The Golden Age of Comedy (1957) is a compilation of silent comedy films from the Mack Sennett and Hal Roach studios, written and produced by Robert Youngson.

Youngson had previously produced several award-winning short documentaries beforehand, and this was the first compilation of its kind in feature-length form. Initially, the film was distributed by a small independent company, Distributors Corporation of America, before being taken up by major Hollywood studio Twentieth Century Fox.

The film's commercial success led Youngson to follow suit with other silent film compilations over the next decade. The film is often regarded as particularly bringing Laurel and Hardy back into the public's notice after years of obscurity (they are the film's most predominantly featured performers), but Oliver Hardy died around the time of the film's release in August 1957. The film was released (along with several other Youngson compilations) on DVD for the first time in the United States in 2007. Its main musical theme is derived from Chopin's Etude Op. 10, No. 3, often known as "Tristesse".

Plot Details
The film is divided into nine separate acts, each with their own title card.

Act One - The Laugh Factory. Featuring several Mack Sennett comedies. Films included are The Hollywood Kid, Wandering Willies, Musclebound Music, Wall Street Blues and Circus Today.

Act Two - Nobody Liked Them But The Public. Laurel and Hardy comedies, including Habeas Corpus, The Second Hundred Years, We Faw Down (identified by its British title We Slip Up) and the famous climactic pie fight from The Battle of the Century.

Act Three - The Cowboy Who Became a Legend. Featuring Will Rogers in Uncensored Movies.

Act Four - Two Unforgotten Girls. Featuring Carole Lombard in Run Girl Run and Jean Harlow in the Laurel and Hardy comedy Double Whoopee.

Act Five - The Great Actor. Highlighting Ben Turpin in several shorts he made for Mack Sennett.

Act Six - A Comedy Classic. Laurel and Hardy's Two Tars.

Act Seven - So Funny, So Sad. An extract from a Harry Langdon comedy, The Luck o' the Foolish.

Act Eight - Animal Comedy. Several examples of humour from animals such as dogs, cats and lions, with Billy Bevan, Charley Chase, Andy Clyde, Harry Gribbon and Kewpie Morgan. Titles featured include The Sting of Stings and Nip and Tuck.

Finale - Two Men On a Street. The shin-kicking, pants-ripping street battle sequence from Laurel and Hardy's You're Darn Tootin'.

Cast
(Featured Performers)

 Stan Laurel
 Oliver Hardy
 Will Rogers
 Ben Turpin
 Harry Langdon
 Carole Lombard
 Jean Harlow
 Charley Chase
 Edgar Kennedy
 Billy Bevan
 Andy Clyde
 Harry Gribbon
 Charles Murray
 Louise Carver
 Kewpie Morgan
 Daphne Pollard
 Madeline Hurlock
 Keystone Cops
 Vernon Dent
 Mack Sennett

Crew
 Narrated by Dwight Weist and Ward Wilson
 Music By George Steiner
 Written and Produced by Robert Youngson

External links

1957 comedy films
1957 films
20th Century Fox films
American anthology films
American black-and-white films
Compilation films
Films directed by Robert Youngson
1950s English-language films

The Golden Age of Comedy


Samuel Lovett Waldo (April 6, 1783 – February 16, 1861) was an American portrait painter.

Early life & studies
Waldo was born on April 6, 1783, in Windham, Connecticut, the son of Esther () and Zacheus Waldo. At the age of sixteen, he moved to Hartford to begin his formal art training under the tutelage of Joseph Steward, a prominent local artist.

Four years later, he set up shop as a portraitist in Hartford, later relocating to Litchfield, Connecticut. While in Hartford, he had made the acquaintance of congressman John Rutledge, Jr., who was impressed with his work and, in 1803, invited him to come to Charleston, South Carolina. From 1803 to 1805, Waldo earned a sizable income from his commissions and decided that he would use the money to study art in London. He studied under Benjamin West in London.

He arrived in London in 1806 with letters of introduction to Benjamin West and John Singleton Copley. While studying with them, he also studied drawing at the Royal Academy and exhibited a portrait there in 1808.

Between his artistic activities, he met and married Elizabeth Wood of Liverpool in London in 1808, and the couple journeyed back to New York City to live. Together they had five children that survived infancy. Elizabeth died in 1825. The following year, on 9 May 1826, Waldo married Deliverance Mapes of Southhold, Long Island. Maintaining their household in New York City, Samuel and Deliverance had seven more children.

Later career and activities
In 1809, he had returned to the United States and established a portrait studio in New York City.

Three years later William Jewett (d. 24 March 1874), a young coach painter from New London, Connecticut, who wanted to be a fine artist, approached Waldo and asked to be taken in as an apprentice. Waldo agreed and allowed him to live with his family during his time of study. In 1818, they entered into a formal partnership which lasted until 1854, when Jewett retired. As a team, it is generally believed that Waldo painted the head and hands of their subjects, while Jewett filled in the clothing and draperies.

In addition to his painting, Waldo served as a director of the American Academy of the Fine Arts from 1817 until its dissolution in 1841. He was also a founding member of the National Academy of Design.

Death and legacy
He died in New York City on February 16, 1861, and was buried at Green-Wood Cemetery.

Waldo's work is found in many public museum collections, including at the Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts.

Selected portraits

See also

 Portrait painting

References

1783 births
1861 deaths
People from Windham, Connecticut
19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
American male painters
National Academy of Design faculty
National Academy of Design members
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery

Samuel Lovett Waldo


Joseph-Séraphin-Aimé Ashby (April 29, 1876 – March 5, 1962) was a Canadian politician in the province of Quebec.

Born in Sainte-Marie-de-Monnoir, Quebec, the son of George Ashby and Euphrosine Messier, Ashby was educated at the college of Sainte-Marie-de-Monnoir and the Université Laval at Montreal. He became a notary public in 1904 and practice in Lachine. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for the electoral district of Jacques-Cartier in the 1916 election. A Quebec Liberal, he was re-elected in the 1919 election and was defeated in the 1923 election. From 1923 to 1925, he was mayor of Lachine.

References

1876 births
1962 deaths
Mayors of places in Quebec
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs

Joseph-Séraphin-Aimé Ashby


Kings County was a four-masted barque built in 1890 at Kingsport, Nova Scotia on the Minas Basin. She was named to commemorate Kings County, Nova Scotia and represented the peak of the county's shipbuilding era. (A much smaller barque also named Kings County had been built in 1871.) Kings County was one of the largest wooden sailing vessels ever built in Canada and one of only two Canadian four-masted barques. (The other was the slightly smaller John M. Blaikie of Great Village, Nova Scotia.) At first registered as a four-masted full-rigged ship, she was quickly changed to a barque after her June 2 launch. More than three thousand people from Kings and Hants counties attended the launch. She survived a collision with an iceberg on an 1893 voyage to Swansea, Wales. Like many of the large wooden merchant ships built in Atlantic Canada, she spent most of her career far from home on trading voyages around the world. In 1909, she returned to the Minas Basin for a refit at Hantsport and loaded a large cargo of lumber. In 1911 she became the largest wooden ship to enter Havana Harbour when she delivered a cargo of lumber and was briefly stranded. She was lost a few months later on a voyage to Montevideo, Uruguay when she ran aground in the River Plate. Too damaged to repair, she was scrapped in Montevideo where her massive timbers were visible for many years.

References

 Tom Sheppard, Historic Wolfville: Grand Pre and Countryside, Halifax: Nimbus, 2003, p. 150-151.
 Charles Armour and Thomas Lackey, Sailing Ships of the Maritime, Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1975, p. 180
 Frederick William Wallace, In the Wake of the Windships, (London, 1927), p. 223-224.

External links
 Parks Canada Ship Information Database Registry Information
 A History of Kingsport, Cora Atkinson, Kingsport Community Association, 1980.

Transport in Kings County, Nova Scotia
Maritime history of Canada
Individual sailing vessels
Ships built in Nova Scotia
Victorian-era merchant ships of Canada
Sailing ships of Canada
Lumber ships
Ship collisions with icebergs
Barques
Four-masted ships
Maritime incidents in 1893
Maritime incidents in 1911
1890 ships
Shipwrecks in rivers

Kings County (barque)


Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun (Marie Élisabeth Louise; 16 April 1755 – 30 March 1842) was a painter. Her style is considered Rococo with an interest in Neoclassicism. Sometimes, her name is spelled Vigée-Lebrun.

She painted more than 30 portraits of Marie Antoinette over a six year period. She was accepted as a member of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture in 1783. She left France after the arrest of the royal family during the French Revolution. She lived and worked in Italy, Austria, and Russia. Her work met great critical acclaim in Rome. She was elected to the Roman Accademia di San Luca. In Russia, she painted many aristocrats including Catherine the Great's family.  She was made a member of the Academy of Fine Arts of Saint Petersburg.

Vigée Le Brun returned to France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I. Her relationship with the new regime was not completely harmonious. After all, she was a royalist and the former portraitist of Marie Antoinette. She visited England and painted British notables including Lord Byron. In 1807 she traveled to Switzerland where she was made an honorary member of the Société pour l'Avancement des Beaux-Arts of Geneva. She published her memoirs in 1835 and 1837. She lived in Paris, and died there on 30 March 1842. Vigée Le Brun's legacy includes 660 portraits and 200 landscapes.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of French painters

Other websites

 Large gallery of Vigée LeBrun's work; also articles, Memoirs, biographies
 Artcyclopedia entry on Louise Elisabeth Vigée Le brun
 Vigée-Lebrun's Portrait of Carlo Gastone della Torre di Rezzonico at artnet
Old Masters: Overlooked Women Artists
Memoirs of Madame Vigée Le brun, translated by Lionel Strachey
Neil Jeffares, Dictionary of pastellists before 1800, online edition

1755 births
1842 deaths
French painters

Louise Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun


The National Romanian Fascio () was a small fascist group that was active in Romania for a short time during the 1920s.

