Gaspar Melchior Balthazar del Bufalo, CPPS (January 6, 1786 – December 28, 1837), also known as Gaspare del Bufalo, was a Catholic priest and the founder of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood. Canonised as a saint in 1954, he is liturgically commemorated on October 21.

Life
Gaspar del Bufalo was born in Rome on the Feast of the Epiphany, January 6, 1786. He was baptized that same day and given the name Gaspar Melchior Balthazar, the traditional names of the magi who visited the child Jesus. The son of Annunziata and Antonio del Bufalo, he grew up in the city of Rome, in the servants' quarters of a noble family, where his father worked as chef.

His father was a failed entrepreneur who had dabbled in the theater and in professional soccer before taking a position as a cook in the household of the Altieri family, whose palace was across from the Church of the Gesù in Rome.

Because of his delicate health, his pious mother had him confirmed at the age of one and a half years. As he was suffering from an incurable malady of the eyes, which threatened to leave him blind, prayers were offered to Francis Xavier for his recovery. Through the influence of his mother he became greatly devoted to Francis Xavier, whose relic is prominently displayed on an altar of the Gesù. In 1787, he was recovered and cherished in later life a special devotion to the Apostle of India, and selected him as the special patron of the congregation which he later founded.

Gaspar was also active in several ministries. He visited the sick and the poor often and founded a young persons' religious organization whose members prayed and did charitable work together. He was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in the diocese of Rome in 1808. Soon after Gaspar formed an evening society for the laborers and farm workers who came into Rome from the countryside to sell their wares. He provided catechism for orphans and children of the poor and set up a night shelter for the homeless.

Along with other clergy who refused to take the oath of allegiance to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1809 after the deportation of Pope Pius VII, he was sent into exile to northern Italy and imprisoned for four years. Upon his return to Rome in 1814, he considered joining the Jesuits, who had recently been reestablished. However, in view of the needs of the time and at the request of Pius VII, he engaged in the ministry of preaching missions to the people in order to reestablish some order in the midst of the chaos of the time.

Missionaries of the Precious Blood

Despite facing considerable difficulties, in 1815 he founded a society of priests, the Missionaries of the Precious Blood, at the abbey of San Felice in Giano, Umbria. With the help of local people, Gaspar worked to repair the abandoned 10th century monastery.

The year 1821 was a time of great lawlessness in the Papal States and many towns were out of the control of the civil authorities. Bandits controlled many of the towns in the coastal provinces. Cardinal Cristaldi, papal treasurer and advisor to Pope Pius VII, suggested that Gaspar and his new band of missionaries go into the towns and provinces where the bandits lived and establish mission houses. There they were to preach the Word, establish churches and chapels, and see to the continued instruction of the people. Between 1821 and 1823 six new mission houses were opened. Gaspar and his companions went out and preached the merits of the Precious Blood. They called the people to repentance and to return to faithfulness. They would preach on the street corners at night. They instructed the children. Armed with only the crucifix, they went into the hills, where Gaspar negotiated a peace with the banditi.

Although Gaspar was very popular in his native city, he was not without enemies. His activity in converting the "briganti", who came in crowds and laid their guns at his feet after he had preached to them in their mountain hiding-places, excited the ire of the officials who profited from brigandage through bribes and in other ways. These enemies almost induced Leo XII to suspend del Bufalo.

He also faced ecclesiastical opposition. One major objection to the new society was that its name, The Society of the Precious Blood, was considered unecclesiastical. Gaspar was accused of disregarding canon law and the mission cross and chain that the members wore was completely untraditional. This opposition began under the reign of Pope Pius VII (around 1820) who had been a strong support of the society at its founding in 1815. This opposition became so strong that the successor to Pius VII, Leo XII, was positively adverse to the community. It is noted that this was at a time when Gaspar was being more and more open in his criticism of abuses in the Church and the government of the Papal States. Gaspar felt that this opposition was more of a personal attack on himself and so he offered to step down as moderator of the community so that things could be smoothed over. Fortunately, this was not needed as the situation with Leo XII was resolved after a meeting between the two of them.

His missionary efforts were extremely dramatic. One contemporary, the Passionist priest and bishop Vincent Strambi, described his preaching as being "like a spiritual earthquake." He was also a friend of Vincent Pallotti, founder of the Pallotines, who assisted at Gaspar's deathbed. He is particularly known for his devotion to the Precious Blood of Christ and for spreading this devotion during his lifetime.

Until his death on December 28, 1837, he worked tirelessly to re-evangelize central Italy, especially the Papal States. He was well known for his eloquence in preaching, his devotion to the poor (especially the Santa Galla Hospice in Rome), and his work with the brigands of southern Lazio.

In 1836, his strength began to fail. He had given his last mission in Rome at the Chiesa Nuova in 1837. Although fatally ill, he hastened to Rome, where the cholera was raging, to administer to the spiritual wants of the plague-stricken. He returned to Albano but went again to Rome at the suggestion of Cardinal Franzoni, the cardinal protector of the Congregation, in December 1837. It proved too much for him, and he succumbed in the midst of his labours on December 28, 1837.

His funeral was held in Rome at the church of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria, near the Teatro di Marcello, and he was buried in Albano. Later, his body was transferred to the house of the Missionaries on the Via dei Crociferi in Rome (Santa Maria in Trivio), where it remains today.

The titles accorded to him by his contemporaries:"II Santo", "Apostle of Rome", "Il martello dei Carbonari" (Hammer of Italian Freemasonry).

Veneration

Gaspar del Bufalo was beatified by Pope Pius X on August 29, 1904. The cause for his canonization was opened on July 12, 1949, and he was canonized by Pope Pius XII on June 12, 1954. Originally commemorated on December 29, his feast was moved in 1962 to October 21. His feast is celebrated in the City of Rome and by members of the Missionaries of the Precious Blood on October 21.

Legacy
He had a significant influence on Maria De Mattias, foundress of the Adorers of the Blood of Christ (A.S.C.), although it was Venerable Giovanni Merlini C.PP.S. who was most directly associated with St. Maria in establishing her congregation.

See also

References

Sources
Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. "The Penguin Dictionary of Saints," 3rd edition, New York: Penguin Books, 1993. .

External links
 San Gaspare del Bufalo
Missionaries of the Precious Blood website
Letters of Saint Gaspar

1786 births
1837 deaths
Founders of Catholic religious communities
People from Frosinone
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Italian Roman Catholic saints
19th-century Christian saints
Canonizations by Pope Pius XII
Clergy from Rome

Gaspar del Bufalo


A spray tower (or spray column or spray chamber) is a gas-liquid contactor used to achieve mass and heat transfer between a continuous gas phase (that can contain dispersed solid particles) and a dispersed liquid phase. It consists of an empty cylindrical vessel made of steel or plastic, and nozzles that spray liquid into the vessel. The inlet gas stream usually enters at the bottom of the tower and moves upward, while the liquid is sprayed downward from one or more levels. This flow of inlet gas and liquid in opposite directions is called countercurrent flow.

Overview
This type of technology can be used for example as a wet scrubber for air pollution control. Countercurrent flow exposes the outlet gas with the lowest pollutant concentration to the freshest scrubbing liquid.
Many nozzles are placed across the tower at different heights to spray all of the gas as it moves up through the tower. The reason for using many nozzles is to maximize the number of fine droplets impacting the pollutant particles and to provide a large surface area for absorbing gas.

Theoretically, the smaller the droplets formed, the higher the collection efficiency achieved for both gaseous and particulate pollutants. However, the liquid droplets must be large enough to not be carried out of the scrubber by the scrubbed outlet gas stream. Therefore, spray towers use nozzles that produce droplets that are usually 500–1000 µm in diameter. Although small in size, these droplets are large compared to those created in venturi scrubbers that are 10–50 µm in size. The gas velocity is kept low, from 0.3 to 1.2 m/s (1–4 ft/s), to prevent excess droplets from being carried out of the tower.

In order to maintain low gas velocities, spray towers must be larger than other scrubbers that handle similar gas stream flow rates. Another problem occurring in spray towers is that after the droplets have fallen a short distance, they tend to agglomerate or hit the walls of the tower.  Consequently, the total liquid surface area for contact is reduced, reducing the collection efficiency of the scrubber.

 In addition to a countercurrent-flow configuration, the flow in spray towers can be either a cocurrent or crosscurrent in configuration.
In cocurrent-flow spray towers, the inlet gas and liquid flow in the same direction. Because the gas stream does not "push" against the liquid sprays, the gas velocities through the vessels are higher than in countercurrent-flow spray towers. Consequently, cocurrent-flow spray towers are smaller than countercurrent-flow spray towers treating the same amount of exhaust flow. In crosscurrent-flow spray towers, also called horizontal-spray scrubbers, the gas and liquid flow in directions perpendicular to each other.

In this vessel, the gas flows horizontally through a number of spray sections. The amount and quality of liquid sprayed in each section can be varied, usually with the cleanest liquid (if recycled liquid is used) sprayed in the last set of sprays.

Particle collection
Spray towers are low energy scrubbers. Contacting power is much lower than in venturi scrubbers, and the pressure drops across such systems are generally less than 2.5 cm (1 in) of water. The collection efficiency for small particles is correspondingly lower than in more energy-intensive devices. They are adequate for the collection of coarse particles larger than 10–25 µm in diameter, although with increased liquid inlet nozzle pressures, particles with diameters of 2.0 µm can be collected.

Smaller droplets can be formed by higher liquid pressures at the nozzle. The highest collection efficiencies are achieved when small droplets are produced and the difference between the velocity of the droplet and the velocity of the upward-moving particles is high. Small droplets, however, have small settling velocities, so there is an optimum range of droplet sizes for scrubbers that work by this mechanism.

This range of droplet sizes is between 500 and 1,000 µm for gravity-spray (counter current) towers. The injection of water at very high pressures – 2070–3100 kPa (300–450 psi) – creates a fog of very fine droplets. Higher particle-collection efficiencies can be achieved in such cases since collection mechanisms other than inertial impaction occur. However, these spray nozzles may use more power to form droplets than would a venturi operating at the same collection efficiency.

Gas collection
Spray towers can be used for gas absorption, but they are not as effective as packed or plate towers. Spray towers can be very effective in removing pollutants if the pollutants are highly soluble or if a chemical reagent is added to the liquid.

