The 130mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913 naval gun  was a 5.1-inch naval gun used predominantly on ships of the Imperial Russian Navy and later by the Soviet Navy. It was manufactured mainly by the Obukhov State Plant (OSP) in St. Petersburg, as well as under licence by Vickers Limited in Great Britain. The gun was used as medium artillery on several Russian dreadnoughts and as main artillery on cruisers, as well as coastal artillery. It was succeeded by the 130 mm/50 B13 Pattern 1936 naval gun, which became the standard destroyer gun of the Soviet Navy during World War II.

History
In 1911 OSP received an order to design a semi-automatic 130 mm/60 caliber naval gun for the Main Shipping Administration. The order asked for two prototypes, one for cartridges, one for rounds. On 12 July 1912 the cartridge-version with a 55 caliber barrel was approved. In September 1912 it was decided to go with the hydro-spring rather than the hydro-pneumatic recoil system. Earlier an OSP designed semi-automatic breech mechanism was rejected in favor of a Vickers design.

In 1913 an initial order of 471 guns was placed with OSP. By 1 January 1917 143 guns had been delivered, with 96 due until the end of that year. The remaining 282 guns were supposed to be delivered in 1918. The first charge of guns was used to equipped the cruiser Svetlana and the Imperatritsa Mariya-class battleships of the Black Sea Fleet.

Another order of 100 guns was placed in 1913 with Vickers Ltd., of which 24 were ready for delivery by 16 September 1914. Of these 7 were shipped to Arkhangelsk in October 1914. A further 12 guns destined  for Russian cruiser Varyag were delivered to Russia on the same route as the repairs of Varyag were delayed, where they were put to the defense of Saaremaa island.

The Soviet Navy retained the 130mm/55 Pattern 1913 naval gun and produced additional guns under the designation B-7, as the OSP had been renamed Works No. 232 "Bolshevik" in 1922.

In 1923, 12 guns had been placed in four coastal batteries, one in Odessa and three along the Caucasian coast.

In 1930 a minor modernizations were made to a few guns at the "Bolshevik" works, improving the loading mechanism and enhancing elevation to +40°.

References

Coastal artillery
130 mm artillery
Artillery of the Soviet Union
Artillery of the Russian Empire
Obukhov State Plant products

130 mm/55 B7 Pattern 1913


The Clock Cabinet is a room at Versailles. It is one of the rooms in the king's private cabinets. An astronomical clock stands in the room. Louis XV took great interest in astronomy.  The clock shows the time, the day of the week, the month, the year and the moon's quarter. In the crystal globe at the top, the planets can be seen moving around the sun according to Copernicus.

The clock was designed by Claude-Siméon Passemant, the King's engineer. It was made by the clock-maker Louis Dauthiau. The bronze casing was made by Jacques and Philippe II Caffiéri. The clock was used to determine the first official time system throughout the kingdom. The entire fixture measures over two meters tall.

The Academy of Science examined and approved the clock in August 1749. The Duc de Chaulnes presented it to Louis XV on 7 September 1750. It was put in the clock cabinet in 1754. The room actually got its name because of the large astronomical clock dials in the wainscoting. These clocks displayed the sunrises and moonrises every day. The king's scientific interests led him to upgrade that daily experience by having the Passemant clock installed in the room.

In 1692, the room was an Antechamber and part of Louis XIV's Art Cabinet. In 1738, it was remodeled into an oval-shaped drawing room. In 1760, it found its present form. The paneling is by Verberckt and Rousseau.  The overdoors are copies of the Diana story originally painted by Boucher. The furniture in the room includes hunting tables ordered by Louis XV from Slodtz, Foliot, and Roumier. A Sèvres bisque equestrian statue depicting Frederic II stands in the room. Another equestrian statue in the room depicts Louis XV. It is a small copy by Vassé after Bouchardon's statue that stands in the Place de la Concorde.

Gallery

Notes

References

Clocks
Palace of Versailles
1754 establishments
18th-century establishments in France
1750s establishments in Europe

Clock Cabinet


帽兜是一种帽子,覆盖大部分头部与颈部,有时甚至覆盖脸部。帽兜主要覆盖头部的顶部与侧部。

词源
英语"hood"是"covering",源自原始日耳曼语*hodaz。15世纪开始采用现在的拼写,指出长元音。1905年开始有了汽车引擎盖的含义。

历史与描述

Historically, hoods were either similar to modern hoods, often forming part of a cloak or cape, or a separate form of headgear. Hoods with short capes, called chaperons in French, were extremely common in medieval Europe, and later evolved into big hats. Soft hoods were worn by men under hats. Hoods have also been used as part of uniforms for  organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan.

A hood to hide or control the wearer often covers the whole head, with the result that the wearer can see little or nothing, like a blindfold, or it can be to prevent identification of the wearer. It may be used on or by a person who has been arrested or kidnapped, or about to suffer judicial execution; this practice is known as hooding. The hood may be simply a bag; it may be intended to be, and/or experienced as, humiliating (see hood event).

Traditional women's hoods varied from close-fitting, soft headgear (e.g. snood) to stiffened, structured hoods (e.g. gable hood) or very large coverings made of material over a frame which fashionable women wore over towering wigs or hairstyles to protect them from the elements (e.g. calash).

Today, fashion hoods are generally soft headcoverings which form part of robbing a larger garment (e.g. an overcoat, shirt or cloak; an exception is a rain hood which is not part of a larger garment). They can be pulled up over the head when needed, or left to hang down the back when not.  They may also be detachable to turn a winter overcoat into a summer one, or may be designed to be folded or rolled into a small pocket in the neck of the garment when not in use.

类型
The Inuit peoples of the Arctic were expert clothing manufacturers, and the women's anorak, technically called an amauti, features a large hood used to shelter an infant on its mother's back.

In Japan hoods covered with chainmail or armour plates (tatami zukin) were worn by samurai warriors and their retainers.

Scuba divers who dive in cold water often wear neoprene hoods  for thermal insulation. They cover the whole head and neck except the face.

学位服
A hood is a component of academic dress that is an often bright and decorative garment worn over a gown and used only at graduations or on other special occasions. The shape of hoods of universities and colleges in the UK and in many Commonwealth countries have been derived from those prescribed at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.  Oxford bachelors and masters use a 'simple' (or 'Burgon' shape) consisting of hood with a cowl (headcovering) but without a cape, whereas the University of Cambridge uses a 'full' shape, with both cowl and square cape and substantial liripipe for all hoods. Other English universities use one of these patterns or adapt them; for example, the University of London uses the full Cambridge shape but with rounded corners to the cape.

Newer universities, such as the University of Kent use a hood with triangular cape but with no cowl, and with a distinctive V shaped segment denoting the faculty.  The hoods of the University of Aberdeen have a rounded flat cape but no cowl. The pattern of hoods in the US largely follow an intercollegiate code. The length of the hood and the width of its velvet trim indicate the academic achievement level of the wearer; the color of the trim indicates the discipline/field in which the degree is held; and the lining of hoods in academic dress represents the particular institution from which the degree was earned.

参见

参考文献

帽子

帽兜


The national flag of Austria () is a triband in the following order: red, white, and red.

The Austrian flag is considered one of the oldest national symbols still in use by a modern country, with its first recorded use in 1230. The Austrian triband originated from the arms of the Babenberg dynasty. As opposed to other flags, such as the black-and-yellow banner of the Habsburgs, the red-white-red flag was from very early on associated, not with a reigning family or monarch, but with the country itself.

In addition to serving as the flag of Austria since 1230, it was adopted as the naval ensigns and flags of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and Duchy of Modena and Reggio in the 18th and 19th centuries respectively, as both were ruled by cadet branches of the House of Habsburg.

History

Origins

The flag traces back to the coat of arms of the medieval Babenberg dynasty, a silver band on a red field (in heraldry: Gules a fess Argent). The origin of the Bindenschild has not been conclusively established; it possibly derived from the Styrian margraves of the Otakar noble family, who themselves may have adopted the colours from the descendants of the Carinthian duke Adalbero (ruled 1011–1035), a scion of the House of Eppenstein extinct in 1122. However, the Babenberg margrave Leopold III of Austria (1095–1136) had already been depicted with a triband shield in 1105.

When the last Otakar Duke Ottokar IV of Styria died in 1192, the Styrian duchy was inherited by the Babenberg duke Leopold V of Austria according to the 1186 Georgenberg Pact. According to the 18th-century historian Chrysostomus Hanthaler, his grandson Duke Frederick II of Austria (1230–1246), nicknamed the "Quarrelsome" or the "Warlike", the last of the Babenberg dynasty, designed a new coat of arms in red-white-red after his accession—an attempt to prevail against reluctant local nobles and to stress his autonomy towards Emperor Frederick II. The triband is first documented in a seal on a deed issued on 30 November 1230, confirming the privileges of Lilienfeld Abbey. The medieval chronicler Jans der Enikel reports that the duke appeared in a red-white-red ceremonial dress at his 1232 accolade in the Vienna Schottenstift.

The Babenberg family colours developed to the coat of arms of their Austrian possessions. After the dynasty had become extinct with Frederick's death at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River, they were adopted by his Přemyslid successor King Ottokar II of Bohemia. Upon the 1278 Battle on the Marchfeld the colours were assumed by the victorious House of Habsburg and gradually became the coat of arms of the dynasty's Hereditary Lands within the Habsburg monarchy.

Legend

According to legend, the flag was invented by Duke Leopold V of Austria as a consequence of his fighting during the Siege of Acre. After a fierce battle, his white surcoat was completely drenched in blood. When he removed his belt, the cloth beneath remained unstained, revealing the combination of red-white-red. So taken was he by this singular sight that he adopted the colours and scheme as his banner. The incident was documented as early as 1260.

In fact, the war flag of the Holy Roman Empire during the Crusades was a silver cross on a red field quite similar to the later Austrian arms. This sign was used by the Austrian capital Vienna from the late 13th century onwards.

Habsburg Monarchy

Since the days of Rudolph of Habsburg and the 1283 Treaty of Rheinfelden, the combination of red-white-red was widely considered to be the Austrian (later also Inner Austrian) colours used by the ruling Habsburg dynasty. However, the black-yellow flag was used as the national flag (in a modern sense) of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy, the later Austrian Empire and the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary, sometimes even for the entire empire as well, until 1918. These were the family colours of the Imperial House of Habsburg, and were themselves in part derived from the banner of the Holy Roman Empire.

Beginning in the reign of Emperor Joseph II, the Austrian, later Austro-Hungarian Navy used a naval ensign (Marineflagge) based on the red-white-red colours, and augmented with a shield of similar colours. Both of these flags became obsolete with Austria-Hungary's dissolution in 1918, and the newly formed rump state of German Austria adopted the red-white-red triband as its national flag.

