Roger Jean Khawam (19 April 1922 – 22 April 2016) was an Egyptologist and one of the foremost dealers in Egyptian antiquities of his time. He took over the firm of Khawam Brothers in 1955 which he ran until his retirement in 2005.

Early life
Roger Khawam was born in the affluent Garden City, Cairo, on 19 April 1922. His family were of Syrian Christian origins and moved to Egypt in 1850 when Roger's grandfather, Sélim Khawam, started a jewellery shop near the Ramses railway station in Cairo. They later became involved in the antiquities business. Roger Khawam received his early education at the Lycée Français du Caire from 1929 and subsequently in Paris where he went to learn mathematics and chemistry. Boutros Boutros-Ghali was a childhood friend and Omar Sharif was a cousin.

Khawam was familiar with the antiquities trade from a young age, taking holidays at the pyramids and watching his father Joseph attend to rich Americans at his showroom at the Khan el-Khalili souq, but he only decided to become an Egyptologist after Emile Gaston Chassinat dissuaded him from becoming an aerobatic pilot instead. He had learned to fly while in Paris for his studies. Accordingly, from 1945 to 1950 he studied the skills required of an Egytologist at the Sorbonne's École pratique des hautes études and the Institut Catholique de Paris, such as Coptic, numismatics, hieratic, and German. He already knew Arabic, English and French.

Career
In 1955, Khawam took over the family business. He developed an extensive network of contacts that brought him new finds including farmers who found things in their fields and he toured archaeological digs looking for new pieces. He became an expert at spotting fakes. He told his sons to always look at the object, not the hand that held it. Customers included the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Queen Mother and her ladies-in-waiting. He was a member of the Egypt Exploration Society and the Société Française d'Egyptologie.

In 1977, after the Egyptian authorities introduced laws that restricted the sale and export of antiquities, Khawam moved the firm to Paris where it still trades as Khawam Brothers.

Khawam was known for his charm, good manners and dapper appearance, always wearing a full suit whatever the heat. He shrank from publicity and spent his weekends studying Egyptology and drawing scarab inscriptions. He was a gourmet who enjoyed fine wine and whisky. He retired in 2005 as one of the foremost dealers in Egyptian antiquities of his time.

His library of Egyptology was sold in Paris in 2012.

Family
Khawam married Elise Roger in 1950, a French governess that he had met in a Parisian cafe in 1949. Elise died in 2012. They had two sons, Roland and Bertrand.

Death
Khawam died in Paris on 22 April 2016. He was survived by his sons.

References

External links

 Khawam Brothers Antiquities.

1922 births
2016 deaths
Egyptian Egyptologists
Egyptian antiquarians
Businesspeople from Cairo
Egyptian expatriates in France

Roger Khawam


Anjo Mhunn Tum Sorgincho (Anjo Tum Sorgincho)

Because you are an angel from heaven

Type: Mando

Source: F.X. Oliveira. Gitam Jhelo.

Musical form: Ternary

Literary form: Monologue (Nuptial Song)

Translated by Alfred Noronha, Panaji, Goa

Anjo mhunn tum sorgincho,

Because you are an angel from heaven,

Uzvadd poddlo noketrancho.

The world was lit with the light of stars.

Amcho môgu ektthaim korcho,

May our love be joined together,

Kazrach' sakramento zoddcho.

May we blessed with the sacrament of marriage.

Chusmo/ Refrain:

Nozo, nozo-rê mojean,

I cannot live without you,

Tuje vinnem sonvsar tannum nozo.

I do not want to be in this world without you.

Muzo gutt sanglolo tuka,

I have confided to you my secret,

Responder kelem naim maka.

You did not send me any reply.

Tuje vinn konn naim-rê moga,

There is no one else for me, but you, my love,

Sonvs'rant feliz kortol' maka. (Chusmo)

To make me happy in this world. (Refrain)

Dolleanch maulli mhunnon moji,

Dimbier adorar keloli ...

I had adored it on my knees.

Gonnim porim uddon geli,

It flew off like an eagle,

Dukhan ghalun otmo-kuddi. (Chusmo)

Plunging my soul and body in deep sorrow. (Refrain)

Polleiat

Goemche Mandde

Sondorbh

Konknni
Mandde
Romi panam

Anjo Mhunn Tum Sorgincho (Anjo Tum Sorgincho) - Mando


Caterham Racing is the practice of racing Caterham Seven-type sportscars.

History
The Caterham Seven (or Caterham 7) is a small sports car produced by Caterham Cars in the United Kingdom. It is based on the Lotus Seven, a lightweight sports car sold in kit and pre-built form by Lotus Cars, from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. After Lotus ended production of the Lotus Seven, in 1972, Caterham bought the rights to the design, and today make both kits and fully assembled cars. 2007 marked the 50th year of production of the Lotus/Caterham 7.

The Lotus 7 was conceived by Colin Chapman as a car to be raced. Whilst still a prototype, in September 1957, it was raced at the Brighton Speed Trials and by the end of 1958 Graham Hill was winning races with the Coventry Climax-engined 'Super Seven' The car has had a strong racing history throughout its life under both Lotus and Caterham stewardship. Amongst the marques more famous races was victory in the Nelson Ledges 24-hour race in Ohio when, against a field including works teams from Honda and Mazda, a four-man team from Caterham (including both Jez Coates and Robert Nearn) won by seven laps (after 990 laps) in a modified Vauxhall HPC.

After dominating open class races for decades a one-make championship for Caterhams was begun in 1986 and won by Kelvin Foy. Caterham 7 races have since expanded to include club and competitive races in the United Kingdom, continental Europe, Canada, the United States and Asia.

The car was banned from racing in the USA in the 1960s, as being "Too fast to race" and again in the UK in the 1970s for the same reasons, which prompted Caterham Cars boss Graham Nearn to produce 'T' shirts with "Caterham Seven, the car that's "Too Fast to Race. ..". Both bans were later lifted. In 2002, an R400 won its class (and came 11th overall out of 200 starters) at the 24 Hours Nürburgring race by 10 laps, ahead of competition that included Porsche and BMW racecars, leading, once again, to a ban on entry in subsequent years.

Current Caterham Racing
There are many Caterham Racing Championships across the world, the majority administered in some way by Caterham Cars. It is estimated that there are over 700 competitors in 20 Caterham championships across 11 countries, and many more that compete in sprint and hillclimb events.

The Caterham Motorsport Ladder
The Caterham Motorsport Ladder is a progression through the various Caterham Cars championships, starting with the Caterham Academy, and moving through ultimately to their most prestigious European events. The championships which form the ladder are:

Caterham Academy Championship
In 1995, the Caterham Academy, a novices-only format, was introduced in the UK as the Caterham Scholarship. For £26,495 (2019 price), entrants get a modified Roadsport kit (a factory-built option is available for extra cost) with a sealed Ford Sigma engine and 5-speed gearbox. Having completed the ARDS (racing) licence qualification, the season then consists of a setup day, one speed events (sprints and hillclimbs), and six circuit races.

Since 2000, the popularity of the Academy has led to Caterham providing two parallel Academy championships (Group Green & Group White), each resulting in an Academy champion at the end of the year. Approximately 1,000 racing drivers have been created through the Caterham Academy.

Over the course of the 2019 Academy season, the white group drivers recorded substantially quicker times than their green group counterparts.

Caterham Roadsport Championship
The Caterham Roadsport Championship is largely for drivers that have come through the previous season's Academy. Some minor modifications are permitted to the car, including fitting a rear anti-roll bar and sticky Avon ZZS tyres. Technical support is still provided by the factory, and professional team support is not permitted. The season features 20-minute races at 7 'double-header' meetings. One of the rounds takes place at a European circuit with recent visits to Zolder, Zandvoort, Spa-Francorchamps and Nürburgring. Since 2009, the Caterham Roadsport Championship will be available exclusively to Sigma-engined cars.

Caterham Seven 270R Championship
Caterham 270R cars are still ex-Academy cars. However they feature the upgrades for the Caterham Roadsport Championship car plus a number of performance upgrades such removing the windscreens and lights, widetrack front suspension, uprated dampers and a raised rev limit. Professional team support is also allowed. The Caterham Seven 270R Championship races at the same events as Caterham Roadsport, but has longer 30-minute races.

Caterham Seven 310R Championship
Caterham Seven 310R cars are the 'ultimate' incarnation of the Caterham Academy car. They feature all the upgrades of Roadsport and Seven 270R and also feature a limited slip differential and a power increase. In 2017, the 310R was introduced to replace the outgoing Supersport cars and both cars ran in separate championships before the Supersport series was disbanded before the start of the 2018 season.

Caterham Seven 420R Championship
The Seven 420R (formerly known as Superlight R300) was introduced for 2009 and is now the premier class of the Caterham Motorsport ladder. The car is unique on the ladder in that it is not an evolution of the Caterham Academy car but instead is a unique chassis and uses the 2.0l Ford Duratec engine as opposed to the Ford Sigma engine used in the other series in the ladder. 2014 saw the introduction of an optional 6-speed sequential gearbox.

Caterham Graduates Racing Club

Background
The Caterham Graduates Championship was started in 1998 by competitors from the 1997 Caterham Scholarship. In its first two years, it was a multi-discipline series, with the rounds being made up of sprints, hillclimbs and circuit races, similar to the Caterham Scholarship format. The emphasis moved more and more towards circuit races, and from 2000-on the series has been entirely circuit races.

The Grads Club is independent of the Caterham Motorsport Ladder, and is run by its members. The series is one of the largest in the UK, if not the largest, with well over 100 registered competitors. The competitors come from a variety of backgrounds. A number have "graduated" from the novice Caterham Scholarship and Academy series, whilst many others have made it their first foray into motorsport.

Classes
Current classes are:

Classic Graduate
1600cc Ford or Vauxhall engined Caterham Sevens with a live axle, from the Caterham Scholarship or Academy 1997 - 2000. These cars are fully road legal and produce around 100 bhp.

Super Graduate
1600cc Rover K-series Caterham Sevens with independent DeDion rear suspension from the Caterham Academy 2001 - 2008. These cars are fully road legal and produce around 125 bhp.

Mega Graduate
Uprated 1600cc Rover K-series Caterham Sevens with independent (DeDion) rear suspension from the Caterham Academy 2001 - 2008. These cars are semi-road legal (no lights or windscreen) and with controlled modifications produce around 150 bhp.

