A pseudo-documentary or fake documentary is a film or video production that takes the form or style of a documentary film but does not portray real events. Rather, scripted and fictional elements are used to tell the story. The pseudo-documentary, unlike the related mockumentary, is not always intended as satire or humor. It may use documentary camera techniques but with fabricated sets, actors, or situations, and it may use digital effects to alter the filmed scene or even create a wholly synthetic scene.

Film

Orson Welles gained notoriety with his radio show and hoax War of the Worlds which fooled listeners into thinking the Earth was being invaded by Martians. Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum says this is Welles' first pseudo-documentary. Pseudo-documentary elements were subsequently used in his feature films. For instance, Welles created a pseudo-documentary newsreel which appeared within his 1941 film Citizen Kane, and he began his 1955 film, Mr. Arkadin, with a pseudo-documentary prologue.

Peter Watkins has made several films in the pseudo-documentary style. The War Game (1965), which reported on a fake nuclear bombing of England, was seen as so disturbingly realistic that the BBC chose not to broadcast it. The film won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Watkins' other such films include Punishment Park (1971) and La Commune (2002).

The film Mad Max 2 first frames the story by showing a staged documentary-style sequence of images designed to inform the viewer that what follows is the aftermath of an apocalyptic global war.

Fake-fiction

Related to, and in exact opposition to pseudo-documentary, is the notion of "fake-fiction". A fake-fiction film takes the form of a staged, fictional movie, while actually portraying real, unscripted events.

The notion of fake-fiction was coined by Pierre Bismuth to describe his 2016 film Where Is Rocky II?, which uses documentary method to tell a real, unscripted story, but is shot and edited to appear like a fiction film. The effect of this fictional aesthetic is precisely to cancel the sense of reality, making the real events appear as if they were staged or constructed.

Unlike the related mockumentary, fake-fiction does not focus on satire, and in distinction with docufiction, it does not re-stage fictional versions of real past events.

Another filmmaker whose work could be associated with the concept of fake-fiction is Gianfranco Rosi. For example, Below Sea Level  uses the language of fiction cinema in its rendering of unscripted, documentary material. Of his own work, Rosi said, "I don't care if I'm making a fiction film or documentary — to me it's a film, it's a narrative thing."

Found or discovered footage

The term found footage has sometimes been used to describe pseudo-documentaries where the plot involves the discovery of the film's footage. Found footage is originally the name of an entirely different genre, but the magazine Variety, for example, used the term "faux found-footage film" to describe the 2012 film Grave Encounters 2. The film scholar David Bordwell has criticized this recent use because of the confusion it creates, and instead prefers the term "discovered footage" for the narrative gimmick.

Television
Pseudo-documentary forms have appeared in television advertisements and campaign advertising. The "Revolving Door" ad used in the US presidential campaign of 1988 to attack candidate Michael Dukakis showed scripted scenes intended to look like documentary footage of men entering and exiting a prison through a revolving door. Boston-based band the Del Fuegos appeared in a 1984 commercial for Miller beer, with scripted scenes shot in hand-held camera/pseudo-documentary style. The band was criticized for selling out and for the falseness of the commercial; founding member Warren Zanes said making the ad was a mistake, that their core audience turned away, and the larger audience gained by the exposure did not maintain interest for long.

Peter Greenaway employed pseudo-documentary style in his French television production Death on the Seine in 1988. He used fabricated scenes to reconstruct a historic event that was otherwise impossible to shoot, and portrayed it as reality.

Reality television has been described as a form of pseudo-documentary. An early and influential example is 1992's The Real World by MTV, a scripted "reality" show bordering on soap opera.

See also
 Docudrama – a dramatized documentary
 Docufiction – a documentary of fiction
 Mockumentary – a parodical or humorous fictional documentary

References

Documentaries
Documentary film genres
Fiction forms
Film genres

Pseudo-documentary


Francisco de Sales Torres Homem, Viscount of Inhomirim (January 29, 1812 – June 3, 1876), was a physician, lawyer, journalist, romantic writer, deputy, senator, top officer of the National Treasury, president of the Bank of Brazil and Minister of Treasury. The only afrobrazilian ever to have been in charge of the economy of Brazil throughout its history.

Biography
Francisco de Sales Torres Homem was born on January 29, 1812, at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.  His father, Apolinário Torres Homem, was a shady businessman, married to María Patrícia, a mulatto traveling market salesman, nicknamed You kill me.

After finishing his career in medicine at the Medical-Surgical Academy at Rio de Janeiro in 1832, he became enrolled by Evaristo Ferreira da Veiga at the Society for the Defense of Freedom and National Independence, a political group related to the moderate liberal party, and asked to write political articles for some journals.  At first he was unwilling to perform these duties, according to him because he lacked knowledge and interest on politics; however, Ferreira da Veiga made him change his mind after praising his first article written for the journal Aurora Fluminense.  He later traveled to Paris to study law, with a focus on political economy.

He maintained a close friendship since childhood with Gonçalves de Magalhães, who made him get into the Historical Institute of Paris to write a dissertation in 1834 along with poet Manuel de Araújo Porto-alegre on the state of sciences in Brazil entitled Resumo da História da Literatura, das Ciências e das Artes no Brasil por três brasileiros, membros do Instituto Histórico (Brief Resume on the History of Literature, Sciences and Arts in Brazil by three Brazilians, members of the Historical Institute). In 1836, along with Gonçalves de Magalhães, Araújo Porto-alegre and João Manuel Pereira da Silva, he creates Niterói, a journal considered the initial landmark of the literary romantic movement of Brazil.

In 1837 he returned to Brazil.  He wrote for the Journal of Political and Literary Debates (Jornal dos Debates Políticos e Literários) from 1837 to 1838; his peers from France also collaborated in this journal. Jornal dos Debates was a journal which reflected the liberal thought opposed to regent Diogo Antônio Feijó's government, having a considerable influence of its writing on the people.  Torres Homem went later on to write for other journals: Despertador (1838–1841) and Maiorista (1838–1841).

In 1842 he joined the Society of Invisible Patriarchs, a secret revolutionary organization that took up arms against the monarchy.  Because of this, Torres Homem was sent to exile for some months in Portugal.

In politics, Torres Homem became a deputy for Ceará (1842–1844) and, later on, for Minas Gerais (1845–1847) and Rio de Janeiro (1848–1850).

In 1849, after being editor for a whole year of a newspaper called Correio Mercantil (Mercantile Post), he publishes in its pages his famous Libelo do Povo (People's Libel); by using Timandro as pen name, Torres Homem criticized the imperial House of Braganza for the mismanagement of Brazil, provoking criticism against him by those who sympathized with the monarchy. His Libelo do povo was a liberal protest against the arbitrary measures used by the crown to suppress the liberal revolt of 1848 in Pernambuco, and to prevent the fulfillment of the promise of independence, "social and political renovation."  In 1852, after establishing a Conciliation Ministry, the attacks diminished; however, Torres Homem maintained himself as a firm opponent of the regime.

From December 12, 1858, to October 10, 1859, he became Minister of Treasury.  As such, he was considered metalist by being a firm defender of monetary restriction and a coin backed by gold.  By 1870 he arrives to the Senate where he defended freedom for all children of slaves, which earned him a year later, the conferment of the Order of Christ, and later, the title of Viscount of Inhomirim.

During the final days of his life, sick with asthma, he again disobeyed the Empire by traveling abroad to treat himself without asking for license.  He returned to Brazil and resumed his legislative chores, but his health problems forced him to go to Paris where he died on June 3, 1876.

References

External links
Online Sources
 State Ministers of Treasury Ministry of Treasury of Brazil
 Historia da literatura: Francisco de Sales Torres Homem Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul

1812 births
1876 deaths
Brazilian economists
Brazilian journalists
Brazilian nobility
19th-century Brazilian politicians
19th-century Brazilian writers
Finance Ministers of Brazil
Government ministers of Brazil
Members of the Senate of the Empire of Brazil
19th-century journalists
Brazilian male journalists
19th-century Brazilian male writers
Brazilian magazine founders
Brazilian politicians of African descent


Spontaneous symmetry breaking is a way symmetry breaks in a physical system. The underlying laws do not change, but the system as a whole changes. Symmetry breaking in physics occurs when a system is crossing a critical point. Small fluctuations decide the system's fate, by determining which branch is taken.

Examples
There are several examples of spontaneous symmetry in nature.
A needle on its point is unstable, and will therefore fall over. The direction it falls, however, is random.

 When a magnet is heated, above a certain temperature, it loses its magnetic properties. This is because the atoms are moving too fast to be aligned a particular direction.

Uses for spontaneous symmetry breaking
Spontaneous symmetry breaking can create a  particle called a Higgs boson. This is a particle which is the force transferring particle (boson) of the Higgs field. The Higgs field gives mass to fundamental particles such as electrons. Also, many scientists believe in the Higgs effect (which is very similar to spontaneous symmetry breaking) to answer questions that are not answered in the standard model of physics. The standard model predicts that certain types of quarks should have a mass of zero, while in reality they have a non-zero mass value. Some scientists believe that spontaneous symmetry breaking is the answer.

Method of spontaneous symmetry breaking
For spontaneous symmetry breaking to happen, you need an environment which is completely symmetrical, and has at least two outcomes that are equally likely. Spontaneous symmetry breaking starts with two particles that are completely equal; their spin is equal, too. Mathematically, spontaneous symmetry breaking can be extremely puzzling, since you start out with two identical things and end up with two non-identical things. However, in practice, it is not so puzzling. If you have two particles moving at each other with equal speed, it would seem impossible for either of them to do anything but be symmetrical. However, if each particle has an equal 50-50 chance to be spinning one way or another, it is possible–in theory and in practice–to have this symmetry broken. It begins with symmetry to start with because the particles have an equal and symmetrical 50-50 chance of spinning one way or another.

Quantum mechanics

Spontaneous symmetry breaking


The Matra Rancho wis a leisure activity vehicle creatit bi the French engineering group Matra in cooperation wi the automaker Simca tae capitalize on the off-road trend, stairtit bi the Range Rover, bi providin the "off-road look" at a lawer price.