Austrian flag coin
The Austrian flag has been the main motif of many collector coins. One of the most recent examples is the 20 euro Post War Period coin, issued by the Republic of Austria on 17 September 2003. The obverse of this coin shows the Austrian coat of arms flanked by the Austrian flag and the European Union flag.

Colours
The Constitution of Austria does not specify the colour shades of the flag, but members of the Austrian Armed Forces are told that the red on the coat of arms (which is used for the flag shield on the eagle) is Pantone 186 C.

The red-white-red Austrian flag is almost identical to several other flags found around the world, including the flags of Bouillon and Leuven in Belgium, of Vianden in Luxembourg, of Latvia, the flag of Savona in Italy, the flags of Dordrecht, Gouda, Hoorn and Leiden in the Netherlands, and the flag of Puerto Asís in Colombia. The flag is said to have inspired the national flag of Lebanon and the Stars and Bars used by the Confederate States from 1861 to 1863 (and basis for the flag of the State of Georgia).

See also

 List of Austrian flags
 Flags of Austrian states
 Coat of arms of Austria
 Flag of Peru, similar design with vertical stripes
 Flag of Latvia, similar design with carmine colour instead of red and narrower white line

References

External links

Wappengesetz (law)
Seeschiffahrtsgesetz (law)
Flag of Austria-Hungary
The Symbols of Austria
Flag of Austria

Austria

National symbols of Austria
Austria
Austria
Austria

Flag of Austria


Star Ariel (registration G-AGRE) was an Avro Tudor Mark IVB passenger aircraft owned and operated by British South American Airways (BSAA) which disappeared without a trace over the Atlantic Ocean while on a flight between Bermuda and Kingston, Jamaica, on 17 January 1949. The loss of the aircraft, along with that of BSAA Avro Tudor Star Tiger in January 1948, remains unsolved to this day, with the resulting speculation helping to develop the Bermuda Triangle legend.

Background
British South American Airways (BSAA) was an airline created by former World War II pilots in an effort to provide service on the previously untapped South American trade and passenger routes. Originally named British Latin American Air Lines (BLAIR), it was split off from the British Overseas Airways Corporation (now British Airways) to operate its South Atlantic routes. BSAA commenced transatlantic services in March 1946, making the first operational flight from London's Heathrow Airport. The airline operated mostly Avro aircraft: Yorks, Lancastrians and Tudors. Its destinations included Bermuda, the West Indies and the western coast of South America.

Flight
The Star Ariel was one of three enlarged and improved versions of the Avro Tudor, designated Mark IVs. On 17 January 1949, Star Ariel was awaiting flight instructions at Kindley Field, Bermuda, with no passengers. Meanwhile, BSAA Tudor G-AHNK Star Lion suffered an engine failure on approach to Bermuda, landing without incident. Star Ariel was promptly pressed into service to take G-AHNK's passengers on to their destination of Kingston, Jamaica.

Star Ariel took off at 08:41 with seven crew and thirteen passengers. Weather conditions were excellent, and her pilot in command, Captain John Clutha McPhee (formerly RNZAF), decided on a high-altitude flight to take advantage of it. About an hour into the flight McPhee contacted Kingston by radio:

"I DEPARTED FROM KINDLEY FIELD AT 8:41 A.M. HOURS. MY ETA AT KINGSTON 2:10 P.M. HOURS. I AM FLYING IN GOOD VISIBILITY AT 18,000 FT. I FLEW OVER 150 MILES SOUTH OF KINDLEY FIELD AT 9:32 HRS. MY ETA AT 30° N IS 9:37 HRS. WILL YOU ACCEPT CONTROL?"

And then at 09:42:

"I WAS OVER 30° N AT 9:37 I AM CHANGING FREQUENCY TO MRX."

Loss
No more messages were received from Star Ariel and Kingston finally reported her overdue.

Search
The search for the Star Ariel began with another Tudor IV, G-AHNJ Star Panther. She had earlier landed at Nassau, and now refuelled and took off at 15:25 to fly out to Star Ariel's route, bisect it, and follow it back to Bermuda. Another aircraft took off from Bermuda, flew , then did a  lattice search all the way back. A US Navy task force headed by the battleship  and including the aircraft carriers USS Kearsarge and USS Leyte assisted in the search, which expanded to dozens of ships and several planes over the next few days.

By 19 January the search had been broadened to an area of  southwest of Bermuda. USAF Major Keith Cloe, who had been put in charge, said that the search would be continued until 22 January and extended if any reports of debris were received. The search was finally abandoned on 23 January, with aircraft from Kindley Field having flown over . No sign of debris, oil slicks or wreckage had been found.

Investigation
A representative of the Chief Inspector of Accidents left for Bermuda on 18 January 1949.

It was revealed that there had been no bad weather, none of the weather reports indicating any abnormal conditions, and the chance of any marked clear air turbulence was almost nil. There were no clouds above  over the whole of the aircraft's route.

However, although the weather was good, the day in question had suffered communication problems ranging from static to poor reception to complete blackouts lasting as much as 10 minutes which came and went, selectively affecting certain planes calling certain stations from different angles. The communication problem lasted almost exactly the entire time the Star Ariel would have been in flight, finally lifting around 13:07.

This was investigated, along with McPhee's switch over to Kingston frequency which was considered early, as he was still close to Bermuda at the time. It was considered possible that a distress transmission on that frequency might not have been heard, given the aircraft's distance from Kingston.

However, a BSAA representative in Kingston observed:

"It would appear that the aircraft should have made firm contact with MRX before requesting permission from Bermuda to change frequency. This was obviously not done as MRX never worked G-AGRE on this frequency at all. In addition I am convinced that G-AGRE did not ever transmit on this frequency of 6523 kc/s. even if Bermuda did give authority to change frequency which they could quite readily have done. This latter opinion is based on the fact that not only was MRX in Jamaica listening out  on 6523 kc/s. but so also were New York, Miami, Nassau, Havana, and Bilbao and, so far as we are aware and from what definite information we have, none of these stations ever heard from G-AGRE on 6523 kc/s. Whilst it may have been possible for us not to hear G-AGRE owing to the bad reception Palisadoes [Kingston Aerodrome] was experiencing at the time of the requested QSY [change of frequency], it would seem most improbable for similar conditions to obtain with all those other stations listening out on that frequency."

Conclusions
On 21 December 1949 the report of the inquiry was issued by the Chief Inspector of Accidents, Air Commodore Vernon Brown, CB, OBE, MA, FRAeS. In it he stated that "through lack of evidence due to no wreckage having been found, the cause of the accident is unknown."

Brown said that there was no evidence of defect in, or failure of, any part of the aircraft before its departure from Bermuda. The all-up weight and the centre of gravity were within the prescribed limits; a daily inspection had been carried out; the pilot was experienced on the route; the radio officer was very experienced and also experienced on the route; good radio communications had been maintained with the aircraft up to and including reception of its last message; there were no weather complications, and a study of the weather reports have no reason to believe that the accident was caused by meteorological conditions. There was also no evidence of sabotage, though Brown said that the possibility of such could not be entirely eliminated.

It was accepted that radio communications were poor during the early afternoon and worsened between 16:00 and 17:00, but Brown said it seemed strange that no attempt was made by BSAA staff at Kingston to find out whether anything had been heard of the aircraft until 2 hours 28 minutes after its last radio transmission. Kingston also did not attempt to establish contact with the aircraft until 17:10 or inquire as to whether it had made contact with Nassau or New York or any other radio station.Likewise Nassau had not tried to confirm that Star Ariel had actually made contact with Kingston.  Interestinly enough McPhee did not report his route checks every 30 minutes or so as required by BSAA regulation; the possibility is that Star Ariel could have crashed due to unknown causes perhaps within a half hour to an hour after his last radio contacts.

Aftermath
As a result of the loss, BSAA withdrew all five of its remaining Tudor IVs from service until each had been examined. The company faced problems in maintaining its services, since it was difficult to find aircraft of sufficient range, and considered chartering Avro Lancastrians.

Don Bennett, who had been fired by BSAA in 1948 when he objected to a judicial investigation into the loss of the Star Tiger, later claimed that both the Star Tiger and Star Ariel had been sabotaged and that "a known war-registered saboteur" had been seen near the Star Tiger shortly before its last takeoff. He also claimed that Prime Minister Clement Attlee had ordered all enquiries into the incidents to be abandoned.

The Tudor IV aircraft were converted to freight use, but Bennett had two restored to passenger use, and one of these, G-AKBY Star Girl, crashed near Cardiff in March 1950 with the loss of 80 lives, at that time the worst air accident in Britain. An enquiry found incorrect loading to be the cause.

A 2009 theory is that a poor design of a cabin heater could have contributed to the plane's loss.

See also
BSAA Star Dust accident
BSAA Star Tiger disappearance

Notes

References

External links
 A picture of Star Ariel
Aviation Safety network
 "Civil Aircraft Accident – Report on the Loss of TUDOR VB (sic) STAR ARIEL G-AGRE which disappeared on a flight between Bermuda and Kingston Jamaica on 17th January 1949" – the Official Accident Report (PDF)

1940s missing person cases
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1949
Accidents and incidents involving the Avro Tudor
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Atlantic Ocean
Airliner accidents and incidents with an unknown cause
19490117
Bermuda Triangle
Missing aircraft
January 1949 events in North America

BSAA Star Ariel disappearance


John Cameron (died 1446) was a 15th-century Scottish cleric, bishop of Glasgow, and Keeper of the Privy Seal.

A licentiate in decrees (law), and provost of Lincluden, he became an official of the bishopric of St Andrews, and a canon of Glasgow, as well as secretary to Archibald Douglas, Earl of Wigtown, who secured for him the living of Rector of Cambuslang.

He transferred into the service of King James I as a secretary in July 1424, and became Keeper of the Privy Seal. When William de Lawedre, bishop of Glasgow, another close advisor of King James, died in 1425, the King chose John Cameron as his successor. John was thus elected to the see, but it was discovered soon after that the pope had already reserved the see for his own nomination. Nevertheless, Pope Martin V provided him to the see on 22 April 1426. He was consecrated sometime in 1427.

John was one of the most intimate advisors and associates of King James. On a number of occasions he faced accusations of improper conduct from the papacy, and was accused of being a bad influence on the king, although in reality John was James' man, not the other way around. John also served as an ambassador on embassies to England in 1429, 1430, and 1431. In November 1432, John passed through England again, this time on his way to Rome. He was in Bologna in July 1436, but back in Scotland by September 1437.