Sigma Graduate
Using the 1600cc Ford Sigma engined cars used in the Academy from 2008 onwards with around 120 hp. Screens (and lights, from 2016) are optional and normally removed.  Headlights were required up to and including the 2015 season but are no longer mandatory. The only other significant change from Academy specification (apart from tyres) is the optional rear anti-roll bar.

Sigmax Graduate

Sigmax Graduate cars run with the same specification as the Supersport class in the Caterham Motorsport ladder and are the 'ultimate' incarnation of the current Caterham Academy car. They feature all the upgrades of Roadsport and Tracksport and also feature a limited slip differential and a power increase to 140bhp.

All Caterham Graduate classes run on Yokohama road legal tyres. Classic Graduates race on list 1A A539s whilst Super, Mega, Sigma and Sigmax use the stickier list 1B A048R

The cars in the series are genuinely road-going and indeed a few are driven to (and hopefully) from races. Many are used by drivers mid-week for commuting, shopping, etc. needing no more than the covering up of competition numbers to make them road-legal (although Mega Graduate and Sigmax Graduate specs have moved away from this with the deletion of lights and windscreen). No changes from the standard specification are allowed and all have sealed engine units putting the emphasis firmly on driving ability rather than car modification. Along with low consumable costs, this keeps the costs of running a car very much under control thus making it one of the most cost-effective ways to go racing. The large grid sizes are a testament to this low-cost formula.

Affordability is a key ingredient to Caterham Graduates racing. Strict regulations allow only limited modifications and work on the sealed engine units is limited to specified engine builders.

Other Caterham Championships around the world
There are a large number of championships around the world both exclusively for Caterham Seven cars, and in which Caterhams compete alongside other cars. Caterham Academies have been introduced in the Netherlands, Portugal, France and other countries.

Caterham Challenge France
The French Caterham series comprises Academy and 420R classes. They race around many iconic French race circuit throughout the calendar year.

Caterham Challenge LATAM
The Latin American Caterham Challenge series started in 2015 and was active until 2019. Caterham Seven 310R were used for the first 3 years and replaced by the 420R for the 2018 season. It was the top tier racing series within LaMonomarca which also hosted supporting series within. Drivers across Latin America competed and winners from foreign Caterham Championships were invited to participate.

For the 2018 season it merged with Campeonato Nacional De Automovilismo (CNA) and the drivers competed against each other within their own Caterham category as well as the other cars in the overall race.

Intercity Platinum Cup Turkey
The Turkish Caterham series started in 2018 using the Caterham Seven 420R and takes place at Istanbul Park racing circuit.

References

External links
Caterham Cars official website
Caterham Motorsport Forum for drivers
Caterham Graduates Racing Club website
Caterham Racing Motorsport Website

Racing
Sports car racing

Caterham Racing


Anneli Ute Gabanyi (born October 18, 1942) is a German political scientist, literary critic, journalist, and philologist of Romanian background, especially known for her research on the society and culture of the Cold War period in Romania and the Romanian Revolution of 1989. A former main analyst for Südost-Institut in Munich, she is an associate researcher for the German Institute for International and Security Issues (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik) in Berlin.

Biography
Born in Bucharest to a Transylvanian Saxon family of partly Hungarian heritage, she completed secondary studies in her parents' native town of Sibiu. As a former trader, her father was subjected to restrictions by Communist authorities, and the Gabanyi family residence in the Sub Arini area was confiscated by the state.

Gabanyi studied Philology and Political Science at the University of Cluj, and later at the Université d'Auvergne and the University of Southern California. She received a PhD in Philology from the Helmut Schmidt University in Hamburg.

In 1963, Gabanyi and her family were allowed, as ethnic Germans, to reunite with their relatives living in West Germany (all of whom had retreated with the Wehrmacht from Northern Transylvania at the end of World War II). According to Anneli Ute Gabanyi, this was made possible by the efforts of her father, who had profited from détente in German-Romanian relations. They settled in Munich, where she became an analyst for Radio Free Europe (1969); she was head of the station's Romanian Research Section until 1987.

She has frequently visited her native country after the Revolution, and is a regular contributor to Sfera Politicii.

Works
Partei und Literatur in Rumänien seit 1945, München: R. Oldenbourg, 1975.
Die unvollendete Revolution: Rumänien zwischen Diktatur und Demokratie, München: Piper, 1990.
Systemwechsel in Rumänien: von der Revolution zur Transformation, München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1998.
 The Ceaușescu cult: propaganda and power policy in communist Romania, Bucharest: Editura Fundației Culturale Române, 2000.
Vom Baltikum bis zum Schwarzen Meer. Transformationsstaaten im östlichen Europa, with Klaus Schroeder, München: Bayerische Landeszentrale für Politische Bildungsarbeit, 2002

Honours
  Romanian Royal Family: 56th Knight of the Royal Decoration of the Cross of the Romanian Royal House

References

External links
 Profile and essays at Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik

1942 births
Living people
Babeș-Bolyai University alumni
Cold War historians
German essayists
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
German journalists
German literary critics
German women literary critics
German philologists
German political scientists
Romanian people of Hungarian descent
Romanian women journalists
German women journalists
Writers from Bucharest
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty people
German people of German-Romanian descent
Romanian essayists
20th-century Romanian historians
21st-century Romanian historians
Romanian journalists
Romanian literary critics
Romanian literary historians
Romanian philologists
Romanian political scientists
Romanian women writers
Romanian women literary critics
Transylvanian Saxon people
Romanian women essayists
Women military writers
German women historians
21st-century German women writers
20th-century German women writers
Women literary historians
Helmut Schmidt University alumni
Women political scientists

Anneli Ute Gabanyi


Te Aupōuri is the second northernmost Māori iwi (tribal group), located north of Kaitaia, Northland, New Zealand, a region known as the Te Hiku o te Ika. The iwi is one of the six Muriwhenua iwi of the far north of the North Island.

Te Reo Irirangi o Te Hiku o Te Ika, an iwi radio station, serves Te Aupōuri and other Muriwhenua tribes of the Far North. It broadcasts a main station on , an urban contemporary station Sunshine FM on  and a youth-oriented station Tai FM.

History

The ancestral legend
In Māori, Te Aupouri means "The Dark Smoke" (au = smoke, pōuri = dark). According to legend, the Te Aupōuri came into conflict with Te Rarawa. The battle between the two eventually caused two other chieftains, Te Ikanui and Wheru, to become besieged in their pā in Pawarenga on Whangape Harbour. To mask their escape, they burnt their possessions and escaped under the cover of the smoke.

This is the iwi's chant:

Muriwhenua links
Te Aupōuri are one of the five iwi of Muriwhenua, also known as Te Hiku o te Ika a Māui, the Far North of Aotearoa.

The people of Te Aupōuri share a number of well-known ancestors with wider Muriwhenua including:
 Kupe of the Mata-whao-rua canoe and Te Ngaki of the Tāwhiri-rangi canoe;
 Nukutawhiti of the Ngā-toki-mata-whao-rua canoe;
 Ruanui-a-Tāne of the Māmari canoe and his wife Manawa-a-rangi;
 Whakatau of the Mahuhu-ki-te-rangi canoe;
 Pō-hurihanga of the Kurahaupō canoe and his wife Maieke;
 Tū-moana of the Tinana canoe and his wives Pare-waha-ariki and Kahukura-ariki;
 Te Parata of the Māmaru canoe and his wife Kahu-tia-nui;
 Tōhē and Te Kura-a-rangi;
 Tū-mata-hina and Tangi-rere;
 Rāhiri, Āhua-iti and Whakaruru;
 Ue-oneone and Rei-tū;
 Kai-rewa and Wai-miri-rangi;
 Toa-kai, Tū-kotia and Tara-whati;
 Hāiti-tai-marangai and Puna;
 Tū-whakatere , Tū-te-rangi-a-tohia and Tū-poia; and
 Moko-hōrea and Uru-te-kawa.
From these ancestors descend two families from which Te Aupōuri as an independent iwi trace their descent:
Firstly, the family of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa. The name 'Te Aupōuri' came about from an event in the time of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa's children – Kupe, Whēru, Te Ikanui, Te Kakati and Te Uruhāpainga, and Secondly, the family of Te Ihupango and Te Amongaariki II, who had two daughters – Tihe and Kohine. Te Amongaariki II is especially important to Te Aupōuri being the principal ancestress of the Te Kao lands and the southern Pārengarenga Harbour.

The iwi of Te Aupōuri have their primary turangawaewae at Te Kao at the southern end of the Pārengarenga Harbour, with Te Oneroa-a-Tōhē (Ninety Mile Beach) to the west and Tokerau (Great Exhibition Bay) to the east. Te Aupōuri describe the core area in which they have customary rights and associations, of varying types and nature, as running from Ngāpae in the south-west, east to Ngātū and Waipapakauri Stream, north to the mouth of the Rangaunu Harbour, to Motu-puruhi and Te Rākau-tū-hakahaka (Simmonds Islands) and north to Muri-motu (North Cape), west to Te Rerenga Wairua (Cape Reinga), encompassing Oromaki, Manawa-tāwhi, Moe-kawa and Ohau (Three Kings Islands), south to Motu-o-Pao (Cape Maria van Diemen), to Kahokawa (Scotts Point), Matapia, Waka-te-hāua (The Bluff), Hukatere and back to Ngāpae. Te Aupōuri also maintain historical associations to Rangitāhua (Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands) and south to Waimimiha.
Other iwi of Te Hiku o Te Ika also claim customary interests in this area.

The people of Te Aupōuri share a number of well known ancestors with the iwi of wider Muriwhenua including: Ruanui-a-Tāne & Manawa-a-rangi; Pō-hurihanga & Maieke; Tū-moana, Pare-waha-ariki & Kahukura-ariki; Te Parata & Kahu-tia-nui; Tōhē & Te Kura-a-rangi; Tū-mata-hina & Tangi-rere; Kai-rewa & Wai-miri-rangi; Toa-kai, Tū-kotia & Tara-whati; Hāiti-tai-marangai & Puna; Tū-whakatere, Tū-te-rangi-a-tohia & Tū-poia and Moko-hōrea & Uru-te-kawa.

From these ancestors descend two families from which Te Aupōuri as an independent iwi trace their descent: firstly the family of Mōre Te Korohunga of Ngāti Ruanui and his wife Te Awa of Muriwhenua, who became known as Ngāti Te Awa (the descendants of Te Awa).
The name 'Te Aupōuri' came about from an event in Pawarenga at the time of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa's children – Kupe, Whēru, Te Ikanui, Te Kakati and Te Uruhāpainga. One day, following the murder of Kupe, and her brother's revenge, Ngāti Te Awa were besieged in Makora Pā. Finally, Ngāti Te Awa lit a huge fire covering the Whangapē Harbour with thick dark smoke. They managed to escape north across the harbour in the midst of the dense smoke to their mother's lands further north. Hence the name Te Aupōuri (au = smoke, pōuri = dark).