Led by Titus Panaitescu Vifor, the group emerged from the short-lived National Fascist Party in 1921 and, at its peak, had around 1,500 members. It defined itself as national socialist, and generally it pursued a policy of corporatism, land reform and support for the creation of agricultural cooperatives. It was critical of capitalism and also espoused antisemitism. The movement's main areas of influence were Western Moldavia, Bukovina, and Banat.

The party merged with the National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economical Movement in 1923 to form the National Fascist Movement, although a small rump movement carried on, with little significance. Both groups shared a close affinity to Italian fascism which facilitated their merger.

External links

Defunct political parties in Romania
Fascist parties in Romania
Political parties established in 1921
1923 disestablishments in Romania
1921 establishments in Romania
Romanian nationalist parties

National Romanian Fascio


Jerome Hosmer Remick (15 November 1867 – 15 July 1931) was an American music publisher, businessman and philanthropist in Detroit, Michigan.

Life and career
Remick was born in Detroit as the son of James Albert Remick and Mary Amelia Hosmer. He graduated from the Detroit Business University in 1887 before joining the Whitney-Remick lumber firm, a family business started by his grandfather, Royal C. Remick. On June 26, 1895, Remick married Adelaide McCreery in Flint, Michigan.

Remick's interests, however, did not lie in lumber but in the developing popular sheet music industry. In 1898, he bought out the small, struggling firm of Whitney-Warner Publishing Company in Detroit, whose small catalog included Smoky Topaz (comp. Grace M. Bolen) and waltzes by Henriette B. Blanke. He turned the company into an extraordinarily successful sheet music publishing house.

In 1902, Remick and Maurice Shapiro founded Shapiro-Remick & Company, selling several million copies in 1905 of the enormously successful "In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree", written by Harry Williams and Egbert Van Alstyne. The partnership was dissolved in 1906, and Remick started his own firm (known as Jerome H. Remick & Co.). Van Alstyne continued with Remick and a string of hits followed, including "Pretty Baby" and "Your Eyes have Told Me So."

Remick's published songs influenced popular music trends and included hundreds of hits, such as "Baby Face", "I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover," "Oh, You Beautiful Doll" and "Bye Bye Blackbird," all of which contributed greatly to American heritage and culture.

In 1909, the company published three ballads that sold more than a million copies – "Put on Your Old Grey Bonnet", "Moonlight Bay" in 1912 and "When You Wore a Tulip" in 1914. The firm also published ragtime music, such as "Dill Pickles Rag" and "Black and White Rag".

George Gershwin joined Remick in 1914 and composed many songs, but he left the firm shortly after they published "Rialto Ripples" in 1917. To stay competitive, Remick began to sign up unknown writers such as Harry Warren, Al Dubin, Gus Kahn and Richard A. Whiting, ushering in the golden era of the Roaring Twenties music. Changes were in the air, though. The arrival of talking pictures obliged Warner Brothers to invest in publishing houses, leading to their acquisition of Remick's company in 1929, gaining Remick's catalogue and staff writers, including Harry Warren and Al Dubin, who created hits such as "42nd Street" and "I Only Have Eyes For You."

While competing publishing houses were located in Michigan, New York City and Chicago, Jerome H. Remick & Co. held sway in Detroit, also running a successful printing plant from there. The firm maintained branch offices in New York City and Chicago, with agencies all over the world, and started hundreds of music outlets under the name "Remick Song Shops" throughout the United States. Oddly, Remick could not read music at all, but he had a natural understanding of public tastes.

Remick was an enthusiastic gentleman farmer and owned a  estate on Gratiot Avenue, growing fruit and vegetables, and raising chickens. His livestock included a herd of prize Holsteins, leading to a controlling interest in the Detroit Creamery Co.

He was one of the influential patrons of the Detroit Symphony, repeatedly serving as the organization's president. His fundraising helped to create Orchestra Hall in 1919. His contributions also enabled the expansion of Detroit's orchestra to 90 players so as to persuade Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Mark Twain's son-in-law, to become the Detroit Symphony's conductor.

Remick also served as director on the boards of the pharmaceutical firm Parke-Davis & Co., the Paige Motor Co., the Detroit Savings Bank, and the Union Trust Co. He also acted as secretary of the Whitney Land Co. which operated in Oregon, and he had an interest in the Detroit Free Press. He was president of the Big Four Gold and Copper Mining Co. in Colorado, owning claims covering  north of the Little Jonnie Mine in the Leadville district.

In 1928, because of ill health, Remick sold the company to his Vice-President, Jerome Keit. The new firm was called The Remick Corporation, and it was finally taken over by Warner Bros. Music. Remick died on July 15, 1931, at the age of 63, and is buried along with his wife at Elmwood Cemetery in Detroit, Michigan. Remick was survived by his wife, his children and several grandchildren.

Gallery

See also
 General Aeroplane Company (Remick was an investor)
 Jerome H. Remick and Company Building

References
Notes

External links

Indiana University Sheet Music Collection
The E. Azalia Hackley Collection
Big Four Gold and Copper Mining Stock Certificate signed by early car maker John W. Henney and Remick Music Corporation Founder, Jerome H. Remick

1867 births
1931 deaths
American music publishers (people)
Burials at Elmwood Cemetery (Detroit)
Businesspeople from Detroit
Detroit Business Institute alumni

Jerome H. Remick


Combustion is the process of burning. Combustion is a reaction of a fuel with an oxidant to give out heat. The release of heat can produce light in the form of a flame.

Car engines and rocket engines both work by combustion. Combustion in a Ferrari car motor is different from combustion in a rocket engine. Car combustion is gas burning and exploding in cylinders called pistons again and again to push them up and down, making the car move. Rocket combustion is made by rocket fuel exploding out of the back of the rocket moving it up. The burning of most substances is bad for the environment and the ozone layer because it can let off greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Hydrogen burns cleanly and gives off a lot of heat, but it does not produce much power, and is highly explosive.

The fire tetrahedron (contains oxygen fuel heat and chemical chain reaction) show the components of combustion. During combustion, fuel reacts with oxygen and heat, then releases energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of oxygen. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited, or poor. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and more soot. Several factors must be considered when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Fuels are substances that react with oxygen to release useful energy. Most of the energy is released as heat, but light energy is also released. About 21 per cent of the air is oxygen. When a fuel burns in plenty of air, it receives enough oxygen for complete combustion. Complete combustion needs a plentiful supply of air so that the elements in the fuel react fully with oxygen. Fuels such as natural gas and petrol contain hydrocarbons. These are compounds of hydrogen and carbon only. Combustion is a high-temperature oxidation reaction.

Related pages
 Exothermic
 Phlogiston theory

Other websites

Chemical processes

Combustion


Bengt Olov Emanuel "Julle" Gustavsson (13 January 1928 – 16 February 2017) was a Swedish professional footballer and manager. As player he participated in the final of the World Cup 1958 and won national championships with IFK Norrköping. As coach he led Åtvidabergs FF into its golden era at the beginning of the 1970s.

Career
Bengt started playing with the local team of Gusum and in 1947 joined the then nationally dominating club IFK Norrköping. At the end of the era of the great Hungarian coach Lajos Czeizler he was supposed to replace Gunnar Nordahl in midfield after he moved to AC Milan in 1949. In his first match against AIK he scored three goals, but the Austrian coach Karl Adamek, who was in charge from 1950 forward, moved him back into the defence where he should excel. In those years Norrköping won the Swedish championship of the years 1948, 1852 and 1956 and reached the cup final of 1953.

In October 1951, Gustavsson debuted in the national team at their defeat against Denmark in Copenhagen. This was the last match of the 1948-51 Nordic Football Championship, which Sweden nevertheless finished as winner. In the following year he participated with Sweden at the football tournament of the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki. After losing in the semifinals to the ascending Golden Team of Hungary with 0–6 Sweden won the bronze medal, winning the third place match against Germany with 2–0. In 1953 Gustavsson was awarded the Guldbollen, the Golden Ball as Swedish footballer of the year.

In 1956, Gustavsson joined the Italian first division side Atalanta Bergamo. There he was from the beginning as Libero a stalwart of the defence. In 1958 Atalanta was relegated to the second division, but returned to the Serie A the season after under coach Karl Adamek, who was in charge of the team for a year.

In 1958 Gustavsson was nominated for the campaign of national team in the World Cup 1958 in Sweden, and was there part of the standard formation alongside Nils Liedholm, Lennart Skoglund and Kurt Hamrin who then also plied their trade in Italy. Losing to Brazil in the final 2–5 nevertheless secured the Swedes the best result in any World Cup.

After the season 1960–62, Gustavsson returned to Sweden and joined then second division side Åtvidabergs FF. In June 1963 her played his 57th and last match for Sweden in a qualifying match for the 1964 European Nations' Cup in Belgrade against Yugoslavia, which ended in a 0–0 draw. On club level he was player-manager from 1964 on. He finished his career as a player in 1965, but remained at the helm of the south Swedish club.

In 1967, he led the club for the only second time in its history – since a brief stint in 1951–52 – into the Swedish first division, the Allsvenskan, which was the beginning of the golden era of Åtvidabergs FF. He remained coach of the club until 1970, when the team defeated Sandvikens IF from Uppsala with 2–0 in the cup final and won its first national title. Until 1973 three more titles should follow. Players like Conny Torstensson and Benno Magnusson are amongst the better known ones which Gustavsson integrated into the time during his time in Åtvidaberg.