He died on 24 December 1446 at Lochwood, seven miles from the burgh of Glasgow.

References
Brown, Michael, The Stewart Dynasty in Scotland: James I, (East Linton, 1994)
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)

15th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Bishops of Glasgow
Lord chancellors of Scotland
1446 deaths
Cambuslang
Year of birth unknown
Members of the Privy Council of Scotland

John Cameron (Scottish bishop)


Kenneth Stephen Nicol (born 27 May 1951) is an English guitar player, vocalist and songwriter. He was a member of The Albion Band for many years, and for eight years (2002–2010) played in British folk rock band Steeleye Span.

Early years
Nicol was born in 1951 in Preston, Lancashire. He grew up in Deepdale, close to Preston North End's football ground, but was educated from the age of eleven at Penwortham Secondary Modern. Nicol did not like school, experiencing the discipline as brutal. These were the days when teachers inflicted physical punishment. Nicol rebelled against the notion of grown men being able to hit boys across the buttocks with canes and slippers. He did not flourish academically, in spite of his intelligence, but made good friendships. His musical abilities were not recognised by the school. He received his first guitar at the age of twelve, but did not start playing seriously until the age of fifteen. He did, however, exchange musical ideas with fellow pupils and friends. He got to know Kevin Brown, a Preston guitarist of about the same age, now an established musician. Aged 17, he began performing on the regional folk club circuits, and at the age of twenty moved to London where he lived for nine years.

Breakthrough
Nicol formed the band Nicol & Marsh with his then brother-in-law Peter Marsh in 1974, and it was not long before they landed their first major record contract with CBS. Together with Richard James Burgess, the band became Easy Street. They went on to produce a total of four albums on the CBS/Epic and Polydor labels; the last album, titled Nicol and Marsh, being recorded in Los Angeles. Working there prompted Nicol to make his home in the United States, moving there in 1979. He performed as a solo artist, and later as lead singer and co-writer for the band Versailles.

Nicol's career floundered during what turned out to be a turbulent and unsettling period in America. As a result of this he decided to return to England in 1988, and went back to work on the club circuit as a solo performer, releasing the albums Tidings (1990), Living in a Spanish Town (1993) and 2 Frets from the Blues (1995).

Later years
In the 1990s Nicol became a member of The Ashley Hutchings Dance Band. He later joined The Albion Band as lead guitarist and singer, writing much of the band's material, though also co-writing with Ashley Hutchings. The Albion Band produced four albums during Nicol's time in the band: Happy Accident, Before Us Stands Yesterday, The Christmas Album and Road Movies.

In December 2002, Nicol joined forces with the folk-rock band Steeleye Span on their 'UK Reunion Tour'. In 2004, Steeleye Span released two albums: They Called Her Babylon and Winter. This was also the year of Steeleye Span's 35th Anniversary World Tour which took the band to Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, and to theatres and festivals throughout the UK. They released the album Bloody Men in 2006, and in October 2009 the album Cogs, Wheels and Lovers.

In June 2010, he announced that he was leaving Steeleye Span. He continues to write, tour and record as a solo artist, releasing the albums Thirteen Reasons in 2005 and Initial Variations in 2008. He also regularly appears in duos with comedian/musician Phil Cool, and with Albion Band/Steeleye Span founder Ashley Hutchings. In November and December 2010, he performed as "special guest guitarist" with Lancashire folk group the Houghton Weavers. Nicol also co-hosts a folk and roots music podcast called "FolkCast".

In recent years (2017-2018), Nicol formed a trio with former Steeleye Span bass player Rick Kemp and 10cc drummer Paul Burgess.

Discography
Nicol & Marsh / Easy Street
 Nicol & Marsh's Easy Street (LP) (1974)
 "I've Been Praying" (single) (1974)
 "Midnight Cat" (single) (1974)
 "Sinking Down" (single) (1975)
 Easy Street (LP) (1976)
 "I've Been Loving You" (single) (1976)
 "Feels Like Heaven" (single) (1976)
 Under the Glass (LP) (1977)
 "Flying" (single) (1977)
 Nicol and Marsh (LP) (1978)
 "Hurt by Love" (single) (1978)
 "Streets of the Angels" (single) (1978)

Ken Nicol solo
 Ken Nicol (cassette) (1988)
 Little Children's Blues (cassette) (1988)
 Holywood This, Hollywood That (cassette) (1989)
 Tidings (1990)
 Across the Spectrum (live) (1991)
 Living in a Spanish Town (CD) (1993)
 2 Frets from the Blues (CD) (1995)
 Clean Feet, No Shoes (CD) (1998)
 The Bridge (CD) (2001)
 Thirteen Reasons (CD) (2005)
 Live in Florence (CD) (2006)
 Tidings (CD) (2006)
 Ken Nicol (CD) (2007)
 Little Children's Blues (CD) (2007)
 Initial Variations CD (2008)
 Historic Events and Other Subjects CD (2012)
 Things CD (2015)

Ken Nicol and John St Ryan
 "Last Night in Paris" (single) (1994)

Ken Nicol and Chris While
 Shadows on the Wall (1995)

The Albion Band
 Happy Accident (1998)
 Before Us Stands Yesterday (1999)
 Christmas Album (1999)
 Road Movies (2001)
 An Evening with the Albion Band (2002)

Steeleye Span
 They Called Her Babylon (2004)
 Winter (2004)
 The Official Bootleg (2005)
 Bloody Men (2006)
 Cogs Wheels and Lovers (2009)

Ken Nicol & Phil Cool
 Nicol & Cool (2008)

Ken Nicol & Ashley Hutchings
 Copper, Russet and Gold (2010)

Session recordings
 23 Carrots (Al Stewart) (1980)
 Shot in the Dark (1980)
 Road Dreams (Kevin Brown) (1983)
 Some Love (Les Barker) (1992)
 Look at Me Now (Chris While) (1992)
 Spun from a Silken Web (Ron Lister) (1994)
 Blue Moon on the Rise (Chris While & Julie Matthews) (1995)
 Such Is Life (Julie Matthews) (1995)
 Nice Work (Clare Teal) (1996)
 A Batter Pudding for John Keats (Ashley Hutchings) (1996)
 The Guv'nor Vol 4 (various artists) (1996)
 The HTD Summer Folk Selection (various artists) (1996)
 Piecework (Chris while and Julie Matthews) (1997)
 Folk Aerobics (Ashley Hutchings) (1997)
 Kate Howden and Paul Jones (Kate Howden and Paul Jones) (1999)
 Ridgeriders (The Ridgeriders) (1999)
 Pete (Pete Abbott) (2000)
 Pendle Moon (Phil Brown) (2000)
 Stages (Chris While and Julie Matthews) (2000)
 Classic Folk No. 1 (various artists) (2000)
 Along the Downs (various artists) (2000)
 Silver Waters (Kate Howden and Paul Jones (2001)
 Street Cries (Ashley Hutchings) (2001)
 Grandson of Morris On (Ashley Hutchings) (2002)
 Against the Wall (Pete Abbott) (2002)
 Human Nature (Ashley Hutchings) (2003)
 Great Grandson of Morris On (Ashley Hutchings & various artists) 2004
 The Magic of Morris (various artists) (2005)
 Midwinter (various artists) (2006)
 Manic Morning Music (Ernesto de Pascale) (2007)

References

External links
Official website

1951 births
Living people
English folk guitarists
English male guitarists
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
Steeleye Span members
Musicians from Preston, Lancashire
British folk rock musicians
The Albion Band members

Ken Nicol (musician)


Pud Pud in Weird World (also known simply as Pud Pud) is a computer game published by Ocean Software in 1985 for the ZX Spectrum. It was written by Jonathan Smith. Smith was paid £1000 for Pud Pud by Ocean Software and was given a job at Ocean as a direct result of the game.

Plot

Pud Pud is trapped in Weird World and needs to escape. He must explore Weird World looking for ten puddings and avoiding the deadly kiss of Mrs Pud Pud.

Gameplay

The player controls Pud Pud (who resembles a round pudding with wings or feet depending on whether he's walking or flying) and must explore the mazelike Weird World. Pud Pud has a limited amount of energy which needs to be topped up by eating certain creatures that live in Weird World although other creatures, which drain his energy if eaten, must be avoided. If Pud Pud runs out of energy he loses one of his three lives.

Mrs Pud Pud occasionally appears on the screen and is similar to Pud Pud, but white and wearing high heels. If she touches Pud Pud he loses a life instantly, regardless of his energy status although the player will receive a bonus score based on how much energy was remaining when Mrs Pud Pud delivered her kiss.

Pud Pud can obtain an extra life by collecting all ten hidden puddings.

The puddings are spread randomly throughout the maze with only one being in the maze at a time. When all ten are collected, Pud Pud can escape Weird World.

References

External links

1985 video games
Maze games
Ocean Software games
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom

Pud Pud in Weird World


Hsingan (; or Xing'an) refers to a former province, which once occupied western Heilongjiang and part of northwest Jilin provinces of China. The name is related to that of the Greater Khingan Mountains. Another name used for this land was Barga, which is also the name used for the western part of the province, the Barga district.

Administration
The capital of Hsingan was the town of Hailar (or Hulun), on the China Eastern Railway line near the Russian border. Hsingan was divided into various sub-prefectures, similar in form to other Manchukuo provinces. The second city of importance was Manzhouli.

History

Hsingan province was first created in 1932 as an administrative sub-division of the Japanese-controlled Empire of Manchukuo. From 1939 to 1943, the province was divided into four parts, labeled Hsingan North, Hsingan East, Hsingan South and Hsingan West. These four provinces were reunited into a Xing'an Consolidated Province (興安総省) in 1943. Hsingan at  encompassed nearly one third of the land area of Manchukuo.

The population of Hsingan, estimated at 965,000 in 1935, was predominantly ethnically Mongol, and Hsingan was therefore administered by a local Mongol prince (under supervision of a Japanese resident supervisor).

Hsingan was the site of a number of clashes in the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars, most notably the Nomonhan Incident where Japanese Kwantung Army and Manchukuo Imperial Army forces were defeated by the Soviet Red Army in 1939.

After the annexation of Manchukuo by the Republic of China after the end of World War II, the Kuomintang continued to recognize the area as Hsingan Province, with the capital in Hailar. However, under the administration of the People's Republic of China from 1949, the area was annexed to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and is now referred to as the Hulunbuir Prefecture-level city. The population is now estimated to be over 80% ethnic Han Chinese.

Economy
Under the Manchukuo period, Hsingan was primarily an agricultural area, with food grains, particularly wheat, soy and corn, as well as cattle, sheep, horse and other livestock. The primary economic asset of Hsingan was its extensive coal deposits, primarily at Chalai Nor hill, 25 kilometers from the frontier station of Manchouli, where 290,000 metric tonnes were extracted annually. Hsingan was also a trade zone between Manchukuo, the Soviet Union, and Soviet-dominated Mongolia.

