Secrets is a 1933 American pre-Code Western film directed by Frank Borzage and starring Mary Pickford in her last film role. The film is a remake of Secrets (1924), a silent film starring Norma Talmadge, which was based on a 1922 play of the same name.

In 1930, Pickford had begun a remake of the Norma Talmadge Secrets titled Forever Yours with director Marshall Neilan and actors Kenneth MacKenna and Don Alvarado. After spending $300,000, Pickford stopped production and destroyed all the negatives because she was unhappy with the results.

Plot
Wealthy banker and shipowner William Marlowe and his wife Martha have their hearts set on marrying their daughter Mary to English aristocrat Lord Hurley. However, Mary has other ideas. She has fallen in love with John Carlton, one of her father's clerks. When Mr. Marlowe finds out, he fires John. John decides to go west to make his fortune, then return for Mary, but she insists on going with him. They elope.

The couple settle in California and after a while, have a herd of cattle and a baby boy. While John and hired hand Sunshine are away getting supplies, notorious outlaw Jake Houser and his gang show up and rustle the herd. John rounds up the other ranchers. They catch and hang three of the gang, including Jake's brother, but Jake gets away. Vowing revenge, Jake and his men attack the Carlton home. Help arrives and the rustlers are wiped out. The baby succumbs to illness during the gunfight.

Years pass, and the Carltons prosper greatly. Four more children are born, and John runs for governor of the state. They host a party on the night before the election at their mansion. Lolita Martinez, John's lover, scandalizes everyone by showing up. In private, she insists that Mary free John to marry her. Mary agrees, but John spurns his mistress and begs his wife's forgiveness; she gives it on condition that he tell her about all his prior lovers. Lolita makes public their affair, but John still wins the election.

Later, he becomes a senator, serving for thirty years in Washington, D.C. before deciding to retire and move back to California. This puzzles the couple's grown children; Mary explains that they want time for themselves, to enjoy secrets they can share with no one else. When their offspring still oppose their decision, the couple sneak away.

Cast
Mary Pickford as Mary Marlowe Carlton
Leslie Howard as John Carlton
C. Aubrey Smith as Mr. William Marlowe
Blanche Friderici as Mrs. Martha Marlowe (as Blanche Frederici)
Doris Lloyd as Susan Channing, Mary's friend
Herbert Evans as Lord Hurley
Ned Sparks as Sunshine
Allan Sears as Jake Houser
Mona Maris as Señora Lolita Martinez
Huntley Gordon as William Carlton as an Adult
Ethel Clayton as Audrey Carlton as an Adult
Bessie Barriscale as Susan Carlton as an Adult
Theodore von Eltz as Robert Carlton as an Adult

References

External links

1933 films
1933 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Frank Borzage
Sound film remakes of silent films
United Artists films
Films with screenplays by Frances Marion
1930s English-language films
1930s American films
English-language Western (genre) films

Secrets (1933 film)


Fearless Freaks is a 2005 documentary directed by Bradley Beesley and edited by JoLynn Garnes, chronicling the alternative rock band The Flaming Lips.  While the film features cameo appearances by such actors as Adam Goldberg and Christina Ricci, most of the screen time is taken up by interviews with the band members and their families interspersed with clips of the band's recording sessions and live performances.  Wayne Coyne's mother and several of his brothers are prominently featured, as are members of Steven Drozd's family, while Michael Ivins' family receives comparatively little screen time.

The film traces the band from their roots as a local psychedelic punk band to an internationally renowned band that draws celebrities to its performances.  Many of the interviews were filmed in the band's hometown of Oklahoma City, although Wayne Coyne is the only band member still living there.  In addition to the development of the Lips' music and performance, another theme running through the movie is the effect that drugs have had on the band and their families.  A notable scene in the film depicts Steven Drozd preparing to inject himself with heroin, and it is stated that paranoia over Drozd's addiction caused guitarist Ronald Jones to leave the band.  Drugs have also affected the lives of members of both Drozd's and Coyne's families.

Cast
Wayne Coyne – Himself
Steven Drozd – Himself
Michael Ivins – Himself
Bradley Beesley – Narrator
Beck – Himself
Niels Rasmussen – Poul Power
Steve Burns – Himself
Jonathan Donahue – Himself
Adam Goldberg – Himself
Gibby Haynes of the Butthole Surfers – Himself
Juliette Lewis – Herself
Tyson Meade & Trent Bell of The Chainsaw Kittens
Kelly Peterson – Fan with camera at Coachella
Liz Phair – Herself
"Chan" Marshall (Cat Power) – Herself
Christina Ricci – Herself
Jack White – Himself
Meg White – Herself

External links
Official movie website

2005 television films
2005 films
American documentary films
2005 documentary films
Rockumentaries
The Flaming Lips video albums
2005 video albums
2000s American films

The Fearless Freaks


Samuel Robert Rivers (born September 2, 1977) is an American musician. He is the bassist and backing vocalist of the rock band Limp Bizkit and one of its founding members.

Early life
Rivers' musical career started fairly early on, with him playing the tuba in a band in Arlington Middle School. He got into music initially because of John Otto, who played jazz-style drums.