The second family that Te Aupōuri descend from is that of Te Ihupango and Te Amongaariki II, who had two daughters – Tihe and Kohine. Te Amongaariki II is especially important to Te Aupōuri being the principal ancestress of the Te Kao lands and the southern Pārengarenga Harbour.
Mōre Te Korohunga & Te Awa's son, Te Ikanui, married Te Ihupango & Te Amongaariki II's daughters, Tihe & Kohine. These are the ancestors of the Te Aupōuri people of Te Kao – "Ngā Uri O Te Ikanui".

Ruanui and the Polynesian rats
According to the traditions of the Aotea, Horouta and Māmari ancestral canoes, kiore (Polynesian rats) were passengers on their voyages from Hawaiki to New Zealand. Carvings on a window frame of Te Ōhākī marae at Ahipara depict the story of Ruanui's rat, Ruanui being the captain of the Māmari canoe. On arriving in Hokianga Harbour, he released his rats onto an island now called Motukiore "rat island".

Notable people

 Makarena Dudley, psychologist, lecturer at the University of Auckland and dementia researcher

 Hone Harawira, Mana Party leader

 Ralph Hotere, artist
 Shane Jones, politician
 Stacey Jones, rugby league player
 Anika Moa, singer
 Tina Cross, singer
 Mitch Evans, racing car driver
 Hinemoa Elder, youth forensic psychiatrist
 Don Selwyn, actor and filmmaker

References

External links
Te Aupōuri's website

Te Aupōuri


Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545) born Farid Khan, was the Pashtun founder of the short lived Pashtun Suri or Sur kingdom in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Patna in Bihar and later Delhi.

The title Sher Khan was impressed upon him after he singlehandedly fought against a lion while serving under Afghan noble Bahar Khan Lohani. Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier. His father Hasan Khan was a jagirdar under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi.  Farid Khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar and soon he rebelled and successfully overthrew the Mughal Emperor Humayun in 1540.

He ruled until 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion.  He left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah Suri, who ruled for nine years and was succeeded by his son Firoz Khan who was murdered.  His son and followers could not keep for long the control of the kingdom and in 1555 the Mughal prince Humayun recaptured the lost Mughal territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah in Punjab, thus effectively ending the Suri dynasty.

Military Campaigns
Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal ruler Humayun twice and captured Delhi. Soon after becoming king, Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

Achievements
Sher Shah was a good general and administrator. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia'. He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long. Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practised tolerance and welfare.

1486 births
1545 deaths
Indian royalty

Sher Shah Suri


Alexander Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme   (21 October 1932 – 19 November 2017) was a Nigerian politician who served as the first elected vice president of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983 during the Second Nigerian Republic under President Shehu Shagari as a member of the National Party of Nigeria.

Personal life
Alex Ekwueme was born to Igbo parents in Oko Town, in present day Anambra State on 21 October 1932. He died at 10:00pm on Sunday 19 November 2017 at a clinic in London. He had to be flown there after his relapse to a coma which he fell into as a result of his fall in his Enugu residence.

Education
Ekwueme started primary school at the St John's Anglican Central School, at Ekwulobia, then he proceeded to King's College, Lagos. As an awardee of the Fulbright Scholarship in the United States of America (being one of the first Nigerians to gain the award), He attended the University of Washington where he earned bachelor's degree in Architecture and city planning.

He obtained his master's degree in urban planning. Dr. Ekwueme also earned degrees in sociology, history, philosophy and law from the University of London. He later proceeded to obtain a Ph.D. in Architecture from the University of Strathclyde, before gaining the BL (honours) degree from the Nigerian Law School.https://guardian.ng/art/alex-ifeanyichukwu-ekwueme-an-illustrious-african-statesman-2/

Early career
Ekwueme was a distinguished architect. He started his professional career as an Assistant Architect with a Seattle-based firm, Leo A. Daly and Associates, and also with the London based firm Nickson and Partners. On his return to Nigeria, he joined ESSO West Africa, Lagos, overseeing the Construction and Maintenance department.

He then went on to create a successful private business with his firm - Ekwueme Associates, Architects and Town Planners, the first indigenous architectural firm in Nigeria.
His practice flourished with 16 offices spread all over Nigeria and was wound up in preparation for Dr. Ekwueme assuming office as the first executive Vice President of Nigeria. Dr. Ekwueme had presided over the Nigerian Institute of Architects and the Architects Registration Council of Nigeria.

He was Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Nigerian Institute of Architects.
Before Dr. Ekwueme gained national and international limelight as the Vice President of Nigeria in 1979, he was actively involved in the socio-economic development of his community.
In addition to his many public service roles within his community, Dr. Ekwueme started an active Educational Trust Fund that has been responsible for sponsoring the education of several hundred youths to universities in Nigeria and abroad.
Dr. Ekwueme was a member of the housing sub-committee of the Adebo Salaries and Wages Review Commission. He also served for many years on the board of the Anambra State Housing Development Authority On the national front.

Vice President of Nigeria
Ekwueme was the first elected Vice President of Nigeria from 1979 to 1983 during the Second Nigerian Republic serving under President Shehu Shagari as a member of the National People's Party (NPN).

Later career
Ekwueme participated in the 1995 National Constitutional Conference (NCC) in Abuja, where he served on the Committee on the Structure and Framework of the Constitution. His famous proposals at the NCC for a just and equitable power sharing in Nigeria based on the six geopolitical zones have now come to be accepted as necessary for maintaining a stable Nigerian polity.
Dr Ekwueme mobilized the group of 34 eminent Nigerians who risked their lives to stand up against the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha during the era of military rule in Nigeria. He was the founding Chairman of the ruling party in Nigeria and was the first Chairman of the party's Board of Trustees.
Dr. Ekwueme was a prolific philanthropist, public servant, and a man of peace.

He was a member of the Board of Directors of Canada-based Forum of Federations. He was also a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Council of Elders.
Dr. Ekwueme was leader of the team assembled by the National Democratic Institute (NDI) for pre-election monitoring for the parliamentary election in Zimbabwe in 2000. He was the leader of the Organisation of Africa Unity (OAU) observer team to the Tanzanian Presidential and Parliamentary election in 2000.
Dr. Ekwueme co-led the 28 member NDI/Carter Centre sponsored Observer Team to the Liberian Presidential run-off election in 2005. Most recently Dr Ekwueme was called upon by the ruling party in Nigeria to head the Reconciliation Committee in the wake of intra-party discord and after the recent presidential election.

Titles and honours
Ekwueme was the Ide of the Oko kingdom in Anambra State, where his younger brother, Professor Lazarus Ekwueme, reigns as the traditional ruler. He was also honoured by the council of Traditional Rulers in the old Aguata as the Ide of Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State comprising forty-four (44) towns.

He was honoured with the Order of the Republic of Guinea and Nigeria, second highest national honours of Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger (GCON).
Dr. Ekwueme was the benefactor and Patron of the "Alex Ekwueme Foundation". The Alex Ekwueme University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi state was named after him on his death

Vice President Yemi Osinbajo described late former Vice President Alex Ekwueme as fearless and an epitome of integrity. "As Vice President, he set an excellent example of loyalty, discipline, team spirit and fidelity to the nation. He was fearless and with the courage of his convictions, he led the G-34, the group of eminent Nigerians who confronted military dictatorship in its darkest and most fearsome days in Nigeria's history. He contributed significantly to the return of democracy in 1999,'' Osinbajo said.

References

External links
 Ekwueme
 Alex official website
 Former vice-president Alex Ekwueme
 Archived
 Interviewed scuttled Obasanjo election 199 Alex Ekwueme

1932 births
2017 deaths
Igbo politicians
Nigerian Anglicans
People from Anambra State
Vice presidents of Nigeria
University of Washington College of Built Environments alumni
Alumni of the University of London
King's College, Lagos alumni
Grand Commanders of the Order of the Niger
20th-century Nigerian politicians
Nigerian Law School alumni
Nigerian expatriates in the United States
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
National Working Committee chairs
20th-century Nigerian architects
Igbo architects

Alex Ekwueme


ARB (; ; 'Army Hand-to-Hand Combat') is a Soviet martial art which was developed for the military in the late 1970s and tested with the Soviet Airborne Troops, utilising both striking and grappling techniques with an emphasis on stand-up fighting and use of throws to take an opponent down quickly. It incorporated many functional elements from an arsenal of army-style hand-to-hand combat and martial arts styles from around the world, and has been intended for use in a combat environment. It is a relatively modern and quickly developing style of martial arts, and, as a combat sport, it has become popular for its full-contact sparring while offering a relatively modest risk of injury. Contrary to Combat Sambo contests, which are being held at a standard wrestling mat, ARB contests require a 10×10 m (33×33 ft) tatami-like squared area.

History

ARB's origin as a military-applied martial art dates back to 1979 when the city of Kaunas (the settlement Gaižiūnai, military unit no. 42235) held the first championship for Airborne troops on the sports base of the 7th Guards Airborne Division. Since then, the Airborne troops' ARB championships have been held annually. ARB was created by experts and enthusiasts of physical preparation and was played as a sport of the Soviet Army. It was also successfully introduced into the Soviet army to train soldiers.

Carrying out of the first championship on ARB would not have been possible without long-term practice and experiments with various kinds of single combat. Black belt-rated sportsmen and prize-winners of competitions in sambo, boxing, wrestling, judo and other fighting sports were carefully selected to participate in a game of ARB. Methodical work of fighters and commanders, has also impulsed to the origin of the martial art which is nowadays widely known under the name "Army Hand-to-Hand Combat". At that point in time (the beginning of the 1970s) actual training of regular soldiers for hand-to-hand combat was named "as the Program of preparation of instructors in sports and special receptions of a landing".

Rules

A distinctive part of ARB that sets it apart from other full contact single combat martial arts is the possibility of finishing with the opponent on hands and feet from a standing position. The opponent may call "Stop", as some kicks on the head of the opponent may not be protected by a helmet, and can lead to heavy damages that interrupt the match immediately. Blows of the opponent by a foot in a head is a knock-down to the fighter who has performed such a blow.

