The XM800 Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle, or ARSV, was an experimental scout vehicle developed by the US Army in the 1970s. It was part of a series of armored vehicles being designed by the Army to replace their existing armored personnel carriers, the M113 and M114, with vehicles with greatly improved fighting capabilities. While the MICV-65 program focused on troop carriers, a separate requirement for a scout vehicle led to the XM800. None of the vehicles from the MICV-65 project entered production, although they provided valuable experience that was used in the M2 Bradley.

Two different vehicle designs were designed for the XM800 project, Lockheed's XM800W unconventional articulated 6 × 6 wheeled armored car and FMC's XM800T tracked version. Both models initially featured the same turret with the US-built version of the Hispano-Suiza HS.820 20 mm autocannon, the M139, as the primary weapon, as well as an M60-derived machine gun on a pintle mount. The M139 had been selected for all of the MICV projects. The XM800W was later equipped with a new turret design that kept the M139 cannon, but that had an upper cover that flipped forward to form a gun shield, or rearward to close up.

References
 Jane's World Armoured Fighting Vehicles, 1976.

Reconnaissance vehicles of the United States
Armoured cars
Articulated vehicles


Them: Adventures with Extremists is a book by British journalist Jon Ronson published in 2001.

The book accompanied Ronson's documentary series The Secret Rulers of the World, which covered similar topics and depicted many of the same episodes. Both the series and book detail Ronson's encounters following theorists and activists residing on the fringes of the political, religious, and sociological spectrum.

Plot
Ronson chronicles his travels and interviews with "extremists" and attempts to uncover the mystery behind the "tiny elite that rules the world from inside a secret room". The book is written on the premise that perhaps extremists are not all that crazy, and as different as they may seem to be, they have a lot in common with each other (specifically the belief that a small group of very prominent people controls the fate of the entire world). From Omar Bakri Muhammad ("Osama bin Laden's man in Great Britain") to Thomas Robb (Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan), Ronson exposes the hilarity and absurdity of their missions, but also, at times, their startling sanity.

His adventures lead him from Britain to Ruby Ridge, Idaho, to Waco, Texas, to Portugal.

Alongside subjects covered in The Secret Rulers of the World, Ronson also describes encounters with radical Islamic activist Omar Bakri Muhammad, Ku Klux Klan leader Thomas Robb, Northern Irish politician Ian Paisley and film director Tony Kaye. Omar Bakri Muhammad, Thom Robb, and Ian Paisley were the subjects of the earlier Ronson documentaries, Tottenham Ayatollah, New Klan, and Dr. Paisley, I Presume.

Much of this book is dedicated to the meeting places of the Bilderberg Group.

References

External links
 Booknotes interview with Ronson on Them, March 24, 2002.

2001 non-fiction books
Political books
Religious studies books
2001 in religion
Books about conspiracy theories
Books by Jon Ronson
Books about the Ku Klux Klan

Them: Adventures with Extremists


Ekven is an archaeological site in the Russian Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. It is located 30 km from the village of Uelen.  Here a 2000-year-old Eskimo Cemetery from the Old Bering Sea culture was discovered by D.A. Sergeev and S.A. Arutiunov.  They found graves made of wood, stone and whale bones. There were also burial of an older woman with a wooden mask.

Ekven is one of the most important archaeological discoveries in this area, competing only with Ipiutak site, Alaska, United States. The  archaeological finds here produced a clearer picture of the Old Bering Sea culture. For example, much evidence of female shaman were found. Altogether Ekven has about 100 graves which are still studied by Russian archaeologist Mikhael Bronstein.

See also
 Ipiutak site

References

Archaeological sites in Russia
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Cemeteries in Russia
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance
Cultural heritage monuments in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Ekven


Admiralteyskaya () is a station on the Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro. Opened on 28 December 2011, it is designed to relieve congestion at the Nevsky Prospekt and Gostiny Dvor stations, as well as to provide a more direct link to  the Hermitage and other notable museums. However, the completion of the station was hampered by the lack of funds and ongoing controversy over the placement of the station's exit. The station will eventually provide a transfer to the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line station tentatively designated Admiralteyskaya-2 (the construction of that station has not begun yet). After the exit location was settled, the station Admiralteyskaya-1 on the Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line was scheduled to open in 2008, but concerns over the station's historic significance pushed the opening back. In June 2009, the issue was finally settled and the station opened on 28 December 2011.

The name originates from the Admiralty building, which is located nearby.

History
The station's existence has been controversial for decades. Originally, Admiralteyskaya was going to be built on the Nevsko-Vasileostrovskaya Line, however the construction didn't go underway. Although the need for the station was apparent to the Metro planners for over three decades, the  actual construction proved to be a difficult process. The station was to be built close to Hermitage, several notable museums and several buildings designated as federal landmarks, which raised fears that those buildings would be adversely affected by construction. Thus, determining the location of the exit proved to be a difficult task that, after multiple attempts, was finally resolved on February 7, 2007. According to the city officials, it would be built on the site of the apartment building at #1/4 on Kirpichny Alley. The building was to be torn down so that a vestibule could be built in its place.

With the issue seemingly resolved, the city officials began moving out the building's residents, completely emptying it by the end of 2008. However the construction stalled due to the debate over the building's historic significance (it was the first building to be restored after the Siege of Leningrad). In June 2009, the issue was resolved in the Metro's favor (though the ruling stipulated that the building's original facade must be restored once the building is complete) and June 11, 2009, the contractors began to demolish the building. The construction commenced once all the debris were cleared.

When the construction of what was originally intended as the northern branch of the Frunzensko-Primorskaya Line began, the underground vestibule of Admiralteystkaya was built, even as the location of the exit remained uncertain. By 1997, most of the vestibule was completed. However, the lack of resolution over the status of the station's exit, combined with scarcity of funds, put further construction on halt. When the northern branch was opened as a temporary part of the Pravoberezhnaya Line, the train passed the unfinished station without stopping, slowing down slightly while transversing it. However, in 2005, the construction resumed. Trains began to occasionally stop at this station in early morning hours to drop off workers.

Transport
Buses: 2, 7, 3, 10, 22, 24, 27, 191. Trolleybuses: 1, 5, 7, 10, 11, 17, 22.

Architecture
The station is connected to the ground with two consecutive escalators. Since it is very difficult to build escalators longer than , it was decided to build one long escalator () to the intermediate level. From this level a shorter () escalator leads to the station. The total depth of the station is  which makes it the deepest metro station in Saint Petersburg.

References

Saint Petersburg Metro stations
Railway stations  in Russia opened in 2011
Railway stations located underground in Russia

Admiralteyskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)


The Pre-Columbian Art Museum (also known by the acronym of its Spanish name MAP) is an art museum in Cusco, Peru, dedicated to the display of archaeological artifacts and examples of pre-Columbian artworks drawn from all regions of pre-Columbian Peru. The museum is situated on Plazoleta de las Nazarenas in Cusco's San Blas district, and has on permanent display exhibitions of some 450 individual representative artifacts that are drawn from the wider collection of its parent museum, the Larco Museum in the Peruvian capital Lima.

History of the building

The building where the museum is now housed was originally an Inca ceremonial courthouse. In 1580, it was acquired by the conquistador Alonso Díaz and subsequently built over in Colonial style to become the home of an elite member of Cusco society, the Viceroy Hernandez de Cabrera, for whom the mansion is named. It then passed through many hands and had multiple functions, ultimately falling into a ruinous state. After a restoration by the Fundación BBVA, the Museo de Arte Precolombino re-opened in June 2003.

Peruvian President Alejandro Toledo inaugurated the museum at the summit, saying "we are showing the world our cultural wealth. I am profoundly proud that [we can give to the summit] a little of the culture that belongs not only to Peru, but also to Latin America… [The region must] look to its past to construct together a new Latin America with more health, education, justice for the poor and culture."

Exhibitions

The works of art displayed at the museum, encompass a period of time ranging between 1250 BC and  AD 1532. There are a total of ten galleries: Formative, Nasca, Mochica, Huari, Chancay – Chimu, Inca, Wood, Jewelry and Stone, Silver, and Gold and Metals.

The Formative Gallery houses pieces from many diverse cultures. Among these are Cupisnique, Salinar, Vicus, Viru and Paracas in its older phase or "cavernas". During this period (1250 B. C - 1 A. D.) there is a remarkable advance in ceramic art. Painting and sculpture take in place; there are beautifully naturalistic and symbolic representations; many of them enriched by the use of incise decoration in which the Cupisnique artist get to a high development.

The Inca culture conquered all the territory of pre-Columbian Peru where they restored with great political ability the Tahuantinsuyo empire. In the Inca Gallery magnificent ceramic objects are showcased like the emblematic aribalos or monumental vessels. These pieces have many decorative elements that transmit a subtle message of organization and symbolism. One of these aribalos is of great size and is unique to the collection.

Other points of interest

The Museum's Auditorium seats 120 people and often houses lectures and other local events.

References

External links

 Museo de Arte Precolombino | Map Cusco, official website

Museums in Cusco
Art museums established in 2003
Museo de Arte Precolombino
Art museums and galleries in Peru
Pre-Columbian art museums
Museo de Arte Precolombino
Museo de Arte Precolombino
Archaeological museums in Peru

Museo de Arte Precolombino, Cusco


The River Clwyd (Welsh: Afon Clwyd) is a river in Wales that rises in the Clocaenog Forest ()  northwest of Corwen. Its total length is .

