Skyfall is a 2012 spy movie and the twenty-third in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions. The movie is the third to star Daniel Craig as fictional MI6 agent James Bond and includes Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva, the villain, and Judi Dench, as M. It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and John Logan, and features the theme song "Skyfall", written and performed by Adele. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The movie centres around Bond investigating an attack on MI6; the attack is part of a plot by former MI6 operative Raoul Silva to humiliate, discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him. It sees the return of two recurring characters after an absence of two movies: Q, played by Ben Whishaw, and Miss Moneypenny, played by Naomie Harris.

Mendes was approached to direct after the release of Quantum of Solace in 2008. Development was suspended when MGM ran into financial trouble, and did not resume until MGM emerged from bankruptcy in December 2010; meanwhile the original screenwriter, Peter Morgan, left the project. When production resumed, Logan, Purvis, and Wade continued writing what became the final version. Filming began in November 2011, primarily in the United Kingdom, with smaller portions shot in China and Turkey.

Skyfall premiered at the Royal Albert Hall, London, on 23 October 2012 and was released in the UK on 26 October and in North America on 9 November. It was the first James Bond movie to be screened in IMAX venues, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. The release coincided with the 50th anniversary of the series, which began with Dr. No in 1962. Skyfall was very well received by critics, who praised its screenplay, acting (particularly by Craig, Bardem, and Dench), Mendes's direction, Deakins's cinematography, Thomas Newman's musical score, and action sequences. It was the fourteenth movie to gross over $1 billion worldwide, and the only James Bond movie to do so. It became the seventh-highest-grossing movie of all time, the highest-grossing movie in the UK, the highest-grossing movie in the series, the highest-grossing movie worldwide for both Sony Pictures and MGM, and the second-highest-grossing movie of 2012. The movie won several accolades, including two Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards and two Grammy Awards.

The next movie in the series, Spectre, was released in North America in November 2015, with Craig reprising his role, Sony Pictures returning to distribute, and Mendes returning to direct.

Sources

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2012 action movies
2012 crime movies
2010s spy movies
2012 thriller movies
James Bond movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in China
Movies set in Turkey
Movies set in Scotland
Movies set in Macau
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English-language movies
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Movies directed by Sam Mendes
Movies set in country houses

Skyfall


Walery Jan Sławek (; 2 November 1879  – 3 April 1939) was a Polish politician, freemason, military officer and activist, who in the early 1930s served three times as Prime Minister of Poland. He was one of the closest aides of Polish leader, Józef Piłsudski.

Early years
Walery Sławek was born on November 2, 1879 into an impoverished noble family, in the village of Strutynka in the region of Podolia, then part of the Russian Empire. He was one of four children: two of his older sisters died early of Tuberculosis. His father, Bolesław Sławek, worked at a sugar plant owned by Count Józef Mikołaj Potocki. His mother was Florentyna née Przybylska, and the Sławek family was distinctly related to the family of composer and politician Ignacy Jan Paderewski.

Between 1888 and 1894, he attended an elementary school in Nemyriv. In 1899, Sławek graduated from a trade school in Warsaw and began working for an insurance company. At that time, he became involved in the activities of several socialist organizations. In 1900, Sławek moved to Łódź as an employee for the insurance company Horodiczka i Stamirowski. Soon afterwards, he joined the Polish Socialist Party (PPS). While in Łódź, he was deeply involved in the activities of the PPS, which targeted the Tsarist authorities and struggled for Polish independence.

Upon returning to Warsaw (May 1901), Sławek was named one of the leaders of local branch of the PPS. He was frequently sent on missions to other cities of the Russian Empire. In Vilnius (1902), he met and became friends with the future Marshal of Poland, Józef Piłsudski, and Aleksander Prystor. In June 1902, Sławek was elected leader of the PPS for the Governorates of Kielce and Piotrków Trybunalski. At that time, he fell in love with Wanda Juszkiewicz, the stepdaughter of Józef Piłsudski. She became the love of his life, and after her premature death, Sławek did not become involved in any other relationship.

On March 6, 1903, he was for the first time arrested by Russian police, at a rail station in Będzin. Sent first to a prison in Piotrków Trybunalski, Sławek escaped on December 18, 1903, while being transferred to a prison in Sieradz. Soon afterwards, by the order of Piłsudski, he began working on the creation of a secret, paramilitary organization within the socialist party. On November 13, 1904, he organized a mass anti-Tsarist rally at Warsaw's Grzybowski Square. Sławek delivered weapons to some participants, and the rally ended in an exchange of fire with the police. It was the first act of armed resistance in Congress Poland since the January Uprising.

During the 1905 Congress of the PPS, Sławek was elected to the Central Workers Committee (CKR), as its youngest member. His main duty was coordination of local party chambers in southwestern corner of Congress Poland. Sławek himself never became a true Socialist: he regarded this party as the only real organization which would bring back independent Poland. During the Revolution of 1905, he was a key member of Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party, and participant in numerous missions. On September 10, 1905, he was arrested and sent to the Warsaw Citadel. Russian authorities planned to send him to Siberia, but on October 19, amnesty was declared, and on November 4, 1905, Sławek was released. He continued his activities: during a raid on a train near Milanówek (June 9, 1906), a bomb exploded in his hand, injuring his head and chest. Sławek lost his left eye, three fingers in his right hand and two fingers in his left hand. Furthermore, he permanently lost hearing in his left ear, and for the rest of his life, Sławek wore a beard, which covered numerous scars on his face. Arrested again, he was acquitted by court and ordered to leave the Russian Empire.

Sławek left for Kraków, then located in Austrian Galicia. There, he underwent two operations, which improved his health. Nevertheless, he suffered from severe depression, caused both by the injuries, and the death of his wife. Józef Piłsudski ordered him to oversee party finances. In 1908, he was sent to Paris, and after his return, took part in the legendary Bezdany raid.

On June 1, 1909, Sławek, already a member of the Union of Active Struggle (ZWC), was arrested by the Austrian authorities. He was released after two weeks, with help from Austrian military intelligence (Hauptkundschaftstelle, HK-Stelle), which cooperated with the leadership of the ZWC. The Austrians highly appreciated the information on Russian army, stationed in Congress Poland. In exchange, the HK-Stelle allowed the ZWC to carry out its activities.

World War I

Sławek was one of the chief advisors of Piłsudski. In mid-1914, he joined 1st Brigade, Polish Legions, but in August, he did not march with First Cadre Company to Congress Poland, remaining in Kraków. In 1915, Sławek was sent by Piłsudski to Warsaw, where he created local structures of Polish Military Organisation (POW). At the same time, he formed a secret body within the POW, called Military Association (Zwiazek Wojskowy), later renamed into Organization A. In December 1916, after the creation of Provisional Council of State, Sławek was employed by its Military Commission. Following the Oath crisis, he was arrested by the Germans (July 13, 1917), and sent to Warsaw Citadel and then to Szczypiorno and Modlin. He was finally released on November 12, 1918.

Polish Army
On January 1, 1919, Sławek joined the 4th (Intelligence) Department of Polish General Staff. In May 1919, he was sent to the Lithuanian borderland, where he tried to reach an agreement with the Lithuanian general Silvestras Zukauskas. The purpose was to initiate a joint Polish-Lithuanian anti-Bolshevik front, but his attempt failed. In November 1919, he left for Tallinn, to negotiate with envoys of Estonian and Latvian governments. In January 1920, Sławek was sent to Ukraine, where he cooperated with Civil Commissar for Podolia and Volhynia, Antoni Minkiewicz. Promoted to major (April 22, 1920), he was a Polish envoy to Ataman Symon Petliura. Together with Wacław Jędrzejewicz, he signed a military appendix to the Treaty of Warsaw (1920), between Poland and Ukrainian People's Republic. For the remaining part of Polish–Soviet War he remained in southeastern provinces of Poland, where he tried to create mixed, Polish-Ukrainian volunteer units.

Between 1922 and 1923, Sławek attended the Wyższa Szkoła Wojenna (military school) in Warsaw. After graduation and nomination to the rank of Officer of the General Staff, he was sent to Łódź (October 15, 1923, to the staff of 4th Military District. At that time, he became a Freemason. On November 29, 1923, Sławek was transferred to the Officer Reserve Corps, and on June 30, 1924, he became chairman of the Association of Polish Legionnaires, together with Adam Skwarczyński.

During 1926 May Coup (Poland), Sławek remained close to Piłsudski but did not take part in military activities. After the coup, he returned to active service, remaining in the army until 1928.

In Polish government

Soon after the May Coup, Józef Piłsudski sent Sławek to the Tarnowski family's Dzików Castle, for a series of talks with members of Polish nobility. His mission was to convince them to support the Sanacja regime.

In the autumn of 1927, the informal "Council of Colonels" was created. It consisted of a group of close Piłsudski aides and was headed by Sławek. Its meetings took place at Sławek's Warsaw apartment. Before the 1928 Polish legislative election, Sławek came up with the idea of creating a new pro-government political body, the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) of which he was the chairman. After the BBWR's victory in the election, Sławek was its main ideologist and one of the most influential persons in the country. One of the closest associates of Piłsudski, he was fanatically devoted to the Marshal, who called him the "Loyal Walery". Sławek was one of the first ten persons awarded with the Cross of Independence with Swords.

After the collapse of the government of Kazimierz Bartel, on March 29, 1930 Sławek became Prime Minister of Poland as one of the so-called Piłsudski's colonels. His cabinet was almost identical to the government of Bartel, with Stanisław Car as Minister Justice, Leon Janta Połczyński as Minister of Agriculture and Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski as Minister of Interior.