General rules

 Fights are played on a square carpet that is no smaller than 14×14 meters. Fights occur on the square with the border of the fight zone at 8×8 m or 10×10 m. The "external zone" of the carpet serves for the safety of sportsmen and is no less than 3 meters in size. On a knockout of a fighter the carpet fight stops and a command "Stop" is issued. The judge will then issue a "Fighters to the middle" command, which directs sportsmen to go to the center (middle) of the carpet. Thus, if a knockout of one or more fighters has happened on the carpet (including on the safety zone), and the combat's termination has occurred outside of the fighting square, such reception is estimated, and the combat stops by the general rules.
 Fighters break on age (concerning fighters till 18 years and division into age categories depends on Position about competitions) and weight categories beginning from weight to 60 kg and to weight over 90 kg with step of 5 kg. Sometimes, under the preliminary coordination, can be only two weight categories—to 75 kg and over 75 kg (only at adults on local tournaments).
 Fighters are divided into the fighter with a red and dark blue belt, and in certain cases—the fighter in black or white gi. The fighter whose surname is specified the first in the summary table—dresses a red belt (black kimono).
 the Fighter needs a second who is responsible for ammunition of the sportsman during a duel ("to tie up a helmet, to fix overlays, a protector, to tie up a belt kimono and another)" as fighter not in condition independently to solve these problems in taken away on the amendment of ammunition time. During a duel the second settles down on a chair behind a place of the fighter. Thus during a duel it is forbidden to second to give to the fighter any commands or councils. For conversations with the second to the fighter the remark can be made, and at repeated infringement—prevention.
 At competitions the following equipment is used: a kimono, foot protection of a heel and lifting of foot, an overlay on the shins, a cup on the groin, a protective waistcoat (protector), gloves, knee protection, forearm and elbow protection, a helmet with a metal lattice ". The protective regimentals (except gloves and a helmet) put on under the kimono.
 Fight consists of one round and lasts: at teenagers, young men and juniors—2 minutes of pure time, at men (and all final fights)—3 minutes of pure time. At girls and women duration of duels can decrease at pre-tournament meeting of representatives of commands.
 such technical actions, as Are estimated: blows by hands, blows by feet, throws and painful receptions. Blows and struggle in "orchestra" it is not estimated, but it is privately considered at equality of points (as activity in Sambo-wrestling).
 forbidden tricks concern: drawing of blows by fingers in eyes; carrying out of suffocating captures and painful receptions on a neck, backbone, a brush, foot; jumps feet and stamping blows on the lying contender; blows in a groin, a neck, on joints of feet and hands, a nape and a backbone; painful receptions in a rack; capture for a helmet or a helmet lattice.
 the victory is awarded:
 on points "(the decision of judges)";
 behind a clear advantage "(when the opponent ceases to resist to attack or during attack has turned to the opponent a back)";
 in connection with refusal of the opponent to continue a duel "(reception of the trauma which have been not connected with infringement corrected the opponent, weariness and so forth)";
 absence of the opponent on a duel;
 delivery of the opponent as a result of carrying out of painful reception;
 at two knock-downs of one fighter during one duel "(to avoid an unjustified traumatism)";
 at disqualification of the opponent "(three preventions, unsportsmanlike behaviour in exceptional cases, drawing to the opponent of foul blows after which that can't continue a duel [i.e., strikes to the groin])".

See also
 Hand-to-hand combat

References

Hybrid martial arts
Russian martial arts

ARB (martial art)


.NET Remoting is a Microsoft application programming interface (API) for interprocess communication released in 2002 with the 1.0 version of .NET Framework. It is one in a series of Microsoft technologies that began in 1990 with the first version of Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) for 16-bit Windows. Intermediate steps in the development of these technologies were Component Object Model (COM) released in 1993 and updated in 1995 as COM-95, Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), released in 1997 (and renamed ActiveX), and COM+ with its Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), released in 2000. It is now superseded by Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), which is part of the .NET Framework 3.0.

Like its family members and similar technologies such as Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and Java's remote method invocation (RMI), .NET Remoting is complex, yet its essence is straightforward. With the assistance of operating system and network agents, a client process sends a message to a server process and receives a reply.

Overview
.NET Remoting allows an application to make an object (termed remotable object) available across remoting boundaries, which includes different appdomains, processes or even different computers connected by a network. The .NET Remoting runtime hosts the listener for requests to the object in the appdomain of the server application. On the client end, any requests to the remotable object are proxied by the .NET Remoting runtime over Channel objects, that encapsulate the actual transport mode, including TCP streams, HTTP streams and named pipes. As a result, by instantiating proper Channel objects, a .NET Remoting application can be made to support different communication protocols without recompiling the application. The runtime itself manages the act of serialization and marshalling of objects across the client and server appdomains.

.NET Remoting makes a reference of a remotable object available to a client application, which then instantiates and uses a remotable object as if it were a local object. However, the actual code execution happens at the server-side. A remotable object is identified by Activation URLs and are instantiated by a connection to the URL. A listener for the object is created by the remoting runtime when the server registers the channel that is used to connect to the remotable object. At the client side, the remoting infrastructure creates a proxy that stands-in as a pseudo-instantiation of the remotable object. It does not implement the functionality of the remotable object, but presents a similar interface. As such, the remoting infrastructure needs to know the public interface of the remotable object beforehand. Any method calls made against the object, including the identity of the method and any parameters passed, are serialized to a byte stream and transferred over a communication protocol-dependent Channel to a recipient proxy object at the server side ("marshalled"), by writing to the Channel's transport sink. At the server side, the proxy reads the stream off the sink and makes the call to the remotable object on the behalf of the client. The results are serialized and transferred over the sink to the client, where the proxy reads the result and hands it over to the calling application. If the remotable object needs to make a callback to a client object for some services, the client application must mark it as remotable and have a remoting runtime host a listener for it. The server can connect to it over a different Channel, or over the already existent one if the underlying connection supports bidirectional communication. A channel can be composed of a number of different Channel objects, possibly with different heterogeneous transports. Thus, remoting can also work across systems separated by an interconnection of heterogeneous networks, including the Internet. Type safety is enforced by the CTS and the .NET Remoting runtime. Remote method calls are inherently synchronous; asynchronous calls can be implemented using threading libraries. Authentication and access control can be implemented for clients by either using custom Channels or by hosting the remotable objects in IIS and then using the IIS authentication system.

References

External links

Migrating from .NET Remoting to WCF

Remoting
Microsoft application programming interfaces
Windows communication and services
Remote procedure call
Net

.NET Remoting


The Book of Job () is the 18th book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. It is one of the books in the class of poetry.

Beginning
The Bible says "In the land of Uz" there lived a man whose name was Job. He feared God and shunned evil. Job had seven sons and three daughters, and he owned seven-thousand sheep, three-thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants. He was the greatest man among all the people of the East."
"When a period of feasting had run its course, Job would send and have them purified. Early in the morning he would sacrifice a burnt offering for each of them, thinking, "Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. This was Job's regular custom."
The Bible also says that Job was a pious, rich, loyal and a man who loved God.

Satan meets God
One day Satan and the Angels of God went to God. God tells Satan about his servant Job and how good he is. Satan says that the only reason he is like that is because God was good to him and gave him sons and daughters and many animals. Satan asks if he can test Job and God lets him. God tells Satan not to kill Job.

First test
The first test Satan did was to take away all of Job's animals, killing the servants that were with the animals, and killing all of Job's sons and daughters while they were eating together. Even though Satan did these things to Job, Job did not curse God like Satan wanted Job to do.

Satan meets God again
Satan and the Angels went to meet God again. Like before, God talked about how good his servant Job is. Satan says that Job will curse God if he makes Job sick, which he did. This is the last meeting with Satan, the Angels.

Second test
Satan afflicted sores all over Job's body. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Job told her that if he said that, that would be foolish. Even though Job lost everything he had and suffered from painful sores all over his body, he did not sin against God by cursing him. Satan had failed in trying to make him sin. This is the final time Satan is mentioned in the Book of Job.

Job's friends
When Job's friends heard about the things that happened to him they went to comfort him. Most of the book tells of Job and his friends talking. The names of his friends are Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. Towards the end of the book, Job's friends start to think that Job is not good because a lot of bad things are happening to him. Job keeps on saying that he is good but he starts to wonder if God really is good.

Job and God
After God speaks to Job and his three friends, God asks Job where he was when He created the earth and filled it with amazing things (meaning that it is not possible for man to understand God's ways). God gets very angry at Job's friends for thinking that Job was not a good man and for saying things about God they did not know about, and Job prays for his friends: God answers his prayer. God blesses Job because he did not curse Him. God gives him more than he had before.

Other websites
Book of Job in the King James Version
Book of Job in the New International Version
Book of Job at Scriptures.lds.org

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
6th-century BC books

Book of Job


Josiah James Evans (November 27, 1786May 6, 1858) was a United States Senator from South Carolina from 1853 to 1858.

Evans was born in Marlborough district in South Carolina and lived most of his life there and in Darlington district, South Carolina. He was a lawyer and judge for many years before becoming a Senator. He died in Washington, D.C., shortly before his first term was to expire. He was a Democrat. During his time in the Senate he was chairman of the committees on auditing the contingency expenses of the Senate and Revolutionary Claims. He is buried near his ancestral home on Society Hill, Darlington County, South Carolina.

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

External links

1786 births
1858 deaths
South Carolina Democrats
Democratic Party United States senators from South Carolina
Burials in South Carolina
19th-century American legislators

Josiah J. Evans


Catharina Questiers (21 November 16313 February 1669) was a Dutch poet and dramatist.  Along with Cornelia van der Veer and Katharyne Lescailje, she was the most successful female Dutch poet of the second half of the 17th century. Her brother David also achieved some note as a poet.

Family
Catharina Questiers was born and died in Amsterdam. Her parents were Salomon Davidsz. Questiers (1590–1636) and Elisabeth Jan (1593–1660). The family originally came from the Flemish Ypres. Her father had a thriving plumbing business in Amsterdam Warmoesstraat. Catherine was the youngest of 6 children born in the house, and was suspected to come from a Roman Catholic background. However, it was unusual for those who practice Catholicism to leave Catholic Brabant and move to Amsterdam, so their religious background is questionable.

Her father's business made their family relatively wealthy, so they had a good life. Her father was not only a business man, but had influence and prestige in the theatrical and literary arts. He was a member of the Brabant "Chamber of Rhetoric", White Lavender, a member of Coster's Academy, and a playwright. He wrote a play called Griecxen Amadis that was performed numerous times in what was at the time the most prestigious theatre, the Academy on the Keizersgracht.

