Charlotte Dupuy, also called Lottie (), was an enslaved African-American woman who filed a freedom suit in 1829 against her enslaver, Henry Clay, who was then Secretary of State. The case went to court 17 years before Dred Scott filed his more famous legal challenge to slavery. Then living in Washington, D.C., Dupuy sued for her freedom and that of her two children, based on a promise by her previous enslaver. The case was one of the many freedom suits filed by enslaved people in the decades before the American Civil War.

Although the Circuit Court's ruling in 1830 went against Dupuy, she had worked for wages for 18 months and lived in the household of Martin Van Buren, the succeeding Secretary of State, while it was decided. Clay had returned to his home in Kentucky in 1829. After the ruling, Clay had Dupuy renditioned to the home of his daughter and son-in-law in New Orleans, and she remained enslaved for another decade.

Finally in 1840, Henry Clay freed Dupuy and her daughter Mary Ann. Four years later he freed her son Charles Dupuy. By 1860 her husband Aaron Dupuy was listed on the census as a free man living with her at Ashland.

Early life
Charlotte Dupuy was born into slavery in Cambridge, Maryland. She was brought to Kentucky in 1805 by the tailor James Condon, who had purchased her as a child from Daniel Parker in Cambridge. She was said to have been born about 1787. In about 1806 she met and married Aaron Dupuy, a young man held by Henry Clay on his Ashland plantation in Lexington, Kentucky. Condon sold Charlotte to Henry Clay in May 1806, perhaps to allow the young couple to live together. Charlotte and Aaron had two children, Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy.

Clay went to Washington, D.C. for his congressional term beginning in 1810 and took the Dupuys with him. They lived with Clay and served in the house he rented, originally built for Stephen Decatur. Located at Lafayette Square across from the White House, today the Decatur House is a museum and a designated National Historic Landmark.

Petition for freedom
Charlotte Dupuy and her family enjoyed the relative freedom of living in Washington, D.C., where they met other enslaved people and joined some of the activities of the city. Clay allowed Charlotte Dupuy to visit her mother and family on the Eastern Shore. Following his Congressional career, Henry Clay served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.

As Clay began making preparations in 1829 to leave the capital when his service ended, Dupuy filed a petition for her freedom and that of her children. She based this on her mother's being free and her previous enslaver Condon's promise to free her and her children. Clay thought his political enemies had persuaded her to do it and decided to fight it, as he was embarrassed by the publicity.

On February 13, 1829, her attorney Robert Beale wrote a petition on her behalf to the judges of the District of Columbia. The petition asked the courts to use their power to keep Clay from removing Charlotte Dupuy from the District of Columbia while her lawsuit for freedom was underway. The Court granted this petition.

Beale argued that Dupuy and her children were "entitled to their freedom" based on a promise by her previous master James Condon, but were "now held in a state of slavery by one Henry Clay (Secty of State) contrary to the law and your petitioners just rights." Clay wanted to remove the Dupuys from their DC residence and return them to Kentucky. There, Beale argued, they would "be held as slaves for life." While the Court allowed Charlotte Dupuy to stay in Washington while the case was heard, it permitted Clay to take her husband Aaron and children Mary Ann and Charles back to Kentucky.

Case
Charlotte Dupuy's petition to stay in the District temporarily was granted, but her writ for freedom was denied. Clay's attorney showed that her mother had been freed after Charlotte was born, which did not affect her status as a slave.  Her case was taken seriously for, according to a letter by Henry Clay, Dupuy stayed in DC "upwards of 18 months" after he left for Kentucky, awaiting the results of the trial. During these 18 months, Clay described her as acting as "her own mistress". Dupuy worked for wages for the succeeding Secretary of State, Martin Van Buren, who also lived at Decatur House. The letter shows that Dupuy never willingly left DC. On the first page, Clay mused, "How shall I now get her ...?" He approved of his agent's having Dupuy arrested when she refused to return to Kentucky.

Although Dupuy was fighting for her freedom, the courts, in order to hear her case, had to assume her status as a free negro or a free person of color, since enslaved people had no legal standing in the courts. Such actions began to create political space for slaves' freedom. The Court determined that the agreement between Dupuy and Condon was not applicable to any new ownership, and rejected her claim against Clay.

Aftermath
Clay's agent arranged for Dupuy to be held in prison in Alexandria, which was part of the District of Columbia at the time, while he decided what to do. Clay had Dupuy removed from Washington and transported to New Orleans, to the home of his daughter and son-in-law Martin Duralde. She was enslaved there for another decade.

Finally on 12 October 1840, Henry Clay freed Charlotte Dupuy and her daughter Mary Ann in New Orleans. He retained her son Charles Dupuy, who traveled with him to speaking engagements.  Clay frequently used him as an example of how well he treated slaves. He eventually freed Charles in 1844.

Either Clay before his death in 1852 or by his will, or his descendants freed Charlotte's husband Aaron Dupuy, or "gave him his time".  The couple reunited to live again in Kentucky, where Aaron worked for John M. Clay at Ashland after his father's death. While no deed of emancipation was found for Aaron Dupuy, according to the 1860 census, he and Charlotte Dupuy were listed as living together as free persons in Fayette County, Kentucky.  An obituary of Aaron Dupuy said he died February 6, 1866, and was survived by his widow, although she was not listed by name.

Legacy
 Dupuy's struggle for freedom has been recognized by new exhibits in the Decatur House, where she lived and worked for nearly two decades. The Decatur House has been designated a National Historic Landmark and operates as a museum.
 The story of Charlotte and Aaron Dupuy is also featured at the Isaac Scott Hathaway Museum of Lexington, Kentucky, and in their online exhibits.
 Her suit has made Decatur Place a site in accounts of the historic civil rights movement and its "trail" in Washington, DC.

See also
 Polly Berry
 Lucy Delaney
 List of slaves

Notes

References

18th-century births
19th-century deaths
Year of birth uncertain
18th-century American slaves
Free Negroes
Legal history of the United States
Freedom suits in the United States
United States slavery case law
Martin Van Buren
Henry Clay
People from Cambridge, Maryland

Charlotte Dupuy


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කාවා Clothing Moth (Tineola bisselliella) යනු පියාපත් සහිත පියාසැරීමට දක්ෂ කෘබියෙකි, මෙම කෘබියා ප්‍රබල පළිබොධකයෙකු ලෙස ප්‍රකටය.කාව කීට අවස්ථාවේදී විශේෂයෙන් ඇඳුම් ආහාරයට ගනී.එහෙත් මොවුන්ගේ එකම ආහාරය ඇඳුම් නොවේ.

උප වර්ග
දැළ් කාවා(Webbing Clothing Moth) (Tineola bisselliella) බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන විශේෂයයි

කොෂ සාදන කාවා (Casemaking Clothes Moth) (Tinea pellionella) දැළ් සාදන කාවාට වඩා අඩු වශයෙන් දක්නට ලැබේ.මෙම කාවා අඟල් 1/8 ත් 1/4 අතර ප්‍රමාණයකට විශාලව වැඩේ.කාවා තම කෝෂය සේද වැනි කෙඳි විශේෂයක් යොදාගනිමින් සකසයි.එමගින් මෙම සත්වයා බාහිර උපදුව වලින් මිදී වාසය කරයි.

ටැපැස්ට්‍රි කාවා(Tapestry or Carpet Moth) කලින් සදහන් කළ දැළ් කාවා හා කොෂ සාදන කාවා සිටින පරිසරයන්හිම වාසය කාරයි.මෙම කාවා අවුරුද්දක පමණ ජීවන චක්‍රයක් පසුකරයි. මොවුන්ගේ වර්ධන වේගය හා පැතිරීම උෂ්ණත්වය ආද්‍රතාවය සහ ආහාර ප්‍රභවයන් මත තීරණය වෙයි.

පෝෂණය
The Clothing Moth (Tineola bisselliella) and the Case-bearing Clothes Moth (Tinea pellionella) are notorious for feeding on clothing and natural fibres; they have the ability to turn keratin, a protein present in hair and wool, into food.  Clothing moths prefer dirty fabric and are particularly attracted to carpeting and clothing that contain human sweat or other liquids which have been spilled onto them.  They are attracted to these areas not for the food but for the moisture.  Moth larvae do not drink water; consequently their food must contain moisture.

වර්ධනය

The Development Cycle of the Clothing Moth.  Eggs hatch into larvae, which then begin to feed.  Once they get their fill, they pupate and undergo metamorphosis to emerge as adults.  Adults do not eat: male adults look for females and adult females look for places to lay eggs.  Once their job is done, they die.  Contrary to what most people believe, adult clothing moths do not eat or cause any damage to clothing or fabric.  It is the larvae which are solely responsible for this, spending their entire time eating and foraging for food.

Both adults and larvae prefer low light conditions.  Whereas most other moths are drawn to light, clothing moths seem to prefer dim or dark areas.  If larvae find themselves in a well-lit room, they will try to relocate under furniture or carpet edges. Hand made rugs are a favorite because it is easy for them to crawl underneath and do their damage from below.  They will also crawl under moldings at the edges of rooms in search of darkened areas which hold good food.

The most common clothing moth is the Webbing Clothes Moth.  It prefers moist conditions, although low humidity will merely slow development.  Webbing Clothes Moths are small moths whose adults grow to between 1 and 2 cm.  Their eggs are tiny, most being under 1 mm long and barely visible.  A female will lay several hundred during her lifetime; egg placement is carefully chosen in locations where they will have the best chance for survival.  The eggs are attached with a glue-like substance and can be quite difficult to remove.  After the egg hatches, the larva will immediately look for food.  Larvae can obtain their required food in less than two months, but if conditions are not favorable they will feed on and off for a long time.  Whether it takes two months or two years, each larva will eventually spin a cocoon in which it will change into an adult.  Larvae stay in these cocoons for between one and two months and then emerge as adults ready to mate and to lay eggs.

Infestation

Fabric pests such as clothes moths, although not particularly dangerous, can sometimes cause irreparable damage to personal belongings. These moths are able to digest animal hairs and, therefore, feed on almost any item made of natural fibers, particularly wool and cashmere

පාලනය
Control measures can include the following:

Clothing Moth Traps - This step can help monitor the current infestation and prevent males from mating with females.

Vacuuming - Since moths like to hide in carpeting and baseboards, this is an important step towards full eradication.

Dry cleaning - This step kills moths on existing clothing and helps remove moisture from clothes.

Sunlight - has a limited effect

Heat - Extreme high temperatures (120 degrees Fahrenheit or 50 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes plus).  These conditions may possibly be achieved by placing infested materials in an attic,  or by washing clothes at or above this temperature.