The creation of the new cabinet resulted in deterioration of the relations between the government and the Sejm. The Centrolew coalition called for an extraordinary session of the Parliament, but President Ignacy Mościcki refused. On June 30, a massive anti-government rally took place in Kraków, the Congress for the Defense of Law and Freedom of People (Kongres Obrony Prawa i Wolnosci Ludu). The size of the Congress took the government by surprise, and on August 23, 1930, Sławek resigned, claiming that he was unable to be prime minister and chairman of the BBWR at the same time.

Following the so-called Brest Election, Sławek returned to the previous post and once again became the Polish Prime Minister (December 4, 1930). Due to the fact that in late 1930 and early 1931, Józef Piłsudski spent three months in Madeira, Sławek was de facto the most important person in Poland. He faced several difficulties: the economic situation of the country was worsening, the opposition fiercely attacked the cabinet, and the Pacification of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia (1930) had just ended. Sławek urged members of the BBWR not to engage in any talks with the opposition, and the government quickly accepted a number of new regulations. At the same time, the case of Minister of Treasury, Gabriel Czechowicz, was dropped without ruling due to pressure from the regime.

On May 26, 1931, Sławek resigned from his post, to be replaced by Aleksander Prystor. Sławek then devoted his time to writing a new Constitution of Poland, together with Kazimierz Świtalski and Stanislaw Car. The April Constitution of Poland was passed by the act of the Sejm on 23 April 1935. It introduced in Poland a presidential system with certain elements of authoritarianism.

On March 28, 1935, Sławek for the third time was named Prime Minister of Poland. On July 13, President Ignacy Mościcki awarded him with the Order of the White Eagle (Poland), for his work on the new Constitution. Since Sławek regarded himself as the new leader of Poland after the death of Józef Piłsudski (May 12, 1935), President Mościcki decided to make a pact with Edward Rydz-Śmigły, in order to sideline Sławek and remove him from the government. In the second half of 1935, Sławek began to lose his position, to resign on October 12, 1935. Furthermore, on October 30 he decided to dissolve the BBWR. Soon afterwards, Ignacy Mościcki offered the seat of Prime Minister to Sławek, on the condition that Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski becomes his deputy. Sławek refused, and as a result, Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski was named the new premier.

On August 15, 1935, deputies and senators of BBWR handed to Sławek a privately purchased manor house, located in the village of Janowiczki, near the site of the Battle of Racławice.

Late 1930s
Walery Sławek planned to replace the dissolved BBWR with a new structure, called Common Organization of the Society (Powszechna Organizacja Społeczeństwa). His idea was harshly criticized by Edward Rydz-Śmigły, who sent to him a letter writing that there is no need for such a body to be formed. On May 24, 1936, Sławek was replaced by Adam Koc, who became new chairman of the Association of Polish Legionnaires. A few weeks later, he was named chairman of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of Modern History, a post, designed to keep him away from political life. This nomination was purely honorary and marked Sławek's decline.

On November 11, 1936, President Mościcki nominated Edward Rydz-Śmigły to the post of Marshal of Poland. Most of the so-called Piłsudski's Colonels refused presidential invitation to this event. Sławek himself decided to accept the invitation, but later stated that his promotion to Marshal was one of the saddest days of his life, as he was of the opinion that Józef Piłsudski was the only person worthy of that rank.

On February 21, 1937, the Camp of National Unity (OZN) was officially formed. It was yet another blow to Sławek's prestige, as in his opinion, the new party was designed to provide Rydz-Śmigły with unlimited power. On June 22, 1938, after the death of Stanisław Car, Sławek became the new speaker of the Sejm, with 114 deputies voting for him. The parliament, however, was dissolved by the President on September 18. The new election took place on November 6, 1938 (see 1938 Polish legislative election). Sławek failed to win the seat in the parliament.

Suicide

On 2 April 1939 at 8:45 p.m. (the exact hour of Piłsudski's death), Sławek shot himself in the mouth at his Warsaw apartment, located on Jan Chrystian Szuch Avenue. Before the suicide, he wrote a farewell letter that said: "I am taking away my life. Please do not blame anybody. 2/IV. 1939. W. Sławek (...) I have burned all private papers, and those confined to me. If not all, please forgive me. God Almighty will perhaps forgive me my sins, including this final one". Furthermore, he left a letter for President Mościcki, however, its contents have never been revealed.

The bullet was stuck in Sławek's palate, and he was taken to Józef Piłsudski Military Hospital. He underwent a blood transfusion, and then a two-hour surgery. His condition temporarily improved at approximately 4a.m. on April 3, but he died on the same day, at 6:45 a.m.

The funeral took place on April 5, at Warsaw Garrison Church. Sławek was buried at the Powązki Cemetery; among the pallbearers were Aleksander Prystor, Janusz Jędrzejewicz, Michał Tadeusz Brzek-Osinski and General Lucjan Żeligowski. The funeral was a demonstration of those followers of Piłsudski who opposed the Rydz-Śmigły's regime. The Marshal himself was present at the cemetery, but was unable to get closer to the coffin, prevented by the pallbearers, who blamed him for Sławek's death.

Until 1964, the body of Walery Sławek was kept at the Avenue of Notables. On October 17, 1964, it was moved to the quarter of soldiers of the Polish–Soviet War. In 1965, friends of Sławek's family decided to fund a stone monument. Wacław Jędrzejewicz, who was responsible for the collection of the money, contacted a number of influential people and organizations, including Generals Tadeusz Kasprzycki and Wacław Stachiewicz, Adam Koc, the Association of Wilno, Chicago's Polish Independence League and the Association of Formers Soldiers of the 5th Infantry Division. Currently, the remains of Walery Sławek are buried in the new spot, while his old tomb remains empty.

Reasons

Polish writer and air-force pilot Mieczysław Pruszyński, in his book "The Secret of Piłsudski" ("Tajemnica Piłsudskiego") claims that Sławek's suicide was directly linked to the Anglo-Polish military alliance, and British guarantee to Poland, accepted by Józef Beck: "Sławek killed himself after British guarantee to Poland had been announced and accepted. This guarantee was developed into an alliance, which Adolf Hitler saw as casus belli. Sławek was of the opinion that such an alliance, aimed at the Third Reich, would end in a Polish-German war. The war against which Józef Piłsudski had warned until the last days of his life (...) When on April 2 Sławek found out that Beck had left for London, he committed suicide in the evening of the same day. For him, Beck's trip meant the war with Germany and the end of Poland" (Mieczysław Pruszyński, Tajemnica Piłsudskiego, Warszawa 1997). A few hours before his death, Sławek met with a man named Bogdan Podoski, to whom he said: "I know it, I feel that they are leading Poland to destruction, and I do not know how to react against it".

In 2004, in a Polish Newsweek article, historian Dariusz Baliszewski wrote that in early spring of 1939, a group of leading Polish political figures, such as General Kazimierz Sosnkowski, former Premier Leon Kozłowski and Kazimierz Puzak, planned a putsch, in which they wanted to get rid of Józef Beck, Ignacy Mościcki and Edward Śmigły-Rydz, whose recent change to anti-German and pro-British policies would lead to the destruction of Poland. Walery Sławek was to be elected new President of Poland, but the plot was revealed, and to avoid embarrassment, Sławek either killed himself or was murdered.

Honours and awards
 Order of the White Eagle
 Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
 Independence Cross with Swords
 Cross of Valour - four times
 Order of the Cross of the Eagle, 1st Class (Estonia, 1934)

See also
 Prometheism

References

External links

 Włodzimierz Suleja: Walery Sławek. In: Polski słownik biograficzny. 1997–1998.

1879 births
1939 suicides
People from Vinnytsia Oblast
People from Bratslavsky Uyezd
Ruthenian nobility
Polish Socialist Party politicians
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government politicians
Prime Ministers of Poland
Marshals of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1928–1930)
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1930–1935)
Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1935–1938)
Polish Freemasons
Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party members
Polish assassins
20th-century Polish criminals
Recipients of the Silver Cross of the Virtuti Militari
Recipients of the Cross of Independence with Swords
Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland)
Recipients of the Military Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class I
Polish politicians who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm in Poland
Burials at Powązki Military Cemetery
1939 deaths
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

Walery Sławek


Vandal-resistant switches (sometimes referred to as vandal-proof switches or tamper-proof switches) are electrical switches that are designed to be so strong that people cannot break them. To make switches strong, they are often made out of stainless steel or other durable metals. Buttons are often made so that they do not come very far out. This makes it harder for vandals to pry them out with a screwdriver. Examples of vandal-resistant switches include the buttons that you press to cross the street, the buttons on bank machines, and the buttons on public telephones.

Electronic switches

Vandal-resistant switch


Bando kickboxing is the modern, sport form of lethwei, nicknamed in Europe "Burmese boxing of four arms". It has been born in North America in the beginning of the years 1960, this type of fencing with feet and with gloved fists in a ring has given life, in the USA of the years 1970, to several forms of full contact and of kickboxing.

There exist, in competition, two forms of fight: "controlled bando kickboxing" (light contact) where the blows only touch the opponent in order to not hurt him, and the "Bando kickboxing of full contact" where the blows with full power are acceptable, destined to the adults who are more expert. According to the age and to the technical level, the rules and the conditions of competition are variable: particularly, there change the authorized and forbidden techniques, the time of fight, the type of surface of fight (carpet or ring) and the wearing of certain protections (helmet, plastron (protector of chest and abdomen), protectors of shins, slippers, etc.).