From 1971 to 1972, Gustavsson had a brief spell as coach of the Swedish national youth team. In further years he was to coach Östers IF from 1973 to 1974, from 1975 to 1978 and in 1985 as assistant IFK Norrköping, from 1979 until 1981 Hammarby IF and from 1982 to 1983 second division side IK Sleipner, which was relegated in 1983.

Honours
As player:
 World Cup: Finalist 1958
 Swedish Championship: 1948, 1952, 1956
 Swedish Player of the Year: 1953
As manager:
 Swedish Cup: 1970
 Promotion to first division: 1967

References

External links

 1953: Bengt "Julle" Gustavsson, Aftonbladet
 Player: Bengt Gustavsson, European Football – national team matches database 1872–1990

1928 births
2017 deaths
Swedish men's footballers
Sweden men's international footballers
Swedish expatriate men's footballers
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
1958 FIFA World Cup players
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic footballers for Sweden
IFK Norrköping players
Atalanta BC players
Åtvidabergs FF players
Allsvenskan players
Serie A players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Swedish football managers
Åtvidabergs FF managers
Östers IF managers
IFK Norrköping managers
Hammarby Fotboll managers
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Men's association football defenders
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Italy
People from Valdemarsvik Municipality
Footballers from Östergötland County
IK Sleipner managers

Bengt Gustavsson


Canton can mean many different things.

A canton is a way to divide the land of a country. It is like dividing the country into different regions or states.
Cantons of Costa Rica
Cantons of France
Cantons of Luxembourg
Cantons of Switzerland

canton (liqueur), a ginger-flavored liqueur that is made in the Guangdong province in China
the upper left part of a flag

Places:
 Canton, an old English name for the city of Guangzhou, China
 Canton, an old English name for the province of Guangdong, China
 Canton, Connecticut, USA
 Canton, Georgia, USA
 Canton, Illinois, USA
 Canton, Baltimore neighborhood and park in Baltimore, Maryland, USA
 Canton, Massachusetts, USA
 Canton Township, Michigan, United States
 Canton, Mississippi, USA
 Canton, Missouri, USA
 Canton, New York
  Canton (village), New York , USA
  Canton (town), New York , USA
 Canton, North Carolina, USA
 Canton, Ohio, USA
 Canton, Oklahoma, USA
 Canton, Pennsylvania, USA
 Canton, South Dakota, USA
 Canton Township, Michigan, USA
 Canton Township, Pennsylvania, USA
 Canton, Texas, USA
 Canton, Cardiff, a district of the Welsh capital
 Kanton Island (used to be "Canton Island"), part of Kiribati

Canton


Liar's Club is an American game show, originally produced by Ralph Andrews, featuring a panel of celebrity guests who offered explanations of obscure or unusual objects. Contestants attempted to determine which explanation was correct in order to win prizes.

Liar's Club was first seen during the 1969–70 season with Rod Serling as host, and returned for a three-season run from 1976 to 1979, after airing as a local series on Los Angeles' KTLA during the 1974–75 season. Bill Armstrong hosted the KTLA version, which aired on Saturday nights at 7:30 pm, and briefly hosted the program in syndication during the first season in 1976–77, but was soon replaced by Allen Ludden. Bill Berry and Joe Seiter shared the announcing duties. Celebrity attorney/actress/producer Vicki Roberts was a regular researcher on the show, and she herself brought in many of the strange or unusual objects on the show, many of which were found by scouring antique shops in the Los Angeles area.

Another version of the show aired during the 1988–89 season as The New Liar's Club; Eric Boardman hosted the program, and former emcee Bill Armstrong originally served as announcer, but was later replaced by Ted Friend. This version was produced by Blair Murdoch at CKVU-TV in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Game play
A panel of four celebrity guests was presented with an unusual object, with each celebrity providing an explanation of the object's use. Contestants then attempted to guess which panelist was providing the accurate description. Two contestants competed on the 1969 version, while the first season of the 70s version and the 1988 revival featured four contestants, and the two seasons (1977–79) with Ludden had three.

On the 1969 version, the contestant who made the most correct guesses during the episode won $100. For all later versions, contestants began the game with a set amount of money and made wagers before attempting to guess the correct object, which were then paid out at various odds if the contestant was successful.

From 1976 to 1977, contestants were spotted with $100 at the start of the game, and wagered up to $100 (in $10 increments) for each prediction. Correct predictions were paid out at odds of 1:1 in Round 1, 2:1 in Round 2, 5:1 in Round 3, and 10:1 in Round 4. When Ludden took over as host in 1977, the game format largely remained the same, but the maximum in each round wager was increased from $100 to half of the contestant's current bank. On the 1988–89 version, contestants played for points, wagering between 10 and 90 points in multiples of 10. For the first three rounds, contestants could bet no more than half their total; for the final round, they could bet up to 90 points or their entire score, whichever was lower.

Except from 1977 to 1979, the last round of the game featured artwork (or a gargantuan gizmo on occasion during the 1988-89 run) presented before the panel and contestants. Each celebrity would then offer his/her own title for the art, and contestants attempted to predict which title was correct. During the 1977–78 season, the final round consisted of each celebrity describing his/her own unusual item instead of just a single object or piece of art. During the last Ludden season, as a reversal in the rules of the first three rounds, contestants attempted in the final round to predict which of the four celebrities was lying in his/her description; the betting limit was removed for this round only.

The contestant with the highest score won the game and a bonus prize, with (from 1977 to 1989) an additional prize awarded to any contestant who made a correct prediction in all four rounds. If two or more contestants were tied at the end of the game, they were originally awarded the prize. Starting early in the 1988-89 version, ties were broken first by the amount wagered in round four. Starting in 1989, if contestants were tied in that criterion, the winner was determined by the number of correct predictions during the game. If this did not break the tie, the contestants then revealed predictions each had made regarding their final score prior to the start of the game. The contestant with the prediction that was closest to his or her final score without going over was declared the winner.

Panelists
Regular panelists on the Rod Serling version included Jonathan Harris and Betty White. Frequent panelists on the 1970s version included White (then Allen Ludden's wife), Joey Bishop, Dick Gautier, Fannie Flagg, David Letterman and Larry Hovis, who also produced this version.

Canadian TV host and comedian John Barbour was a regular panelist throughout the 1980s version, and the three other panelists originally changed from week to week. Jimmie Walker, Shannon Tweed and Pete Barbutti later joined Barbour as permanent panelists.

The Next Line

In 1991, a show titled The Next Line, hosted by Kevin Frank, was produced in Canada. The format had many similarities to The New Liar's Club: both shows were taped at the same studio, and featured similar gameplay elements. However, contestants instead attempted to predict which celebrity was providing the correct next line in a video clip or song. Like The New Liar's Club, the show was produced by Blair Murdoch and featured Pete Barbutti as a regular panelist.

Music
During the Rod Serling series, stock music was used throughout the show. For the KTLA version, the Jack Shaindlin production music piece "Mad Square Rock" was used as its theme. When Liar's Club re-entered syndication in 1976, new music by Stan Worth was used. Gary Peterson composed the music for the 1988-89 version.

Syndication and episode status
The 1969 Rod Serling series was syndicated through Metromedia Producers Corporation; all episodes of this version are lost except for two, one of which was included as an extra in a DVD collection of The Twilight Zone, and the other, episode 89, was posted on YouTube in 2012 by Matt Andrews (son of series creator Ralph Andrews).

The KTLA version, although videotaped, exists only in film transfers. Its complete episode status is unknown, although several episodes were part of a resyndication package of the Armstrong series in 1986 by Four Star International.

20th Century Fox Television handled daily syndication of the 1976 series through 1978, with Sandy Frank Television Distributors taking over for its final season. Although episodes of the Armstrong version aired in repeats on the USA Network from April 26, 1986, to June 26, 1987, its complete episode status remains unknown, as does the status of the Allen Ludden episodes (although a few examples of both are available for viewing on YouTube).

Four Star International syndicated The New Liar's Club in the U.S. during its 1988-89 season; all episodes exist and were first rerun in Canada on Prime during 1999-2000, then by Game TV from 2012 to 2015 and again since 2022.

References

External links

Television series by Ralph Andrews Productions
1969 American television series debuts
1969 American television series endings
1976 American television series debuts
1979 American television series endings
1988 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
1988 Canadian television series debuts
1989 Canadian television series endings
1960s American game shows
1970s American game shows
1980s American game shows
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Global Television Network original programming
Television shows filmed in Vancouver
Television series by Corus Entertainment
Television series by Blair Murdoch Productions
Television series by 20th Century Fox Television

Liar's Club


Nikolay Vasilyevich Komarov (; 1831 - after 1875) was a Russian junior commissioned officer (praporshchik) who is commonly considered to be the founder of the city of Vladivostok.

Little is known about Komarov's youth.  He was born in the village of Komarovo, Tobolsk Governorate (now part of Tyumen) into a family of government peasants and graduated from Omsk Army Commissioned Officers College, after which he was assigned to a company sent to the Far East to build new outposts.  In 1858, his company was quartered in Khabarovsk, in 1859—in Sofiysk, and in 1860—in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur.

