Samuel Laurence (also spelled Lawrence; 1812–28 February 1884) was a British portrait painter.

Life
He was born at Guildford, Surrey, in 1812, and early manifested a great love for art.
The first portraits which he exhibited were at the Society of British Artists in 1834, but in 1836 he sent three portraits, including that of Mrs. Somerville, to the exhibition of the Royal Academy.

These were followed at the academy by portraits of the Right Hon. Thomas Erskine, 1838; Thomas Carlyle, 1841; Sir Frederick Pollock, bart., 1842 and 1847; Charles Babbage, 1845; Dr. William Whewell, 1847; James Spedding, 1860; the Rev. William Hepworth Thompson, master of Trinity, and Robert Browning, 1869; Sir Thomas Watson, bart., M.D., 1870; and the Rev. Frederick Denison Maurice, 1871. He exhibited also crayon drawings of Charles Dickens ('Sketch of Boz'), 1838; John Hullah, 1842; Professor Adam Sedgwick, 1845; the Rev. Frederick Denison Maurice, 1846; George Grote, 1849; Lord Ashburton and Bernard Barton, 1850; Sir Henry Taylor, 1852; Sir William Bowman, bart., 1853; Sir Frederick Pollock and Lady Pollock, 1863; James Anthony Froude, Rev. Hugh Stowell, and William Makepeace Thackeray, 1864; Anthony Trollope, 1865; Sir Henry Cole and Dean John Howson, 1866; William Spottiswoode, 1869; Lord-justice Sir Edward Fry, 1871; and Sir Theodore Martin, 1875. He ceased to exhibit at Suffolk Street in 1853, but his works continued to appear at the Royal Academy until 1882, when he sent a drawing of Mrs. Cross ('George Eliot'), made in 1860.

Early in life Laurence was brought into close relations with many of the eminent literary men of his time, and was on terms of great intimacy with George Henry Lewes and Thornton Leigh Hunt; but his most intimate friend was James Spedding, the editor of Bacon. Many of his portraits of them have been engraved, the best-known being those of Thackeray reading a letter, Carlyle writing at his desk, Harriet lady Ashburton (in Lord Houghton's 'Monographs'), Frederick Denison Maurice, Mrs. Gaskell, Archbishop Trench, and William Edward Forster. His portraits of Tennyson and Carlyle are engraved in Home's 'New Spirit of the Age,' 1844. One of his most successful portraits in oil is that of Leigh Hunt, painted in 1837, but never quite finished. It was exhibited in the National Portrait Exhibition of 1868, and photographed for Leigh Hunt's 'Correspondence,' published in 1862.

He died at 6 Wells Street, Oxford Street, London, from the effects of an operation, on 28 February 1884, in the seventy-second year of his age.

Family
Laurence married Anastasia Gliddon, cousin and adopted sister of Mrs. Thornton Leigh Hunt, and during his early married life he visited Florence and Venice. There, he diligently studied the methods of the old masters, and endeavouring to discover the secrets of their success.
In 1854, he visited the United States, and while staying at Longfellow's residence in Massachusetts, he drew a portrait of James Russell Lowell, which has been engraved.

Legacy
There are by him in the National Portrait Gallery portraits in oil of Charles Babbage and Sir Thomas Bourchier, R.N., and an unfinished head of Thackeray, as well as chalk drawings of Sir Frederick Pollock, bart., and Sir Charles Wheatstone, and an unfinished sketch of Matthew James Higgins ('Jacob Omnium'). The Scottish National Portrait Gallery has a head in crayons of Thomas Carlyle. His portrait of Dr. Whewell is in Trinity College, Cambridge, and one of Thackeray is in the Reform Club, London.

References

Attribution

External links
 National Portrait Gallery

He made a portrait of Charles Dickens in 1838

1812 births
1884 deaths
English portrait painters
19th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English male artists

Samuel Laurence


Brian McGuire Cashman (born July 3, 1967) is an American baseball executive for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. He has served as the general manager and senior vice president of the Yankees since 1998. During Cashman's tenure as general manager, he inherited a core that was built by Stick Michael and Bob Watson the Yankees have won six American League pennants and four World Series championships.

Cashman began working with the Yankees organization in 1986 as an intern while still in college. He was named assistant general manager in 1992, helping to run the team while owner George Steinbrenner was suspended from baseball. He succeeded Bob Watson as the team's general manager in 1998.

Early life
Cashman was born in Rockville Centre, New York, and raised in Washingtonville, New York. He was raised in an Irish Catholic family, as the middle of five children born to Nancy and John Cashman. He became a baseball fan at a young age, attending a summer camp hosted by Bucky Dent before starting high school. He grew up as a fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers. While visiting his grandmother in Florida, he served as a batboy for the Dodgers during spring training in 1982, with the help of former Dodger Ralph Branca, a family friend.

The Cashman family moved to Lexington, Kentucky, where his father managed Castleton Farm, raising standardbreds for harness racing. Cashman described moving out of Washingtonville before starting high school as "the best thing to happen to [him], to get out of there."

Cashman attended Lexington Catholic High School before moving to the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. He attended Georgetown Preparatory School in North Bethesda, Maryland, graduating in 1985. Cashman played baseball and junior varsity basketball at both schools, and added football in his senior year. Brian was classmates with Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch and two years after future Supreme Court justice Brett Kavanaugh.

The Catholic University of America offered Cashman the opportunity to play college baseball for the Catholic Cardinals, competing in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division III, guaranteeing him playing time as a freshman.  He was a four-year starter at second base and the team's leadoff hitter. He set a school record for most hits in a season, which has since been broken. He earned a bachelor's degree with a major in history in 1989.

New York Yankees (1986–present)
George Steinbrenner, the owner of the New York Yankees, met John Cashman when he managed Pompano Park in Pompano Beach, Florida, and the two became friends. Through another family friend, John helped Brian obtain a position with the Yankees organization as an intern in 1986. He worked in the minor league scouting department in the day, and worked security at night. After Cashman graduated from Catholic, the Yankees offered him a position as a baseball operations assistant, which he accepted.

Steinbrenner was banned from baseball in July 1990 for hiring a gambler to investigate Dave Winfield. Gene Michael, then the Yankees' general manager, took over daily operations of the Yankees, and Cashman played a role in assisting him. He was promoted to assistant farm director that year, and to major league administrator in 1991. Michael named Cashman an assistant general manager in 1992. He remained in the role after Bob Watson succeeded Michael as general manager in 1995. The Yankees won the 1996 World Series.

General Manager (1998–present)

"Dynastic" years and success (1998–2005)

In February 1998, Watson resigned from the Yankees, and Cashman was named senior vice-president and general manager. He agreed to a one-year contract for $300,000, and became the second-youngest general manager in MLB history. The Yankees won 114 games during the 1998 season, and won the 1998 World Series. In 1999, Cashman traded fan favorite David Wells to the Toronto Blue Jays to acquire Roger Clemens. The next year, he acquired David Justice, who won the American League Championship Series (ALCS) Most Valuable Player Award for his play in the 2000 ALCS. The Yankees won the 2000 World Series, making Cashman the first general manager to win World Series titles in his first three years. In 2004, Cashman arranged the trade of Alfonso Soriano for Alex Rodriguez.

Despite the team's success, Cashman considered leaving the Yankees in 2005 due to conflicts with Steinbrenner and organizational disputes between team officials in New York City and Tampa, Florida. The Washington Nationals were rumored to be interested in hiring Cashman, which would have brought him back to the city where he attended school. Instead, Cashman agreed to a new contract with the Yankees following the conclusion of the 2005 season which gave him more authority in personnel decisions and paid him an average of $1.3 million more over the following three years.

Another championship (2006–2009)
With the increased authority, Cashman created a department of professional scouting, and tabbed Billy Eppler as its director. Later, Eppler would move on to become the general manager of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. On September 30, 2008, Cashman signed a three-year contract to stay with the Yankees through the 2011 season. Following the 2008 season, when the Yankees failed to make the playoffs, Cashman signed CC Sabathia, A. J. Burnett, and Mark Teixeira to long-term free agent contracts and traded for Nick Swisher. These four players played a significant role in the 2009 Yankees season, culminating with a victory in the 2009 World Series.

Post-Championship years and struggles (2010–2016)
The Yankees went on to make the playoffs again following the 2010 season, but lost to the Texas Rangers in the 2010 American League Championship Series. Following the 2010 season, Cashman held a hard line with Derek Jeter during contract negotiations, reportedly telling Jeter that he would prefer to have Troy Tulowitzki as the Yankees' starting shortstop, though a deal was eventually made for three years and $45 million.

Yankees ownership agreed to sign Rafael Soriano in January 2011 without Cashman's approval. Cashman stated at Soriano's introductory press conference that he disagreed with the deal. The Yankees re-signed Cashman to a three-year contract in November 2011.

During 2013, Alex Rodriguez composed a tweet, saying that he had been cleared to play by his doctors after his hip surgery. Cashman was not pleased about the tweet, claiming that the doctors did not give such authority to clear Rodriguez to play after seeking a second opinion with them, causing his faith and relationship with Rodriguez to be alienated. Cashman also wanted to trade Robinson Canó during the 2013 season, reasoning that they would be unable to re-sign him in the next offseason. Ownership prevented Cashman from exploring a trade.

After the 2013 season, the Yankees signed Masahiro Tanaka, Jacoby Ellsbury, Brian McCann, and Carlos Beltrán to contracts that totaled $438 million. However, the Yankees missed the playoffs for the second consecutive year. On October 10, 2014, the Yankees signed Cashman to another three-year deal through the 2017 season. That offseason, Cashman prioritized restructuring the Yankees roster with younger players. He replaced the retired Jeter with Didi Gregorius and also acquired Nathan Eovaldi, both of whom improved during the season. In the 2016 season, he traded Carlos Beltrán to the Texas Rangers, Andrew Miller to the Cleveland Indians, and Aroldis Chapman to the eventual World Series Champion Chicago Cubs to bolster the Yankees farm system.

"Baby Bombers" Era (2017-present)
In 2017, the Yankees made the postseason with rookie outfielder Aaron Judge and second-year catcher Gary Sanchez. The Yankees defeated the Minnesota Twins in the 2017 American League Wild Card Game, and then went on to defeat the Cleveland Indians in the 2017 American League Division Series. Making their first appearance in the American League Championship Series since 2012, the Yankees lost to the Houston Astros in seven games, far outpacing the expectations of many analysts. Following the season, Cashman recommended to the owner Hal Steinbrenner that a managerial change was needed. Baseball America named Cashman their Executive of the Year after the season.