It flows due south until, at Melin-y-wig, it veers north-eastwards, tracking the A494 and passing through Derwen, Llanelidan, Pwllglas and Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd to Ruthin. Here it leaves the relatively narrow valley and enters a broad agricultural vale, the Vale of Clwyd (Welsh: Dyffryn Clwyd). Just south of Denbigh, it is joined by the River Clywedog. This substantial tributary also has its source in the Clocaenog Forest but drains out to the east and north of the forest and passes through Cyffylliog, Bontuchel and Rhewl before its confluence with the main river.

Then the Clwyd meanders northwards through the fertile Clwyd valley to St Asaph. Around  north of St Asaph, the river is joined by a tributary as large as the main river, the River Elwy. In normal flows at low tide, the waters of these two rivers can be seen flowing side by side down the river with little mixing.

The River Elwy has its source a long way to the west on the flanks of Moel Seisiog south-east of Llanrwst. It also has a tributary the River Aled with its source in the upland lake Llyn Aled. The Elwy flows principally eastwards to join the Clwyd passing through few villages. At the confluence of the Elwy and the Clwyd, the river becomes tidal and enters a narrow estuary with much wildlife before meeting the Irish Sea at Rhyl.

In 1277, King Edward I sited a castle next to the Clwyd at Rhuddlan. In order for his supply barges to reach the castle, he employed 968 men to work on what was called 'The Great Ditch'. He straightened the  stretch of river that ran from the castle to the sea. This was an enormous feat of engineering, compared even to today's modern standards, and it is still possible to make out the original loops and turns of the Clwyd using satellite imagery.

The former county of Clwyd, consisting of the principal areas of modern-day Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire and Wrexham, was named after the river, when it was created as a two-tier county in 1974.

The River Clwyd is known for an excellent run of sea trout (sewin), as well as Atlantic Salmon. In recent years including the recent 2017 season there have been good reported catches of wild brown trout most of which are returned unharmed on a voluntary catch and release system. Rhyl and St Asaph Angling Association controls  of fishing on the River Clwyd and its tributaries the River Elwy and River Aled.

See also
Rivers of the United Kingdom

References

Clwyd
Clwyd
Ruthin
Llanelidan

River Clwyd


Dick Van Patten's Natural Balance Pet Foods is an American pet food manufacturer with its headquarters located in Burbank, Los Angeles, California. Established in 1989 by actor Dick Van Patten, the company markets itself as "Food For a Lifetime" and promotes itself as having "the finest food you can buy for your pet." A subsidiary of Big Heart Pet Brands, it was previously owned by the J.M. Smucker Company until February 2021, when it was sold to Nexus Capital Management LP.

History
Natural Balance began in 1989 when Van Patten was a guest on John Davidson's show. Van Patten had lunch with the show's band drummer, Joey Herrick, who rescued dogs and cats. Van Patten told him when he was a kid he had snakes, alligators, and other animals. The drummer and Van Patten had an idea of making a health food for dogs. At the time, Van Patten played tennis with a veterinarian and she said the best quality food should have no filler, no wheat, no corn, no soy, and no by-products.

Many of Natural Balance's dry formulas maintain this initial ingredient list; others, such as the dog food rolls, include wheat flour and sugar. As of 2014, the food rolls have been reformulated to not contain wheat flour and instead utilize brown rice.

Initially Natural Balance lost money, until the brand was picked up by Petco and featured in more than 625 stores.

On May 22, 2013, Natural Balance merged with Del Monte Foods, maker of pet foods such as Kibbles 'n Bits, Meow Mix and Milo's Kitchen.  In March 2015 The J.M. Smucker Company purchased Natural Balance Pet Foods and the Big Heart Pet Brands from Del Monte.

Products
The product line includes L.I.D. Limited Ingredient Diets, Original Ultra Whole Body Health, Vegetarian, and Wild Pursuit high protein diets.

Pet food formulas
Natural Balance has a large variety of both dog and cat formulas in dry, treats, rolls, or canned form, including:

 Limited Ingredient Diets-Dry Dog
 Limited Ingredient Diets-Wet Dog

Zoological formulas
Natural Balance was a member of Association of Zoos and Aquariums and has created zoological products that are formulated specifically for carnivores in zoos and wild animal parks and not sold to the general public. These foods were developed by Director of Zoological Product Research and Development Dr. Martin R. Dinnes, a founding member of the American College of Zoological Medicine.

Natural Balance's zoological formulas were used by, among others, Big Cat Rescue, Tippi Hedren's Shambala Preserve, Toledo Zoo, San Diego Zoo, San Diego Zoo Safari Park and SeaWorld.

Programs
Natural Balance is the official dog food of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Arson Investigation and Explosives Detection Canines.

Honoring Service Dogs

Natural Balance partnered with the Petco Foundation to raise money to honor service dogs across America. The organizations aspire to raise $1 million to honor guide dogs and military service dogs across America. Natural Balance and Petco are working to build a National Monument for Military Working Dogs, which will be dedicated at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, in 2013.

Recalls
Natural Balance was one of the brands involved in the 2007 Melamine-Contaminated Pet Food Recalls. On April 16, 2007, the company informed the FDA that they had received complaints from consumers regarding a select amount of Venison & Brown Rice Dry Dog Food and Venison & Green Pea Dry Cat Food. Some animals were reported to have vomited and a few experienced kidney failures. Natural Balance immediately issued a voluntary recall for all its Venison dog products and its dry Venison cat food after lab results showed that some of the products contained trace amounts of melamine. The source of melamine was believed to be from rice protein concentrate.

On April 27, 2007, Natural Balance issued a second recall for three canned dog food and one canned cat food. Like the first recall, the contaminants were melamine in rice protein concentrates. As with the venison based formulas, rice protein concentrate was not on the list of ingredients of the four products. This time, Natural Balance claimed that their canned food manufacturer American Nutrition, Inc (ANI) added the rice protein concentrate without their knowledge or consent, calling it a "manufacturing deviation". In response, ANI issued a press release denying any deliberate or intentionally wrongful conduct, claiming that "customers specifically required rice-based formulations". Along with Natural Balance, other pet food organizations such as Blue Buffalo and Menu Foods were affected by the contaminated products and issued recalls.

Additionally, in July 2007, a small lot of certain Natural Balance canned pet foods were recalled after it was determined that they may have been involved in a large-scale Botulism outbreak, associated with its producer Castleberry's Food Company. No illnesses were reported with the pet food.

As a result of the 2007 recalls, the company built an ISO 17025-accredited laboratory to proactively test each production run of their products for nine different toxins before shipping the food to retailers.

On July 3, 2020, J.M. Smucker announced a voluntary recall of a single lot of Natural Balance Ultra Premium Chicken & Chicken Liver Paté Formula cat food upon discovering elevated levels of choline chloride after receiving complaints from cat owners whose pets had become sick after eating it.  The company did not publicly divulge details as to which symptoms the affected cats had developed, but warned in its announcement that "Ingesting impacted product may cause nausea with excessive salivation, constricted pupils and poor vision, diarrhea or vomiting to more severe symptoms including difficulty walking, muscle shaking, tremors, irregular heartbeat, difficulty breathing, possible cardiac or respiratory failure and, in extreme situations, death."

References

External links

Cat food brands
Dog food brands
The J.M. Smucker Co. brands
Food and drink companies based in Los Angeles
Manufacturing companies based in Los Angeles
Companies established in 1989
1989 establishments in California
Pacoima, Los Angeles

Natural Balance Pet Foods


A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. Triple bonds are stronger than the equivalent single bonds or double bonds, with a bond order of three. The most common triple bond is in a nitrogen N2 molecule; the second most common is that between two carbon atoms, which can be found in alkynes. Other functional groups containing a triple bond are cyanides and isocyanides. Some diatomic molecules, such as dinitrogen and carbon monoxide, are also triple bonded. In skeletal formulae the triple bond is drawn as three parallel lines (≡) between the two connected atoms.

Bonding
The types of bonding can be explained in terms of orbital hybridization. In the case of acetylene each carbon atom has two sp-orbitals and two p-orbitals. The two sp-orbitals  are linear with 180° angles and occupy the x-axis (cartesian coordinate system). The p-orbitals are perpendicular on the y-axis and the z-axis. When the carbon atoms approach each other, the sp orbitals overlap to form an sp-sp sigma bond. At the same time the pz-orbitals approach and together they form a pz-pz pi-bond. Likewise, the other pair of py-orbitals form a  py-py pi-bond. The result is formation of one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

In the bent bond model, the triple bond can also formed by the overlapping of three sp3 lobes without the need to invoke a pi-bond.

Triple bonds between elements heavier than oxygen

Many elements beyond oxygen can form triple bonds. They are common for transition metals. Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) and Hexa(tert-butoxy)dimolybdenum(III) are well known examples. The M-M distance is about 233 pm.  The W2 compound has attracted particular attention for its reactions with alkynes, leading to metal-carbon triple bonded compounds of the formula RC≡W(OBut)3

References

Chemical bonding

Triple bond


Westland Aircraft was a British aircraft manufacturer located in Yeovil, Somerset. Formed as a separate company by separation from Petters Limited just before the start of the Second World War, Westland had been building aircraft since 1915. During the war the company produced a number of generally unsuccessful designs, but their Lysander would serve as an important liaison aircraft with the Royal Air Force. After the war the company focused on helicopters, and was merged with several other British firms to create Westland Helicopters in 1961.

History

Foundation

In 1915 the Westland Aircraft Works was founded as a division of Petters in response to government orders for the construction under licence of initially 12 Short Type 184 seaplanes, followed by 20 Short Admiralty Type 166.  Orders for other aircraft followed during First World War, including the Sopwith 1½ Strutter, the de Havilland designed Airco DH.4, Airco DH.9 and Airco DH.9A and the Vickers Vimy.  The name "Westland" was chosen by Mrs Petter as new land purchased as part of an expansion in 1913 at West Hendford which had been earmarked for a new foundry, but ended up becoming the centre for aircraft production. As a result of the experience gained in manufacturing aircraft under licence, Westland began to design and build its own aircraft, starting with the Westland N.1B in 1917, which was followed in 1918 by the Wagtail and the Weasel.