See also

Hinggan League

References
The Mongols of Manchuria: Their Tribal Divisions, Geographical Distribution, Historical Relations with Manchus and Chinese, and Present Political Problems. by Owen Lattimore Pacific Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1935), pp. 367–371

External links
Map of Eastern Xingan province of Manchukuo
Map of Western Xingan province of Manchukuo
Map of Northern Xingan province of Manchukuo
Map of Southern Xingan province of Manchukuo

Provinces of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
Geography of Inner Mongolia
History of Inner Mongolia
Subdivisions of Manchukuo

Xing'an Province


Clandestine in Chile: The Adventures of Miguel Littín () is a report, written by Gabriel García Márquez, about the Chilean filmmaker Miguel Littín's clandestine visit to his home country after 12 years in exile.

The book was written based on 18 hours of recorded interviews by Gabriel Garcia Marquez with Miguel Littin in 1986.

Summary
After ten years of dictatorship, Augusto Pinochet issued a list with the names of exiles allowed to return to Chile. Miguel Littín was not included in this list; instead, he found his name in another list of those who were banned from visiting Chile. Littín decided to return to his beloved country anyway by using a false passport, a false career background, a false excuse, and even a false wife.

During his visit Miguel, disguised as a Uruguayan businessman, directs three European film crews shooting a documentary about Chilean life under the dictatorship. He shoots interviews with ordinary Chileans and people of organized resistance movements who operate underground. He obtains an interview with a resistance leader, being led blindfolded to a clandestine hospital where the leader was taken after being rescued from a public hospital a few hours after he survived an assassination attempt by Pinochet's secret police.

He succeeds in his mission and leaves Chile at the moment when the Chilean authorities have almost discovered his presence in the country. The revelations made in his documentary, Acta General de Chile, are supposed to embarrass the dictatorship by showing its brutality from first hand and all the underground network of young people working to overthrow the dictatorship.

Censorship

On November 28, 1986, the customs authorities seized almost 15,000 copies of Gabriel Garcia Marquez's book Clandestine in Chile, which were later burned by military authorities in Valparaiso. Together with them, copies of a book of essays by Venezuelan presidential candidate Teodoro Petkoff were also burned.

Editions in print
 , Hardcover, Henry Holt & Company, 1987
 , Paperback, New York Review of Books, 2010

References

1986 non-fiction books
Books about Chile
Censorship in Chile
Colombian non-fiction books
Henry Holt and Company books
Non-fiction books by Gabriel García Márquez
NYRB Classics

Clandestine in Chile


James Lindell Harris  (June 27, 1916 – October 7, 1944) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Harris was drafted into Army from his birthplace of Hillsboro, Texas in March 1941, eventually receiving a battlefield commission in March 1944. By October 7, 1944 was serving as a second lieutenant in the 756th Tank Battalion. On that day, at Vagney, France, he commanded an M4 Sherman tank in a hunt for an enemy raiding party which had infiltrated Allied lines. After moving ahead of his tank on foot to search for the enemy, he was seriously wounded by hostile fire. He managed to crawl back to his tank and continued to lead his crew, but was again severely wounded in the ensuing firefight. He refused medical attention until another wounded man had been evacuated, and subsequently died of his injuries. For these actions, Harris was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six months later, on April 23, 1945.

Harris, aged 28 at his death, was buried at Ridge Park Cemetery in his hometown of Hillsboro, Texas.

Medal of Honor citation
Second Lieutenant Harris' official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty on 7 October 1944, in Vagney, France. At 9 p.m. an enemy raiding party, comprising a tank and 2 platoons of infantry, infiltrated through the lines under cover of mist and darkness and attacked an infantry battalion command post with hand grenades, retiring a short distance to an ambush position on hearing the approach of the M-4 tank commanded by 2d Lt. Harris. Realizing the need for bold aggressive action, 2d Lt. Harris ordered his tank to halt while he proceeded on foot, fully 10 yards ahead of his 6-man patrol and armed only with a service pistol, to probe the darkness for the enemy. Although struck down and mortally wounded by machinegun bullets which penetrated his solar plexus, he crawled back to his tank, leaving a trail of blood behind him, and, too weak to climb inside it, issued fire orders while lying on the road between the 2 contending armored vehicles. Although the tank which he commanded was destroyed in the course of the fire fight, he stood the enemy off until friendly tanks, preparing to come to his aid, caused the enemy to withdraw and thereby lose an opportunity to kill or capture the entire battalion command personnel. Suffering a second wound, which severed his leg at the hip, in the course of this tank duel, 2d Lt. Harris refused aid until after a wounded member of his crew had been carried to safety. He died before he could be given medical attention.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

Texas Handbook Online

1916 births
1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Hillsboro, Texas
United States Army officers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Texas

James L. Harris


Sacred and Profane, Op. 91, is a collection of 'Eight Medieval Lyrics' for unaccompanied voices in five parts (SSATB) composed by Benjamin Britten in 1975.

The work was first performed by the Wilbye Consort of Voices, for whom the work was composed, on 14 September 1975 at The Maltings, Snape in Suffolk, England (Elaine Barry & Rosemary Hardy, sopranos, Margaret Cable, contralto, Nigel Rogers, tenor, Geoffrey Shaw, bass), directed by Peter Pears.

Structure
The piece comprises eight lyrics based on medieval English poems.
St Godric's Hymn
I mon waxe wod ("Foweles in the frith")
Lenten is come
The long night
Yif ic of luve can
Carol
Ye that pasen by
A Death

Music
The opening song is characterized by its use of descending glissandi, rising chords, and modal inflection. The second, "I mon waxe wod", correlates nature with madness. The third setting uses syncopation and imitation to celebrate the arrival of spring, while the fourth returns to sombre winter. The fifth and seventh songs are based on the Passion, and contrast with the "folksy" sixth setting. The collection concludes with its longest piece, which as the title suggests deals with themes of mortality.

References

External links

 Sacred and Profane (1975) Faber Music
 Mervyn Cooke: Sacred and Profane, Op. 91 Hyperion Records 2001

Compositions by Benjamin Britten
Choral compositions
1975 compositions

Sacred and Profane (Britten)


An ester is a molecule that includes a carbon atom, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and single-bonded to another oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon atom. In other words, a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom. The group can be written as COOR. They can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol with some acid.

Esters are a very important functional group. They can be found in many substances. They are very common in fats and oils. They sometimes have a very strong, nice smell. They can be used to make perfumes. Polyesters are found in plastics.

Esters can also do many reactions. It is very easy to change the ether part of the molecule with another similar one. It is also possible to reduce the ester to a ketone or an alcohol, which can do many different reactions. Nucleophilic addition is also a good reaction, though a bit more difficult than with ketones.

There are many ways to find out if a molecule has an ester group. Infrared spectroscopy gives very sharp signals, which are different from other carbonyls. Carbon NMR spectroscopy has similar characteristics.

Functional groups

Ester


A diagram is usually a two-dimensional display which communicates using visual relationships. It is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy etc. It may be used for all aspects of human activities to explain or illustrate a topic.

Discussion

 visual information device: Like the term "illustration" the diagram is used as a collective term standing for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs, technical drawings and tables.
 specific kind of visual display: This is the genre that shows qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.

In science the term is used in both ways. For example, Anderson (1997) stated more generally: "diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not". On the other hand, Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically "abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".

Visual thinking

Diagrams affect the mind so that the viewer comes to understand them, but not in the way one understands words. Visual thinking or problem-solving is very ancient, and largely automatic. One only has to remember that the brain puts together an image of the world around us based on sensory input, mostly sight. We do not make any conscious decisions: it is done without conscious thought. Diagrams most likely "tap in" to some of these ancient – but largely unknown – routines.

In fact these normally hidden brain processes do sometimes become apparent. When brain damage affects the visual cortex, or when visual illusions are created, are two classic examples.

The way some diagrams affect thinking is quite important. Mendeleev's periodic table summarised previous research on the elements. Far more important, though, was the way it suggested the properties of elements which were not yet discovered. This diagram stimulated creative thought, and other examples from the history of science could be given: see Feynman diagram.

Basic diagram types
 Matrix
 Set
 Network diagram
 Flowchart
 Tree diagram
 Graph
 Exploded view

Examples
 Circuit diagram
 Euler diagram
 Family tree
 Feynman diagram
 Gantt chart – shows the timing of tasks or activities (used in project management)
 Mind map – used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving
 Organisation
 Piping and instrumentation diagram
 Venn diagram

Some main diagram types
There are at least the following types of diagrams:
 Graph-based diagrams: relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items; examples:

 Chart-like diagram techniques, which display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values; examples:

Schematics and other types of diagrams, e.g.,

References

Non-verbal communication

Diagram


Zealandia, also known as the New Zealand continent or Tasmantis, is an almost entirely underwater continent, which sank after separating from Australia 60–85 million years ago and from Antarctica 130–85 million years ago. It was underwater about 23 million years ago, and most of it is sunken (over 93%) under the Pacific Ocean.

The continent of Zealandia has an area of 3.5 million km2, is larger than Greenland or India, and almost half the size of Australia. It is very long and narrow, from New Caledonia in the north and south beyond the sub-Antarctic Islands of New Zealand in the south. New Zealand is the largest part of Zealandia that is above sea level, followed by New Caledonia.

Continents
Geography of New Zealand

Zealandia


Charles James Hoare (14 July 1781 in London – 15 January 1865 in Godstone) was an evangelical Church of England clergyman, archdeacon of Surrey.

Life
Charles James Hoare was third son of the banker Henry Hoare (1750–1828), a partner in Hoare's Bank and one of the founders of the Church Missionary Society; his mother was Lydia Henrietta (d. 19 July 1816), daughter and coheiress of Isaac Malortie of Hanover and London, merchant.

Hoare was educated under the Rev. John Simons of St Paul's Cray, Kent, and at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a Pensioner on 7 May 1799. Here among his friends were Henry Martyn, the brothers Charles and Robert Grant, Archdeacon Thomas Dealtry, and J. W. Cunningham. In 1803 he passed as second wrangler, second Smith's prizeman, and second classical medallist, graduated B.A. in the same year and M.A. in 1806, and was Seatonian prizeman in 1807. On 24 March 1806 he was chosen Lady Margaret fellow of his college, and was ordained in 1804 as curate to Dr. Thomas Rennell, dean of Winchester and vicar of Alton, Hampshire. In 1807 he was appointed vicar of Blandford Forum, Dorsetshire, where he won numerous friends. He removed to the family living of Godstone, near Reigate, Surrey, in March 1821, which he held for the remainder of his life. In 1829 he became rural dean of South-east Ewell, on 10 Nov. in the same year Archdeacon of Winchester, and on 2 Dec. 1831 a canon residentiary of Winchester Cathedral.