On December 9, Cashman traded second baseman Starlin Castro and two prospects for Marlins outfielder Giancarlo Stanton.

On December 11, 2017, Cashman signed a 5-year, $25 million contract with the Yankees to keep him as general manager through 2022.

The 2018 season saw Cashman and the Yankees win 100 games. Despite a lopsided victory in the AL Wildcard game over the A's, New York would fall to their rivals: Boston  Red Sox in the Division Series. On April 7, 2019, Cashman won his 2,000th game as the Yankees general manager.

In the 2019 season, the Yankees won 103 games despite having over 30 players on the injured list during the season, with the players accounting over $81 million unable to play at one point of time.

During the pandemic-shortened 2020 season, the Yankees got off to an 8–1 start, and were 16-6 mid-August, before a seven-game losing streak. The team finished both August and September 14–13, which included a 1-7 stretch against the Baltimore Orioles, Toronto Blue Jays, Tampa Bay Rays, and New York Mets, before an 11–2 run, and finished the season 33–27, good for second-place in the East and a spot in the American League Wild Card Series, their 28th consecutive winning season. They won the series 2–0 against the Cleveland Indians, but lost the 2020 American League Division Series three-games-to-two against the Tampa Bay Rays.

In 2021, the Yankees rebounded to win 92 games, behind several winning streaks. Numerous player injuries in the first half of the season contributed to poor offense (through July, the Yankees had the second-lowest number of runs scored in the A.L.). Looking to bolster offensive production, Cashman traded for Anthony Rizzo and Joey Gallo, two strong left-handed batters. Between August 14–27, the team won 13 consecutive games, their longest such streak since 1961. They ended the season on an 8–1 run between September 20–30, but lost two of their final three games, before falling to the Red Sox 6–2 in the Wild Card Game.

The following year, the Yankees finished 99–63, winning the American League East, while star outfielder Aaron Judge broke Roger Maris's American League record by hitting 62 home runs. The Yankees defeated the Cleveland Guardians three games to two in the American League Division Series, but were swept by the Houston Astros in the American League Championship Series. During the season, Cashman surpassed Ed Barrow to become the longest-tenured general manager in Yankees history.

On December 5, 2022, the Yankees re-signed Cashman to a four-year contract to remain with the club through the 2026 season. Two days later, the Yankees and Cashman re-signed Aaron Judge to a 9-year, $360 million contract.

Honors

Cashman was named to Crain's New York Business 40 under 40 list for 1999. The Boston chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America selected Cashman as their MLB Executive of the Year for 2009. In 2010, Cashman was inducted into the Irish American Baseball Hall of Fame.

Cashman was selected as Baseball Executive of the Year in 2017.

Cashman was also involved in the developing of the video game MLB Front Office Manager.

Personal life
Cashman lives in Darien, Connecticut. He and his wife, Mary, have two children, Grace and Theodore. Mary filed for divorce in February 2012; they had been reportedly separated for a year. The day prior, prosecutors charged a woman with stalking Cashman in an attempt to extort money regarding an extramarital affair. Cashman is a Kentucky Wildcats and New Jersey Devils fan.

Cashman has referred to himself as an "adrenaline junkie." In December 2010, Cashman rappelled from a  building in Stamford, Connecticut as part of an annual Stamford Christmas celebration. He jumped from an airplane with members of the United States Army Parachute Team to raise awareness for the Wounded Warrior Project and broke his right fibula and dislocated his right ankle in the process. In November 2014, Cashman slept on a New York City sidewalk to raise awareness on behalf of homeless youth.

Notes

References

External links

Major League Baseball executives
American people of Irish descent
Major League Baseball general managers
New York Yankees executives
People from Darien, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Lexington, Kentucky
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Catholic University Cardinals baseball players
Living people
Lexington Catholic High School alumni
People from Rockville Centre, New York
People from Washingtonville, New York
Georgetown Preparatory School alumni
1967 births
Catholics from New York (state)
Catholics from Connecticut
Catholics from Kentucky

Brian Cashman


El Miedo a la Libertad is the second studio by Buenos Airesbased electronic neo-tango band Tanghetto, or the third, considering that their side project Hybrid Tango (2004) is in fact part of their official discography, as well as part of their regular live repertoire. The album was released in March 2008.

The album is named after German psychologist Erich Fromm's famous book, Fear of Freedom. It's an instrumental record, and to the usual combination of tango and electronica, elements from jazz and more acoustic sounds are added to the blend.

The music of El Miedo a la Libertad balances electronically generated sounds and acoustic instruments like bandoneón, piano, violin, erhu, acoustic drums and guitar.  The album was produced by Max Masri and coproduced by Diego S. Velázquez.

Like its predecessor, Buenos Aires Remixed, this album also features a selection of cover versions of music pieces from diverse styles performed in the unique style of the band. The covers included in this release are Eurythmics' Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This), Sting's Englishman in New York and Herbie Hancock's 1964 jazz standard Cantaloupe Island.

In 2009 the album achieved a Gardel Award.

Track listing
 El Testigo (5:04)
 Buscando Camorra (4:22)
 Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) (3:56)
 El Arte de Amar (4:09)
 Viajero Inmóvil (3:05)
 Englishman in New York (A bandoneonist in New York) (3:38)
 ¿Alguien se acuerda del Mayo Francés? (3:53)
 Media Persona (3:52)
 Cantaloupe Island (4:14)
 La Deuda Interna (4:58)
 El Desvío (4:01)
 El Miedo a la Libertad (4:59)

Personnel
 Max Masri: synthesizers and programming
 Diego S. Velázquez: nylon-string guitar, metallophone
 Chao Xu: violoncello and erhu
 Federico Vazquez: bandoneon
 Antonio Boyadjian: acoustic and electric piano
 Daniel Corrado: acoustic/electronic drums and percussion
 Esteban Morgado: nylon-string guitar (guest musician)
 Quique Condomí: violin (guest musician)

2008 albums
Tanghetto albums

El Miedo a la Libertad


"To Erskine" or "To the Hon Mr Erskine" was written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in November 1794. The subject of the poem is Thomas Erskine, a lawyer and member of the Whig party, who successfully served in the defense of three political radicals during the 1794 Treason Trials. Coleridge admired Erskine's defense and praised his refusal to accept money for his service. The poem was published in the 1 December 1794 Morning Chronicle as part of the Sonnets on Eminent Characters series. It was later included in various collections of Coleridge's poetry published later.

Background
"To Erskine" was first published in the 1 December 1794 Morning Chronicle. The sonnet was prefaced with a note addressed to the editor reading: "If, Sir, the following Poems will not disgrace your poetical department, I will transmit you a series of Sonnets (as it is the fashion to call them), addressed, like these, to eminent Contemporaries." Following the poem was a note by the editor that read, "Our elegant Correspondent will highly gratify every reader of taste by the continuance of his exquisitely beautiful productions. No. II. shall appear on an early day." Coleridge did not particularly like "To Erskine", but did rework the poem for his 1796 collection of poems and the poem was included in the 1803 edition and three others that followed.

Erskine, a member of the Whig party, was a lawyer that served as a defender during the 1794 Treason Trials, a series of trials in which those of liberal/radical political beliefs were charged with treason for their published views. As a defender for those tried, notably Thomas Hardy, John Thelwall, and John Horne Tooke, he gave speeches that Coleridge admired. The trials were viewed by newspapers as a spectacle that attracted a lot of public attention. Those who were paid to serve for either side were ridiculed and mocked as if they were performers. Even the Morning Chronicle put forth a story that described an individual being paid to join a particular side: a group of people were paid to burn an effigy of one side and then paid to burn an effigy of the other side. Erskine, unlike others, did not accept money to defend those put on trial for treason. His reason for waiving his attorney fee was: "The situation of the unfortunate prisoners entitles them to every degree of tenderness and attention, and their inability to render me any professional compensation, does not remove them at a greater distance from one."

Poem

Themes
Like many of the Sonnets on Eminent Characters, "To Erskine" is addressed to one of Coleridge's heroes. Erskine attained that position through defending the idea of "British Freedom" during the trials of Hardy, Thelwall, and Tooke for treason. The poem was written after Erskine was triumphant in his defense of those individuals which allowed them to continue on promoting their politically liberal ideas. Coleridge's line about Erskine being a "hireless priest" refers to the trial directly and how Erskine fought for the defense pro bono. This emphasis on Erskine being free from a monetary taint is similar to the praise of Erskine published in 1823 following his death.

Within the poem, Coleridge returns to the Miltonic use of sonnet as a polemical tool. In particular, "To Erskine" would be connected to Milton's 16th sonnet to Cromwell or to his 17th dedicated to Henry Vane. Besides being one of the Sonnets on Eminent Characters, Coleridge would later connect to the poem within his own works. In particular, he evokes his praise for Erskine in the sonnet within the final issue of his political newspaper The Watchman. Within the work, Coleridge describes Thelwall as successor to Erskine.

Notes

References
 Ashton, Rosemary. The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997.

 Colmer, John. Coleridge: Critic of Society. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1959.
 Curran, Stuart. Poetic Form and British Romanticism. New York : Oxford University Press, 1986.
 Mays, J. C. C. (editor). The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works I Vol I.I. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
 Pascoe, Judith. Romantic Theatricality. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
 Patterson, Annabel. Nobody's Perfect. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
 Sisman, Adam. The Friendship''. New York: Viking, 2006.

1794 poems
Sonnets on Eminent Characters
British poems
Works originally published in the Morning Chronicle

To Erskine


Martin Anthony Parmar Lunde (born September 20, 1958), better known by the ring name Arn Anderson, is an American professional wrestling road agent, author, and retired professional wrestler. Formerly signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) he was manager of Wardlow. Although he is widely regarded as one of the greatest tag team wrestlers in history, he also had a successful singles career and became a four-time NWA/WCW World Television Champion, which he often called his "world title".

Anderson's career was highlighted by his alliances with Ric Flair and various members of the wrestling stable The Four Horsemen in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). After his retirement, he worked as a producer for WWE until 2019, when he joined AEW. On March 31, 2012, Anderson was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a member of the Four Horsemen. His son, Brock Anderson also pursued a career in professional wrestling.