References
Bando, philosophy, principles and practice, M.Gyi, IST edition, 2000
Burmese bando boxing, M.Gyi, Ed. R.Maxwell, Baltimore, 1978
Comprehensive Asian Fighting arts, D.F.Draeger and R.W.Smith, E. Kodansha, Tokyo, 1969
Traditional Burmese boxing, Z.Rebac, Ed. Paladin Press, Boulder, 2003

Other websites
  Combat Bando
  Kung Fu Fitness
  Federation (French) of Bando Burmese Boxing
 Federation of the North America of Bando (USA)

Kickboxing

en:Bando kickboxing

Bando kickboxing


Operation Cyber Condition Zebra is a network operations campaign conducted by the United States Navy to deny network intrusion and establish an adequate computer network defense posture to provide defense-in-depth and warfighting capability.  The operation specifies that perimeter security for legacy networks will deny intrusions and data infiltration, that firewalls will be maintained through risk assessment and formal adjudication of legacy application waiver requests, and that legacy networks will be shut down as quickly a possible after enterprise networks (such as the NMCI) are established.

Its name is an analogue of the term "material condition Zebra," which is a standard configuration of equipment systems set on a warship to provide the greatest degree of subdivision and tightness to the ship. It is set immediately and automatically when general quarters is sounded.

References

Computer network security

Operation Cyber Condition Zebra


The Pomo were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California by Russian River. Pomo is a language family that includeds seven languages, including Northern Pomo, Northeastern Pomo, Eastern Pomo, Southeastern Pomo, and Kashaya. The pomo tribe were hunters and gatherers. The men hunted meat and fish, while the women and the children gatherd nuts and berries. The Pomo villages might have had as few as 100 or more than 1,500. They wove finely crafted baskets and sometimes decorated them with feathers and shell beads.

Native Americans
Sonoma County, California

Pomo


The Province of Oulu (, ) was a province of Finland from 1775 to 2009. It bordered the provinces of Lapland, Western Finland and Eastern Finland and also the Gulf of Bothnia and Russia.

History
For History, Geography and Culture see: Ostrobothnia

The Province of Oulu was established in 1775 when Finland was an integrated part of Sweden from the northern part of Ostrobothnia County. The new province was named after its administrative seat of Oulu.

As a consequence of the tumultuous conflicts of the Napoleonic Wars, Sweden had allied itself with the Russian Empire, United Kingdom and the other parties of the Fourth Coalition against Napoleonic France. However, following the treaty of Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, Russia made peace with France and left the coalition. This enabled Russia in 1808 to challenge Sweden in the Finnish War, over the control of Finland. In the Treaty of Fredrikshamn on 17 September 1809 Sweden was obliged to cede all its territory in Finland, to Russia.

The ceded territories became a part of the Russian Empire and were reconstituted into the Grand Duchy of Finland, with the Russian Tsar as Grand Duke. The Province of Oulu was expanded in 1809 with the parts of the Västerbotten County (eastern part of the Torne Valley and historical Lapland).

After Finland became independent from Russia, in 1917, there were no changes in Oulu Province until 1938, when the northern part was split off and established as the Lapland Province.

All the provinces of Finland were abolished on 1 January 2010.

Administration

The State Provincial Office was a joint regional authority of seven different ministries. It promoted national and regional objectives of the State central administration.

Regions

The Province of Oulu was divided into two regions:
Northern Ostrobothnia (Pohjois-Pohjanmaa / Norra Österbotten)
Kainuu (Kainuu / Kajanaland).

Municipalities in 2009 (cities in bold)
The Province of Oulu was divided into 43 municipalities in 2009.

Alavieska
Haapajärvi
Haapavesi
Hailuoto
Haukipudas
Hyrynsalmi
Ii
Kajaani
Kalajoki
Kempele
Kiiminki
Kuhmo
Kuusamo
Kärsämäki
Liminka
Lumijoki
Merijärvi
Muhos
Nivala
Oulainen
Oulu
Oulunsalo
Paltamo
Pudasjärvi
Puolanka
Pyhäjoki
Pyhäjärvi
Pyhäntä
Raahe
Reisjärvi
Ristijärvi
Sievi
Siikajoki
Siikalatva
Sotkamo
Suomussalmi
Taivalkoski
Tyrnävä
Utajärvi
Vaala
Vihanti
Yli-Ii
Ylivieska

Former municipalities (disestablished before 2009)

Kajaanin mlk
Oulujoki
Paavola
Rautio
Revonlahti
Saloinen
Kestilä
Kuivaniemi
Pattijoki
Piippola
Pulkkila
Rantsila
Ruukki
Temmes
Vuolijoki
Ylikiiminki

Governors
Carl Magnus Jägerhorn 1775–1782
Adolf Tandefelt 1782–1785
Johan Fredrik Carpelan 1785–1800
Samuel af Forselles 1800–1802
Adolf Edelsvärd 1802–1804
Jakob Daniel Lange 1805–1808
Carl Henrik Ehrenstolpe 1809–1820
Samuel Fredrik von Born 1820–1826
Johan Abraham Stjernschantz 1826–1834
Robert Wilhelm Lagerborg 1834–1849
Alexander Lavonius 1849–1862
George von Alfthan 1862–1873
Otto Nyberg 1873–1879
Carl Johan Jägerhorn 1878–1883
Carl Adolf Tamelander 1883–1884
Johan Gabriel Masalin 1884–1886
Johan Axel Gripenberg 1886–1889
Anders Johan Malmgren 1889–1897
Gustaf Esaias Fellman 1897–1901
Edvard Furuhjelm 1901–1903
Otto Savander 1903–1905
Guido Gadolin 1905–1911
Hjalmar Langinkoski 1911–1915
Axel Fabian af Enehjelm 1915–1917
Matts von Nandelstadh 1917–1925
Eero Pehkonen 1925–1948
Kaarle Määttä 1949–1967
Niilo Ryhtä 1967–1973
Erkki Haukipuro 1973–1986
Ahti Pekkala 1986–1991
Eino Siuruainen 1991–2009

References

External links
Oulu State Provincial Office – Official site
Ouluphotos.com

Provinces of Finland (1917–97)
Provinces of Finland (1997–2009)
States and territories established in 1775
States and territories disestablished in 2010

Oulu Province


Kintore (Pintupi: Waḻungurru; ) is a remote town in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about  west of Alice Springs and close to the border with Western Australia. Almost all the people who live there are Aboriginal, and most are Pintupi.

Kintore was founded in 1981. Many Pintupi people who lived in the community of Papunya (to the east) decided to move back to their own country. They had been forced to leave these lands decades before because of weapons testing at Woomera in South Australia. Kintore is a major centre for the Western Desert art movement, which began at Papunya during the 1970s. The paintings made here are visual descriptions of dreamtime stories. They have gained fame around the world. A number of members of the Aboriginal art school Papunya Tula live at Kintore.

1981 establishments in Australia
Towns in the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian communities
Pintupi

Kintore, Northern Territory


Jerk is the change in the acceleration of an object. Mathematically, jerk is the derivative, or the rate of change of acceleration by time. Jerk is also called jolt (in British English), surge, or lurch. Jerk is a vector and there is no word for its scalar value.

The jerk is measured in metres per second cubed ().

Yank can be thought as a force in terms of jerk. Force is mass times acceleration. Similarly, Yank is mass times jerk. It is also the derivative of the force. However, when an object is moving near the speed of light, a force is often written as the derivative of momentum. In this case, Yank is the rate of change of the derivative of momentum.

Its use
Jerk is used in engineering, particularly in making roller coasters. Weak objects such as people can be damaged by high acceleration or high jerk.
Also, jerk must be thought in the process of making any product. Sudden change in acceleration means very large jerk. Extent of exposure to jerk is often a good predictor of the rate of deterioration of tools while in normal use; it corresponds better to the appearance of metal fatigue among other modes of failure.

Mechanics
physical quantity

Jerk


"Passengers" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert Silverberg. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Short Story 1970, and won the Nebula Award for Best Short Story in 1969.

Plot summary
The story is set in the year 1987. For three years, people on Earth have been subject to the will of the "Passengers"—intangible beings who usurp human bodies temporarily and without warning, and do nothing but play and cause havoc. People being "ridden" are ignored by others, and when they are freed the experience, by social convention, is ignored by all. When the Passenger leaves the host body, the person is left with no memories of his time being ridden.

The story is narrated by a man who wakes up after a three-day ride. Unusually, he recalls what has taken place: a random sexual encounter with a woman, also being ridden at the time. By chance, he encounters her just a few hours after her Passenger has left her. Fighting against the pervasive pessimism of the world (people tend to avoid relationships, as one can be taken by a Passenger at any moment), he tries to connect with his fellow victim. Just as he begins to win her trust, he is again taken by a Passenger and driven into a nearby bar, where he meets a man and leaves the bar with him.

External links

1968 short stories
Short stories by Robert Silverberg
Fiction set in 1987
Nebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works

Passengers (short story)


Andree Welge (born 6 May 1972) is a German professional darts player who competed in events of the World Darts Federation (WDF).

Career
Welge made his World Championship debut in the 2002 BDO World Darts Championship where he lost in the first round 3–2 to Eric Clarys. He made his PDC debut in the 2006 PDC World Darts Championship, where he was defeated 3–0 by Alan Warriner-Little in the first round. Four years later, he qualified for the 2010 PDC World Darts Championship, but was beaten 3–0 by Mark Dudbridge in the first round. In the 2011 PDC World Darts Championship he was close to beating Colin Lloyd in the first round, having three matchdarts, but ultimately lost 3–2.

In June 2012, he earned a place in the European Tour Event 2 in Berlin by defeating Andreas Krockel and Matheus Ziolkowski in the Home Nation Qualifier. Welge played Paul Nicholson in the first round and lost 3–6. He again came through the Home Nation Qualifier to reach the fourth European Tour Event and played Mark Webster in the first round in Stuttgart, Germany. There he beat the former world champion 6–4, despite Webster hitting a nine-dart finish in the opening leg and leading 4–2. Welge continued his run with a 6–4 win over Brendan Dolan in round two, to set up a last 16 encounter with Raymond van Barneveld, which he lost 2–6. In a copy of this, two weeks later at the European Championship he beat Webster 6–4 in the first round and once again faced Dolan in round two. However, this time he was beaten 5–10.