Career

Catharina wrote her first poem with her brother, David, when she was 8 years old. She continued to mold her craft until her first work appeared in "Corpse's Complaint", written after the death of her admired and well esteemed friend and poet, Tesselschade Roemersdr  Visscher. The poem appeared in JacobViverius, "Wintery Nights".

Catharina Questiers began making a name for herself when she began writing plays for the Dutch Republic. At the time, Spanish plays were revered for their love triangles and spectacular action scenes.  "Her first play, The geheymen lover, had an operation on an existing verse to prose translation of the Spanish comedy las mujeres vieran No. of Lope de Vega (history.com-Malou Nozeman)."  She dedicated her first play to Queen Christina because she was well educated and knew Dutch, though she was not from Amsterdam. Her second play was, "cashmere" or muffled to high, was modeled this play after Spanish prose as well. It was first performed on October 25, 1656. This play in particular earned Catharina a great deal more prestige and fame, because Amsterdam's first professional actress Ariana Nozeman starred in the play. The talk of her play gained so much attention that the Amsterdam city council attended a performance.

When Catharina first began writing plays for the Republic, she was the youngest person to ever do so. Furthermore, she was one of the first female writers of her time, which created a great deal of interest amongst her male co-authors. Actor and playwright Jan van Daalen wrote in the preliminaries, "How a woman's image can make such heifers," alluding to Catharina Questiers for the first play that she'd written for the Republic.

Other activities
Catherina was not just a formidable poet and playwright. She was a very dynamic, and multitalented artist as well. She and her brother, David, "etched in copper and wood, drew, sculpted, embroidered, and was skilled in the art cutting. Engravings of her hand appeared in the (comical) olipodrigo (1654) (Nozeman)." These pictures illustrated some of her poems as well as the poems of her brother, David.

Life as a single woman
Catharina Questiers married at the age of 34, which was relatively unusual at the time. Artists who painted her commented upon her appearance. Van De Vondel calls Catharina the "clean katheryn".  However, Constantijn Huygens offers a contrasting opinion; in a letter he writes that she was 'the big fat one in Amsterdam'. Paintings of Catharina, especiallyin particular, paintings done by both Van De Vondel's, and Adriaen van Ostade's, Catherina is illustrated as a somewhat over-weight woman. There is a slight possibility that her outward appearance had was the reason for her being married at 34, only four years before her death. All of her sisters married before her. "Maria (1614/15- 1677) married Henry Goyer, sheriff of Heemstede, bailiff and later dike warden of the island of Texel.  Petronella (1620/21-1677), married the famous Amsterdam and builder Philip Vingboons Aaltje (1618/19 - 1680) with the notary Quirijn Spit Hoff." Catharina's reason for not marrying so quickly was that she loved her freedom. She'd often say, "I love my freedom", in response to questions of marriage. It's speculated, however, that financial riches played a strong role in her not marrying. Over the years, Catherina developed a great deal of wealth, so much so, that she gave over 10,000 guilders, (a large sum of money), to her brother, David's wife, after he died.

Collaborations
During the 17th century, it was quite common for poets to create works together, going back and forth in friendly, poetic responses of one topic or another. Between November 1662 and January 1663, Catherina, and her childhood friend, Cornelia van der Veer, wrote a series of poems together, that was published in 1665. It was called the Battle for the Laurels between Catherina Questiers and Cornelia van der Veer. It included ten poems in which the two attempted to battle to see who was more deserving of the poet's laurel wreath, which was a classical tribute to eminent poets. In the spirit of good-nature, the battle was deemed a tie. In total, Catherina contributed 31 poems, while Cornelia contributed 51. There were also other poems written by friends that they included in the book, bringing it to a lengthy 375 page, limited edition.

Marriage
The Battle for Laurels was Catherina's final publication. Her career ended when she wed on April 19, 1664, in Amsterdam Leiden, to a merchant, named Johan Cough (1627-1673).  Although they never had any children, the two remained married until her death in 1669, five years later.

Death
Catarina died of natural causes on February 1, 1669.  Enscripted on her grave, Vondel wrote, "The envy of the tombstone covers the beauty of Questier. / That spirit, even cleaner, lives in wood and white paper. / In earth and heaven rose to give her a big quarrel. / All went.  Heaven won the soul, the cleanest part (Nozeman)."

Works by Catherine Questiers
The geheymen lover (1655)
Cashmere or muffled to high (1656)
D'ondanckbare Fulvius faithful and Octavia (1665)
Laurel-stryt (1665)

Poetry

Wintry evenings, stories or Dutch (Amsterdam, 1649).
Comical olipodrigo (Amsterdam 1655).
Klioos stall 2 (London 1657).
Amsterdam-pulp mixture 1 (1658).
Flower Wreath of several poems (Amsterdam 1659).
Joan Blasius, Fidamants kisses, and love-by-wysen Rymen to Celestyne (Amsterdam 1663).
Clioos Cytter, slamming nice songs (Amsterdam, 1669 [1st printing 1663]).

Plays
The geheymen lover (Amsterdam 1655).
Muted or cashmere to high (Amsterdam 1656).
D'ondanckbare Fulvius and faithful Octavia (Amsterdam 1665).

Expenditure
In: Maternity Klioos, Vol.  II (1657)
In: Flower Wreath of several poems (1659)

Primary texts by Catherine Questiers
Catherine Questiers, "On a tekeningh of Mars and Venvs. In: The first part of the Amsterdam-Moez mixture (1658)
Catherine Questiers, 'New-year, two of Festoennen Hoorentjens and shells on AH.  IB-income. " In: The first part of the Amsterdam-Moez mixture (1658)
Catherine Questiers, "None of beyden. In: The first part of the Amsterdam-Moez mixture (1658)
Catherine Questiers, "Vryheydts-loff. In: The first part of the Amsterdam-Moez mixture (1658)
Catherine Questiers, "The Drum Major laughing afbeeltzel of January." In: The first part of the Amsterdam-Moez mixture (1658)
Catherine Questiers, "On the off-beeltzels Van FD Painter, HV-income Beelthouwer. In: The first part of the Amsterdam-Moez mixture (1658)
Catherine Irish Quest, "On Fidamant, Kisses and Love on his singing." In: Fidamants kisses, and love-by-wysen Rymen to Celestyne (1663)
C.  Barlaeus, H.  Beaumont, Francois Le Bleu, Cornelis Boey, Marcus Zuerius Boxhorn, Henrick Bruno, Jacob van der Burgh, Jacob Cats, Jeremias de Decker, George Rataller Doubleth, Daniel Heinsius, Nicholas Heinsius, PC Hooft, Daniel Mostart, H.  Nierop, Catharina Questiers, Anna Maria van Schurman, Joost van den Vondel and Jacob Westerbaen, "Command, poems, etc. of the Corn Flowers (1658). In: Poems.  Part 6: 1656-1661 (1896)

References

Profile at the Digital library for Dutch literature

1631 births
1669 deaths
17th-century Dutch writers
Dutch women poets
17th-century Dutch women writers
Writers from Amsterdam
Burials at the Oude Kerk, Amsterdam
17th-century Dutch women
Dutch women dramatists and playwrights
17th-century Dutch poets
17th-century Dutch dramatists and playwrights

Catharina Questiers


Maurice Healy (3 January 1859 – 9 November 1923) was an Irish nationalist politician, lawyer and Member of Parliament (MP). As a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party, he was returned to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland four times between 1885 and 1918.

He was one of twins, the third son born to Maurice, a Poor Law Union clerk, and Eliza (née Sullivan) Healy, in Bantry. His mother died during the birth. As he grew up he became very close to his elder brother Tim Healy. It is said that the nurse placed Maurice in the young Tim's arms and said, "This little boy has no mother now and you will have to be a mother to him". Both brothers married Sullivans who were first cousins to their husbands and to each other. The orphaned children were effectively raised by their maternal grandmother, Jane Sullivan. The family moved to Lismore, where he was educated at the local Christian Brothers school.

Admitted as a solicitor in 1882, he practised as such and was returned to parliament four times, first as a member of the Irish Parliamentary Party for Cork city from 1885 to 1900, in which year standing as a Healyite nationalist he was defeated by William O'Brien in a bitter campaign. He was returned again for Cork City in May 1909 to January 1910.

In 1910, for North East Cork, this time as a supporter and member of William O'Brien's All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL). From the December 1910 general election until the December 1918 general election he again represented Cork City. He was generally considered one of the finest Irish lawyers of his generation, and exceptionally conscientious in his handling of a case.

His force in parliament was land law. He was a close confidant of his brother and although more retiring and stolid than his better-known elder brother, Tim, he was considered the more intelligent and often acted as a counterbalance to his brother's emotionality. On the outbreak of World War I in 1914 a son of each enlisted in one of the Irish Divisions.

His uncle, Timothy Daniel Sullivan, was also a member of parliament, as was his oldest brother, Thomas Joseph Healy and father-in-law A. M. Sullivan. His son, also called Maurice (1887–1943), educated at Clongowes Wood College stood unsuccessfully as an AFIL candidate for West Waterford in December 1910, was a regular contributor (including much satirical verse) to the O'Brienite Cork Free Press.

Maurice (junior) moved to England after the founding of the Irish Free State where he was both a successful lawyer, and a broadcaster for the BBC during the early years of World War II. He wrote the well-known legal memoir The Old Munster Circuit and the popular Stay Me With Flagons: A Book about Wine and Other Things.

Maurice (senior) died at his residence, Ballintemple, Cork, on 9 November 1923 and was buried in St. Joseph's Cemetery.

References

Sources
 Paul Bew, Healy, Timothy Michael (1855–1931) in: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
 Patrick Maume The long Gestation, Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918 (1999)
 Tim Cadogan & Jeremiah Falvey A Biographical Dictionary of Cork (2006)

External links

1859 births
1923 deaths
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Anti-Parnellite MPs
Healyite Nationalist MPs
All-for-Ireland League MPs
19th-century Irish lawyers
Politicians from County Cork
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cork City
Irish twins
Twins from Northern Ireland
People from Bantry
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Cork constituencies (1801–1922)
Burials at St. Joseph's Cemetery, Cork

Maurice Healy


Segmentation in biology means the division of some animal and plant bodies into a series of repeat sections or parts. It is common in some of the most successful groups of animals, such as arthropods, vertebrates and annelid worms.

Segmentation of the body allows different regions of the body to develop for different uses.

Genes regulating development
We now know a good deal about how the development of segmented animals is controlled. In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly Drosophila, E.B. Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes. The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism.

Furthermore, the sequence of these control genes show co-linearity: the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed along the anterior-posterior axis of the body. Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.