Early life
Martin Anthony Lunde was born in Rome, Georgia, on September 20, 1958.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1982–1984)
Lunde began his career on January 2, 1982 in Georgia Championship Wrestling going by the ring name Jim Vertaroso, having been trained by Ted Lipscomb (Allen). He spent much of the year wrestling in various independent wrestling companies across the United States, including a minor run in Mid South Wrestling for Bill Watts from 1982 to 1983. By the middle of 1983, he made his way to Southeastern Championship Wrestling, an NWA affiliated promotion operating out of Tennessee and Alabama. Taking the name of "Super Olympia", Lunde soon became a member of Ron Fuller's Stud Stable before the year was out. Lunde saw success in the tag team ranks by winning the NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship three times with Mr. Olympia and once with Pat Rose throughout 1984. It was also here in this promotion that Lunde met and began what would become a lifelong friendship with Ric Flair. By the end of the year, however, Lunde left the company and joined Mid South Wrestling based out of Shreveport. Lunde's time in Mid South was coming to an end, and during a TV taping the Junkyard Dog mentioned to Bill Watts, the owner of Mid South Wrestling, that Lunde looked like an Anderson. Watts called Jim Crockett and convinced him to book Lunde.

Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling (1984–1988)

Minnesota Wrecking Crew (1984–1985)

Lunde made his way to Jim Crockett, Jr.'s Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, based in the Virginias and the Carolinas. By this time, the company extended its range into Georgia after rival promoter Vince McMahon purchased Georgia Championship Wrestling. There was a strong physical resemblance between Lunde and Ole Anderson, who had achieved legendary status in the Georgia and Mid-Atlantic territories as a tag team wrestler. Ole noticed that Lunde's style was a no nonsense approach in the ring and specialized in working over a part of an opponent's body throughout the match, much like Ole himself. Anderson agreed to work with Lunde, helping to hone his capabilities, and re-formed the Minnesota Wrecking Crew with Lunde replacing Gene Anderson and taking on the name of "Arn Anderson", Ole's kayfabe brother. The team quickly became a force in the territory by capturing the NWA National Tag Team Championship in March 1985. Arn and Ole defended the titles throughout the year, with their highest profile match being part of the card for Starrcade 1985 on Thanksgiving night. The Crew successfully defended the titles against Wahoo McDaniel and Billy Jack Haynes.

The Four Horsemen (1985–1988)

In the latter half of 1985, the Andersons formed a loose knit alliance with fellow heels Tully Blanchard and Ric Flair, as they began to have common enemies. The foursome frequently teamed together in six-man, and sometimes, eight-man tag matches or interfered in each other's matches to help score a victory or, at least, to prevent each other from losing their titles. The alliance quickly became a force within the territory, working in feuds against some of the biggest stars in the company like Dusty Rhodes, Magnum T. A., The Road Warriors and the Rock 'n' Roll Express. Anderson also saw success as a singles wrestler on January 4, 1986, by winning the vacant NWA Television Championship. Simultaneously, Anderson was still one half of the NWA National Tag Team Champions and, even though Crockett promotions abandoned the National Tag titles in March, Anderson's success as a dual champion elevated his status within the territory. It was also during this time (in 1986) that the Andersons, Blanchard, and Flair began calling themselves The Four Horsemen with J. J. Dillon serving as the group's manager. Anderson also had a tremendous ability to do interviews to further the storylines he participated in. His ability to improvise in interviews allowed him to coin the "Four Horsemen" moniker for the stable, as he likened their coming to wrestle at an event and the aftermath of their wrath as being akin to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, and the name stuck. Anderson continued his reign as NWA Television Champion for most of the year, holding the championship for just over 9 months before losing it to Dusty Rhodes on September 9, 1986.

The first real setback with the Horsemen occurred at Starrcade 1986 after Anderson and Ole lost a Steel Cage match to The Rock 'n' Roll Express, with Ole getting pinned. The subsequent storyline positioned Ole as the weak link within the team, possibly attributed to his age. Ole's position with the group was only further weakened after he decided to take two months off after Starrcade. After Ole's return in February 1987, the other Horsemen turned on him and threw him out of the group, resulting in Ole incurring numerous attacks over the next several months. Afterwards, Ole was replaced with Lex Luger and the Horsemen resumed their dominance of the company.

As a member of the Horsemen, Anderson continued to be involved in high-profile angles within the company. By mid-1987, Anderson and fellow Horsemen Tully Blanchard began regularly competing as a tag team and rose quickly through the tag team ranks. The duo faced the Rock 'n' Roll Express for the NWA World Tag Team Championship on September 29, 1987, and were victorious. This win further solidified the group's dominance in the company as Lex Luger was the reigning NWA United States Heavyweight Champion and Ric Flair spent most of 1987 as the NWA World Heavyweight Champion, losing it to Ron Garvin in September, only to regain it at Starrcade 1987 on Thanksgiving night. Anderson and Tully continued to feud throughout the rest of the year and first few months of 1988 with the Road Warriors, the Rock 'n' Roll Express and the Midnight Express being their most frequent rivals.

By December 1987, Luger had defected from the Horsemen and began a heated feud with the group, with Ric Flair especially. In early 1988, Luger formed a tag team with Barry Windham and began challenging Anderson and Blanchard for the NWA World Tag Team Championship. The bigger, stronger team of Windham and Luger were eventually successful, winning the titles on March 27, 1988. The reign would be short lived, however, as Anderson and Blanchard regained the titles less than a month later after Barry Windham turned on Luger during their match and joined the Horsemen. Though Anderson and Blanchard were two of the biggest stars in Crockett's company, they were frequently in dispute with Crockett over their pay. Despite the fact that the two, along with the Horsemen, were helping to generate millions of dollars in revenue for the company, they considered themselves to be underpaid. Their last contracted match with the company took place on September 10, 1988, when they dropped the NWA World Tag Team Championship to the Midnight Express before leaving for the WWF.

World Wrestling Federation (1988–1989)

Anderson and Blanchard left Crockett's company to join Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation. Upon being named the Brain Busters, the team took Bobby "The Brain" Heenan as their manager and quickly began rising through the tag team ranks, eventually coming to challenge Demolition for the WWF Tag Team Championship. On July 18, 1989, the Brain Busters won the titles, ending Demolition's historic reign of 478 days; the match would air on the July 29 edition of Saturday Night's Main Event XXII. Although they would lose the titles back to Demolition on an episode of WWF Superstars just over three months later, the Brain Busters continued to be a force in the WWF's tag team division.

World Championship Wrestling (1989–2001)

World Television Champion (1990–1991)

In December 1989, Anderson left the WWF and went back to WCW. Blanchard was slated to return as well but WWF accused him of testing positive for cocaine. Crockett's company was now called World Championship Wrestling and was under the ownership of billionaire mogul Ted Turner. Anderson helped to reform the Horsemen and he quickly found success in the company, winning the NWA World Television Championship on January 2, 1990. Anderson remained the champion almost the entire year before dropping it to Tom Zenk. Zenk's reign would be short lived, however, as Anderson regained the title, having been renamed the WCW World Television Championship on January 14, 1991. His third reign with the title was also considered successful as he held the title a little more than five months before dropping it to "Beautiful" Bobby Eaton on May 19, 1991. Afterwards, with Horsemen members Ric Flair and Sid Vicious gone to the WWF and Barry Windham having turned face, Anderson entered the tag team ranks of WCW.

World Tag Team Champion (1991–1992)

In the summer of 1991, Anderson formed a tag team with Larry Zbyszko and they called themselves the Enforcers. After competing for several months and moving up in the tag team ranks, they successfully captured the WCW World Tag Team Championship on September 2, 1991. The reign would be short lived, however, as they lost the titles roughly two and a half months later to Ricky Steamboat and Dustin Rhodes. Anderson and Zbyszko wrestled their final match as a tag team in December 1991 as part of WCW's "Roar Power" tour of Europe.

Later in December 1991, Anderson joined Paul E. Dangerously's new stable the Dangerous Alliance, where he formed a new tag team with "Beautiful" Bobby Eaton. They quickly moved up the tag team division and were soon a threat to Steamboat and Rhodes. Anderson and Eaton quickly won the titles on January 16, 1992, and defended the titles against all comers for the next four and a half months before losing the titles to the Steiner Brothers in May 1992. The Dangerous Alliance disbanded in November 1992 following Clash of the Champions XXI, following which Anderson took a short hiatus from WCW.

The Four Horsemen reunion (1993)

While still under WCW contract, Anderson wrestled a handful of matches for Smoky Mountain Wrestling in March and April 1993, teaming with the Rock 'n' Roll Express. At Slamboree '93: A Legends' Reunion in May 1993, Anderson unsuccessfully challenged Barry Windham for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship.

In May 1993, Anderson joined Ole Anderson and Ric Flair to once more reform the Four Horsemen. The Horsemen introduced Paul Roma as their newest member. Although athletic and a skilled in-ring competitor, Roma had spent much of his career as a jobber in the WWF. As part of an interview segment for the Ric Flair and the Four Horsemen DVD, Triple H stated that he thought the addition of Roma made the membership the weakest in the history of the group, and Arn himself referred to Roma as "a glorified gym rat". Although Anderson and Roma won the WCW World Tag Team Championship in August, the group was seen as a failure by WCW. The stable disbanded in October 1993 after Anderson was legitimately injured in an altercation with Sid Vicious.

Anderson returned to the ring in December 1993, facing his former stablemate Paul Roma in a series of matches. In February 1994, he formed a short-lived tag team with Ricky Steamboat. In May 1994, Anderson wrestled at the Eastern Championship Wrestling event When Worlds Collide as part of a talent exchange between WCW and ECW. At the event, Anderson teamed with Terry Funk in an unsuccessful challenge to Sabu and Bobby Eaton.

Stud Stable; World Television Champion (1994–1995)

In May 1994, Anderson formed another new tag team, this one with Dustin Rhodes. At Bash at the Beach 1994, Anderson and Rhodes faced Col. Rob Parker's Stud Stable; during the match, Anderson betrayed Rhodes and cost him them match, subsequently joining the Stud Stable alongside Terry Funk, Bunkhouse Buck, "Stunning" Steve Austin and Meng. The Stud Stable feuded with Dusty and Dustin Rhodes until late 1994 when Funk left.

Anderson's last championship run began on January 8, 1995, after winning the World Television Championship from Johnny B. Badd. Anderson helped restore the prestige of the title, which he held for just over six months before dropping it to The Renegade at Great American Bash 1995. He briefly feuded with long-time friend Flair, and was assisted by Brian Pillman in his efforts.