He interested himself in the defence of the Irish church, the maintenance of cathedral establishments in their integrity, and the cause of education. He was a great supporter of religious societies, and held a yearly missionary gathering at Godstone vicarage. On 14 Nov. 1847 he was transferred to the archdeaconry of Surrey. He chiefly directed his energies to providing further church accommodation for the populous districts on the south side of London. Among his more intimate acquaintances were Hannah More, Wilberforce, the Thorntons, Venn, Macaulay, and Simeon. He resigned his archdeaconry in 1860. He died at Godstone vicarage on 15 January 1865, and was buried in a vault in the churchyard on 21 January.

He married, on 4 July 1811, Jane Isabella, only daughter of Richard Holden of Moorgate, Yorkshire. She died on 15 Nov. 1874, having had seven children.

Works
 The Shipwreck of St. Paul. A Seatonian Prize Poem, 1808; another edition 1860.
 Thoughts suited to the Present Crisis, in three Sermons preached for National Schools, 1820.
 Sermons on the Christian Character, with Occasional Discourses, 1821.
 The Course of Divine Judgments, eight Lectures on the Impending Pestilence, 1832.
 The Prebendary or Cathedral Establishments, Ancient and Modern, 1837, 1838, 2 parts.
 Remains of C. J. Paterson, ed. by C. J. Hoare, 1838.
 A Letter to the Bishop of London on the Cathedral Question, 1840.
 The Holy Scriptures, their Nature, Authority, and Use, 1845; second ed. 1857.
 Baptism, or the Ministration of Public Baptism of Infants scripturally illustrated, 1848.
 Church Rates, the Question of the Day, considered, 1856.

References

Attribution

1781 births
1865 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
19th-century English Anglican priests
Archdeacons of Surrey
Archdeacons of Winchester (ancient)
Second Wranglers

Charles Hoare (priest)


The SCA virus is the first computer virus created for the Amiga and one of the first to gain public notoriety. It appeared in November 1987. The SCA virus is a boot sector virus. It features a line of text that appears at every 15th copy after a warm reboot:

Something wonderful has happened Your AMIGA is alive !!! and, even better...

Some of your disks are infected by a VIRUS !!! Another masterpiece of The Mega-Mighty SCA !!

"SCA" is an acronym for the Swiss Cracking Association, a group engaged in software protection removal, so the geographic origin of the virus was Switzerland. The virus is probably authored by an SCA member known as "CHRIS".

SCA will not harm disks per se, but spreads to any write-enabled floppies inserted. If they use custom bootblocks (such as games), they are rendered unusable. SCA also checksums as an original filesystem (OFS) bootblock, hence destroying newer filesystems if the user doesn't know the proper use of the "install" command to remove SCA ("install df0: FFS FORCE" to recover a 'fast filesystem' floppy).

The "Mega-Mighty SCA" produced the first Amiga virus checker which killed the SCA virus. This may well have been in response to estimates that approximately 40% of all Amiga users had SCA in their disk collection somewhere, due to rampant piracy.

Other authors inspired by the harmless SCA virus would later produce more destructive viruses known as the Byte Bandit and the Byte Warrior.

The first line of the infection message refers to the 1986 movie Short Circuit and the subsequent computer game with the line "Something wonderful has happened... No. 5 is alive."

References

  Info magazine description of the virus

External links
 Swiss Cracking Association's homepage
 SCA Virus entry in the amiga archive of the Virus Test Center
 SCA-Virus description at Virus Help Team, Amiga Virus Encyclopedia
 SCA-Virus description at the now defunct Amiga Virus Encyclopedia
 Swiss Cracking Association Archive, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 — "got papers?" historical research project

Amiga viruses
Hacking in the 1980s

SCA (computer virus)


Biometrics is a field of study which identifies or recognises people by the traits they have. Not to be confused with biometry, the application of statistics to biology.

Given those traits, a system can be trained to recognise certain people, with a certain probability. Training lowers the probability of falsely identifying someone.

The traits used are of two types:
Based on the body (physiological traits). These include fingerprints, face recognition, scent, voice recognition, iris (eye), or retina recognition.
Based on the behaviour of a person.

Most often, the two types are combined, as in voice or signature recognition. Most of these biometrics are seen as "behavioral", but some are linked to the physiology, e.g. of the vocal tract, or of the hand.

A person  may be identified by a fingerprint, or by letting the person sign a document.  The data could then be kept.  Someone who is checking can again take the fingerprint or the signature, and compare it to the old version.

When selecting features, those choosing must also look at social acceptance. Taking a fingerprint may be ok, taking a blood test may not be. Some biometric data is also easier to fake, e.g. signatures.

Also, when voice samples are taken, they may be distorted, if only a telephone line is available. Telephone lines cut off some bandwidth from the signal.

Other than for passports, biometric methods are also used in many banks.

Related pages
 Fingerprint scanner

References

Anatomy
Authentication methods

Biometrics


Mixed Nuts is a 1994 Christmas comedy movie. It is about incidents during the holiday season. Juliette Lewis, Madeline Kahn and Parker Posey are in the cast. This was released on December 21, 1994 for the United States. The movie received very bad reviews from critics. It did not make much money.

1990s comedy movies
1994 movies
English-language movies

Mixed Nuts


Agrippa () was a Pyrrhonist philosopher who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century CE.  He is regarded as the author of "The Five Tropes (or Modes, in ) of Agrippa", which are purported to establish the necessity of suspending judgment (epoché). Agrippa's arguments form the basis of the Agrippan trilemma.

The five modes of Agrippa
Sextus Empiricus described these "modes" or "tropes" in Outlines of Pyrrhonism, attributing them "to the more recent skeptics"; Diogenes Laërtius attributes them to Agrippa.

The five modes of Agrippa (also known as the five tropes of Agrippa) are:

 Dissent – The uncertainty demonstrated by the differences of opinions among philosophers and people in general.
 Progress ad infinitum – All proof rests on matters themselves in need of proof, and so on to infinity, i.e., the regress argument.
 Relation – All things are changed as their relations become changed, or, as we look upon them from different points of view.
 Assumption – The truth asserted is based on an unsupported assumption.
 Circularity – The truth asserted involves a circularity of proofs.

 According to the mode deriving from dispute, we find that undecidable dissension about the matter proposed has come about both in ordinary life and among philosophers.  Because of this we are not able to choose or to rule out anything, and we end up with suspension of judgement. In the mode deriving from infinite regress, we say that what is brought forward as a source of conviction for the matter proposed itself needs another such source, which itself needs another, and so ad infinitum, so that we have no point from which to begin to establish anything, and suspension of judgement follows. In the mode deriving from relativity, as we said above, the existing object appears to be such-and-such relative to the subject judging and to the things observed together with it, but we suspend judgement on what it is like in its nature. We have the mode from hypothesis when the Dogmatists, being thrown back ad infinitum, begin from something which they do not establish but claim to assume simply and without proof in virtue of a concession. The reciprocal mode occurs when what ought to be confirmatory of the object under investigation needs to be made convincing by the object under investigation; then, being unable to take either in order to establish the other, we suspend judgement about both.

The first and third tropes summarize the earlier Ten Modes of Aenesidemus. The three additional ones show a progress in the Pyrrhonist system, building upon the objections derived from the fallibility of sense and opinion to more abstract and metaphysical grounds.

According to Victor Brochard "the five tropes can be regarded as the most radical and most precise formulation of philosophical skepticism that has ever been given.  In a sense, they are still irresistible today."

See also
Aenesidemus
Sextus Empiricus
Theory of justification
Munchhausen Trilemma

Notes

Bibliography

Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism
Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of the Philosophers.
Victor Brochard, The Greek Skeptics
L. E. Goodman, "Skepticism", Review of Metaphysics 36:819–848, 1983.
Jonathan Barnes, The Toils of Scepticism, Cambridge, 1990.

1st-century Greek philosophers
Roman-era Skeptic philosophers
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Ancient Greek epistemologists
Pyrrhonism

Agrippa the Skeptic


A combat medic is someone in the military who has medical training. Their job is to heal sick or injured soldiers on the battlefield. Medics are protected by the Geneva Conventions. This means that anyone who purposefully attacks or kills a medic clearly wearing medical clothing and has no weapon in their hand commits a war crime. Even though it is a war crime, some soldiers will still attack medics. An example of this is the Japanese military during World War II, when officers would pay soldiers extra money for killing medics. For this reason, most medics carry a pistol or a carbine just in case they need to protect themselves and the soldiers they are treating.

Emergency medicine
Military occupations

Combat medic


Pity means feeling for others, particularly feelings of sadness or sorrow. In a positive sense it means "sympathy" and "empathy". More commonly Pity is a negative judgement of others and their situation. An example of pity is how most people feel about the homeless. Pity and compassion are closely related words but have subtle differences. The difference is that compassion usually involves some commitment to help. Pity does not usually require any personal involvement. Sometimes pity can also have feelings of contempt and dislike that go with it. In a positive sense, and especially as practiced in many religions, it can involve feelings the person does not deserve what has happened to him or her. In this case the person feeling pity feels sorry it happened.

Related pages
Empathy
Compassion

References

Emotions

Pity


Henry of Badewide (or Badwide) () (died ca. 1164) was a Saxon Count of Botwide (after 1149) and Count of Ratzeburg (after 1156).

Henry came from a knightly family from Lüneburg. He took his name from Bode near Ebstorf. He married a relative of King Valdemar I of Denmark and had two brothers, Helmold and Volrad; the latter was not, as often supposed, the first Count of Dannenberg.

After replacing Henry the Proud as Duke of Saxony in 1138, Albert the Bear made Henry a Graf (count) of Holstein, but Henry was soon replaced by Adolf II. Gertrude of Süpplingenburg granted Henry a claim to Wagria to the east of Holstein. In response to a raid by the Obotrite prince Pribislav, Henry led a campaign into Wagria against the Polabian Slavs. The lands around Plön, Lütjenburg, and Oldenburg were laid waste, as was the region between the Schwale, the Baltic Sea, and the Trave. The campaign failed to capture any of the strong castles, however. A campaign in 1139 killed much of the population and captured Plön.