Each of the genes contains a homeobox, a remarkably conserved DNA sequence. This suggests the complex itself arose by gene duplication.

In his Nobel lecture, Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".

References

Zoology
Animal anatomy

Segmentation


Trench shoring is the process of bracing the walls of a trench to prevent collapse and cave-ins.  The phrase can also be used as a noun to refer to the materials used in the process.

Several methods can be used to shore up a trench.  Hydraulic shoring is the use of hydraulic pistons that can be pumped outward until they press up against the trench walls.  This is typically combined with steel plate or a special heavy plywood called Finform.  Another method is called beam and plate, in which steel I-beams are driven into the ground and steel plates are slid in amongst them.  A similar method that uses wood planks is called soldier boarding.  Hydraulics tend to be faster and easier; the other methods tend to be used for longer term applications or larger excavations.

Shoring should not be confused with shielding by means of trench shields.  Shoring is designed to prevent collapse, whilst shielding is only designed to protect workers should collapse occur. Most professionals agree that shoring is the safer approach of the two.

See also
Retaining wall

References

Geotechnical shoring structures
Cuts (earthmoving)

Trench shoring


Brian Conrad (born November 20, 1970) is an American mathematician and number theorist, working at Stanford University. Previously, he taught at the University of Michigan and at Columbia University.

Conrad and others proved the modularity theorem, also known as the Taniyama-Shimura Conjecture. He proved this in 1999 with Christophe Breuil, Fred Diamond and Richard Taylor, while holding a joint postdoctoral position at Harvard University and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.

Conrad received his bachelor's degree from Harvard in 1992, where he won a prize for his undergraduate thesis. He did his doctoral work under Andrew Wiles and went on to receive his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1996 with a dissertation titled Finite Honda Systems And Supersingular Elliptic Curves.  He was also featured as an extra in Nova's The Proof.

His identical twin brother Keith Conrad, also a number theorist, is a professor at the University of Connecticut.

References

External links

Homepage at Stanford University
On the modularity of elliptic curves over Q - Proof of Taniyama-Shimura coauthored by Conrad.
 Brian Conrad, Fred Diamond, Richard Taylor: Modularity of certain potentially Barsotti-Tate Galois representations,  Journal of the American Mathematical Society 12 (1999), pp. 521–567. Also contains the proof
 C. Breuil, B. Conrad, F. Diamond, R. Taylor :  On the modularity of elliptic curves over Q: wild 3-adic exercises,  Journal of the American Mathematical Society 14 (2001), 843–939.

20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century  American mathematicians
Number theorists
Harvard University staff
Princeton University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Scientists from New York City
1970 births
Living people
Harvard College alumni
Fermat's Last Theorem
Mathematicians from New York (state)
American identical twins
Recipients of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers

Brian Conrad


A Home appliance is any consumer-electronic machine use to complete some household task, such as cooking or cleaning. Home appliances can be classified into:
Major appliances, or white goods
Small appliances

This division is also detectable in the service area of these kinds of products. Most Brown goods require high technical knowledge and skills, while white goods need more practical skills and brute force to make the devices work, and heavy tools required to repair them.

The invention of home appliances led to a decline in employment of domestic workers in the 20th century.
Home appliances

Home appliance


The Dominguez Rancho Adobe is California Historical Landmark Number 152, and in 1976 was placed on the National Register of Historic Places by the United States Department of the Interior.

The adobe of Manuel Dominguez, on the Spanish land grant of Rancho San Pedro (re-validated under Mexican rule), was completed in 1826. The home features  walls, heavy timbers and a flat, tarred roof. Much of the furniture is original to the Dominguez family.

The Friends of Rancho San Pedro operate the adobe ranch home as the Dominguez Rancho Adobe Museum. The Friends provide guided tours of the house, as well as host many educational programs about ranch life and early California history.  The museum's address is 18127 South Alameda Street, Rancho Dominguez, California, an unincorporated community in Los Angeles County, located between the cities of Compton, Long Beach and Carson.

History

The Rancho San Pedro is the site of the First Spanish land grant in California.  The land was usurped from the indigenous inhabitants by Spanish soldiers and missionaries, and in 1784 King Carlos III granted the land to Juan Jose Dominguez, a retired Spanish soldier who came to California with the Portola expedition and later with Father Juniperro Serra. This grant encompassed 75,000 acres and included the entire Los Angeles harbor. The indigenous people, known as the Tongva, were forced into Spanish missions, most likely Mission San Gabriel, where most perished from disease, violence, and forced work.  Due to a lack of heirs, the land was then passed to Cristobal Dominguez, a nephew of Juan Jose. Cristobal's son, Manuel Dominguez, would succeed him in taking control of the land upon his father's death. It was under Manuel's guidance that the Rancho as it is seen today was constructed in 1826.

During this time Manuel was also focused on acquiring a United States land patent, which would solidify ownership of the Rancho under United States' law. The patent was granted and signed by President James Buchanan on December 18, 1858, more than 7 years after it was first requested and nearly 75 years after the original land grant. This was the first U.S. land patent granted in California. However, throughout the years of political turmoil in California, prolonged court battles over ownership of the Rancho, numerous surveys of the land, and the sale of some parcels, the United States land patent stated that the Rancho now encompassed 25,000 acres, far fewer than the 75,000 acres included in the original land grant.

Manuel Dominguez was a business-savvy young man who could speak both Spanish and English as a result of successful trade. He was also the only one of his siblings who could read and write.  At the age of 29, he was elected as Mayor of Los Angeles. Manuel later became one of 47 delegates in California to sign the State Constitution. Not long thereafter, President James Buchanan signed the first land patent granted in California to Manuel Dominguez, solidifying the grounds in use by the museum today.

Battle of the Old Woman's Gun

During the Mexican–American War in 1846, the Battle of Dominguez Rancho or Battle of the Old Woman's Gun occurred on the eastern side of Dominguez Hill, its location being a factor in the temporary defeat of American troops by a band of Spanish Californians. This one-hour altercation took place on October 8 near the home of Manuel Dominguez, with the Rancho buildings being occupied from the previous night by Captain Mervine and his marines.

Partition

Upon Manuel's death in 1882, and the passing of his wife one year later, the Rancho lands were partitioned among his six surviving children, all daughters. Three of the married daughters continued the Dominguez legacy through the Carson, Del Amo and Watson families

Pacific Electric Railway

By the time the railroad came into the lives of the Dominguez family, in 1869, the family already had a lucrative cattle business. In fact, the cattle were slaughtered in the fields on the spot. When the railroad was built running through Rancho lands that practice came to a halt. Manuel donated 100 feet, about 77 acres, to the railroad.

In 1902, the Pacific Electric Railway was set to cut through Dominguez and Watson land. In the agreement, the Dominguez family requested  there be a  Dominguez Junction at Alameda Street. This is where Union Pacific freight trains still run to this day. Teams of men, horses, and mules built the railway at a rapid pace.  On July 4, 1902, the railway officially opened. The Pacific Electric Railway would pass by the Dominguez Junction every hour, and thereby increased the value of the rancho lands.

As a passenger train, people were able to frequent the rancho more easily and more often. The Dominguez family became known for their large family barbecues, which were made possible by the advent of the locomotive. However, the trains definitely had their downsides. Raising livestock and agriculture was made more difficult, and people throughout the area complained through Robert Watson to reach the Pacific Electric Railway Company. Ultimately, however, the railroad was beneficial to the Dominguez heritage, as Carson was able to ship over 70,000 pounds of wool at a time
The Rancho has a collection of antique large-scale model trains located in their carriage house as well.

1910 Air Meet at Dominguez Field

In 1910, Dominguez Hill served as the site of the first national aviation meet in the United States. It is estimated that over a half-million passengers traveled by train to see this historic event. An open grandstand was erected that was more than six hundred feet in length. Use of the field was provided without rental charge by the Dominguez family, though the family asked to have front row seats for the entire event. Many of the early aviation pioneers were present, including the Curtiss, Martin, Paulhan, and Willard. Roy Knabenshue flew in one of the very first blimps. The aviation meet lasted for 10 days, establishing the first speed and endurance records.

The Claretians

Manuel and his family were also very devout Catholics. All of the daughters made major donations to the construction of St. Vibiana's, the former Cathedral in downtown Los Angeles. In 1922, the two remaining daughters, Susana Del Amo and Reyes Dominguez, deeded seventeen acres adjacent to the family home to the Claretian Missionaries. In 1924, the Claretian Missionaries began using the adobe home as a graduate school for Claretians and later as a seminary. In recognition of this contribution to the Claretians, special arrangements were made to allow Susana and Gregorio Del Amo to be buried in a crypt beneath the altar of the chapel located in the modern day Claretian retirement home.

Modern land division

In 1967 the stockholders of the Dominguez Estate Company voted to sell off a large portion of the land. The sale was the largest in southern Californian history. The state of California purchased a portion of the land, and in 1965 the Board of Trustees of the California State Colleges voted to build a new campus on the west side of Dominguez Hill, which became California State University Dominguez Hills.

Without the foresight and leadership of Juan Jose, Cristobal and Manuel Dominguez, the Rancho San Pedro may not have survived to the modern day. Many of the Spanish land grants in California were sold to settlers, abandoned, or lost entirely due to costly court battles to defend ownership of the property. Recently, the Dominguez family has been host to the King and Queen of Spain, the Governors of California, and other dignitaries at events held throughout the Rancho lands.

Today, the descendants of the Dominguez family operate the Watson Land Company and the Carson Companies on the original Rancho land. Throughout his life, Manuel resisted selling the land, preferring instead to lease parcels and retain ownership. This strategy was followed by his children, which allowed for a substantial portion of the land grant to be held by family members today. This includes the museum which showcases the adobe home of Manuel Dominguez.

California Historical Landmark Marker
California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 152 at the site reads:
NO. 152 DOMÍNGUEZ RANCHHOUSE - The central portion of the ranchhouse was built in 1826 by Manuel Domínguez. Rancho San Pedro, ten square leagues granted provisionally by Governor Fages to Juan José Domínguez in 1784, was regranted by Governor Solá to Cristobal Domínguez in 1822. In the battle of Domínguez Ranch, fought here October 8 and 9, 1846, Californians led by José Antonio Carrillo repelled United States forces under Captain William Mervine, U.S. Navy, in an attempt to recapture the Pueblo of Los Angeles.