The Four Horsemen reunion (1995–1997)

In 1995, Anderson reformed the Four Horsemen yet again with Flair, Anderson, Pillman, and a partner to be named later (who ended up being Chris Benoit).

By the end of 1996, Anderson rarely competed in the ring as years of wear and tear on his body finally started to catch up with him. On the November 25 edition of Nitro, Anderson fought Luger to a double count-out in a quarter-final tournament match for the vacant WCW United States Championship.

Semi-retirement (1997–2001)
On the August 25, 1997, episode of Monday Nitro, Anderson formally announced his retirement from the ring. While standing in the ring, surrounded by Ric Flair and newest Horsemen members Steve McMichael and Benoit, Anderson declared that his last official act as the "Enforcer" for the Four Horsemen was to offer his "spot" in the group to Curt Hennig, as he was forced to retire due to extensive neck and upper back injuries. He worked a couple tag matches afterward, including teaming with David Flair on an episode of WCW Thunder, but his physical involvement was extremely limited in those bouts.

On the September 14, 1998, edition of Nitro, alongside Steve McMichael, Dean Malenko, and Chris Benoit, Anderson ceremoniously reintroduced Ric Flair to WCW after his 12-month hiatus. In doing so, they reformed the Horsemen who then feuded with WCW President Eric Bischoff. Flair won the presidency of WCW from Bischoff on the December 28, 1998, episode of Nitro followed by winning the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at Uncensored 1999 and turn heel in the process. Anderson remained Flair's right-hand man during this time as he attempted to keep Flair's delusional hunger for power at bay.

In 2000, Anderson was a member of the short-lived Old Age Outlaws. Led by Terry Funk, the group of veteran wrestlers battled the revived New World Order. On May 9, Anderson wrestled in two matches losing to David Flair and a week later teaming with Ric to defeat David Flair and Crowbar.

WCW was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation in 2001, ending Anderson's tenure there.

World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE (2001–2019)

Not long after the closing of WCW, Anderson became a road agent for WWF, renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May 2002. He occasionally appeared on WWE television trying to, with the help of other WWE management, pull apart (kayfabe) backstage brawls. Before the WCW/ECW Invasion storyline, Anderson took up color commentary for a WCW World Heavyweight Championship match between Booker T and Buff Bagwell, WCW Cruiserweight Championship match with Billy Kidman and Gregory Helms as well as another WCW Championship match between Diamond Dallas Page and Booker T, which would be his only appearances as a commentator in WWE. He made an appearance on Raw in 2002 delivering a video to Triple H before he was supposed to renew his wedding vows to then-heel, Stephanie McMahon. Anderson was also assaulted on Raw by The Undertaker leading up the Undertaker vs. then-babyface, Ric Flair match at WrestleMania X8. During that bout, Anderson made a brief in-ring appearance, delivering his signature spinebuster to The Undertaker. He would later turn heel once again by helping Ric Flair in his feud with Stone Cold Steve Austin, leading to Austin (kayfabe) urinating on him. Several months later he became a face once again and attempted to help a then-babyface Flair gain (kayfabe) sole ownership of WWE during a match with Vince McMahon, but backed down from a confrontation with Brock Lesnar, who entered the ring to assist McMahon.

Anderson made a special appearance at the October 2006 Raw Family Reunion special, in which he was in Ric Flair's corner for his match against Mitch of the Spirit Squad. Anderson was in the corner of Flair, Sgt. Slaughter, Dusty Rhodes, and Ron Simmons at Survivor Series 2006, where the four faced the Spirit Squad, but was ejected from the arena during the match. On the March 31, 2008 Raw, Anderson came out to say his final goodbye to Ric Flair and thank him for his career. At No Mercy, he was backstage congratulating Triple H for retaining the WWE Championship against Jeff Hardy.

On an episode of Smackdown Live in August 2016, Anderson made an appearance as one of the people asked by Heath Slater to be his tag team partner for the tournament to determine the inaugural winners of the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship. Anderson refused to help Slater upon learning that he was not Slater's first choice as a tag team partner. On the August 8, 2017, episode of Smackdown Live, Anderson made a guest appearance on Fashion Police, revealing himself to be the one who destroyed Breezango's toy horse, Tully, and boasting he was the best horse from the Four Horsemen, and that "Tully" should have been named "Arn".

On February 22, 2019, it was reported Anderson had been released from the WWE. It was later reported this was due to Anderson allowing an intoxicated Alicia Fox to wrestle a match at a WWE Live Event on February 10. At Starcast II, Anderson spoke briefly about his release saying he didn't want to be somewhere he was not wanted and the hours had become too much for him. He couldn't say much due to being bound by a non-disclosure agreement.

All Elite Wrestling (2019–2023)
On August 31, 2019, Anderson made a surprise appearance at the All Elite Wrestling (AEW) pay-per-view event, All Out, assisting Cody in his match against Shawn Spears by hitting Spears with a spinebuster. On November 6, 2019, Anderson would be a guest commentator on AEW Dark.

On December 30, 2019, AEW announced that Arn Anderson had signed a contract with the company as Cody's personal advisor and head coach. He would make his AEW Dynamite debut on the January 1, 2020, episode, assisting Cody to win his match against Darby Allin. On June 3, 2020, Anderson announced that he had signed a new multi-year contract with AEW.

On the June 11, 2021 episode of Dynamite, in an interview with Tony Schiavone, Anderson (alongside his son Brock and Cody Rhodes) announced that Brock would be wrestling with AEW and would join the Nightmare Family. The interview was interrupted by QT Marshall and a fight ensued. On the June 18 episode of Dynamite, Anderson accompanied Brock to the ring for his debut match. Brock, teaming with Cody Rhodes defeated QT Marshall & Aaron Solow. After the match Anderson hugged Brock and raised his hand.

On the September 29 episode of Dynamite, Anderson dumped Rhodes, who was on a losing streak, and left the ring with Lee Johnson, who had just successfully scored a winning pinfall while teaming with Rhodes. During the promo when he dumped Rhodes, Anderson (a real-life gun enthusiast) told him that Rhodes would allow a carjacker to steal his car while Anderson would "pull out the Glock, put it on his forehead, and spill his brains all over the concrete". The promo, which received approval in advance from both Tony Khan and TNT, received universal critical praise from fans and other wrestlers, as the quote got Anderson trending on Twitter; AEW promptly released a T-shirt featuring the quote due to the reaction. However, Anderson would afterwards resume coaching Rhodes, who would later go on to have another reign as AEW TNT Champion.

Personal life
Although he was billed as such at various times, Anderson is not related to the Anderson family or Ric Flair. He was given the "Anderson" name and was originally billed as Ole Anderson's brother, and then later billed as Ole's nephew, because of his resemblance to Ole in appearance and wrestling style. He was also billed as Flair's cousin. Flair is not related to any of the Andersons, but he is a longtime friend of Anderson.

Anderson married Erin Lunde in 1985. They reside in Charlotte, North Carolina, and have a son named Brock. Brock followed in his father's footsteps and became a professional wrestler. Anderson stated on an episode of his podcast The Arn Show that the only reason he had stayed in the business for so long was to make sure Brock was able to get his start in it.

During a WCW tour of Europe, Anderson and Sid Eudy (better known as Sid Vicious or Sycho Sid) were involved in an argument at a hotel bar in the English town of Blackburn on October 27, 1993. Anderson threatened Eudy with a broken bottle; after being sent to their rooms by security chief Doug Dillinger, Eudy later came to Anderson's room and attacked him with a chair leg, and Anderson retaliated with pair of scissors. Eudy received four stab wounds and Anderson received 20, losing a pint and a half of blood in the process. The fight was broken up by fellow wrestler 2 Cold Scorpio, who was credited with saving Anderson's life. Neither man pressed charges against the other, and British police declined to do so since both men would soon be leaving the country. Eudy was later fired over the incident.

As stated in his biography, Anderson was thrown into the ring ropes during a match in 1994. The top rope broke from the turnbuckle, but he was able to land on his feet. Six months later, the same event happened again, but this time he landed full-force on to the concrete and hit his head, neck, and upper back. He never took time off to heal. As time passed, with no down time, the injuries worsened. In his biography, Anderson states that the first sign of problems was his left arm suddenly going numb and unresponsive during a match. Doctors found that a rib, possibly torn away from the spine during the accident, was popping in and out of the joint and causing shoulder discomfort and weakness. Upon seeing his chiropractor in Charlotte, North Carolina, and consulting medical experts in Atlanta, Georgia, the damage to Anderson's body was found to be much more severe than previously thought and surgery was deemed the only option to keep his left arm functioning at all. Surgery occurred in Atlanta in late 1996 (resulting in a left posterior laminectomy of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical bones and a fusion of the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic bones) and was successful in repairing most of the damage, but Anderson still has some muscle weakness, loss of fine motor control, and loss of muscle mass in his left arm. He spent many weeks in the hospital during that time, crediting his recovery to his wife, his physical therapist, and the fact he did not want his children to be fatherless. He would be readmitted in March 1997 with symptoms akin to cardiac arrest and pulmonary failure, but was released soon afterwards.

On March 11, 2023, Anderson announced on Twitter that his son Barrett had passed away the night before at age 37.

Other media
Anderson's autobiography, Arn Anderson 4 Ever, was released on April 30, 2000.

Anderson has appeared in the video games WWE Legends of WrestleMania, WWE '12, WWE 2K16 (as DLC), and WWE 2K17 as a member of The Enforcers with Larry Zbyszko.

Anderson's podcast, The Arn Show with Conrad Thompson (and hosted by Paul Bromwell since 2021), debuted in 2019.

Anderson appeared on the reality show Rhodes to the Top.