Following the end of war, Westland produced the Limousine and Woodpigeon light aircraft for the civilian market, but most successful was the Wapiti close support aircraft. In 1935 Petters split its aircraft manufacturing from its aircraft engine concerns to form Westland Aircraft Limited, based in Yeovil, Somerset.

World War Two

The Whirlwind was the UK's first cannon-armed fighter and faster than many other British aircraft at the time but was troubled by the inability of Rolls-Royce to produce the engines.
The Lysander army co-operation aircraft was displaced for reconnaissance as too vulnerable but found favour for specialist missions into occupied Europe carrying agents. Westland tendered designs for new aircraft during the war but only the Welkin was accepted. The Welkin was a twin-engine high altitude design to intercept attempts by high-flying German bombers to attack Britain. When the threat never appeared production was limited.

For much of the war their factories were used to build Supermarine Spitfires, after the Supermarine factory in Southampton was bombed out of action during the Battle of Britain; indeed Westlands built more Spitfires than any other manufacturer. Westland would then go on to be the major designers of the Supermarine Seafire, a navalised conversion of the Spitfire.

Post-war success

The Westland Wyvern was a post-war design of carrier-based strike-fighter for the Fleet Air Arm serving up to 1958.

Post-war the company decided to get out of fixed-wing aircraft and concentrate solely on helicopters under a licensing agreement with Sikorsky. This upset W.E.W. Petter, the chief designer, who left to form a new aircraft division at English Electric that would go on to be very successful.

Production started with the Sikorsky S-51 flying for the first time in 1948 and as the Westland-Sikorksy Dragonfly entering service with the Royal Navy and RAF from 1950. Westland developed an improved version the Widgeon which was not a great success. Success with the Dragonfly was repeated with the Sikorsky S-55 which became the Whirlwind, and a re-engined Sikorsky S-58 in both turboshaft and turbine engine powered designs as the Wessex.

In 1952 Westland decided on four helicopter designs for possible development:
 The W-80 which was a 24-passenger short range medium lift helicopter with fixed landing gear and similar to the future Westland Commando in appearance.
 The W-81, a high speed, streamlined 32-passenger helicopter, with retractable landing gear and a top speed of . Similar to many modern helicopters of today it had twin turbine engines mounted on the fuselage.
 The W-85, a very large helicopter that could lift 15 tons (100 soldiers or their equivalent) in the military version. It was so big that jeeps and medium artillery could be parked side by side internally.  Loading and unloading was to be accomplished through a clam shell door on the nose and a retractable ramp in the rear.  Power would be from blade tip system, where at the ends of each of the three massive rotor blades was a streamlined pod, with two turbojet engines mounted in each pod.
 The W-90, a colossal 450-seat troopship, with three Sapphire turbojets mounted on its rotor-tips. The W.90 was suggested for development in 1952, with a ( rotor diameter).

None of these Westland helicopters advanced further than the paper study. Westland did progress as a private venture, a large space-frame cargo helicopter design using a Sikorksy rotor head - the Westland Westminster - but this was dropped later in favour of the government funded Fairey Rotodyne.

Forced mergers
From 1959 to 1961 the British government forced the consolidation of 20 or so British aviation firms into three larger groups with the threat of withheld contracts and the lure of project funding.  While the majority of fixed-wing aircraft design and construction lay in the British Aircraft Corporation and the Hawker Siddeley Group, the helicopter divisions of Bristol, Fairey and Saunders-Roe (with their hovercraft) were merged with Westland to form Westland Helicopters in 1961.

Products

Fixed-wing aircraft

 Westland N.1B
 Westland Wagtail
 Westland Weasel
 Westland Limousine
 Westland Walrus
 Westland Dreadnought
 Westland Woodpigeon
 Westland Widgeon
 Westland Yeovil
 Westland Wizard
 Westland Westbury
 Westland Wapiti
 Westland Witch
 Westland-Hill Pterodactyl series of tailless aircraft
 Westland Interceptor
 Westland IV and Wessex
 Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter
 Westland Wallace
 Westland PV-3 (Houston-Westland)
 Westland PV-6 (Houston-Wallace)
 Westland PV.7
 Westland F.7/30
 Westland Lysander
 Westland Whirlwind
 Westland Welkin
 Westland Wyvern
 Fairey Gannet AEW.3 - Westland Aircraft took over Gannet AEW.3 production in 1960

Rotorcraft

 Cierva C.29 a joint Cierva / Westland project, built but never flown
 Westland CL.20 a two-seater autogiro built by Westland, the designation "CL" coming from Cierva and George Lepere (of Leo et Oliver). The war prevented further production.
 Fairey Rotodyne - Westland Aircraft took over the Rotodyne project in May 1960
 Westland Dragonfly a license-built version of the American Sikorsky S-51
 Westland Wessex a turbine-powered version of the Sikorsky S-58
 Westland Whirlwind a license-built version of the U.S. Sikorsky S-55/H-19 Chickasaw with British engines.
 Westland Widgeon a private venture by Westland Aircraft as an improvement on the Westland WS-51 Dragonfly
 Westland Westminster (1958) – heavy lift helicopter, private venture to prototype stage only
 Westland Wisp Small remote-controlled helicopter.

Others
 Westland-Lepere Autogiro
 license holder for hovercraft trademark original held by Saunders-Roe

Subsidiaries
Normalair was created to continue the development and marketing of the pressure relief valves used in the Welkin project.

See also
 Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom

Notes

References

 James, Derek N. Westland: A History. Gloucestershire UK: Tempus Publishing Ltd, 2002. .
 Mondey, David. Westland (Planemakers 2). London: Jane's Publishing Company, 1982. .
 James, Derek N. Westland Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1991.
Wings from the West: 40 years of Westland Flight 15 April 1955 by H. F. KING, MBE.
Penrose "The Westland Way, Part 1 - Beginnings" Flight International 27 May 1965

External links

 AgustaWestland official site
 The hovercraft of the Westlands Aircraft Group (including Saunders-Roe and British Hovercraft Corporation)
 Westland at Helis.com : timeline and database section

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct helicopter manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Yeovil
British companies established in 1915
Manufacturing companies established in 1915
1915 establishments in England

Westland Aircraft


Rancid are an influential ska-punk band formed in 1991 in Albany, California by Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman.

Current members
 Tim Armstrong (vocals and guitarist)
 Lars Frederiksen (guitarist)
 Matt Freeman (bassist)
 Branden Steineckert (drummer)

History
Rancid were formed in 1991 out of the ashes of out of the seminal ska punk band Operation Ivy, which had broken up two years earlier. Following Operation Ivy's breakup, Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman decided to form a new band, and started a hardcore punk group called Generator, which quickly broke up. They also started two other ska influenced bands, Downfall and Dance Hall Crashers, but moved on quickly from both. In 1991, after Armstrong and Freeman recruited drummer Brett Reed, Rancid officially became Rancid.

Rancid's first official recorded release was a 1992 self-titled EP, which is currently out of print, for Operation Ivy's old label Lookout! Records. Also during 1992, shortly after releasing this, Rancid were signed to Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz's label, Epitaph Records, and finally released their first album in 1993, which is also self-titled. Prior to its release, the band was looking for a second guitarist and Armstrong asked former UK Subs guitarist Lars Frederiksen to be Rancid's second guitarist, but he immediately turned down the request. However, after Billie Joe Armstrong (who was in Green Day at the time) declined, Frederiksen changed his mind and decided to join Rancid.

Frederiksen was present on Rancid's second album, Let's Go, which was released in 1994 and spawned the radio hit "Salvation". That year their label-mates, The Offspring, experienced a huge success with their album Smash. The Offspring took Rancid on tour with them, and helped Let's Go make it to #97 on Billboard's Heatseekers and Billboard 200 charts, respectively. With the success of the album Rancid were pursued by several major labels, including Madonna's Maverick Records, but the band eventually turned down the idea of signing to a different label and decided to just stay on Epitaph.

Rancid's popularity grew in 1995 with their third album, ...And Out Come the Wolves, which quickly surpassed Let's Go in terms of success. The critically-acclaimed album, also the band's most successful, produced three singles, "Roots Radicals", "Time Bomb", and "Ruby Soho", which all charted on the North American Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, and the band performed two of these songs on Saturday Night Live. ...And Out Come the Wolves was certified gold by the RIAA on January 22, 1996. It was also certified platinum on September 23, 2004.

Since the release of ...And Out Come the Wolves, Rancid would became one of the most important punk bands of the 1990s, along with ALL, Bad Religion, Face to Face, Green Day, Guttermouth, Lagwagon, NOFX, The Offspring, Pennywise, Social Distortion (the latter of which Freeman would eventually join and later leave), The Vandals, and many others.

Discography
 Rancid (Gun Cover) (1993)
 Let's Go (1994)
 ...And Out Come the Wovles (1995)
 Life Won't Wait (1998)
 Rancid (Skull Cover) (2000)
 Indestructible (2003)
 Let the Dominoes Fall (2009)
 Honor Is All We Know (2014)

References

Other websites
The Official Rancid Website
RANCID FRANCE: Roots Radicals
The Official LJs Webpage
Rancid on allmusic
Rancid Videoclips

1991 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1991

Rancid (band)


Tituba was a slave in Salem Village during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. She was the first to be accused of witchcraft and the first to confess. This confession was obtained after she was beaten by her master. She accused others, setting off the witchcraft hysteria that swept the village. She was never tried or executed as a witch. She was sent to jail, but later released. What happened to her after her release is not known.