See also
Battle of Dominguez Rancho
Dominguez Hills (mountain range)
California State University, Dominguez Hills
Rancho Dominguez, California
Ranchos of California

References

External links

Adobe buildings and structures in California
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in California
California Historical Landmarks
Museums in Los Angeles County, California
Historic house museums in California
Houses in Los Angeles County, California
Houses completed in 1826
1826 establishments in Mexico
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California
Houses in California

Dominguez Rancho Adobe


Parameters
Rough Science is a British documentary reality television series made by the BBC in collaboration with the Open University. Six series were made between 2000 and 2005. It was broadcast in prime time on BBC Two and is considered something of a "break-out hit" for the Open University.

The series' formula consists of a group of four or five scientists with specialities in different fields who are given a task that they must complete using the natural resources of the surrounding area together with a small set of supplies. Each programme features a different task and follows the scientists as they use their knowledge and ingenuity in attempting to fulfil it and, in the process, educate the viewing public – despite failure being common.

Each episode either requires the team to work together in smaller groups to create requirements for the overall challenge, for the small groups to fulfil vaguely related challenges or even to complete the same task in competition. It has been set in a different scenic location each series, typically somewhere with plenty of plants for use by the group. The series is presented by Kate Humble, with most of the scientists appearing in several series.

Series 1
This series is set on the Mediterranean island of Capraia and features four episodes, and various tasks:

 "Mediterranean Mystery" – The group is taken to a disused prison on the island where they have to determine the longitude and latitude of the island, create a radio from a saucepan and create an insect repellent.
 "Simmering Shutterbugs" – Create a camera with film, create a compass and dye a flag.
 "Power Supplies" –  Generate power and build a pharmacy (creating antiseptic using olives and myrtle, and antiflatulent with fennel seeds).
 "Sustenance and Sayonara" – Create soap and toothpaste (though the general task is to put food on the table).

The scientists featured are:

 Vanessa Griffiths, marine biologist and teacher of ecology
 Anna Lewington, ethnobotanist and author
 Jonathan Hare, chemist, physicist, inventor, and teacher
 Mike Leahy, virologist
 Mike Bullivant, organic photochemist

Series 2
This series takes place on the Caribbean island of Carriacou and features five scientists, including three (Mike Leahy, Mike Bullivant, and Jonathan Hare) from the first series. It has six episodes and many challenges:

 "Mapping it Out" – Make a map of the island, paper and ink for the map, and a device to record sounds.
 "Bugs and Barometers" – Make an antiseptic lotion, a microscope, and a weather station.
 "Time and Transmitters" – Make a radio, clock, and kite.
 "Feel the Heat" – Make a freezer, thermometer, and sunscreen.
 "Sun and Sea" – Make a lamp that could function underwater, and to generate electrical energy to charge up a battery.
 "The Science of Celebration" – Make musical instruments and fireworks for a party.

New scientists featured in this series were:
 Kathy Sykes, science communicator and physicist
 Ellen McCallie, ecologist and teacher

Anna Lewington and Vanessa Griffiths from the first series were not featured in this series.

Series 3
This series takes place on the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand, has six episodes, and features the same scientists as the previous series.

 "Gold Rush" – Collect gold from a river, build a metal detector, and construct a super-accurate balance.
 "Shakers" – Build an automatic gold panning machine, create cosmetics, and look for evidence of earthquakes in trees.
 "Quakers" – Build a waterproof tent and a seismograph.
 "Ice" – Measure the speed and melting rate of a glacier and keep warm without a fire.
 "Treasure Hunt" – Build a device for measuring altitude to assist in finding gold, and extract gold from rock.
 "The Big Smelt" – Smelt the gold and craft a souvenir from it.

Series 4
This series takes place at Darwin Mine, adjacent to Death Valley National Park in California and has six episodes, all involving space exploration. Four scientists from the previous series (Ellen McCallie, Jonathan Hare, Mike Bullivant, and Kathy Sykes) are featured plus a new scientist, Iain Stewart, the show's first geologist. Mike Leahy from the previous series is not featured in this series.

 "'Rover": Build a rover, find water and purify it.
 "Communication": Send a communication in a way that didn't rely purely on sound (by altering the vibrations of reflected sunlight, which is then detected by a transistor functioning as a light detector), and make a pen that works in zero gravity.
 "Spacesuit": Design a cooling system for a spacesuit.
 "Impact": Measure the size of the meteor that created Barringer Meteor Crater. Iain and Kathy travel to Arizona to see the crater. Mike stays behind, and experiments with impact. Jonathan and Ellen make a telescope using an eyepiece and mirror they find in the chest given to them at the start of the episode (their task was to actually measure the size of a crater on the Moon).
 "Aerial Surveyor": Build a device with a camera that could survey a large area from the air. Find the center of one of the largest earthquakes to hit America that took place back in 1872 in California, and estimate what it measured on the Richter scale. Mike creates a system that filters carbon dioxide, just as the astronauts of Apollo 13 were forced to do when an explosion ruptured an oxygen tank.
 "Rocket": Design rockets that can launch an egg into the air and return it safely to earth. Three different rockets are attempted by three of the scientists, while the remaining two work on a parachute system.

Series 5
This series takes place on the coast of Zanzibar and has a strong ecological theme running through the challenges. The line-up of scientists is Ellen McCallie, Jonathan Hare, Mike Bullivant, and Kathy Sykes. The episode challenges for this series are:

 "Shipwrecked" – Design and build a submersible exploration vehicle to explore a shipwreck, determine when low tide occurs for the best chance at getting to the wreck, and how to purify the scientists' water supply.
 "Lost at Sea" – Build a distress flare, make an emergency flotation device, and create a warning light activated by seawater.
 "Call of the Wild" – Const an underwater hydrophone, an underwater viewing device, and create mosquito repellent.
 "To the Lighthouse" – Build a lighthouse by creating a light source visible from great distances while at sea, as well as create the lighthouse infrastructure and make the light flash.
 "The Reef" – Create a system to protect a coral reef by alerting approaching boats that they're entering a protected area.
 "Beneath the Waves" – Build a SCUBA device that can safely be used to a depth of 5 meters and still provide freedom for exploration.

Series 6
This series, shown in 2005, takes place in the San Juan Mountains in Colorado. For this series, geomorphologist Hermione Cockburn replaced Kathy Sykes.

 "Power" – Supply electricity and natural gas to their basecamp, located in an old mill.
 "Safety" – Build a fire extinguisher (using carbon dioxide) and a water treatment plant.
 "Mountain" – Calculate the height and weight of a mountain and make sunglasses to protect the eyes at high altitudes.
 "Clean" – Build a washing machine with washing soap, and create antiperspirant and deodorant.
 "Mine" – Detect radioactive rocks and flammable gases, and create a generator to power an electric lamp.
 "Photo" – Take and develop a photograph, and deliver it by hydrogen balloon.

Channels
Rough Science was originally shown by the BBC and all six series have since been shown on Discovery Science (UK). Series 1–4 have been shown on PBS in the US, series 3–6 have been aired on TVNZ 6 in New Zealand and series 1–3 have been shown on TV3 in Catalonia, Spain.

Publication
 DVDs are available of all six series.
 Series 3 and 4 were available through Netflix, but have been discontinued.

References

External links

 OpenUniversity on the BBC: Rough Science – About the series
 UK Gameshows Page: Rough Science
 Jonathan Hare's Creative Science Center
 Jonathan Hare's work with the Vega Science Trust Freeview Science Programmes
 PBS website for the series
 Open University Worldwide Product Page for DVDs including Rough Science

2000 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
BBC television documentaries about science
British reality television series
Open University
English-language television shows
Science education television series
Television series by BBC Studios

Rough Science


Giannitsa, former Genitsa, is a Greek town in the southeastern part of Pella Prefecture in the region of Macedonia. It has a total population of 26,296 inhabitants according to the 2001 census. It is located between Mount Paiko and the plain of Giannitsa, north of the area of the drain lake of Giannitsa at a high of 40 meters. It is also the most important and developed town in Pella and one the most important towns in Macedonia.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Towns in Greece

Giannitsa


Heavy water (deuterium oxide, , ) is a form of water based on deuterium.

It has a larger than normal amount of the hydrogen isotope called deuterium ( or D, also known as heavy hydrogen). Ordinary water has the common hydrogen-1 isotope ( or H, also called protium). This makes up most of the hydrogen in normal water. The presence of deuterium gives the chemical different nuclear properties, and the increase of mass gives it different physical and chemical properties compared to normal "light water". Heavy water is used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors, such as CANDU reactors. It is a more efficient neutron moderator than regular water, allowing the use of unenriched uranium as fuel. Pure heavy water is not radioactive, because deuterium is a stable isotope, but heavy water that has been through a nuclear reactor is slightly radioactive.

The chemistry of heavy water is different enough that people, and most living things, cannot survive with heavy water in place of ordinary water. Small amounts are not toxic to people. It is common for people to drink several grams of heavy water for metabolic experiments without causing illness.

References

Water
Nuclear physics

Heavy water


Jordan II () (died 19 December 1127) was the third son of Prince Jordan I of Capua and Princess Gaitelgrima, a daughter of Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno. He was, from at least May 1109, the lord of Nocera, and, after June 1120, Prince of Capua. The date and place of his birth are unknown, but it must have been later than 1080. He was married, before 1113, to Gaitelgrima, daughter of Sergius, Prince of Sorrento, a union which allowed him to extend his influence down the Amalfi coast from his castle at Nocera.

Lord of Nocera

The earliest attestation of Jordan as lord of Nocera dates to May 1109, but it sheds no light on the nature of his lordship (dominatus). Before falling to the troops of Count Roger I of Sicily, Nocera had been the central town of one of the subdivisions, either an actus  (circuit, jurisdiction) or comitatus (county), of the Principality of Salerno. There is some evidence that the old territorial divisions of the principality survived the Norman takeover. Nocera, guarding a narrow valley connecting the Principality of Salerno with the Principality of Capua, retained strategic significance so long as the Hauteville family controlled the former and Jordan's family, the Drengots, the latter. However, no surviving document explicitly attributes to Jordan command of the district around Nocera, nor, before becoming prince, did he employ a formal title. His charter always refer to him as "Jordan, son of the Jordan once prince" (Jordanus Jordani filius quondam principis).