Freezing - Freezing the object for several days at temperatures below 32 °F or 0 °C

Dry ice fumigation - Fumigating an object with dry ice, that is enclosing an object with dry ice so it is effectively bathed in a high concentration of carbon dioxide, will kill all stages of clothing moths. For details,see:Clothes Moths Management Guidelines, under "Household Furnishings".

Permethrin - Typically an aerosol or spray works best here.

Nylar - Stops the life cycle.

Mothballs - There are two types of mothball.  Older types are based on napthalene while more recent ones use paradichlorobenzene.  Both decay into a gaseous state.  They fall to the lowest point as a gas and need to reach a high concentration to be effective.

Cedar is of questionable value as a deterrent. While the volatile oil of eastern red cedar, is able to kill small larvae, it is difficult to maintain sufficient concentrations of it around stored articles to be effective. Also, cedar loses this quality after a few years.

Apply the chemical using a sprayer. Be sure to get proper coverage and don't spread it too thinly. Treat once a month for the first three months and then once a quarter for the next year to ensure the infestation is under control.

References

External links

 Clothes Moths Management Guidelines
 Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet
 Clothes Moths, Kansas State University
 No Pests

පරිවර්තනය වෙමින් පවතින ලිපි

කාවා


City mysteries are a 19th-century genre of popular novel, in which characters explore the secret underworlds of cities and reveal corruption and exploitation, depicting violence and deviant sexuality. They were popular in both Europe and the United States. All were inspired by the very successful serial novel The Mysteries of Paris (1842) by Eugène Sue, such as these:

 Les Vrais Mystères de Paris (1844) by Eugène François Vidocq
 Los misterios de Barcelona (1844) by Josep Nicasi Milà de la Roca
 Los misterios de Madrid: miscelánea de costumbres buenas y malas con viñetas y láminas á pedir de boca (1844) by Juan Martínez Villergas
 The Quaker City, or The Monks of Monk Hall (1845) by George Lippard
 Los Misterios del Plata (1846) by Juana Manso
 Venus in Boston (1849) by George Thompson
 City Crimes (1849) by George Thompson
 Life and Adventures of Jack Engle (1852) by Walt Whitman
 The Mysteries of Lisbon (1854) by Camilo Castelo Branco
 The Slums of Petersburg (1866) by Vsevolod Krestovsky
 Les Mystères de Marseille (1867) by Émile Zola
 The Mysteries of London (1844) by George W. M. Reynolds
 Les Mystères de Londres by Paul Féval
 Les Mystères de Lyon (featuring the Nyctalope) by Jean de La Hire
 I misteri di Napoli by Francesco Mastriani,
 Les Nouveaux Mystères de Paris by Léo Malet,
 Die Mysterien von Berlin by August Brass,
 Die Geheimnisse von Hamburg by Johann Wilhelm Christern,
 De Verborgenheden van Amsterdam by L. van Eikenhorst

Crime fiction
Literary genres

City mysteries


Kemin (previous name "Bystrovka") is a urban-type settlement in northeastren Kyrgyzstan, the caipital o Kemin Destrict o Chui Province. It is locatit in aboot 95 km eastward o Bishkek on the left bank o Chu River in Chuy Valley. Kemin wis established in 1912.

References

Populatit places in Chuy Province

Kemin


Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck (born in Erasbach, July 2, 1714; died in Vienna, November 15, 1787) was a German composer. He is famous for his operas which were written in a new and exciting way. He was not interested in writing operas which were just a series of songs for singers to show off.  He wanted to make his operas into good pieces of drama. His operas had a big influence on later composers like Mozart, Weber and Wagner. He wrote Italian operas and French operas.

1714 births
1787 deaths
18th-century German composers
Classical era composers

Christoph Willibald von Gluck


Jet Set Radio Future is a video game that was made by Smilebit. It is published by Sega and is available for Xbox. It is the sequel to the 2000 video game, Jet Grind Radio, and also as a part of Jet Set Radio series.

The game is set in a futuristic Tokyo which the player as part of a gang trys to gain control of. The games gameplay also requires the player to find other gangs graffiti tags and tag over them when the player collects enough spraycans that are littered around each stage. The game's tagging system is also different from the last game. Some of the tagging locations contain multiple spray targets which depend on the tag's size. Time limits for stages are removed and the stages are interconnected.

Other websites
 Jet Set Radio Future at MobyGames

2002 video games
Platform games
Xbox games

Jet Set Radio Future


Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (; 8 September 1783 – 2 September 1872), most often referred to as N. F. S. Grundtvig, was a Danish pastor, author, poet, philosopher, historian, teacher and politician. He was one of the most influential people in Danish history, as his philosophy gave rise to a new form of nationalism in the last half of the 19th century. It was steeped in the national literature and supported by deep spirituality.

Grundtvig holds a unique position in the cultural history of his country. Grundtvig and his followers are credited with being very influential in the formulation of modern Danish national consciousness. He was active during the Danish Golden Age, but his style of writing and fields of reference are not immediately accessible to a foreigner, thus his international importance does not match that of his contemporaries Hans Christian Andersen and Søren Kierkegaard.

Early life and education

Called Frederik rather than Nikolaj by those close to him. N. F. S. Grundtvig was the son of a Lutheran pastor in Udby, Johan Ottosen Grundtvig (1734–1813) and was born there. He was brought up in a very religious atmosphere, although his mother also had great respect for old Norse legends and traditions. He was schooled in the tradition of the European Enlightenment, but his faith in reason was also influenced by German romanticism and the ancient history of the Nordic countries.

In 1791 he was sent to Thyregod in Sydjylland to live and study with pastor Laurids Svindt Feld (1750–1803). He subsequently studied at the Aarhus Katedralskole, the cathedral school of Aarhus, from 1798 until graduation. He left for Copenhagen in 1800 to study theology and was accepted to the University of Copenhagen in 1801. At the close of his university life, Grundtvig began to study Icelandic and the Icelandic Sagas.

Career

In 1805, Grundtvig took a position as tutor in a house on the island of Langeland. The next three years he used his free time to study writers Shakespeare, Schiller, and Fichte. In 1802, his cousin, the philosopher Henrich Steffens, returned to Copenhagen full of the teaching of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. His lectures and the early poetry of Adam Oehlenschläger opened Grundtvig's eyes to the new era in literature. His first work, On the Songs in the Edda, attracted no attention.

Returning to Copenhagen in 1808, Grundtvig achieved greater success with his Northern Mythology, and again in 1809 with a long drama, The Fall of the Heroic Life in the North. Grundtvig boldly denounced the clergy of the city in his first sermon in 1810. When Grundtvig published the sermon three weeks later it offended the ecclesiastical authorities, and they demanded him punished.

In 1810, Grundtvig underwent a religious crisis and converted to a strongly held Lutheranism. He retired to his father's country parish in Udby as his chaplain. His new-found conviction was expressed in his The First World Chronicle () of 1812, a presentation of European history in which he attempted to explain how belief in God has been viewed throughout human history and in which he criticized the ideology of many prominent Danes. It won him notoriety among his peers and cost him several friends, notably the historian Christian Molbech. Upon his father's death in 1813, Grundtvig applied to be his successor in the parish but was rejected.

In the following years his rate of publication was staggering: aside from a continuing stream of articles and poems, he wrote a number of books, including two more histories of the world (1814 and 1817); the long historical poem Roskilde-Riim (Rhyme of Roskilde; 1813); and a book-sized commentary, Roskilde Saga. From 1816 to 1819 he was editor of and almost sole contributor to a philosophical and polemical journal entitled Danne-Virke, which also published poetry.

From 1813 to 1815, he attempted to form a movement to support the Norwegians against the Swedish government. Later he preached on how the weakness of the Danish faith was the cause of the loss of Norway in 1814. His sermon was met by an enthusiastic congregation in Copenhagen. Grundtvig withdrew from the pulpit because he did not have a parish of his own and was being barred by other churches. In 1821, he resumed preaching briefly when granted the country living of Præstø, and returned to the capital the year after.

In 1825, Grundtvig published a pamphlet, The Church's Rejoinder (), a response to Henrik Nicolai Clausen's work on the doctrines, rites, and constitutions of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism. A professor of theology at the University of Copenhagen, Clausen argued that although the Bible was the principal foundation of Christianity, it was in itself an inadequate expression of its full meaning. He described the church as a "community for the purpose of advancing general religiousness". In his reply, Grundtvig denounced Clausen as an anti-Christian teacher and argued that Christianity was not a theory to be derived from the Holy Bible and elaborated by scholars. He questioned the right of theologians to interpret the Bible. Grundtvig was publicly prosecuted for libel and fined. The Church of Denmark forbade him to preach for seven years. During this time he published a collection of theological works, visited England three times (1829–31), and studied Anglo-Saxon.

In 1832, Grundtvig obtained permission to again enter active ministry. In 1839, he was called as pastor of the workhouse church of Vartov hospital in Copenhagen, a post he held until his death. Between 1837 and 1841 he published Sang-Værk til den Danske Kirke (Song Work for the Danish Church), a rich collection of sacred poetry; in 1838 he brought out a selection of early Scandinavian verse; in 1840 he edited the Anglo-Saxon poem "The Phoenix", with a Danish translation. In 1843 he visited England for a fourth time.

From 1844 until after the First Schleswig War, Grundtvig took a prominent part in politics, developing from a conservative into an absolute liberal. In 1848 he was part of the Danish Constituent Assembly that wrote the first constitution of Denmark. In 1861 he received the titular rank of Bishop in the Church of Denmark, but without a see. He continued to write and publish until his death. He spoke from the pulpit at Vartov Church every Sunday until a few days before his death. His preaching attracted large congregations, and he soon had a following. His hymn book effected a great change in Danish church services, substituting the hymns of the national poets for the slow measures of the orthodox Lutherans. In all Grundtvig wrote or translated about 1500 hymns, including "God's Word Is Our Great Heritage" and "Det kimer nu til julefest".

Christian thinking
Grundtvig's theological development continued over his lifetime, and took a number of important turns. He moved from his "Christian awakening" of 1810 to believing in a congregational and sacramental Christianity in later years. He was most notable for the latter thinking. He always called himself a pastor, not a theologian, reflecting the distance between his ideas and academic theology. The chief characteristic of his theology was the substitution of the authority of the "living word" for the apostolic commentaries. He desired to see each congregation act as a practically independent community.

Even though he was a staunch Christian, Grundtvig's obsession with the pre-Christian Scandinavian faith lasted throughout his life. At the time this faith had no official name, but were merely known as "Forn Siðr" - "the old customs". Therefore as part of his studies and works on this old faith, he coined the name "Asatro" or "Asetro", a name which holds a double meaning. The meaning can either be interpretated as "the Aesir faith" or "loyal to the Aesir".