Tituba was a West Caribbean Indian from the land of Barbados, where she practiced incantations and songs of conjuring. She was asked by Ann Putnam to conjure up the spirits of her dead children that she had lost to miscarriage (she believed her babies to be murdered).

Tituba is a character from Arthur Miller's play, The Crucible.

People from Massachusetts
17th-century births
Year of death unknown
Slaves
Salem Witch Trials

Tituba


The Kirtland Temple is the first temple built by adherents of the Latter Day Saint movement and is located in Kirtland, Ohio, United States. Designed by Joseph Smith, the founder and original leader of the movement, the architecture mixes the Federal, Greek Revival, and Gothic Revival architectural styles. The temple is currently owned and operated by the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church). It has been a National Historic Landmark since 1969.

Construction

Beginning in 1831, members of the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints), under the direction of church founder Joseph Smith, began to gather in the Kirtland area. In December 1832, Smith stated he received a revelation that called for the construction of a house of worship, education, and order. On May 6, 1833, Smith stated he had received a revelation from God, directing members of the church to construct "a house ... wholly dedicated unto the Lord for the work of the presidency," "dedicated unto the Lord from the foundation thereof, according to the order of the priesthood."

Directions were given to build a "lower court and a higher court," and a promise given that the Lord's "glory shall be there, and [his] presence shall be there." This building, which would have sat next to the Kirtland Temple was never started, nor was the third building which was to be a house for the printing operations of the church. Instead, the functions of this office building ended up in the attic of the Kirtland Temple. The date of this document is also in question as it makes reference to the Kirtland Temple which is described in the following section of the Doctrine Covenants and dated June 1, 1833.

Construction commenced soon thereafter, quarrying Berea sandstone from the base of Gildersleeve Mountain, and gathering lumber from the surrounding area, particularly from the gravel pits on the other side of Gildersleeve Mountain along Hobart Road.

Church members donated labor and building materials, including glass and pottery which was ground up into the stucco.

The Kirtland Temple was not originally white on the exterior as it is today.  The original exterior was a bluish-gray according to Truman Coe, a local minister in the 1830s.  The roof is believed to have been red, and the front doors olive green.  Presently, only the doors are the original color.

The first structure of its kind to be built by the Latter Day Saint movement, the Kirtland Temple is different in purpose from the Nauvoo Temple built in the 1840s. It is different in both design and purpose from the temples built by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the largest denomination of the movement, in later years as they embraced and grew from Nauvoo temple theology.

The lower inner court is used primarily for various worship services. It has two sets of pulpits, one set on either end, and the pews featured an adjustable design that allowed the audience to face either end. The second floor was designed for education, and was to house a school for church leaders known as the "School of Mine Apostles" (See School of the Prophets). Use of the third floor alternated use between general academic classes during the day, church quorum meetings in the evenings, the Kirtland Theological Institution, the School of the Elders (possibly an enlargement of the school of the prophets, and may have been destined to become the school of mine apostles), church offices, including that of Smith, were also located on the third floor. At the time of construction, none of the ordinances associated with LDS Church's temple worship, such as baptism by proxy, had been instituted.

Truman O. Angell recorded in his journal that about this time Frederick G. Williams, one of Smith's counselors, came into the temple one day during construction and related the following:

Joseph received the word of the Lord for him to take his two counselors, Frederick G. Williams and Sidney Rigdon, and come before the Lord and He would show them the plan or model of the house to be built. We went upon our knees, called on the Lord, and the building appeared within viewing distance. I being the first to discover it. Then all of us viewed it together. After we had taken a good look at the exterior, the building seemed to come right over us, and the makeup of this hall seemed to coincide with what I there saw to a minutia.

According to Leonard J. Arrington's economic history of the Latter Day Saint movement, Great Basin Kingdom, the temple cost $40,000 to construct.

Temples of nearly identical design were planned at about the same time period in Missouri at Temple Lot (in Independence), Far West, and Adam-ondi-Ahman.  However, none were built because of the 1838 Mormon War which evicted the members from the state.

Many church members were important to the construction of the Kirtland Temple. Of particular note is Artemus Millet, who has been credited for providing the method of the exterior wall construction, head mason, creating the mix of the exterior stucco, and as the superintendent of construction for a portion of the work. There is some disagreement as to the question if Millet was baptized before or after his building skills were needed and recommended by Brigham and Joseph Young. Either way, he was baptized by Brigham and confirmed by Joseph while in Canada, and Millet came afterwards to help provide methods, labor, and financial support for the building of the Kirtland Temple.

Dedication

The temple was dedicated in a seven-hour service on March 27, 1836. A reported "one thousand persons" attended the gathering, which introduced such traditional dedication rites as the Hosanna Shout and singing of the hymn written by W. W. Phelps entitled "The Spirit of God Like a Fire Is Burning." Following a two-and-a-half hour sermon given by church leader Sidney Rigdon, Smith offered a dedicatory prayer that had been prepared by a committee of church leaders, which he indicated was given to him by revelation. Two other church leaders, Brigham Young and David W. Patten, were reported to have been inspired to speak in tongues following the prayer ().  Truman O. Angell recorded in his journal the following account:

When about midway during the prayer, there was a glorious sensation passed through the house [Kirtland Temple]; and we, having our heads bowed in prayer, felt a sensation very elevating to the soul. At the close of the prayer, F. G. Williams being in the upper east stand- -Joseph being in the speaking stand next below--rose and testified that midway during the prayer an holy angel came and seated himself in the stand. When the afternoon meeting assembled, Joseph, feeling very much elated, arose the first thing and said the personage who had appeared in the morning was the Angel Peter come to accept the dedication.

Visions and miracles
On January 21, 1836, before the temple was completed, Smith reported the first of several visions received at the temple. As he and his associates performed a feet washing and anointing ritual, he saw "the celestial kingdom of God, and the glory thereof ... [and] the blazing throne of God, whereon was seated the Father and the Son." Smith also reported seeing Adam, Abraham, and three family members, only one of which had previously died; this experience of Smith was canonized by the LDS Church as revelation and published as Section 137 of the Doctrine and Covenants for the first time in 1981.

Not long after the dedication, several more visions were reported. On April 3, Smith had his scribe, Warren Cowdery, write down in his personal journal an account of a spiritual experience Smith and Oliver Cowdery had while praying in the pulpits. In this experience Joseph states that he and Oliver saw Jesus Christ "standing upon the breastwork of the pulpit." According to Smith's account, Christ accepted the church's dedication of the temple, and promised blessings according to their obedience. Following the conclusion of this vision of Christ, the account goes on to tell of Smith and Cowdery then receiving visions of Moses, Elias, and Elijah. The account in Smith's journal is the only known telling of this occurrence during his lifetime. The LDS Church canonized it as Section 110 of their Doctrine and Covenants in 1876.

Shifting ownership
Smith's time in Kirtland after the temple came into use was limited. In 1837, he became involved with the foundation of a bank known as the Kirtland Safety Society. The failure of this bank was a factor that caused a schism among Latter Day Saints in Kirtland. The dissenters were led by Warren Parrish, Smith's former secretary, and included Martin Harris, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormon. Parrish's group took control of the temple and other church property. By the beginning of 1838, Smith was forced to flee the state, relocating to Far West, Missouri with hundreds of loyalists.  After the Mormons moved west in 1838, the temple was used by the Western Reserve Teacher's Seminary. Parrish's group dissolved and by 1841 the remaining Latter Day Saints in Kirtland had come back into communion with the main body of the church, which had subsequently relocated to Nauvoo, Illinois.

A period of confusion followed Smith's death in 1844, as rival leaders and factions vied for control of the temple. In 1845, the Latter Day Saints in Kirtland, under the leadership of S. B. Stoddard, Leonard Rich and Jacob Bump organized their own church in opposition to those of Brigham Young, James J. Strang and other leaders. This group later merged with a faction led by William E. McLellin whose president was David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses.

By 1848, another Latter Day Saint faction led by Hazen Aldrich and James Collin Brewster was organized in Kirtland and maintained control of the temple. This faction also dissolved and most of the members who were in Kirtland eventually joined the Community of Christ (then known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, adding the word Reorganized to their name in 1872) led by Joseph Smith III. In 1860, a probate court in Ohio sold the Kirtland Temple as a means of paying off some debts owned by Joseph Smith's estate. Joseph Smith III and Mark Hill Forscutt purchased a quitclaim deed to the temple in 1874.

In 1880, the RLDS Church began the Kirtland Temple Suit, in an attempt to gain clear legal title to the temple. The court opinion stated that the RLDS Church was the lawful successor of the original church, but ultimately dismissed the case. Although the case had no legal bearing, the Community of Christ secured ownership of the temple through adverse possession by at least 1901.

The local RLDS congregation met in the building on a regular basis for Sunday worship until the 1950s. Due to preservation concerns, a new church was built across the street (for the congregation) and the temple saw more direct management and funding from the world church. Today, the building is used for approximately 50 to 60 worship services, classes, retreats and other special events throughout the year primarily by various Latter Day Saint denominations.

Unlike the later built Nauvoo Temple, the Kirtland Temple was never destroyed or burned down.  The same stones from the original construction are still in place today. Although the majority of church members left the Kirtland area for Missouri in 1838, the Kirtland Temple was never completely abandoned by the church. From its inception to the present day it has always been in the possession of members of the original and schismatic Latter Day Saint movement. It has been a place of worship and a symbol of the movement since it was dedicated in 1836.