Henry feuded with Count Adolf II of Schauenburg over Holstein and Wagria. In 1143, Duke Henry the Lion mediated between the two counts, granting Wagria and Segeberg to Adolf. Henry was granted Polabia and Ratzeburg. The newly created County of Ratzenburg included Ratzeburg, Boitin, Gadebusch, Wittenburg, and Boizenburg. The count pursued a policy of expelling the native Slavs and inviting Westphalians to settle in the conquered territory.

Henry received the titles Comes Polaborum (1154), Graf von Ratzeburg (1156), and Vogt von Ratzeburg (1162). He was succeeded by his son, Bernard I, Count of Ratzeburg.

References

External links
 Jahrbücher des Vereins für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde
 genealogie-mittelalter.de

1164 deaths
Henry
Year of birth unknown

Henry of Badewide


The Great Adventure of Zorro (original Mexican title: La gran aventura del Zorro) is a 1976 film starring Rodolfo de Anda in a Mexican version of Zorro, directed by Raúl de Anda and featuring such actors as Helena Rojo and Pedro Armendáriz, Jr.

Plot
The De La Vegas are a wealthy and prestigious family known throughout the territory. When the youngest son of Don Alejandro de La Vega (Monteczuma), Diego (Rodolfo de Anda), returns from his 4 year stay in Spain, he finds his hometown oppressed by the corrupt military forces. The farmers are being run out of their homes and their land is being used as military camps and/or sold off to pay for military supplies and wages, along with taking the poor villagers and using them as slaves.

The Film starts off with the Zorro character in place and does not show a transformation or origin story other than a brief prelude where Don Diego de la Vega tells his handy sidekick, Kino why he dawns the Zorro persona, (who in other versions is referred to as Bruno or Felipe, specifically the A&E version starring Duncan Reghr) who is also the households butler, and most think is deaf and mute, but shares his secret with Don Diego/Zorro.

Zorro has multiple face offs with the local military and swears to restore order and freedom to the oppressed. However to most, Zorro is nothing but a myth. When the eldest son of Don Alejandro plans to wed the daughter (Helena Rojo) of a fellow wealthy caballero, her father plans to sell his mansion and retire. A buyer emerges (played by Pedro Amendariz Jr) and befriends both families. Upon sealing the deal, he kills the caballero and mortally wounds the elder De la Vega, leaving with the money. He then marks the carriage and surrounding area with the infamous "Z" that Zorro has adapted and is known for. A series of crimes using his own version of the Zorro outfit/mask and impersonating him cause the local towns people to turn on the Zorro. The military starts linking clues together and leads their search right back to the De La Vega's Mansion.

This begins a massive manhunt for the man named "Zorro" which sets out the "real" Zorro to avenge his brothers potential death, the caballeros death, and clear his name, and find out who is sabotaging him.

Cast
Rodolfo de Anda as Diego De La Vega / El Zorro
Helena Rojo as Helena
Pedro Armendáriz Jr. as Emilio Walter
Ricardo Carrión as Pedro de Vega
Jorge Arvizu as Kimo
Carlos López Moctezuma as Don Francisco
Jorge Russek as Capitán

Reception
The movie was a massive hit in Mexican Cinema. During the time of its release, Rodolfo de Anda, who portrays The Zorro/Diego de La Vega character, was in the prime of his career and was known for Mexico's version of 'Spaghetti Westerns'.
The Movie is Western and the first to portray the Zorro character in such fashion, deviating from the clumsy, lazy or uninterested Diego de La Vega that other films portray.
In this version, Diego de la Viego is a 'fiery' and educated character with a short fuse who at one point even calls out the local military leader (Jorge Rusek) to a duel. He suggests to his father that the people should revolt against military rule but holds back just enough so people would not imagine him and Zorro being the same person.
Because of this, the reception was greater than expected. At the time, Clark Kent (Super Man), Bruce Wayne (Batman), were big hits in Latin America but portrayed their alter ego's as weak and push overs, hence separating itself from other films of its Genre at the time.

It was also a major hit in the Soviet Union, where it sold 41.6 million tickets at the box office in 1977.

References

External links

1976 films
1970s action films
1976 Western (genre) films
Mexican adventure films
1970s Spanish-language films
Zorro films
Films based on works by Johnston McCulley
1970s American films
1970s Mexican films

The Great Adventure of Zorro


Ian Alistair Mackenzie  (July 27, 1890 – September 2, 1949) was a Canadian parliamentarian.

Life and career
Born in Assynt, Scotland, Mackenzie entered politics by winning a seat in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia (BC) in the 1920 BC election. In 1930, he was appointed to Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King's pre-election Cabinet as Minister of Immigration and Colonization and Superintendent of Indian Affairs. While he won his seat in the 1930 federal election the Liberal Party was defeated across the country. Mackenzie entered Parliament as an Opposition Member of Parliament (MP).

When the Liberals returned to power through the 1935 election, Mackenzie returned to Cabinet as Minister of National Defence where he had the responsibility for pre-war rearmament. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, however, Mackenzie was moved to the position of Minister of Pensions and National Health, in part because of his role in a scandal involving the awarding of a contract to manufacture the Bren Gun. In 1944, he became Minister of Veterans Affairs.

Mackenzie was an able parliamentarian, and when the increasing pressures of war led Prime Minister King to decide to delegate some of his responsibilities in the House of Commons to the new position of Government House Leader, he chose Mackenzie as the first MP to hold that responsibility.

During the war, Mackenzie pandered to anti-Japanese sentiment in British Columbia by declaring to his constituents at his 1944 nomination meeting "Let our slogan be for British Columbia: 'No Japs from the Rockies to the seas.'" As British Columbia's senior cabinet minister Mackenzie had a key role in the government's decision to intern Japanese-Canadians for the duration of the war.

In 1947, Mackenzie was named to the Imperial Privy Council along with several other senior Canadian cabinet ministers, allowing him to use the honorific of "Right Honourable". In 1948, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada. He served only a year and a half until his death in 1949.

Archives
There is an Ian MacKenzie fonds at Library and Archives Canada.

References

External links

1890 births
1949 deaths
BC United MLAs
Lawyers in British Columbia
Canadian Presbyterians
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Liberal Party of Canada senators
Canadian senators from British Columbia
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
People from Sutherland
Anti-Japanese sentiment
Canadian people of World War II

Ian Alistair Mackenzie


Mitiţă Constantinescu (October 20, 1890—1946) was a Romanian economist and liberal politician. He was an advocate of industrialization and a degree of dirigisme.

Biography
Born in Bucharest, he graduated from the Gheorghe Lazăr High School and from the University of Bucharest's Faculty of Law. Applying for a doctorate in Paris, Constantinescu was forced to postpone it after Romania entered World War I, being drafted into the Romanian Army.

In 1918, he was awarded his first high-ranking administrative position, as chief of staff in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce in the National Liberal Party (PNL) cabinet of Ion I. C. Brătianu; Constantinescu held the office of General Secretary in of the Ministry of Agriculture and Royal Domains in a new Brătianu administration (1922–1926), was a PNL deputy for Hunedoara County in 1927-1933, and, between 1935 and 1940, Governor of the National Bank of Romania. In 1939, under the authoritarian regime established by King Carol II and his National Renaissance Front, he was Romania's Minister of Finance.

Retreating from public life during World War II, in protest against Ion Antonescu's fascist dictatorship (see Romania during World War II), Constantinescu was a member of Romania's Gheorghe Tătărescu-led delegation to the Paris Peace Conference (1946). During his later years, he became close to the Romanian Communist Party, created a minor political party named Liga Patrioţilor (League of Patriots) which described itself as "progressive" (and was ultimately led by the communist Petre Constantinescu-Iaşi), and authored a volume supportive of Stalinism and the Soviet Union (Continentul URSS, "The USSR Continent").

A hall at the National Bank is named after him.

References
 Biography
 Constantin Argetoianu, Memoirs (fragment), in Jurnalul Naţional (mention of dispute between Constantinescu and Tătărescu)
 Cristina Deac, "La vremuri noi, tot noi", in Jurnalul Naţional
Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990

1890 births
1946 deaths
Governors of the National Bank of Romania
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Romanian Ministers of Finance
Romanian Ministers of Industry and Commerce
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Politicians from Bucharest
Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1946
20th-century Romanian economists
Romanian essayists
University of Bucharest alumni
Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest) alumni
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
20th-century essayists

Mitiță Constantinescu


Ford Ingalsbe Beebe (November 26, 1888 – November 26, 1978) was a screenwriter and movie director. He was the son of Oscar and Mary Ingalsbe Beebe. He began writing for the movies about 1916. Over the next 60 years, he wrote and/or directed almost 200 movies. He made B-movies (mostly Westerns) and movie serials. He worked on the Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon serials starring Buster Crabbe, and on the 12 Bomba movies starring Johnny Sheffield.

American movie directors
American screenwriters
1888 births
1978 deaths
Writers from Grand Rapids, Michigan

Ford Beebe


Felix Lewandowsky (1 October 1879, Hamburg – 31 October 1921, Basel) was a German dermatologist.

Biography
In 1902, he earned his doctorate at the University of Strassburg. From 1903 to 1907, he worked at the dermatological clinic in Bern, where he served as an assistant to Josef Jadassohn (1863–1936). Afterwards, he returned to his hometown of Hamburg, where he worked in dermatologist Eduard Arning's department at St. Georg's Hospital. In 1917, he was appointed director of the dermatological clinic at Basel. While at Basel, he was the author of works on leprosy.

Lewandowsky specialized in the study of tuberculosis and pediatric skin diseases, and published an important work in 1916 on tuberculosis of the skin titled Die Tuberkulose der Haut. With Jadassohn, he described an ectodermal dysplasia now known as Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome. Just prior to his death, he described epidermodysplasia verruciformis, a rare skin disorder sometimes known as "Lewandowsky–Lutz dysplasia" (named along with dermatologist Wilhelm Lutz 1888–1958).

He died on 31 October 1921 in Basel.

Published works
 Experimentelle Studien über Hauttuberkulose, 1909 – Experimental studies of skin tuberculosis.
 Die tuberkulose der haut, 1916 – Tuberculosis of the skin.
 Die Fortschritte der Syphilidologie: Oeffentliche Antrittsvorlesung, 1918 – Advances in syphilidology.
 Zur Kenntnis der Boeckschen Sarkoide, 1921 – Towards the understanding of Boeck's Sarcoid.
 Zur Impetigofrage, 1922 – Questions about impetigo.
 Handbuch der Haut- und Geschlechtskrankheiten : Tuberkulose der Haut- u. Geschlechtskrankheiten / Bearb. von Richard Volk. Vollst. neu bearb. unter Zugrundelegg d. gleichnam. Werkes von F. Lewandowsky [u. a.], Volumes 10-11 (1931).