In a deed of gift of 1113, Jordan states that property he was dispensing was "in the territory of Nocera, which belongs to me" (in territorio Nucerie quod michi pertinet) and among the witnesses to the document are "the good men of the aforesaid castle of Nocera" (, probably his vassals. In every other charter he issued from this date on he explicitly recognises the authority of his brother, Prince Robert I of Capua. A diploma Jordan issued in September 1111, with the consent of his brother, in favour of the monastery of Santissima Trinità di Cava de' Tirreni is dated by the reign of Duke William II of Apulia. Although this is an isolated case, it suggests that Capuan control of Nocera was not entirely effective and that at times the Hautevilles were able to make themselves felt there, or that Jordan perhaps played both powers against each other, taking advantage of the ambiguity of Nocera's status.

Throughout his rule at Nocera, Jordan was on very good terms with the monastery of Cava. In the diploma of September 1111, he confirmed Abbot Peter's properties in his territory, delineating precisely their boundaries, and, along with some of his vassals, undertook to defend them. A few days later, in the presence of Sergius of Sorrento, among others, Jordan swore to protect the person of the abbot and several fortresses belonging to the abbey, including the strategic castle of Sant'Adiutore. In March 1114 Jordan organised a gathering of prominent Normans, including his brother, at Nocera in order to extract oaths from Robert of Eboli and Roger of San Severino to stop their hostile actions against Cava. In January 1115 he confirmed some goods to the monastery of San Massimo di Salerno, a dependency of Cava, which had been forced to take its claims to court against the citizens of Nocera. Jordan also made important concessions to the monastery of San Angelo in Formis, a dependency of Monte Cassino, to which he even gave some of his own inherited land.

Prince of Capua
Jordan was not expected to inherit the Principality of Capua. His eldest brother, Richard II, died childless and was succeeded by Robert I, who died on 3 June 1120. He was followed by an infant son, Richard III, who had already been anointed his co-prince, but who survived him by only a week before dying in unspecified circumstances on 10 June. These deaths paved the way for Jordan's accession that same month, and some modern historians have suggested that he had a hand in his nephew's premature death. He was anointed prince on 4 July. The little known of his princely reign shows him continuing his patronage of the major monastic institutions of the principality. Later that year he did homage to Pope Callistus II.

In November 1120 Jordan confirmed the assets and rights of San Angelo in Formis. In 1121 he granted the chapel of San Fede in the civic palace of Aversa with its properties to the cathedral of San Paolo. That same year he assigned considerable rents to the Diocese of Pozzuoli and the monasteries of San Lorenzo di Capua and San Lorenzo di Aversa. His munificence to the churches was perhaps not entirely innocent and pious. His grant of the strategic castle of Pico to Monte Cassino in February 1125 may disguise his efforts to extend his authority into the remotest parts of the principality, or even into the monastery itself, which was forced to accept a compromise in order to receive the fortress.

Nevertheless, the powers of the princes of Capua were on the wane. The pacts Jordan initiated with Monte Cassino in June 1123 bearing a resemblance to the contemporary pacts of men of lesser rank with the same monastery, perhaps indicating the prince's diminished importance in the politics of the age. His generosity, however, was not forgotten: Jordan II is the only prince of Capua after Jordan I whose death, on 19 December 1127 at an unspecified location, is recorded in the Cassinese necrology. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Robert II, the last Prince of Capua.

Notes

References

Primary sources
Peter the Deacon, Chronica monasterii Casinensis.
Falco of Benevento, Chronicon Beneventanum.
Romuald Guarna, Chronicon, sive Annales.

Secondary sources
Chalandon, F. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, I, (Paris: 1907), pp. 297, 320ff., 390.
Cuozzo, E. Normanni: Feudi e feudatari (Salerno: 1966), pp. 484–91.
Cuozzo, E. "L'unificazione normanna e il Regno normanno-svevo", Storia del Mezzogiorno, II, ii, (Napoli: 1989), p. 613.
Di Resta, I. "Il Principato di Capua", Storia del Mezzogiorno, II, ii, (Napoli: 1989), p. 181.
Loud, G. A. "Five unpublished charters of the Norman princes of Capua", Benedictina, XXVII (1980), pp. 164, 170, 175.
Loud, G. A. "Nunneries, nobles and women in the Norman Principality of Capua", Annali Canossiani, I (1981), pp. 48ff.
Loud, G. A. "A calendar of the diplomas of the Norman princes of Capua", Papers of the British School at Rome, XLIV (1981), pp. 104, 109ff., 114, 138–41.
Loud, G. A. Church and society in the Norman Principality of Capua, 1058–1197 (Oxford: 1985), pp. 95–97, 118, 121, 128, 134, 136, 147, 223.
Loud, G. A. "Continuity and change in Norman Italy: the Campania during the eleventh and the twelfth centuries", Journal of Medieval History, XXII (1996), pp. 326, 336.
Loud, G. A. "The abbey of Cava, its property and benefactors in the Norman era", Anglo-Norman Studies IX: Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1986, R. A. Brown, ed. (Woodbridge: 1987), pp. 161, 165.

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Italo-Normans
1127 deaths
Counts of Aversa
Princes of Capua
Year of birth unknown

Jordan II of Capua


Tiiu Kuik () (born 16 March 1987) is an Estonian fashion model.

Early life
Born in Tallinn, Estonia, Kuik was discovered at age 13 in an Estonian supermarket by model scout Paolo Moglia. She was then sent to Japan for modeling work, and after that, to Italy.

Modeling
Her modeling agencies include her mother agency, Marilyn New York, D Management Milan and the famous Marilyn Agency in Paris.

She has walked the runways for more than 50 designers, including Gucci (for which she opened the fall 2003 and spring 2004 shows), Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Versace, Ralph Lauren, Giorgio Armani, Paul Smith, Narciso Rodriguez, Paco Rabanne, Salvatore Ferragamo, Dsquared2, Emilio Pucci, Fendi, Prada, Jil Sander, Marc Jacobs, Karl Lagerfeld, Jean Paul Gaultier, John Galliano, Dolce & Gabbana, Chloé and many others. Kuik's face has graced the covers of several high-profile fashion magazines like Elle, Marie Claire, Velvet and multiple Vogue covers. She also has appeared in fashion advertising campaigns for: Christian Dior (J'Adore fragrance), Louis Vuitton, Moschino, Valentino, Pollini, Bill Blass, MontBlanc, Kenneth Cole, Neiman Marcus, Bergdorf Goodman, Swarovski and many others.

She is now representing CoverGirl cosmetics and appeared in a CoverGirl commercial with Queen Latifah and America's Next Top Model, Dani Evans.

She is noted and recognized for her mole on her left cheek.

References

External links

 Tiiu Kuik photos on Style.com

1987 births
Living people
Models from Tallinn
Estonian female models
21st-century Estonian women

Tiiu Kuik


The Tarot (often Tarot cards) are a set of seventy-eight cards, comprising twenty-two Тrump cards, and four suits of fourteen cards each with four Face cards. In the English speaking world, Tarot cards are mostly used for divination. Tarot cards are also used in many European countries for playing trick taking card games. Cartomancy is to use Tarot cards for divination.

Tarot decks did not come before decks having four suits of the same length. They were invented not for occult purposes but purely for gaming. In 1781, Court de Gébelin published an essay associating the cards with ancient wisdom. This idea was later disproved by Dummett. Tarot cards have been used for cartomancy and divination as well as gaming.  Nowadays fortune-tellers tend to use specially-developed tarot decks rather than those used for games. Not just the cards but now there are several websites available online where people go to get their answers. They simply put the data on the lucky wheel and it starts spinning. When it stops, the people know what's written in the cards for them.

Many websites offer tarot definitions.

References

Other websites
 Tarocchi History at Trionfi.com
 Card Games: Tarot Games at Pagat.com

Occult

Divination
Card games

Tarot


John Lee, a.k.a. John Threat, used the name "Corrupt" as a member of Masters of Deception (MOD), a New York based hacker group in the early '90s.

As a result of his participation in the Great Hacker War, between MOD and rival hacker group Legion of Doom, he was indicted on federal wiretapping charges in 1992. He pled guilty and was sentenced to one year at a federal detention center. His participation in the Great Hacker War landed him on the cover of Wired Magazine in 1994.

Lee was born on July 6, 1973, in Brooklyn, New York. He grew up in Brownsville, where he was a member of the Decepticons, a Brooklyn-based street gang formed in the early '80s, named after the villains in the Saturday morning cartoon, Transformers. Lee attended Stuyvesant High School and went on to New York University.  During his freshman year at NYU, Lee was sentenced to prison for his role in the Great Hacker War.

Lee also has editing, producing, and directing credits in film and television. In 2004, he founded Mediathreat, LLC, a film production company. In 2005, he directed the original documentary "Dead Prez: Bigger than Hip Hop."  In 2011, he co-directed the music video for MAKE OUT's single "You Can't Be Friends With Everyone" with Diane Martel.

Lee also gained notoriety in 2001 when he revealed himself as the anonymous editor of UrbanExpose.com, a controversial entertainment gossip website.

References

External links
Wired Magazine December 1994: Gang Wars in Cyberspace
Hackateer, directed by John Threat

1973 births
Living people
Masters of Deception
African-American people
People associated with computer security
People from Brooklyn

John Threat


The Annalista Saxo ("Saxon annalist") is the anonymous author of an important imperial chronicle, believed to have originated in the mid-12th century at Nienburg Abbey in the Duchy of Saxony.

General
The chronicle of the "Annalista Saxo" is a collection of dates and facts about the medieval German monarchs (Kings of the Romans) and their Carolingian predecessors, beginning in the year 741 and continued until 1142.

The codex was created between 1148 and 1152. The anonymous author had more than 100 sources at his disposal, including some which no longer exist. The entries are arranged chronologically by year.

The identity of the chronicler, sometimes identified with Abbot Arnold of Nienburg (d. 1166), has not been conclusively established. The volume contains 237 parchment pages. The binding is from the 16th century. The book was restored in 1993. The cover is of brown cow's leather, the spine of vellum, and the content includes 16 ornamental initials.

The original of the "Annalista Saxo" is today in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. It is very fragile and is kept securely; a facsimile is on display. It is unknown how the volume came to be in France.

Editions
 Klaus Nass, editor. Die Reichschronik des Annalista Saxo, Munich 2006, new edition with comprehensive registers (MGH Scriptores 37).
 Georg Waitz, editor. MGH Scriptores 6 (Hannover 1844) pp. 542-777.

References

Further reading
 Klaus Nass: Die Reichschronik des Annalista Saxo und die sächsische Geschichtsschreibung im 12. Jahrhundert.  Hanover 1996 (MGH Scriptores 41).

12th-century history books
12th-century Latin books
12th-century German historians
Latin chronicles about Germany
Chroniclers from the Holy Roman Empire
People from Saxony-Anhalt

Annalista Saxo