Championships and accomplishments
Cauliflower Alley Club
Art Abrams Lifetime Achievement/Lou Thesz Award (2016)
Jim Crockett Promotions / World Championship Wrestling
NWA/WCW World Television Championship (4 times)
 NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Paul Roma
NWA National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ole Anderson
NWA (Mid-Atlantic)/WCW World Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Tully Blanchard (2), Larry Zbyszko (1), Bobby Eaton (1), and Paul Roma (1)
WCW World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1991) – with Larry Zbyszko
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 9 of the 500 best wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1991
PWI Feud of the Year (1987) –  Four Horsemen vs. The Super Powers and The Road Warriors
PWI Tag Team of the Year (1989) –  with Tully Blanchard
PWI Tag Team of the Year (1991) –  with Larry Zbyszko
PWI Stanley Weston Award (1997)
Ranked No. 62 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
Southeastern Championship Wrestling
NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Jerry Stubbs (3) and Pat Rose (1)
Southern States Wrestling
Kingsport Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 2001)
World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
WWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tully Blanchard
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2012) as a member of The Four Horsemen
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Best on Interviews (1990)
Worst Worked Match of the Year (1996) –  with Ric Flair, Meng, The Barbarian, Lex Luger, Kevin Sullivan, Z-Gangsta, and The Ultimate Solution vs. Hulk Hogan and Randy Savage in a  Towers of Doom match at Uncensored

References

Further reading
Autobiography: Anderson, Arn. Arn Anderson 4 Ever: A Look Behind the Curtain. Kayfabe Pub Group, 1998

External links

ARN on Westwood One Podcast Network
Arn Anderson Tribute Site

1958 births
20th-century professional wrestlers
All Elite Wrestling personnel
American color commentators
American male professional wrestlers
American podcasters
Anderson family
Living people
NWA National Tag Team Champions
NWA/WCW World Television Champions
People from Rome, Georgia
Professional wrestlers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Professional wrestling announcers
Professional wrestling managers and valets
Professional wrestling podcasters
Professional wrestling trainers
Sportspeople from Rome, Georgia
Stabbing survivors
Dangerous Alliance members
The Four Horsemen (professional wrestling) members
Heenan Family members
Stud Stable members
WCW World Tag Team Champions
WWE Hall of Fame inductees
World Tag Team Champions (WWE)

Arn Anderson


Antony Balch (10 September 1937 – 6 April 1980) was an English film director and distributor, best known for his screen collaborations with Beat Generation author William S. Burroughs in the 1960s and for the 1970s horror film, Horror Hospital.

Biography
Balch's fixation for horror and exploitation movies began early in life, culminating in a school-aged Balch meeting his idol Bela Lugosi in Brighton, England in the early 1950s. Lugosi was touring in a stage version of Dracula at the time.

Working his way into the British film industry, Balch directed adverts for Camay soap, and a 30-second commercial for Kit-E-Kat.

In the early part of the 1960s he lived briefly in France working as a location scout and subtitler of French films for their British releases. In Paris, Balch became friendly with radical artists such as William Burroughs and Kenneth Anger. Burroughs and Balch met at Madame Rachou's Beat Hotel, and the two quickly became collaborators. In Barry Miles' biography of Burroughs, Balch is described as "gay, well dressed with dark hair and an eager smile. After a few drinks he could be quite camp: 'The trouble with fish is that they are so fisheee!' he once shrieked in a restaurant".

Balch gets a "special thanks" credit in Burroughs' novel The Ticket That Exploded and directed the Burroughs-influenced experimental film, Towers Open Fire among other short works. In 1963, Balch attended a showing of the 1930s horror film, Freaks and decided to become a distributor in order to open the film in London. Freaks had been banned in Britain since 1932, but, with the help of Anger, Balch bought the British rights to the film. He released Freaks and Towers Open Fire as part of a triple-bill.

Balch was next hired to run two movie theatres in London—The Jacey in Piccadilly Circus and The Times in Baker Street. Balch did everything from choosing what films played, to organizing the front-of-house displays, to keeping an eye on projectionists and janitorial staff. Whereas The Times was more rep oriented, The Jacey specialized in playing exploitation films like Nudist Paradise and the Japanese horror/art-house hit Onibaba. Meanwhile, Balch carried on his career as a distributor, eventually releasing films such as The Corpse Grinders, Kenneth Anger's Invocation of My Demon Brother, Paul Bowles in Morocco, and Russ Meyer's Supervixens. Balch was one of the first people to embrace art, horror and exploitation films with equal enthusiasm, a view that was hardly shared by many film critics of the time.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s his special niche was releasing foreign sex films. Most of the sex films Balch released in the UK had been purchased at the Cannes or Venice film festivals; with no stars or name directors they cost next to nothing. Balch then added his own personal touch, giving the films tongue-in-cheek English titles and eye catching campaigns like "No photographs permitted of this controversial X Film" (from When Girls Undress). Balch worked out of an office in Golden Square, Soho and lived in Dalmeney Court on Duke Street. Dalmeney Court's other occupants included Burroughs and artist Brion Gysin plus the occasional celebrity passing through such as The Animals' Eric Burdon.

A second Balch/Burroughs collaboration film, The Cut-Ups opened in London in 1967. This was part of an abandoned project called Guerrilla Conditions meant as a documentary on Burroughs and filmed throughout 1961-1965. Inspired by Burroughs' and Gysin's technique of cutting up text and rearranging it in random order, Balch had an editor cut his footage for the documentary into little pieces and impose no control over its reassembly. The film opened at Oxford Street's Cinephone cinema and had a disturbing reaction. Many audience members claimed the film made them ill, others demanded their money back, while some just stumbled out of the cinema ranting "its disgusting".

Included in The Cut-Ups are shots of Burroughs acting out scenes from his book Naked Lunch. The idea of bringing Naked Lunch to the big-screen was Balch's dream project. First developed in 1964, a script with musical numbers was completed in the early 1970s, and the project announced to the press in March 1971. Personal differences between Balch and the film's would-be leading man Mick Jagger however caused the project's collapse. According to Literary Outlaw, Ted Morgan's 1988 biography of Burroughs, Jagger "thought Balch was coming on to him sexually, and in any case didn't have a reputation as a director in the industry".

Balch found a more committed investor for his plans to make feature films in producer Richard Gordon. Gordon had a long history in horror cinema, and had been partly responsible for the stage version of Dracula that had allowed Balch to meet Lugosi. Their first film together was shot from a script never fully completed. With Balch using his own money to fund half of the budget what emerged was the deceptively titled Secrets of Sex (1970). Balch's feature debut is in fact a multi-genre anthology film which blends slapstick comedy, spy spoof, bloody horror movie and softcore sex film under the pretext of being a comment on the battle of the sexes. Secrets of Sex was a sensation, running for six months at the Piccadilly Jacey.

Encouraged by the film's British success, Balch and Gordon set about a second collaboration called Horror Hospital (1973). In the classic exploitation film tradition, the title was invented before the plot. Balch then spent his time locked in a hotel room with co-writer Alan Watson until the script was complete. Horror Hospital featured Michael Gough as the very Lugosi-like Dr. Storm. When Gough asked Balch what he wanted bringing to the role Balch screened him The Devil Bat, a Lugosi classic about a mad scientist masquerading as a perfume inventor. Horror Hospital was the most successful of all of Balch's films.

While other projects were discussed, including a comedy called The Sex Life of Adolf Hitler and a horror film co-written by Christopher Wicking, Balch never made another feature film. Speaking to the critic Kim Newman in Shock Xpress magazine (vol.2, no.5, 1988), Wicking recalled "I had a crazy meeting with him, when he wanted to do some picture or other.  He spent most of the time walking across the furniture.  Languorously, he would walk across three or four chairs.  He went into another little world. He was a sad figure in a way, because he was well before his time".

In 1978, Balch was diagnosed with stomach cancer, and died on 6 April 1980 aged 42.

In 2014, the first book about Antony Balch's life and career, Guerilla Conditions, la folle épopée cinématographique d'Antony Balch avec William Burroughs, Richard Gordon et tous les autres was published (Adrien Clerc, Ledatape Organisation).

Filmography

As director

Short films
 Towers Open Fire (1962–1963)
 Guerrilla Conditions (uncompleted)
 The Cut-Ups (1966)
 Bill and Tony a.k.a. Who's Who (1972)
 Ghosts at Number 9 a.k.a. Ghosts at Number 9 (paris) (1982, posthumously released short film compiled from reels of film found at Balch's office after his death)
 William Buys a Parrot (posthumously released 1982)

Feature films
 Secrets of Sex (1970)
 Horror Hospital (1973)

As distributor

 Freaks (1963)
 Towers Open Fire (1964)
 The Burning Court (1965)
 Men and Women (1965)
 Une fille et des fusils (1966)
 Gift (1966)
 The Comic Strip Hero (1967)
 The Cut-Ups (1968)
 Hercules Against the Barbarians (1968)
 Requiem for a Gunfighter (1968)
 Häxan, or Witchcraft Through the Ages (1968)
 Run, Angel, Run! (1969)
 Invocation of My Demon Brother (1969)
 The Gay Deceivers (1970)
 Love 65 (1970)
 Secrets of Sex (1970)
 Daughter of Horror (1971)
 Paul Bowles in Morocco (1971)
 Don't Deliver Us from Evil (1971)
 Horror Hospital (1973)
 Doctor in the Nude (1974)
 Bill and Tony (1974)
 Mama's Dirty Girls (1975)
 Truck Stop Women (1975)
 Supervixens (1977)
 Black Snake a.k.a. Slaves (1977)

References

External links

1937 births
1980 deaths
English film directors
William S. Burroughs
British subtitlers
20th-century British translators

Antony Balch


Post-postmodernism is a general term used to describe new developments emerging from postmodernism. A similar term is metamodernism. These terms are not always accepted: for example, they are not in the Tate Guide to modern art terms.

History
Modernism began around 1900. It was a rejection of tradition and an attempt to see the world differently. Events such as World War 2 and the Great Depression made many feel modernism had failed. This led to postmodernism, which is cold and skeptical of the grand narrative of Western Society. This grand narrative is explained by Jean-François Lyotard as something. Postmodernism is a very broad term that cannot be defined by specific themes. It is an all-encompassing way of thinking.

Postmodernism is seen as a theory for explaining 20th Century culture. With the 20th Century now behind us and a new century beginning, many have suggested that Postmodernism is outdated in our current world. Advances such as the internet have changed the way we live, making the world a smaller place but also making communication and interaction with things around us less intimate. Post-Postmodernism takes this as a key reason why a return to sincerity and authentic expression is the way forward for the 21st Century.

Definitions
Post-postmodernism is a very new idea that is still forming. There are many different ideas about how post-postmodernism could evolve and shape culture. They look to where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to overcome postmodern irony.

References

Art movements
Philosophical movements and positions

Post-postmodernism


Commonly, a hotline is a telephone service, which offers specialized information. This information can be about how to deal with certain situations, but it can also be about the products of a company. The term originally came from a telephone which would automatically dial a pre-set number, once the receiver is lifted. Such telephones can still be found alongside highways, where they serve to call for help. Today, very often, hotlines are operated by call-centers.