E. Cecil McGavin says the temple was used as a barn for their animals. "The ... beneficiaries of the Mormon exodus from Ohio did not need a house of worship as large as the temple, so they used it as a barn. They made a sloping driveway into the basement, using that large room as a shelter for the milch cows of the community during the winter months", "while they filled the ground floor room with sheep"

Present day
The Kirtland Temple was used as the meetinghouse for Kirtland's RLDS congregation until the 1950s, when a modern church was built across the street. Today, the temple is usually experienced through guided tours, community services, and prearranged meetings for out-of-town groups.

Each year tens of thousands take tours of the temple. Temple guides are typically local residents, usually but not always members of the Community of Christ. During the busy summer months, college-aged adults augment the Temple's staff as part of the Alma Blair Internship Program. Throughout the year, other volunteers travel to the temple for stints as guides, maintenance staff, or gardeners.

There are about 50 worship services and/or educational events held each year at the Kirtland Temple. The temple holds community services for Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, and Holy Week, as well as the annual Emma Smith Hymn Festival in June. Additionally, members of various Latter Day Saint denominations travel to the temple where they are permitted to hold their own services with prior arrangement.

A Spiritual Formation and Visitors' Center was opened in March 2007. The center's exterior is inspired by that of the Kirtland Temple, and its layout has been described as reflecting a dove. It enhances the ministries of the temple by providing classroom space, worship space, a multi-use theater, offices, and a small museum. The museum contains artifacts related to the temple and original documents from the Kirtland era. There is also a museum gift shop which features a broad selection of books on Latter Day Saint history and the various expressions of the movement.

A historic cemetery and gardens are located outside the temple.

Footnotes

Further reading
 Truman O. Angell, Autobiography (1810-1856) in "His Journal," Our Pioneer Heritage 10 (1967):195-213.
 Marilyn Chiat, North American Churches. Lincolnwood, IL: Publications International, Ltd., 2004.
 David J. Howlett, Kirtland Temple: The Biography of a Shared Mormon Space. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2014.
 Roger Launius, The Kirtland Temple: A Historical Narrative. Independence, Missouri: Herald Publishing House, 1986.
 Elwin C. Robison, The First Mormon Temple: Design, Construction, and Historic Context of the Kirtland Temple, Provo, UT: BYU Press, 1997.

External links

Wikisource - Kirtland Temple Dedication - Account of Kirtland Temple dedication from March 1836 issue of Messenger and Advocate, an early Latter Day Saint periodical
Kirtland Temple – official website
Architectural drawings of the Kirtland Temple from the Library of Congress
Kirtland Temple Historic Site

Religious buildings and structures of the Community of Christ
Buildings and structures in Lake County, Ohio
National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Ohio
National Historic Landmarks in Ohio
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Churches in Ohio
Museums in Lake County, Ohio
Religious museums in Ohio
Temples (LDS Church) in Ohio
Tourist attractions in Lake County, Ohio
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 1836
19th-century Latter Day Saint temples in the United States
Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Mormon museums in the United States
1836 establishments in Ohio

Kirtland Temple


Douglas Strachan (26 May 1875, Aberdeen, Scotland – 20 November 1950) is considered the most significant Scottish designer of stained glass windows in the 20th century. He is best known for his windows at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, at Edinburgh's Scottish National War Memorial and in cathedrals and churches throughout the United Kingdom. He is also known for his paintings, murals, and illustrations.

Early life and education
Strachan was born in Aberdeen in 1875. He studied art at Gray's School of Art in Aberdeen from 1893 to 1894 while he worked as  an apprentice to the Aberdeen Free Press as a lithographer.  He later studied art at the Life School of the Royal Scottish Academy in Edinburgh from 1894 to 1895.

Career

From 1895 to 1897, Strachan worked in Manchester as a black and white artist on several newspapers, and as a political cartoonist for the Manchester Evening Chronicle. Strachan learned to work in stained glass in 1898–1899, while in Manchester, probably studying with Walter Williams, of the firm Williams Brothers & Co., Chester, Manchester and London. Strachan returned to Aberdeen after 1897 and worked as a mural and portrait painter.

In 1899, Strachan travelled to France and Italy. He studied the art of medieval and renaissance Italy, as well as contemporary French painters. In a memoir written by Strachan's daughter, she stated that Strachan had been "enthralled by the medieval windows of Chartres—inspired above all by their luminous monumentality rather than specific details of style and technique." Strachan's European tour had a major impact on his future work as a stained-glass artist.

The two windows Strachan completed in 1900 after his return from Europe, show the influence of the art he studied on his tour and also his growing interest in stained glass of the Arts and Crafts movement.  Jesus Blessing Children (1900), South Church, St Mark's, Aberdeen and Christ in Glory and Evangelists (901), St James Episcopal Church, Aberdeen, both represent the imagery and jewel like tones of contemporary Arts and Crafts windows.

By 1909, Strachan had produced a number of stained glass works. He was hired as the head of the Crafts Section of the Edinburgh College of Art. He supervised the Applied Art department of the College, which included classes in stained glass. Strachan, and his brother Alexander, who was hired as the technical instructor of stained glass, opened a stained-glass studio-workshop in Edinburgh. The added stress of working on his own stained glass commissions while teaching and acting as department head led Strachan to resign his position at the school in 1911. From 1911 until he retired in the 1940s, Strachan worked primarily on stained glass commissions.

Around 1928 he bought Pittendreich House, just outside Lasswade, a few miles south of Edinburgh. The house was designed by David Bryce in 1857 for Sir George Deas.

By 1929,  Strachan had won international acclaim for his work, including his four windows of 1911-13 at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. He also added to his international reputation as an influential stained glass artist for his war memorial windows for the Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle.

Legacy

In the Journal of Stained Glass, stained glass historian and author Peter Cormack proposed that "there is probably no British stained glass artist who could match Strachan's ability to draw with lead".  Strachan, a contemporary of Harry Clarke (1889–1931) in Ireland and Christopher Whall in England, is seen as one of the three most important stained glass artists working in Great Britain and Ireland at the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century.

Private life

Strachan died in Pittendreich House in Lasswade, Midlothian, and is buried in the central section of the 20th century extension to Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh.

Works

Although Strachan was interested in Futurism, Cubism and Vorticism, his work shows little influence of this. Strachan often composed his windows in areas of pure colour which were then defined by areas of silvery white. His largest commission was to design the windows for the Scottish National War Memorial in Edinburgh Castle in the late 1920s.

Strachan's work can also be seen at:
 St Aidan's Church, Bamburgh, Northumberland
 St Andrew's United Reformed Church (incl. War Memorial Window – "Sacrifice"), Hampstead, London
 All Saints, Jesus Lane, Cambridge
All Saints' Church, St Andrews
 The Peace Palace at The Hague, Netherlands
 Humbie Parish Church, East Lothian
 King's College Chapel, Aberdeen
 Noble College, University of Aberdeen
 St Machar's Cathedral, Aberdeen
 New Machar Parish Church, Newmachar, Aberdeenshire
 St Lawrence's Church, East Rounton, North Yorkshire (memorial window to Gertrude Bell
 Fraserburgh Old Parish Church (1906)
 East window (St Andrew) in the Thistle Chapel, St Giles Cathedral (1909–11)
 St Magnus Cathedral, Kirkwall, Orkney (1912)
 Nairn Old Parish Church, Nairn
 "David being anointed by Samuel", Dirleton Kirk (1916)
 St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle (1922)
Bedrule Church (1922)
 "Christ Walking on the Water", St Giles Cathedral (1922)
 St Giles Cathedral, saint windows (1932–35)
Westminster College, Cambridge
 Bothwell Parish Church, South Lanarkshire, Gilchrist Window, for Marion Gilchrist
 St Margaret's Church, West Hoathly, Sussex
 St Thomas' Church, Winchelsea, East Sussex
 St Michael and All Angels, Waterford, Hertfordshire
 Paisley Abbey main east window (his largest work)
 St John's Kirk, Perth, Scotland
 University of Glasgow Chapel
 University of Glasgow Bute Hall
 Kilbrandon and Kilchattan Kirk, Argyll
 St Mary of the Angels, Brownshill, Gloucestershire.
 St Andrew's Episcopal Church, Kelso, Scottish Borders
 St Oswald's Church, Hotham, East Yorkshire (which contains 6 windows by Strachan)
 All Saints Church, North Cave, East Yorkshire
 The Katherine Graham Memorial Chapel situated at Dr. Graham's Homes in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India. Contains six windows by the artist.
 St Mary, Kemsing, Kent

References

1875 births
1950 deaths
Alumni of Gray's School of Art
Artists from Aberdeen
British editorial cartoonists
British stained glass artists and manufacturers
Scottish designers

Douglas Strachan


Our Lady of Ransom Church is a Catholic church located at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India.

Location
Kanyakumari village is situated in the District of Kanyakumari in the southernmost part of the Indian subcontinent (also referred as The Lands End). The Kanyakumari Parish almost coincides with the civil village of Kanyakumari. It is closely associated with the mainstream Catholic faith in India. According to the census in 2011, the Kanyakumari district comprises 48.74% of Christians in Tamil Nadu.

History
Tombstones unearthed at Kumari Muttom, near Kanyakumari, contain evidence to show that Catholics have been living there for many centuries. The tombstones, dated 1496, contain the edict of the local ruler granting tax exemptions to the residents of Kumari Muttom and authorizing a levy from the fishermen there. The aggregate income thus generated had to be used to keep the lights of the church burning.

In 1542 when St. Francis Xavier came to Cape Comerin (Kanyakumari) he found 'Our Lady of Delights Grotto' there. It then became a centre for mission activities of the Jesuits from Thoothoor to Ramanathapuram.