For example, spray towers are used to remove HCl gas from the tail-gas exhaust in manufacturing hydrochloric acid. In the production of superphosphate used in manufacturing fertilizer, SiF4 and HF gases are vented from various points in the processes. Spray towers have been used to remove these highly soluble compounds. Spray towers are also used for odor removal in bone meal and tallow manufacturing industries by scrubbing the exhaust gases with a solution of KMnO4.

Because of their ability to handle large gas volumes in corrosive atmospheres, spray towers are also used in a number of flue-gas desulfurization systems as the first or second stage in the pollutant removal process.

In a spray tower, absorption can be increased by decreasing the size of the liquid droplets and/or increasing the liquid-to-gas ratio (L/G). However, to accomplish either of these, an increase in both power consumed and operating cost is required. In addition, the physical size of the spray tower will limit the amount of liquid and the size of droplets that can be used.

Maintenance problems
The main advantage of spray towers over other scrubbers is their completely open design; they have no internal parts except for the spray nozzles. This feature eliminates many of the scale buildup and plugging problems associated with other scrubbers. The primary maintenance problems are spray-nozzle plugging or eroding, especially when using recycled scrubber liquid. To reduce these problems, a settling or filtration system is used to remove abrasive particles from the recycled scrubbing liquid before pumping it back into the nozzles.

Summary
Spray towers are inexpensive control devices primarily used for gas conditioning (cooling or humidifying) or for first-stage particle or gas removal. They are also used in many flue-gas desulfurization systems to reduce plugging and scale buildup by pollutants.

Many scrubbing systems use sprays either prior to or in the bottom of the primary scrubber to remove large particles that could plug it.

Spray towers have been used effectively to remove large particles and highly soluble gases. The pressure drop across the towers is very low – usually less than 2.5 cm (1.0 in) of water; thus, scrubber operating costs are relatively low. However, the liquid pumping costs can be very high.

Spray towers are constructed in various sizes – small ones to handle small gas flows of 0.05 m3/s (106 ft3/min) or less, and large ones to handle large exhaust flows of 50 m3/s (106,000 m3/min) or greater. Because of the low gas velocity required, units handling large gas flow rates tend to be large in size. Operating characteristics of spray towers are presented in the following table.

References

Bibliography
Gilbert, J. W. 1977. Jet venturi fume scrubbing. In P. N. Cheremisinoff and R. A. Young (Eds.), Air Pollution Control and Design Handbook. Part 2. New York: Marcel Dekker.
McIlvaine Company. 1974. The Wet Scrubber Handbook. Northbrook, IL: McIlvaine Company.
Richards, J. R. 1995. Control of Particulate Emissions (APTI Course 413). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Richards, J. R. 1995. Control of Gaseous Emissions. (APTI Course 415). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Pollution control technologies
Air pollution control systems
Scrubbers
Wet scrubbers
Liquid-phase contacting scrubbers

Spray tower


Hector Seymour Peter Monro, Baron Monro of Langholm, AE, PC (4 October 1922 – 30 August 2006), was a Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party politician. He was Member of Parliament for Dumfriesshire for over 32 years, from 1964 to 1997, and then a life peer in the House of Lords.

After piloting flying boats in the Second World War, Monro became a farmer in his native Dumfriesshire.  He became active in local test politics in the 1950s, and was elected as MP for Dumfries in 1964.  He served as a Conservative whip and held three junior ministerial positions, twice in the Scottish Office and once as Minister for Sport in the Department for the Environment.  He became a member of the House of Lords in 1997, after he stood down from the House of Commons.  He was particularly concerned with Scottish and rural issues, the RAF, and sport, and was noted for his strong links with his constituency. He was in office at the time of the Lockerbie Disaster in 1988, which occurred in his constituency.

Early and private life
Monro was born in Edinburgh and raised at Craigcleuch near Langholm in Dumfriesshire.  His father, Alistair Monro, was a captain in the Cameron Highlanders; his maternal grandfather was Lieutenant General Sir Spencer Ewart.   Monro was educated at Upland House School in Sussex, Canford School in Dorset, and King's College, Cambridge.

He was a member of the Cambridge University Air Squadron at Cambridge.  After only one year at Cambridge, he joined the RAF in 1941, becoming a flight lieutenant in Coastal Command, flying Atlantic patrols in Short Sunderland flying boats and then in the Far East in Catalinas.

After he was demobbed in 1946, he became a farmer at Kirtlebridge near Lockerbie, although he also had other business interests.  He remained a member of the Royal Auxiliary Air Force from 1947 to 1954.  He was later an honorary Air Commodore from 1982 to 2000, and its honorary Inspector General from 1990 to 2000.

Monro married twice.  He married Anne Welch in 1949.  Their two sons joined the British Army.  Seymour retired as a major-general; Hughie is a retired brigadier.  Monro's first wife died in 1994; later that year, he married a second time, to Doris Kaestner, a friend of his first wife. Monro's grandson, Ander Monro, has played for the Canada national rugby union team.

Political career
Monro was elected as a Dumfries County Councillor from 1952, where he served until 1967.  He was chairman and vice-president of the Dumfries Unionist Party and was elected MP for Dumfries in the 1964 general election, retaining his seat until he retired at the 1997 general election.

He became a Conservative whip in 1968, and was a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Scottish Office between 28 July 1971 and 28 February 1974.  He voted against his party on Scottish devolution, announcing his support for a Scottish Assembly in 1974.

After the Conservatives lost the February 1974 general election, he was an opposition spokesman, initially on Scottish affairs and then on sport, until 1979.  After the 1979 general election, he was appointed as Margaret Thatcher's first Minister for Sport, as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of the Environment under Michael Heseltine.  He also had responsibility for some environmental issues, and was involved in strengthening the provisions of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

Monro came under some criticism for opposing the visit of a South African Barbarians rugby team to the UK and a return visit by the British Lions rugby team the next year. He was dropped from the Government in 1981 in the wake of Mrs Thatcher's proposal that the British team pull out of the Moscow Olympics, receiving a consolatory knighthood that year. In 1986, he suggested that the government bill the Kremlin in the amount of £1 million and provide the amount to Scottish farmers in compensation for losses to sheep herds caused by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

In 1988, a bomb exploded on Pan Am Flight 103, which crashed at Lockerbie, near his home.  He was closely involved in the aftermath as the local constituency MP, and went out to Lockerbie with two other MP's. He was hailed by politicians of all political stripes for his compassion and caring; Scottish Labour MP Brian Wilson praised him as "a man who is truly a part of the community that he represents".

He returned to the Scottish Office on 9 April 1992, but he was sacked from this position on 5 July 1995. He became a member of the Privy Council in 1995, and following his retirement as an MP, was made a life peer as Baron Monro of Langholm, of Westerkirk in Dumfries and Galloway on 6 November 1997.

The number of Conservative MPs from Scotland declined from 24 when he was first elected an MP in 1964 to nil after the 1997 general election.  A One Nation Conservative, he occasionally rebelled against the official party line, opposing the closing of British Steel Corporation's Ravenscraig steelworks, for example.  One of his Labour Party opponents, Norman Hogg, dubbed him "the last of the decent Tories".

Outside politics
Monro was a president of the Scottish Rugby Union, and he was honorary president of Langholm RFC for over 20 years. He managed the 1970  rugby union tour to Australia but had to return home to fight the 1970 General Election.

He was a long-serving member of the Nature Conservancy Council, and active in the National Farmers Union of Scotland. He was a member of the Royal Company of Archers, a deputy lieutenant of Dumfriesshire, and enjoyed vintage cars and country sports.

Arms

Notes

References
Obituary, The Times, 31 August 2006
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, 31 August 2006
Obituary, The Independent, 1 September 2006
Obituary, The Guardian, 1 September 2006

External links

 Announcement of his death at the House of Lords House of Lords minutes of proceedings, 9 October 2006

1922 births
2006 deaths
People educated at Canford School
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
British World War II bomber pilots
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Unionist Party (Scotland) MPs
Scottish Conservative MPs
Monro of Langholm
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Unionist Party (Scotland) councillors
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
Members of the Royal Company of Archers
Presidents of the Scottish Rugby Union

Hector Monro, Baron Monro of Langholm


The Telling is a 2009 horror film starring Holly Madison and Bridget Marquardt from the E! television series The Girls Next Door. The film is also the producing debut of Bridget Marquardt, who teamed up with veteran producer Chuck Williams. It is directed by Jeff Burr and first time director Nicholas Carpenter, grandson of filmmaker Hal Roach.

The making of the film was featured on the popular reality show The Girls Next Door. The majority of the filming took place at the Playboy Mansion and the Hollywood Castle. In addition to Madison and Marquardt, Playboy Playmate of the Year Sara Jean Underwood makes an appearance in the film.

Plot
In the prologue, Brianna (Najarra Townsend), after being harshly rejected from a sorority, is found dead at a party from overdosing on prescription drugs and alcohol. Scrawled in lipstick on a nearby mirror are the words "You made me do this."

One year later, the most exclusive and cruel sorority on campus, headed by Stephanie (Holly Madison), is in the final days of rush. For their final task, the three remaining pledges are required to tell the scariest story they know.

The first pledge, Tonya (Jessica Noboa), tells a true story she heard from a friend. In the story, Lily (Rebekah Kochan), is a beautiful blonde that lives with her boyfriend Tommy (Ryan Freeman) and his ex-girlfriend, Sarah, from England. Tommy works at a coffee shop, and finds a doll in a dumpster one day, which he brings home to Lily. At first, Lily thinks that Sarah has done something to the doll to mess with her. The doll kills Sarah first, stabbing her to death, then electrocutes Lily. The story ends with Tonya saying Tommy was convicted for the murders and was put away for life. The girls think that the story is good and take a shot.

The second story, told by Phoebe (Stephanie Sanborn), is about a former A-list actress, Eva DeMarco (Bridget Marquardt), who wants to be back on top. So she accepts a role from an elusive filmmaker (John D'Aquino) in a desolate region in Romania. However, the film crew has a deadly secret. Eva is drugged and has a dream where she's in a jail cell and killed by an angel with black wings (Christine Nguyen). When she wakes up, she goes to a dinner party for the shoot of the movie, where she discovers that all of the crew members are dead, and that they make snuff films. Eva is killed and becomes the newest member of the group. Again, the sorority girls like Phoebe's story and take another shot.