The Rancho wis launched in 1977 an became a popular model, but this did na alleviate mair wider problems at Chrysler Europe (Simca's parent company). Chrysler finally sauld its European arm tae PSA in 1978, follaein which it wis rebranded as Talbot in 1979. The Matra-Simca Rancho nou became the Talbot Matra Rancho an production continued until 1984 (awtho it remained on sale up tae Januar 1985), reachin 57,792 caurs in tot.

Designed bi Antonis Volanis, the Rancho wis based on the pick-up version o Simca's popular supermini, the Simca 1100, uisin its front structur an a stretched chassis. The rest o the body wis made bi Matra frae fibreglass an polyester, includin the mouldings adornin the body, which made it leuk mair "sturdy". This technology wad later be uised on the Renault Espace, Europe's first MPV, which wis manufactured bi Matra. The grund clearance wis an aa increased. Unlik maist off-roaders, it wis na fitted wi all-wheel drive, retaining the 1100s front-wheel drive layoot. Ither elements retained frae the 1100 includit the dashboard an front seats (identical wi the anes foond in the Simca 1100 GLS). The Rancho wis pouered bi the 1442 cc, 80 bhp version o the Simca Type 315 straight-4 ingine.

During its life, the Rancho wis offered in several versions. Apart frae the basic Rancho, thare wis the Grand Raid, fitted wi sic "off-road" extras as an electric winch on the front bumper an the spare wheel mounted on the ruif - as well as a leemitit-slip differential. The Rancho X wis the upscale model, wi additional standard items sic as alloy wheels an metallic paint. The Découvrable model's rear cabin consisted o an open frame wi roll-doun fabric covers, which coud serve as an "open" caur during guid wather. Finally, the Rancho AS wis the commercial version, wi nae rear seat, makin it exempt frae the French tax on passenger caurs.

The vehicle that Matra proposed tae PSA as a replacement for the Rancho (which haed been available wi twa extra, rear-facing seats) wis a "monospace" (single box shape) concept, wi flexible seating, which wis ultimately rejected bi Talbot's parent company. Houiver, Matra managed tae sell it tae Renault an it became the Renault Espace.

External links
Matra-Simca Rancho at matrasport.dk
The Matra Rancho: Chrysler Europe's Car-Based SUV at allpar.com
SIMCA Club UK

Matra Rancho
Rancho
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
Vehicles introduced in 1977

Matra Rancho


The Advanced bylin watter reactor (ABWR) is a Generation III bylin watter reactor. The ABWR is currently offered bi GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy (GEH) an Toshiba. The ABWR generates electric pouer bi usin steam tae pouer a steam turbine connected to an electric generator. The steam is produced from watter usin heat generated bi fission reactions within nuclear fuel.

Bylin watter reactors (BWRs) are the second most common form o light watter reactor with a direct cycle design that uses fewer muckle steam supply components than the pressurized watter reactor (PWR), which employs an indirect cycle. The ABWR is the present state o the art in bylin watter reactors, and is the first Generation III reactor design to be fully biggit, with several reactors complete an operatin. The first reactors were biggit on time an under budget in Japan, with others under construction there and in Taiwan. ABWRs were on order in the Unitit States, includin two reactors at the South Texas Project site.

The standard ABWR plant design has a net electrical output o aboot 1.35 GW (3926 MW o thermal pouer).

References and notes

Nuclear pouer reactor teeps

Advanced bylin watter reactor


The Deutsche Reichspartei (DRP) (German Reich Party, German Imperial Party or German Empire Party) was a nationalist political party in West Germany. It was a merger of the German Conservative Party - Deutsche Right Party (DKP-DRP) and the old Hessian Nationaldemokratischen Partei (NDP).

Some of the DRP's founders were: Alexander Andrae, Oskar Lutz, Hans Bernd von Grünberg, Wilhelm Meinberg, Otto Heß, Hans Schikora, Heinrich Kunstmann, Adolf von Thadden.

In 1949 the Sozialistische Reichspartei (SRP) split from the DRP. This was because the Empire Party was not neo-Nazi, and did not want to be associated with Adolf Hitler.  Instead the party preferred to say how good the Second German Empire (1870-1919) was.

The Deutsche Reichspartei did become more national socialist after 1952. This is when the Sozialistische Reichspartei was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and a lot of its members re-joined the Empire Party.

The party was not very successful in the 1950s, but seemed to be getting more popular after the state elections of 1959. But the success did not last, and the party held its final conference in 1964 when it was dissolved. It was quickly replaced by the new Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands.

Other websites
 Germany's New Nazis 1951 pamphlet about the DRP and other neo--nazi groups

Former political parties in Germany
Neo-Nazism
West Germany
1964 disestablishments

Deutsche Reichspartei


Castilla de Oro or del Oro () was the name given by the Spanish settlers at the beginning of the 16th century to the Central American territories from the Gulf of Urabá, near today's Colombian-Panamanian border, to the Belén River. Beyond that river, the region was known as Veragua, and was disputed by the Spanish crown along with the Columbus family. The name "Castilla de Oro" was made official in May 1513 by King Ferdinand II of Aragon, then regent of the Crown of Castile.

After Vasco Núñez de Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean, Castilla de Oro's jurisdiction was broadened to include the Pacific coasts of Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.

With the creation, in 1527, of the Province of Nicaragua, which included today's Nicaragua as well as the Nicoya Peninsula, Castilla de Oro's jurisdiction was reduced. In 1537, once the conflict between the crown and the Columbus family was settled, Castilla de Oro was split up, divided by the Duchy of Veragua.

The western portion, which comprised most of Panama's and Costa Rica's Pacific coasts, was merged in 1540 with Royal Veragua, to create the Province of Nuevo Cartago y Costa Rica.

The eastern part, the last remnant of Castilla de Oro, in time became known as the Realm of Tierra Firme, or Panamá, especially after the creation of the Royal Academy of Panamá in 1538.  In 1560, the new Province of Veragua, created by Philip II out of the now defunct Duchy of Veragua, was merged with Castilla de Oro.

Governors of Castilla del Oro, 1514–1540
1514–1526 Pedro Arias Dávila, Governor
1526–1529 Pedro de los Ríos y Gutiérrez de Aguayo, Governor
1529–1532 Antonio de la Gama, Interim Governor
1533–1536 Francisco de Barrionuevo, Governor
1536–1539 Pedro Vázquez de Acuña, Governor
1539 Francisco Pérez de Robles, President of the Audiencia of Panama

References

Colonial Central America
History of Central America
History of Nicaragua
Colonial Panama
Audencia of Guatemala
Spanish colonization of the Americas
1513 establishments in the Spanish Empire

Castilla de Oro


Tim Bendzko (born 9 April 1985) is a German singer-songwriter. He achieved nationwide recognition with his song "Nur noch kurz die Welt retten" and becoming the winner on the Bundesvision Song Contest.

Career

Bendzko grew up in the Köpenick region of Berlin. As a teenager, he attended a sport gymnasium and played with the FC Union Berlin club football up to the "B" age level, around 16. His musical career began with guitar lessons, which he decided to start taking when he was 11 or 12 years old. At age 16, he wrote his first songs. After taking his Abitur, he studied Protestant Theology and non-Christian religions at the Free University of Berlin. He ended his studies after 5 semesters without getting a degree. He then worked temporarily as an auctioneer in the car trade.

In 2009, he registered for the talent competition Söhne puta
gesucht of Söhne Mannheims. As a winner of the talent competition, he performed in the summer of 2009 before 20,000 spectators at the Berlin Waldbühne, one of Europe's largest concert venues. Then he devoted himself entirely to his music. He received a recording contract with Sony Music and performed as an opening act for Silly on their 2010 tour.

On 17 June 2011, he released his debut album Wenn Worte meine Sprache wären ("If words were my language"), from which the single Nur noch kurz die Welt retten ("Just quickly save the world") was released on 27 May 2011. The album reached number four in the German charts and the single number two. The single, written by Tim Bendzko, Mo Brandis and Simon Triebel, was certified 3× Gold in Germany for sales of more than 450,000 copies. It was also awarded Platinum status in Switzerland and Gold in Austria. The music video was produced by Hagen Decker in Los Angeles. The album, which sold over 500,000 copies in Germany alone, was certified 5× Gold in Germany, Platinum in Switzerland and Gold in Austria.

Bendzko performed as the opening act in Cologne and Leipzig on Elton John's tour of Germany, as well as being the support act for Joe Cocker during his Hard Knocks tour. On 29 September 2011, he came back to his hometown of Berlin for the Bundesvision Song Contest 2011 with the title track of his Album, Wenn Worte meine Sprache wären and won the competition. On 10 November 2011 he won the newcomer Bambi award.

Tim was one of the three coaches in the first season of the German version of The Voice Kids, which aired in 2013.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

External links

21st-century German male singers
German male singer-songwriters
German singer-songwriters
1985 births
Singers from Berlin
Living people
Participants in the Bundesvision Song Contest
People from Treptow-Köpenick

Tim Bendzko


The Dark Design (1977) is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip José Farmer, the third in the series of Riverworld books. The title is derived from lines in Sir Richard Francis Burton's poem The Kasîdah of Hâjî Abdû El-Yezdî:

Plot
The plot, set 30 years after humanity's resurrection, consists of three distinct plot lines, which come together towards the conclusion.

In the first plot line, Richard Burton and his friends continue their journey up river.  On their journey they encounter a group of ancient Egyptians who tell them of a mission which their Pharaoh had undertaken to reach the source of the River.  Accompanied by the Titanthrop Joe Miller, who they believed to be an avatar of Thoth, they scaled the mountains at the River's headwaters and descended into a polar sea, with a large black tower in the center.  On the shores they found a cave with supplies and boat.  One of their number died there, bringing the story back to the Valley.  Burton also discovers that his group has been infiltrated by traitors.  Through hypnosis, the Neanderthal Kaz identifies Monat and Pete Frigate as agents of the alien creators of the Riverworld.  When Burton goes to confront them he discovers that they have disappeared.

The second plot line deals with the real Peter Jairus Frigate, who is unaware that someone has been impersonating him (actually his deceased brother who died in infancy).  One day, a ship docks near his home and Frigate recognizes its captains as two of his childhood heroes, Tom Mix and Jack London.  He signs on to the crew, joining the Sufi mystic Nur-ed-Din and the African warrior Umslopogas.  For years he travels with them without revealing that he knows Mix and London's identities.  When he finally confronts the men, they reveal that they had been recruited by the Mysterious Stranger to find the source of the River.  Eventually they come upon the metal rich nation of New Bohemia and Frigate suggests they build a balloon to reach the pole faster.  However, soon after launch their balloon is destroyed after an encounter with another airship.