On June 20 (July 2 Gregorian style), 1860, the military supply ship Manchzhur under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Alexey Shefner called at the Golden Horn Bay to establish an outpost called Vladivostok. Komarov with twenty-eight soldiers and two non-commissioned officers under his command started construction of military barracks, an officers' house, a kitchen, a warehouse, and a bathhouse.  This date is now considered the official date of Vladivostok's founding.  On the following day, Komarov was appointed a commanding officer of Vladivostok's garrison, but a year later was relieved from duty for theft and alcoholism (according to Major Khitrovo, who visited Vladivostok with inspections, Komarov often fraternized and drank with soldiers).  He was replaced by Yevgeny Burachok, an officer who had to disembark in Vladivostok from the clipper Razboynik for medical reasons.  Komarov was soon transferred to the Ussuri River.  He retired in 1875 in the rank of poruchik (First Lieutenant) (according to other sources—in the rank of Captain-Engineer).

A street in central Vladivostok (Komarovskaya St.) was named after Nikolay Komarov in 1860.  The street was renamed Borodinskaya and later—Geologov, but in 1985 it was again renamed after Komarov (Praporshchik Komarov St.).

References
Primorsky Public State Library. Primoriana, CD-ROM encyclopedia. 2001.  Entry on Nikolay Komarov.
 (Valery Markov.  Hello, Vladivostok!.  Far Eastern Book House, 1988.
От Иртыша до Золотого Рога. Штрихи к портрету прапорщика Комарова Николая Васильевича, ставшего первостроителем Владивостока

1831 births
Year of death unknown
People from Tyumen
People from Tyumensky Uyezd
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
19th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire
Military personnel from Vladivostok

Nikolay Vasilyevich Komarov


A farmer is a person who grows crops and raises animals to be used as food. This has been a common job for people since the beginning of civilization.

What farmers do
The word farmer usually refers to a person who has a field, orchard, vineyard, or garden where food is grown. This food is eaten or sold after it is harvested. Farmers may also grow raw materials for industrial purposes. Some examples of raw materials that are used in this way are:
 cereals for alcoholic beverages
 hides (animal skin) for leather
 maize/corn for plastics or fuel
 wool or cotton for yarns and making cloth
Some farmers also raise animals to be used for meat, milk, eggs or other things.

Related pages

Agriculture

Agricultural occupations

Farmer


Jacob Thomas Woods (born September 3, 1981) is a former professional baseball pitcher. He played all or part of four seasons in Major League Baseball from 2005-08. He batted and threw left-handed.

After attending Bakersfield College, a junior college, Woods was drafted by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the 3rd round (89th overall) of the 2001 Major League Baseball Draft. He made his major league debut in 2005 with the Angels, compiling a 1-1 record with a 4.55 ERA in 28.2 innings. Woods also played for the Cedar Rapids Kernels, an Angels affiliate, in 2002, ending the season 10-5 with a .667% W-L percentage with a 3.05 ERA and 121 strikeouts in 27 games pitched.

He was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Mariners on December 20, 2005. Beginning the 2006 season as a long reliever out of the bullpen, Woods was moved into the starting rotation after the late season demotion of Joel Piñeiro. Woods spent most of 2008 with Triple-A Tacoma, but was called up in August. He refused a minor league assignment on November 13, 2008, and became a free agent.

In January 2009, he signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. After pitching in Triple-A Lehigh Valley for just over a full season, Woods was released on April 18, 2010. In early May 2010 he signed with Brother Elephants baseball team in Taiwan to finish his professional career.

Woods resides in Kingsburg, California.

External links

Major League Baseball pitchers
Los Angeles Angels players
Seattle Mariners players
Provo Angels players
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Arkansas Travelers players
Salt Lake Stingers players
Tacoma Rainiers players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Bakersfield Renegades baseball players
1981 births
Living people
Baseball players from Fresno, California
People from Kingsburg, California
Baseball players from Fresno County, California

Jake Woods


Michael Braungart (born 1958) is a German chemist who advocates that humans can make a positive instead of a negative environmental impact by redesigning industrial production and therefore that dissipation is not waste.  A former Greenpeace activist who once lived in a tree as protest, he is now considered to be a visionary environmental thinker.

Founder of EPEA International Umweltforschung GmbH in Hamburg, Germany, and co-founder of MBDC McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry in Charlottesville, Virginia, Dr. Braungart is currently a professor for Eco-Design at Leuphana University of Lüneburg.

He currently holds the Cradle-to-Cradle chair at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Career
After completing studies in Process Engineering in Darmstadt, Germany, Dr. Braungart went on to investigate the chemical processes of industrial production techniques with the Chemistry Department at Konstanz, Germany. He subsequently led the formation of the Chemistry Section of Greenpeace International. By the time he completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Hannover in 1985, he had assumed leadership of Greenpeace Chemistry.

In 1987, Dr. Braungart founded the EPEA Umweltforschung in Hamburg.  At the heart of EPEA is Cradle to Cradle Design, to create products oriented toward a life-cycle economy.

In addition to his achievements with EPEA, Dr. Braungart also serves as Scientific Manager of the Hamburg Environmental Institute, the non-profit research center which produces the "Top 50 Study". This study ranks the quality of environmentally sound production of companies within the chemical industry.   He has initiated scholarly and scientific inquiry into the adverse environmental and physiological impacts of industrially produced consumer goods.

Dr. Braungart also works together with American architect and designer William A. McDonough in their product design and development firm, McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry. In partnership with McDonough, Braungart released the book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things in 2002.

Books
 . Served as development guidelines for the World's Fair in Hannover, 2000.

The Upcycle, with William McDonough, North Point Press, 2013,

See also
William McDonough
The Environmental Institute

References

External links

 The Next Industrial Revolution, a Documentary film about William McDonough and Michael Braungart
Dust to Dust no longer an interview with Michael Braungart, in Science & Theology News by Chhavi Sachdev
Braungart.com
Royal Institute of British Architecture: William McDonough & Michael Braungart: Cradle to Cradle (video)
Cradle to Cradle Design: A Deeper Shade of Green  Watch for products that meet this stringent new eco-certification standard Amanda Kimble  Mother Earth News Feb./March 2011
"A Friendly Tsunami", interview with Michael Braungart in Digital Development Debates, July 2015.

1958 births
Living people
Non-fiction environmental writers
People from Schwäbisch Gmünd
20th-century German chemists
German environmentalists
University of Hanover alumni
Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam

Michael Braungart


Rhondda or Rhondda Valley is a former coal mining community in Wales. The area is actually two valleys: the larger Rhondda Fawr valley (mawr large) and the smaller Rhondda Fach valley (bach small). The singular term 'Rhondda Valley' and the plural 'Rhondda Valleys' are both commonly used.

Rhondda Fawr
The larger of the two valleys, the Rhondda Fawr, extends from Porth and rises through the valley until it reaches Blaenrhondda, near Treherbert. The villages that make up the Rhondda Fawr are:

 Blaencwm a district of Treherbert.
 Blaenrhondda a district of Treherbert.
 Cwm Clydach a community.
 Cwmparc a district of Treorchy.
 Cymmer a district of Porth.
 Dinas Rhondda a district of Penygraig.
 Edmondstown a district of Penygraig.
 Gelli a district of Ystrad
 Glynfach a district of Cymmer
 Llwynypia a community.
 Pentre a community.
 Penygraig a community
 Porth a community that sees itself as the unofficial capital of the Rhondda, mainly due to its geographic location.
 Ton Pentre a district of Pentre.
 Tonypandy a community.
 Trealaw a community.
 Trebanog a district of Cymmer
 Trehafod the most southernmost and smallest of the Rhondda Valley communities.
 Treherbert a community.
 Treorchy the largest community in either of the valleys.
 Tynewydd a district of Treherbert
 Williamstown a district of Penygraig.
 Ynyswen a district of Treorchy.
 Ystrad a community.

Rhondda Fach
The Rhondda Fach is the smaller of the two valleys. Villages include Wattstown, Ynyshir, Pontygwaith, Ferndale, Tylorstown and Maerdy. The settlements that make up the Rhondda Fach are as follows:

 Blaenllechau a district of Ferndale.
 Ferndale a community.
 Maerdy a community.
 Penrhys a district of Tylorstown.
 Pontygwaith a district of Tylorstown.
 Tylorstown a community.
 Stanleytown a district of Tylorstown.
 Wattstown a district of Ynyshir.
 Ynyshir a community.

Geography of Wales

Rhondda


Donald Renie Martin (born August 30, 1955) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher.

Early career
Born in Dover, Delaware, Martin played for Dover High School and later attended the University of Richmond. Martin was drafted twice, by the San Francisco Giants in 1976 and by the Kansas City Royals in 1977 to play for the Gulf Coast Royals farm team in Sarasota, Florida. He later played for the Daytona Beach Islanders, Jacksonville Suns, Fort Myers Royals, Omaha Royals, and in Phoenix Suns.

Major League career
He was called to the majors in 1979 and appeared in 25 games in relief in his rookie year. He finished the year with an ERA of 5.19 with five saves. The next year, the Royals gave him a chance to start. He started twenty games, going 10-10 with a 4.39 ERA. He did have two saves that year, also. In 1981, he had arguably his best year, pitching exclusively in relief, but achieving a 2.77 ERA in 29 games. However, the Royals traded him to the San Francisco Giants with Craig Chamberlain, Atlee Hammaker, and Brad Wellman for Vida Blue and Bob Tufts.

Martin spent most of his first year with the Giants as primarily a starter (7-10, 4.65 ERA). They moved him to the bullpen the next year, and he spent most of the next two years as a relief pitcher before the Giants traded him to the Philadelphia Phillies at the end of August 1984 with Al Oliver for Kelly Downs and George Riley. He continued his role as a reliever with the Phillies until they released him after the 1984 season. The Royals re-signed him in 1985, but he never pitched in the Majors again.