Welge won the Bild Superdarter, the biggest darts event ever held in Germany with thousands of players competing in best of three leg matches. He beat Tomas Seyler in the final to win the €100,000 first prize and his place in the 2013 World Championship. Welge played Leung Chen Nam of Hong Kong in the preliminary round and lost 1–4 as he hit just 10% of his doubles, with an average of 76.70.

Welge entered 2013 ranked world number 74, outside of the top 64 who retain their places on the PDC tour. Therefore, he played in the Q School in an attempt to win a tour card for 2013 and 2014 and succeeded on the third day, defeating 2008 World Championship finalist Kirk Shepherd 6–3 in his final match. He played in his second World Cup of Darts in February with Jyhan Artut and they qualified from Group F with 5–3 wins over Finland and the United States. The home nation then saw off Poland 5–2 and then played the Finnish duo of Jani Haavisto and Jarkko Komula in the quarter-finals. Artut beat Haavisto, but Welge lost to Komula 4–2 meaning that a doubles match was required to settle the tie. Germany came from 3–1 down to level at 3–3 but lost the deciding leg to exit the tournament.

Welge qualified for the 2014 World Championship by beating Maik Langendorf 10–7 in the final of the German Qualifier, but lost 4–1 to Julio Barbero in the preliminary round. Welge and Artut were beaten 5–3 by South Africa in the first round of the World Cup of Darts. Welge qualified for the German Darts Masters but lost 6–1 to Jani Haavisto in the opening round and was knocked out in the semi-finals of the World Championship Qualifier 8–4 by Sascha Stein.

In 2015, Welge attempted to qualify for four European Tour events and was successful at the German Darts Masters, but lost 6–2 to Jamie Bain in the opening round. The following year he qualified for the Dutch Darts Masters and European Darts Matchplay and was eliminated at the first round stage of both.

World Championship results

BDO

2002: First round (lost to Erik Clarys 1–3) (sets)

PDC

2006: First round (lost to Alan Warriner-Little 0–3)
2010: First round (lost to Mark Dudbridge 0–3)
2011: First round (lost to Colin Lloyd 2–3)
2013: Preliminary round (lost to Leung Chen Nam 1–4 in legs)
2014: Preliminary round (lost to Julio Barbero 1–4 in legs)

References

External links
Profile and stats on Darts Database

German darts players
Living people
1972 births
Professional Darts Corporation former tour card holders
British Darts Organisation players
Sportspeople from Bremen (city)
PDC World Cup of Darts German team

Andree Welge


Kinji Akagawa (born 1940, Tokyo, Japan) is an American sculptor, printmaker, and arts educator best known for sculptural constructions that also serve a practical function.  A pioneer in the public art movement, Akagawa has throughout his career examined the relationship between art and community, most notably the concept of art as a process of inquiry. His sculpture and public artworks are noted for their refined elegance and use of natural materials, such as granite, basalt, field stone, cedar, and ipe wood.

Akagawa trained at the Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; Tamarind Lithography Workshop, Los Angeles; the Minneapolis College of Art and Design; and the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, where he earned an MFA degree in 1969.

From 1973 to 2009, Akagawa was a professor at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design (MCAD), where he taught sculpture, printmaking, photography, video, installation and conceptual art.

Akagawa's work is exhibited nationally and internationally and is found in numerous public and private collections, including the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California; Minneapolis Institute of Art; the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; the University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City; and the Ackland Art Museum, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Notable public artworks include "Peace Garden Bridge" (2009), a collaboration with American architect Jerry Allan, in the Lyndale Park Peace Garden, Minneapolis; "Garden Seating, Thinking, Reading" (1987), in the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden; "Bayou Sculpture" (1985), Houston, Texas; and "Four Seasons with a Sundial" (1984), Tettegouche State Park, near Silver Bay, Minnesota.

Akagawa's awards and recognitions include the McKnight Foundation Distinguished Artist Award  (2007); Minnesota State Arts Board cultural collaborations grant (1995); Carnegie Mellon Foundation faculty enrichment grant (1984); McKnight Foundation Artist Fellowship (1983); Bush Foundation Fellowship (1982); and a Ford Foundation Fellowship (1965).

Akagawa lives and maintains a studio in Afton, Minnesota. He is married to fiber artist Nancy Gipple.

Notes

References

 Abbe, Mary. "Artful Legacy." Star Tribune, January 22, 2009.
 Byrne, J. Kevin. "Kinji 101: A philosophically-minded primer-cum-tribute to acclaimed artist and educator Kinji Akagawa." MN ARTISTS (February 18, 2011).
 Combs, Marianne, "Professor Teaches Students the Art of Living," MPR NewsQ, Minnesota Public Radio, February 5, 2009.
 Higgens, Hannah. "Kinji Akagawa--Artistic Journey from the Egotistical Self to the Eco-tistical Self: Shifting the Focus from Maker to Relationship" Art Journal (April 2006).
 Makholm, Kristin, Paradigm Shift. Exh. cat. Minneapolis College of Art and Design, 2009.
 Randall, Cynde. "Rivers Merging: Ten Cross-cultural Teams of Minnesota Artists Investigate the Meanings of Representation and Identity." Arts 18, no. 5 (May 1995): 6-7.
 Riddle, Mason. "Platform." Architecture Minnesota Magazine 34, no.2 (March–April 2008): 17-20.
 Schmelzer, Paul. "A Meadering Walk with Kinji Akagawa." Interview. Walker (April 2006).
 _. "How Care Manifests the World." Eyeteeth, October 31, 2007.
 "What Art Can Be - A Restful 'Front Porch' on Campus." Pieces of Eight (Greenville, N.C.), September 1, 1986.

External links
 2007 McKnight Distinguished Artist catalogue (PDF)
 Minneapolis College of Art and Design
 Kinji Akagawa at the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden
 Kinji Akagawa at Highpoint Center for Printmaking, Minneapolis
 Kinji Akagawa----Artcyclopedia
 Featured on the "MN Original" artist profile series produced by TPT (Twin Cities Public Television): MN Original Video

20th-century American sculptors
21st-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
Cranbrook Academy of Art alumni
Minneapolis College of Art and Design alumni
University of Minnesota alumni
American artists of Japanese descent
Artists from Tokyo
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Living people
1940 births
20th-century American printmakers
Sculptors from Minnesota
20th-century American male artists

Kinji Akagawa


Loomis AB (formerly Loomis, Fargo & Co.) is a Swedish cash handling company. The modern company was formed in 1997 by the consolidation of two armoured security concerns, Wells Fargo Armored Service and Loomis Armored Inc. Their international network covers over 200 operating locations in the US and eleven Western European countries.

In the US, Loomis operates an electronically linked service network of nearly 200 operating locations, employs over 8,000 people and utilizes a fleet of approximately 3,000 armored and other vehicles to provide secure armored transport, automated teller machine (ATM) services, cash processing and outsourced vault services for banks, other financial institutions, commercial and retail businesses. It was a division of Securitas AB from 2001 to 2008, when it was listed at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm.

History

Wells Fargo Armored Service
When the express mail firm of Wells Fargo & Company ceased to express service in 1918 upon the organization of American Railway Express, the company continued to exist, though no longer an operating company in the United States. George C. Taylor of American Express was president of American Railway Express with Burns D. Caldwell of Wells Fargo as chairman of the board of directors. Davis G. Meller, previously the firm's foreign traffic manager, assumed the presidency of Wells Fargo in 1918.

Elmer Ray Jones, who had been with Wells Fargo since 1893, purchased Wells Fargo & Company's
Express in Mexico and Wells Fargo in Cuba in 1919 for $640,000. He headed a group of men from Wells Fargo and American Express in 1924 to buy Wells Fargo & Company in the United States from the E.H. Harriman estate, making arrangements with the executors, Charles A. Peabody and Robert W. DeForest. The shares were taken by American Express (51 per cent) and the group of individuals headed by Jones (29 per cent); the remaining 20 per cent remained outstanding. In 1924 Jones was elected president of Wells Fargo, which sold its 20,000 shares in the Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank, severing the final tie between the two institutions.

Jones redeveloped Wells Fargo as a concern for armored transportation and other specialized express movements. In 1947, for instance, he personally supervised the transfer of 13 tons of gold from Montreal to Mexico City by airplane. The company had a fleet of 50 armored
cars in New York City, ten stores handling farm equipment, automobiles and trucks, and (together with American Express) the largest travel agency in Mexico. It also provided fast railroad freight service through a subsidiary, the Wells Fargo Carloading Corporation.

Succeeding Jones as president of Wells Fargo was Ralph T. Reed in 1956, Howard L. Clark in 1960, R.D. Beals in 1963, and James A. Henderson in 1964. Wells Fargo continued its overseas express service until the 1960s; by the middle of the decade, its subsidiaries operated armored cars in 12 Eastern and Southern states, and the concern had entered the coin-auditing and coin-rolling business.

As an operator of armored cars, the company did business as the Wells Fargo Armored Security Corporation as an affiliate of Baker Industries, and later, after its acquisition by Borg-Warner Security, as Wells Fargo Armored Service.

Loomis Armored Inc.
Lee B. Loomis established Loomis Armored Car Service in 1925 in Portland, Oregon. The company's headquarters was moved to Seattle, Washington, in 1932. Loomis died in 1949, but Loomis Corporation remained under his family's ownership until 1979 when it was acquired by Mayne Nickless. In 1984, Mayne Nickless acquired Purolator Armored, a major competitor at the time, and merged its operations into Loomis. Wingate Partners purchased the US operations of Loomis in 1991, and the company was consolidated with Wells Fargo Armored Service in 1997 to form Loomis Fargo & Company. UK's Securicor Plc purchased Loomis's Canadian operations in 2000.

Mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures
On July 15, 1996, Borg-Warner Security agreed to consolidate its Wells Fargo Armored Service with Loomis Armored Inc. Employing 8,500 and providing armored transportation, cash services and automated teller machine maintenance, the new concern was named Loomis Fargo & Company. The transaction was completed in 1997.

In May 2001, Swedish securities services group Securitas AB agreed to buy the remaining 51 percent of Loomis Fargo & Co. for $102 million. On November 16, 2006, Securitas AB Chief Executive Officer Hakon Ericson announced the company's intention to split into several independent, specialized security companies, with its cash handling service division adopting the name "Loomis" throughout its international network. By the end of June 2007, the transition to the new identity had been completed, with Loomis employing 20,000 people in a network of 420 operating locations in 11 European nations and the United States.

On 26 November 2007, Loomis announced the sale of Loomis Cash Management Ltd, its cash handling operation in the United Kingdom, to Vaultex UK Ltd jointly owned by HSBC Bank plc and Barclays Bank plc, resulting in a loss of approximately 160 million SEK.

In 2008, Loomis was distributed to the Securitas shareholders and listed at Nasdaq OMX Stockholm as Loomis AB.

On 4 April 2014, Loomis acquired Zurich based VIA MAT Holding AG, one of the world's leading companies in international valuables logistics with an enterprise value of approximately CHF 200 million, thus adding International Services to the existing Cash in Transit and Cash Management Services lines of businesses and becoming market leader in cash handling in Switzerland.

Major robberies
During its first year of operation as the new Loomis Fargo & Company, the company was the target for two of the largest cash robberies ever committed on American soil.

In March 1997, employee Philip N. Johnson, on his own, stole $18.8 million from the Loomis Fargo armored car that he was driving. In the October 1997 Loomis Fargo Bank Robbery, employee David Scott Ghantt and accomplices stole $17.3 million from the Loomis Fargo Charlotte, North Carolina branch vault that he was supervising. The perpetrators of both robberies, and a significant majority of the cash, were later caught by law enforcement.

These two robberies, along with the unrelated $18.9 million Dunbar Armored robbery, which also occurred in 1997, were the first to surpass the previous holder of the title "largest cash robbery" in U.S. history, the $5 million cash portion (along with $0.9 million in the jewellery) of the Lufthansa heist of December 1978.

An additional robbery took place in March, 1999 while a Loomis semi truck was in transit from Sacramento, California to San Francisco. During transit, one or more robbers boarded the truck, cut a hole in the roof, removed approximately $2.3 million, and exited the truck with the money, completely evading detection. The robbery was not discovered until after the truck arrived at its destination and no suspects were ever identified. The incident is now considered a cold case.

The UK division of the company hit the headlines in February 2006 when armed robbers raided its cash center located in Tonbridge in Kent. The criminals made off with £53m in what is known as the Securitas depot robbery.

The next month, a Securitas van in Warrington, Cheshire was also robbed by criminals who rammed it with a stolen tractor and subsequently made off with over half a million pounds.

Again the same month, an armed gang robbed a Securitas van as it was unloading money at Gothenburg's Landvetter Airport in Sweden.

On October 4, 2007, two armored truck guards working for Loomis were killed in a robbery in Northeast Philadelphia. Another man was wounded. A bank surveillance photo showed the gunman walking up to the two guards, shooting both of them execution-style, and running off with a bag containing ATM deposit envelopes. The man later confessed to the killings.

On November 30, 2016, a man stole a bucket containing gold flakes worth $1.6 million from the back of an open and unguarded Loomis truck on a busy street in Manhattan, New York.

References

External links

Wells Fargo
Companies based in Stockholm
Security companies of Sweden
Swedish companies established in 1997
Business services companies established in 1997
Financial services companies established in 1997
Companies listed on Nasdaq Stockholm

Loomis (company)


Katherine Rich (born 1967) is a New Zealand politeecian, an umwhile member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Naitional Pairty.  She is a leet member o the pairlament unner the proportional representation seestem.

1967 births
Livin fowk
New Zealand Naitional Pairty MPs
Varsity o Otago alumni
Weemen members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand leet MPs
Australie emigrants tae New Zealand
Fowk eddicatit at St Hilda's Collegiate School
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
21st-century New Zealand politeecians
21st-century weemen politeecians

Katherine Rich


Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a measure used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to show the activity of each tropical cyclones and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the Atlantic hurricane seasons. It uses an estimation of the energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated in every six hours.

References

Other websites
 NOAA ACE by year from 1851
 National Climatic Data Center - Atlantic Basin 2004 Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index
 National Climatic Data Center — Atlantic Basin 2005 Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index
 2004 Pacific NW Typhoon Season ACE pdf
 Global Tropical Cyclone Best Track Database
 Hurricane Metrics

Tropical cyclones
Meteorology

Accumulated cyclone energy


Balgowlah Heights is a suburb of northern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 11 kilometres north-east of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Northern Beaches Council, in the Northern Beaches region. Balgowlah Heights shares the postcode 2093 with the adjacent Balgowlah and North Balgowlah.

Situated on a ridge up to 80 metres above North Harbour and Middle Harbour, some houses have panoramic views of the harbour, Eastern Suburbs and Spit Bridge. The suburb features remnant Sydney Harbour bushland, contained in the National Park around Dobroyd Head and Grotto Point. Tania Park at the eastern fringe offers relaxed recreation and one can watch the Manly ferry cut its way to Circular Quay.

History

Balgowlah was named in 1832 after an Aboriginal word meaning north harbour in reference to its position on Port Jackson. The area was not developed until the 1960s.

Demographics
According to the 2016 census, there were 3,342 residents in Balgowlah Heights.  67.3% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was England at 10.7%. 87.0% of people only spoke English at home. The most common responses for religious affiliation were No Religion 32.8%, Catholic 24.2% and Anglican 24.2%.

Schools
Balgowlah Heights Public School

Politics
Balgowlah Heights is in the federal electorate of Warringah (a seat no longer held by former PM Tony Abbott of the Liberal Party of Australia), the state electorate of Manly (a seat no longer held by Liberal Party MP and Premier Michael Baird) and is within the local council area of Manly. It used to be regarded as a safe Liberal seat, however in the 2019 election the seat was won by Independent, Zali Steggall.

References

External links
  [CC-By-SA]

Suburbs of Sydney
Northern Beaches Council

Balgowlah Heights


Guecellone VII da Camino ( 1275 – 1324) was an Italian nobleman and lord of Treviso.

Biography
The second son of Gherardo III da Camino, he was initially destined to the ecclesiastical career. After the assassination of his elder brother and lord of Treviso, Rizzardo IV da Camino, in which Guecellone perhaps took part, he became General Captain of Treviso. He continued the pro-Guelph stand of his father, keeping good relationships with the Patriarchate of Aquileia and the Republic of Venice, and supporting the Paduans against Cangrande della Scala, lord of Verona. He later changed side, and allied with the Veronese Alboino I della Scala.

His unsteady conduct caused the Trevigiani people to rebel against him, under the leadership of Rambaldo di Collato: Guecellone was forced to flee the city, ending the family's lordship in Treviso after 29 years (15 December 1312). In 1317, with the help of Cangrande della Scala, he besieged the city and the bishop's castle of San Martino at Ceneda, but in vain. Later he reconciled with the bishops, being confirmed by the latter in the investiture of Feltre, Ceneda and Cadore, which had been conquered by Cangrande the previous year.  The following year, he was excommunicated by the pope due to a dispute about his brother's testament.

He died at Serravalle in 1324.

Sources

1270s births
1324 deaths
Guecellone 07
13th-century Italian nobility
14th-century Italian nobility
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Lords of Treviso

Guecellone VII da Camino


General Alfred Houston Noble (October 26, 1894 – September 27, 1983) was a United States Marine Corps general who served in combat with the Marines from World War I in the Battle of Belleau Wood to World War II in the Pacific theater. His last command, before retiring from the Marine Corps with over 39 years of service, was as commanding general, Fleet Marine Force,  Atlantic in Norfolk, Virginia.

Biography
Alfred Noble was born on October 26, 1894, at Federalsburg, Maryland. After graduation from St. John's College, at Annapolis, he reported for active duty as a Marine second lieutenant on May 24, 1917, and embarked for France that October.

World War I
During World War I, Noble fought as commander of the 83rd Company, 6th Marine Regiment, in the Aisne-Marne Defensive, (Chateau Thierry), the Aisne-Marne Offensive (Soissons), the St. Mihiel Offensive and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive (Champagne and Argonne Forest). He was awarded the Navy Cross, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Croix de Guerre with silver star and diploma. In addition he was cited twice in General Orders of the War Department and once by the commanding general, AEF. He was also entitled to wear the French Fourragere which was awarded the 6th Marines.

Noble's Navy Cross was for gallantry in action from 6-June 8, 1918, during the battle of Belleau Wood. The citation states in part:

"…He was conspicuous for his judgment and personal courage in handling his company in attacks against superior numbers in strongly fortified machine-gun positions. His fortitude and initiative enabled his command each time to achieve success."

By the end of World War I, he had risen to the rank of captain.

Interwar years
After the war, he served in the Army of Occupation in Germany until returned to the United States in July 1919.