Telephone

Hotline


Oliver Shepard (born 1946) is a British explorer. He participated in the Transglobe Expedition, the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe from pole to pole.

Shepard was educated at Heatherdown School, near Ascot in Berkshire, followed by Eton College (also in Berkshire). In 1964, he was commissioned into the Coldstream Guards, after which he joined 21 Regiment Special Air Service (Artists). His civilian career started at the Charrington Brewery in the East End of London in 1968. In 1975 he joined Sir Ranulph Fiennes and his wife Ginny at the Duke of York Barracks, Chelsea. Between 1975 and 1979, he worked on preparations for the Transglobe Expedition. He went with members of the group to Scotland in 1975, followed by Exercise Greenland in 1976, and the British North Pole Expedition in 1977. On the Transglobe Expedition he travelled with Fiennes and Charlie Burton on the 67-day Antarctic crossing, and acted as doctor, dentist, scientist and mechanic. Because of family problems, he returned to the UK after the South Pole crossing, and worked in the office in London.

See also
 Charlie Burton
 Ginny Fiennes

References

External links
 Transglobe Expedition

1946 births
Coldstream Guards officers
English explorers
Explorers of Antarctica
Living people
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Heatherdown School
Special Air Service officers

Oliver Shepard


William E. May  (May 27, 1928 – December 13, 2014) was an American theologian who was the Michael J. McGivney Emeritus Professor of Moral Theology at the Pontifical John Paul II Institute for Studies on Marriage and Family at The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC where he taught from 1991 to 2008.

He previously taught moral theology at The Catholic University of America from 1971 to 1991. Dr. May has also lectured and taught at various universities around the world and taught courses for the Catholic Distance University. Along with John Finnis, Robert P. George and Germain Grisez, and others, he was one of the major proponents of the new natural law theory, which draws on the ethics of Thomas Aquinas.

Early life
May was born the second of three children of Robert W. May and Katherine A. Armstrong on May 27, 1928 in St. Louis, Missouri.  His father was a Presbyterian (who later converted to Catholicism), but May was raised a Catholic by his mother.  He felt a call to the priesthood while in the fourth grade, and especially wanted to become a missionary to China.  When old enough, he entered the seminary and was sent to study philosophy followed by theology at The Catholic University of America.  He was tonsured and received the minor orders of porter and acolyte.  However, in 1952, because of a serious medical condition (diagnosed as petit mal epilepsy), he took some time off from seminary studies to teach in DeAndreis High School in north St. Louis.  After teaching for a year, he took his supposed epileptic condition as a sign from God that he should pursue another vocation.  (Although he had been told that he had petit mal epilepsy, and took medication and suffered seizures at times, he discovered in the late 1970s that the problem was not epilepsy, but was psychological in nature, and he experienced no seizures after 1977).  He married Patricia Ann Keck on October 4, 1958.  Together they raised seven children and now have many grandchildren.  Because of his educational foundation, he found work as a book editor with various publishers from 1954 to 1970, until his teaching career began in 1971.

Education and awards
May continued his education while an editor.  He received his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts, both in philosophy, from The Catholic University of America, and his Ph.D. from Marquette University. He received the Cardinal Wright Award from the Fellowship of Catholic Scholars (1979), the Pro Pontifice et Ecclesia Medal (1991), and the Paul Ramsey Award in Bioethics from the Center for Bioethics and Culture (2007).  He was also a member of the International Theological Commission from 1986-1997.

Selected books
 Catholic Sexual Ethics: A Summary, Explanation, & Defense, with Ronald Lawler OFM Cap and Joseph Boyle, Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 1998. [Third edition 2011]
 Catholic Bioethics and the Gift of Human Life, Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor Press 2000. [Third edition 2013]
 An Introduction to Moral Theology, Huntington, Second edition, IN: Our Sunday Visitor Press, 2003.
 Marriage: The Rock on Which the Family Is Built, San Francisco: Ignatius, 1995. [Revised, expanded edition 2009]
 Standing with Peter, Bethune, SC: Requiem Press, 2006.
 The Unity of the Moral and Spiritual Life, New York: Franciscan Herald Press, 1979.
 Theology of the Body in Context: Genesis and Growth, Boston: Pauline Books & Media, 2010.
 Christ in Contemporary Thought, Dayton: Pflaum, 1970.
 Becoming Human: An Invitation to Christian Ethics, Dayton: Pflaum, 1975.
 Human Existence, Medicine, and Ethics: Reflections on Human Life, Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1977.
 Sex, Marriage, and Chastity: Reflections of a Catholic Layman, Spouse, and Parent, Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1981.
 Sex and the Sanctity of Human Life, Front Royal, VA: Christendom College Press, 1984.
 The Teaching of 'Humanae Vitae' A Defense (with Germain Grisez, Joseph M. Boyle, John Finnis, and John Ford, S.J.), San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988.
 Moral Absolutes: Catholic Tradition, Current Trends, and the Truth. The Pere Marquette Lecture in Theology, 1989, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1989.

See also

References

External links
 Papers, Bibliography, and CV at Christendom Awake
 William May at the John Paul II Institute

1928 births
Catholic University of America alumni
Catholic University of America faculty
20th-century American Roman Catholic theologians
21st-century American Roman Catholic theologians
2014 deaths
Hastings Center Fellows
Presidents of the American Academy of Religion

William E. May


Parietaria hespera is a species of flowering plant in the nettle family known by the common name rillita pellitory. It is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat, from coast to desert, dry to moist, and sometimes in disturbed areas. It is an annual herb taking an erect or spreading form up to half a meter long or forming a mat or dense tangle. The stems may branch or not. They are lined with alternately arranged leaves up to 2 centimeters long and varying in shape from oval to round or somewhat kidney-shaped. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers emerging from the leaf axils. The flower has no petals but greenish sepals which may be tinged yellowish or reddish brown.

, The Plant List did not accept this species, regarding its status as unresolved.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

hespera

Parietaria hespera


The Museum of Independence in Dhaka, Bangladesh depicts the struggle for independence of Bangladesh. It shows the history of the nation since Mughal tenure to independence in 1971. It is the first and only underground museum in the country. The museum is part of a 67-acre complex at Suhrawardy Udyan, the site from where Sheikh Mujibur Rahman gave his historic speech declaring the struggle for independence, and where the Pakistani forces surrendered after the War of Liberation. The museum was opened to public on March 25, 2015, the 45th Independence Day of Bangladesh.

Architecture
The underground museum is part of a master plan that includes a multimedia projection theater, an amphitheater, three water pools, Shikha Chirantony (eternal flame) symbolizing the eternity of Bengali nationalism, a mural based on the struggle for independence and other ancillary facilities. There is also a 155-seat auditorium in the complex. The focal point in the experience of the space is the monument, Tower of Light which is a 50-meter high tower composed of stacked glass panels. The museum is situated beneath the tower of light. The museum's plaza area has a 5669 square meter of tiled floor. Its underground terrace has a fountain at the center where water is falls from over the ceiling. Bangladeshi architects Kashef Mahboob Chowdhury and Marina Tabassum won a national design competition in 1997 and subsequently they were commissioned for the project. The total construction cost of the complex was 1.75 billion tk.

Exhibition
The museum has a collection of over 300 historic photographs in 144 glass panels that depict the history of Bangladesh. Terracotta, pictures and paper clippings of the war of liberation is on display at the museum. Copies of foreign newspapers and reports showing different events of war of liberation are kept in the gallery. The gallery also showcases some of the significant archaeological sites and monuments of Bangladesh. A replica of the table, where the eastern zone commander of Pakistan Army Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi signed the surrender document, is kept in the gallery.

Images

References

External links

Museums in Dhaka
Decorative arts museums
Tourist attractions in Dhaka
Culture in Dhaka
Museums established in 2015
2015 establishments in Bangladesh

Museum of Independence, Dhaka


A kard is a teep o Islamic knife foond in Turkey, Armenie, Iran, an aw the wey tae Indie. Maistly uised in the 18t century an afore, it haes a straicht single edgit blade an is uisually nae langer than  in lenth. It haes nae gaird, an uisually the haundle wis bane, ivory, or horn. It wis maistly a stabbin wappen, an commonly the pynt wad be reinforcit tae penetrate chain mail. A major characteristic o a kard is that the hilt is anerly partially covered bi the sheath.

Knifes

Kard


Ottavio "Tai" Missoni (11 February 1921 – 9 May 2013) was a Dalmatian Italian businessman, founder of the Italian fashion label Missoni and an Olympic hurdler who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Along with his wife Rosita, he was part of the group of designers who launched Italian ready-to-wear in the 1950s, thereby ensuring the global success of Italian fashion.

Early life

Ottavio Missoni was born in Dubrovnik, Croatia, on the Dalmatian coast. His mother, Teresa de' Vidovich di Capocesto e Rogoznica, was a Dalmatian Countess while his father, Vittorio Missoni, was a Friulian sea captain who moved to Dalmatia while it was under Austrian rule. Through his mother he was a close cousin of Italian politician Renzo de' Vidovich. He was educated in Zadar, Trieste, and Milan.

Sporting achievements

Missoni joined the Italian National Track Team in 1937 at age 16. He won the individual national championship four times. He also competed with the Italian team in the 1948 Summer Olympics. At the age of 88 he was still practising sports such as shot put and javelin throw.

War service

Missoni served as an infantryman during World War II. In 1942, he fought in the Battle of El Alamein, where he was captured by the Desert Rats and served out the remainder of the War in an English prisoner-of-war camp.

Marriage

While in London for the Olympics, Missoni met the 16-year-old Rosita Jelmini, an English student from Golasecca, Italy. She was in the audience at Wembley at the time he was running in the finals.  They married five years later on 18 April 1953. Their first son, Vittorio, was born on 25 April 1954. Luca, their second son, was born on 4 July 1956. Their only daughter, Angela was born in 1960.

Fashion

After the war, Ottavio and his team-mate Giorgio Oberweger launched an activewear business in Trieste making wool tracksuits, which they called Venjulia suits. The tracksuits used details such as English ribbing and drop-stitching, and featured zippered legs, a detail which Missoni has been credited with inventing. The success of the Venjulia suits, which took into account the need of athletes for functional, warm garments enabling freedom of movement, led to their being worn by the Italian Olympic team in 1948.