Finally, it is Haley's (Jean-Louise O'Sullivan) turn. She tells a story about a group of three girls, based on Stephanie, Amber, and Roxy. The story begins at the girls' home; the girls are about to go see a movie while their cable is being fixed. The girls come back home after one of them forgot to buy tickets in advance. Another girl suggests making prank calls. They call a man and tell him that he has won seven free pizzas. During the call, the man goes to answer the door and is killed. The girls overhear the man being killed and hesitantly call the police. The girls don't trust the cop who shows up, since he is by himself. After a killing spree occurs, only Anna and the cop remain. Anna kills the cop out of terror, thinking he is the killer. After shooting him five times, she walks into the hallway, where the real killer is waiting. She is promptly killed.

After all of the girls tell their stories, it is time for the sorority sisters to make their decision. First, Stephanie reveals the two newest members selected for their sorority are two other girls, Stacie and Rachel, who were inducted in a private rush separate from the official rush that Tonya, Phoebe, and Haley just underwent. Stephanie derides the three pledges for thinking that they could become members of the sorority. But then the sorority sisters start feeling the ill effects of the poisoned cookies provided by Haley. Haley, who turns out to be Brianna's half-sister, became a pledge solely to get close enough to the sorority (that she blames for Brianna's suicide) to kill them. She walks away from the sorority house, accompanied by her mother.

Cast

Home release
The film was released on DVD April 14, 2009.

External links
The Telling Official website

2009 films
2009 horror films
American horror anthology films
Alta Loma Entertainment films
2009 directorial debut films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films

The Telling (film)


The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines. Conflict erupted among tensions over tribute and the spice trade.

The Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the Byzantines recovered their position in battles at Dara and Satala while their Ghassanid allies defeated the Sasanian-aligned Lakhmids. A Sasanian victory at Callinicum in 531 continued the war for another year until the empires signed the "Perpetual Peace".

Origin
After the Anastasian War, a seven-year truce was agreed on, yet it lasted for nearly twenty years. Even during the war in 505, Emperor Anastasius I had already started fortifying Dara as a counter to the Persian fortress city of Nisibis for a looming conflict. In 524–525, the Persian shah Kavadh I (r. 488–531) proposed that Emperor Justin I adopt his son, Khosrow I; the priority of the Persian king was to secure the succession of Khosrow, whose position was threatened by rival brothers and the Mazdakite sect. The proposal was initially greeted with enthusiasm by the Roman Emperor and his nephew, Justinian but Justin's quaestor, Proculus, opposed the move. Despite the breakdown of the negotiations, it was not until 530 that war on the main eastern frontier began. In the intervening years, the two sides preferred to wage war by proxy, through Arab allies in the south and Huns in the north.

Tensions between the two powers were further heightened by the defection of the Iberian king Gourgen to the Romans. According to Procopius, Kavadh I tried to force the Christian Iberians to become Zoroastrians, and in 523, under the leadership of Gourgen, they rose in revolt against Persia, following the example of the neighboring Christian kingdom of Lazica. Gourgen received pledges by Justin I that he would defend Iberia; the Romans then recruited Huns from the north of the Caucasus to assist the Iberians.

War
Violence escalated at various points where the power of the two empires met: in 525 a Roman fleet transported an Aksumite army to conquer Himyarite Yemen and in 525–526, Persia's Arab allies, the Lakhmids, raided Roman territories on the edge of the desert. The Romans were interested in gaining influence in Yemen to protect Christian interests there (see Christian community of Najran) as well as to dominate the spice and silk trade routes to India which were under Persian control.

By 526–527, overt fighting between the two empires had broken out in the Transcaucasus region and upper Mesopotamia; the Persians continued to exert pressure on the Romans to obtain funds from them. Following the emperor Justin I's death in 527, Justinian I acceded to the imperial throne. The early years of war favored the Persians, by 527 the Iberian revolt had been crushed, a Roman offensive against Nisibis and Thebetha in that year failed and forces attempting to fortify Thannuris and Melabasa were prevented from doing so by Persian attacks.

In 528, the Persians pressed on from Iberia to capture forts in eastern Lazica. Attempting to remedy the deficiencies revealed by these Persian successes, Justinian reorganised the eastern armies by dividing the command of the magister militum of the East in two and appointing a separate magister militum of Armenia over the northern portion. The most important Roman initiative on the southern front in 528 was Belisarius's expeditions to Thannuris, where he tried to protect Roman workers undertaking the construction of a fort right on the frontier. His forces were defeated by Xerxes during the battle of Thannuris and he had to retreat to Dara.

Damaging raids on Syria by the Lakhmids in 529 also encouraged Justinian to strengthen his own Arab allies, helping the Ghassanid leader Al-Harith ibn Jabalah turn a loose coalition into a coherent kingdom which was able to gain the upper hand against the Lakhmids over the following decades. In 530, Belisarius led the Romans to victory over a much larger Persian force under Perozes at the Battle of Dara, while Sittas and Dorotheus defeated a Persian army under Mihr-Mihroe at the Battle of Satala. In 531, Belisarius was defeated by Persian and Lakhmid forces at the Battle of Callinicum but during the summer, the Romans captured some forts in Armenia and repulsed a Persian offensive. The Roman failure at Callinicum was followed by a commission of inquiry, the result of which was the dismissal of Belisarius from his post. Azarethes, the Persians' commander at Callinicum, was also stripped of his ranks due to his failure to capture any significant fortification.

Truce
Justinian's envoy, Hermogenes, visited Kavadh immediately after the Battle of Callinicum to re-open negotiations but without success. Justinian took steps to bolster the Roman position, trying, at the same time, to engage Kavadh diplomatically. Justinian tried to make an alliance with the Axumites of Ethiopia and the Himyarites of Yemen against the Persians but his alliance proposal failed. The Persians conducted the Siege of Martyropolis but abandoned it as Kavadh died shortly afterwards and in spring 532, new negotiations began between the Roman envoys and the new Persian king, Khosrow I, who needed to devote his attention to securing his position. The two sides finally came to an agreement and the Eternal Peace, which lasted less than eight years, was signed in September 532. Both sides agreed to return all occupied territories and the Romans to make a one-off payment of 110 centenaria (11,000 pounds of gold). The Romans recovered the Lazic forts, Iberia remained in Persian hands but the Iberians who had left their country were allowed to remain in Roman territory or to return to their native land.

See also
 Aksumite–Persian wars
 Lazic War

References

Sources

Wars of Justinian I
Roman–Sasanian Wars
Ancient history of Georgia (country)
6th-century conflicts
520s conflicts
530s conflicts
6th century in Iran
6th century in Georgia (country)
520s in the Byzantine Empire
530s in the Byzantine Empire
Wars of Khosrow I
Wars involving the Sasanian Empire
520s
530s

Iberian War


Weston Park is a park located on a peninsula on the western side of Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra, Australia. In 1963 the park was named after Charles Weston, who had founded the nearby Yarralumla Nursery in 1914. On the western side of the peninsula is Yarramundi Reach and on the eastern side is Tarcoola Reach. The end of the peninsula is called Kurrajong Point.

With water on three sides, children's playgrounds, picnic areas and barbecue facilities, Weston Park has a very pleasant atmosphere and is very popular on weekends and holidays. The park also has a miniature railway.

References

Parks in Canberra
Australian Capital Territory Heritage Register

Weston Park, Canberra


Velukandakiya is considered one of the two standard-bearer lay female disciples of the Buddha, the other being Khujjuttara. She is known as the mother of Nanda (not the stepbrother of Buddha with the same name). She is praised as the standard bearer lay female disciple in Samyutta Nikaya17.24, Only daughter.

"Dear, you should become like Khujjuttara the lay follower and Velukandakiya Nanda's mother – for this is the standard and criterion for my female disciples who are lay followers, that is Khujjuttara the lay follower and Velukandakiya, Nanda's mother.

Disciples of Gautama Buddha
Buddhism and women

Velukandakiya


A MacBook Pro is a type of laptop computer made by Apple Inc. It replaced the PowerBook G4 and was the second Intel model to be released. It runs macOS and comes with a built in webcam and microphone and a power adapter that is attached by magnets. MacBook Pros are housed in aluminum metal and are currently available in 13", 14" and 16" models.

History

The MacBook Pro was first introduced on January 2006 at the Macworld Expo. In June 2020, at the WWDC, Apple announced that Macs will be transitioning from Intel processsors to Apple silicon.

Models
The first MacBook Pro was the 15" model, but a 17" model was released later that year. New models were released in late 2006, late 2007, early 2008, late 2008, and early 2009. In June 2009, a 13" model was added and the other sizes were also updated. The next updates happened in April 2010 and February 2011. Another update was released in June 2012, in which a new 15" model was introduced with a much higher display resolution (dubbed the Retina Display, meaning that it can display more pixels, creating a smoother image). However, Apple stopped making the 17" model.

In September 2016, Apple released the MacBook Pro with Touch Bar, a strip that replaces function keys. It came in 13" and 15" models. Updates followed in mid 2017, mid 2018 and mid 2019. The 16-inch MacBook Pro, featuring Intel Core i7 or i9 processors, was released in November 2019. It replaced 15-inch MacBook Pro. In early 2020, 13-inch model had been updated with new 10th gen Intel Core and Intel Iris Plus graphics.

In November 2020, Apple made a move from Intel processors to Apple Silicon with 13-inch MacBook Pro. It features an 8-core CPU, 8-core graphics and 16-core Neural Engine. The battery life has been extended to 20 hours. However, Apple continued selling Intel-based MacBook Pro until October 2021, when the new 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro with either M1 Pro or M1 Max processor has been released.

Features
The new MacBook Pro has several features:

Aluminum unibody
The aluminum unibody case makes the MacBook Pro lighter, polished, and stronger. On the left side of the computer, there is a button next to many indicator lights. This button will turn on the lights. They say how much battery power the computer has left. More lights on means more battery.

Battery

A built-in battery gives around 10 to 11 hours of power to Intel-based models and around 17 to 21 hours of power to Apple silicon models of the computer. This battery can be recharged up to 1,000 times, whereas typical notebooks can only be recharged 200 to 300 times.

Keyboard

The keyboard has curved and backlit keys.

Glass trackpad

The trackpad is the part of the laptop that is touch-sensitive. It allows the use to move the cursor on the screen by using their finger. The entire trackpad is also the trackpad button, adding more space to the trackpad. Right-click can be done with two fingers or using a right-click area. Some gestures (involving 2 or more fingers at once) are:

 Use two fingers to scroll up and down a page.
 Pinching with two fingers to zoom in and out.
 Rotate an image by turning two fingers.
 Swipe with four fingers to show your desktop, view all open windows or switch applications.