Martin did have some postseason experience. He appeared in three games in the 1980 World Series for the Royals, appearing in three games, recording 9 IP, allowing three earned runs. He also appeared in the special Division Series after the strike-shortened 1981 season for the Royals. In that series, he threw 5 innings allowing only one hit.

Senior baseball
Martin was a member of the Florida Tropics in the Senior Professional Baseball Association in 1990. He finished the season 1-2 with an ERA of 4.44.

Awards and honors
In 1995, the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame inducted Martins in Wilmington, Delaware.

References

External links
, or Baseball Almanac, or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota

 Renie Martin at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1955 births
Living people
Baseball players from Delaware
Daytona Beach Islanders players
Fort Myers Royals players
Gulf Coast Royals players
Jacksonville Suns players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Omaha Royals players
People from Dover, Delaware
Philadelphia Phillies players
Phoenix Giants players
Richmond Spiders baseball players
San Francisco Giants players
Tigres de Aragua players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
University of Richmond alumni
West Palm Beach Tropics players
Dover High School (Delaware) alumni

Renie Martin


Timothy Joseph DeZarn (born July 11, 1952, in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American actor who has appeared in film and television. Alternately credited as deZarn, he is often cast  in supporting roles in the horror, crime, and science fiction genres.

DeZarn's motion picture credits include Spider-Man (playing Mary Jane Watson's father), Fight Club, Live Free or Die Hard, The Cabin in the Woods, Untraceable, and Demon Knight.

DeZarn has appeared in several American television series, including  Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, NYPD Blue, the various Star Trek TV franchises, Prime Suspect, Mad Men, The Forgotten, Lost, Criminal Minds, Weeds, Prison Break, Deadwood, The Shield, Cold Case, Quantum Leap, 7th Heaven, and Sons of Anarchy.

Biography
Tim DeZarn was born on July 11, 1952. DeZarn went to Archbishop McNicholas High School, a Catholic school in Anderson Township, Ohio. He did not pursue a professional acting career until he was 25 years old.

Acting career
His first broadcast role was on the TV series The Equalizer in 1986. His first film role was in the 1989 action comedy Three Fugitives.

DeZarn made several appearances as Army Sergeant Dixon on the television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. He played the recurring character George Putnam in season two of NYPD Blue. He appeared in five episodes of Deadwood on HBO. DeZarn appeared in Sons of Anarchy as Nate Meineke, the leader of a local state militia and terrorist group. He appeared in sci-fi horror film Project Dorothy (directed by George Henry Horton) in 2019.

Personal life
DeZarn lives in Los Angeles with his wife and daughter. His 18-year-old son Travis was killed in an auto accident in 2007.

Filmography

References

External links

American male film actors
American male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Cincinnati
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
1952 births

Tim de Zarn


Richard Denner (born November 21, 1941) is an American poet associated with the Berkeley Street Poets and the Poets of the Pacific Northwest.  He is the founder and operator of dPress, which has published over two hundred titles, mostly of poetry and most in chapbook format.

Biography

Denner was born in Santa Clara, California and raised in the Oakland Hills. In 1959, he enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley but dropped out the following year, initially working in Moe's Books and for The Berkeley Barb. "I was trying to be like a street poet," he recalled later, "using magic markers to write on napkins at Cafe Med for espressos, on girls' arms and feet."  Soon after, he founded the one-man printing operation, dPress, the backlists of which now contain some two hundred titles.

In 1965, he attended the Berkeley Poetry Conference, what John Bennett, in 'Air Guitar' (an Ellensburg Daily Record column), has called , "an event creating white light intensity that rivaled any drug high and had more staying power." This convergence of the Black Mountain, San Francisco Renaissance, Beat and Northwest Schools gave Denner the pivotal opportunity to study under such avant-garde poets as Charles Olson, Ed Dorn, Robert Creeley, Allen Ginsberg, Joanne Kyger, Lew Welch, and Jack Spicer. Later he would study with Robert Bly, Gary Snyder, Philip Whalen, Denise Levertov and Carolyn Kizer at Fort Worden Center for the Arts in Port Townsend, Washington. But it was Jack Spicer's molding of poetry series into little books that had the most singular effect.

In 1972, he went back to college and received a BA in English and Philosophy from the University of Alaska in Fairbanks.

The former proprietor of the Four Winds Bookstore in Ellensburg, Washington, Denner took up the practice of Vajrayana Buddhism. His most recent major work is a long series of cantos in collaboration with David Bromige.

Works

Collected Poems:1961-2000 was published by Comrades Press in 2001.
The Collected Books of Richard Denner: Volumes 1-12 are published by dPress.
Berkeley Daze: Profiles of Berkeley Poets of the 60s edited by Richard Denner, published by dPress, 2008.

References

External links
Official site for dPress
Profile at the Electronic Poetry Center SUNY Buffalo
Profile on juice-press.com
Critical analysis of Spade: Cantos 1-33
Berkeley Daze at Big Bridge

American male poets
American poets
1941 births
Living people
People from Santa Clara, California
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Chapbook writers

Richard Denner


The King's Head Hotel is a hotel standing opposite the Shire Hall in Glyndŵr Street, Agincourt Square, Monmouth, Wales. It dates from the mid-17th century, and as one of the major inns in Monmouth was reputedly visited by Charles I of England in 1645.  It has a fine black-and-white painted stone façade and became an important posting inn in the late 17th century, with a yard through an archway where visitors' horses could be stabled and where regular coach services called. In the 18th and 19th centuries, stagecoaches for London left from the inn. The range of buildings along Agincourt Street now includes the former Monmouth Bank and the County Club, while the inn itself is now part of the J D Wetherspoon pub chain.  It is one of 24 buildings on the town's Heritage Trail and is a Grade II* listed building.

Architecture and History

The bottom side of Agincourt Square is dominated by the fine 17th century coaching inn, and its attendant buildings provide an attractive range along Agincourt Street, though decorative facades of the former Monmouth Bank (c 1740) on the left, and the County Club (c 1877) with its fine oriel window on the right are much later buildings.  The County Club (by T H Wyatt) has an attractive oriel window.  The King's Head runs through to St John's Street, where it had its stabling, and since this spans the outer bailey ditch of the castle it drops a storey from front to back.  It became an important posting inn under landlord Richard Ballard, who was Mayor of Monmouth in 1675 and also postmaster.  An ardent Royalist, he claimed the visit by Charles I, and issued brass tokens bearing the head of Charles II with the inscription "God Preserve our Gracious King".  Charles I was reputed to have visited it in 1645, during a stay at Raglan Castle, and the Royalist landlord subsequently erected a plaster bas-relief of Charles in 1673, still to be seen above the fireplace in the left-hand Bar.Though it is not clear whether this is Charles I or Charles II, or an amalgam of both, or perhaps just a generic monarch. since it is not particularly realistic.

In 1820, William Cobbett, the pamphleteer spoke at the hotel. Cobbett had just stood unsuccessfully as M.P. for Coventry. He was noted for his opposition to paper money and the corn laws and his enthusiasm for parliamentary reform and the rural Englishmen.

In 1835 there were 15 inns and pubs in Agincourt Square, giving rise to the rhyme
"A gin court here,
a gin court there,
no wonder they call it
A-gin-court Square"

However, the King's Head Hotel was hardly a gin court, being Monmouth Borough's pre-eminent hostelry until the construction of The Beaufort Arms Hotel on the other side of the Shire Hall. Regular stagecoach services left for Ross, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Oxford and London: even then London was only eighteen hours away. When the railways came to Gloucester in 1840, coach services left the Agincourt Square hotels and reached Gloucester in three hours. Through fares to London at that time were 14s (shillings) 7 d (pence).  The railways finally reached Monmouth itself in 1857, to Newport, and in 1873 to Ross and 1875 to Coleford, finally killing off the stagecoach services. In 1840 the hotel had 18 bedrooms, and kept 16 coach horses and several coaches.  It caught fire in 1870, but survived in essentially its present form.

By the start of the 20th century the hotel still offered posting and livery stables, but also facilities for cycling and motor cars. The large dining area, with its high ceilings, still has some of the grandeur associated with its past, and the hotel still offers rooms on a bed and breakfast basis.  Now, however, and much more mundanely, buses leave from the bus station at the bottom of Monnow Street.

In 2011, the Kings Head (J D Westherspoons) sponsored the local cricket club. There is a framed shirt on the wall and the club holds its monthly meetings at the pub. Like dozens of other objects in the pub the cricket team's display is accompanied by a QRpedia code which allows visitors to obtain information on the club in their own language. These were installed in 2012 as part of the "MonmouthpediA" project which provides visitors with information about all aspects of the town.

References

External links

Homepage at JD Wetherspoon

Hotels in Monmouth
History of Monmouthshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Monmouthshire
Grade II* listed hotels
Grade II* listed pubs in Wales

Kings Head Hotel, Monmouth


Things Fall Apart is a novel that was written by Chinua Achebe. It came out in 1958. The story talks about life in Nigeria before colonialism and the Europeans came to Africa in the 19th century. The main character in the book is a man named Okonkwo. He is an Igbo man that lives in a fictional clan in Nigeria called Umuofia. There are three main parts of the story. The first part talks about Okonkwo's personal life and the Igbo culture and traditions. The second and third parts talk about the British colonialists and Christian missionaries.

Things Fall Apart is a very important book. Many people see it as an archetype (something that other works have been based on) for other African novels. The book has been sold over 20 million times. Time magazine said it was one of the best 100 English-language books from 1923 to 2005.

Story

Part 1
Okonkwo is a wrestling champion and a hardworking man. He was born in a poor family because his father was lazy and was in a lot of debt. This makes him hate his father. He tries to be the opposite of everything his father was.