In September 1919, Noble went overseas again to serve at the Marine Barracks, St. Thomas, Virgin, Islands, until June 1922. After that, he completed the Company Officers Course in the Marine Corps Schools at Quantico, Virginia, then served there as adjutant and secretary of the schools and as commanding officer of the Marine Corps Schools Detachment. He left Quantico in June 1927, and the following month, began a two-year command of the Marine detachment aboard the  serving with that detachment on expeditionary duty in Nicaragua. He returned to Quantico in July 1929, and during the next three years, he completed the Field Officers Course and served as an instructor in that course.

From July 1932, until August 1934, Noble served with the 1st Brigade Marines in Haiti. He was stationed in the Adjutant and Inspectors' Department at Marine Corps Headquarters, Washington, D.C., from September 1934 to May 1937, then was ordered once more to Quantico. There, after serving as assistant commandant of the Marine Corps Schools and as the commander of the 2nd Battalion of the 5th Marines, he took command of that regiment. He served in that capacity at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and elsewhere in the Caribbean during training and maneuvers before he was again ordered to Marine Corps Headquarters in May 1941. This time he served with the Division of Plans and Policies as officer in charge of the Material Section, and later, as director, Division of Plans and Policies. He was a colonel when the United States entered World War II.

World War II
Noble was twice awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat "V", in World War II. The first was for outstanding service from September to December 1943, as chief of staff and deputy commander of I Marine Amphibious Corps during the Treasury Islands occupation, the diversionary landing on Choiseul Island and the establishment of the beachhead at Empress Augustas Bay, Bougainville. The second was for outstanding service from May to August 1944, as assistant commander of the 3rd Marine Division during the planning and execution of the recapture of Guam.

In September 1942, the general was named chief of staff of the newly activated 3rd Marine Division. He served in that capacity for a year, sailing with the division for the Pacific theater in February 1943. He remained overseas as chief of staff and deputy commander of I Marine Amphibious Corps from September to December 1943, and as assistant commander of the 3rd Division from January to October 1944. Returning to the United States in November 1944, he served as commanding general of the Marine Training Command at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, until January 1946.

Post-World War II service
In February 1946, Noble reported to Pearl Harbor as commanding general of the Marine Garrison Forces, 14th Naval District. He was ordered from Pearl Harbor to Tientsin, China, in August 1946, and after serving there for several months as assistant commander of the 1st Marine Division, he returned to the United States to take command of the Troop Training Unit, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, at Coronado, California.

From there, he reported to Parris Island, South Carolina, in February 1948, as commanding general, Marine Corps Recruit Depot. He served in that capacity until August 1950, for the next year as commanding general of the Marine barracks at Camp Pendleton, California, and for the following year as commanding general of the Department of the Pacific at San Francisco.

Ordered to the Netherlands in August 1952, Noble served in that country for two years prior to assuming command of the Marine Corps Base at Camp Lejeune in September 1954. He was transferred to Norfolk, Virginia, as commanding general, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic, on September 1, 1955, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on the same date. He served in that capacity until November 1, 1956, when he retired after 39 years of service and was promoted to four-star general.

Following his retirement, France awarded him the Legion of Honour for service to the Allied Cause during two World Wars and for his sympathy to France and its people.

Awards and decorations

See also

List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals

Notes

References

1894 births
1983 deaths
Military personnel from Maryland
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
People from Caroline County, Maryland
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau

Alfred H. Noble


Roscoe Village is a restored Ohio and Erie Canal town located in Coshocton, Ohio, United States.  Roscoe Village, was laid out in 1816. It was originally named Caldersburgh after its founder James Calder. After going bankrupt, the Coshocton merchant moved across the Muskingum River to some land he had managed to retain. Setting up a store and naming the place after himself, Calder reasoned that the rural farmers would much rather do business in Caldersburgh than pay the twenty-five cents for the ferry over to Coshocton. In 1830, two prominent citizens petitioned the state legislature to rename the village Roscoe in honor of William Roscoe, the famous English author and abolitionist of the time.

The transformation of Roscoe from a small, sleepy community into a thriving port along the Ohio and Erie Canal came with the arrival of the canal and the landing of the first canal boat, the Monticello, on August 21, 1830. The Ohio and Erie Canal, which provided cheap transportation for people and goods, granted great economic development for communities along the waterway. With its status as the fourth largest wheat port on the canal, Roscoe's prosperity ignited a chain of businesses in the area, including a blacksmith, a cooperage, a hotel, a mill, and several stores. State Route 16, which runs parallel to Roscoe today, is the location of the original Ohio and Erie Canal bed.

Until the great flood of 1913, the canals continued to operate, but the coming of the railroads marked the passing of the canal heyday. Along with the demise of the canal industry came the decline of Roscoe's prosperity, and the once thriving canal port and its beautiful Greek Revival buildings rapidly deteriorated.

In 1960, the idea of historical restoration in Roscoe came to prominence at the presentation of the Canal Days mural the distinguished American artist Dean Cornwell painted for Coshocton's 1961 Sesquicentennial Celebration. Cornwell chose a robust 1850s canal scene from Roscoe Village as the subject of his mural. This beautiful 24-foot-by-8-foot mural hangs today in Bank One of Coshocton while a smaller reproduction graces the lobby of the Roscoe Village Visitor Center.

Fascinated and inspired by the painting, retired Coshocton industrialist Edward E. Montgomery, and his wife, Frances, purchased the 1840 Toll House in August 1968, thus beginning the restoration of Historic Roscoe Village. Roscoe Village would be, as Mr. Montgomery stated, "a living museum so that people of the 20th century and succeeding ones could enjoy a visit back to the 19th century where aged brick buildings, hoop-skirted women, and quaint shops would bring the canal era back to life." Today, Roscoe Village is the result of more than 35 years of dedicated work.

The Foundation also purports to promote education with regard to life along the Ohio and Erie Canal in the mid 19th century. Living history is displayed and there are annual events which attract tourists from all over the country.

The Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum is located in the village, and features decorative arts, pioneer and Native American artifacts and local history displays.

References

External links

Roscoe Village Foundation

National Register of Historic Places in Coshocton County, Ohio
Museums in Coshocton County, Ohio
History museums in Ohio
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Open-air museums in Ohio
Canal museums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Coshocton County, Ohio
Tourist attractions in Coshocton County, Ohio
Greek Revival architecture in Ohio
Coshocton, Ohio

Roscoe Village (Coshocton, Ohio)


is a public park in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan located north of the Tokyo Imperial Palace. The park is the location of both the Nippon Budokan, an indoor sports and performance venue, the Science Museum, and the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo.

As of May 1, 2008, Kitanomaru Park area had a registered population of 598, of which 361 are male and 237 are female, although this population almost exclusively consists of serving members and dependents of the Imperial Guard or the National Police Agency.

History
Kitanomaru Park was originally the location of the northernmost section of Edo Castle, known as the . It was used as both a medicinal garden and a secure residential compound for members of the Tokugawa extended family.  The park is almost encircled by deep moats and defensive fortifications from the original castle.

Prior to 1969, when Kitanomaru Park was opened, this district had been called  because many daikan (local governors) lived in the place soon after the construction of Edo Castle.  Today, the name Daikanchō is known more commonly as the name of an interchange of the Inner Circular Route of the Shuto Expressway.

Two gated entrances survive from time of Edo Castle, the Shimizu-mon and further north the Tayasu-mon.  The Tayasu-mon was the northernmost gate of Edo Castle and consists of both a Korai-mon style outer gate and a Yagura-mon style fortified inner gatehouse, with highly stacked stone walls forming a narrow defensive courtyard between the two.  An inscription on the outer side of the Tayasu-mon states the gate was constructed in 1685, making it one of the oldest surviving structures of the original castle.

Education
 operates public elementary and junior high schools. Fujimi Elementary School (富士見小学校) is the zoned elementary school for Kitanomaru Park. There is freedom of choice system for junior high schools in Chiyoda Ward, and so there are no specific junior high school zones.

References

Parks and gardens in Tokyo
Chiyoda, Tokyo

Kitanomaru Park


Harry Elmer Barnes (15 Juin 1889 – 25 August 1968) wis a prominent American historian in the 20t century. A "progressive who haed some classical leeberal impulses," he wis associatit for virtually his entire career wi Columbia University. Barnes at ane time wis held in heich academic esteem as a reveesionist historian but later lost credibility wi historians bi enterin intae the practice o Holocaust denial.