In the third plot line, the nation of Parolando, now under the rule of President Milton Firebrass, is building an airship, which will allow them to reach the pole faster than Clemens' steamboat.  Cyrano de Bergerac has opted to stay behind to help with the project and proves to be a competent pilot.  Training is overseen by new arrival Jill Gulbirra, an Australian dirigible pilot and strident feminist.  The airship launches and rapidly makes the journey to the pole, where they discover the sea and the dark tower described by the Egyptians.  Firebrass and several others abruptly board a helicopter to fly down to the tower, but it explodes, killing them.  Engineer Barry Thorn is jailed after it is discovered that he planted a bomb on the helicopter.  The crew discover a doorway on the roof of the tower, but all attempts to enter it are stymied by an invisible force field.  Japanese Sufi Piscator is able to make it farther than anyone and disappears into the tower.  After he does not return, Jill Gulbirra decides to cut their losses and return home.  On the way back, they are persuaded by Clemens to mount an attack on King John's steamship.  Cyrano leads the attack, which nearly succeeds in kidnapping John, but the king escapes.  In the confusion, Barry Thorn escapes and parachutes from the airship, which explodes behind him.

 During the third plot line, it is revealed that Firebrass knew the alien from Arcturus and the death of most of humanity in the year 2003 AD.

See also
 Riverworld

American science fiction novels
1977 American novels
1977 science fiction novels
Novels by Philip José Farmer
Riverworld
Berkley Books books

The Dark Design


The System/370  or S/370 was a mainframe architecture,  IBM built in the 1970s. The System was mostly compatible with System/360, which IBM had built before. >Many applications coulds be re-used. The biggest change was that S/370 could handle virtual memory. The S/370 used tape drives and hard drives as mass storage device.  The System/390 replaced the System/370 in the 1990s.

Other websites

 IBM press release, from 1970

Historical computers

System/370


Marado or Mara Island is the most southern island of South Korea. It is about 11km away from the Moseolpo harbor in the south coast of Jeju-do (Jeju Island). Having an area of 0.298km², the whole island is covered with natural grass so that it carries an exotic mood. The island is small enough for tourists to look around within an hour.

Information
Marado belongs to the administrative boundaries of Gapa-ri, Daejeong-eup, Seogwipo City, Jeju Island. The population of the island is around 107, and about 30 families are living in Marado. When viewed from the sky, Marado looks just like a sweet-potato. As the wind blows all year round, everything in Marado including trees, houses, grasses lie flat on the ground. Along the coast, the island has steep cliffs with lots of holes made by rough waves. Also Marado, the island itself is designated as a natural monument of South Korea (2000).

History
Originally, Marado was an island called Keum Island, meaning 'forbidden island' in Korean language. It was because of the unpredictable weather and rough sea that people could not approach the island. However, people started to live in Marado since 1883. Tradition says that a man named Kim Sung Oh, who lost all his fortune in gambling made a suggestion to the county chief to let people move into Marado. As the chief let them to do so, people including Kim came to Marado and cultivated the island.

Attractions
Not to mention the beautiful scenery of the island, Marado has lots of attractions. First of all, there is a monument symbolizing the most southern point of South Korea in the island. Also, a small museum named 'Chocolate Museum' is another landmark of the island. Furthermore, there is a rock called 'Janggun Rock', meaning 'the General's rock' in Korean language. People in Marado regard this rock as a guardian of the island. Lastly, the lighthouse which is registered on the map of the world is a really beautiful and charming attraction.

Islands of South Korea

Marado


Venerable Adrian of Ondrusov (died August 26, 1549) was a Russian Orthodox monk and saint, venerated as a Wonderworker.

Born Andrew Zavalushin into a noble family, he was the owner of a rich estate (Andreevschina), which was located not far from the monastery of Saint Alexander of Svir. He accidentally encountered St Alexander while he was hunting in 1493, and after this often went to him for guidance, and helped supply the material needs for the ascetics. Eventually Andrew decided to enter the monastic life and was tonsured at Valaam Monastery on Lake Ladoga, receiving the religious name Adrian. Several years later, he received a blessing to live as a hermit on the peninsula of the Valaam archipelago.

Tsar Ivan the Terrible (1533–1584) developed a profound respect for Adrian, and endowed his monastic community. In August 1549, he asked Adrian to be the godfather for his daughter Anna. While he was returning from Moscow to his monastery, robbers killed him near the village of Obzha. This took place on August 26, which is the feast day of his own patron saint, Adrian of Nicomedia.  Two years later, on May 17, 1551, his brethren found his remains and buried him in the wall of his church.

The memory of Saint Adrian of Ondrusov is celebrated twice during the year on the Orthodox liturgical calendar: The first is on the day of the finding and translation of his relics, May 17 (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, May 17 currently falls on May 30 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). The second, and more important feast is on the day of his repose, August 26 (September 8).

Notes

15th-century births
1549 deaths
Russian saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
16th-century Christian saints

Adrian of Ondrusov


Rado Ludovik Lenček (3 October 1921 – 27 January 2005) was a Slovene linguist, cultural historian and ethnologist, who lived and worked in the United States. He was a professor emeritus at Columbia University and contributed significantly to the development of Slovene studies in the United States.

Education and early work
Lenček was born in Mirna. He finished grammar school in Novo Mesto in 1940 and then studied Slavic studies at the University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Arts. He graduated in 1944 and in 1946 and 1947 continued his studies in Padua, Italy. After that, he worked for ten years as a professor at different grammar schools in the Allied Military Government administered Zone A of the Free Territory of Trieste. In Trieste, he also edited the Kulturne vesti (Cultural News) newsletter of the United States Information Service.

Life and work in the United States
In 1956, Lenček and his family emigrated to the United States. From 1958 to 1959, he studied at the University of Chicago, after which he enrolled at Harvard University, where he received a doctorate in Slavic languages and literatures in 1962. He then taught Slavic languages and literature at the University of Illinois at Chicago. In 1965, he started teaching at Columbia University in New York, where he remained until his retirement in 1995. From 1975 to 1988, he was the head of the Slavic department. He was also a member of the New York Academy of Sciences and of several linguistic societies in the United States and Europe.

Awards
Lenček was awarded several times for his work, for example the award of the American Association of Teachers of Slavic and Eastern European Languages in 1994, and the title Honorable Ambassador of the Republic of Slovenia in Science, bestowed on him by the Slovenian Ministry of Science and Technology in 1995 for his achievements in research that contributed to raising Slovenia's international profile. In 2001, he was bestowed the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia by Slovene President Janez Drnovšek for his numerous years of work for raising the profile of and establishing the Slovene language abroad. From 1991 until his death, he was a correspondent member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The Rado Lencek Graduate Student Prize of the American Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies was named after him.

References

External links
Academic articles written by Lenček
 Humanism in the Slovene lands. In Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity (Vol. 7, No. 2, 1979). ISSN 1465-3923.
 The Terms Wende-Winde, Wendisch-Windisch in the Historiographic Tradition of the Slovene Lands. In Slovene Studies (Vol. 12, No. 2, 1990) ISSN 0193-1075.
 On Poetic Functions of the Grammatical Category of Dual. In South Slavic and Balkan Linguistics. Rodopi B. V. Amsterdam, 1982. .
 A Paradigm of Slavic National Evolution: Bible – Grammar – Poet.  In Slovene Studies (Vol. 6, No. 1–2, 1984). ISSN 0193-1075.

1921 births
2005 deaths
Slavists
University of Chicago alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
Columbia University faculty
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
People from Mirna, Mirna
Recipients of the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia
University of Ljubljana alumni
Yugoslav emigrants to the United States

Rado Lenček


There have been three baronetcies created for persons with the surname Power, all in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.

The Power Baronetcy, of Kilfane in the County of Kilkenny, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 15 July 1836 for John Power. The title became dormant on the death of George Power, the seventh Baronet, in 1928.

The Power Baronetcy, of Edermine in the County of Wexford, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 18 October 1841 for John Power, a member of the Powers distilling dynasty. The second and third Baronets represented County Wexford in the House of Commons. The title became extinct on the death of the sixth Baronet in 1930.

The Power Baronetcy, of Newlands Manor in Milford in the County of Southampton, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 1 February 1924 for John Power. He was the founder of the Royal Institute for International Affairs and represented Wimbledon in the House of Commons as a Unionist. The second Baronet was a member of the London County Council.

Power baronets, of Kilfane (1836)

Sir John Power, 1st Baronet (died 1844)
Sir John Power, 2nd Baronet (1798–1873)
Sir Richard Crampton Power, 3rd Baronet (1843–1892)
Sir John Elliott Cecil Power, 4th Baronet (1870–1900)
Sir Elliott Derrick le Poer Power, 5th Baronet (1872–1902)
Sir Adam Clayton Power, 6th Baronet (1844–1903)
Sir George Power, 7th Baronet (1846–1928); as a young singer, Power originated the tenor roles in H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance)

Currently, the baronetcy is Dormant.

Power baronets, of Edermine (1841)
Sir John Power, 1st Baronet (1771–1855)
Sir James Power, 2nd Baronet (1800–1877)
Sir John Talbot Power, 3rd Baronet (1845–1901)
Sir James Douglas Talbot Power, 4th Baronet (1884–1914)
Sir James Talbot Power, 5th Baronet (1851–1916)
Sir Thomas Talbot Power, 6th Baronet (1863–1930)

The baronetcy became Extinct with the death of the 6th Baronet.

Power baronets, of Newlands Manor (1924)

Sir John Cecil Power, 1st Baronet (1870–1950)
Sir Ivan McLannahan Power, 2nd Baronet (1903–1954)
Sir John Patrick McLannahan Power, 3rd Baronet (1928–1984)
Sir Alastair John Cecil Power, 4th Baronet (born 1958)

The heir apparent to the baronetcy is Mark Alastair John Power (born 1989), only son of the 4th Baronet.

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Dormant baronetcies

Power baronets


In telecommunications Forward error correction (FEC) is a special code for error detection and correction. The sender adds parts of the data again. This is called redundancy. The receiver is then able to detect certain errors that came from the sending the data. In certain cases, the receiver can correct the error, without the need for a retransmission.