Thought on education

Grundtvig is the ideological father of the folk high school, though his own ideas on education had another focus. He advocated reforming the ailing Sorø Academy into a popular school aiming at another form of higher education than what was common at the university. Rather than educating learned scholars, he believed the university should educate its students for active participation in society and popular life. Thus practical skills as well as national poetry and history should form an essential part of the instruction. This idea came very close to implementation during the reign of King Christian VIII, whose wife Caroline Amalie was an ardent supporter of Grundtvig. The death of the monarch in 1848 and the dramatic political development in Denmark during this and the following years put an end to these plans. However, by that time, one of Grundtvig's supporters, Kristen Kold, had already established the first folk high school.

Grundtvig's ambitions for school reform were not limited to the popular folk high school. He also dreamed of forming a Great Nordic University (the School for Passion) to be situated at the symbolic point of intersection between the three Scandinavian countries in Gothenburg, Sweden. The two pillars of his school program, the School for Life (folk high school) and the School for Passion (university) were aimed at quite different horizons of life. The popular education should mainly be taught within a national and patriotic horizon of understanding, yet always keeping an open mind towards a broader cultural and intercultural outlook, while the university should work from a strictly universal, i.e. humane and scientific, outlook.

The common denominator of all Grundtvig's pedagogical efforts was to promote a spirit of freedom, poetry and disciplined creativity, within all branches of educational life. He promoted values such as wisdom, compassion, identification and equality. He opposed all compulsion, including exams, as deadening to the human soul. Instead Grundtvig advocated unleashing human creativity according to the universally creative order of life. Only willing hands make light work. Therefore, a spirit of freedom, cooperation and discovery was to be kindled in individuals, in science, and in the civil society as a whole.

Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon literature
In 1815, Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin published the first edition of the  titled  in a Latin translation. Despite his lack of knowledge of Anglo-Saxon literature, Grundtvig quickly discovered a number of flaws in Thorkelin's rendering of the poems. After his heated debate with Thorkelin, Johan Bülow (1751–1828), who had sponsored Thorkelin's work, offered to support a new translation by Grundtvig — this time into Danish. The result, Bjovulfs Drape (1820), was the first full translation of Beowulf into a modern language (previously, only selections of the poem had been translated into modern English by Sharon Turner in 1805).

Grundtvig went on to explore the extensive literature of the Anglo-Saxons which survived in Old English and Latin. In both poetry and prose, it revealed the spirituality of the early Church in Northern Europe. Grundtvig was very influenced by these ancient models of Christian and historical thought (notably the 8th-century Bede's Ecclesiastical History, written in Latin). Using the resources of the Royal Library in Copenhagen and of the libraries at the universities of Exeter, Oxford, and Cambridge in three successive summer visits to England (1829–1831), he went on to make transcriptions of two of the four great codices of Anglo-Saxon poetry: the Exeter Book and the codex designated Junius 11 in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Although he thought to publish them, the project was never realized. Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon literature continued to be a major source of inspiration to Grundtvig. It had a wide-ranging influence upon his work.

Marriage and family
Grundtvig was married three times, the last time in his 76th year. His first wife, Elisabeth Blicher (1787–1851), was a clergyman's daughter. They were married in 1818 and had three children. His second wife, Marie Toft (1813–1854) was the daughter of a landowner. She died a few months after giving birth to a son. In 1858, he married Asta Reedtz (1826–1890) of an old aristocratic Danish family. His son Svend Grundtvig (1824–1883) collected and edited Danish ballads.

Legacy

 Grundtvig's Church in the Copenhagen district of Bispebjerg was designed by Danish architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint as a memorial to Grundtvig. Built of yellow brick in a Neo-Gothic expressionist style, it was completed in 1940.
 Grundtvig International Secondary School in Nigeria is also named after him, It is an independent co-educational secondary School.
 His hymn De Levendes Land was chosen in 2006 as an item in the Lyrikantologi which forms part of the Literature section of the Danish Culture Canon.
 Grundtvigian Forum is located at Vartov in central Copenhagen. Founded during 1898, it is a religious movement with a background in Grundtvigianism.

Veneration
Grundtvig is commemorated on 2 September as a renewer of the church in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Bibliography

Editions
No comprehensive foreign language edition of his work exists. A three-volume edition in German, however, is under preparation and projects for an English edition are in progress as well. Grundtvig's secular poetical works were published in a nine-volume edition, the first seven volumes by his second son, the philologist Svend Grundtvig. The philological practice of this work, however, is not up to the standards of modern philology. His hymns have been collected in the philologically more stable five-volume edition Grundtvigs Sang-Værk.

The best overall collection of his writings in print is the ten-volume edition Grundtvigs udvalgte Skrifter edited by Holger Begtrup (1859–1937). His enormous oeuvre is presented in Steen Johansen: Bibliografi over N.F.S. Grundtvigs Skrifter (I-IV, 1948–54).

The most important editions are:
 Grundtvigs Værker. Center for Grundtvigforskning (editors), Aarhus Universitet. 2010-.
 Grundtvigs Sang-Værk 1–6. Magnus Stevns (and others, editors). Copenhagen: Det danske Forlag. 1948–64.
 Poetiske Skrifter 1–9. Udgivet af Svend Grundtvig (and others, editors). Copenhagen: Karl Schönberg og Hyldendal. 1880–1930.
 Udvalgte Skrifter 1–10. Holger Begtrup (editor). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. 1904–09.
 Værker i Udvalg 1–10. Hal Koch and Georg Christensen (editors). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. 1940–46.

English translations

 N.F.S. Grundtvig - A Life Recalled. An Anthology of Biographical Source-Texts.Edited and translated by S.A.J. Bradley. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. 2008.
 The School for Life. N.F.S. Grundtvig on Education for the People. Translated by Edward Broadbridge. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. 2011.
 Living Wellsprings. The Hymns, songs and Poems of N.F.S. Grundtvig. Translated by Edward Broadbridge. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. 2015.
 Human Comes First. The Christian Theology of N.F.S. Grundtvig. Translated by. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. 2018.
 The Common Good. N.F.S. Grundtvig as Politician and Contemporary Historian. Translated by Edward Broadbridge. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press. 2019

Bibliography
 .
 .
 .
 .

References

Further reading

In English
 . The single most important work on Grundtvig in English.
 Allchin, A. M. (2015.) N.F.S. Grundtvig: An Introduction to his Life and Work. Aarhus University Press.
 Allchin, A. M., ed. Heritage and Prophecy: Grundtvig and the English-Speaking World. . Essays by leading international Grundtvig scholars.
 Allen, E. L. (ca. 1940). Bishop Grundtvig, a Prophet of the North. In series, Modern Christian Revolutionaries. London: J. Clarke & Co. N.B.: Brief biography and study (of 94 p.).
 Bradley, S. A. J., tr., ed. (2008). N. F. S. Grundtvig: A Life Recalled. An Anthology of Biographical Source-Texts. Aarhus University Press. . Very extensive Index documents the broad context of Grundtvig's life and work. Complementary to Allchin (1998).
 Eliade, M., Encycklopedia of Religion, Second Edition (editor in chief Lindsay Jones), "Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig" s 3704-3706 (Synnøve Sakura Heggem 2005)
 Holm, Anders (2019). The Essential N.F.S. Grundtvig. Translated by Edward Broadbridge. Aarhus: Filo.
Important, too, are the numerous articles in English published in the yearbook Grundtvig-Studier (Grundtvig Studies) from 1948 and onwards. Danish is the main language of the journal, but the English articles are prominent and increasing in recent years.

In other languages
The most important works on Grundtvig are a series of dissertations published since the founding of Grundtvig-selskabet (The Grundtvig Society). All of them contain summaries in major languages, most of them in English. This series includes:
 Aarnes, Sigurd Aa. (1960). Historieskrivning og livssyn hos Grundtvig. Oslo: Universitetforlaget.
 Auken, Sune (2005). Sagas spejl. Mytologi, historie og kristendom hos N.F.S. Grundtvig. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
 Bugge, Knud Eyvin (1965). Skolen for livet. Copenhagen: GAD.
 Christensen, Bent (1998). Omkring Grundtvigs Vidskab. Copenhagen: GAD.
 Grell, Helge (1980). Skaberånd og folkeånd. Copenhagen: Grundtvig-Selskabet.
 Grell, Helge (1987). Skaberordet og billedordet. Aarhus: Anis.
 Heggem, Synnøve Sakura (2005): Kjærlighetens makt, maskerade og mosaikk. En lesning av N. F. S. Grundtvigs "Sang-Værk til den Danske Kirke". Oslo.
 Høirup, Henning (1949). Grundtvigs Syn på Tro og Erkendelse. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
 Lundgreen-Nielsen, Flemming (1980). Det handlende ord. Copenhagen: GAD.
 Michelsen, William (1954). Tilblivelsen af Grundtvigs Historiesyn. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
 Thaning, Kaj (1963). Menneske først — Grundtvigs opgør med sig selv. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
 Toldberg, Helge (1950). Grundtvigs symbolverden. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
 Vind, Ole (1999). Grundtvigs historiefilosofi. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.

External links

 Grundtvigsk Forum
 Grundtvig-Akademiet
 Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig  National-Louis University
 Center for Grundtvigforskning
 Grundtvig EU programme for adult education
 Bishop Grundtvig and the people's high school in Denmark (1912)

1783 births
1872 deaths
People from Vordingborg Municipality
Folk high schools
19th-century Danish historians
Danish Lutherans
Danish nationalists
Danish philosophers
Danish male poets
Danish Lutheran theologians
19th-century Protestant theologians
Danish Lutheran hymnwriters
University of Copenhagen alumni
Members of the Constituent Assembly of Denmark
Members of the Folketing
Members of the Landsting (Denmark)
Translators from Old English
19th-century Danish poets
19th-century male writers
19th-century translators
19th-century Lutherans

N. F. S. Grundtvig


Charles Frederick Rycroft (; 9 September 1914 – 24 May 1998) was a British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. He studied medicine at University College London, and worked briefly as a psychiatrist for the Maudsley Hospital. For most of his career he had a private psychiatric practice in London. He was the author of a number of notable books, including A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (1968), The Innocence of Dreams (1979) and Psychoanalysis and Beyond (1985).

Background

Early life
Rycroft was the second eldest son of Sir Richard Rycroft 5th Baronet (1859–1925) (see Rycroft Baronets) and Emily Mary Lowry-Corry ( see 2nd Earl Belmore). He grew up in Dummer, Hampshire, where his family owned most of the village and his father was "the local representative of both Church and State". He had one elder brother, Henry Richard Rycroft DSC OBE RN (1911–1985), and two younger sisters: Alice Juliana Rosamond Rycroft (1915–2006) and Eleanor Mary Rycroft (1918–2000). He also had two elder half-brothers, Nelson and Richard Michael, and a third, Veloyne, who died in infancy.