Work
A History of the Penal, Reformatory and Correctional Institutions of the State of New Jersey, MacCrellish, 1918.
History, Its Rise and Development: A Survey of the Progress of Historical Writing From its Origins to the Present Day, Encyclopedia Americana Corp., 1919, first published in 1919 edition of Encyclopedia Americana; The Social History of the Western World, Appleton, 1921.
The Social History of the Western World, an Outline Syllabus, New York: D. Appleton, 1921.
Sociology and Political Theory, a consideration of the sociological basis of politics, New York: Knopf, 1925, 1924.
(Co-written with Karl Worth Bigelow and Jean Brunhes) The History and Prospects of the Social Sciences, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1925.
Psychology and History, Century, 1925.
The New History and the Social Studies, New York: The Century co., 1925.
Ploetz's Epitome of History, New York: Blue Ribbon, 1925.
The Repression of Crime; Studies in Historical Penology, Montclair, N.J.: P. Smith, 1969, 1926.
History and Social Intelligence, New York: A. A. Knopf, 1926.
The Evolution of Penology in Pennsylvania; a study in American social history, Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1968, 1927.
(Co-written with Melvin M. Knight and Felix Fluegel) Economic History of Europe, Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1928.
Living in the Twentieth Century; a Consideration of How We Go This Way, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928.
In Quest of Truth and Justice; Debunking the War Guilt Myth, Chicago: National Historical Society, 1928.
The Genesis of the World War; an Introduction to the Problem of War Guilt, New York: Knopf, 1929.
(With Elisabeth A. Dexter and Mabel Walker) The Making of a Nation, Knopf, 1929.
World Politics in Modern Civilization: The Contributions of Nationalism, Capitalism, Imperialism and Militarism to Human Culture and International Anarchy, Knopf, 1930.
The Story of Punishment: A Record of Man's Inhumanity to Man, Stratford, C., c. 1930, 2nd edition, 1972.
Battling the Crime Wave: Applying Sense and Science to the Repression of Crime, Boston: Stratford, 1931.
Can Man Be Civilized?, New York: Brentano's, 1932.
Prohibition Versus Civilization: Analyzing the Dry Psychosis, Viking, 1932.
Money Changers vs. the New Deal; a Candid Analysis of the Inflation Controversy, New York: R. Long & R. R. Smith, 1934.
The History of Western Civilization, New York: Harcourt, Brace and company 1935.
Famous New Deals of History, New York: W.H. Wise & Co., 1935.
An Economic History of the Western World, New York, Harcourt: Brace, 1937.
(Co-written with Bernard Myers, Walter B. Scott, Edward Hubler and Martin Bernstein) An Intellectual and Cultural History of the Western World, New York: Random House, 1937, 1941, 1965.
A History of Historical Writing, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1938 revised edition New York : Dover Publications, 1963.
 (With Howard Beck and others) Social Thought From Lore to Science, two volumes, Heath, c. 1938, 3rd edition published in three volumes, Dover, 1961.
Social Institutions In an Era of World Upheaval, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1942.
(Co-written with Negley K. Teeters) New Horizons in Criminology; the American Crime Problem, New York: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1943; revised edition Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1961, 1959.
Pennsylvania Penology: 1944, Pennsylvania Municipal Publications Service, 1944.
A Survey of Western Civilization, Crowell, 1947.
Historical Sociology: Its Origins and Development; Theories of Social Evolution From Cave Life to Atomic bombing, New York: Philosophical Library, 1948.
(Co-Edited with Howard Becker and Frances Bennett Becker) Contemporary Social Theory, New York: Russell & Russell, 1971, 1948.
An Introduction to the History of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948.
(Co-written with Oreen M. Ruedi) The American Way of Life; an Introduction to the Study of Contemporary Society, New York: Prentice-Hall, 1950.
The Struggle Against the Historical Blackout, 1949, 9th edition, 1952. Author of booklets in his field.
Society in Transition, New York: Greenwood Press, 1968
Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and its Aftermath, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969, 1953. Available online.
Blasting the Historical Blackout in Britain: Professor A. J. P. Taylor's "The Origins of the Second World War"; its Nature, Reliability, Shortcomings and Implications, 1963.
(With Nathan F. Leopold, Jr. and others) The Future of Imprisonment in a Free Society, St. Leonard's House, 1965.
Pearl Harbor after a Quarter of a Century, New York: Arno Press, 1972. ISBN 0-405-00413-3.
Selected Revisionist Pamphlets, New York: Arno Press, 1972.
The Chickens of the Interventionist Liberals Have Come Home to Roost; the Bitter Fruits of Globaloney, New York: Revisionist Press, 1973. ISBN 0-87700-194-4.
Barnes Against the Blackout: Essays Against Interventionism, Institute for Historical Review, 1991.  Anthology of Barnes' previous self-published essays on World War II.

See an aw
 Barnes Review
 Historical revisionism
 James J. Martin

References

1889 births
1968 daiths
Fowk frae Auburn, New York
20t-century American historians
The New School faculty
Historical reveesionism (negationism)
Columbia Varsity faculty
American Holocaust deniers
Activists frae New York (state)

Harry Elmer Barnes


Frederic Barker (17 March 1808 – 6 April 1882) was the second Anglican bishop of Sydney.

Early life
Barker was born at Baslow, Derbyshire, England, fifth son of the Rev. John Barker and his wife Jane, née Whyte. He was educated at The King's School, Grantham and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1831, M. A. 1839. While at Cambridge he was influenced by Charles Simeon. He was made deacon on 10 April 1831 by the Bishop of Rochester; he was ordained a priest on 15 April 1832, and placed in charge of the perpetual curacy of Upton, Cheshire. Subsequently, he was at St Mary's, Edge Hill, an important church in Liverpool, for 19 years. In April 1854 he became vicar of Baslow, and soon afterwards was appointed Bishop of Sydney and was consecrated on 30 November 1854.

Career in Australia
Barker arrived at Sydney on 25 May 1855, and was installed on 31 May 1855 at the temporary cathedral. Amongst his early tasks were the completion of the arrangements for the building of Moore College for theological students, and the quickening of interest in the completion of St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney. He then began a series of visitations in his diocese, then covering an immense area. He soon realized it must be subdivided, and two new dioceses were established--Goulburn in 1863, and Bathurst in 1869. As metropolitan of Australia he was also concerned with the establishment of dioceses at Perth (1856), Brisbane (1859), Grafton and Armidale (1866), Ballarat (1875), and North Queensland (1878).

In 1863 Barker visited England where he succeeded in raising a considerable sum of money for the prosecution of the work of his church, and gave many addresses on Australia in different parts of England. The first synod of the diocese of Sydney met in December 1866, and dealt with many issues such as the relations of the Church in Australia with the Church in England, and the framing of a constitution for the cathedral. In 1868 the re-opening of The King's School, Parramatta, was successfully arranged, with the Reverend G. F. Macarthur as headmaster. In October 1872 the formation of the general synod of the dioceses of Australia including Tasmania was accomplished. Barker visited England again in 1871 and 1877 and was able to bring the needs of the new dioceses before the Society for Propagating the Gospel and other societies. In 1878 steps were taken to provide more adequate religious instruction to children attending state primary schools, and a church buildings loan fund for the diocese of Sydney was established early in 1880.

Late life and legacy
In December 1880 Barker had a stroke of paralysis, and in March 1881 he went to Europe in the hope of recovering his health. There was an improvement for some months, but in March 1882 he had a second attack and died at San Remo, Italy, on 6 April 1882. He married firstly in 1840, Jane Sophia, daughter of John Harden, and secondly in 1878, Mary Jane, daughter of Edward Woods. He had no children.

Barker was 1.96 m (6' 5") tall, dignified and scholarly in appearance. He was deeply evangelical and his teaching was based simply on the Bible. During his episcopacy of 27 years the number of churches and the number of clergy more than doubled. He published Thirty-six Psalms with Commentary and Prayer (1851), and A Charge Delivered to the Clergy of the Diocese of Sydney (1859). He was also a contributor to The Supposed Sacrament of Penance, A Course of Sermons (1838); and On the Rise of the Errors of the Church of Rome, A Course of Sermons (1840).

Due to his height and his abstinence from alcohol, the term 'Bishop Barker' was jocularly applied to the tallest beer glass available in late-19th-century Sydney hotels.

The Sydney North Shore private school, Barker College (founded 1890), was named in honour of Barker by founder Rev. Henry Plume.

References

 K. J. Cable, 'Barker, Frederic (1808 - 1882)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 3, MUP, 1969, pp 90–94.

External links

1808 births
1882 deaths
People from Baslow
Anglican bishops of Sydney
Primates of the Anglican Church of Australia
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
People educated at The King's School, Grantham

Frederic Barker


Trench warfare is a war tactic, or way of fighting. It was commonly used on the Western Front in the First World War. It has also been used in other wars, like the Iran-Iraq War.

In trench warfare, the two sides fighting each other dug trenches in a battlefield. These trenches had many different parts, such as places for sleeping, for headquarters, for storage, and for artillery and machine guns. Between the front trenches, on the battlefield, was an area called "no man's land". This area was often covered with barbed wire and land mines. Soldiers on each side would try to cross no man's land to get to the enemy's trench and attack. Tanks were commonly used to cross this land.

Armies used trench warfare because it gave soldiers cover while defending themselves against attack. It also gave soldiers bunks to sleep in, although the bunks were very unclean and uncomfortable.

In World War I (1914 - 1918)

Soldiers in World War I used trenches to protect themselves while fighting.  They dug holes two meters deep, which they called trenches.

Most World War I soldiers fought in the trenches. These trenches were not very far apart. There could have been as few as thirty meters in between each trench. Between the trenches on each side, there was an open area called No Man's Land.

Death was frequent in the trenches, even when there was no fighting. For example, many soldiers fighting in trench warfare died of disease.

Life in the trenches

The trenches were dirty.  Some men disappeared into the mud because it was so thick.  The cold, wet and unsanitary conditions made many soldiers sick.  Lice spread trench fever, a fungal infection which caused severe head pain and fever.  Rats invaded the trenches and spread disease everywhere.  The brown rats were the more hated kind.  They ate human remains.  Some grew to be as big as cats.

The trenches had a terrible smell.  Bodies were rotting in shallow graves; men had not washed in weeks because there were no facilities; cesspits were overflowing; and creosol or chloride of lime was used to stave off the constant threat of disease and infection.  There was also the lingering odour of poison gas, and the smells of cordite, rotting sandbags, stagnant mud, cigarette smoke, and cooking food.  The smell was the first thing a new recruit would notice on the way to the front lines.  However, new arrivals soon got used to it, and eventually added their own body odor to the smell.

The trench system

Front-line trenches were usually about seven feet deep and six feet wide. The front side of the trench was called the parapet. The rear side was called the parados. Along the top of the parapet and the parados, soldiers would build a wall of sandbags that was two to three feet tall.  The sandbags helped to absorb bullets and shell fragments.

It was impossible for soldiers to see over the top of a 7-foot trench.  To solve this problem, armies added a two or three-foot ledge called a fire-step to the trenches.

Trenches were not dug in straight lines. If the trenches were straight, and the enemy got into them, they could shoot straight along the line. Instead, soldiers dug trenches with alternate fire-bays and traverses.