How it works
FEC adds redundancy to the transmitted information with a known algorithm. Each redundant bit is a function of many original information bits. The original information may or may not appear in the encoded output; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are systematic, while those that do not are nonsystematic.

An extremely simple example would be an analog to digital converter that samples three bits of signal strength data for every bit of transmitted data. If the three samples are mostly all zero, the transmitted bit was probably a zero, and if three samples are mostly all one, the transmitted bit was probably a one. The simplest example of error correction is for the receiver to assume the correct output is given by the most frequently occurring value in each group of three.

This allows an error in any one of the three samples to be corrected by "democratic voting", but is a very inefficient FEC. But  in practice would not work very well, but it does illustrate the principle. In practice, FEC codes typically examine the last several dozen, or even the last several hundred, previously received bits to determine how to decode the current small handful of bits (typically in groups of 2 to 8 bits).

Such triple modular redundancy, the simplest form of forward error correction, is widely used.

Telecommunications

Forward error correction


The National Bank of Romania (, BNR) is the central bank of Romania and was established in April 1880. Its headquarters are located in the capital city of Bucharest.

The National Bank of Romania is responsible for the issue of the Romanian leu and as such it sets the monetary policy, holds the currency reserves and manages the exchange rate.

History
The bank's first governor was Ion Câmpineanu. Eugeniu Carada is associated to the National Bank, as he was the founder of the bank and he was elected director of the bank, but he never accepted the role of Governor.

In 1916, in the wake of the Central Powers' invasion, the valuables of the National Bank of Romania, together with many other valuables (the Romanian Treasure) were sent to Moscow for safekeeping, but were never returned (except for the Pietroasele treasure - now on display at the National Museum of Romanian History, the numismatic collection of the National Bank, some paintings and archives).

On 28 July 1959, an armed group of six Jewish Romanian, members of the Romanian Communist Party apparatus (the Ioanid Gang: Alexandru Ioanid, Paul Ioanid, Igor Sevianu, Monica Sevianu, Sașa Mușat and Haralambie Obedeanu) were alleged to have stolen from an armored car of the National Bank of Romania 1,600,000 lei (about 250,000 U.S. dollars at 1959 prices). It was allegedly the most famous bank robbery in the Eastern bloc.  Beyond accusations based on various ideological guidelines, no reasons for the alleged robbery, or for the Ioanid group to have perpetrated it, were ever given at the trial.

Although the persons on trial were accused of intending to donate the money to Zionist organizations that would send Romanian Jews to Israel, the stolen sum was in lei, which at the time could not be exchanged for hard currency anywhere in the world. All these aspects, together with the numerous cases of sentences based on false accusations, have led most persons to doubt that any robbery actually took place or that those charged with the crime committed it.

Architecture

The Old BNR Palace

The head office of the National Bank of Romania with the view of Lipscani Street is one of the most imposing and massive bank edifices in Romania, nowadays a historic, art monument, and protected as such. It was erected on the former site of the inn built by Șerban Cantacuzino (1678–1688).

On 26 February 1882, architects Cassien Bernard and Albert Galleron were assigned the task to blueprint the BNR Palace. The construction of the building in the eclectic style of the late 19th century, with some neo-classical elements, proceeded between 12 July 1884 (when the foundation stone was laid) and June 1890 under the direction of the architect engineer Nicolae Cerchez assisted by architect E. Băicoianu.

The New BNR Palace
With the façade on Doamnei Street, the new wing of the BNR Palace was built during World War II, after having laid the foundation stone back in 1937.

The construction works carried on between 1942-44 under the direction of architect Ion Davidescu assisted by two other architects, Radu Dudescu and N. Crețoiu.

The building is emblematic of the neo-classical style with rationalist influences that prevailed in the interwar period. It impresses by the monumental granite stairs, the huge Corinthian columns forming the façade, and the large, white marble-coated halls inside the building.

Responsibilities
The main tasks of the National Bank of Romania are the following:

 to define and implement the monetary policy and the exchange rate policy;
 to conduct the authorisation, regulation and prudential supervision of credit institutions and to promote and oversee the smooth operation of the payment systems with a view to ensuring financial stability;
 to issue banknotes and coins as legal tender on the territory of Romania;
 to set the exchange rate regime and to supervise its observance;
 to manage the official reserves of Romania.

Gallery

See also

 Economy of Romania
 Romanian leu
 Romanian Treasure, Romanian gold reserves (alongside other valuable objects) sent to Russia for safekeeping in 1916 (during World War I) which haven't yet returned (as of )

References

External links

Central banks
României
Companies based in Bucharest
Lipscani

National Bank of Romania


Nyasasaurus ("Lake Nyasa lizard") is an extinct genus of Archosaur reptile from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania. It may be the earliest known dinosaur. The discovery was a handful of bones from two individuals, so its anatomy is only partly known. The bones were collected in the early 1930s, but have only recently been analysed.

Researchers said: "Nyasasaurus possesses a unique combination of dinosaur character states and an elevated growth rate similar to that of definitive early dinosaurs. It demonstrates that the initial dinosaur radiation occurred over a longer timescale than previously thought (possibly 15 million years earlier)".

The find was six vertebrae and a humerus from one specimen, and five vertebrae from another. The humerus has a muscle attachment which is characteristic of dinosaurs (a long 'deltopectoral crest'). Other features are consistent with its being a basal dinosaur.

Previously, the oldest record of dinosaurs was from Argentina and dated back to the Upper Triassic Carnian stage, about 231.4 million years ago (mya). Nyasasaurus comes from a deposit that dates back to the Middle Triassic Anisian stage, meaning that it predates other early dinosaurs by about 15 million years.

References

Triassic dinosaurs
Archosaurs

Nyasasaurus


Bollywood Queen is a British Indian take on the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, directed by Jeremy Wooding and starring Preeya Kalidas and James McAvoy. Produced by Jeremy Wooding, the film was released in 2003.

Plot
Geena is a Bollywood fanatic from a respectable Gujarati family. She has finished school, and is at university doing a business studies course. She is dating Dilip, an ambitious computer whizz, but wants her love life to be like it is in the movies. However, Dilip only wants sex. Geena's family owns Ganesh Global, a clothing company which imports materials and saris from India. Geena has a part-time job working in the shop. She is also in a secret band with two other girls, Anjali and Neeta.

Jay is a young guy from Somerset who joins his brother Dean in London, who also works in the clothing industry, for someone called Frank Ian McShane. He owns a guitar, of which he is extremely protective.

One day, when Geena is walking along the road, Jay and his brother happen to be managing some poles. One of the poles nearly falls on Geena, but Jay lunges at her and pushes her out of the way before it can crush her. Geena, disgusted at this, hurries along, leaving her phone behind. Jay sees the phone and takes it, but his brother Dean repossesses it. Jay then takes the phone back and gives it to Geena, who then thanks him for saving her life. She then gives him her phone number, and they begin to meet up regularly.

The two start to fall in love, meeting up in secret regularly and hiding from Geena's family. However, Dean discovers the affair and launches an attack on Ganesh Global. One of Geena's brothers also sees the two together, and Geena gets into trouble with her family. Her brother then takes away her phone. Geena's brothers then beat Jay up, leaving him bleeding. Jay and Geena then run away together and escape their family. Dean is in hospital, and Jay visits him and takes away all his money.

Eventually, Jay and Geena return to London and Jay settles his dispute with his father and brother. Geena then turns up for her relative's wedding, dressed in Indian attire, and sings with her band. She then attempts to reunite with her family, and it is revealed her brother, Sanjay is a criminal, and is handling illegal suits, and that her brother, Tariq is gay. Jay and Geena then leave in the bride and groom's carriage, and her mother says to her father, "She'll be back."

Cast
 Preeya Kalidas as Geena
 James McAvoy as Jay
 Ray Panthaki as Anil
 Ciarán McMenamin as Dean
 Kat Bhathena as Anjali
 Ian McShane as Frank
 Amerjit Deu as Sanjay
 Karen David as Neeta
 Lalita Ahmed as Geena's mother
 Andy Beckwith as Johnny
 Jo Cameron Brown as Anita
 Saraj Chaudhry as Tariq
 Giada Dobrzenska as Club Kid
 Ronny Jhutti as Dilip
 Tajpal Rathore as Family member
 Ranu Setna as Uncle Ganesh
 Faizaan Shurai as Factory Worker
 Elsa de Belilovsky as Elsa

Awards and nominations
British Independent Film Awards
Jeremy Wooding - nominated for  Douglas Hickox Award (Best Debut Director)

References

External links

2002 films
2000s musical films
2002 romantic drama films
British romantic drama films
British Indian films
Films set in London
Films based on Romeo and Juliet
Modern adaptations of works by William Shakespeare
2000s English-language films
2000s British films
2000s Hindi-language films
2002 multilingual films
British multilingual films
Bollywood in fiction
Films about Bollywood

Bollywood Queen


Akhmednabi Omardibirovich Akhmednabiyev (; 29 December 1958 – 9 July 2013) was a Russian journalist. He was the deputy editor of the independent news outlet Novoye Delo (translated "New Business"). On 9 July 2013 at 7 a.m. Akhmednabiyev was shot outside his house in the Semender suburb of Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia after his name was added to a hit list for being critical of local law enforcement, speaking out on human rights and abuse, and defending Muslims.

Personal
Before becoming a journalist, Akhmednabi Akhmednabiyev spent his time in the medical field. After being trained as a doctor, Akhmednabiyev qualified as a cardiologist. He practiced medicine in Karata, his native village, before moving to Dagestan.

Throughout his journalistic career, Akhmednabiyev received numerous death threats. In May 2012, he received a threatening text message after covering a rally in Makhachkala about the murder of five people in Kizlyar two months earlier. Akhmednabiyev made the text publicly known and requested the head of the Russian Federal Security Service to investigate and find the senders.

Career
Akhmednabiyev served as the Deputy Editor of "Novoye Delo," one of Russia's top local newspapers, for ten years. The publication is a weekly circulation that is critical of authorities and reports on alleged corruption within the government. Founded in the 1990s, "Novoye Delo" is highly respected by Dagestanis because of its political attitude and its criticism of authorities.
Akhmednabiyev mostly covered stories regarding violations of human rights, and paid particular interest to cases of alleged torture and abduction by the police. Additionally, he wrote about local Dagestan politics.