Education
He was educated at Wellington College and then studied economics and history at Trinity College, Cambridge. He became interested in psychoanalysis and on applying to Ernest Jones was encouraged to study medicine. He studied at University College London and training at the Maudsley Hospital. He underwent analysis firstly with Ella Freeman Sharpe and after her death with Sylvia Payne (inspiring a joke about the "sharps" and "pains" of analytic training).

Career
Rycroft practised as a psychoanalyst from 1947 but became disillusioned because of the rivalry between the Kleinian and Freudian factions. He was influenced by W. R. D. Fairbairn and D. W. Winnicott from the Middle Group in developing his own views.

He was a critic of contemporary psychoanalysis, believing it to be rigid and formulaic. He believed that the ideal of rationality proposed by modern psychiatry alienated the adult from his or her creative inner processes. His work with dream analysis stressed the positive aspects of imagination, and thought imagination could be beneficial to psychic development. In 1968 he resigned from the British Psychoanalytical Society, feeling that "the real power in the Society belonged to people of whose values I did not approve...their ways of conducting business and engaging in controversy were entirely alien to me".

Rycroft was a consultant psychoanalyst at the Tavistock Clinic from 1956 until 1968, and for a period of time was an assistant editor of the International Journal of Psychoanalysis and a training analyst with Scottish psychologist R.D. Laing. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in 1973.

Rycroft wrote a number of works, of which the best known book is A Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. He wrote extensively in a wide range of magazines, including The Observer and The New York Review of Books.

Publications

Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (1968)
Imagination and Reality
Anxiety and Neurosis
Reich (Fontana Modern Masters, 1971)
The Innocence of Dreams (1979)
Psychoanalysis and Beyond (1985)
Viewpoints

References

Cassullo G., L'uomo dietro al lettino. Charles Rycroft e la psicoanalisi indipendente britannica. Frenis Zero, Lecce 2015

External links
 The Legacy of Charles Rycroft

1914 births
1998 deaths
British psychiatrists
Fellows of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
British psychoanalysts
Wilhelm Reich
Analysands of Ella Freeman Sharpe
Alumni of University College London
20th-century British medical doctors
Younger sons of baronets
People from Dummer, Hampshire

Charles Rycroft


The visual cortex is a part of the brain that allows vision. It is relatively thin – between 1.5mm and 2mm in humans. In monkeys and apes the visual cortex takes up much of their brain. Physically, the visual cortex is at the back of the brain in the occipital lobe.

David Hubel and  Torsten Wiesel did research on the visual cortex for many years. They won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system.
Their work in the 1960s and 1970s was on how the visual system developed. They worked on parts of the visual cortex of the brain which get signals from the right or left eye.
Their work describing how signals from the eye are processed by the brain to generate edge detectors, motion detectors, stereoscopic depth detectors and colour detectors. These are building blocks of the visual scene.

Research on the primary visual cortex can involve recording action potentials from electrodes within the brain of cats, ferrets, rats, mice, or monkeys. Alternatively, signals can be recorded outside the animal by EEG, MEG, or fMRI. These techniques gather information without invading the brain.

Primary visual cortex
The primary visual cortex (V1) is the best studied visual area in the brain. This is where the messages arrive from the lateral geniculate nuclei, which are relay stations for information from the retina. Each lateral geniculate nucleus gets signals from the opposite visual field.

Each V1 sends information to two primary pathways, called the ventral stream and the dorsal stream.

 The ventral stream begins with V1, goes through visual area V2, then through visual area V4, and to the inferior temporal cortex (IP cortex). The ventral stream, sometimes called the "What Pathway", is associated with form recognition and object representation. It is also associated with storage of long-term memory.

 The dorsal stream begins with V1, goes through visual area V2, then to the dorsomedial area (DM/ V6) and Visual area MT (middle temporal/ V5) and to the posterior parietal cortex. The dorsal stream, sometimes called the "Where Pathway" or "How Pathway", is associated with motion, representation of object locations, and control of the eyes and arms, especially when visual information is used to guide eye movements or reaching.

References

Vision
Anatomy of the brain

Visual cortex


Paul Hutchison is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Port Waikato.

1947 births
Fowk eddicatit at Onslow College
Livin fowk
New Zealand Naitional Pairty MPs
New Zealand obstetricians
Varsity o Otago alumni
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
Unsuccessfu candidates in the New Zealand general election, 1996
21st-century New Zealand politeecians
New Zealand gynaecologists

Paul Hutchison


Alan Titus (born in New York City, on October 28, 1945) is an internationally celebrated baritone.

Life and career

Titus studied under Aksel Schiøtz at the Colorado School of Music, and Hans Heinz at The Juilliard School.  His official debut was as Marcello in La bohème in Washington, D.C., in 1969. He came to prominence, however, in Leonard Bernstein's theatre piece MASS, creating the role of the Celebrant. MASS was commissioned by former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy for the September 1971 opening of the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.

Titus created the role of Archie Kramer in Lee Hoiby's Summer and Smoke (after Tennessee Williams) in St. Paul in 1971, and repeated the role in his New York City Opera debut that same year. He found a home at the New York City Opera, where he was a leading baritone for many seasons. He participated in nationally televised performances of Il barbiere di Siviglia (with Beverly Sills, 1976), Il turco in Italia (1978), La Cenerentola (opposite Susanne Marsee and Rockwell Blake, 1980), and Madama Butterfly (conducted by Christopher Keene, 1982). He made his only appearances with the Metropolitan Opera in 1976, as Harlekin in Ariadne auf Naxos, with Montserrat Caballé.

In 1974, the baritone appeared in the world premiere of Hans Werner Henze's Rachel, la cubana, for WNET Opera Theatre, opposite Lee Venora and Marsee, conducted by the composer.

In 1973, Titus made his European debut, in Amsterdam, as Pelléas in Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.  He has since been heard at Glyndebourne, Munich, Milan, Madrid, Barcelona, Vienna, Paris, Rome, London (Covent Garden), Berlin, etc.

At the Teatro alla Scala, the baritone appeared in Arabella (1992), Elektra (directed by Luca Ronconi, 1994), La fanciulla del West (1995), Die Frau ohne Schatten (in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's production, 1999), and Salome (2002).

He made his Bayreuth Festival debut in 1998, in the title role in Der fliegende Holländer and repeated the role in 1999. At Bayreuth in 2000, he portrayed Wotan in Das Rheingold and Die Walküre and The Wanderer in Siegfried; and repeated all three roles in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004. He portrayed Wotan at the Teatro Real de Madrid in 2003. He returned to Bayreuth in 2009 to portray Hans Sachs/Schuster in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.

In 1994, the singing-actor was awarded the title of Kammersänger, in Munich.

In his discography are recordings of Beethoven's Fidelio (as Don Pizarro) and Ninth Symphony (conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli), Bizet's Carmen, Catalani's La Wally (as Gellner), Donizetti's Don Pasquale (with Sills, conducted by Sarah Caldwell), Haydn's La fedeltà premiata (conducted by Antal Doráti), Lehár's Die lustige Witwe (excerpts, in English, under Julius Rudel), Leoncavallo's La bohème, Mozart's Don Giovanni (led by Rafael Kubelík) and Le nozze di Figaro (as Figaro, conducted by Sir Colin Davis), Puccini's La bohème (led by Kent Nagano), and Verdi's Falstaff (as Ford, with Sir Colin Davis).

Titus retired in 2010, following a forty-year career.

See also
 Haydn: La fedeltà premiata (Antal Doráti recording)

References

Bibliography
 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon and Schuster, 1987.

External links
  Alan Titus in a excerpt from Pagliacci (1989).

American operatic baritones
1945 births
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Juilliard School alumni
Singers from New York City
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male opera singers
21st-century American male opera singers

Alan Titus


Patrice Yengo (born 1949) is a francophone Congolese political anthropologist living and teaching in Paris, France. He is a specialist of the Congolese Civil War (1993–2002), otherwise known as the Republic of the Congo Civil War. He is originally from Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville).

He studied pharmacology in Kharkov in the Ukraine and in Paris, France.
He has taught pharmacology in the School of Medicine at the University of Congo-Brazzaville Marien Ngouabi.
Patrice Yengo later received a doctorate in Political Anthropology at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), where he is currently an affiliate lecturer with the Center for African Studies (Institut des mondes africains). He obtained his Habilitation in anthropology in 2007.
He is the head editor of the series, Rupture-Solidarité (aka Rupture nouvelle série) and a principal founding member of the Association Rupture-Solidarité, an organization of Congolese dissident intellectuals.
He has taught at various universities in Paris and has also been a fellow at the Nantes Institute for Advanced Studies, France.

Yengo's works have analyzed the degeneration of the democratic process in postcolonial Congo and the ethnicization of political conflicts since independence. He has written about the conflict and violence that erupted after the exceptional gathering of 1202 delegates of the 1991 National Congress, in which he himself participated. According to Yengo, the democratization process launched by the National Congress fell prey to key military leaders whose alliances and competition were based on regional divisions that existed prior to independence. The contest for power among these leaders relied on the loyalties of the regional militia, and fueled extreme violence. His book also points to the intimate ties between the French oil industry, the Fifth Republic governments, and the dictatorship in the Congo since the beginning of the Congolese Civil War.

Patrice Yengo has also published works on medical anthropology in Africa, child soldiers and child witches, the postcolonial degeneration of kinship ties, and the perverse "fetishization" of traditions in the context of globalization and postcolonial capitalism in modern Congo-Brazzaville.

Since 2011, Yengo is one of the researchers of the ELITAF, the international research program on the African elites trained in the countries of the former Soviet bloc.

Publications
Le venin dans l'encrier, Les conflits du Congo-Brazzaville au miroir de l'écrit.  Paris: Paari, 2009.
La guerre civile du Congo-Brazzaville, 1993-2002 Chacun aura sa part.  Paris: Editions Karthala, 2006. .
–Edited Works—
Rupture nouvelle série no 6, "Le Gabon malgré lui," ed. Patrice Yengo,  Paris, Karthala, 2005.
Rupture nouvelle série no. 5, "Rites et dépossessions,″  ed. Patrice Yengo, Paris, Karthala, 2004.
Rupture nouvelle série no. 4, "Résistances et dissidences," ed. Patrice Yengo,  Paris, Karthala, 2003.
Rupture nouvelle série, no. 3,  "L'Afrique centrale des droits de l'homme," ed. Patrice Yengo, Paris, Karthala, 2001.
Rupture nouvelle, série no. 2,  "Les Congos dans la tourmente," ed. Patrice Yengo, Paris, Karthala, 2000.
Rupture nouvelle série no. 1, "Congo-Brazzaville, dérives politiques, catastrophe humanitaire, désirs de paix," ed. Patrice Yengo, Paris, Karthala, 1999.
Identités et Démocratie. Paris, L'Harmattan, 1997.
–Works online and other Articles—
"Brazzaville's Marché Total," Cahiers d'études africaines 182. 2006.
"Le monde à l'envers: Enfance et kindoki ou les ruses de la raison sorcière dans le bassin du Congo," Cahiers d'études africaines 189-190. 2008.
"Affinités électives et délégation des compétences: la politique congolaise de Jacques Chirac," in France-Afrique. Sortir du Pacte colonial no. 105 (2007): 105-125.