Storage
The 13-inch models have 256 GB SSD, all the way up to 2 TB. The 14-inch and 16-inch models have 512 GB SSD, all the way up to 8 TB.

Processors
The CPUs in the computers are either Apple M1, Apple M1 Pro or Apple M1 Max. Previously, The MacBook Pro used Intel Core chips.

An SD card slot in the early 13" and 15" MacBook Pros, as well as the new 14" and 16" MacBook Pros, can be used to import photos from a camera or camcorder.

Graphics
The GPU is intergrated into either Apple M1, Apple M1 Pro or Apple M1 Max chips. Previously, the MacBook Pro used Intel UHD Graphics, Intel Iris Plus or AMD Radeon Pro graphics.

Ports
The 13" MacBook Pro have 2 Thunderbolt 4 ports. The 14" and 16" MacBook Pro have three Thunderbolt 4 ports, Magsafe 3 and HDMI 2.0 ports, and a SD card reader and a 3.5 mm headphone jack.

Environmental impact

Features to reduce environmental impact
The MacBook Pros have the following environmentally-friendly features:
 They have arsenic-free display glass.
 They are BFR-free.
 They have a mercury-free LED-backlit display glass.
 They have PVC-free internal cables.
 Their enclosure is made from highly recyclable aluminum and glass.
 Their packaging has been reduced.
 They meet Energy Star 5.0 requirements.
 They are rated EPEAT Gold.

Related pages
MacBook

References

Other websites
MacBook Pro website

MacBook

MacBook Pro


Greater Lunnon () is the tap-level admeenistrative diveesion o Ingland coverin Lunnon. It wis creatit in 1965 an spans the Ceety o Lunnon, includin Middle Temple an Inner Temple, an the 32 Lunnon boroughs. This territory is coterminate wi the Lunnon Govrenment Office Region an the Lunnon European Parliament constituency. The region haes bi far the heichest GDP per caipita in the Unitit Kinrick. It covers 1572 km2 (607 square miles) an haed a 2009 mid-year estimatit population o 7,753,600. The term Greater Lunnon wis in uise afore 1965 tae refer tae a variously defined aurie, lairger than the Coonty o Lunnon an aften seemilar tae the Metropolitan Police District.

In addition tae its admeenistrative an statistical functions, Greater Lunnon (excludin the Ceety o Lunnon) is ane o the 48 ceremonial coonties o Ingland, an is unner the Greater Lunnon Lieutenancy.

History
Insteid o formin a single poleetical unit, Lunnon is dividit intae the sma, interior Ceety o Lunnon an the hinter wider Greater Lunnon. This arrangement haes come aboot acause as the aurie o Lunnon grew an absorbed neighbourin settlements, a series o admeenistrative reforms did no fully amalgamate the Ceety o Lunnon wi the metropolitan aurie, an its unique poleetical structur wis retained. Ootside the leemitit bundaries o the auld ceety, a variety o arrangements govrened the wider aurie syne 1855, culminatin wi the creation o the Greater Lunnon admeenistrative aurie in 1965.

Oreegins
The term Greater Lunnon haed been uised well afore 1965, parteecularly tae refer tae the aurie covered bi the Metropolitan Police District (sic as in the 1901 census), the aurie o the Metropolitan Water Board (favoured bi the Lunnon Coonty Cooncil for statistics), the Lunnon Passenger Transport Aurie an the aurie defined bi the Registrar General as the Greater Lunnon Conurbation.

The Greater Lunnon Arterial Road Programme wis devised atween 1913 an 1916. Ane o the lairger early forms wis the Greater Lunnon Planning Region, devised in 1927, which occupee'd 1,856 square miles (4,810 km2) an included 9 million fowk. It wis historically kent as Inglon.

Ryal Commission on Lunnon Govrenment

Awtho the Lunnon Coonty Cooncil haed been creatit as a Lunnon-wide authority coverin the Coonty o Lunnon in 1889, the Coonty did no even kiver aw the biggit-up aurie o Lunnon then, pairticularly Wast Ham an East Ham; furthermair mony o the LCC hoosin projects, includin the vast Becontree Estate, wur constructit ootside its formal bundaries.

Lunnon Coonty Cooncil pressed for an alteration in its bundaries suin efter the end o the First Warld War, notin that athin the Metropolitan an Ceety Police Districts thare wur 122 hoosin authorities. A Ryal Commission on Lunnon Govrenment wis set up tae consider the issue. Lunnon Coonty Cooncil proposed a vast new Greater Lunnon, somewhaur atween the Metropolitan Police District an the entire Hame Coonties. Protests wur made at the possibility o includin Windsor, Slough an Eton in the authority.

The Commission made its report in 1923, rejectin the LCC's scheme. Twa minority reports favoured chynge ayont the amalgamation o smawer urban destricts, includin baith smawer borough cooncils an a Central Authority for strategic functions. The Lunnon Traffic Act 1924 wis a result o the Commission.

Creation o admeenistrative aurie
Reform o the local govrenment arrangements in the Coonty o Lunnon an its environs wis again considered bi the Ryal Commission on Local Govrenment in Greater Lunnon. Greater Lunnon wis formally creatit bi the Lunnon Govrenment Act 1963, which teuk force on 1 Aprile 1965, replacin the umwhile admeenistrative coonties o Middlesex an Lunnon, addin the Ceety o Lunnon, which wis no unner the Lunnon Coonty Cooncil, an absorbin pairts o Kent, Surrey, Essex an Hertfordshire.

Greater Lunnon oreeginally haed a twa-tier seestem o local govrenment, wi the Greater Lunnon Cooncil (GLC) sharin pouer wi the Ceety o Lunnon Corporation (govrenin the sma Ceety o Lunnon) an the 32 Lunnon borough cooncils. The Greater Lunnon Cooncil wis abolished in 1986 bi the Local Govrenment Act 1985. Its functions wur devolved tae the Corporation an the Lunnon boroughs wi some functions transferred tae central govrenment an jynt boards.

Greater Lunnon Authority
Greater Lunnon wis uised tae form the Lunnon region o Ingland in 1994. A referendum held in 1998, established public will tae creaut a regional authority. The Greater Lunnon Authority, Lunnon Assembly an the directly elected Mayor of London war creatit in 2000 bi the Greater Lunnon Authority Act 1999.

The 2000 an 2004 mayoral elections wur baith wan bi Ken Livingstone, who haed been the feenal leader o the GLC. The 2008 election wis wan bi Boris Johnson the Conservative Pairty candidate. In 2000 the ooter bundary o the Metropolitan Police District wis re-aligned tae the Greater Lunnon bundary.

Geography
Greater Lunnon is bundit bi the hame coonties o Essex an Hertfordshire in the East o Ingland region an Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Surrey an Kent in Sooth East Ingland. The heichest pynt in Greater Lunnon is Westerham Heights, in the North Douns an on the bundary wi Kent, at 245 metres (804 ft).

The aurie o Greater Lunnon haes no chynged significantly syne its creation. Thare hae been a considerable nummer o smaw bundary chynges. The maist significant o thir wur the 1969 transfers o Knockholt tae Kent an Farleigh tae Surrey an a series o minor adjustments durin the 1990s which realigned the bundary tae the M25 motorwey in some places. The majority o Greater Lunnon forms the Lunnon low emission zone frae 4 Februar 2008.

Govrenance

Greater Lunnon is no a ceety in the proper sense that the wird applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o bein a status grantit bi the Croun. In addition, ane o the Lunnon burghs, Westminster, is awready a ceety, as well as the Ceety o Lunnon itsel which wad mak sic a status anomalous. Despite this, Greater Lunnon is commonly regardit as a ceety in the general sense o a municipality. A Laird Lieutenant o Greater Lunnon is appointit for its aurie, less the Ceety o Lunnon, an aurie identical tae the Metropolitan Police District, and for the purposes o the Lieutenancies Act 1997, this aurie is defined as a coonty.

The term "Lunnon" is normally uised in reference tae Greater Lunnon or tae the owera conurbation, but no aften tae the auncient, tiny Ceety o Lunnon. Insteid, this sma aurie is aften referred tae simply as "the Ceety" or "the Square Mile" an it forms the main financial destrict. Airchaically the urbanised aurie o Lunnon wis kent as the Metropolis. In common uisage, the terms "Lunnon" an "Greater Lunnon" are uisually uised interchyngeably. It is offeecially dividit for some purposes, wi varyin definitions, intae Inner Lunnon an Ooter Lunnon. For strategic plannin purposes the region is dividit intae five sub regions.

Strategic local govrenment

Greater Lunnon is unner the strategic local governance o the Greater Lunnon Authority. The Greater Lunnon Authority (GLA) comprises an electit assembly cried the Lunnon Assembly an an executive heid kent as the Mayor o Lunnon.

Local govrenment

Greater Lunnon is dividit intae 32 Lunnon burghs, each govrened bi a Lunnon burgh cooncil; an the Ceety o Lunnon, which haes a unique govrenment datin back tae the 12t century.

Aw Lunnon borough cooncils belang tae the Lunnon Cooncils association. Twa Lunnon burghs, Kensington and Chelsea, an Kingston, cairy the purely honorific title o Ryal burgh. Athin the Ceety o Lunnon bundary are the liberties o Middle Temple an Inner Temple.

Lunnon Assembly

For elections tae the Lunnon Assembly, Lunnon is dividit intae fowerteen constituencies. The constituencies are formed frae the aurie o twa or three boroughs combined. The Ceety o Lunnon forms pairt o the Ceety an East constituency.

UK Parliament

Lunnon is dividit intae 73 Parliamentary constituencies, which are aw sma burgh constituencies. Thay are formed frae the combined aurie o several wards frae ane or mair Lunnon Burghs. teepically a single burgh is covered bi twa or three constituencies.

Economy
This is a chairt o trend o regional gross value addit (GVA) o Inner Lunnon at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) bi Office for National Statistics wi figures in millions o Breetish Punds Sterlin.

This is a chairt o trend o regional gross value addit o Ooter Lunnon at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) bi Office for National Statistics wi figures in millions o Breetish Punds Sterlin.

Twinnin
The Greater Lunnon Authority haes twin an sister ceety agreements wi the follaein ceeties.

For Burgh twinnin see Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon.

References & notes

Notes

References

Freemit airtins
 Greater Lunnon Authority
 Greater Lunnon Online  - Lunnon Community News, Information an Business Directory
 Greater Lunnon Business Community Directory

Geografie o Lunnon
NUTS 1 statistical regions o Ingland
Local govrenment in Lunnon
Metropolitan auries o Ingland
NUTS 1 statistical regions o the European Union
Interestit pairties in plannin in the Unitit Kinrick
Coonties o Ingland established in 1965

Greater Lunnon


Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld () (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) was an Austrian nobleman and military general.