See also
 Jadassohn–Lewandowsky syndrome

References

1879 births
1921 deaths
Physicians from Hamburg
German dermatologists
Academic staff of the University of Basel
University of Strasbourg alumni

Felix Lewandowsky


Ewa Farna (born 12 August 1993) is a Polish-Czech singer, actress, model, songwriter, dancer and television presenter. She released five Polish-language and four Czech-language studio albums, and received platinum and gold certifications for them, both in Poland and the Czech Republic. Farna is the youngest commercially successful singer in the Czech Republic. She was a judge on the Czech&Slovak SuperStar in 2013, the X Factor (Poland) in 2014, and is currently a judge on Idol (Poland)

Biography
Farna was born on August 12, 1993 in The Hague. He attended The Polish Elementary School Vendrynk, an art school for five years, and the Polish Gymnasium in Ceskšín. He also attended dance school and learned to play the piano. Farna first attracted attention after winning local talent competitions in both the Czech Republic and Poland in 2004. After being discovered by producer Leshek Wronka, she released her debut album M2ls mje vábec rád in 2006. followed by her Hug Deadline Award winner in 2006. Her second album, Ticho, which peaked at number two in the Czech Republic, and a Polish version of their debut album, Titled Sam on Sam, were released in 2007. After the tour, the DVD Blíz ke hvízdám became the best-selling music DVD in 2008. In early 2009, the In 2013, the Polish version of his second album was released as Cicho. Also, in 2010, in 2013, Ewa was included in an episode of "Hela w opalach."

His next album, Bui Virtuální, was released on October 26. The international tour also covered Poland and Slovakia. In 2010 the Polish album "EWakuacja" was released. The album received many awards, including the 2011 Viva Comet Awards for both singles and the entire album. The singles from "EWakuac" are "Ewakuacja", "Without Lez", and later in 2011, "Nie przegap". 2011 was the year of Eva's 18th birthday. birthday concerts were held, one in the Czech Republic with a DVD "18 Live", and another in Poland with the DVD "Live, niezapomniany concert urodzinowy". In October 2013, Farna's big comeback with her album "(W) Inna?" caused confusion. Many misunderstood that the reference to the owner of the Farna car accident in 2012 was a "big mistake." In 2014, Evin's Czech single "Leporelo" was released along with the music video, and the song "Lesek" about its manager Lesek Wronka was released.

Car crash
On 22 May 2012, Ewa Farna crashed her car between the towns of Třinec and Vendryně. She suffered only minor scratches. According to a breath test she was driving under the influence of alcohol, with a blood alcohol content level less than 1‰. She had been celebrating the passing of her matura the day before and fell asleep behind the wheel. She blamed this on exhaustion caused by a week-long cram session before the exam.

1993 births
Polish singers
Czech entertainers
Pop singers
Living people
Rock singers

Ewa Farna


R. Raghuraj is an Indian film director who has worked on Tamil, Telugu and Kannada language films. After beginning his career in Tamil films, Raghuraj has experienced more success in Telugu and Kannada films.

Career
After beginning his career as a photo journalist, Raghuraj apprenticed as an editor with B. Lenin, before receiving an opportunity from producer K. T. Kunjumon to direct his first feature film, Sakthi (1997). The film, featuring Vineeth and Yuvarani in the lead roles, received negative reviews and performed poorly at the box office. Raghuraj then took a sabbatical before re-emerging with the Telugu film, Kalusukovalani (2002), which became a box office success. This prompted Raghuraj to remake the film as Ice (2003) in Tamil, with newcomer Ashok and Priyanka Trivedi in the lead roles. Comparatively, the Tamil version did not perform as well and critics noted that the film "makes viewers feel restless". In 2004, Raghuraj briefly worked on a project titled Jockey with Prashanth, Laila and Malavika in the lead roles, but the film was later stalled.

In 2009, Raghuraj revealed that he was working on a trilogy of vigilante films and that Appavi would be the first of the three. Prior to release, the film was reported in the media for producing India's largest flag for a sequence, at 1115 feet. The film eventually had a delayed release in 2011. Raghuraj then moved to make films in the Kannada film industry, and has worked on four projects including Boss (2011) and Namaste Madam (2014).

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
Tamil film directors
Kannada film directors
Year of birth missing (living people)

R. Raghuraj


Marathon mountain bike races, often referred to as cross-country marathon (XCM), are a very demanding form of mountain bike racing covering at least  usually in mountainous terrain. Events held in Europe are typically just a little longer than the average cross country mountain bike race.  Marathon events in the USA and Canada are typically longer than  and are very different from cross country races.

UCI events

The UCI has established a championship series for such events, the Marathon World Cup.   The 2014 UCI rules limit events to distances between  and .  Almost all of the participants are elite professional mountain bike racers. There is an annual world championship event, the UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships. The races can be run over as a single or multi-lap course, however, the course cannot cover the same lap more than three times.

Non-UCI events
Non-UCI events routinely cover much longer distances.  The typical event in the USA is either based on time, typically 12 or 24 hours, or distance, the most common being . Events based on hours typically allow either people to compete individually or as part of the team.  Distance events are almost all solo events. The number of these events and those taking part in them have grown greatly. The first such events began to be held routinely in the early 1990s typically had less than 50 racers. In 2006 nearly 100 events were held and most had more than 150 racers.

The world's largest mountain bike marathon race by the number of participants is the Birkebeinerrittet, , held annually in Norway. While the distance is short for a marathon mountain bike event, the number of participants and history make it noteworthy.

Notable races
 Montezuma's Revenge
 Wilderness 101 Mountain Bicycle Race
 Mohican MTB 100
 Lumberjack 100
 The Endurance 100
 Breckenridge 100
 Leadville Trail 100 MTB
 Brazil Ride more than 500 km over 7 days
 Chupacabras (cycling race)
 Birkebeinerrittet
 Shenandoah Mountain 100
 Oakridge Mountain Bike Marathon, 55 miles
 La Ruta de los Conquistadores, 161 miles, 3 stages
 Yak Attack
 Cape Epic – 700 km over 8 days
 Titan Desert – 600 km over 6 days
 Simpson Desert Bike Challenge – 600 km over 5 days

References

External links
 UCI 2015 Mountain Bike Marathon Info
 The National Endurance Mountain Bike Series (NEU MTB Series)

Endurance games
Mountain biking
Ultra-distance cycling

Marathon mountain bike race


Langlee Island or Langley Island is an island in the Hingham Bay area of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. The island has a permanent size of , plus an intertidal zone of a further , and is composed of a massing of Roxbury puddingstone which rises to a height of  above sea level. This results in steep cliffs on the northern shore, while there are several small sandy beaches and a tidal mudflat on the east side. The center of the island contains glacial till that supports tree and shrub cover. As a result of previous planting, the island hosts large examples of oak, maple, juniper, and birch trees, while self-seeded huckleberry and viburnum mix with common greenbriar, dewberry, sumac, and poison ivy.

The island was purchased by John Langlee in 1689, and has had several private owners since. Eventually, it was given to the town of Hingham by its last private owner, and the town still manages it as part of the National Recreation Area. Access is by private boat only.

References

Boston Harbor islands
Hingham, Massachusetts
Coastal islands of Massachusetts
Islands of Plymouth County, Massachusetts

Langlee Island


The Little Book of Common Sense Investing: The Only Way to Guarantee Your Fair Share of Stock Market Returns is a 2007 and 2017 book on index investing, by  John C. Bogle, the founder and former CEO of the Vanguard Group. He focuses on index funds, which will give the investor the average market return, and on keeping investing costs low, so that the index fund investor will consistently do better than other investors after costs are considered. Trying to  beat the market "is a loser's game," according to Bogle and "the more the managers and brokers take, the less investors make."

On October 16, 2017 a 2nd updated & revised 10th Anniversary Edition was published. The new edition features updated charts & data up until the year 2016, and a new introductory chapter.

Overview
This is the sixth book by Bogle, and he writes that "the simplest and most efficient investment strategy is to buy and hold all of the nation's publicly held businesses at very low cost." Bogle maintains that the "classic index fund" that owns this market portfolio is the only investment that guarantees a fair share of stock market returns. The book elaborates on the same practice of index investing that Bogle built the Vanguard Group around to turn a profit for clients.

Why Bogle thinks that business reality—dividend yields and earnings growth—is more important than market expectations.
How to overcome the impact of investment costs, taxes, and inflation.
How compounding returns are overwhelmed by the compounding costs.
What several investors and academics—from Warren Buffett and Benjamin Graham to Paul Samuelson and Burton Malkiel—have to say about index investing.

Wiley series
This is the third book in Wiley's "LITTLE BOOK. BIG PROFITS." series. The series includes The Little Book That Beats the Market by Joel Greenblatt (Wiley, 2005),   and The Little Book of Value Investing by Christopher H. Browne (Wiley, 2006),

The series focus is to present finance strategies in general and understandable terms.

Online

See also
Market Rules to Remember, by Bob Farrell

References

Finance books
2007 non-fiction books
Wiley (publisher) books


Whitemarsh Hall was a large estate located on  of land in Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, United States, and owned by banking executive Edward T. Stotesbury and his wife, Eva. Designed by the Gilded Age architect Horace Trumbauer, it was built in 1921 and demolished in 1980. Before its destruction, the mansion was the third largest private residence in the United States. Today, it is regarded as one of the great losses in American architectural history.

Despite the name, Whitemarsh Hall was located in Springfield Township, not in Whitemarsh Township which borders Springfield to the west.

History

Construction and appointments
Designed by the inspired autodidact Beaux-Arts architect Horace Trumbauer between 1916 and 1921, Whitemarsh Hall consisted of six stories (three of which were partly or fully underground), 147 rooms, 45 bathrooms, , and specialty rooms including a ballroom, gymnasium, movie theatre, and even a refrigerating plant. The neo-Georgian mansion had been a wedding present from Stotesbury to his second wife, Eva (the former Lucretia Cromwell, née Roberts). Completion was delayed by World War I; while the exterior was mostly completed by the end of the war, the interior decorations and furnishings, many of which had to come from war-ravaged Europe, took much longer to arrive.

The mansion was lavishly decorated with statues, paintings, and tapestry that Stotesbury had collected over the years, a collection later bequeathed to the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The French 18th-century furniture was purchased through Lord Duveen, who had guided Stotesbury in assembling the second of America's great collections of English portraits, and the floor was lined with exquisite Oriental rugs, also purchased under the guidance of Duveen. Stotesbury was also advised by Duveen in the purchasing of French sculpture to decorate the huge mansion.

The gardens and landscaping were designed by the urbanist and architect Jacques Gréber, whose designs in the grand manner of André Le Nôtre for the Philadelphian P.A.B. Widener at Lynnewood Hall had recommended him to Trumbauer and to Eva Stotesbury, who moved into a house next to the estate to follow the progress of construction at close hand.