Interviews

References

External links
Centre d'études africaines (Ceaf)
Résidents 2011 - 2012 - Chercheurs résidents - IEA

1949 births
Living people
Republic of the Congo emigrants to France
French anthropologists

Patrice Yengo


Andrei Korobeinik (born 5 November 1980) is an Estonian computer programmer and entrepreneur, founder and CEO of Rate Solutions and Serenda Invest. He is better known as creator of Estonian social networking site, Rate.ee. Between 2011 and 2013 he was a member of the Estonian parliament.

In 2005, 51% share of the Rate.ee portal was sold to EMT for 39 million Estonian Krones (approximately 2 million EURO), making Andrei one of the youngest Estonian millionaires of that time. However, in 2012 Serenda Invest; a company that manages Rate.ee was purchased back from EMT which essentially put Andrei back in charge of his web portal. The price of this deal has not been revealed.

Korobeinik is the winner of 2008 British Council's International Young Interactive Entrepreneur Award. He is the member of Estonian Dragon's Den jury and does angel investments, mostly into internet start-ups.

Korobeinik has been on the jury at the annual Estonian TV show Ajujaht.

Education
Korobeinik graduated from Pärnu Russian Gymnasium in 1998, same year he started with his undergraduate studies at University of Tartu in maths and information technology.

Other business ventures
In 2010, he started a new project Cutefund.com. Cutefund.com is a crowdsourced mutual fund, designed to buy and sell stock on behalf of investors. Cutefund.com is currently awaiting for a license to trade stock, until then users can register and compete with each other for free in demo mode. Korobeinik is the author of idea for Flirtic.com, a dating website popular in Eastern Europe and Russia.

Political career
In the 2011 Estonian parliamentary election, Korobeinik ran for Riigikogu membership for Pärnu County. He got 2057 votes but did not make it to the Parliament. He became a member of the Estonian Parliament starting on 6 April 2011, replacing Rein Lang who went to serve as the Minister of Culture of Estonia. When Lang step down on December 4, 2013, Korobeinik lost his place in the Parliament. Korobeinik was a chairman of e-parliament committee.

Hobbies
He is a chess player, and on 20 November 2011 was elected as president of Estonian Chess Union.

References

External links
 Serenda.com
 Uudised.err.ee
 Director.ee

1980 births
Estonian businesspeople
Estonian Centre Party politicians
Estonian computer programmers
Estonian people of Russian descent
Estonian Reform Party politicians
Living people
Members of the Riigikogu, 2011–2015
Members of the Riigikogu, 2023–2027

Andrei Korobeinik


"Thursdays with Abie" is the ninth episode of the twenty-first season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. In this episode, Grampa meets a human interest journalist who writes and publishes Grampa's life stories, which makes Homer jealous. While giving his story of Mr. Burns to the newspaper, he finds out that the journalist plots to kill Grampa. Meanwhile, Bart is forced to care for a stuffed lamb as part of a class project and gives the lamb to Lisa.

The episode was written by Mitch Glazer & Don Payne and directed by Mike Frank Polcino. Mitch Albom guest stars in the episode.

Being the first episode to air in the 2010s, it originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 3, 2010, "Thursdays with Abie" was watched by about 8.65 million people and received a .

The episode also received positive reviews from critics.

Plot
During a trip to a water park with the family, Abe meets a journalist named Marshall Goldman. Abe is thrilled that Marshall is interested in hearing his rambling anecdotes, and tells of the time he sat on and Animal trained a real shark during World War II, after the warship he served on was sunk by a torpedo (which they themselves fired earlier) in the Pacific Ocean. Marshall publishes Abe's story in the Springfield Shopper. When Homer reads Marshall's article, he is shocked that other people find Abe's stories interesting. In his next anecdote, Abe tells of giving a not-yet-famous Clark Gable a shoe shine at the Springfield railway station and lending him a copy of Gone with the Wind, but still remembers his anger at not being paid. A rapt Marshall writes up this story as well and Abe's fame grows. Homer decides to visit his father, but Abe tells him off, suggesting that Homer only wants to spend time with him now that he is famous. Later, Marge suggests that, in actuality, Homer is angry with himself for not having spent more time with his dad. Insulted at the not-so-false suggestion, Homer listens to Mr. Burns' anecdotes, writes his own column and takes it to the Springfield Shopper (where it is quickly shredded). While at the newspaper office, Homer sneaks into Marshall's office and discovers a manuscript that Marshall intends to submit for a Pulitzer Prize. The manuscript states that Abe is dead and Homer realizes that Marshall intends to kill Abe. He rushes to the railway station, but Abe and Marshall have already departed on a vintage train known as the Tinseltown Starliner (Clark Gable went to the same train after Abe does his shoe polishing). After knocking out Abe, Marshall attempts to suffocate him with a pillow. With the help of Lenny and Carl, Homer breaks through a window just as Marshall pulls out a gun. The two struggle, and then Abe pulls the emergency brake and Marshall is knocked out by a vast load of hat boxes. Homer and his father reconcile, with Abe telling Homer that he is ready for his first ramble.

Meanwhile, Bart has possession of Larry the Lamb, a stuffed sheep toy that each child in Mrs. Krabappel's room takes a turn caring for over a weekend, much to the dismay of Nelson, who says that Larry was "all that kept me sane" in song. Bart resents the stuffed toy, so Lisa offers to take care of him. However, she accidentally loses Larry down a storm drain. Bart goes in to retrieve him, and is chased by sewer rats and sewer cats before finding Larry atop a pipe. Bart uses Larry to slide to safety but the toy rips and Bart unceremoniously crashes through a grate to a beach, where Agnes Skinner (who all this time has heard the children calling out for "Larry") tells Bart to "Give him my number. I'll teach him things. Things he can use."

Production
The episode was written by Mitch Glazer & Don Payne and directed by Mike Frank Polcino. Mitch Albom who wrote Tuesdays with Morrie makes a guest appearance.

Cultural references
"Thursdays with Abie" serves as a parody of Tuesdays with Morrie in which Mitch Albom learns about life values from his former teacher Morrie Schwartz. Simpsons voice actor Hank Azaria, who voices Marshall, also played Albom in the film based on Tuesdays with Morrie. The opening Flyby gag is a parody of the Wicked Witch of the West from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Slimu octopus is a parody of Shamu, the killer whale. The song that plays during the train station scenes is the American jazz standard "Chattanooga Choo Choo". Also Nelson sings a different version of "Mary Had a Little Lamb".

Reception
In its original American broadcast, "Thursdays with Abie" was viewed by an estimated 8.65 million households and received a rating of 4.0 rating/10 share in the 18/49 rating being the most viewed and highest rated episode on Fox's Animation Domination. The show ranked seventh in the 18/49 rating and was third on Fox for the week after The OT and The Allstate Sugar Bowl and made it 20th in the weekly ratings (it was still Fox's top rated scripted show).

The episode got a positive review from IGN'''s Robert Canning giving it an 8.4/10 and saying that "Overall, the episode was a success, using one of the best Simpsons running jokes to tell an engaging and even sentimental tale".

Emily VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave episode a C+ saying that "Most of the core relationships on The Simpsons have hung on to their ability to move us. Most Homer and Lisa episodes are still touching on some level, while most Bart and Lisa episodes play off the two's easy camaraderie. One of the exceptions to this rule is the relationship between Homer and his dad. The two had some great episodes in the show's early going, as the series examined the way that Abe's inability to be a good single parent reverberated down through the years (in a much, much funnier way than that sounds)."

Jason Hughes of TV Squad stated in his review "I didn't find the episode particularly funny, but I appreciated that The Simpsons did bring a bit of that emotion back to the character's relations".

Dan Castellaneta was nominated for  the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance at the 62nd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards for playing Abraham Simpson and Homer Simpson in this episode, but lost to Anne Hathaway who won for her role in another The Simpsons'' episode "Once Upon a Time in Springfield."

References

External links

"Thursdays with Abie" at The Simpsons Archive

2010 American television episodes
The Simpsons (season 21) episodes

Thursdays with Abie


Michael Collins (October 31, 1930 – April 28, 2021) was an American astronaut and test pilot. He was the pilot of the Apollo 11 mission to the moon.

Air force pilot
Collins went to the United States Military Academy. After training, he joined the United States Air Force. He flew F-86s at Chambley-Bussieres Air Base, France. He got into the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960. He tried to get into the second astronaut training group but he was not accepted. He did get into the third group.

Astronaut
Collins joined the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963. He had 2 space flights. His first spaceflight was in Gemini 10. With John Young they joined up in space with two different spacecraft. Collins also did two space walks.

His second space flight was in Apollo 11 where he was the command module pilot. While he kept going around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the lunar surface. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon.

Later life and death
Collins left NASA in 1970. He took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs during the Richard Nixon presidency. A year later he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum. He did this job until 1978. He then became the undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980 he took the job as Vice President of LTV Aerospace. He left in 1985 to start his own business.

He was married to Patricia. They have three children: Kate, Ann and Michael, Jr. Kate is an actress, best known for her role as Natalie Marlowe Dillon in the daytime television drama All My Children.

Collins died of cancer in Naples, Florida on April 28, 2021 at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2021 deaths
Cancer deaths in Florida
American astronauts
American aviators
Apollo astronauts
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
American autobiographers

Michael Collins (astronaut)


The Astromundi Cluster is a 1993 boxed set accessory for the Spelljammer campaign setting, part of the Advanced Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game.

Contents
The Astromundi Cluster described a unique crystal sphere composed of free-floating asteroids. The sphere's weak barriers encourage free passage between the Prime Material Plane and the Inner Planes, resulting in a bizarre and potentially explosive mix of creatures. The "Celestial Almananc" lists dozens of locales, from the outcast colony of Chakarak to the orchard-laden Boyarny. The "Astrogator's Guide" provides game statistics for the Doombat and other new ships.

Publication history
The Astromundi Cluster was designed by Sam Witt, and published by TSR in 1993. The box cover painting and interior art was by David O. Miller, with the booklet cover painting by Jeff Easley.