In 1953, following his marriage to Rosita (whose family ran a shawl-making business), the Missonis set up Maglificio Jolly, a machine-knitwear workshop in Gallarate. The Missoni's experimentations with machine-knitting led to the discovery that clothing-weight fabrics made using machines originally designed for shawls and bedspreads could be surprisingly lightweight. They supplied designs to the department stores Biki and later, La Rinascente in Milan, where in 1958, the first Missoni-labelled garments, a line of colourful vertically striped shirtdresses, were displayed in the window. Ottavio's experience as an activewear designer and manufacturer was applied to his and Rosita's designs, which contributed significantly to the development of Italian sportswear as a challenge to the American industry.

In 1965, Anna Piaggi covered Missoni in an article for Arianna, a magazine published by Mondadori. She continued to actively promote Missoni through her long career as a fashion journalist, including writing their press releases whilst at Vogue Italia in the 1980s. This helped bring Missoni to the attention of the wider world, as did a joint collection with Emmanuelle Khanh in 1965.

They held their first catwalk show in 1966, and the following year, presented a show at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence. This show proved controversial due to the unplanned transparency of the models' clothing under the lights, revealing a lack of underwear and leading to comparisons to the Crazy Horse cabaret. Although the see-through look was presented by Yves Saint Laurent the following year, the Missonis were not invited back to Florence. However, the scandal gave them immense publicity, and helped lead to the development of Milan as a fashion capital when the press followed the Missonis back to Milan. The Missonis went on to feature in many leading fashion publications, including Women's Wear Daily, Vogue, Marie Claire, Elle, and Harper's Bazaar, and were championed by influential editors such as Diana Vreeland and Piaggi.

In 1970, Missoni opened their first in-store boutique at Bloomingdale's in New York, and their first directly-owned boutique in Milan in 1976.

Ottavio was the colourist and pattern designer whose watercolour paintings and gouaches formed the basis of Missoni textiles, whilst his wife developed the cuts and shapes of their garments. Ottavio's designs, which combined multi-coloured zigzag, stripe, check and wave patterns in unexpected colour combinations, were highly influential, and were recognised as having artistic merit. In 1975, an exhibition of Ottavio's textiles and related paintings, curated by Renato Cardazzo, was held in Venice, and Ferruccio Landi wrote an article titled "Missoni, a Work of Art, Pullover Size". In 1974, Jennifer Hocking of Harper's Bazaar and Queen selected male and female ensembles by Missoni as the Dress of the Year for the Fashion Museum, Bath. In 1976 Ottavio was named one of the ten most elegant men in the world, sharing the list with Robert Redford and Charles, Prince of Wales.

To mark the 25th anniversary of Missoni's founding, a retrospective was held in 1978 at the Rotonda della Besana in Milan, and later hosted by the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, the first time the Whitney had hosted a fashion exhibition.

In 1983, Ottavio and Rosita designed their first stage costumes for a production of Lucia di Lammermoor, starring Luciano Pavarotti, at the La Scala opera house in Milan.

In 1991 an exhibition in Yūrakuchō, Tokyo, was held of Ottavio's tapestries, the first time they had been displayed in Japan.

Awards

 Neiman Marcus Fashion Award (1973)
 Tommy Award from the American Printed Fabric Council Inc. (1976)
 Gold Medal for Civic Merit from the Municipality of Milan (1979)
 Fragrance Foundation Award for Best Packaging (1982)
 Civiltà Veneta and Knight Commander of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1986)
 Munich Mode-Woche Award, from the mayor of Munich (1992)
 Knight of the Order of Labour Merit of the Italian Republic (1993)
 Honorary Royal Designers for Industry (HonRDI) by the Royal Society of Arts, London (1997)
 Honorary Doctorate from Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design, London (May 1999)
 Honorary Doctorate Degree of Humane Letters from the Academy of Art College, San Francisco (1999)
 Premio Leonardo Qualità Italia (2002)
 Honorary degree from Shanghai University (2002)
 Lombardia per il Lavoro, from the Lombard Regional Government (2004)
 Honorary citizen of Trieste (2007)

Later life and death

In 1997 Ottavio and Rosita passed the Missoni business to their children. Vittorio acted as marketing director, Angela became creative director, and Luca holds a technical role, having created designs for the Aeros dance troupe and an installation for the Expo 2005. Since the handover, Missoni has expanded into a lifestyle brand which includes furniture, car interiors, a chain of hotels, and collaborations with companies such as Target.

In 2003, when Missoni marked their 50th year of business, Suzy Menkes wrote a tribute in the International Herald Tribune stating how the "best-beloved" Missonis represented "one big happy local family of hands-on wizards".

On 4 January 2013, Missoni's eldest son, CEO Vittorio Missoni, his wife Maurizia, two other passengers and two crew disappeared in an airplane near the Los Roques islands near Venezuela. Wreckage of the submerged plane was discovered by a U.S. oceanographic vessel in June but no identification was able to be made. On 22 October 2013, the deaths of Vittorio and the other passengers on the plane were confirmed by the Italian news service and the city of Caracas' chief prosecutor Ortega, after meeting with the victims' families. The bodies were found inside the aircraft, except for the pilot, with DNA samples used for identification. The authorities are attempting to raise the wreckage to determine the cause of the crash.

On 1 May 2013, twelve days after marking his and Rosita's 60th wedding anniversary, Ottavio was taken to hospital, but at his request, he went home to be with his family in Sulmirago, where during the night of 8 and 9 May, the 92-year-old Ottavio died "serenely".

See also
 List of Italian records in masters athletics

References

External links

1921 births
2013 deaths
Italian male hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Italy
Italian masters athletes
World record holders in masters athletics
Italian fashion designers
People from Gallarate
Dalmatian Italians
Italian businesspeople in fashion
Yugoslav emigrants to Italy
Italian Athletics Championships winners
Italian military personnel of World War II
Italian prisoners of war in World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom

Ottavio Missoni


The Journal of Music Theory is a peer-reviewed academic journal specializing in music theory and analysis. It was established by David Kraehenbuehl (Yale University) in 1957.

According to its website, "[t]he Journal of Music Theory fosters conceptual and technical innovations in abstract, systematic musical thought and cultivates the historical study of musical concepts and compositional techniques. The journal publishes research with important and broad applications in the analysis of music and the history of music theory as well as theoretical or metatheoretical work that engages and stimulates ongoing discourse in the field. While remaining true to its original formalist outlook, the journal also addresses the influences of philosophy, mathematics, computer science, cognitive sciences, and anthropology on music theory."

The journal is currently edited by Richard Cohn. It has a long and distinguished history of past editors, including Allen Forte.

Notes

External links
 Journal of Music Theory official website

Music theory journals
Contemporary classical music journals
Academic journals established in 1957
English-language journals

Journal of Music Theory


Arthur Davis (born December 29, 1974) is a retired U.S. acrobatic gymnast who won two world championship titles while completing as the base in a mixed pair with top Shenea Booth (also retired from athletic competition).

Davis and Booth were the first U.S. athletes to win the mixed-pair all-around gold medal at the 2002 Sports Acrobatics World Championships in Riesa, Germany. (The sport now known as acrobatic gymnastics was called sports acrobatics until the mid-2000s (decade).)

The pair tied for the gold medal in the 2002 World Championships with the Russian mixed pair of Yuri Trubitsin and Elena Kirjanova. Also in 2002, the pair placed second all-around at the 2002 Machuga Cup in Krasnodar, Russia.

Davis and Booth placed second in the all-around, balance and tempo at the 2003 Volkov Cup in Veliki Novgorod, Russia.

The pair won the all-around at the U.S. National Sports Acrobatic Championships in 2002, 2003 and 2004. Davis and Booth also won national awards for performance, skill difficulty and choreography.

Davis and Booth repeated their world-championship gold-medal performance in the all-around at the 2004 Sports Acrobatics World Championships in Lievin, France.

After their retirement, Booth and Davis formed the acrobatic gymnastics duo Realis, which made it to the final round of competition in the 2006 season of the U.S. reality TV show, America's Got Talent.

Prior to working with Booth, Davis was the base in a mixed pair with top Aimee Broncatello (now retired). The pair placed first all-around at the 2000 National Championships in Jacksonville, Florida.

Davis and Broncatello placed third in dynamic and fifth all-around at the 2000 World Championships in Wroclaw, Poland, and they placed ninth all-around at the 1999 World Championships in Ghent, Belgium.

In 1996, Davis also won the mixed pairs all-around title with Natalie Baeza at the 1996 National Championships in Palm Springs, California.

References

1974 births
Living people
American acrobatic gymnasts
Male acrobatic gymnasts
21st-century American sportsmen
20th-century American sportsmen

Arthur Davis (gymnast)


John Hurford Stone  (1763–1818) was a British radical political reformer and publisher who spent much of his life in France.

Stone was born in Taunton, Somerset. After the death of his father, he went to live with his uncle, William Hurford, who was a coal merchant, in London. Together with his younger brother, William, he took over his uncle's business upon his death.

Stone became friends with Joseph Priestley as a member of Richard Price's church in Hackney; these associations also radicalized him. He was a member of the London Revolution Society and in February 1792 he offered to help Talleyrand secure British neutrality in the European wars involving France. He and his wife moved to Paris in April to open a sal ammoniac factory and established himself as part of the British expatriate community, including Helen Maria Williams with whom he had a subsequent long love affair. Stone published his opinions on the 1792 military campaigns as part of Williams' Letters Written in France in 1793. Stone, while saddened by the September Massacres, believed they were necessary for the revolutionary to succeed and he and other expatriates celebrated French military victories. In addition to his factory, Stone established a printing house, Imprimerie Anglaise, which printed Joel Barlow's epic, The Vision of Columbus.

Like many other Britons living in France at the time, Stone and his wife were arrested after the decree of 9 October 1793, but they were released on 30 October. During the reign of terror, Stone paid 12,000 francs to help Stéphanie de Genlis's husband escape from prison, but she later refused to pay this debt back. In April 1794 Stone was denounced as agent of William Pitt and he and his wife were arrested again, but let go on the condition that they leave the country. They fled to Switzerland, where Helen Maria Williams was staying. In June, he was allowed back into France to obtain a divorce. Throughout these troubled years, Stone continued to write openly to his brother William, who was tried for treason (unsuccessfully) in January 1796 on the basis of the letters. Their contents made a return to Britain impossible for Stone. After the terror, Stone and Williams returned to Paris together. In 1798, William Cobbett published letters Stone had written to Priestley, forcing Priestley to denounce his friend's statements.

Stone's printing business published works by Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and Constantin Volney, among other. He was bankrupted in 1812 by the high cost of printing the 30-volume Voyage de Humboldt et de Bonpland.