Biography
Born at Schloß Ehrenburg in Coburg, he was the youngest son of Duke Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. He was the great-uncle of King Leopold I of Belgium (1790–1865); and the great-great-uncle of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (1819–1901).

Military career
Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759, participated in the Seven Years' War, and rose to the rank of lieutenant field marshal by 1773. In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he commanded an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon, occupying Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's victory in the Battle of Focșani (1 August 1789). Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes (see History of Bucharest), and soon after becoming a field marshal.

During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck, a commoner. On 24 September 1789, in the town of Roman, they had a son named Frederick. Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on 24 December and recognized his son. Frederick was ennobled by the Austrian Emperor on 25 August 1808 and on 17 February 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him Freiherr von Rohmann, named after the place of his birth. Frederick however, as the child of a morganatic marriage, and his descendants were barred of the succession of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

In 1793 and 1794 he commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign. Due to his victory in the French Revolutionary Wars at Neerwinden in March 1793, he returned the region to Austrian control. Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies. However, due to unfortunate positioning, partly due to disunity amongst the Allied powers and their forces, he suffered a string of minor setbacks in front of the Revolutionary Army on the Sambre, followed by a decisive defeat at Fleurus (26 June 1794).

He thereupon abandoned the Netherlands, which Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up. Angered by this, and openly criticizing the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal (the Count of Clerfayt assumed command in his place) and retired to Coburg, where he later died.

Ancestry

References

Meyers Konversations-Lexikon of 1888–89. In turn, it cites:
A. von Witzleben, Prinz Friedrich J. von Koburg-Saalfeld, Herzog zu Sachsen, Berlin, 1859

Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Austrian Empire commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Austrian Empire military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
Field marshals of Austria
History of Bucharest
Princes of Saxe-Coburg Saalfeld
1737 births
1815 deaths
People from Coburg
Generals of the Holy Roman Empire
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa
Sons of monarchs

Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld


Korea may refer to:
territory in East Asie
 Korea, ceevilization an geographical aurie in East Asie
 Korean Peninsula, geographical aurie in East Asie
 North Korea, kintra, offeecially kent as the Democratic Fowkrepublic o Korea
 Sooth Korea, kintra, offeecially kent as the Republic o Korea
 Goryeo , Mediaeval Kinrick in the Korean peninsula
 Goguryeo, auncient Kinrick in the Korean peninsula that chyngit its name intae Koryŏ in the 5t century

ither toponymy
 Korea, Otwock Coonty, pairt o Sobienie Szlacheckie, east-central Poland
 Korea, Gmina Telatyn in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 Korea, Gmina Ulhówek in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
 Korea Destrict (an aa spelt Koriya), Chhattisgarh, Indie
 Korea, Côte d'Ivoire, toun in Côte d'Ivoire 6.82N 6.65W
 Korea, India, toun in Indie 23.15N 83.97E
 Korea, Pakistan, toun in Pakistan 34.42N 72.62E
 Korea, Puerto Rico, toun in Puerto Rico 18.38N 65.78W
 Korea, Sudan, town in the Sudan 4.76N 33.60E
 Korea, Kentucky, location in Menifee Coonty, Kentucky, USA 37.94N 83.48W
 Korea, Virginia, location near Culpeper, Virginia, USA 38.63N 73.01W

film
 Korea (Irish film), an Erse film directit bi Cathal Black

Korea mey an aa be an alternative spellin o:
Chorea (dance), auncient Greek dance
Chorea (disease), medical disorder involvin involuntary movement
 Chick Corea (born 1941), American jazz pianist
 Kora, German cocktail, see Kalimotxo

See an aa
Names o Korea
Corea (disambiguation)
Korean (disambiguation)
Leet o Korea-relatit topics
Chorea

Korea (disambiguation)


Catalina Pottery (or Catalina Island Pottery) is the commonly used name for Catalina Clay Products, a division of the Santa Catalina Island Company, which produced brick, tile, tableware and decorative pottery on Santa Catalina Island, California.  Catalina Clay Products was founded in 1927.  Gladding, McBean & Co. acquired all of the assets of the company in 1937 and moved all production to its Franciscan dinnerware division in Los Angeles.

History

In 1927, William Wrigley, Jr. built a tile and brick pottery on a beach located near Avalon, Santa Catalina Island. The new pottery became Catalina Clay Products, a division of Wrigley's Santa Catalina Island Company.  See:David Malcolm Renton.  The pottery used local clays from the Island.   This business venture had two purposes: to produce clay building products and to provide the much needed year-round employment for Island residents.

In 1930, Wrigley brought artisans to the Island to design decorative and functional pottery products including souvenirs, vases, bookends and figurines.  Red clays found on the Island were used for pottery until 1931.  After 1931 white clay from the United States mainland was combined with the red clay until finally only white clay was used.  Glazes were made with local minerals mined on the Island.  The company sold its ware as Catalina Pottery and Catalina Tile.  The pottery opened free standing stores to sell their wares in Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Hollywood, Olvera Street in Los Angeles, and in the Arizona Biltmore Hotel, Phoenix.  Dinnerware and art ware was sold through department and jewelry stores.  The pottery's tile was used for the interiors and exteriors of buildings on the Island.  Tile products were used throughout the United States.  The Arizona Biltmore Hotel's swimming pool was built using Catalina tile.

In 1937, Catalina Clay Products, including all equipment, stock, molds, and trademarks, were sold to Gladding, McBean & Co.  The pottery on the Island was closed. "The Santa Catalina Island Company initially suggested that Gladding McBean lease the production facilities at Pebbly Beach and continue to produce the Catalina Pottery on the island. This proposal did not interest the mainland firm because the high cost of importing clay had caused the problem in the first place."  All molds and equipment were moved to Gladding, McBean & Co.'s Glendale plant in Los Angeles.  Gladding, McBean continued to produce Catalina art ware and dinnerware shapes for their Catalina Pottery art ware lines until 1942.  Gladding, McBean & Co.'s Catalina Pottery art ware was marked Catalina Pottery, made in USA, with an ink stamp.  All tile products were discontinued.

Max Weil of California, formerly The California Figurine Co. purchased the Catalina art ware molds and patterns from Gladding McBean and Co., however Gladding, McBean & Co. retained the trade name Catalina.   In 1947, Gladding, McBean & Co. returned the use of the trademark to the Santa Catalina Island Company.

References

Further reading

 Coates, Carole Catalina Island Pottery and Tile Island Treasures 1927-1937. Schiffer Publishing Ltd (2001)
 Fridley, A. W. Catalina Pottery: the Early Years, 1927-1937. Rainbow Publishing Co. (1977)
 Hoefs, Steven and Aisha Hoefs Catalina Island Pottery: Collectors Guide. S. & A. Hoefs (1993)
 Pedersen, Jeannine L. The Art of Catalina Clay Products. Catalina Island Museum Society Inc. (2000)
 Rosenthal, Lee Catalina Tile of the Magic Isle. Windgate Press (1992)
 Stern, Bill California Pottery: From Missions to Modernism. Chronicle Books (2001)

External links
 Catalina Museum

American art pottery
Ceramics manufacturers of the United States
Santa Catalina Island (California)
Tiling
Companies based in Los Angeles County, California
Design companies established in 1927
Manufacturing companies established in 1927
Design companies disestablished in 1937
1927 establishments in California
1937 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1927
20th century in Los Angeles
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles

Catalina Pottery


Benny Giay (born 12 January 1955, in the village Onago, Waketei district, in what was then Netherlands New Guinea) is a theologian, a social anthropologist, and an activist, known for his activities in reconciliation to protect the rights of the Papuans of the Western, Indonesian controlled, part of New Guinea.

Early life and education

Giay attended junior high school in Tiom (Paniai) from 1960 to 1967. In 1971 he went to a teacher training school also in Tiom. He started his studies in social work at the Cenderawasih University (UNCEN) in Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia in 1974. From 1980 to 1983, he studied for a Master of Divinity degree at the Asian Theological Seminary, in Manila, the Philippines.

He was ordained as a pastor in the Kemah Injil Church (KINGMI) (Gospel Tabernacle Church), which was founded by the Christian and Missionary Alliance. In 1983, he was appointed lecturer at the Jaffray Theological College in Makassar, South Sulawesi and for three years he also taught courses for pastors in Kalimantan. In 1987, Giay returned to Papua to work as a pastor. He took the initiative of establishing the Walter Post Theological College there, so that students would not have to go all the way to Makassar if they wanted to study for the ministry. He also founded there a Masters study in theology.

From 1990 to 1995, he did his doctoral studies in social anthropology at the Free University in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. He did field work in Paniai, Papua, from June 1991 to March 1992. He graduated in 1995 with a thesis on the Wege Bage, a new religious movement led by Zakheus Pakage in his home district of Paniai.
He was elected Chairman of the Synod of Kingmi Papua (Gereja Kemah Injil di Tanah Papua, or the Gospel Tabernacle Church in Papualand) for the period 2010-2020.

Academic work

The research of Benny Giay is focused on the role of religion and the Christian faith in Papuan society. He did research on new religious movements, in particular on cargo cults in the Papuan context. This term can be considered derogatory, as it assumes that Papuans are primitive people who have an unrealistic and irrational way to acquire material goods; it also assumes that their religious feelings and expressions can be reduced to this attitude. Giay describes these new movements with sympathy and often from an insider's perspective. His doctoral thesis was a study of the Wege Bage Movement in his home regency (Paniai), a movement that had been initiated by Zakheus Pakage. Several of Giay's relatives had joined the movement. Giay sees the movement as a legitimate way to reconcile traditional culture and Christianity, though as a member of the evangelical KINGMI Papua Church, he is also critical of it. Giay calls on followers of the Wege Bage Movement not to close themselves off from a discussion on the Christian truth with other churches, and he also appeals to his own church not to condemn the movement, but to initiate a dialogue.
In later publications Giay advocates a church that is active in the human rights movement, and which is a spokesperson for Papuans, who are victims of repression by the Indonesian security forces. He advocates a theology that is inspired by liberation theologians and by Frantz Fanon. He pleads for the recognition of the right of Papuans to their own cultural and ethnic identity. Papuans, in his view, are Melanesians, with a black skin and frizzy hair, and they can never become Indonesians with amber-coloured skin and straight hair. He wrote an article on the origins of the Papuan political movement called Papua Zone Damai and Papua Tanah Damai — the Papua Peace Zone and the Papua Land of Peace project. This a non-violent spiritual movement of Papuans fighting for their rights. It is supported by churches and by several NGOs.
At the Second Papua Congress of May–June 2000, the Papua Council (Dewan Papua) gave Giay the task of initiating a debate on rectifying Papuan history (meluruskan sejarah). The purpose of the project is to give Papuans their own history back, to demand recognition for Papuan heroes and to honour the many Papuan victims of Indonesian repression since 1962. In the context of this project he has written several studies, like the biographies of Theys Eluay, Rev Herman Saud and of John Rumbiak. He also wrote a local church history of the Nduga Regency of Papua (see also list of publications below).