According to Akhmednabiyev's colleagues, his most recent stories focused on the leader of his native Akhvakhsky district, whom he wrote about with harsh criticism.

Death

Akhmednabi Akhmednabiyev died at the age of 54 from multiple gunshot wounds outside of his home in Semender. At 7:30 on the morning of July 9, 2013, a vehicle sped past and fired shots into Akhmednabiyev's car after he had gotten into it. The vehicle sped off and Akhmednabiyev died immediately.

Akhmednabiyev survived a previous attempt on his life after assailants fired guns at him as they drove past his home on January 11, 2013.

As opposed to classifying the incident as an assassination attempt, local prosecutor's classified it as a property damage case. After Akhmednabiyev's death, the case was reevaluated and added to the ongoing murder investigation after it was agreed both incidents were connected to his journalism career.

Context
In 2009, Akhmednabiyev's name was added to a hit list that was circulated around Makhachkala. The list included the names of eight other journalists, one of which was also shot to death in Dagestan in 2011. Those who wrote the list demanded revenge for the deaths of Russian police officers. Although authorities have never uncovered the authors of the list, rumors spread that the list was written by relatives of Dagestani police officers killed by members of extremist religious groups.

According to one of Akhmednabiyev's colleagues at his publication, Akhmednabiyev's name was on the list because he was critical of law enforcement officials in his articles and the people who made the list assumed he was part of a religious group because he often defended Dagestan's Muslim population.

Akhmednabiyev was the 17th journalist to be murdered in Dagestan since 1993.

Impact
Akhmednabiyev's death is one of the latest examples of the dangers Russian journalists face when speaking out on human rights. As a result, journalists will now have to self-censor their work more closely. Numerous murders of Russian journalists remain unsolved and according to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), it has a negative effect on the media community. Publications, like Akhmednabiyev's "Novoye Delo," are being threatened by Russian law enforcement with lawsuits and there have been numerous attempts to close them down. Dagestan has become known as the most dangerous place in Russia for a journalist to work, while Russia stands as the ninth most dangerous country for journalists with a reported 340 journalists killed since 1990 and only 20 percent of those cases investigated.

Reactions
On the day of Akhmednabiyev's death, more than 170 Russian journalists processed his body through the streets of Makhachkala. Each journalist wore a sign that read, "Who will be next?" in response to Russia's need to create protection for threatened journalists and to classify the crimes against them correctly.

Dunja Mijatović, who acts as Representative on Freedom of the Media for the OSCE, condemned the murder of Akhmednabi Akhmednabiyev on July 9, 2013. She stated his death is a reminder Russia needs to do more to ensure and guarantee the safety of journalists.

Ambassador Ian Kelly currently serves as the United States Representative to the OSCE. On July 11, 2013, Ambassador Kelly addressed the Permanent Council, one of the main regular decision-making bodies of the OSCE, at its weekly meeting in Vienna. In his statement, Ambassador Kelly noted that the United States strongly condemns the assassination of Akhmednabi Akhmednabiyev. He also made note that the United States remains deeply concerned with the attacks in the Russian Federation made against journalists.

Both Mijatović and Kelly echoed praise for a statement made by the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, who said an investigation of Akhmednabiyev's murder would be handled with the highest priority.

See also
List of journalists killed in Russia
Malik Akhmedilov, murdered 2009
 Magomedzagid (Magomed) Varisov, also of Novoye Delo, murdered 2005
Abdulla Alishayev, murdered 2008
Gadzhimurat Kamalov, murdered 2011

References

1958 births
2013 deaths
Assassinated Russian journalists
Deaths by firearm in Russia
Journalists killed in Russia
People from Makhachkala
People murdered in Russia
Russian male journalists
Russian murder victims

Akhmednabi Akhmednabiyev


Constellation Records was an American record label extant from 1963 to 1966. Despite only being in business for a few years, the label was described by the Encyclopedia of Popular Music as "one of the legendary labels of the soul era".

Constellation was founded by Ewart Abner in 1963 after he was forced from Vee-Jay Records. His business partners included artist and repertory man Bunky Sheppard and investor Art Sheridan. The label's most successful artist was Gene Chandler. While it was a prominent releaser of Chicago soul music, it also released many singles from New Orleans-based musicians, as well as music in the genres of rock, pop, gospel, and blues.

Constellation released approximately 70 singles during its time of operation, many of which were re-released on CD by Collectables Records in later decades.

Artists

Gene Chandler
Billy "The Kid" Emerson
Nolan Chance
Dee Clark
Lee Dorsey
Frankie Ford
The Freedoms
Wilbert Harrison
Sonny Holliday
Sandra Lynn
Johnny Lytle
Holly Maxwell
Bobby Miller
Roscoe Robinson
The Sheppard
Gerri Taylor
Carol Vega
Don Jacoby

References

American record labels

Constellation Records (Chicago)


The Sudarshana Chakra (सुदर्शन चक्र) is a spinning, disk-like weapon literally meaning "disk of auspicious vision," having 108 serrated edges used by the Hindu god [Vishnu]. The Sudarshana Chakra is generally portrayed on the right rear hand of the four hands of Vishnu, who also holds a shankha (conch shell), [Gada](mace) and a padma (lotus).[1] While in the Rigveda the Chakra was "[Vishnu]'s"symbol as the wheel of time, by the late period Sudarshana Chakra emerged as an ayudhapurusha (anthropomorphic form), as a fierce form of Vishnu, used for the destruction of an enemy. In Tamil, the Sudarshana Chakra is also known as Chakkrath Azhwar (translated as Ring/Circlet of God).

Hindu mythology
Mythological weapons

Sudarshana Chakra


Wonky pop was a loose grouping of musical acts that played what the BBC called "quirky, catchy and credible pop", rooted in the eccentric side of 1980s pop music, which was briefly popular in the late 2000s. Artists associated with the genre include Mika, Alphabeat and Frankmusik.

Definitions

"Wonky" is a British English word meaning unsteady, shaky, awry, or wrong. The BBC reported that the term "wonky pop" was both coined by and is owned by Mika's manager, while The Independent reported the term was coined by Peter Robinson, founder of the blog Popjustice.

The BBC describes a UK wonky-pop club night as involving "cutting-edge pop, dance, hip hop and everything in between"; club organiser René Symonds states that "the iPod shuffle generation will not be limited to one genre and wants a return to authenticity after years of manufactured pop". The wonky pop website sets out a manifesto that states, "We want to show the world that pop is not a four letter word, and for every flaky reality TV winner there's a myriad of cool, credible and weird acts."

Style
A May 2008 article by The Guardian contrasted wonky pop performers with mainstream pop performers, noting that "Wonky Pop artists are unmanufactured but unashamedly melodic and capable of playing live without recourse to lashings of dry ice, troupes of dancers and an interlude during which they fly around the stage on wires." The Independent stated that wonky pop caused a change in "pop's division of labour ... away from focus-grouped, production-line pop, and towards DIY [and] ... fresh flavours", which is rejuvenating pop in the 2000s in the way that Britpop gave a shot in the arm to pop in the 1990s. Major influences cited for wonky pop acts include David Bowie, Kate Bush, Kylie Minogue, Prince and Madonna. Wonky pop was credited with causing a shift in popular musical tastes from male-driven guitar acts to female-driven 1980s-style pop music seen in the synthpop revival of the later 2000s.

See also
 Post-punk revival
 New wave
 Synthwave

References

External links
 Wonky Pop website

2000s in music
Pop music genres

Wonky pop


Qualitas Career Academy is a private college in South Africa, with campuses in various provinces. The institution delivers attendance/contact-based tuition in two modalities, namely full-time and part-time. Full-time curriculum is aimed at high school graduates/students acquiring their first qualification.  The part-time curriculum centres on skills and knowledge required by those already employed. Training and consultation services are presented to the private and government sector.

History

The organization was founded in 1998. In 2008, its academic division, the "Hair Academy" piloted hairdressing training and hairdressing apprenticeships, and set up smaller campuses in South Africa in 2010. In 2012 additional academic divisions were added.

Faculties
 Business & Technology Academy
 Hair Academy
 Health Academy
 School of Architectural Draughtsmanship and Construction
 Wellness Academy

Accreditation
In South Africa, an institute providing private education is required to be accredited. This accreditation should be specific to the institution, site of delivery as well as the actual qualification or part qualification offered. Qualitas Career Academy holds accreditation with the following South African Organisations regulated by acts of parliament that govern education.
 UMALUSI: The Quality Council for General and Further Education & Training
 SSETA: Services Sectoral Education & Training Authority.
 MICT SETA: Media and Information & Communication Technologies Sectoral Education & Training Authority.

International accreditation / affiliations
Various organisations with influence in specialised fields of learning also endorse, examine and/or co-certify certain qualifications or part-qualifications.

 City and Guilds
 ICDL: International Computer Driving Licence
 ITEC: International Therapy Examination Council

References

Education in South Africa
Vocational education in South Africa
Colleges in South Africa
Education in Gauteng
Education in Bloemfontein
Education in Cape Town
2008 establishments in South Africa
Educational institutions established in 2008

Qualitas Career Academy


The Reims Congress was the twenty-second national congress of the French Socialist Party (Parti socialiste or PS), taking place from 14 to 16 November 2008 in the city of Reims in the Marne.

Incumbent First Secretary François Hollande announced that he would not run again, opening the way for a three-way battle between 2007 presidential candidate, Ségolène Royal; Bertrand Delanoë, Mayor of Paris; and Martine Aubry, mayor of Lille. Each candidate endorsed motions that would be voted upon by the eligible voters as a determinant for the endorsement of each candidate.

Motions
Six motions were presented to be voted upon by members:

Clarity, courage, creativity (Clarté, courage, créativité): Led by Bertrand Delanoë and supported by François Hollande, Jean-Marc Ayrault, Michel Rocard, Lionel Jospin, and Élisabeth Guigou.
For a staunchly ecologist Socialist Party (Pour un Parti Socialiste résolument écologique): Eco-socialist motion.
A World in Front, Rebuilding hope on the left (Un monde d'avance, Reconstruire l'espoir à gauche): Eurosceptic and staunchly left-wing current led by Benoît Hamon and supported by Henri Emmanuelli, Marie-Noëlle Lienemann, Pierre Larrouturou, and Jean-Luc Mélenchon.
Change on the Left to Change France (Changer à gauche pour changer la France): Left-wing motion led by Martine Aubry and supported by Laurent Fabius, Pierre Mauroy, Jack Lang, and Arnaud Montebourg.
Hope on the left, proud to be Socialist (L'espoir à gauche, fier(e)s d'être socialistes): Motion led by Gérard Collomb on the behalf of Ségolène Royal and supported by Vincent Peillon, and Manuel Valls.
Socialists, Alterglobalists, Ecologists (Socialistes, Altermondialistes, Écologistes): Motion led by the Utopia current.