Reception
Rick Swan reviewed The Astromundi Cluster for Dragon magazine #203 (March 1994). He felt that this "lavish boxed set" was "Intended to jump-start sleepy Spelljammer campaigns". He had two gripes about the boxed set, one being that some of the names "are more silly than sinister, like the mist-covered bodies called Gasteroids, and the shadowy lands known as the Grim Regions", and the other being that with 192 pages to work with, "couldn't the designer have found room for at least one developed adventure?"

References

Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1993
Spelljammer supplements

The Astromundi Cluster


is a retired judoka who won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is the younger brother of 1993 World Judo Championships gold medalist Yoshio Nakamura and 1996 Olympic silver medalist Yukimasa Nakamura.

Biography
Nakamura was born in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.  He entered Tokai University in 1992, and was successful in several judo competitions, winning a gold medal at the 1995 Summer Universiade in his hometown of Fukuoka, and a gold medal at the 1995 Asian Judo Championships in New Delhi, India. He entered Asahi Kasei after graduating, and won the All-Japan Judo Championships in 1996 to gain a spot on the Japanese Olympic judo team for the 1996 Summer Olympics, where he won a close decision victory over Kwak Dae-Sung of South Korea to receive a gold medal. Both Nakamura and Kwak were unaggressive throughout the match, and Kwak gained a lead in points after a warning was issued to Nakamura for inactivity. However, Kwak was penalized in turn for an illegal move with only three seconds remaining in the match, and Nakamura won the gold medal with a 2-1 decision in his favor.

Nakamura won several more tournaments after his first trip to the Olympics, most notably a gold medal at the 1997 World Judo Championships and three consecutive victories in the -73 kg division of the All-Japan Championships from 1998 to 2000. However, he failed to get past the third round at the 1999 World Judo Championships, and lost in the fourth round of the 2000 Summer Olympics and in the third round of the repechage. He won the Kodokan Cup in the -81 kg division the same year, but lost in the semi-finals and bronze medal match of the 2001 World Judo Championships to end up in 5th place. Nakamura retired in 2003 after winning the All-Japan Championships for the 5th time in 2002, and winning the Kano Jigoro Cup in 2003. He began working as an instructor for the Asahi Kasei judo team in 2004, and has served as a coach for the All-Japan junior and senior teams.

References

External links

Living people
1973 births
Tokai University alumni
Olympic judoka for Japan
Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Judoka at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Sportspeople from Fukuoka (city)
Olympic medalists in judo
Asian Games medalists in judo
Judoka at the 1998 Asian Games
Japanese male judoka
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Universiade medalists in judo
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Japan
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people

Kenzo Nakamura


Daphne (, meaning "laurel") was a dryad in Greek mythology, daughter of the river god Peneus.

According to Greek mythology, the god Apollo insulted Eros, otherwise known as Cupid, the god of love. Becoming angry, Eros shot a golden arrow at Apollo, causing him to fall in love with the nymph Daphne the virgin. Eros then shot Daphne with a leaden arrow so she could never love Apollo back. So Apollo followed her while she ran away, until she came to the river of her father, Peneus.  Apollo became jealous and puts it into the girl's mind to stop to bathe in the river Ladon; there, as all strip naked, the ruse is revealed, as in the myth of Callisto. There she wanted help from her father who turned her into a laurel tree so she would be safe from Apollo. Apollo then became sad. Some versions say that when Daphne saw Apollo sad, taking pity she made him a laurel wreath (a circle made of laurel that is worn like a crown) from her leaves. Other accounts state that Apollo made the laurel himself, taking from the tree. The laurel tree became sacred of Apollo and is used by emperors within the culture. After the crown was used for all the winners at his games and great heroes in the years to come would be crowned with laurel leaves.  He also vowed that she, like him, would have eternal youth where her leaves would never turn brown or fall but would always stay lush and green. Some even say that he created this laurel wreath to remind him of the prize he can never win still Apollo loved that laurel with all his heart.

See Ovid. Metamorphoses. Book I: 452-567.

Daphne

Daphne (mythology)


Jīn Xuěfēi (simplified Chinese: 金雪飞; traditional Chinese: 金雪飛; born February 15, 1956) is a living Chinese-American writer. He uses the pen name Ha Jin (哈金). Ha comes from his favorite city, Harbin. In 1984, he went to America and began to write about China only in English. His work increased international attention to Chinese culture and history.

Early life
Ha Jin was born in Liaoning, China. His father was a military officer. Jin joined the People's Liberation Army during the Cultural Revolution when he was 13 years old. He began to teach himself about Chinese literature and to learn the high school curriculum at sixteen. He left the army when he was nineteen, as he entered Heilongjiang University. He got his B. A. degree in English studies there. Next, he earned a M.A. degree in Anglo-American literature at Shandong University.

Jin grew up in the chaos of early communist China.  He was at Brandeis University when the 1989 Tiananmen incident happened. The way the Chinese government stopped the protest by force was important to Jin. It helped him decide to emigrate to the United States. It also made him choose to write in English "to preserve the integrity of his work." He eventually earned a Ph.D..

Career
Jin sets many of his stories and novels in China in an imaginary place called Muji City. He has won the National Book Award and the PEN/Faulkner Award for his novel, Waiting (1999). He has received three Pushcart Prizes for fiction and a Kenyon Review Prize. Many of his short stories have appeared in The Best American Short Stories anthologies.  His collection Under The Red Flag (1997) won the Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction. Ocean of Words (1996) has been awarded the PEN/Hemingway Award. The novel War Trash (2004), set during the Korean War, won the PEN/Faulkner Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize.

Jin teaches at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts. He used to teach at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

Jin was at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany, in the fall of 2008. He was a Mary Ellen von der Heyden Fellow for Fiction.

Major Works

Poetry
 Between Silences (1990)
 Facing Shadows (1996)
 Wreckage (2001)

Short story collections
 Ocean of Words (1996)
 Under the Red Flag (1997)
 The Bridegroom (2000)
 A Good Fall (2009)

Novels
 In the Pond (1998)
 Waiting (1999)
 The Crazed (2002)
 War Trash (2004)
 A Free Life (2007)

Essays
 The Writer as Migrant (2008)

Awards and honors
Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction (1996)
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award (1997)
Guggenheim Fellowship (1999)
National Book Award (1999)
PEN/Faulkner Award (2000)
Asian Fellowship (2000–2002)
Townsend Prize for Fiction (2002)
PEN/Faulkner Award (2005)
Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006)

References

Bibliography
 John Noell Moore, "The Landscape Of Divorce When Worlds Collide," The English Journal 92 (Nov. 2002), pp. 124–127.
 Ha Jin, Waiting (New York: Pantheon Books, 1999)
 Neil J Diamant, Revolutionizing the Family: Politics, Love and Divorce in Urban and Rural China, 1949-1968(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000), p. 59.
 Ha Jin, The bridegroom (New York: Pantheon Books, 2000)
 Yuejin Wang, Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews 13 (Dec. 1991)
 Ha Jin, "Exiled to English" (New York Times, May 30, 2009)

Other websites
Listen to Ha Jin on The Forum from the BBC World Service
Boston University staff page

Author interview in Guernica Magazine (guernicamag.com)
Online interview with Ha Jin
On Point: Ha Jin and "A Free Life"
Ha Jin audio interview re: A Free Life, November 2007
Watch Ha Jin talk about the challenges of writing A Free Life on BUniverse .
Exiled to English
Emotions and dilemmas are universal - Ocean of Words
Audio: Ha Jin in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme The Forum

1956 births
Living people

Ha Jin


Alexandre Étienne Choron (Caen, 1837 – 1924) was a French chef. As chef de cuisine of the celebrated restaurant Voisin on the rue Saint Honoré, Choron is best known for his invention of Choron sauce, a béarnaise sauce enriched with tomato concentrate.

Choron is also remembered for the food he served during the Siege of Paris by the Prussians, which began on 19 September 1870.  During the siege, Parisians were reduced to eating cats, dogs, and rats. The bourgeois did not want to eat such low animals, and the de luxe restaurants had plenty of customers. As food reserves dwindled, these restaurants, including Voisin, improvised.  Choron served exotic animal dishes at Voisin.  For the midnight Christmas meal of 1870, Choron had a menu mostly of the best parts of the animals kept in the Jardin d'acclimatation (one of the Paris zoos). The menu – stuffed head of donkey, elephant consommé, roasted camel, kangaroo stew, bear shanks roasted in pepper sauce, wolf in deer sauce, cat with rat, and antelope in truffle sauce – has become legendary.  The menu's wines were Mouton-Rothschild 1846, Romanée-Conti 1858 and Château Palmer 1864.

Choron became famous for his elephant dishes (): Trompe d'éléphant in sauce chasseur and Éléphant bourguignon.  After the elephant at the Jardin d'acclimatation were used at the Christmas table, the two elephants (Castor and Pollux) at the Paris' jardin zoologique were consumed on 31 December 1870 at Voisin. In early January, it was the elephant at the Jardin des Plantes (Paris' botanical garden) which was sent to the abbatoir.  It was bought by Choron for his restaurant at the price of 15 francs per pound. By 13 January Voisin was out of elephant meat and substituted horse. The siege was lifted two weeks later.

References

1837 births
1924 deaths
French chefs
People from Caen

Alexandre Étienne Choron


The Comte AC-3 was a 1920s Swiss bomber/transport aircraft produced by Flugzeugbau A. Comte.

Design and development
In November 1928, as a response to increasing tensions and clashes between troops in the Gran Chaco border region between Bolivia and Paraguay, Bolivia placed an order with Alfred Comte, the owner of a small Swiss aircraft manufacturer for three long-range bomber-transport aircraft, using funds collected by popular subscription.

The AC-3 was a high-wing semi-cantilever monoplane of mixed construction. It was fabric covered with a conventional tail unit. It had three open cockpits, one in the nose for a gunner or observer, one forward of the wing for a pilot, and one on the upper rear fuselage for a rear gunner. An unconventional engine layout had two 447 kW (600 hp) Hispano-Suiza inline piston engines in tandem supported on eight struts above the fuselage. The installation had to be high enough to allow clearance for the two (one pusher, one tractor) propellers above the fuselage. A hatch in the port side allowed cargo or troops to be carried in the main cabin.

The new aircraft was too large to be built in Comte's existing factory, (the AC-3 was the largest aircraft ever to be developed and built in Switzerland) and forced Comte to build a new hangar just for the AC-3. It made its maiden flight from Dübendorf airfield on 22 February 1930. The aircraft failed to meet its expected top speed, and as a result it was refitted with four-bladed propellers instead of the original two-bladed items. A collapse in the price of tin resulted in severe financial problems in Bolivia, and the military junta ruling Bolivia cancelled the order for the three Comte bombers, with only the first example being built, which was dismantled in 1935.