Part 2
In this part of the novel, Okonkwo and his family are away. Meanwhile, white men come to Umuofia and introduce their religion, Christianity. Okonkwo's son Nwoye becomes a Christian.

Part 3
The village destroys the church because a convert disrespected an elder during a ritual. Because of that event, Okonkwo and other leaders go to jail.

Okonkwo kills a messenger. However, the other ones escape. He realizes that the village will not fight back.

Okonkwo kills himself to avoid being tried in court. Suicide is not acceptable to the Igbo and so Okonkwo loses his good name.

Characters

 Okonkwo is the main character. He has 3 wives and 10 kids. He tries very hard to not be like his father, who was considered an abomination (a terrible thing) because he died of swelling. However, he ends up as an abomination himself because suicide is not allowed in Igbo culture.

References

1958 books
English-language novels
Nigerian literature
Suicide in fiction

Things Fall Apart


2015 (twenty fifteen) (MMXV) was .

Events

January

The Eurasian Economic Union comes into effect, creating a political and economic union between Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
Lithuania officially adopts the euro as its currency, replacing the litas, and becomes the nineteenth Eurozone country.
January 7:
A terror attack by Islamic extremists in Paris, France results in the deaths of 12 people at a French newspaper (Charlie Hebdo) building.
A car bomb explodes in Yemen, killing at least 38 people, standing near the entrance of a police officers' academy in central Sana'a.
 January 14:
 11th President of Italy, Giorgio Napolitano, resigns from his office due to old age. Italian senate president, Pietro Grasso, succeeds him as president.
 Two climbers, Kevin Jorgesen and Tommy Caldwell, become the first people to successfully climb El Capitan in Yosemite National Park, California.
 January 23:
 Houthi rebels attack and occupy Yemen's presidential palace. President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi and his cabinet along with Prime minister Khaled Bahah resign.
 Saudi Arabian king Abdullah of Saudi Arabia dies from complications of pneumonia at the age of 90. His half-brother Salman of Saudi Arabia succeeds him as king.
 January 30 - Bulgaria's first freely democratically elected president Zhelyu Zhelev dies at 79.

February

 February 12 - Leaders from Russia, Ukraine, Germany and France reach an agreement on the conflict in eastern Ukraine that includes a ceasefire and withdrawal of heavy weapons.
 February 14 - A spree-shooting occurs in Copenhagen, Denmark at a local cultural center and synagogue. 3 people are killed including the suspected shooter.
 February 16 - The Egyptian military begins conducting airstrikes against a branch of the Islamic militant group ISIL in Libya in retaliation for the group's beheading of over a dozen Egyptian Christians.

March

 March 5-8 - The ancient city sites of Nimrud, Hatra and Dur-Sharrukin in Iraq are demolished by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
 March 6 - NASA's Dawn probe enters orbit around Ceres, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet.
 March 12 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant becomes allies with fellow jihadist group Boko Haram, effectively annexing the group.
 March 24 - An Airbus A320-211 operated by Germanwings crashes in the French Alps, killing all 150 on board.
 March 25 - A Saudi Arabia-led coalition of Arab countries starts a military intervention in Yemen in order to uphold the Yemeni government in its fight against the Houthis' southern offensive.

April
 April 2 &ndash 148 people are killed, the majority students, in a mass shooting at the Garissa University College in Kenya, perpetrated by the militant terrorist organization Al-Shabaab.
 April 25 - A major earthquake in Nepal, measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, results in more than 6,000 deaths in Nepal, India, China and Bangladesh.
 April 29 - The World Health Organization (WHO) declares that rubella has been eradicated from the Americas.

May

 May 1–October 31 – Expo 2015 is held in Milan, Italy.
 May 2 – Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge gives birth to Princess Charlotte of Cambridge in London, England. This is Catherine's and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge second child.
 May 11–12 – Version O of Les Femmes d'Alger by Pablo Picasso sells for US$179.3 million at Christie's auction in New York, while the sculpture L'Homme au doigt by Alberto Giacometti sells for US$141.3 million, setting a new world record for a painting and for a sculpture, respectively.
 May 12 – A second major earthquake in Nepal, measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale, results in 153 deaths in Nepal, 62 in India, 1 in China and 2 in Bangladesh with a total of 218 deaths.
 May 23 – Ireland votes to legalize same-sex marriage, becoming the first country to legalize same-sex marriage by popular vote.

June

 June 2 – FIFA President Sepp Blatter announces his intention to resign amidst an FBI-led corruption investigation, and calls for an extraordinary congress to elect a new president as soon as possible.
 June 7–8 – The 41st G7 summit is held in Schloss Elmau, Bavaria.
 June 25–26 – ISIL claim responsibility for four attacks around the world during the Ramadan:
Kobanî massacre: ISIL fighters detonate three car bombs, enter Kobanî, Syria, and open fire at civilians, killing more than 220.
 Sousse attacks: 22-year-old Seifeddine Rezgui opens fire at a tourist resort at Port El Kantaoui, Tunisia, killing 40 people.
 Kuwait mosque bombing: A suicide bomber attacks the Shia Mosque Imam Ja'far as-Sadiq at Kuwait City, Kuwait, killing 27 people and injuring 227 others.
 June 26 – After the Supreme Court ruling, the United States legalizes gay marriage across the nation.
 June 30
 Cuba becomes the first country in the world to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis.
 A Lockheed C-130 Hercules operated by the Indonesian Air Force crashed into a crowded residential neighborhood in Medan shortly after take-off from Soewondo Air Force Base, killing 143 people including 22 others on the ground, marking the second-deadliest air disaster to ever occur in Medan and the deadliest crash in Indonesian Air Force peacetime history.

July

July 1 – Greek government-debt crisis: Greece becomes the first advanced economy to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund in the 71-year history of the IMF.
July 14
 NASA's New Horizons spacecraft performs a close flyby of Pluto, becoming the first spacecraft in history to visit the distant world.
 Iran agrees to long-term limits of its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.
July 20 – Cuba and the United States reestablish full diplomatic relations, ending a 54-year stretch of hostility between the nations.
July 24 – Turkey begins a series of airstrikes against PKK and ISIL targets after the 2015 Suruç bombing.

August
August 5 – Debris found on Réunion Island is confirmed to be that of Malaysian Airlines Flight 370, missing since March 2014.
August 12 – Former President of the United States Jimmy Carter is diagnosed with melanoma in his brain at the age of 90.
August 17 – A bombing takes place inside the Erawan Shrine at the Ratchaprasong intersection in Pathum Wan District, Bangkok, Thailand, killing 20 people and injuring 125.

September

 September 9 – Queen Elizabeth II became the longest reigning monarch in the history of the United Kingdom.
 September 10 – Scientists announce the discovery of Homo naledi, a previously unknown species of early human in South Africa.
 September 18 – Automaker Volkswagen is alleged to have been involved in worldwide rigging of diesel emissions tests, affecting an estimated 11 million vehicles globally.
 September 24 – A stampede during the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, kills at least 2,200 people and injures more than 900 others, with more than 650 missing.
 September 28 – NASA announces that liquid water has been found on Mars.
 September 30 – Russia begins air strikes against ISIL and anti-government forces in Syria in support of the Syrian government.

October

 October 10 – A suicide bomb kills at least 100 people at a peace rally in Ankara, Turkey, and injures more than 400 others.
 October 19 - Liberals win Canadian federal elections and Justin Trudeau becomes new Prime Minister.
 October 23 – Hurricane Patricia becomes the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere, with winds of 200 mph and a pressure of 879 mbar.
 October 26 – A magnitude 7.5 earthquake strikes the Hindu Kush region and causes 398 deaths, with 279 in Pakistan, 115 in Afghanistan and 4 in India.
 October 29 – United States representative Paul Ryan becomes the new Republican Speaker of the United States House of Representatives after John Boehner resigned.
 October 31 – Flight KGL9268, an Airbus A321 airliner en route to Saint Petersburg from Sharm el-Sheikh, crashes near Al-Hasana in Sinai, killing all 217 passengers and 7 crew members on board.

November

 November 7 – Chinese and Taiwanese leaders, Xi Jinping and Ma Ying-jeou, formally meet for the first time.
 November 13 – Multiple terrorist attacks claimed by the terrorist group ISIS (ISIL) in Paris, France, result in 139 deaths.
 November 24 – Syrian Civil War: Turkey shoots down a Russian fighter jet in the first case of a NATO member destroying a Russian aircraft since the 1950s.
 November 30 – The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) is held in Paris, attended by leaders from 147 nations.

December
 December 12 – A global climate change pact is agreed at the COP 21 summit, committing all countries to reduce carbon emissions for the first time.
 December 21 – After a mass corruption scandal, the FIFA committee suspended its president Sepp Blatter for 7 years thus forcing him to resign.
 December 22 – SpaceX lands a Falcon 9 rocket, the first reusable rocket to successfully enter orbital space and return.

Predicted events
 December 31 – Millennium Development Goals are targeted for achievement.
 December 31 – Microcredit Summit Campaign goals are targeted for achievement.