Results of the Motions vote

128,978 out of 233,000 eligible voters took part in the election by motion, which represents a turnout of 55.38%

First-Secretary run-off

Bertrand Delanoë dropped out of the race for First Secretary during the Reims Congress and endorsed Martine Aubry the next day. Ségolène Royal stayed in the race, as did Benoît Hamon (endorsed by Utopia). Royal led in the first round of voting held on Thursday 20 November with around 42% against 34% for Aubry. Hamon had around 22% of the votes and was eliminated. He endorsed Aubry for the runoff, held the next day.

According to official results, Aubry won by a tiny margin of 42 votes, although Royal did not concede and called for a third round to be held. A PS National Council examined the results on Tuesday 25 November. In the recount, Aubry was declared the winner with wider margin of 102 votes

First round

Second round

References

Congresses of the Socialist Party (France)
2008 in France
2008 in politics
Reims
2008 conferences
October 2008 events in France
2000s political conferences

Reims Congress


The HollyShorts Film Festival is an annual Academy Awards-qualifying independent short film festival located in Hollywood, California.

History
Founded in 2005, the yearly festival programmes feature an eclectic mixture of short films of various genres from around the world.

HollyShorts inaugural Film Festival took place at The Space Theatre in Hollywood in August 2005 and featured 23 short films from the U.S., Canada, Poland, the U.K., and Thailand. The 2nd annual 2006 HollyShorts Film Festival was held at Cinespace in Hollywood, California, and also featured 53 short films from all around the world, with over thirteen different countries being represented. The third annual 2007 HollyShorts Film Festival took place from August 10-12th in 2007, and awarded goodies.

The 4th Annual HollyShorts Film Festival took place on August 7–10, 2008 in Hollywood with top honors of Best Short Film going to "Bloom" directed Lance Larson. Larson was awarded $2000 VFX package courtesy of Clifton Post for his next project. The Best Student Short honors went to David Jibladze, for his short film "Beholden." Jibladze took home a 5-day HVX-200, HD Camera rental package courtesy of Martini Crew Booking. Over $25,000 in prizes were awarded.

The 5th Annual HollyShorts Film Festival took place August 6–13 at the DGA and Laemmle's Sunset 5 Theatre in Hollywood with top honors of Best Short Film going to La Petite Lilia, directed by Reda Mustafa. Mustafa took home a prize package from Clifton Production Services which included a RED ONE digital cinema package valued up to $5,000.00, while Johnny Gill took home a $10,000 cash prize for the Haydenfilms Online Film Festival contest for his short film "My Turtle's Name is Dudley." For more information, visit www.hollyshorts.com.

The 6th Annual HollyShorts Film Festival® took place August 5–12, 2010 in Hollywood and featured a major opening night reception, week-long screenings of short films and feature films in Hollywood, high-level industry panels, keynotes, awards and receptions for the community and filmmakers. Grand prizes were awarded for Best Short and Best Director courtesy of Company 3 valued at $20,000. Openfilm also sponsored the festival and screened their top 5 finalists for their $250,000 Get It Made Competition, at the fest. James Caan attended the opening night ceremonies and named the finalists.

The 7th Annual HSFF will take place on August 11-18th in Hollywood. HSFF will be unveiling many other important upcoming celebrity and sponsorship participation as the Festival approaches. HSFF Alumni include Josh Brolin, Darren Lew, David Arquette, Malcolm Barrett, Carter Smith, Jason Biggs, David Pryor, Jimmy Jean Louis, Paula Garces, Adrian Grenier, David Lynch, Bragi Schut, David Weinstein, William Olssen, Alex Ferrari, Larry Hankin, Lance Larson, John Thompson, Nick Carmen, Scott Porter, Joel David Moore, Mary Pat Bentel, Denis Hennelly, Richard Riehle, and great filmmakers and actors.

The festival has screened 3D short films before, opening its 6th Annual festival with The Butler's in Love (directed by David Arquette and starring Elizabeth Berkley and Thomas Jane), and Sean Isroelit's The Caretaker 3D, which starred TV icon Dick Van Dyke.

HollyShorts has also been recognized by MovieMaker magazine for one of the Top 50 Film Festivals Worth The Entry Fee

Previous guests
Previous actors or celebrities who had films appear in the festival, or who made appearances at the festival, include Josh Brolin, Zachary Quinto (the short film Hostage: A Love Story which screened at the festival), Oscar-winning short film director Luke Matheny (God of Love which screened at the festival), Jessica Biel, James Caan, David Lynch, Kirsten Dunst, David Arquette (a 3D short film directed by Arquette entitled The Butler's in Love opened the 6th annual HollyShorts Film Festival and starred Thomas Jane and Elizabeth Berkley), Harry Lennix, Adrian Grenier, former SF Mayor and Lieutenant Governor of California Gavin Newsom, Zoe Saldana, Kate Bosworth (both Saldana and Bosworth starred in a short film called Idiots that screened at the festival), Chadwick Boseman, Diane Lane, Eli Roth, Jane Lynch, Steve Nguyen, Grace Huang (who won Best Actress for her role in Jennifer Thym's short film, Bloodtraffick which screened at the festival), Matthew Modine, Matthew Libatique, Malcolm Barrett, Jason Biggs, Tracy Middendorf, Ele Keats, John Dahl, David Rodriguez, Larry Hankin, Scott Porter, Feodor Chin, Joel David Moore, Ben Lyons, Timothy Tau, Carter Smith, Jamie Linden, David Dastmalchian, Nicholas McCarthy, Jimmy Jean-Louis, Joe Carnahan, Ray Abruzzo, Neil LaBute, Ben Lyons, and more.

Organization
Currently, the festival is run by co-founder and Co-director Theo Dumont and Festival co-founder and Co-director Daniel Sol.

The festival also holds a number of Monthly Screenings.

References

External links

Film festivals in Los Angeles
Short film festivals in the United States

HollyShorts Film Festival


Taftville is a small village in eastern Connecticut. It is a neighborhood of Norwich but has its own post office (ZIP Code 06380). It was established in 1866 as site for the large Taftville Mill, later Ponemah Mill.  The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Taftville and as alternative name Taftville/Ponemah Mill National Register Historic District.

Currently redevelopment of the large mill is being conducted by The O'Neill Group in conjunction with OneKey LLC. The National Park Service will oversee the historic preservation of the structure, to ensure the historic elements are sustained. The  Ponemah Mill is being converted into luxury apartments and commercial space.

History of the Ponemah Mills

The Ponemah Mills, a cotton textile factory, was built on the Shetucket River where a large dam could be built to provide power. The large mill building (Building No. 1) was purported to be the largest weave-shed under one roof at that time. The original workers were predominantly Irish immigrants, and they were hard hit by the depression of the 1870s that began with the Panic of 1873. Unemployment rose and wages dropped appreciably from 1873 to 1875, causing bitter relations between workers and management in many places.

In April 1875, the 1,200 workers went on strike. The mill owners had raised rents in company-owned housing as well as prices at the company-owned store. Wages at the time were under $10 for a 67-hour work week. In one often-cited anecdote, a workingman said he and his daughter had worked full-time for more than three months but only had four dollars between them to show for it. The immediate cause of the strike was a pay cut of 12 percent in an attempt to stop unionization. Workers were told half of the pay cut would be restored to anyone who had not participated in trying to form a union at the company.

The company replaced the workers with French Canadians, who would come to number more than 70 percent of the population. Workers were evicted from company-owned housing, and the Connecticut General Assembly passed a strict "tramp law" aimed at workers (such as those from Taftville) who became drifters after their strikes were broken.

Ponemah Mills operated for about 100 years. It sat abandoned for over 40 years until being redeveloped into residential apartments.

A similar mill and village community is Wauregan Historic District, which is also NRHP-listed.

Local institutions

Taftville has a public elementary school operated by the Norwich Public School System called Wequonnoc Magnet Elementary School and a private elementary school called Sacred Heart School. Students then attend Kelly Middle School. After graduating from there, they move on to either Norwich Free Academy, Norwich Technical High School, or other surrounding high schools.

There are two churches: Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church and the Taftville Congregational Church.

Notable people, past and present

Among the more accomplished Taftville residents was Ned (Edward) Hanlon who managed the Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1889), Pittsburgh Burghers (1890), Baltimore Orioles (1892–1898), Brooklyn Superbas (1899–1905), and the Cincinnati Reds (1906–1907). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996. Another ballplayer was the Quebec-born right fielder, Augustine "Lefty" Dugas, whose family settled in Taftville. He played for the Pirates, Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators between 1930 and 1934.

In the academic arena Saunders Mac Lane was the son of the Minister of the Taftville Congregational Church and a mathematician of world note, who spent his career at the University of Chicago, Yale and Harvard. He was the co-author of A Survey of Modern Algebra, a book which was the standard work in that field for many years.

See also

Neighborhoods of Norwich, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut
Ponemah Mills 1894 electric locomotive No. 1386 at Connecticut Trolley Museum

References

Second Empire architecture in Connecticut
Georgian architecture in Connecticut
Norwich, Connecticut
Villages in New London County, Connecticut
Villages in Connecticut
Historic districts in New London County, Connecticut
Cotton mills in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in New London County, Connecticut
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut

Taftville, Connecticut


The genus Amanita contains a species of basidiomycete mushrooms, including some of the most toxic known. It is found worldwide.

This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is amanitin, of which at least eight versions are known.

Species
Amanita abietum
Amanita abrupta
Amanita albocreata
Amanita bisporigera
Amanita caesarea
Amanita jacksoni
Amanita muscaria
Amanita ocreata
Amanita pantherina
Amanita phalloides
Amanita verna
Amanita virosa

Notable species

Fly agaric

Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric, is a psychoactive fungus. It is known as the fly agaric for its ability to kill houseflies when combined with milk. The reason for this is that flies are attracted to the milk because it is so sweet. When they drink the milk they feel the effects of the mushroom and begin to get intoxicated.