It is believed that Our Lady of Delights Grotto later became the church of Our Lady of Ransom. Our Lady of Ransom is the Patron of the congregation in Spain which redeemed the Christians from the Muslim invasion in the year 1218. The people of Kanyakumari combined the name Ransom with Delight and call their patron Alangara Upakara Matha.

Old church of 18th century

A small thatched church was upgraded in 1700 when a big church of Roman architecture was constructed. A statue of Mother Mary was created in the 16th century derived in Rome. The statue, clad with a sari, was placed in the centre of a golden altar and venerated by the name of Alangara matha. Statues of St. Joseph and St. Francis Xavier were placed in the right side and left side respectively. There are also wooden carvings depicting the coronation of Mary as queen of heaven and earth. Other carvings depict angels playing musical instruments (including a violin, flute and drums) on the altar, as well as Jesus Christ inviting his disciples for ministries and forgiving Mary Magdalene, the twelve disciples, a lamb lying on a Bible, Cardinals, a Pope, and soldiers holding foliage in their hands.

History of the flagstaff
In 1917, a foreign (German) merchant ship carrying coal was grounded on the sandy shore of Leepuram, Kanyakumari, and could not be refloated; it was abandoned and sold at auction to Kayathan Villavarayan, a merchant from Tuticorin. He donated the iron mast to Our Lady of Ransom Church, Kanyakumari. The kattumarams of Kanyakumari were brought to Leepuram to take the mast to Kanyakumari.

When the mast was loaded on the kattumarams, the mast and the kattumarams sank; they then began to float. The mast was taken to Kanyakumari by road and was fitted into a bore hole in a stone and fixed in place with molten lead.

New church
The foundation for the new church was laid out by Fr. John Consolvez on 31 May 1900. The architect was Pakiam Pillai of the Vadakkankulam who modeled the church in the style of Gothic architecture. The length of the new church is , breadth ; the height of the main tower is also . Together, these dimensions depict the Holy Rosary, the numbers 153 and 53 representing the prayers said, as enumerated by the beads of the rosary. There are twelve towers in the church which represent the twelve disciples of Jesus.

Architectural elements
The porch ends with a pointed arch. The church has seven doors in total: three in the porch; two facing north; two facing south. The doors depict the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Several clustered Gothic piers provide support to the main tower. Inside the church, there are compound pillars which resemble vertical shafts that provide support to the ceiling which is made with nave vault and transverse arches.

Two side towers attached with the main tower act as belfry containing the church bells which have been imported from Italy in 1900 AD. The bell was used for several decades to signal time.

Gigantic statues of Saint Thomas the Apostle and St. Francis Xavier are placed on the main tower. The veneration of Mother Mary is celebrated every year from 1–31 May.

Developments
The church has had several parish priests.
 In 1914 Msgr. Vincent Fdo celebrated the First Mass in the newly built Church.
 In 1988, the House of Brothers of Theresa was opened.
 In 2000, the Convent of Sister of St. Anne was opened.
 In 2023, the current bishop is the Most Rev Nazrane Susai.

Annual Feast and Golden car procession
Every year the feast of Our Lady of Ransom is celebrated for 10 days in the month of December. The feast of Our Lady of Ransom begins with the flag hoisting on the following Friday immediately after the feast of St. Francis Xavier, Kottar which falls on 3 December. The first day of the feast begins with the flag hoisting. During the festival, every morning festival mass is celebrated and in the evening there will be benediction with special prayers and preaching. On the eight day evening Corpus Christi Procession is held. The ninth day evening has special vespers and celebrations held.

The culmination of the feast is the golden chariot procession: two golden chariots are taken on the 9th and 10th days of the feasts. Our Lady of Delight is taken in procession in the 1st chariot, which was made in 1798. St. Joseph, the spouse of Mary, is taken in procession in the 2nd chariot, which was made in 1833. During the golden chariot procession, the traditional Nathaswaram music and peculiar praising of Mother Mary by an art of pala padal can be heard and seen. Pilgrims from different parts of the country visit the church during the annual feast.

Current activities
The church has founded a primary school, high school, technical training school and hospital, as well as other facilities.

At present Kanyakumari parish has 2,850 Catholic families, which are organised into 88 Basic Christian Communities. The total number of the Catholics amounts to 12,839. There are 21 pious associations. The parish established an elementary school in the year 1882 and now 540 children are studying in the vernacular language. The parish has a Higher Secondary School established in the year 1921, where 1350 students are studying.

See also
 Catholic Church in India
 Christianity in India
 Christianity in Tamil Nadu
 Fruit of the Holy Spirit
 Saint Thomas Christians

References

Sources
 Stephen Neill (2004). A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to Ad 1707. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. .
 Dr. Issac Arul Dhas G,'`Kumari Mannil Christhavam' (Tamil), Scott Christian College, Nagercoil, 2010, , Page 7
 Dr. Issac Arul Dhas, 'Kumari Mannil Christhavam'(Tamil), , Page 7.
 A. E. Medlycott (1 January 2005). India and the Apostle Thomas: An Inquiry, with a Critical Analysis of the Acta Thomae. Gorgias Press LLC. .
 "Census of India, 2001".Census Bureau, Government of India. 2001.

External links
 Parish website

Gallery

Roman Catholic churches in Tamil Nadu
Gothic Revival church buildings in India
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1914
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India
Churches in Kanyakumari district

Our Lady of Ransom Church, Kanyakumari


High-speed voice and data link (HVDL) is a high speed voice and data provisioning method that allows telcos and ISPs to provide up to three voice channels and data (up to 1Mbit/s) on a copper pair over extremely long local loops.

Most DSL technologies (Etherloop in particular) work well up to about 18,000 feet (5.5 km) on a 24 AWG copper pair.  Reach DSL supports lengths up to approximately 32,800 feet (10 km).  HVDL has a theoretical maximum loop length of approximately 112,000 feet (approximately 34 km).  Such a distance would require repeater(s) and would probably only support a connection of 128 kbit/s.  The ideal speed for this service is 512 kbit/s or 384 kbit/s.  This is programmed directly from the COT line card.

The signal is sent from the telco's central office as an Ethernet style signal and is demuxed at the customer's premises by a POTS/Ethernet splitter.  The box itself contains all the circuitry needed to split the data and voice channels. An Ethernet cable is run directly to the customer's PC or router, and the POTS lines within the home are connected to the POTS terminals inside the customer-premises equipment (CPE) unit.  The CPE unit is powered from the telco's central office, and will continue to work during a power outage, and supports failover-to-POTS.

External links
 HVDL vendor Charles

Communication circuits
Digital subscriber line

High-speed voice and data link


Edward G. Hochuli ( ; born December 25, 1950) is an American retired attorney and former American football official. He served as an attorney at Jones, Skelton & Hochuli, P.L.C.
from 1983 to 2021, and was an official in the National Football League (NFL) from 1990 to 2017; his uniform number was 85. Before becoming a football official, he played college football for four seasons at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP).

Hochuli worked numerous playoff games including two Super Bowls. He is best known for his athletic/muscular physique (height: ; weight: ), and for explaining on-field rulings in a manner that is comprehensive yet also clear and concise. In a poll conducted by ESPN in 2008, Hochuli tied fellow referee Mike Carey for "best referee" votes (eight each) among NFL head coaches. In his 28th season in the league and 26th as a referee (crew chief) with the 2017 NFL season, Hochuli's officiating crew consisted of umpire Shawn Smith, down judge Greg Bradley, line judge Rusty Baynes, field judge Dale Shaw, side judge Alex Kemp, and back judge Scott Helverson.

After the retirements of Gerald Austin and Larry Nemmers following the 2007 season, Hochuli became the NFL's longest-tenured referee for the next decade. He announced his own retirement in March 2018. In 2019, his son Shawn Hochuli—previously a referee in the Arena Football League and a back judge in the NFL—was promoted to referee.

Personal life

Early life
Hochuli was born on December 25, 1950, in Milwaukee living there until age eight before his family moved to Tucson, Arizona. He was the second child of six. He went to Canyon del Oro High School in the Tucson suburb of Oro Valley, Arizona, graduating in 1969. During his high school years, he participated in football (earning all-state honors twice), basketball, wrestling, and track. He attributes his competitive nature to having an older brother, Chip Hochuli. Ed Hochuli told Referee in a 2004 interview, "I was somebody who wanted to be good and I wanted my brother to be proud of me, and I wanted my parents to be proud of me." He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors from the University of Texas at El Paso in 1972. While studying at UTEP, Hochuli played linebacker on the school's football team from 1969 to 1972. As a football player he earned All-Western Athletic Conference academic honors in 1972. His father, Walter Hochuli, was involved with law as a wills and estate planner, which influenced Ed Hochuli to pursue a career in law.  He earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Arizona Law School in 1976.  While in law school, Hochuli served as a law clerk for two years under United States District Judge Carl Muecke. After completing his education Hochuli was admitted to the State Bar of Arizona.

Family
Hochuli resides in the Phoenix metropolitan area with his wife Cathie. They have six children and 10 grandchildren. Shawn Hochuli is one of his sons and played college football at Pitzer College. Shawn joined his father's profession as an official, working as a side judge in his first NFL season in 2014. Shawn Hochuli also worked in Arena Football League and arenafootball2 games. On August 13, 2011, a day after his father refereed a preseason game between the New England Patriots and Jacksonville Jaguars, Shawn was the head referee for ArenaBowl XXIV between the Jacksonville Sharks and Arizona Rattlers. Scott Hochuli, another of Ed Hochuli's sons, owns Hochuli Design & Remodeling Team which is a company in the Phoenix area that specializes in residential design and construction. He is married to Lorrie Hochuli and they have two daughters: Devan and Ryann. Scott Hochuli's brother, Daniel Hochuli, is the town attorney for Sahuarita, Arizona, and his brother Peter is a judge at the Pima County Juvenile Court in Tucson.