Duck-boards were also placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers from problems such as trench foot. Soldiers also made dugouts and funk holes in the side of the trenches to give them some protection from the weather and enemy fire.

The front-line trenches were also protected by barbed-wire entanglements and machine-gun posts. Short trenches called saps were dug from the front-line trench into No-Man's Land. The sap-head, usually about 30 yards forward of the front-line, was then used as listening posts.

Behind the front-line trenches were support and reserve trenches. The three rows of trenches covered between 200 and 500 yards of ground. Communication trenches were dug at an angle to the front-line trench and were used to transport men, equipment and food supplies.

Other websites
 Jackson, Patrick, In Depth: A century of mud and fire, BBC News, 27 June 2006
Association for World War Archaeology
Photograph of soldiers digging trenches during The First World War

War

Trench warfare


Publius Servilius Casca Longus (84 BC – c. 42 BC) was one of the assassins of Gaius Julius Caesar. He and several other senators conspired to kill Caesar, which they did on 15 March 44 BC. He was one of the first to attack, and stabbed Caesar in the neck.

At the time of the conspiracy, he held office in the Tribune of the People. After Caesar was dead, he ran from Rome. Casca joined Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus, the leaders of the assassins, during the Liberators' civil war against the Second Triumvirate, Caesar's former supporters. He committed suicide during this war.

Casca is remembered on a coin along with Brutus, where they both have their names engraved in the metal. A bearded figure appears on the coin next to Casca's name, though this is widely considered to be the Roman god Neptune.

80s BC births
42 BC deaths
Year of birth unknown
Roman politicians
People who committed suicide
Assassins

Servilius Casca


Jaume Castells Ferrer (born 1942) is a Spanish politician for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).

Biography
Castells Ferrer was born at Benissa, in the  province of Alicante.

From 1969 onwards, Castells worked in the steel industry becoming a member of the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT), a major Spanish Trade union historically affiliated to the PSOE. He was a member of the Federal Committee of the UGT from 1975 to 1978. In 1974 he joined the PSOE and the following year became a member of the Valencian Provincial Executive of the party, subsequently moving to the National Executive of the party where he remained until 1993.

At the 1977 General Election he was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies representing Valencia Province and was re-elected in the five subsequent elections in 1979, 1982, 1986, 1989 and 1993. He was one of the main supporters of Joan Lerma for President of the Valencian Community.

He also served as a local councillor for his home town of Benissa from 1979 to 1987 serving as Mayor during this period.

References

1942 births
Living people
People from Marina Alta
Politicians from the Valencian Community
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Members of the constituent Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 2nd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 3rd Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 4th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 5th Congress of Deputies (Spain)

Jaume Castells Ferrer


Astronomy is a monthly American magazine about astronomy. Targeting amateur astronomers, it contains columns on sky viewing, reader-submitted astrophotographs, and articles on astronomy and astrophysics for general readers.

History
Astronomy is a magazine about the science and hobby of astronomy. Based near Milwaukee in Waukesha, Wisconsin, it is produced by Kalmbach Publishing. Astronomy's readers include those interested in astronomy and those who want to know about sky events, observing techniques, astrophotography, and amateur astronomy in general.

Astronomy was founded in 1973 by Stephen A. Walther, a graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point and amateur astronomer. The first issue, August 1973, consisted of 48 pages with five feature articles and information about what to see in the sky that month. Issues contained astrophotos and illustrations created by astronomical artists. Walther had worked part time as a planetarium lecturer at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and developed an interest in photographing constellations at an early age. Although even in childhood he was interested to obsession in Astronomy, he did so poorly in mathematics that his mother despaired that he would ever be able to earn a living. However he graduated in Journalism from the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and as a senior class project he created a business plan for a magazine for amateur astronomers. With the help of his brother David, he was able to bring the magazine to fruition. He died in 1977.

AstroMedia Corp., the company Walther had founded to publish Astronomy in Milwaukee, brought in Richard Berry as editor. Berry also created the offshoot Odyssey, aimed at young readers, and the specialized Telescope Making. In 1985, Milwaukee hobby publisher Kalmbach bought Astronomy.

In 1992, Richard Berry left the magazine and Robert Burnham took over as chief editor. Kalmbach discontinued Deep Sky and Telescope Making magazines and sold Odyssey. In 1996 Bonnie Gordon, now a professor at Central Arizona College, assumed the editorship. David J. Eicher, the creator of "Deep Sky," became chief editor in 2002.

The Astronomy staff also produces other publications. These have included Explore the Universe; Beginner's Guide to Astronomy; Origin and Fate of the Universe; Mars: Explore the Red Planet's Past, Present, and Future; Atlas of the Stars; Cosmos; and 50 Greatest Mysteries of the Universe. There also was, for a time in the mid-2000s, a Brazilian edition – published by Duetto Editora – called Astronomy Brasil. However, due mainly to low circulation numbers, Duetto ceased its publication in September 2007.

Articles and columns
Astronomy publishes articles about the hobby and science of astronomy. Generally, the front half of the magazine reports on professional science, while the back half of the magazine presents items of interest to hobbyists. Science articles cover such topics as cosmology, space exploration, exobiology, research conducted by professional-class observatories, and individual professional astronomers. Each issue of Astronomy contains a foldout star map showing the evening sky for the current month and the positions of planets, and some comets.

The magazine has regular columnists. They include science writer Bob Berman, who writes a column called "Bob Berman's Strange Universe". Stephen James O'Meara writes "Stephen James O'Meara's Secret Sky," which covers observing tips and stories relating to deep-sky objects, planets, and comets. Glenn Chaple writes "Glenn Chaple's Observing Basics", a beginner's column. Phil Harrington writes "Phil Harrington's Binocular Universe", about observing with binoculars. "Telescope Insider" interviews people who are a part of the telescope-manufacturing industry.

In each issue of Astronomy magazine, readers will find star and planet charts, telescope observing tips and techniques, and advice on taking photography of the night sky.
The magazine also publishes reader-submitted photos in a gallery, lists astronomy-related events, letters from readers, news, and announcements of new products.

Astronomy may include special sections bound into the magazine, such as booklets or posters. Recent examples have included a Messier Catalog booklet, poster showing comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught) and historical comets, a Skyguide listing upcoming sky events, a Telescope Buyer's Guide; a poster titled "Atlas of Extrasolar Planets"; and a poster showing the life cycles of stars.

Popularity
Astronomy is the largest circulation astronomy magazine, with monthly circulation of 84,490. The majority of its readers are in the United States, but it is also circulated in Canada and internationally.

Its major competitor is Sky & Telescope magazine with a total circulation of 62,234 (2020).

See also
Amateur astronomy
Amateur telescope making

References

External links

1973 establishments in Wisconsin
Amateur astronomy
Astronomy magazines
Magazines established in 1973
Magazines published in Wisconsin
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Mass media in Milwaukee

Astronomy (magazine)


Just Pals is a 1920 American silent Western film directed by John Ford, and was Ford's first film for Fox Film Corporation. John Ford is credited as 'Jack Ford', as was typical for his earliest films.

The film introduces the theme of the partnership between two vagabonds, a young man and a boy, who support and help each other. Buck Jones and Georgie Stone already anticipates some of the elements that will contribute to the extraordinary success of Charles Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in The Kid (1921). The sheriff in the film, played by Duke R. Lee, keeps saying five times in the film, "The law'll take care o' this!".

Plot
The town bum, Bim (Buck Jones), rescues Bill, (Georgie Stone) thrown off a train by brakeman (Bert Appling).   Bim gives Bill a bath and promises Mary (Helen Ferguston) to take Bim to school.  Bill steals a uniform so Bim can get a job but gets hurt jumping off the train.   Bim takes him to the town Doctor (Edwin Tilton) where his wife (Eunice Murdock) discovers Bill may be a runaway with a reward.   They plot to keep Bill away from Bim.  Mary is wooed by Harvey Cahill (William Buckley).   Next, the townspeople come to her for the memorial fund and she gives Bim a note to get the fund from Harvey.   Mary supposedly sees a boy drowning some kittens and faints.   Bim sees Mary being carried to the doctor, reads the note and confronts Harvey who gives him the money he has stolen.   The town sheriff (Duke R Lee) opens the safe to find the money missing.  Bim is arrested for returning the money but escapes with Bill.   Bim and Bill meet up with outlaws planning to rob the town bank.   Bim tries to stop them but the outlaws tie them up.   Nearby a car roars down a hill, the driver is thrown out.   A boy comes out, frees them and they pursue the outlaws into town.   Bim catches them robbing the bank, the towns people catch them.   Outlaw (Slim Padgell) claims Bim is one of them and Bim is tied up.   Harvey attempts to escape with Mary while Bill tells the sheriff he is the real villain.   A rich man appears claiming to be Bill's father but upon seeing him says he isn't.   The boy from the car turns out to be the man's son and Bim gets a reward for rescuing him.    Harvey is unmasked as the chauffeur who kidnapped the boy and is arrested.   Bim and Bill, dressed in suits show up at Mary's house.  Bim stumbles through a proposal and they walk off.

Cast
 Buck Jones as Bim
 Helen Ferguson as Mary Bruce
 Georgie Stone as Bill
 Duke R. Lee as Sheriff
 William Buckley as Harvey Cahill
 Eunice Murdock Moore as Mrs. Stone
 Bert Appling as Brakeman
 Edwin B. Tilton as Dr. Stone (credited as Edwin Booth Tilton)
 Slim Padgett as Outlaw
 Johnny Cookie as the Constable

References

External links

1920 films
1920 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by John Ford
Fox Film films
Articles containing video clips
Silent American Western (genre) films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films

Just Pals