Unknown dates
 Analog television will be switched off in the Russian Federation.
 The first plasma operation of the fusion reactor ITER is expected.
 Target date for OECD countries to raise aid levels to 0.7% of Gross Domestic Product, as per the Paris Agreement.
 The United States Navy will commission USS Gerald R. Ford, the first ship in a new class of supercarriers.
 The winning nation for the 2022 Winter Olympics will be announced by the IOC.
 Brood XXIII (Lower Mississippi Valley Brood) of the Magicicada will emerge after a 13-year hiatus.
 Cricket World Cup will be played in Australia and New Zealand.
 NASA Solar probe, will orbit the Sun
 ESA Solar Orbiter (SOLO), will orbit the Sun to perform close observations of the polar regions of the Sun
 2015 is the earliest year the European Space Agency might launch the Darwin Mission to search for exoplanets that could possibly harbor life.
 Tenth season premiere of SpongeBob SquarePants.
 Toronto will host the 2015 Pan American Games.
 New Songdo City, South Korea, a high-tech city of 65,000 will be completed.
 A Mass-Transit specific bridge (Caruthers Bridge) will open in Portland, Oregon.

Sports
 2015 Pan American Games, in Toronto, Canada.
 2015 Rugby World Cup, in England.
 2015 Cricket World Cup, in Australia and New Zealand.

Births

 May 2 – Princess Charlotte of Cambridge

Deaths

In fiction

Computer and video games
 Doom: The Union Aerospace Corporation is founded by Thomas Kelliher.
 Star Control: The Small War of 2015 takes place, a war where many of humanity's nuclear weapons were used, and resolved in the isolations of the weapons. It is called the "small war" because it could have been much worse.
 "Jetfighter 2015" (2005)
 Ace Combat 6: Fires of Liberation: The first Ace Combat installment for the Xbox 360. The game takes place on the Anean continent in a war between Emmeria and Estovakia.
 Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots: The first Metal Gear Solid installment for the PlayStation 3. The game takes place in the Middle East, South America, Eastern Europe, Alaska, and a submersible Ark, takes place in 2015.

Movies
 "Firebird 2015 AD" (1981)
 Dr. Emmett Brown, Marty McFly, and Jennifer Parker travel to October 21 of this year in the movie Back to the Future Part II. According to a holographic newscast, the Chicago Cubs win the World Series against a team from Miami (in which the movie was released in 1989, there were no teams from Miami, until 1993 when the Florida Marlins, a team that plays in Miami was established). Inventions will also include flying cars, self-fitting clothes and shoes, hoverboards (devices similar to skateboards), television goggles, hydrating pizzas, and various other developments. According to the movie, 2015 is also the year Jaws 19 premieres, in holographic 3D without requiring 3D glasses.
 Event Horizon: The first permanent colony will be established on the Moon.
 The 6th Day (2000)

Television
Set in 2015:
 Defenders of the Earth (1986):
 Future GPX Cyber Formula (1991): Hayato Kazami becomes the youngest driver ever in Cyber formula with Sugo Grand Prix.
 Neon Genesis Evangelion (1995–1996): The main events of the series take place in this year.
 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine ("Past Tense," 1995): By 2015, London has its own Major League Baseball team, the London Kings.
 Space: Above and Beyond (1995–1996): Aerospace and defense supplier Aero-Tech is founded.
 3rd Rock from the Sun: According to Dick Solomon in the episode "Angry Dick", a giant meteor is destined to collide with Earth. When he says this in his physics class and all of his students turn towards him in shock, he adds, "which obviously doesn't exist because I'm kidding!"

Media franchises
 .hack: A fire occurs at the main CC Corp building, resulting in a large loss of data forcing The World to shut down. By splicing in data from what would have been another game, CC Corp is able to rebuild the game system, thus creating The World:R2.

Other fiction
 John Titor, a claimed time traveler from year 2036, said that World War III would begin during 2015 on his world line.

References

2015


The spot-winged thrush, (Geokichla spiloptera), is an Asian thrush, a group within the large thrush family Turdidae.

It is an endemic resident breeder in Sri Lanka. This uncommon species breeds in hill rainforests, and to a lesser extent in drier woodlands, at altitudes between 500 and 2000 m.

The wintering areas are similar but include less well-wooded areas, and are generally at 750 to 1500 m altitude. The spot-winged thrush is generally solitary and can be quite secretive, especially in the dense undergrowth and bamboo clumps it favours.

Spot-winged thrushes are omnivorous, but eat far more insects than fruit. They feed on the ground.

Adults of this medium-sized thrush, which measures  in total length and weighs  are light brown above with a double wing bar of white spots. The pale face has two dark bars. The underparts are white with heavy spotting. The bill is black and legs are yellow. The song is a rich and varied whistling.

Young birds have buff streaking on the upperparts, and the face and the underparts are light brown with heavy streaking.

The loose cup nests are lined with vegetation and placed in a tree fork. 2-3 buff or bluish-green eggs are laid. This species raises two broods each year.

In culture
In Sri Lanka, this bird is known as Pulli Wal Awichchiya in the Sinhala language.

Gallery

References
Citations

Sources
 Birds of India by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp,
 Thrushes by Clement and Hathaway,

spot-winged thrush
Endemic birds of Sri Lanka
spot-winged thrush
spot-winged thrush

Spot-winged thrush


Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder (NSRED) is a combination of a parasomnia and an eating disorder. It is a non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) parasomnia. It is described as being in a specific category within somnambulism or a state of sleepwalking that includes behaviors connected to a person's conscious wishes or wants. Thus many times NSRED is a person's fulfilling of their conscious wants that they suppress; however, this disorder is difficult to distinguish from other similar types of disorders.

Comparison with night eating syndrome
NSRED is closely related to night eating syndrome (NES) except for the fact that those with NES are completely awake and aware of their eating and bingeing at night while those with NSRED are sleeping and unaware of what they are doing. NES is primarily considered an eating disorder while NSRED is primarily considered a parasomnia; however, both are a combination of parasomnia and eating disorders since those with NES usually have insomnia or difficulty sleeping and those with NSRED experience symptoms similar to binge eating. Some even argue over whether NES and NSRED are the same or distinct disorders. Even though there have been debates over these two disorders, specialists have examined them to try to determine the differences. Dr. J. Winkelman noted several features of the two disorders that were similar, but he gave one important factor that make these disorders different. In his article "Sleep-Related Eating Disorder and Night Eating Syndrome: Sleep Disorders, Eating Disorders, Or both", Winkelman said, "Both [disorders] involve nearly nightly binging at multiple nocturnal awakenings, defined as excess calorie intake or loss of control over consumption." He also reported that both disorders have a common occurrence of approximately one to five percent of adults, have been predominantly found in women, with a young adult onset, have a chronic course, have a primary morbidity of weight gain, sleep disruption, and shame over loss of control over food intake, have familial bases, and have been observed to have comorbid depression and daytime eating disorders. However, Winkelman said, "The most prominent cited distinction between NES and SRED is the level of consciousness during nighttime eating episodes." Therefore, these two disorders are extremely similar with only one distinction between them. Doctors and psychologists have difficulty differentiating between NES and NSRED, but the distinction of a person's level of consciousness is what doctors chiefly rely on to make a diagnosis. One mistake that is often made is the misdiagnosis of NSRED for NES. However, even though NSRED is not a commonly known and diagnosed disease, many people with it in differing ways while doctors work to find a treatment that works for everyone; several studies have been done on NSRED, such as the one conducted by Schenck and Mahowald. These studies, in turn, provide the basic information on this disorder including the symptoms, behaviors, and possible treatments that doctors are using today.

Signs and symptoms
Over the past 30 years, several studies have found that those affected by NSRED all have different symptoms and behaviors specific to them, yet they also all have similar characteristics that doctors and psychologists have identified to distinguish NSRED from other combinations of sleep and eating disorders such as night eating syndrome. Winkelman says that typical behaviors for patients with NSRED include: "Partial arousals from sleep, usually within 2 to 3 hours of sleep onset, and subsequent ingestion of food in a rapid or 'out of control' manner." They also will attempt to eat bizarre amalgamations of foods and even potentially harmful substances such as glue, wood, or other toxic materials. In addition, Schenck and Mahowald noted that their patients mainly ate sweets, pastas, both hot and cold meals, improper substances such as "raw, frozen, or spoiled foods; salt or sugar sandwiches; buttered cigarettes; and odd mixtures prepared in a blender."

During the handling of this food, patients with NSRED distinguish themselves, as they are usually messy or harmful to themselves. Some eat their food with their bare hands while others attempt to eat it with utensils. This occasionally results in injuries to the person as well as other injuries. After completing their studies, Schenck and Mahowald said, "Injuries resulted from the careless cutting of food or opening of cans; consumption of scalding fluids (coffee) or solids (hot oatmeal); and frenzied running into walls, kitchen counters, and furniture." A few of the more notable symptoms of this disorder include large amounts of weight gain over short periods of time, particularly in women; irritability during the day, due to lack of restful sleep; and vivid dreams at night. It is easily distinguished from regular sleepwalking by the typical behavioral sequence consisting of "rapid, 'automatic' arising from bed, and immediate entry into the kitchen." In addition, throughout all of the studies done, doctors and psychiatrists discovered that these symptoms are invariant across weekdays, weekends, and vacations as well as the eating excursions being erratically spread throughout a sleep cycle. Most people with this disease retain no control over when they arise and consume food in their sleep. Although some have been able to restrain themselves from indulging in their unconscious appetites, some have not and must turn to alternative methods of stopping this disorder. It is important for trained physicians to recognize these symptoms in their patients as quickly as possible, so those with NSRED may be treated before they injure themselves.

Diagnosis

Criteria
The diagnostic criteria utilized by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition (ICSD-3) include some dysfunctional eating when the person wake up during the main sleep period, eating unusual or toxic food, negative health consequences. The patient could be injured during these episodes and he might not be conscious and won't remember them. This criterion differentiates SRED from Night eating syndrome(NES). Patients with NES are conscious during the episode.