Stone died in 1818 and was buried in Paris' Père Lachaise Cemetery.

References

British publishers (people)
1763 births
1818 deaths
People from Taunton
British reformers

John Hurford Stone


Cross-strait relations () is the relations between the governments of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Neither government recognises one another. Both officially use the One-China policy. Under this policy, there is only one legitimate government of China. Both the PRC and the ROC claim to be that government.

Cross-strait relations are not international relations, where matters are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This is because both governments claim that each other's territory is part of their country. However, the relations are not purely domestic relations either.

Any interaction by the PRC's government with Taiwan is done by the Association of Relations Across the Taiwan Strait (ARATS). This is under the Taiwan Affairs Office of the PRC. Any interaction by the ROC's government with Mainland China is done by Strait Exchange Foundation (SEF) under the Mainland Affairs Council of the ROC.

Views from each side
The PRC's view is that Taiwan is part of PRC under the One Country, Two Systems () policy. This policy was introduced by Deng Xiaoping in 1984. The ROC's view is that Mainland China is part of the ROC under the 'One Country, Two Areas () policy. This policy was introduced by Wu Po-hsiung in 2012.

However, currently both sides temporarily agree that both countries belong to One China. This was agreed under the 1992 consensus () to facilitate cross-strait matters. The PRC regards Taiwan as part of the PRC, while the ROC regards Mainland China as part of the ROC.

Politics of the People's Republic of China
Politics of Taiwan

Cross-Strait relations


Michael Stember (born January 30, 1978) is a track and field athlete from the United States who is known for his achievements in the middle distance events. His first international competition was winning the gold medal in the 1500 metres at the 1997 Pan American Junior Championships. He won a silver medal at the 1999 Pan American Games in the men's 1500 metres. He ran in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where he qualified for the semi-finals but finished a non-qualifying 9th. He returned to the 2003 Pan American Games and repeated his silver medal in the men's 1500 metres. In 2004 he became the U.S. Indoor 800 m champion. In 2007–2008 he was a volunteer coach at UCLA. He later became a restaurant owner.

Running career

High school

Stember ran for Jesuit High School. As a sophomore in 1994 at the CIF California State Meet he finished second in the 1600 metres to the future American marathon great Meb Keflezighi. He won the race outright as a junior (1995) and senior (1996). His 4:04.00 winning time in the 1995 CIF State Meet was the state 1600 meters record until 2001 when it was surpassed by Ryan Hall at 4:02:62. The impressive finish—starting after two laps—is depicted in a YouTube video named "Godspeed" which has been viewed more than 27 million times since its release in 2010. However, as fast as Stember was running, he had a habit of running strategically, always finishing with a devastating kick that demoralized his opponents.  As a junior, it worked well because no athlete on that level could match his kick at any pace.

Collegiate
He carried this strategy to Stanford University, even though Vin Lananna tried to coax him into occasionally using other strategies.  He scored 13 points for the team in 2000, with a second place in the 1500 and 4th place in the 800 metres as Stanford won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship. Stember holds the Stanford records in both the 1500 metres and 800 metres and was named All American ten times.  He ran the 800 metre leg on Stanford's "world record" claiming team for the unsanctioned Indoor "Distance Medley Relay".

International
In 1999, he was fourth in the World University Games, behind then-Kenyan Bernard Lagat. A year later, he was the third qualifier at the U.S. Olympic Trials, but had not achieved the A Standard. He spent the summer chasing the mark, achieving it at Herculis in one of the last opportunities before the Olympics. Stember ended up running the men's 1500 meters at the 2000 Summer Olympics, but did not make it to the final round.

References

External links
 Michael Stember at USA Track & Field

1978 births
Living people
American male middle-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1999 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Track and field athletes from Sacramento, California
Stanford Cardinal men's track and field athletes
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
People from Fair Oaks, California
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2003 Pan American Games

Michael Stember


Tianyulong (Chinese: 天宇龍; Pinyin: tiānyǔlóng; named for the Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature where the holotype fossil is housed) is an extinct genus of heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur. The only species is T. confuciusi, whose remains were discovered in Jianchang County, Western Liaoning Province, China.

History
The holotype of Tianyulong, STMN 26-3 was initially reported as being from the Early Cretaceous Jehol group. The fossil was collected at a locality transliterated as Linglengta or Linglongta. Lu et al., 2010, reported that these beds were actually part of the Tiaojishan Formation, dating from the late Jurassic period at least 158.5 million years ago.

Another specimen, IVPP V17090, was described in 2012. At least four other specimens remain undescribed.

Description
STMN 26-3 consists of an incomplete skeleton preserving a partial skull and mandible, partial presacral vertebrae, proximal–middle caudal vertebrae, nearly complete right scapula, both humeri, the proximal end of the left ulna, partial pubes, both ischia, both femora, the right tibia and fibula and pes, as well as remains of long, singular and unbranched filamentous integumentary structures. The holotype is from a subadult individual that probably measured 70 cm in length based on the proportions of the related South African species Heterodontosaurus tucki. However, Tianyulong had unusual proportions compared to other heterodontosaurids. The head was large and the legs and tail were long, but the neck and forelimbs were short.

Tianyulong has a row of long, filamentous integumentary structures on the back, tail and neck of the specimen. The similarity of these structures with those found on some theropods suggests their homology with feathers and raises the possibility that the earliest dinosaurs and their ancestors were covered with homologous dermal filamentous structures that can be considered primitive feathers ("proto-feathers").

Classification

Tianyulong is classified as a heterodontosaurid, a group of small ornithischian dinosaur characterized by a slender body, long tail and a pair of enlarged canine-like tusks. They were herbivorous or possibly omnivorous. Until the discovery of Tianyulong, known members of the group were restricted to the Early Jurassic of South Africa, with one genus (Fruitadens) from the Late Jurassic of the US, and possibly one additional genus (Echinodon) from the Early Cretaceous of England.

The cladogram below follows the analysis by Butler et al., 2011:

Paleobiology

The filamentous integumentary structures are preserved on three areas of the fossil: in one patch just below the neck, another one on the back, and the largest one above the tail. The hollow filaments are parallel to
each other and are singular with no evidence of branching. They also appear to be relatively rigid, making them more analogous to the integumentary structures found on the tail of Psittacosaurus than to the proto-feather structures found in avian and non-avian theropods. Among the theropods, the structures in Tianyulong are most similar to the singular unbranched proto-feathers of Sinosauropteryx and Beipiaosaurus. The estimated length of the integumentary structures on the tail is about 60 mm which is seven times the height of a caudal vertebra. Their length and hollow nature argue against of them being subdermal structures such as collagen fibers.
Such dermal structures have previously been reported only in derived theropods and ornithischians, and their discovery in Tianyulong extends the existence of such structures further down in the phylogenetic tree. However, the homology between the ornithischian filaments and the theropods' proto-feathers is not obvious. If the homology is supported, the consequence is that the common ancestor of both saurischians and ornithischians were covered by feather-like structures, and that groups for which skin impression are known such as the sauropods were only secondarily featherless. If the homology is not supported, it would indicate that these filamentous dermal structures evolved independently in saurischians and ornithischians, as well as in other archosaurs such as the pterosaurs. The authors (in supplementary information to their primary article) noted that discovery of similar filamentous structures in the theropod Beipiaosaurus bolstered the idea that the structures on Tianyulong are homologous with feathers. Both the filaments of Tianyulong and the filaments of Beipiaosaurus were long, singular, and unbranched. In Beipiaosaurus, however, the filaments were flattened. In Tianyulong, the filaments were round in cross section, and therefore closer in structure to the earliest forms of feathers predicted by developmental models. A study published in the journal Biology Letters rigorously tested the hypothesis that protofeathers are plesiomorphic to dinosaurs. The results supported the hypothesis that scales are plesiomorphic to dinosaurs. While it is true that feather beta keratin is present in crocodilian scales in embryonic development, it fails to support the maximum-likelihood of protofeathers being plesiomorphic.

References

External links

Heterodontosaurids
Ornithischian genera
Oxfordian genera
Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Asia
Paleontology in Liaoning
Feathered dinosaurs
Fossil taxa described in 2009
Taxa named by Xu Xing
Taxa named by Dong Zhiming

Tianyulong


Panayot Volov (; c.1850 – 26 May 1876), also known under pseudonym Petar Vankov ()), was the organizer and leader of the Gyurgevo Revolutionary Committee of the Bulgarian April Uprising against the Ottoman Empire in 1876.

Biography

Volov was born in 1850 in Shumen, where he finished Dobri Voynikov's class school. He then continued his education in Bucharest, Bolhrad and Odessa with the financial support of his wealthy relative Marincho Benli. Six month prior to his graduation from the South Slavic boarding school in Mykolaiv, which he attended between 1869 and 1873, Volov was forced to return to Shumen due to an illness. He was appointed head teacher and director of the local class school. He also organized a night school and took an active part in the activities of the local cultural centre (chitalishte). Volov also conducted revolutionary work in Shumen and the region.

In August 1874 Volov participated in the general assembly of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee in Bucharest and was chosen as the chairman of the Shumen local revolutionary committee. Volov was arrested and sent to prison for his participation in the conflict between the local youth and the European engineers working on the Kaspichan–Shumen–Yambol railway. Volov headed the dissatisfied locals who cancelled the wedding of a French engineer with a local girl. Following several months in prison, Volov was released and went to Romania.

Panayot Volov took part in the organization of the unsuccessful Stara Zagora Uprising of 1875. He was among the co-founders and most active workers of the Gyurgevo Revolutionary Committee. He was appointed the main "apostle" of the 4th revolutionary district in Plovdiv, but after contradictions between him and his assistant Georgi Benkovski Volov gave up the leadership.

Volov was one of the initiators of the Oborishte Assembly of the 4th district near Panagyurishte. When the April Uprising broke out, Volov was in Panagyurishte, where he incited the locals to support the rebellion together with other "apostles". Following the uprising's utter defeat, he was betrayed to the Ottoman authorities during their attempt to flee to Romania and drowned in the Yantra River near Byala on 26 May 1876.

Honours

Volov Peak on Davis Coast in Antarctica is named after him, as well as the football club FC Volov Shumen and its home stadium, Stadion Panayot Volov.

References

External links

1850s births
1876 deaths
People from Shumen
Revolutionaries from the Ottoman Empire
19th-century Bulgarian people

Panayot Volov