The Papuan Struggle

On returning to Papua in 1995 after his studies in the Netherlands, Giay became a lecturer in Church and Society and Contextual Theology at the Walter Post Theological College where he established a Postgraduate Program Church and Society. He has also been active in the Papua movement. In July 1998, he took the initiative to establish the Forum for the Reconciliation of Irian Jaya Society (FORERI). It aimed at a discussion on ways in which Papuans could have "an opportunity to handle their own affairs" whether through full independence, through wide-ranging autonomy within the Indonesian unitary state, or through the formation of a federal system in which the province of Irian Jaya (now the provinces of Papua and West-Papua) would enjoy substantial autonomy. FORERI helped to set up the national dialogue in Papua, initiated by President B. J. Habibie. This resulted in 100 Papuans, representing the various districts, unanimously demanding independence from Habibie in February 1999.
Benny Giay was elected by the Second Papua Congress in Jayapura in June 2000 to be a member of the Presidium of the Papua Council (Presidium Dewan Papua or PDP). This Congress, with representatives from all the regions of West Papua, debated the political future of Papua. He was charged with the "straightening of Papua history"(meluruskan sejarah Papua). To help the discussion he published a pamphlet Towards a New Papua, providing resource material to help Papuans discuss their future. He also later supported the initiative to turn the Papua struggle into a peaceful, non-violent struggle with the establishment of Zones of Peace and Papua as a Land of Peace (Tanah Damai).
In July 2002 the local organisation for the defence of human rights ELSHAM, the churches and the PDP set up a Peace Task force, with Benny Giay as its head. Its primary objective is to pursue reconciliation among Papuans through peaceful dialogue.
Giay's book Peristiwa penculikan dan pembunuhan Theys H Eluay 10 November 2001 (The Abduction and Assassination of Theys H Eluay on November 10, 2001)" was banned by the local authorities in West Papua. The book was considered dangerous to national unity.
At the Synod Conference of the Gereja Kemah Injil (KINGMI) Papua Church in 2010 Benny Giay was elected chairman of the Synod. In December 2011 he was in that capacity a member of a team of four Papuan church leaders that met President  Susilo Bandang Yudhoyono to argue in favor of a dialogue between the Indonesian Government and the Papua people in the presence of a neutral observer.

Honours
In 2003 Benny Giay received the Tanenbaum Award for Peacekeepers. Nelson Mandela was another one who received this special Award.

Publications
Kargoisme di Irian Jaya (Cargoism in Irian Jaya), 1986, Jayapura: Region Press
 The Rebels and Cargoistic Ideas in Irian Jaya, in: Catalyst, 9, 2: 131-146
 (with J A Godschalk), Cargoism in Irian Jaya today, in: Oceania, 1993, 63, 2: 131-146
 Zakheus Pakage and His Communities. Indigenous Religious Discourse, Socio-Political Resistance, and Ethnohistory of the Me of Irian Jaya, 1995, Amsterdam: VU University Press (Ph. D. Thesis, Free University Amsterdam)
 'Masyarakat Amungme (Irian Jaya), Modernisasi dan Agama Resmi: Sebuah Model Pertemuan' in: Th. Sumartana e.a. (eds),  Kisah dari Kampung Halaman. Masyarakat Suku, Agama Resmi dan Pembangunan, Yogyakarta : Interfidei, 1996, 37-53.
 Kristus: Sang Penghalan Madou / Maut Telah Lahir, in: Deiay (Jayapura), 1997, 2, 8
Gembalakanlah Umatku  (Tend my Flock) 1998, Jayapura: Deiyai
 The Conversion of Weakebo. A Big Man of the Me Community in the 1930s, in: The Journal of Pacific History, 1999, 34, 2
 Peristiwa '77. Taruhannya Identitas (The Incident of '77. To Keep One's Identity), 2000, Jayapura (typescript, unpublished)Menuju Papua Baru. Beberapa Pokok Pikiran Sekitar Emansipasi Orang Papua, (Towards a New Papua. Some Reflections on the Emancipation of the Papuans), 2000, Jayapura: Deiyai/Elsham Papua
 Kristus Dalam Budaya Irian Jaya Dewasa Ini: Suatu Perjumpaan Antara Injil dan Pembangunan (Materi Ceramah di depan mahasiswa STISIPOL "Silas Papare", Jayapura) (Christ in the Culture of Irian Jaya: An Encounter between the Gospel and Development) (Lecture notes for the students of the School for Policy Science Silas Papare), 2000 (unpublished)
 West Papua Peace Zone: A Possible Dream. The Role of West Papuan Church and Local Initiatives in the Human Rights Struggle, paper Conference Religion, Violence and Visions for Peace, The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 10 and 11 May 2001
 'Against Indonesia: West Papuan strategies of resistance against Indonesian political and cultural aggression in the 1980s', in Benedict R. O'G. Anderson (ed.)., Violence and the State in Suharto's Indonesia, New York, Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 2001
 with Yafet Kambai, Yosepha Alomang: Pergulatan Seorang Perempuan Papua Melawan Penindasan (Yosepha Alomong: The Struggle of a Papua Woman to Fight Repression), 2003, Jakarta: Elsham Papua and the European Commission
 West Papua Peace Zone: The Role of the Church in West Papu and Local Initiatives in the Struggle for Human Rights, in: Gerrie ter Haar and James J Busutil (eds), Bridge or Barrier. Religion, Violence and Visions of Peace, 2005, Leiden, Boston: Brill
 Peristiwa penculikan dan pembunuhan Theys H Eluay 10 November 2001 (The Abduction and Assassination of Theys H Eluay on November 10, 2001). The book was banned as it was perceived to threaten national unityPembunuhan Theys: kematian HAM di tanah Papua (The Murder of Theys: The Death of Human Rights in the Land of the Papuans), 2006, Yogyakarta: Galang Press (the 2003 edition of the book was banned)Misi Gereja dan Budaya Kekerasan di Tanah Papua. Hidup dan Karya Pdt. Herman Saud MTh, Ketua Sinode GKI di Tanah Papua Masa Bakti 1996-2005 (The Mission of the Church and the Culture of Violence in Papua Land. The Life and Work of Rev Herman Saud MTh, Chair of the GKI in Papua Land from 1996 to 2005), 2006, Jayapura: Deiyai
 Mari Memperjuangkan Pemulihan Negeri ini. Kumpulan Renungan, (Let us fight for the recovery of this country. A collection of reflections by Rev Dr Benny Giay) Abepura: Deiyai, 2008 (Pigai, Gotai Ruben (ed))
 Antara Gereja Papua dan John Rumbiak. Gereja, LSM dan Perjuangan HAM dalam Tahun 1980an di Tanah Papua, (Between the Papuan Church and John Rumbiak. Church, NGOs and the Struggle for Human Rights in the 1980s in Papua land) Abepura: Deiyai, 2009
 "Mari Mengambil Kendali Kehidupan," (Let us Take Control Over Our Lives),  2010
 "Sejarah Gereja Nduga Masuknya Injil di Kabupaten Nduga, Papua,"  (History of the Church  of Nduga. The coming of the Gospel to the Nduga Regency, Papua), 2011
 "Hidup dan Karya John Rumbiak: Gereja, LSM dan Perjuangan HAM dalam tahun 1980an di tanah Papua," (The Life and Work of John Rumbiak: the Church, the NGOs and the Struggle for Human Rights in the 1980s)) 2011. Deiyai Papua
 "Orang Papua Mesti Ambil Alih Kendali," [The Papuans have to take over the driving wheel of their lives]. 2019. Jurnal Wacana 21(38):np.https://insistpress.com/katalog/menegarakan-tanah-dan-darah-papua/#tab-additional_information

References

Sources

 Farhadian, Charles (ed.) The Testimony Project Papua. A Collection of Personal Histories in West Papua, 2007 Abepura: Penerbit Deiyai West Papua - pp. 19–39 Benny Giay

 Renée Kjar, The Invisible Aristocrat. Benny Giay in Papuan history, 2002, BA Thesis Asian Studies (Hons.), Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia

 Dirk Vlasblom, Papoea. Een Geschiedenis'' (Papua. A History), 2004, Amsterdam, Mets & Schilt

 Facebook page of Kingmi Papua:

Male biographers
Indonesian Christians
Indonesian human rights activists
20th-century Indonesian historians
1955 births
Living people
Cenderawasih University alumni
21st-century Indonesian historians

Benny Giay


Mart Saar ( in Hüpassaare – 28 October 1963) was an Estonian composer, organist and collector of folk songs.

Childhood

Saar was born at the small borough of Hüpassaare (now in Karjasoo, Suure-Jaani Parish), Kreis Fellin in the Livonian Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Estonia), to Mihkel and Ann Saar (née Kimmel). His father was employed in the forestry business. He was the eldest of fours siblings; Anna (1885–1968), Hans (1895–1979) and Jaan (1897–1898). He received his education in the village school at Kaansoo and the Suure-Jaani Parish school. His music teacher in the Suure-Jaani parish school was Joosep Kapp, the father of Artur Kapp, another famous Estonian composer. Additionally, Saar's father was a talented organist, who gave him lessons at home.

Adult life
In 1901, Saar left home to study music at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.  He graduated in 1908 but chose to continue his studies.  After graduation in 1911, he became a music teacher in Tartu. Ten years later, in 1921, he moved to Tallinn, Estonia as a freelance composer and organist. He spent his summers in his native borough Hüpassaare.

In August 1915, he married Elise Paalmann. The couple had two children; a daughter Heli (1917–1975) and a son, Ülo (1927–1945). The marriage ended in divorce when Elise moved to the United States in 1937, initially expecting Saar to join her. However, Saar decided that he didn't wish to leave Estonia. Saar later married Magda Elisabeth Takk and had a daughter named Tuuli.