Death cap
Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita. Widely distributed across Europe, A. phalloides forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been accidentally introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in color, with a white stipe (stem) and gills (underneath the cap).

One mushroom, if eaten, may destroy the liver and cause death. There is no antidote.p211

Toxins
Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies.

The liver is the principal organ affected, as it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, though other organs, especially the kidneys, are susceptible.p217 The RNA polymerase of Amanita phalloides is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself.

References

Mushrooms

Amanita


Blues Rock is a type of music which mixes blues with rock and roll, and uses mostly electric guitar as a main instrument. It began in the mid 1960s in England and the United States with bands such as Cream and The Rolling Stones, who experimented with music from the older bluesmen like Elmore James, Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf and Bo Diddley.

Examples of Artists
Allman Brothers Band
Mike Bloomfield
Joe Bonamassa
Eric Clapton
Fleetwood Mac
Rory Gallagher
Jimi Hendrix
John Mayall
The Rolling Stones
Carlos Santana
Lynyrd Skynyrd
George Thorogood
Status Quo
Stevie Ray Vaughan
Johnny Winter
ZZ Top
David Wilcox

Sources

Rock music

Blues-rock


In optical disc authoring, there are multiple modes for recording, including  Disc-At-Once, Track-At-Once, and Session-At-Once.

CD Disc-At-Once

Disc-At-Once (DAO) for CD-R media is a mode that masters the disc contents in one pass, rather than a track at a time as in Track At Once.  DAO mode, unlike TAO mode, allows any amount of audio data (or no data at all) to be written in the "pre-gaps" between tracks.

One use of this technique, for example, is to burn track introductions to be played before each track starts.  A CD player will generally display a negative time offset counting up to the next track when such pre-gap introductions play.  Pre-gap audio before the first track of the CD makes it possible to burn an unnumbered, "hidden" audio track.  This track can only be accessed by "rewinding" from the start of the first track, backwards into the pre-gap audio.

DAO recording is also the only way to write data to the unused R-W sub-channels.  This allows for extended graphic and text features on an audio CD such as CD+G and CD-Text. It is also the only way to write audio files that link together seamlessly with no gaps, a technique often used in progressive rock, trance and other music genres.

CD Track-At-Once
Track-At-Once (TAO) is a recording mode where the recording laser stops after each track is finished and two run-out blocks are written.  One link block and four run-in blocks are written when the next track is recorded.  TAO discs can have both data and audio at the same time.

There are 2 TAO writing modes
 Mode 1
 Mode 2 XA

DVD-R Disc At Once
Disc-At-Once (DAO) recording for DVD-R media is a mode in which all data is written sequentially to the disc in one uninterrupted recording session. The on-disk contents result in a lead-in area, followed by the data, and closed by a lead-out area. The data is addressable in sectors of 2048 bytes each, with the first sector address being zero. There are no run-out blocks as in CD-R disc-at-once.

Session At Once
Session-At-Once (SAO) recording allows multiple sessions to be recorded and finalized on a single disc. The resulting disc can be read by computer drives, but sessions after the first are generally not readable by CD Audio equipment.

Audio Master Quality Recording
Audio Master Quality Recording was introduced by Yamaha in 2002.

The feature is only available on some models, notably the Yamaha's CRW3200 and CRW-F1 series, and Plextor's Premium 2.
CD Recorders with this feature are no longer manufactured.

It uses the Disc-At-Once method, usually at 1x, but some recorders allow for 4x and 8x speed mode. Since the pits and lands are longer, the quantity of information that can fit on a disc is less than with a normal method: 63 minutes instead of 74 minutes on a 650MB CD or 68 min instead 80 minutes on a 700MB CD.

See also
Packet writing
Optical disc recording technologies
Optimum Power Calibration
cdrdao

References

Computer storage media
Optical disc authoring

Optical disc recording modes


A postnuptial agreement is a written agreement executed after a couple gets married, or have entered a civil union, to settle the couple's affairs and assets in the event of a separation or divorce. It may be "notarized" or acknowledged and may be the subject of the statute of frauds. Like the contents of a prenuptial agreement, provisions vary widely but commonly includes provisions for division of property and spousal support in the event of divorce, death of one of the spouses, or breakup of marriage.

Purpose

A postnuptial agreement is designed to govern the division of a married couple's assets upon divorce. Unlike a prenuptial agreement the contract is entered after the couple has married, and prior to any separation.

Worldwide

United Kingdom
As with prenuptial agreements, a court has the discretion to reject the terms of a post-nuptial agreements, for example if the court finds that its terms are insufficient to meet the financial needs of partners and children.

United States

History
Postnuptial agreements only came to be widely accepted in the United States in the latter half of the 20th century. Before that time, U.S. jurisprudence followed the notion that contracts, such as a postnuptial agreements, could not be valid when executed between a husband and wife. The inability of a husband and wife to contract with one another was due to the concept of marital unity: at the time of marriage, husband and wife become a single entity or person.  Since one may not enter into a contract with one's self, a postnuptial agreement would thus be invalid.

Even after U.S. courts began to reject marital unity as a legal theory, postnuptial agreements were rejected as being seen to encourage divorce.

It was only in the 1970s that postnuptial agreements started to gain broad acceptance in the United States. Factors that contributed to this acceptance include the increase in divorce during the 1970s, and the implementation of so-called "no fault" divorces pursuant to which a married couple could get a divorce without the need for an accusation of misconduct against one or both spouses. In the wake of those changes, postnuptial agreements began to find acceptance in American jurisprudence.

Legal requirements
In the United States, much like prenuptial agreements, although laws vary by state there are five basic elements that must generally be met for a postnuptial agreement to be enforceable:

 it must be in writing (oral promises of this kind are always unenforceable);
 it must be executed voluntarily;
 it must be done with full and/or fair disclosure at the time of execution;
 it must not be  unconscionable; and
 it must be executed (signed) by both parties.

Although not required in all states, it is a good idea for both spouses to be independently represented by lawyers when they negotiate and finalize a postnuptial agreement.

Postnuptial agreements typically address one or more of the following concerns:
Providing for the assignation of marital property at the time of death of one spouse. These agreements may have a surviving spouse waive rights to certain property that they would otherwise have the right to inherit under a will or statutory scheme.
Agreements made in anticipation of separation. These agreements are entered into to avoid the time and cost of divorce proceedings. The disposition of property, other marital assets, custody, alimony and support and the like are agreed to by the marital partners upon separation and the agreement later, usually, incorporated into the final divorce decree.
Agreements that seek to affect the spouses' rights in a future divorce. These agreements address the division of the spouses' assets, including property obtained before and during the marriage, and often limit or waive alimony.

Provisions that are included in a postnuptial agreement that relate to child custody or child support are not enforceable, nor are provisions that attempt to regulate routine aspects of the marital relationship.

See also
 Macleod v Macleod

References

Civil law (common law)
Contract law
Family law
Legal documents
Marriage law

Postnuptial agreement


Grégory Jean-Paul Lemarchal (13 May 1983 – 30 April 2007), known professionally as Grégory Lemarchal, was a French singer who rose to fame by winning the fourth series of the reality television show Star Academy, which was broadcast on the TF1.

He died at the age of 23 of health complications (cystic fibrosis) while waiting in hospital for a lung transplant. A posthumous album, La Voix d'un ange, was released with profits going towards the Association Grégory Lemarchal charity. A compilation, Rêves, was released in 2009. He has sold more than 2 million albums.

Grégory Lemarchal remains an emblematic figure in France, often associated in the research and fight against cystic fibrosis.

Life and career

1983–2002: Early life
Lemarchal was born in La Tronche, Isère to Pierre and Laurence Lemarchal, who also had a daughter named Leslie. At twenty months of age he was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, a genetic condition which affects the lungs, liver, pancreas and intestine.

Growing up near Chambéry, Lemarchal enjoyed sports such as basketball and football, and even considered becoming involved in sports journalism. Nevertheless, his passion for music and rock n'roll dancing was irresistible. In 1997, at the age of 14, he became the winner of France Rock 'N' Roll, a rock 'n' roll dancing competition.

In 1999, Lemarchal auditioned for a talent show, Graines de stars, by singing a solo rendition of Daniel Balavoine's "Le chanteur", as well as performing in a trio with two other contestants singing "Foule sentimentale" by Alain Souchon. This initial attempt failed, but helped to catapult him into fame and turned him into a local celebrity as a result of his performance in the show.

2003–2004: Career debut and Star Academy
In May 2003, Lemarchal was involved in a musical entitled Adam and Eve, which was directed by Paul Tordjmann. Sponsored by Sony Music, AB Prod, Radio Scoop and Partouche, the production had ambitious plans to make a provincial tour, before a run at the Le Zénith in Paris. A total of 16 actors and dancers were involved in the production, with Lemarchal taking the lead role as Adam.

In 2004, Lemarchal gained international recognition after participating in the fourth season of the French reality singing competition Star Academy. Through the recommendation of a friend, he was contacted by the show's producers who needed another male contestant for the show. During his participation in the show, he had the opportunity to perform with French singers such as Yannick Noah, Michel Sardou and Patrick Bruel, and Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli. Lemarchal was announced as the winner of the season on 22 December 2004, beating fellow contestant Lucie Bernardoni with a massive vote of 80% to become the first male winner of the series.

2005–2007: Je deviens moi and Olympia 06
Lemarchal released his debut single, "Écris l'histoire", in March 2005; it peaked at number 2 in the French Singles Chart and was only held off the number 1 spot by Ilona Mitrecey's "Un Monde parfait". The single spent a total of 21 weeks in the chart and went platinum. Soon afterward, he released his highly anticipated first album, Je deviens moi, which debuted at number 1 and was certified platinum. The second single from the album was "Je suis en vie". It debuted at number 17 in the French Singles Chart, dropping to number 26 in its second week before climbing back to position number 21. The song remained in the charts for a total of 13 weeks. A third single, "À corps perdu", was less successful, with major French radio stations refusing to play it on account that it was "too sad".