Operators

Bolivian Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

1920s Swiss military aircraft
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
AC-3
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1930

Comte AC-3


Childbed fever is an bacterial infection of the female reproductive tract, which occurs after a woman has given birth or after a miscarriage. It is also known as postpartum infection, or puerperal fever. In the developed world, it affects about one to two percent of all births. It can develop into a life-threatening sepsis. Cesarean section is one of the risk factors. For this reason, all women undergoing a Cesarean section receive antibiotics.

Obstetrics and gynecology

Childbed fever


The Laws of Burgos (), promulgated on 27 December 1512 in Burgos, Crown of Castile (Spain), was the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spaniards in the Americas, particularly with regard to the Indigenous people of the Americas ("native Caribbean Indians"). They forbade the slavery of the indigenous people and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism.  The laws were created following the conquest and Spanish colonization of the Americas in the West Indies, where the common law of Castile was not fully applicable.

The scope of the laws was originally restricted to the island of Hispaniola but was later extended to the islands of Puerto Rico and Santiago, later renamed Jamaica. These laws authorized and legalized the colonial practice of creating , where Indians were grouped together to work under a colonial head of the estate for a salary, and limited the size of these establishments to between 40 and 150 people. They also established a minutely regulated regime of work, pay, provisioning, living quarters, and diet. Women more than four months pregnant were exempted from heavy labor.

The document also prohibited the use of any form of punishment by the , reserving it for officials established in each town for the implementation of the laws.  It also ordered that the Indians be catechized, outlawed bigamy, and required that the huts and cabins of the Indians be built together with those of the Spanish.  It respected, in some ways, the traditional authorities, granting chiefs exemptions from ordinary jobs and granting them various Indians as servants.

They were amended and improved in the Laws of Valladolid the following year, 1513.

The limited fulfillment of the laws sometimes led to protests and claims. Sometimes they were seen as a legalization of the previously poorer situation, which created momentum for reform, later carried out through the  ("New Laws") in 1542, a new set of stricter regulations about life in the New World including the rights of indigenous peoples, as well as the Laws of the Indies, to encompass the Papal bull and all edicts.

Generally, these laws are considered to be precursors of the declaration of human rights and international law.

Origins

Cardinal Archbishop Domingo de Mendoza of Seville heard reports of the abuse of the Americas' Indians and sent a group of Dominican missionaries to Hispaniola to stop the maltreatment. They could not legally stop it, but missionaries made complaints and stirred up a debate that the settlers feared would make them lose their property interests; Fray Antonio de Montesinos preached to the colonists that they were sinning and did not have the right to force the Indians to serve them, claiming they should only be converted to Christianity.

The colonists disagreed and decided the best way to protect their interests was to come together as a group and choose a Franciscan Friar named Alonso de Espinal to present their case to King Ferdinand II of Aragon and his daughter Queen Joanna of Castile, the co-rulers of Spain, and refute Montesinos's accusations. The colonists' plan backfired, though, and Spain was outraged by the cases of maltreatment of the Indians. To solve the moral and legal question, the rulers commissioned a group of theologians and academics to come up with a solution.

Dominican Friars, under the sponsorship of Diego de Deza, supported the scientific examination of Christopher Columbus's claims for exploring the West that Columbus presented to then Queen of Castile, Isabel I of Castile and her husband, King of Aragon Ferdinand II of Aragon. After 1508, the friars made the case to defend the aboriginal American Indians from becoming serfs or slaves of the new colonists.

The friars and other Spanish academics pressured King Ferdinand II of Aragon and his daughter, now the ruling Queen of Castile, Joanna I of Castile, to pass a set of laws to protect the rights of the natives of the New World, which were to become the 1512 Laws of Burgos. In Burgos, on 27 December 1512, thirty-five laws were put into effect to secure the freedom of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and to enforce Indian Reductions rules governing conversions.

Summary
It declared that the Indians are free people; that they ought to be instructed in the Christian faith; that they might be ordered to work, but so that their working should not hinder their conversion, and should be such as they could endure; that they should have cottages and lands of their own, and time to work for themselves; that they should hold communication with the Christians; and that they should receive wages, not paid in money, but in clothes and furniture for their cottages.

In total there were 35 laws promulgated by the Burgos document in 1512, summarized as follows:
 The Indians are to be moved to encomiendas. For every fifty Indians, four lodges shall be built (thirty by fifteen feet). This land cannot be taken from them since they were taken from their original land. The Indians will do the planting of all of the food. During the proper seasons, the encomenderos (men looking over the Indians) will have the Indians plant corn and raise the hens.
 The Indians will leave their land voluntarily to come to the encomiendas so that they shall not suffer from being removed by force.
 The citizen to whom the Indians are given must erect a structure to be used as a church. In the church must be a picture of Our Lady and a bell with which to call the Indians to prayer time. The person who has them in the encomienda must go with them to church every night and make sure they cross themselves and sing several hymns. If an Indian does not come to the church, he is not allowed to rest the next day.
 To make sure the Indians are learning Christianity properly, they shall be tested every two weeks and taught what they do not know by the Encomendero. He shall teach them the Ten Commandments, the Seven Deadly Sins, and the Articles of Faith. Any encomendero that does not do this properly will be fined six gold pesos.
 A church will be built equidistant from all estates. On Sundays, Mass shall be observed and a feast will be eaten. If the encomendero does not bring his Indians, he will be charged ten gold pesos.
 If the church is too far away, another will be built.
 The priests who collect tithes from the estates must have priests continually in the churches of the estates.
 There shall be churches built at the mines so that the Indians working the mines may hear mass on Sundays.
 Whoever has fifty Indians must choose one boy who the encomendero thinks is able, to be taught to read and write, and also the importance of Catholicism. This boy will then teach the other Indians because the Indians would more readily accept what the boy says than what the Spaniards says. If the encomendero has one hundred Indians, two boys shall be chosen. The faith must be ingrained into their heads so the souls of the Indians are saved.
 If an Indian falls sick near where there is a priest, the priest must go to him and recite the Credo and other profitable things of the Catholic faith. The Indian shall make confession without being charged a fee. If the Indian is to die, he shall be buried with a cross near the church. If he is not buried, the encomendero owes a fine of four gold pesos.
 The Indians must not be used as carriers for transporting things to the Indians at the mines.
 All Spanish inhabitants who have Indians in an encomienda must have the infants baptized within a week of their birth.
 After the Indians have been brought to the estates, gold shall be searched for as follows: Indians in an encomienda must search for gold for five months a year and at the end of the five months are allowed to rest for forty days. During the forty days, the Indians are not to be employed, unless they are a slave and accept to plant the crops. During the forty days, the Indians will be further instructed in faith since they have more time to learn.
 The Indians must be allowed to perform their sacred dances.
 All citizens who have Indians are required to feed them breads, yams, peppers, and on Sundays feed them dishes of cooked meat. For every offense, a fine of two gold pesos shall be paid.
 According to Catholicism, the Indians are not allowed to have more than one wife at a time and they are not allowed to abandon their wives.
 Sons of the chiefs of the Islands who are under the age of thirteen are to be given to the Friars so they can be taught how to read, write, and other things about Catholicism. When the sons reach the age of nineteen, they are to return to the encomienda and teach the others.
 Pregnant women are not to be sent to the mines or made to plant the crops. They shall be kept on the estate and made to do household duties such as cooking and weeding. After the child is born, she can nurse it until it is three years old. After this time, she can return to the mines and other duties.
 The Indians should not sleep on the ground. Each encomendero should provide his Indians with hammocks.
 The Indians are to be given one gold peso every year to pay for clothing.
 Indians may not change their masters. One encomendero cannot employ or house an Indian belonging to another encomendero.
 The Indian chiefs are allowed two Indians to perform personal duties for every forty of their subjects. Also, visitors to the estates must treat the Indians well and teach them what they know of Catholicism.
  Official inspectors must keep records of the activities and also the treatment of the Indians in the encomiendas. They must keep track of the population and how much gold is being mined.
  The Indians are not to be physically or verbally abused for any reason.
 The Indians are not to be used in private trade or for any other economic interest.
 Encomenderos that have their Indians working in distant mines shall combine efforts with other estates to help provide food for the Indians.
 Indians from other lands must also be taught the things of the Catholic faith. They are to be treated kindly, unless they are slaves.
  If an encomendero dies, his successor takes control of the Indians.
  Two inspectors should be appointed to each Estate.
 The inspectors are to be chosen by the Admiral, judges, and officers. These people should be compensated by being given Indians in encomienda.
 Villages should be inspected two times a year, once in the beginning of the year, and once in the summer.
  If there is a runaway Indian, inspectors cannot apprehend them. They must be given to a man of good conscience who will find the Indians' encomendero.
 All inspectors should hold a copy of the Laws of Burgos, signed by the Governor.
 Inspectors must be provided residences.
 One person may not have more than one hundred and fifty Indians and no less than forty Indians in encomienda at one time.

Amendments were added to the Laws of Burgos on 28 July 1513.
 Indian women married to Indian men are not to be forced to serve with their husbands at the mines or anywhere else unless it is by their own free will or unless their husbands wish to take them.
 Indian children do not have to do the work of adults until the reach the age of fourteen. They are then made to do the tasks of children, like weeding or working in their parents' estates.
 Unmarried Indian women who are under the authority of their parents have to work with them on their lands. Those not under the authority of their parents must be kept apart so they do not become vagabonds.
 After two years of service, the Indians are free to go. By this time they will be civilized and proper Christians, able to govern themselves.

Results
Bartolomé de Las Casas believed that the New World was granted to Spain and Portugal solely for the conversion of the Native residents. The Indians, he believed, should not be used for other purposes, especially not for profit. The only solution was to remove the presence of the Spanish colonists from the Indians, except for practising missionaries.

On 28 July 1513, four more laws were added in what is known today as Leyes Complementarias de Valladolid 1513, three related to Indian women and Indian children and another more related to Indian males. They were operational till 17 November 1526, when the so-called Ordenanzas de Granada 1526 came effective. These new amended laws reflected the theological and political disputes among the Spanish theologians, and the intervention of the Popes including their advisers.

They had been under consideration since the creation of the Council of the Indies, March 1523, by king Charles I of Spain, the son of Queen Joanna I of Castile, whose first president was Dominican friar Juan Garcia de Loaysa (1478–1546), Cardinal since 1530 and Archbishop of Seville, 1539 – 1546.

