League of the Southwest was a 1919 alliance formed among U.S. states in the basin of the Colorado River with the intention of promoting development, in particular irrigation of cropland for agriculture, along the river. In 1921, two years later, the United States Congress authorized the states to negotiate an agreement for allocation of the river water, leading to the 1922 Colorado River Compact.

The League of the Southwest, the brainchild of San Diego promoter Arnold Kruckman, launched its developmental program for the Southwestern states with a gala convention at the Hotel del Coronado in San Diego in November, 1917. The fourth meeting (Denver) of the League, now a single-issue organization dedicated to the development of the Colorado River, was the occasion for Colorado lawyer Delph Carpenter's proposal that the Colorado River states create a compact or interstate treaty under Article I Section 10 of the U.S. Constitution

External links
Central Arizona Project timeline

History of the Southwestern United States
Colorado River

League of the Southwest


Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula.

Italia was the home of the capital of the Roman Empire - Rome itself.

400 years later the Empire was much larger, but on the point of collapse. In the last period the Empire was governed from Byzantium (Constantinople), not Rome.

Places of Ancient Rome

Roman Italy


Kumarpal Balabhai Desai is an author, critic, editor, journalist, columnist and translator from Gujarat, India. He studied and later taught at the Gujarat University. He is associated with several social and Gujarati literary organisations such as Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. He has written and edited more than hundred books including biographies and several works on Jainism. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 2004.

Early life

Kumarpal Desai was born on 30 August 1942 at Ranpur to Balabhai Desai whose nom-de-plume was Jaybhikhkhu, a prolific Gujarati writer; and Jayaben. His family is native of Sayla. He joined H. K. Arts College. He completed BA and MA in 1963 and 1965 respectively from Gujarat University with Gujarati as a major subject.

Academic career
Desai joined Navgujarat College in Ahmedabad as a professor in 1965. He was awarded PhD in 1980 for his thesis on Anandghan completed under guidance of Dhirubhai Thaker. In 1983, he joined the Department of Gujarati Literature, School of Languages, Gujarat University. He became the Reader in 1988 and the Professor in 2000. He became the Head of Department in November 2001 and the Director, School of languages in 2003 and served till 2004. He was elected the Dean, Faculty of Arts and served for two years. Twenty students received PhD under his guidance by researching subjects like Jain philosophy, Gujarati journalism and peace. He had worked as a sports commentator also. He serves as the Professor Emeritus at Vishwabharati Institute, Ladnu.

Literary career
He started writing at the age of eleven. His first short story was published in children's weekly Zagmag. He was influenced by his father Jaybhikhukhu and several other writers like Jhaverchand Meghani, Gunvantrai Acharya, Dhumketu and Dula Bhaya Kag. His first book Vatan, Tara Ratan when he was in college. In 1962, he started writing a column in Gujarat Samachar and his first book, a children's biography, Lal Gulab on Lal Bahadur Shastri was published in 1965. The book was successful and he wrote full biography Mahamanav Shastri on him in 1966. Subsequently, he wrote several biographies. He also created as a wit and humour character Damodar Mehta for children's books.

He also served as the president of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad. He also served as the president of Gujarat Sahitya Sabha as well as the vice-president of Gujarat Vidyasabha and Gujarat Sahitya Akademi. He is the Managing Trustee for the Institute of Jainology, India and Director of the Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust.

He writes five weekly columns; Int ane Imarat (since 1970), Jhakal Banyu Moti, Pandadu Ane Pyramid, Aakaash Ni Olakh and Parijat no Parisamwad in Gujarati daily Gujarat Samachar.

Works

Gujarati
Desai is a prolific writer. His collections of short stories include Ekante Kolahal (1976), Suvarna Mruga (1985), Bhavni Bhavai (1987), Bindu Banyu Moti (1986). His other books are Mahenk Manavtani, Biradari (1971), Moti Ni Mala (1975), Kede Katari, Khabhe Dhal (1969), Moti Ni Kheti (1983), Vaheti Vato (1983). His only novel Anahata was published in 2019, which recounts the story of Kunti, a character from the Hindu epic Mahabharata.

His works of criticism are Sabdasannidhi (1980), Bhavan-Vibhavan (1986), Hemchandracharyani Sahitya-Sadhna (1988), Sahityik Nisbat (2007), Shabdasameep, Anandghan Jeevan Ane Kavan. Apragat Madhyakalin Kritio (1982) is his research work in medieval works. His other research works are Gyanvimalsuri Krut Stabak (1979), Anandghan : Ek Adhyayan (1980), Apragat Madhyakalin Krutio (1982), Shree Mahavir Jain Vidyalaya Shatabdi Granth Part - 1, 2 (2015).

He has edited several works including Ekvismi Sadinu Bal Sahitya (2000), Adavat Vinani Adalat (2000), Ek Divas Ni Maharani (2000), Jaybhikhkhu Ni Dharma Katha, Shabdashri, Bal Sahitya Sangosthi, Parivartan Nu Prabhat, Jaibhikhkhu Smritigranth (1970), Savyasachi Sarasvat (2007), Shrimad Rajchandra ane Mahatma Gandhi (2003), Kavi Dula Kag Smritigranth, Haimsmriti, Narmad Aajna Sandarbhma, Ojas Ditha Atmabalna.

He has also published collections of philosophical essays. His inspirational essays are Zakal Banyu Moti 1-2-3 (1983), Trusha Ane Trupti (1986), Shraddhanjali (1994), Jeevan nu Amrut (1996), Dukhni Pankharma Anandno Ek Tahuko (1997), Abol Ni Atamwani (1998), Zakal Bhina Moti (1998). His other essay collections are Motini Kheti, Manavtani Mahek,  Kshamapana.