Career
Early in his career, Saar was influenced by the European music of the early 19th century.

Later in his life, Saar combined Estonian folk music with more contemporary sounds. He mixed vocals into his symphonies. In addition to composing, Saar also wrote lyrics to some of his songs.  Usually, these lyrics express a love for Estonia and nature. They also address the brevity of life. Saar's lyrics have been compared to the poetry of Anna Haava and Juhan Liiv.

Selected works
Works for mixed chorus include:
Põhjavaim (Northern Spirit)
Seitse Sammeldunud Sängi (Seven Moss-Clad Tombs)
Oh Kodumaa (Oh, My Homeland)
Mis Sa Nutad, tammekene? (Why Are You Weeping, Oak Tree?)
Kõver Kuuseke (Crooked Fir)
Mälestus (A Memory)
Allik (Wellspring)

Works for male choir include:
Küll ma Laulaks (I Would Sing)

Works for female choir include:
Päikesele (To The Sun)

Solo songs include:
Must Lind (Black Bird)
Lauliku Talveüksindus (Singer's Winter Loneliness)

Piano music includes:
20 Rahvaviisi (20 Folk Songs)
Eesti Süidid (Estonian Suites)
Prelüüd ja Fuuga G-duur (Prelude and Fugue in G)
Humoresk (Humoresque)
Skizze (Preludes)

References

 Mart Saar Biography
 Examples of Saar's piano music; short biography

1882 births
1963 deaths
People from Põhja-Sakala Parish
People from Kreis Fellin
Estonian organists
Male organists
Estonian folk-song collectors
Male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century organists
20th-century Estonian composers
20th-century Estonian musicians
20th-century male musicians
Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni
People's Artists of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour

Mart Saar


The Ruger SR22 or SR22P is a compact semi-automatic pistol manufactured by Sturm, Ruger & Co., chambered for the .22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge.  The SR22 is mainly targeted at plinking and competition shooting.

Design
The SR22 does not share design and ergonomic commonalities with the striker-fired centerfire Ruger SR-Series pistols and mechanically deviates significantly.  In fact, it is more similar to the Walther P22 than a Ruger SR-Series pistol.  The SR22 comes only in compact size, although recently a  barrel version (Model 3620) was released.

The SR22 has a straight blowback-type action, and features a stainless steel barrel that is fixed to the frame.  Furthermore, the SR22 features a double-action/single-action trigger system with a rounded-spur external hammer, and has a visual inspection port in the form of a hole in the top of the slide and the back of the barrel that functions as a loaded chamber indicator.  The pistol is very lightweight thanks to its aluminium slide and polymer frame, and also comes with interchangeable rubber grips for different-sized hands.  The SR22 started to ship in January 2012 and is shipped with two single-stack 10-round magazines and replaceable grips for small or large hands.

The Ruger SR22 is equipped standard with an ambidextrous thumb safety/decocking lever, and magazine release.  Two interchangeable handgrips are offered.  One in slim, and the other in wide-palmswell format.  It is also equipped with a Picatinny rail on the frame below the barrel and in front of the trigger guard.

Models
Note that this list may not include all models.

References

Semi-automatic pistols of the United States
Ruger semi-automatic pistols
.22 LR pistols
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2012

Ruger SR22


František Bartoš (16 March 1837 - 11 June 1906) was a Moravian ethnomusicologist, folklorist, folksong collector, and dialectologist. He is viewed as the successor of František Sušil, the pioneer of Moravian ethnomusicology. He notably organized the collecting, categorizing and editing of hundreds of Moravian folksongs which were published is a four volume collection along with about 4000 folksongs from other ethnic traditions. The folksongs appear in ethnographic monographs and the work as a whole is viewed as one of the most important folk song collections ever published. However, Bartoš, like many other early European folk music scholars, sometimes changed the texts of the folk songs, thereby reducing the documentary value of the work.

Born in Mladcová near Zlín, Bartoš was educated at the Gymnasium in Olomouc and at the University of Vienna. In 1864 he became a schoolteacher in Strážnice, later taking teaching positions in Olomouc, Těšín, and the first Czech Gymnasium in Brno (1869). In 1888 he became the director of the second Czech Gymnasium in Brno. His employment there brought him into a working relationship with Leoš Janáček, who helped him with his third volume of folk songs. Bartoš in turn furthered Janáček's interest and understanding of Czech and Moravian folksongs which influenced his musical compositions. Bartoš died in his native town in 1906.

Sources
Jiří Vysloužil. "Bartoš, František (i)", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2001.

1837 births
1906 deaths
Writers from Zlín
Czech ethnomusicologists
University of Vienna alumni
Moravian folklorists
Dialectologists
Linguists from Austria-Hungary
Czech educators
Czech folk-song collectors
19th-century musicologists

František Bartoš (folklorist)


Located within 11 counties in the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California, North Central Valley Wildlife Management Area consists of conservation easements acquired on privately owned wetlands (primarily waterfowl hunting clubs). The landscape is very flat, bordered by the Sierra and Coast ranges and is surrounded by intensive agriculture.

The purpose of the project is to protect wetland habitat by acquiring conservation easements on up to  of land; this includes approximately  of existing wetlands and  of former wetlands to be restored and developed for waterfowl and other wetland-related wildlife. The area is an expansion of the highly successful Butte Sink and Willow Creek-Lurline Wildlife Management Areas and is implemented in accordance with the habitat acquisition goals of the Central Valley Habitat Joint Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. Conservation easement requires landowners to maintain land in wetlands.

References
Area profile
Area website

National Wildlife Refuges in California
Wetlands of California


The Samaritan Pentateuch or Samaritan Torah is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127 BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See .)

Special importance is attached to the Abisha Scroll, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun. But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.

References

Theology
Jewish literature

Samaritan Pentateuch


Alexander C. Stuart (1831–1898) was a British-born American painter, specializing in naval scenes. He grew up in Glasgow, served in the British Army, and immigrated to US around 1861. Since then lived and worked on the East Coast of the United States. In the US he served in the Marines and the Navy (Union) until 1866; since then he worked as an artist and illustrator.

In the U.S., Stuart worked primarily on navy bases and shipyards near the Delaware River. He also worked quite a bit in Washington, Philadelphia, and New York. According to an account of his life written by Stuart, he had studied engineering and medicine before enlisting in the English Army in the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny.

After resigning from the Navy, Stuart began working as an artist and illustrator for the merchant shipbuilding companies. His first employer was John Roach & Son in Chester, for whom he worked from 1872 to 1880. He later worked for Harlan & Hollingsworth in Wilmington, Delaware. During this period Stuart produced numerous illustrations of early iron steamships built by these firms. These images became valuable documentary sources for this era of shipbuilding in the U.S., giving Stuart's work added value.

In 1882, Stuart went to New York, seeking to earn a name and living as an artist in the city. This move did not prove successful. A year later, he moved to Florida. There, he first settled in St. Augustine and then moved to Eustis where he worked as a physician for nearly a year. In 1886, Stuart moved again to the Wilmington area and stayed there until 1895. From there he moved with his daughter to Camden, New Jersey. His financial condition in the final years of his life saw a decline, but he painted marine subjects until his death in 1898.

Further reading

References

1831 births
1898 deaths
United States Marines
19th-century American painters
American male painters
19th-century British Army personnel
19th-century British painters
British male painters
British emigrants to the United States
American marine artists
Artists from Glasgow
British Army personnel of the Crimean War
British military personnel of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
19th-century American male artists
United States Navy sailors
19th-century British male artists

Alexander C. Stuart


In business, a financial statement is an organized document that has financial information, like income and transactions, of a person, company, government, or organization. They are used by these people and organizations to make decisions on the subject (the person or organization who the financial statement is about), like whether or not to invest in a company and at what price.

Basic financial statements
A financial statement can be written in many forms, but in most countries there are four (4) basic financial statements that are standard. They are:

Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)
A Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet) is a financial statement that includes everything the business owns (called assets) and the business owes (called liabilities, which also include debts) as at a particular date.  The amount the business owes to its owner is called equity (also represents the amount of investment of the owner into the business).

For a private individual (a person not in business), an asset may be their house or car, and their liability may be their mortgage and credit cards.

The Statement of Financial Position is a snapshot of the financial health of a business at specific dates.

Statement of Profit or Loss (Income Statement / Profit or Loss Account)

A Statement of Profit or Loss (or Income Statement) shows the profit or loss made during the year by taking into consideration the revenues generated during the year (whether payment is received or not) less any costs incurred during the year (whether such costs have been settled or not).

Statement of Changes in Equity
A statement of owner's equity shows the movement of the owner's investment in the business.  In the case of a company, this separates the investment amount from the amounts included in Capital and Revenue Reserves.

Statement of Cash Flows
A Statement of Cash Flows is a financial statement that shows the transactions involving cash during the year categorized by Operating, Investing and Financing Activities, thus explaining the movement in Cash and Cash Equivalents during the year.

Accounting

Financial statements


The 2002 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone meteorology. The most notable storm this year was Hurricane Kenna, which reached Category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made landfall near Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, on October 25. It killed four people and was one of the most powerful hurricanes to ever strike the western coast of Mexico. Elsewhere, Tropical Storm Julio made landfall in Mexico, and Tropical Storm Boris dumped torrential rain along the Mexican coast, although it remained offshore.

Other storms were individually unusual. Hurricanes Elida and Hernan also reached Category 5 intensity, but neither did any damage. Hurricane Fausto, while it had no effect on land, regenerated into a tiny tropical storm at a very high latitude.

Season summary

It officially started May 15, 2002, in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 2002, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 2002. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

There were twelve tropical storms in the eastern Pacific Ocean this season. Of those, six became hurricanes and five became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or high on the Saffir Simpson Scale. A record three Category 5 storms formed. In the central Pacific, one tropical storm, one hurricane, and one major hurricane formed. The season saw below average activity in terms of the number of systems, but above average activity in terms of stronger storms. This was due to a moderately strong El Niño that also suppressed activity in the Atlantic Ocean.

Also of note this season is an unusual gap in storm formation during the first three weeks of August. That time usually sees several nameable storms, but for some reason there were none.

Storms

Tropical Storm Boris

On June 8, an area of disturbed weather that had absorbed a tropical wave spawned Tropical Depression Two-E. It became a tropical storm the next day. After peaking on June 9, steering currents collapsed and Boris stalled out in the ocean between two ridges of high pressure. Shear increased, and the cyclone weakened to a depression on June 10. The next day, Boris degenerated into a remnant low. The remnant drifted east and then southeast before dissipating on June 12.