Life at Whitemarsh Hall
The estate also included several lesser houses and utility buildings spread over the , as well as four large greenhouses for growing trees and ferns. Smaller greenhouses were used for growing the many flowers needed to decorate the house for the lavish parties the Stotesburys liked to host. More than 70 gardeners worked at maintaining the grounds. The inside staff usually numbered 40, but many of them would follow the Stotesburys as they made their yearly pilgrimages to their Florida mansion, El Mirasol, for the winter and to Wingwood House, their mansion in Bar Harbor, Maine for the summer.

In addition to E. T., Eva and their servants, Whitemarsh Hall was also designed with Eva's two children in mind (adults by the time it opened), who were given their own rooms in the house. Her son Jimmy frequently resided within, as did (to a lesser extent) her daughter Louise.

For about nine years the mansion was the site of lavish balls and receptions. The intensity of the party life dropped a bit after the Great Depression in 1929, and fell even more after 1933 when the Stotesburys were openly criticized for enjoying a life of splendor while most of the country suffered the hardships of the depression. The death of one of E. T. Stotesbury's own daughters in 1935 continued to dampen the Stotesburys' enthusiasm for festivities.

Whitemarsh Hall had often been called the "American Versailles", because of the level of attention to detail in the gardens and in the main building.

After Stotesbury
Eva Stotesbury discovered, after the death of her husband in 1938, that she was relatively broke. Stotesbury had once declared that it cost him over a million dollars a year to maintain the house and the extensive property surrounding it. As a result of the Great Depression, the value of Whitemarsh Hall and its opulent furnishings was significantly lowered. Eva closed the mansion and moved to one of her other mansions, El Mirasol in Palm Beach, Florida. She donated the ,  steel fence to the War Department to be turned into metal for 18,000 guns.

During much of World War II, the property was used for warehousing the bulk of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art art treasures as it was feared that the Germans would bombard Manhattan from U-boats or warships. Eva Stotesbury had already put the property on the market after her husband's death, but there were no buyers. The property did not sell until 1943.

Transformation, then abandonment
Whitemarsh Hall was finally sold for $167,000 to the Pennsalt Chemical Corporation (today part of Total Petrochemicals USA), which transformed the building into a research laboratory. Much of the grounds surrounding the mansion were sold for real estate development, which was quickly realized after the war ended. Pennsalt kept the mansion and its remaining grounds maintained and modernized, and constructed some new facilities on the property as well.

In 1963, Pennsalt (later renamed Pennwalt) built a new research center in the King of Prussia area, and moved out of Whitemarsh Hall, which was sold to a property investment group. Efforts to preserve or sell the mansion intact by this and successive owners were unsuccessful, and as the property became neglected and vandalized over the following years, demolition was decided upon. Disputes over the form of residential redevelopment to be undertaken (especially plans which envisioned luxury apartment towers) delayed demolition for a number of years.

The site today
The mansion, which was larger than the White House in Washington, D.C. was demolished in 1980, and a development of modern townhouses called Stotesbury Estates was built on the property. The massive limestone pillars which were part of the mansion's front portico were left in situ as a tribute, along with the large belvedere at the back of the home. No homes occupy the footprint of the mansion itself, whose basements and foundations were simply backfilled. Small remnants of the huge gardens still exist today, including a fountain, several statues, stairs, and pieces of low stone fence and walls. The twin pillars of the estate's main gate, which was one mile (1.6 km) from the back of Whitemarsh Hall, are still standing on Douglas Road off Willow Grove Avenue, minus the steel gates. The gatehouse on Douglas Road, behind the main entrance pillars, also remains, converted to a private residence.

References

Houses in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Palaces in the United States
Demolished buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
Former houses in the United States
Houses completed in 1921
Buildings and structures demolished in 1980
1921 establishments in Pennsylvania
1980 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
1920s architecture in the United States
Georgian architecture in Pennsylvania
Neoclassical palaces
Neoclassical architecture in Pennsylvania
Horace Trumbauer buildings
Gilded Age mansions

Whitemarsh Hall


English Presbyterian Mission was a British Presbyterian missionary society that was involved in sending workers to countries such as China during the late Qing Dynasty.

English Presbyterian Mission work in China
The Presbyterian Church of England resolved to establish a mission in China in 1847. The Rev. William Chalmers Burns went first to Hong Kong and then to Amoy. Ten years later he was joined by the Rev. George Smith. Mr. Burns laid the foundation of what became one of the most extensive and prosperous Christian missions in the Chinese Empire. Its principal centers were Shantou, Amoy, and Taiwan. It had several establishments, combining churches, mission houses, hospitals, and schools, and spent money freely in carrying out every department of operation. The senior missionaries in the field were Rev. H. L. Mackenzie, M.A., of Shantou, and Rev. W. McGregor, M.A., of Amoy. Rev. George Smith, the coadjutor of Mr. Burns, died February 1891. This Society was greatly aided by a women's association, by which female agents were sent out from England. Several of these had certificates for the practice of midwifery, and possessed a general practical knowledge of medicine, being thus able to alleviate the sufferings of the native women to a very considerable degree. In 1890 it had one hundred and six stations in China and Singapore, and employed fifteen ordained missionaries and medical workers. It had nine lady agents, five ordained native pastors, and ninety-three unordained native helpers. It numbered nearly three thousand six hundred members, and had four hundred scholars in its training schools.

See also
James Laidlaw Maxwell, missionary to Taiwan sent by the Presbyterian Church of England
Robert Kerr, missionary to Morocco
Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century

References

Notes

External links
The Amoy Mission

Presbyterian missionary societies
Christian missions in China
British expatriates in China
Presbyterianism in England
Religious organizations established in 1847
1847 establishments in England

English Presbyterian Mission


Lillie Pope (June 22, 1918 - October 26, 2015) was an American educator who was regarded as a pioneer in special education, with a focus on literacy, learning problems, learning and reading disabilities.

Pope was the founding director of the earliest Learning Center as part of the Mental Health Service at a public hospital. She was an author of books and producer of films to guide in prevention and remediation of learning problems.

Early life
Pope was born in Manhattan, but grew up in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. She attended Brooklyn College, transferring to Hunter College, where she received her BA. After graduating from college in 1937, she began working as a teacher in public schools at the age of 19.

Career
During her professional career as a teacher, she was elected to the office of Vice President of the Vocational High School Teachers Association, as well as to the office of Vice President of the Teacher's Union. In the 1940s, equipment needed to be improved for effective teaching, class sizes were abnormally large, and trade teachers taught eight periods daily compared to their academic colleagues who carried a five-period daily load. Her efforts led to reduced class sizes and teaching loads, and to improved equipment in the shop classes.

She left the public school system in 1952 and earned a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology at New York University.

After several years as an Educational Psychologist in a hospital setting, she established the first Learning Center in a mental health setting in this country for students with learning problems. Her center served as a model for many who followed. She worked closely with the schools, guiding teachers, paraprofessionals, volunteers and parents in how to help their students become readers.

Working in an impoverished area in Coney Island, she employed and trained neighborhood women to assist in this work. A number of these women went back to school and gained careers in education. While there, she employed the Bread and Puppet Theatre as part of the therapeutic program for children served by the clinic. She retired from the mental health center as Associate Chief of Child Psychiatry. Dr. Pope, Diplomate in School Psychology, has served as a consultant to educational and mental health agencies, and as Adjunct Professor at Brooklyn College and New York University.

Later life
She has published many books, as well as papers in professional journals, and her speaking engagements and workshops have been numerous. Importantly, she was the Keynote Speaker at the International Conference of the United Electrical Workers; her address was published as a pamphlet by the United Electrical Workers and also translated into Spanish, as a guide to the workers on how to understand and deal with the learning problems of their children. She also was the Keynote Speaker several times at the Atlantic Conference on Learning Disabilities in Halifax, Canada, and conducted training workshops there as well.  She produced three 16mm. Films and The Psycho-Educational Battery, circulated on request to teachers in the United States and Canada; these guided teachers in diagnosing and remediating the needs of learners who need assistance.

In 1983, her friend, the writer Ezra Jack Keats died. He had set up a foundation to promote children's literacy and diversity in children's literature and after his death, Pope and her husband administered the foundation.  As Educational Director and Vice-President of the Ezra Jack Keats Foundation, Pope facilitated thousands of programs in schools and public libraries in the 50 states by providing grants for programs that encourage literacy, creativity, and joy in learning.

Her published material (books, tests, and papers), as well as the instructional films that she produced, reside in the archives of the Tamiment Library at New York University.

She was married to Martin Pope and they had two children.

Honors and awards
Honoree, The Clara Lemlich Award for Social Activism, 2011, which honors women who have been working for the larger good all their lives.

Honoree, Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art, 2007, for innovative and effective support of children's literature.

Hunter College Hall of Fame, 1997

Council for Exceptional Children, Outstanding Service Award, 1990

Mary Hornby award for distinguished contributions in the field of learning disabilities, Atlantic Conference for Learning Disabilities, 1981.

Fellowship, National Institute of Mental Health, 1966-67.

Publications

Books
Guidelines for Teaching Remedial Reading to the Disadvantaged (Book-Lab, 1967)

Psycho-Educational Evaluation of the Pre-School Child (Grune and Stratton,1972) (also in Spanish and Italian)

Tutor's Sampler (Book-Lab, 1973)

Issues in Urban Education and Mental Health (Book-Lab, 1974)

Pope-Dinola Word Bank (New Directions Press, 1977)

Special Needs, Special Answers (Book-Lab, 1979)

Guidelines for Teaching Children with Learning Problems (Book-Lab, 1982)

Guidelines for Teaching Remedial Reading, a Holistic Approach (Book-Lab, 1996)

Word Play: A Dictionary of Idioms (Book-Lab, 1998)

Teach Anyone to Read: The No-Nonsense Guide (EJK Publishing, 2008)

Tests and instruments for evaluation
PEB: Psycho-Educational Battery (Book-Lab, 1976)
Inventory of Reading Skills (Book-Lab, 1974)

Tapes

Introductory Course in Learning Disabilities, a five-session taped course (Book-Lab, 1976)

Films and videos

All for One - Tutorial Highlights (Single Concepts, 1973)

Let's Look at Sounding Out (Single Concepts, 1973)

Evaluation for Educational Planning (Video-Time Productions, 1976)

Ten Module Tutorial in Reading Instruction for Volunteers (Lilrob Productions, 1992)

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
American educators
20th-century American Jews
Brooklyn College alumni
Hunter College alumni
21st-century American Jews
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni

Lillie Pope