His Biographical works are Apang Na Ojas (1973), Mahamanav Shastri (on Lal Bahadur Shastri, 1966), Veer Rammurti (1976),  Afatoni Andhi Vachche Samruddhi Nu Shikhar (2000), Balakona Buddhisagarsurishwarji (on Buddhisagarsuri, 1979), Firak Gorakhpuri (1984), Moolmarg Nu Amrut Ane Adhyatmanu Shikhar (2000), Manavtani Mahek (2000), Jivtarni Vate Aksharrno Divo (2014).

He wrote children's biography of Lal Bahadur Shastri, Lal Gulab (1965). His other works for children are Vatan Tara Ratan (1965), Dahyo Damaro (1967), Haiyu Nanu, Himat Moti (1976), Nani Ummar, Motu Kam (1978), Motne Hath Tali (1973), Zabak Divadi (1975), Parakrami Ram (1977), Ram Vanvas (1977), Sita Haran (1977), Veer Hanuman (1978), C. K. Naidu (1978), Chalo Pashuo Ni Duniyaman (Part I to III) (1980), Bhim (1980), Lokhandi Dadaji (1992), Katharot Man Ganga (1993), Dhol Wage Dhamadham (1993), Vato Na Valu (1993), Sach Na Sipahi (1993).

He has translated Austin Bukenya's play, The Bride as Navavadhu (2000) in Gujarati. He has written two books on journalism, Akhabari Lekhan (1979), Sahitya ane Patrakaratva (1999). He has also published some books in English and contributed in field of sports also.

English and Hindi
He has written several books in English, mostly related to Jainism. His works include Stories from Jainism (1988), Bhagvan Mahavir (1990), Non-Violence – A way of life (1990), Kshamapana (1990), Glory of Jainism (1991), A Pinnacle of Spirituality (2000), Essence of Jainism (2000), The Value and Heritage of Jain Religion, The Role of Women in Jain Religion, The Timeless Message of Bhagwan Mahavir, Vegetarianism (2000), A Journey of Ahimsha (2002), Our Life in the Context of Five Anuvrats and Anekantwad (2003), Tirthankar Mahavir (2003), Influence of Jainism on Mahatma Gandhi (2003), Jainism : The Cosmic Vision (2014), The Brave Heart (2009). Jin Shashan Ki Kirtigatha (1999), Apahij Tan Adig Man (2000) and Anandghan (2006) are in Hindi.

On Jainism
Desai is an expert of Indian culture, Jainism and Jain literature. He regularly delivers lectures on Jain philosophy and Indian culture in India and abroad.

His books on Jainism include Anandghan – A Study (1980, on Anandghan), Stabak by Gyanvimalsuri (1988), Activities of Jain religion in the last decade (1988), Literary Achievements of Kalikal Sarvagna Hemchandracharya (1988, on Hemchandra), Moti Ni Kheti (Religious tales from Jain religion) (1983), Balako Na Buddhisagarji (1979), Kshamapana – review of the rituality of forgiveness from the point of view of Jainology., Bhagwan Mahavir – Life and principles of Lord Mahavir (1990, on Mahavira), Bhagwan Rishabhdev – Life and teachings of the First Tirthankar of religion (on Rishabhadeva). (1983), Bindu Banyu Moti (tales from Jain Religion) (1986), Anandghan – Life and works (1998), Samaro Mantra Bhalo Navkar (1998), Jinshashan ni Kirtigatha (1998), Atmagyani Shraman Kahave – Life of Kailassagar Suri, Bhagwan Mallinath – Biography (1989, on Māllīnātha), Balavabodh of Merusunder, Shri Mahavir-jivandarshan – detailed study of the life and teachings of Mahavira., Ahimsa ni yatra (2002), Tirthankara Mahavira (2002). His edited works on Jainism are Shankheshwar Mahatirth,  Jaybhikhkhu Ni Jain Dharmakathao - religious tales of Jaybhikhkhu; complication of 2 volumes, Ojas Ditha Atmabal Na and Dhanya Che Dharma Tane - lectures of Vijay Vallabhsuri, Ratnatrayi Na Aajwala, Samayik Sutra with explanation, Atmavallabh Smaranika.

Awards
He was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of India, in 2004. He has also been conferred many other awards including the Jain Ratna Award (2001), Gujarat Ratna award, Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak (2001), Hemchandracharya Award (2002), Sahitya Gaurav Puraskar (2009) and Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak (2015). In 2019, he received the Bal Sahitya Puraskar from Sahitya Akademi for his contribution in Gujarati children's literature.

Personal life

Desai married Pratima and has two sons, Kaushal and Nirav.

See also
 List of Gujarati-language writers

References

External links

Writers from Gujarat
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education
Living people
Academic staff of Gujarat University
20th-century Indian translators
Indian columnists
Gujarat University alumni
Gujarati-language writers
1942 births
People from Botad district
Indian literary critics
20th-century Indian Jain writers
20th-century Indian biographers
Indian editors
Indian children's writers
Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak

Kumarpal Desai


Free fall is what happens when an object is let to fall on its own without propulsion or resistance. Someone who is standing is not in free fall, but someone jumping from an aeroplane is, until air resistance builds up, ending in terminal velocity. An artillery shell is in free fall from the time it is fired until it hits something.  Even the time when it is going up is free fall.  Space stations and spacecraft are in free fall when their engine is not on and they are not sitting somewhere, which means all or most of the time.  For Earth the acceleration due to gravity (g) is 9.81 Newton (unit) per kilogram.

Mechanics
Gravitation

Free fall