Attorney

Hochuli was a trial lawyer and a partner in the Arizona law firm of Jones, Skelton and Hochuli, P.L.C., having been a part of the firm since it was founded in 1983 to his retirement. The firm began with five partners and seven associates and has expanded to over 80 attorneys. He specializes in civil litigation in the areas of bad faith and extra-contractual liability, complex litigation, insurance coverage and fraud, legal malpractice and professional liability, product liability defense, trucking and transportation industry defense, and wrongful death and personal injury defense. He claims to be involved in 200 cases at any time. Hochuli finds interest in trying cases, calling it an "adrenaline rush" adding, "You love that challenge–the competition, if you will–of it. It's a game. It's obviously a very important game to people, and I don't mean to diminish the importance of it... You have to follow these rules, and there's a win-or-lose outcome. You're on a stage."

He is admitted to practice in Arizona state and federal courts and the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.  His recognition as an attorney includes being named Best Lawyers in America since 2003 and Southwest Super Lawyers in 2007.  Super Lawyers includes only the top five percent of lawyers in a state based on point totals, as chosen by peers and through independent research by Law & Politics.

Comparing his law and officiating professions, he says "A trial is nothing, pressure-wise, compared to the NFL… I have that long [snaps his fingers] to make a decision with a million people watching and second-guessing (by video) in slow-motion. You've got to be right or wrong. I love the satisfaction when you are right — and the agony when you are wrong." He finds similarities between the football field and courtroom saying, "On the football field, people like that I'm in charge and know what I'm doing, but a lot of the time, it's just appearance.  I'm going to sell you on my decision. It's the same in the courtroom. You don't stand in front of a jury and say, 'I think my client is innocent.' You say, 'We're right!'"

Officiating career

Early years
Hochuli began officiating Pop Warner football games as a law student to earn additional income, which was suggested by one of his former high school coaches as "a way to stay in touch with the game". His interest in officiating carried over into baseball where he was a Little League Baseball umpire from 1970 to 1973.  Progressing to the high school level in 1973, he focused on football, and officiated games in the Tucson area until 1985. In addition to high school officiating, he worked college football games for the Big Sky Conference and Pacific-10 Conference as a line judge during the 1980s.

NFL career
Hochuli was hired by the NFL in 1990 as a back judge after applying to the league before the 1989 NFL season. His first game in the league was on August 11, 1990, at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. During his first two years in the league, he was assigned to the officiating crew headed by referee Howard Roe. To gain additional experience as a back judge and eventually a referee, Hochuli participated in the NFL's partnership with the World League of American Football (WLAF), a spring developmental league, in 1991 and 1992. Using his experience in the WLAF, as well as the organization, precision, and analytical skills he learned while working under Roe's guidance, Hochuli desired to become a crew chief in the NFL. He was promoted to referee in 1992 when longtime referee Stan Kemp was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease and forced to retire.  Hochuli had worked a pre-season game that year in Tokyo, Japan, as a back judge when he received a telephone call following the game from then-Senior Director of Officiating, Jerry Seeman. Seeman asked Hochuli to work as referee for the first time when the Denver Broncos hosted the Cincinnati Bengals in a pre-season game.

Since becoming a referee, Hochuli headed the officiating crews for Super Bowl XXXII and Super Bowl XXXVIII, and he was selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XXXI, Super Bowl XXXVII, and Super Bowl XXXIX. In addition to working two Super Bowls, he has officiated five conference championship games as of the start of the 2007 NFL season.  Every officiating game performance is graded by the league each week. These grades determine which officials are assigned playoff games, as well as the Super Bowl. Hochuli credits his mentor, Jerry Markbreit, a four-time Super Bowl referee, as the greatest influence on his career.

In his second year as referee, he worked the 1993 Thanksgiving Day game between the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins in Irving, Texas. During the final moments of the game, Miami placekicker Pete Stoyanovich had a field goal attempt blocked. The Cowboys' Leon Lett inadvertently touched the loose ball before the Dolphins' Jeff Dellenbach pounced on it. At the time, Hochuli had "no idea" what happened during the play and had to confer with three other officials to piece together the sequence of events.  With the information gathered from the officials, he ruled that Miami retained possession of the football.  Stoyanovich booted the ensuing winning field goal for the Miami win.

Hochuli was a referee for the 1999 AFC Divisional Playoff  game between the Miami Dolphins and Jacksonville Jaguars; it was the final game for quarterback Dan Marino and coach Jimmy Johnson as the Jaguars won 62–7.

Hochuli was a referee in the 2003 Divisional Playoff game between the Packers and the Eagles.

On October 2, 2005, he officiated the first regular-season NFL game played outside the United States when the Arizona Cardinals played the San Francisco 49ers in Mexico City, Mexico as part of the league's "Fútbol Americano" marketing campaign. On the first penalty announcement of the game, Hochuli gave the explanation in Spanish to pay respect to the host city and country.

Jeff Bergman joined Hochuli for the wild card bout between the San Diego Chargers and New York Jets on January 8, 2005.

Hochuli officiated the first regular season game at University of Phoenix Stadium on September 10, 2006, when the Cardinals hosted the 49ers.

He was the referee for the game between the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers, played December 17, 2006, that included Green Bay quarterback Brett Favre becoming the all-time leader for pass completions among quarterbacks in the NFL. Favre was unaware that his 4,968 pass completions were a record until he was informed during the game by Hochuli. Hochuli was the referee again for another Favre record-breaking moment when Favre threw his 421st touchdown pass of his career on September 30, 2007, at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, Minnesota to break the record previously held by Dan Marino. He also reffed the Week 17 game in 2008 in which the Lions became the first of two NFL teams so far to go 0–16 in a season, with the other being the 2017 Browns.

One of Hochuli's notable explanations came during a 2007 regular season game between the San Diego Chargers and New England Patriots. While nullifying a holding infraction, he announced through his microphone, "There was no foul on the play. It was not a hold. The defender was just overpowered."

On September 14, 2008, Hochuli officiated a game between the San Diego Chargers and the Denver Broncos. He made an incorrect call with 1:17 left in the game, while Denver was in possession of the ball at the San Diego one-yard line and they were trailing the Chargers by seven points. On a second-down play, Denver quarterback Jay Cutler fumbled the ball, and it was recovered by San Diego linebacker Tim Dobbins. Ed Hochuli blew his whistle during the play, signaling that the play was dead and ruling an incomplete pass. Hochuli later wrote, "Affecting the outcome of a game is a devastating feeling. Officials strive for perfection – I failed miserably." The NFL passed a rule the following offseason allowing such plays to be reviewable under the instant replay rule for the 2009 NFL season. Speaking to Referee in November 2009, Hochuli told the magazine, "It was really an easy play. I've thought many times why I did what I did. The best explanation is it was almost like dyslexia. I realized it was a fumble and did the wrong thing. I realized I was wrong but there was nothing I could do about it."

2001 officials' strike
Hochuli has served as the head of the NFL Referees Association, the union which represents NFL game officials.  The union was responsible for negotiating a new contract for the officials prior to the 2001 NFL season.  At the time, salaries ranged from a first-year official earning US$1,431 a game to a veteran official with twenty years of experience making $4,330 a game. Officials were looking for a 400 percent increase in salary while the league was offering just 40 percent. During the negotiations Hochuli believed the issue in finding a resolution was to convince the league that officials are full-time employees.

At the start of the season, officials had rejected a league offer of a 60 percent immediate increase in salary, followed by an 85 percent salary increase in 2002, and a 100 percent increase in 2003. For the first time in league history, replacement officials were used during the regular season. Hochuli had distributed an e-mail to 1,200 potential replacement officials warning them that "Working as a scab will actually hurt and likely kill any chances you would have of ever getting into the NFL." He later regretted sending the letter to college football officials across the United States. The stalemate between the union and the league ended on September 19, 2001, when officials agreed to a six-year deal from the league with an immediate increase in salary of 50 percent with a raise each year.  Officials had been locked out since the final week of pre-season games that year and returned to work on September 23, 2001, when the league resumed games following the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Celebrity
Hochuli's presence on the football field created a cult following. His rise in popularity is believed to have been started by Phil Simms, a former NFL quarterback and then color commentator for the NFL on CBS, who made reference to the size of Hochuli's arms during a telecast. There are internet websites that sell Hochuli merchandise as well as blogs with his namesake. He is often affectionately referred to as "Hochules", a portmanteau of his last name and "Hercules", in homage to his large biceps. While he is aware of his celebrity status, Hochuli does not understand it. He said in a USA Today interview, "I get a kick out of the notoriety, because I'm just a referee. I'm not the players. The players are the game. They're what this is all about. I get notoriety because I explain things, and I get notoriety because I have a decent physique, which is funny because I'm a shrimp, a peewee compared to those players. Neither one of those things has anything to do with whether I'm a good referee."

His recognition extends to the streets, in airports, and in the courtroom. He has been approached by notable athletes such as former National Basketball Association (NBA) player Charles Barkley at the airport. "It never ceases to amaze me," Hochuli told the Arizona Daily Star. "The number of people that will just come up to me and recognize me." He appreciates the attention, saying, "I enjoy the fact that there are people who like me as a referee. I hear from a lot of people and I enjoy that. Like anybody, I like praise. Probably because of my personality, I thrive on that more than other people."