The later "Ordenanzas de Granada," 1526, were discussed mainly between king Charles I of Spain and "Licenciado" Rodrigo de Figueroa as a consequence of the extensive Institutional Battling promoted by famous Dominican Father Bartolomé de las Casas, an offspring of a merchant family from Seville, dealing in the past with black African slaves brought to the Caribbean islands, apparently, since no earlier than 1501, borrowing perhaps, in some cases, the sociological views on "evangelization" of renowned Scottish Professor at University of Paris, c. 1510, John Mair, (1467–1550).

See also
Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Sublimis Deus

Notes

Sources
English

Spanish
Pedro FERNANDEZ RODRIGUEZ. "los dominicos en el contexto de la primera evangelizacion de Mexico, (1526–1550)", Salamanca, Edit. San Esteban, 308 pages, (1994),
A. MORO OREJON. "Ordenanzas reales sobre los Indios, (Las Leyes de 1512–1513)". Anuario de Estudios Americanos, 13, (1956), pp 317 – 371.
R. KONETZKE. Coleccion de Documentos para la Historia de la Formacion Social de Hispano-America, 1493–1810, Vol. 1, 1493–1592, Madrid, C.S.I.C., (1953).
R. ALTAMIRA. "El texto de las Leyes de Burgos de 1512". Rev. de Historia de America, 4, (1938), pages 6 – 79.
 V. D. CARRO. "La Teologia y los Teologos-Juristas Españoles en la Conquista de America", Madrid, C.S.I.C., 2 vols, (1944). 2nd edition, Salamanca, (1951).

External links
Laws of Burgos (1512–1513)
The Laws of Burgos: 500 Years of Human Rights on the Law Library of Congress blog

Encomenderos
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Legal history of Spain
1512 in law
History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Genocide of indigenous peoples of the Americas
History of the Caribbean
1512 in Spain

Laws of Burgos


CONMEBOL Libertadores or Copa Libertadores (Libertadores Cup) is a football competition between the best club teams in South America. The teams are qualified based on how well they did in the national tournament. The last year winner has assured participation. The tournament is run by Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).

Schedule
Copa Libertadores is played annually. It usually happens between the months of February and November (South American summer and spring). Its winner is qualified for the annual FIFA Club World Cup.

Libertadores starts in January with the worst classified team of each country playing for to be a part of the "Main Draw". In February, the Main Draw begins. It is made up of 8 groups with 4 clubs in each group. Each team plays 6 games. They play three home games and three away games. The top 2 clubs in every group advance to the next round. A total of 16 clubs play in the playoffs.

The better qualified clubs in the Main Draw take advantage of playing the second game of each round of the playoffs at home. Libertadores goes on with clubs playing home and away, round after round till the Finals.

Differences
Unlike European club competitions, the Copa Libertadores, in the past, did not use extra time or away goals to decide a tie. Starting with the 2005 event, CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule, with the extra time used only in the final matches.

Football competitions in South America
CONMEBOL

Copa Libertadores


The Citadel of the Autarch is a science fantasy novel by American writer Gene Wolfe, first released in 1983.  It is the fourth and final volume in the four-volume series The Book of the New Sun.

Plot introduction
Unlike the first books in the series, The Citadel of the Autarch picks up right after the end of the previous one, The Sword of the Lictor. It tells of the travels of Severian,  weak and defenseless after his encounter with Baldanders and Dr. Talos. Severian continues his travels, which lead him into war.

Plot
Severian finds himself wandering around when he first happens upon a dead soldier whom he revives with the Claw. The soldier remains unable to speak as they make their way to the Pelerines camp.  In the camp, Severian suffers a fever and is treated along with others injured in the war.  While recovering, Severian judges a story telling contest. Before leaving he returns the Claw by putting it in an altar.  Outside the church Severian is tasked to visit a friend of the Pelerines in the mountain, to bring him back from the danger of the war to the safety of the camp.  Severian arrives to the man's house but, due to time-travel related phenomena, the man disappears as he is led away.  Upon returning to the camp, Severian discovers it has been attacked and abandoned.  Severian soon finds the new camp where most of those he met during his stay are dead or dying.

Eventually, Severian is drawn into war against armies of the North composed of people known as Ascians. Severian nearly perishes but is rescued by the androgynous spy he met in the House Absolute, the Autarch of the Commonwealth. Severian is nursed back to health and converses with the Autarch about his role in the Commonwealth. They board a flier and while heading out over the war zone, they are shot down. The Autarch is dying and tells Severian to consume the alzabo vial around his neck and consume his flesh, as Severian is to be the next Autarch. Severian does so and thus he acquires hundreds of consciousnesses that the Autarch once had.

Before the Autarch died, he messaged Vodalus that the Autarch was aboard the flier. Thea and a group of Vodalus' men ascend on the crash site and rescue Severian from the Ascians. Severian is held prisoner and is visited by Agia who attempts to kill him once again. He survives and is rescued by the green time traveler whom he rescued earlier in The Claw of the Conciliator. The green man opens a passage through time in which Severian is then visited by an alien who takes the form of Master Malrubius and Triskele. Malrubius tells him that he must one day face a challenge that will either allow man to return to the stars (if he succeeds) or strip him of his manhood, leaving him infertile, and unable to produce an heir (if he fails). Severian realizes that the last Autarch must have failed which feminized him and gave him his androgynous looks.

After the meeting, Severian is left on a beach.  He discovers a bush covered in thorns.  He claims the single black one, grown from a species of bush that grow exclusively white Claw shapes, and ponders the meaning of the Claw in relationship to higher beings, time-travel and the New Sun.

Severian makes his way back to Nessus aboard a ship whose crew revere him on sight. He visits with people of his past and assumes the role of Autarch. He returns to the waiter who slipped him the note in the Shadow of the Torturer saying that Agia had been there before. The note was meant for Dorcas who reminded the waiter of his mother. A picture of Dorcas in a locket around the waiter's neck confirms this suspicion. Severian also notes that the waiter very much resembles himself and it is implied that the waiter is Severian's father.

The book ends with Severian exploring the citadel and retracing Triskele's steps through an underground building. Seeing the dog's footsteps and his own he follows the latter, returning to the Atrium of Time.

Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The Citadel of the Autarch for White Dwarf #44, and stated that "I think it's extremely good: marvellously written, with a feel for language which Stephen Donaldson would have done well to imitate. Unlike Donaldson's, Wolfe's obscure words lurk unobtrusively until they seem both familiar and - thanks to their careful planting in context - meaningful."

Dave Pringle reviewed The Citadel of the Autarch for Imagine magazine, and stated that "The awful suspicion dawns: are the Ascians commies? Is all this an allegory of the Korean War?"

Awards
Citadel was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1983, but did not win.

External links
 http://www.wolfewiki.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=WolfeWiki.TheCitadelOfTheAutarch

References

1983 science fiction novels
1983 American novels
High fantasy novels
Novels by Gene Wolfe
Dying Earth (genre)
Nebula Award for Best Novel-winning works
1983 fantasy novels
Books with cover art by Don Maitz
The Book of The New Sun

The Citadel of the Autarch


White Furniture Company, was a major American producer of hand-crafted fine furniture for over a century (1881–1993). Founded by the White Brothers of Mebane, North Carolina, the factory notably produced furnishings for the US government and the Grove Park Inn.

Origins

In 1881, brothers Dave and Will White founded White Furniture Company.  They used a small loan and $275 from working as telegraph operators as capital. Their father, Stephen A. White III, had acquired an amount of debt which soiled the family's name. Dave and Will pledged to repay their father's creditors, and such was the catalyst behind starting the factory.

Will White served as president of the company and Dave White as general manager. "The White Brothers were aggressive businessmen who took seriously their place in the town, and who, like many in the New South, equated industrial growth with civic duty and regional pride."

Working with only a plane and a boiler, the initial manufacturing was limited to only round oak dining tables and wagon wheels. While reaching an early success in 1886, a local businessman invested funds to expand White Furniture and purchase more advanced machinery. Within a brief time, the company employed 32 people and manufactured tables, chairs, and a bedroom set. The solid-oak bedroom set sold for nine dollars and included a bed, dresser, and washstand.

Early history

The Panama Canal contracts

In 1906, under the command of Chief Engineer John Frank Stevens, hundreds of new building were built in Panama. These buildings were created to house army engineers and canal workers constructing the Panama Canal. The US government was in need of furniture for both enlisted men and American officers in Panama, and the bulk of the contracts was awarded to Whites. A local newspaper reported, "The first installment of furniture for the Panama Canal, contracted for the government with the White Furniture Company. This train of cars was handsomely placarded, each car bearing a 20-foot banner worded 'FROM THE WHITE FURNITURE CO., MEBANE, N.C., FOR U.S. GOVERNMENT, PANAMA CANAL,' and then the company trademark, 'The White Line Guarantees Satisfaction.'"

This was the first time a government contract of this type had been awarded to a 'southern factory'. A total of 58 boxcars was whipped from North Carolina to the Panama Canal.

Just one year after being awarded the Panama contracts, in 1907, White Furniture Company was awarded "Best manufacturer of American furniture" at the Jamestown Exhibition. (A World's Fair celebration during the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown Settlement.)

References

Companies based in North Carolina
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina
Industrial buildings completed in 1905
Furniture companies of the United States
Defunct furniture manufacturers
Buildings and structures in Alamance County, North Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Alamance County, North Carolina
1905 establishments in North Carolina
Defunct manufacturing companies based in North Carolina

White Furniture Company


The ball is an apparatus used in rhythmic gymnastics. It is made of either rubber or synthetic material (pliable plastic) provided it possesses the same elasticity as rubber. It is  in diameter and must have a minimum weight of . The ball can be of any colour. The ball should rest in the gymnast's hand and not rest against the wrist or be able to be grasped.

Fundamental elements of a ball routine include throwing, bouncing or rolling. The gymnast must use both hands and work on the whole floor area whilst showing continuous flowing movement.

The ball is sometimes placed on their back while the gymnast does a skill such as a walk-over.

Rhythmic gymnastics apparatus
Balls

Ball (rhythmic gymnastics)


Bile or gall is an alkaline, green-yellow fluid. It is secreted from the liver of most vertebrate animals, and is often stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps digest fat.

The components of bile are, in descending order of composition, are:
 Water
 Cholesterol
 Bile pigments
 Bile salts

The name gall comes from the Greek word cholè meaning green or yellow. These colours come from the bile pigments. One of them is green and the other is yellow. When they are mixed together, they make feces brown. The term cholesterol and the illness cholera were named after gall.

Bile is also stored in bile ducts. Often after liver transplants, bile comes out of the body.

Bile increases fats' total surface area to volume ratio so their digestion is easier and faster. Hence, more fats and fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, D, E and K can be absorbed. This keeps fat out of feces so they are brown instead of white, grey or greasy.

Physiology

Bile