At the NRJ Music Awards in January 2006, Lemarchal was awarded "Breakthrough Artist of the Year" ("Révélation francophone de l'année"). From May to June 2006, he completed his first solo nationwide tour across France, Belgium and Switzerland; a DVD of his performance, Olympia 06, was subsequently released. The first single from the album, "Même si (What You're Made of)" was very successful. The song was recorded by Lemarchal and the original singer of the song, Lucie Silvas, as a bilingual French-English version. The single debuted at number 2 in the French Singles Chart and was held off the number 1 spot by Pakito's "Living on Video". It spent a total of 26 weeks in the chart. A live version of the album track "Le feu sur les planches" was subsequently released.

2007: Death
In 2007, Lemarchal announced that his health was deteriorating and that he had been ordered by doctors to take a few weeks off to recuperate. On the morning of 30 April 2007, just two weeks before his 24th birthday, he died of complications while waiting in hospital for a lung transplant. His death made news headlines for an entire week, and more than five thousand fans arrived in Chambéry on the day of his funeral to pay their respects. A special television programme on 4 May 2007, "Grégory: La voix d'un ange", broadcast on TF1 to commemorate his life, reached an audience of more than 10.5 million viewers, and there was an appeal for donations to raise funds to fight cystic fibrosis and help progress research into finding a cure. To date, more than €7.5 million has been raised for cystic fibrosis causes in his memory.

A controversy emerged following his demise when Frédéric Martin, a comedian, was fined €4,000 including 2,000 in damages, to be paid to Lemarchal's family. When Martin gave a list of winners on national television he referred to Lemarchal  only by the name of his illness without giving his name.

2007–2009: Posthumous releases
A posthumous album, La voix d'un ange, was released a month and a half after his death by his record company Universal Music Group France, with profits going towards the Association Grégory Lemarchal. This release was not without controversy, for the record company was accused of cashing in on the public attention caused by his death. Despite the controversy the album was a success, topping both the French Digital and Album Charts in addition to the Belgian (Wallonia) Album Chart. The album was certified Platinum by the IFPI for sales of more than 1 million copies across Europe.

Three singles were released from the album. The song "De temps en temps" debuted at number 1 in both the French and Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Charts becoming Lemarchal's first number 1 single in those charts. The single dropped to number 2 in its second week, and went on to spend a total of 21 weeks on the chart. The success of the single eventually garnered him a posthumous award of Vincent Scotto by SACEM, the Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada. The third single, "Restons Amis" debuted at number 9 in French Singles Chart and stayed in the chart for a total of 16 weeks.

In November 2009, a compilation entitled Rêves was released, containing all Lemarchal's previous hit singles plus two unreleased songs. The album debuted at number 1 in France.

Legacy

 In response to the loss of their beloved son and brother, Grégory's family founded the Association Grégory Lemarchal on 7 June 2007. The organization is dedicated to improving the lives of cystic fibrosis sufferers and their families by providing information, funding research, and increasing public awareness of cystic fibrosis. The Association Grégory Lemarchal has funded many activities, including aid and assistance to patients and their families affected by cystic fibrosis with the purpose of improving their quality of life.
 In November 2007, Grégory Lemarchal's sister Leslie Lemarchal published Mon frère, l'artiste ("My brother, the artist", Michel Lafon Editions), a collection of photographs of Lemarchal and whose copyright is paid to the Association Grégory Lemarchal.
 Later that same year, the production and contestants of Star Academy paid tribute to Lemarchal in a show entitled "La voix d'un ange". The show raised €6.3 million for the Association Grégory Lemarchal.
 Asteroid 213637 Lemarchal was named in his memory. The official  was published by the Minor Planet Center on 23 September 2010 ().
 In August 2013, a team of celebrities entered the TV show Fort Boyard on France 2 to raise funds for the charity: the team collected six of the seven keys before visiting Blanche, and collected four clue-words with 2m20 in the Treasure Room. The team collected over €18,000 for the charity.

Discography

Studio albums
Je deviens moi (2005)
La voix d'un ange (2007)
Live albums
Olympia 06 (2006)
Les pas d'un ange (2007)
Compilation albums
Rêves (2009)
Cinq ans (2012)

References

External links

  Official Grégory Lemarchal Website
  Association Grégory Lemarchal

1983 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from cystic fibrosis
People with cystic fibrosis
French pop singers
French rock singers
People from La Tronche
Pop rock singers
Star Academy (France) participants
Star Academy winners
Universal Records artists
20th-century French male  singers

Grégory Lemarchal


The G-Class Blimps were a series of non-rigid airships (blimps) used by the United States Navy. In 1935, instead of developing a new design airship, the Navy purchased the Goodyear Blimp Defender for use as a trainer and utility airship assigning it the designator G-1. Defender was built by the Goodyear Aircraft Company of Akron, Ohio and was the largest blimp in the company's fleet of airships that were used for advertising and as passenger airships. Goodyear built additional G-class airships for the Navy during World War II to support training needs.

Operational history
After purchase on September 23, 1935, G-1 was in constant use until it was lost in a mid-air collision on 8 June 1942 with another blimp, the L-2. The two blimps were conducting experimental visual and photographic observations during night flight. Although twelve people were killed in the crash, G-1 had demonstrated her capabilities as a trainer and utility blimp. As the Navy needed additional training airships during the World War II war time build up, a contract was awarded on 24 December 1942 for seven more G-class airships. These were assigned the designation Goodyear ZNN-G. (Z = lighter-than-air; N = non-rigid; N = trainer; G = type/class). The envelope size of these new G-class blimps was increased over that of G-1 by .

Airships G-2 through G-5 were delivered by late 1943 and G-6 through G-8 followed in early 1944. They were used for training mainly from the two major lighter-than-air bases, NAS Lakehurst and NAS Moffett Field on the southern edge of the San Francisco Bay.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (G-1)

References

See also

1930s United States military trainer aircraft
Airships of the United States Navy
Goodyear aircraft

G-class blimp


Lincoln Castle is a major Norman castle in Lincoln, England.  It was constructed during the late 11th century on the site of a pre-existing Roman fortress. The castle is unusual in that it has two mottes. It is only one of two such castles in the country; the other is at Lewes in Sussex. Lincoln Castle remained in use as a prison and law court into modern times, and is one of the better preserved castles in England; the Crown Courts continue to this day. It is open to the public most days of the week, and possible to walk around the walls from which there are views of the castle complex, cathedral, the city, and surrounding countryside.

Castles in England
Buildings and structures in Lincolnshire
Lincoln, England
11th-century buildings and structures

Lincoln Castle


Mario Ramirez Reyes, also known to Hispanic audiences as El Comodín (Jack of all trades - his nickname) is a Mexican actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer of film, television, and theater who gained notoriety when he headlined the most luxurious theater show of the 90's in Mexico: "El Show de las Estrellas" (The Star's Show) which set attendance records at prominent theaters Teatro Lírico, Aldama, Fru-Fru, Venustiano Carranza, and Teatro Blanquita in Mexico as well as then popular Hispanic theaters in the United States Teatro Los Pinos, Teatro Bay, and Teatro México.

Actor and Comedian

Television executives took notice of Mario and hired him for La Hora Lunática (The crazy hour), a daily variety show from Hollywood, California for the Telemundo Network.  Ramirez also got offered his first leading role by then newly formed independent film company Laguna Films in "No hay Derecho Joven" (There is no right young man) where he impersonated Mexico's most celebrated comedy character Cantinflas. Disney also included Mario Ramirez among its talents when he became the voice of Goofy in Spanish. Before the 90s were over, Mario had played the leading role in several Hispanic films: "El Culebrero," "El Güero Estrada," "Acábame de Matar," and "Carga Blanca." He had also guest starred in popular Mexican TV Shows: Siempre en Domingo and "En Vivo."

The new millennium added roles for Mario Ramirez in prominent films "The True Story of Che Guevara" for the History Channel where he portrayed the iconic Che Guevara and Sabotage with Arnold Schwarzenegger for Open Road Films  as well as "The Price of the American Dream  and "Se la sacó Gaspar" in the independent world of cinema. Mario has also been a TV series regular of "Peor es Nada" for Azteca America and has guest starred on TV shows "Entre Nos," also for Azteca America, "Acceso Total" for Telemundo, "Que no te cuenten" and "100 Latinos Dijeron" for MundoFox, "Con Chile y Limón" for Channel 22, and "Sabadazo" for Televisa and many more.
In the United States Mario's comedy show has been presented at The Improv in Hollywood and at the Million Dollar Theater, Star Theater, Yost Theater, and Fox Theater in California. Ramirez also lends his voice to several characters in the Spanish version of video games Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. for Marvel and Lego and Halo 2 for Xbox.

Director and Producer

The first decade of the 2000s gives way to Ramirez as a film director with "En la mira de mi gatillo," "Agarren al de los Huevos," "Cuando el poder es…" and  "Atrapamos a Bin Laden," which he also starred in and produced. He also produced and starred in urban films "The Price of the American Dream" for Laguna Productions and "Crossing Frontiers" for his own company Jakmar Entertainment for which Mario has also directed theater plays Don Juan Tenorio, "Mi Amigo Cri-Cri," "La Migra no llega a Belén," "Los Latinos son de Puro Vacilón," "El Gallo Lio al rescate de Santa Claus"and produced "La Pasión de Jesucristo" and multiple comedy shows internationally.

Writer

Mario Ramirez has been the senior writer of TV shows La Hora Lunática and "Peor es Nada" as well as feature films "Fuga de Almoloya," "El Señor de los Cerros," "En la Mira de mi Gatillo," "Got Papers" aka "Al Infierno con la Migra," and "Atrapamos a Bin Laden" and the theater plays "La Migra no llega a Belén," "Las Aventuras de mi amigo Cri-Cri," "El Gallo Lío al rescate de Santa Claus," "Los Latinos son de Puro Vacilón," and multiple international live comedy shows.

References

La Migra en el infierno by Mario Ramirez. (Library of Congress, 1997)
Copyright Catalog Al Infierno con la Migra, Library of Congress Public Catalogue 1997. Registration Number / Date:	PAu002739752 / 2003-02-26
Fuga de Almoloya by Mario Ramirez. (Library of Congress, 1998)
Copyright Catalog Fuga de Almoloya, Library of Congress Public Catalogue 1998. Registration Number / Date:	PA0000938857 / 1999-05-18

External links

Mexican male actors
Mexican comedians
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mexican film directors
Mexican male writers
Living people

Mario Ramírez Reyes