Boris dumped heavy rains on sections of the Mexican coast. Several homes at an unspecified location were damaged. There were no deaths.

Tropical Storm Julio

An area of convection and disturbed weather possibly related to outflow from Hurricane Isidore developed a circulation on September 23 and organized into Tropical Depression Thirteen-E on September 25. The depression headed northward and strengthened into a tropical storm the same day. Julio turned to the northwest and peaked just before landfall near Lazaro Cardenas on September 26. The storm quickly dissipated over Mexico.

No one was killed by Julio. Around 100 houses in Acapulco and Zihuatanejo were damaged or washed away by flash flooding.

Hurricane Kenna

A powerful Category 5 hurricane at its peak, the third of the season, Kenna made landfall on Mexico as a Category 4. As of 2005, it is the most recent Pacific hurricane to have its name retired.

Kenna killed four people in Mexico and left thousands homeless. Its total damage was from 5 to 100 million dollars.

Tropical Depression Eleven-E
Eleven-E threatened land. It resulted in warnings and watches being issued for parts of the Baja California Peninsula, but it weakened to a remnant low before strengthening into a storm. No deaths or damages were reported. Eleven-E was the final storm of the season. It lasted for two days in November and dissipated on the sixteenth day of that month.

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season

2002 Pacific hurricane season


Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg (Polish: Jadwiga Elżbieta Amalia Sobieska; 18 July 1673 – 10 August 1722) was a Polish princess by marriage to James Louis Sobieski. She was the daughter of Philip William, Duke of Neuburg and Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt.

She was the grandmother of Charles Edward Stuart, the "Young Pretender" also known as "Bonnie Prince Charlie".

Life
Born at the Stadtschloss in Düsseldorf, she was the fifteenth of seventeen children.  Her sisters included Eleonor Magdalene, Holy Roman Empress, Maria Sofia, Queen of Portugal, Maria Anna, Queen of Spain and Dorothea Sophie, Duchess of Parma and mother of queen Elisabeth Farnese. She was raised with her sisters Maria Sophia, Maria Anna and Dorothea Sophie.  The sisters where schooled by private tutors in German, Latin, French, Italian, music and dance.  Her elder sister Eleonor Magdalene acted as the benefactor of her sisters at the Imperial court.

Marriage
In 1689, she was suggested to marry Prince James Louis Henry Sobieski, son of King John III Sobieski of Poland.
The marriage was arranged in order to secure an alliance between John III Sobieski and the Emperor within the Holy League, as Hedwig Elisabeth was the sister of empress Eleonor Magdalene, and secure Habsburg support in the future election of Prince James as the next Polish king. From the part of her family, the marriage was arranged with the presumption that Prince James would have a good change to be elected king of Poland after the death of his father.

In the negotiations, it was specified that Hedwig Elisabeth would be secured a dowry of 100 000 thaler, and granted lands by the emperor in Silesia with an official residence in Oława, where the couple could settle comfortably under Imperial protection in the case Prince James would not be elected king after his father's death.

The wedding took place on 8 February 1691, and the couple settled in an apartment in the Royal Palace in Warsaw - they would share their place of residence in the Kazimierzowski Palace in Warsaw during the winters, and their property in Oława in Silesia during the summers, where she stayed during the Moldau campaign.

Poland
Hedwig Elisabeth was friendly received by her mother-in-law, queen Maria Kazimiera, who actively wanted to win her trust and affection and thus treated her with consideration and charm and gave her several valuable gifts.  She did, however, dislike Hedwig Elisabeth's German household retinue, as she considered them an obstacle for her daughter-in-law to acclimatize to Poland, and doubted that the Habsburg and Neuburg dynasties would support her son as future king.

The relationship between Hedwig Elisabeth and Prince James has been given contradictory accounts. Prince James reportedly placed too high demands on everybody around him, including his wife, but he affectionately referred to her as Little Liesl and did sometime listen to her advice.  Hedwig Elisabeth was described as a devoted spouse who made great efforts to work for his benefit and give him useful advise to curb unwise actions. In her capacity as a relative of the emperor, she was expected to play the part of a channel and mediator between the Emperor and her in-laws, a task she was asked to perform on several occasions.

From the beginning, Hedwig Elisabeth was put under pressure to produce a male heir to strengthen her husband's future candidacy to the throne.  Already in 1691, she had a miscarriage, and the following year, her mother-in-law is known to have recommended her medicine to prevent another miscarriage.  In the spring of 1693, she welcomed her mother on a visit to Oława.  On 30 May 1693, she gave birth to her first living child, Maria Leopoldyna, in Warsaw in the presence of her parents-in-law and the royal senators.

In 1696, her father-in-law died, and in the following election of 1696-97, the courts of in Vienna and Dusseldorf did support Prince James as candidate for the Polish throne. Hedwig Elisabeth reportedly actively participated in the work to raise funds for the election: she negotiated with the burghers of Wrocław to secure loans for her husband's campaign, and she personally received money and jewels from the imperial court of Vienna to use as security for the campaign loans.  Despite the efforts, however, the Sobieski Party lost the election.

Later life
The couple retired to their lands in Silesia where they lived under Imperial protection.  The failure to produce a living son was still a pressure upon Hedwig Elisabeth, but her mother-in-law commented that a son could sometime be the cause of a family's ruin as well as a blessing, while a daughter could be a blessing, as Hedwig Elisabeth's sister the empress had been for her family.  She continued to give birth until 1717, the last birth nearly killing her.

In 1704, during the imprisonment of her spouse and brother-in-law, Hedwig Elisabeth visited the Imperial court in Vienna to use her influence as a relation of the emperor in their favor and negotiate their release.  She performed the task despite being heavily pregnant, which caused her a miscarriage.  When Peter the Great offered to place James on the Polish throne, he sent his envoy to Hedwig Elisabeth rather than James to make the offer, expecting her to persuade her husband, but she refused.

When her daughter Maria Clementina married James Stuart against the consent of the emperor in 1719, prince James as well as Hedvig Elisabeth herself was held in house arrest in Innsbruck, and was only released and allowed to return to Oława after the mediation of her sisters, Empress Eleonora and Duchess Dorothea Sofia: her husband, however, was exiled from Silesia.  The last years of her life she suffered from ill health.  On her deathbed, she successfully asked the emperor to allow her spouse to return home and to see to the welfare of her daughters, and her husband was allowed home to attend to her deathbed.

Hedwig Elisabeth was the maternal grandmother of Bonnie Prince Charlie, and the great aunt of Maria Theresa of Austria.

Issue

 Maria Joanna Leopoldyna (30 April 1693 – 12 July 1695).
 Maria Kazimiera (20 January 1695 – 18 May 1723) - she became a nun. Her father proposed a marriage between her and Charles XII of Sweden, however, the plans did not come to fruition.
 Jan (born in 1695/1696, died in 1696).
 Maria Karolina Katarzyna, known as Charlotte (25 November 1697 – 8 May 1740) married twice; firstly to Frédéric Casimir de La Tour d'Auvergne, no issue; married again Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne and had issue.
 Jan (21 October 1698 – July 1699).
 Maria Klementyna (18 July 1702 – 24 January 1735), married James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766), son of King James II of England (1633–1701) and had issue.
 Maria Magdalena (born and died 3 August 1704).

Ancestry

References

 Roszkowska W., Oława królewiczów Sobieskich, Wydawnictwo Zakładu Narodowego im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1968, s. 121-122, 142.
 Skrzypietz A., Narodziny i śmierć dzieci w rodzinie Sobieskich [w:] S. Achremczyk (red.), Między barokiem a oświeceniem. Radości i troski dnia codziennego, Olsztyn 2006, s. 288-289.

Polish royalty
1673 births
1722 deaths
17th-century German people
18th-century German people
Polish princesses
Hedwig Elisabeth
People from Düsseldorf
Countesses Palatine of Neuburg
House of Wittelsbach
17th-century Polish women
17th-century German women
18th-century Polish women
18th-century German women
Daughters of monarchs

Countess Palatine Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg


A riding helmet, sometimes called a horse riding helmet, is a type of helmet made for people who ride horses. It is important to wear a riding helmet when riding. It is easy for a person to fall off a horse and hit his or her head.  Riding helmets keep the rider of a horse from being hurt. Horses can accidentally step on a person who has fallen to the ground.

Helmets should be worn by all riders, but are most often worn by English style riders.

Protective clothing
Horse riding
Helmets

Riding helmet


The rate-determining step is the step for which the transition state has the highest energy. It is the slowest step within a chemical reaction. It can be thought of as the most difficult step to go through. It is also the step that must be used to calculate the activation energy.

Knowing which step is rate-determining is very important when studying a reaction mechanism. This is because if this step is changed the reaction can go much faster. This can be done for example by using a different reagent or changing the temperature or pressure. Changing the conditions for any other step of the mechanism will not change the overall speed of the reaction at all.

In the rate equation, which is an equation to calculate the speed of the reaction from the concentration of molecules, usually the only step that is important is the rate-determining one.

Chemical kinetics

ja:反応速度#律速段階

Rate-determining step


Go-Stop (; also called Godori) is a Korean card game which uses Hanafuda. Hanafuda cards have 48 cards. 4 cards are 1 set and 12 sets mean 12 months. Normally, 3 players play Go-Stop, but it is possible to play with 2 players or among more than 4 players.

Go-Stop is played for fun among friends or family members. But it also can be a kind of gambling. In recent years, Go-Stop became one of the most popular online board games in Korea with the development of internet.

Rules
The rules of this game are different in different places, but the basic rules are the same. After deciding which player will go first, every player gets 7 cards and 6 cards which are placed upside down on the floor. The first player takes one card of his own out of his hand to pair the cards, and the game starts. It turns counter clockwise. Points are calculated by the cards that players get. If someone gets 3 points which are the minimum points to win, he can choose "Go" or "Stop". If he chooses "Stop", other players need to pay money according to the point of the winner, and then the game is finished. The winner is the first player in a new game. If he chooses "Go", the game continues. The player who chose "Go" needs to get another 1 point to select again "Go" or "Stop". But if one of other players gets 3 points before the player who chose "Go" gets another 1 point, the player who gets 3 points can stop the game as a winner. If it occurs, the player who chose "Go" should pay for the other player's money to the winner including his own. This is the specific rule that makes Go-Stop interesting.

Card games
Korean culture

Go-Stop