Hochuli's career as an NFL official has been chronicled on the NFL Network's Six Days to Sunday in 2005. The half-hour television program detailed the game preparations that Hochuli went through from Monday to Saturday during the season. The preparation work includes fifteen hours of video tape game review, a "couple hours" completing administrative tasks for the NFL, reading the rulebook, taking a weekly written exam on rules, and communicating with league supervisors.

Hochuli's celebrity status off the field includes being mentioned on the "Top Ten List" during the edition of January 29, 2002 of the Late Show with David Letterman. His likeness appears in the Madden NFL video game franchise beginning with Madden NFL 06. He appeared on the cover of the October 8, 2012 issue of Sports Illustrated. In 2015, he became the subject of "Fallacy Ref", a series of Internet memes about logical fallacies.

References

Further reading

1950 births
Living people
College football officials
National Football League officials
UTEP Miners football players
Arizona lawyers
James E. Rogers College of Law alumni
Sportspeople from Milwaukee
Sportspeople from Tucson, Arizona
Players of American football from Arizona
University of Texas at El Paso alumni

Ed Hochuli


Emperor Kôtoku was the 36th emperor of Japan according to the traditional counting.  He was also called "Taika," for "Great Change."  He ruled from 645 AD - 654 AD. He made the Taika Reforms, which changed parts of Tang dynasty ways of thinking about politics, running the government, and doing rituals for the Japanese court.

Before he was the Emperor, he was called Prince Karu. He became emperor in 645 AD after his sister, Empress Kôgyoku, abdicated in his favor.  That means she quit being Empress and gave Karu the throne.  Some historians say that Empress Kôgyoku's son, Prince Naka no Oe, asked her to abdicate.  Prince Naka no Oe who would later become Emperor Tenji.

With the Taika Reforms, Kôtoku changed the way court officers wore clothes in 647. People of different rank (level of importance) wore different clothes. Kôtoku also said that the government had a monopoly on mined iron ore, meaning that no one else was allowed to mine iron ore. Before that, the Wakebe clan had mined iron ore.

After Kôtoku died in 654, Kôgyoku became the Empress again, but this time she was called Empress Saimei.

References

Emperors of Japan

Emperor Kōtoku


Hermann Abert (; 25 March 1871 – 13 August 1927) was a German historian of music.

Life
Abert was born in Stuttgart, the son of Johann Josef Abert (1832–1915), the Hofkapellmeister of that city.

From 1890 to 1896 he studied classical philology at the Universities of Tübingen, Berlin and Leipzig. While at Tübingen he joined the Akademische Gesellschaft Stuttgardia, a student fraternity which shaped the political views of the liberalism in southern Germany. His philological studies ended in 1896 at Halle, where he had done work on Ancient Greek music. For the next three years he studied music theory at Berlin. In 1902 he qualified as lecturer by presenting his thesis on music of the Middle Ages at the University of Halle.

Abert stayed on at Halle as a lecturer, becoming a senior lecturer (or associate professor) in 1910 and a full professor in 1918. In this capacity he moved the next year to the University of Heidelberg. But after just one year, Abert took up a post at Leipzig and in 1920 he became the successor of the music theorist Hugo Riemann. In 1923 he was called to the University of Berlin, where he was seen as the most suitable successor to Hermann Kretzschmar, also a music theorist. It was there that he worked with Friedrich Blume, Rudolf Gerber, Hans Hoffmann and Theodor Schwartzkopff, on the illustrated Dictionary of Music which was discovered to contain plagiarisms of Alfred Einstein's Neues Musiklexikon und Hugo Riemann Musiklexikon.

In 1925 he was admitted to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the first music theorist to be granted this honour.

On 13 August 1927, Prof. Dr. Hermann Abert died at Stuttgart, aged 56.

Works
Die Lehre vom Ethos in der griechischen Musik. (Dissertation, "The Teaching of Ethics in Greek music") (Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig, 1899).
Die ästhetischen Grundsätze der mittelalterlichen Melodienbildung. ("The aesthetic foundations of medieval melody") (Univ. Habil., Halle/Saale, 1902).
Robert Schumann (Schlesische Verlags-Anstalt, Berlin 1903, 3rd end. 1917).
The Concept of Music in Mediaeval Times and its Principles (Niemeyer, Halle 1905).
Dramatic Music at the Court of Duke Karl Eugen of Württemberg (1905).
Niccolò Jomelli as a Composer of Operas (Niemeyer, Halle 1905).
History of the Robert Franz Academy of Music in Halle (1908).
a Gluck Annual, (4 issues from 1914), and a Mozart Annual (Drei Masken Verlag, Munich 1923).
Johann Josef Abert: sein Leben und seine Werke. ("J. J. Abert: his Life and Work") (Pfaehler, Bad Neustadt 1983). (Reprint of Leipzig (Breitkopf) ed., 1916.)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: eine Biographie (largely re-written from the original work of Otto Jahn) (Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig 1920). (Vol. 1, 1756–1782; Vol. 2, 1783–1791).
Goethe and Music (J. Engelhorn, Stuttgart 1922).
Illustriertes Musik-Lexikon. (J. Engelhorns Nachfahren, Stuttgart 1927).
Gesammelte Schriften und Vorträge. ("Collected writings and lectures") Schneider, Tutzing 1968. (Reprint of Halle ed., 1929.)

Notes

References
Friedrich Blume. (ed.) Gedenkfeier für Hermann Abert. ("Tribute to Hermann Abert") Schneider, Tutzing 1974 (Reprint of Halle ed., 1928).
A. Eaglefield-Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).
Robert Schmitt Scheubel. Chronik einer Fälschung. Studie und Materialien zu Hermann Aberts Illustriertem Musiklexikon. ("Chronicle of a Forgery: Resources on Hermann Abert's Illustrated Dictionary of Music") Berlin, 2005.

External links

 Abert's biography of Robert Schumann, unabridged German text

1871 births
1927 deaths
German music theorists
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Leipzig University alumni
Academic staff of Leipzig University
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Mozart scholars
Opera scholarship
Writers from Stuttgart
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
University of Tübingen alumni
19th-century German musicologists

Hermann Abert


In telecommunication, the term multiplex baseband has the following meanings:
In frequency-division multiplexing, the frequency band occupied by the aggregate of the signals in the line interconnecting the multiplexing and radio or line equipment.
In frequency division multiplexed carrier systems, at the input to any stage of frequency translation, the frequency band occupied.

For example, the output of a group multiplexer consists of a band of frequencies from 60 kHz to 108 kHz. This is the group-level baseband that results from combining 12 voice-frequency input channels, having a bandwidth of 4 kHz each, including guard bands. In turn, 5 groups are multiplexed into a super group having a baseband of 312 kHz to 552 kHz. This baseband, however, does not represent a group-level baseband. Ten super groups are in turn multiplexed into one master group, the output of which is a baseband that may be used to modulate a microwave-frequency carrier.

Multiplexing
Signal processing

Multiplex baseband


"Telephone" is a song by American singer Lady Gaga from her third EP The Fame Monster, featuring American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. The main inspiration of the song was Gaga's fear of not being able to enjoy herself because of her career, hence the lyrics show the singer as wanting the dance floor, rather than answering her lover's phone calls.

Gaga explained that the telephone addressed in the lyrics of the song, is in reality a person telling her to continue working harder. Musically, the song is made of an expanded bridge, verse-rap and an epilogue, where the voice of an operator says that the phone line is not reachable. Knowles appears in the middle of the song, singing the verses in a rapid-fire way, accompanied by double beats.

"Telephone" was appreciated by contemporary critics who many times noted it as a stand-out track from The Fame Monster.  The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2011 for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.

Development
Lady Gaga originally wrote the song "Telephone" for Britney Spears. Spears later recorded a demo version of the song but the demo version later leaked. Lady Gaga later wrote the song as a collaboration with Beyoncé Knowles for The Fame Monster. Gaga said, "I wrote it for her [Spears] a long time ago and she just didn't use it for her album. It's fine because I love the song and I get to perform it now." Additionally, the guest vocalist was originally going to be Spears, but ultimately Gaga made Knowles the featured vocalist instead. The main inspiration behind the song was Gaga's fear of suffocation as she felt that she seldom found time to just let loose and have fun.

Fear of suffocation—something that I have or fear is never being able to enjoy myself, ... 'Cause I love my work so much, I find it really hard to go out and have a good time. ... I don't go to nightclubs, ... You don't see pictures of me falling out of a club drunk. I don't go—and that's because I usually go and then, you know, a whiskey and a half into it, I got to get back to work.
In May 2011, Gaga said her "emotional connection" with the song was very hard. When she was asked if it was because the song was originally written for Britney Spears, she answered: "Well that's not exactly what happened, but I don't want to delve into that. I could delve into it if you turn that (motions to recorder) off... But ultimately the mix and the process of getting the production finished was very stressful for me. So when I say it's my worst song it has nothing to do with the song, just my emotional connection to it."

Music video
The video for the song was uploaded to YouTube on March 15, 2010.  It features Gaga in a women's prison and Beyoncé bailing her out.  In the beginning of the video, Gaga is shown walking around the prison and arrives to the yard, where "Paper Gangsta", a song from her debut album The Fame, is playing, as one of the women exercises.  Gaga's younger sister Natali makes a cameo appearance just before Gaga picks up the phone to talk to Beyoncé.  The two singers are then shown fleeing the prison in the Pussy Wagon and arrive to a restaurant, where they eventually poison all of the customers.  The nine-and-a-half-minute-long video for "Telephone" is meant to be a continuation of that for "Paparazzi", where Gaga was shown being arrested.

Charts

Weekly charts

Monthly charts

Year-end charts

References

2010 songs
Beyoncé songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs

Telephone (song)