Treatment
For those patients who have not been able to stop this disorder on their own, doctors have been working to discover a treatment that will work for everyone. One treatment that Schenck and Mahowald studied consisted of psychotherapy combined with "environmental manipulation". This was usually done separately from the weight-reducing diets. However, during this study only 10 percent of the patients were able to lose more than one third of their initial excess weight, which was not a viable percentage. In addition, they reported that many of the patients experienced "major depression" and "severe anxiety" during the attempted treatments. This was not one of the most successful attempts to help those with NSRED.

However, Dr. R. Auger reported on another trial treatment where patients were treated utilizing pramipexole. Those conducting the treatment noticed how the nocturnal median motor activity was decreased, as was assessed by actigraphy, and individual progress of sleep quality was reported. Nevertheless, Augur also said, "27 percent of subjects had RLS (restless legs syndrome, a condition known to respond to this medication), and number and duration of waking episodes related to eating behaviors were unchanged." Encouraged by the positive response verified in the above-mentioned trial treatment, doctors and psychiatrists conducted a more recent study described by Auger as "efficacy of topiramate [an antiepileptic drug associated with weight loss] in 17 consecutive patients with NSRED." Out of the 65 percent of patients who continued to take the medication on a regular basis, all confirmed either considerable development or absolute remission of "night-eating" in addition to "significant weight loss" being achieved. This has been one of the most effective treatments discovered so far, but many patients still had NSRED. Therefore, other treatments were sought after.

Such treatments include those targeted to associated sleep disorders with the hope that it would play an essential part of the treatment process of NSRED. In Schenck and Mahowald's series, combinations of cardibopa/L-dopa, codeine, and clonazepam were used to treat five patients with RLS and one patient with somnambulism and PLMS (periodic limb movements in sleep). These patients all were with NSRED as well as these other disorders, and they all experienced a remission of their NSRED as a result of taking these drugs. Two patients with OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) and NSRED also reported as having a "resolution of their symptoms with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy." Clonazepam monotherapy was also found to be successful in 50 percent of patients with simultaneous somnambulism. Dopaminergic agents such as monotherapy were effective in 25 percent of the NSRED subgroup. Success with combinations of dopaminergic and opioid drugs, with the occasional addition of sedatives, also was found in seven patients without associated sleep disorders. In those for whom opioids and sedatives are relatively contraindicated (e.g., in those with histories of substance abuse), two case reports were described as meeting with success with a combination of bupropion, levodopa, and trazodone. Notably, hypnotherapy, psychotherapy, and various behavioral techniques, including environmental manipulation, were not effective on the majority of the patients studied. Nevertheless, Auger argue that behavioral strategies should complement the overall treatment plan and should include deliberate placement of food to avoid indiscriminate wandering, maintenance of a safe sleep environment, and education regarding proper sleep hygiene and stress management. Even with their extensive studies, Schenck and Mahowald did not find the success as Auger found by treating his patients with topiramate.

History
The first case of NSRED was reported in 1955, but over the next 36 years, only nine more reports were made of this syndrome. Seven of these reports were single-case studies and the other two instances were seen during objective sleep studies, all done by psychiatrists and doctors. Schenck and Mahowald were the first to a major study on this disorder. They started their study of NSRED in 1985 and continued until 1993 with several cases among a total of 38 other various sleep-related disorders. Many of the cases they observed had symptoms that overlapped with those of NES, but this study was the first to discover that NSRED was different from NES in the fact that those with NSRED were either partially or completely unaware of their actions at night while those with NES were aware. Schenck and Mahowald also discovered that none of the patients had any eating instability before their problems at night while sleeping. In their 1993 report, they summarized the major findings with the idea that women encompass at least two thirds of the patients and that the majority of these patients had become overweight. They also discovered that while the patients' night-eating normally started during early adulthood, this wasn't always the case as it started as early as childhood to as late as middle adulthood. These patients not only had NSRED, but many of them had also had other nighttime behaviors such as sleep terrors for several years. This revolutionized the way people saw NSRED.
With the technological age growing and more people becoming obese, Schenck and Mahowald's discovery of NSRED causing a large weight increase helped doctors more easily identify this disorder. As seen in Table 1 below, almost half of Schenck and Mahowald's patients were significantly obese. According to body mass index's criteria, no patient was emaciated. Schenck and Mahowald said, "virtually all patients had accurate non-distorted appraisals of their body size, shape, and weight. Furthermore, unlike the patients in Stunkard's series, none of our patients had problematic eating in the evening between dinner and bedtime; sleep onset insomnia was not present; and sleep latency was usually brief, apart from several patients with RLS." After realizing what was wrong with them, many of Schenck and Mahowald's patients with NSRED restricted their day eating and over exercised. This table summary identifies the first initial findings concerning NSRED, and it shows how NSRED is a random malady that affects many different types of people in individual ways.

See also
 Night eating syndrome

References

External links

Eating disorders
Sleep disorders
Sleepwalking

Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder


Cantabrigian  (often shortened to Cantab) is an adjective that is used in two meanings: 1) to refer to what is of or pertaining to Cambridge University, located in Cambridge, England; or 2) to refer to what is of or pertaining to the cities of Cambridge, England, and Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The term is derived from Cantabrigia, a medieval Latin name for Cambridge invented on the basis of the Anglo-Saxon name Cantebrigge.

In Cambridge, United States, the name "Cantabrigia" appears in the city seal and (abbreviated to "Cantab") in the seal of the Episcopal Divinity School, located therein. The word Cantabrigia appears in the circular logo of the Cambridge Trust Company, a financial institution based in Cambridge, United States. A pub in Cambridge, United States, called the Cantab Lounge is a play on this abbreviation.

It is also the name of one of the Rugby clubs based in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Cantabrigian Rugby Club formerly The Old Cantabrigian RUFC, was established by the 'old boys' of local Hills Road Sixth Form College (formerly The Cambridgeshire High School for Boys, until 1974). Cantabrigian Rowing Club was similarly established, in 1950.

See also
 The Tab, a student newspaper group originating in Cambridge
 List of University of Cambridge members

Notes

References
Chambers English Dictionary, Cambridge University Press, 1988.

External links

Culture in Cambridge
Terminology of the University of Cambridge

Cantabrigian


Anders Boserup (January 15, 1940 – May 4, 1990) was a Danish researcher. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen in 1965 with a Magister in physics and became a lecturer in sociology in 1972. He was the co-founder of the Danish Institute for Peace and Conflict Research and the Nordic Peace Foundation.  He researched peace, security and disarmament. He is well known for his work with non-offensive defence. He worked as a consultant for the UN, SIPRI and the Danish Foreign Ministry in relation to disarmament.

References

University of Copenhagen alumni
Academics from Copenhagen
20th-century Danish physicists
1940 births
1990 deaths

Anders Boserup


Stan Fine (May 24, 1922 - May 21, 2009), was an American gag cartoonist.  He contributed to major magazines, signed his work with his full name but sometimes reversed his last name to submit cartoons under the signature Enif.

Born in Pittsburgh, Fine studied at the Philadelphia School of Industrial Art and then launched his cartoon career. His work appeared for decades in a wide variety of publications, including The American Magazine, Cartoon Spice, Collier's, Good Housekeeping, Look, National Enquirer, National Lampoon, The Saturday Evening Post and Woman's World.

King Features
For a year in the mid-1960s, he entered into newspaper syndication with Art Linkletter's Kids, a daily gag panel featuring a cast of child characters—Klunkhead, Powder Puff, Specs Webster and Terry the Terror. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, the series began November 4, 1963 and continued until October 1964. He also worked on the syndicated Hazel, as recalled by Ted Key's son, Peter Key:
When Curtis Publishing went into bankruptcy, my father obtained the rights to Hazel from it and worked out a deal under which he wrote and drew six Hazel cartoons a week for King Features Syndicate, which syndicated them to newspapers across the country. My father hired cartoonist Stan Fine to ink his drawings. I wrote gags for him for an eight-year period, but he still turned out six new Hazel cartoons a week until he retired in 1993. King Features still syndicates Hazel to newspapers, but the cartoons are ones that appeared before.

Before moving to Florida, Fine's studio was at 125 Montgomery Avenue in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, where he lived with his wife, the former Renee Fox. Between sessions at the drawing board, Fine found time for his hobbies, woodworking, golf and reinventing himself as a cartoonist.

Fine used the services of several gagwriters, including Terry Wampler. In later years, Fine's most prolific work appeared in the pages of several men's magazines, most notably Hustler. The days of old school cartoonists had passed and Fine found a new home in the "adult" market - Hustler in particular, where the perfect medium came into play with Fine regularly drawing single page cartoons depicting (among other things) devious little kids, a far cry from the familial tapestry woven into Hazel. Many of his associates knew in actuality they were references to his estranged son, one Stan would internally struggle with during his final years in Florida. The other side of Stan's iconic humor was found in Wampler's contributions, acknowledged in one National Enquirer cartoon showing kids in Halloween costumes, outside a darkened house, saying, "We know you're in there, Mr. Wampler, so turn on the light and come out with your hands full."

Books
Books with Fine's byline include How to Stop Smoking Without Hardly Trying (Gem Publishing, 1964) which displayed "16 detachable jumbo picture postcards". His cartoons were reprinted in many collections, including The Little Monsters (Ace, 1956) and the hardcover You've Got Me in the Suburbs (Dodd Mead, 1957), cartoons about commuters and suburbanites, edited by Lawrence Lariar. Fine was often represented in Lariar's Best Cartoons of the Year annuals.

His work is in the Daniel McCormick Collection at Wayne State University.

References

External links
"Three Fines"

American cartoonists
1922 births
2009 deaths

Stan Fine