Many have said that Otto is a cousin of Rivers, but during a documentary that was recorded of the band recording their second album, Rivers admits that they initially thought they were cousins but realized neither parents were related.

He attended Bishop Kenny High School. He played guitar before he played bass, but switched at the suggestion of his music teacher.

Career

Limp Bizkit

Rivers first met Fred Durst while working at a Chick-fil-A in a mall in Jacksonville. The two started talking, and found they shared several interests, including skateboarding and music. They decided to get together for a jam session. Rivers was becoming an accomplished bass guitarist, and Durst was to be a vocalist. Together with several other people they formed a short-lived band called Malachi Sage. (Rivers' talents on guitar would later come into play in Limp Bizkit's Results May Vary album, the only album not featuring longtime guitarist Wes Borland, with Rivers playing both guitar and bass on select songs such as "Creamer" and "Lonely World".)

When the band did not work out, the two decided to try again, and this time Otto came into the picture to be the drummer at the suggestion of Rivers. In 1994, the three formed Limp Bizkit. Later on guitarist Wes Borland came into the fold, as well as DJ Lethal, in 1996. Rivers was the youngest member of the band. When their first album Three Dollar Bill, Yall was released, he was 19 years old.

In 2015, Rivers reportedly left Limp Bizkit following a diagnosis of degenerative disc disease. However, Rivers revealed in 2020 his departure from Limp Bizkit was due to liver disease caused by excessive drinking. Rivers subsequently received a liver transplant. In absentia, live bass duties were covered by Samuel Gerhard Mpungu and Tsuzumi Okai.

He was voted Best Bass Player at the 2000 Gibson Awards.

Recent work

After Limp Bizkit went on hiatus, Rivers  became a producer for local bands in Jacksonville. He produced the debut albums by Burn Season and The Embraced. Most recently, Rivers has been producing for the Orlando-based band Indorphine. Aside from producing their new studio material, Rivers got them booked as the opening act for a Mushroomhead/SOiL concert. He was invited to Christian Olde Wolbers' Arkaea project, but dropped out due to scheduling.

In early 2009, Rivers reunited with Limp Bizkit for tours and their sixth studio album, Gold Cobra, released in 2011.

Rivers is now pursuing another project with Burn Season vocalist Damien Starkey in a band called Sleepkillers, along with Adam Latiff and Saliva vocalist Bobby Amaru, who was also a founding member and drummer for Burn Season. They released their self titled debut album in March 2019.

Personal life
His influences include bands such as Black Sabbath and Megadeth. Rivers cites Jeff Ament from Pearl Jam as a big influence on his playing.

In the early 2000s, Rivers married Kinter Atkins. They divorced due to personal issues. Currently, Rivers is in a relationship with pornographic actress Kayla Paige.

Equipment
Rivers was originally endorsed by Ibanez, and one of his basses was a customized BTB 5-string, but he then used custom made Warwick basses, with LEDs in the fretboard. Since 2019, Sam Rivers is using 5-string Fender Jazz Basses live with Limp Bizkit. Rivers has also been seen using Wal Basses since 2005, mainly in the studio and uses Ampeg and Warwick amps.

Collaborations
 Marilyn Manson ft. Sam Rivers – "Redeemer" (Queen of the Damned (soundtrack))
 David Draiman ft. Sam Rivers – "Forsaken" (Queen of the Damned (soundtrack))
 Black Light Burns ft. Sam Rivers – "I Have a Need" (Cruel Melody)

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
American rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
Limp Bizkit members
Liver transplant recipients
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
Guitarists from Florida
Bishop Kenny High School alumni
21st-century American bass guitarists

Sam Rivers (bassist)


The Phone-paid Services Authority (PSA), known as PhonepayPlus until 1 November 2016, is the regulatory body for all premium rate phone-paid services in the United Kingdom. These are the content, goods and services that consumers can buy by charging the cost to their phone bills and pre-pay phone accounts.

It was founded as the Independent Committee for the supervision of Standards of Telephone Information Services at the request of three network operators (British Telecom, Mercury Communications, and Vodafone) as a response to public criticism of their profiting from adult premium rate content. It re-branded itself as PhonepayPlus in June 2007.

It regulates services using a Code of Practice, approved by Ofcom. This sets out the rules with which all providers of phone-paid services must comply. Among other things, it requires clear and accurate pricing information, honest advertising and service content, and appropriate and targeted promotions. The code is updated approximately annually.

The Phone-paid Services Authority investigates complaints about phone-paid services. Where it decides that its rules have been broken, it can fine the company responsible, bar access to its services, and even bar the individual behind the company from running other services under a different company name. Investigations and adjudications are free to consumers and are supposed to be fully independent.
The Phone-paid Services Authority regulates services using the following number ranges: 070, 087, 090, 091, 098 and 118, plus five-digit mobile shortcodes.

Phone-paid Services Authority powers
When the Phone-paid Services Authority upholds a breach of its Code, the company responsible must immediately amend the service and/or its promotional material so that it complies with the Code. In most cases, companies found in breach of the Code will be charged to cover the cost of the investigation.

The Phone-paid Services Authority also has the power to impose the following sanctions:
 formal reprimands;
 making companies come to the regulator for prior approval;
 ordering companies to pay full refunds to complainants;
 imposing fines;
 barring access to services;
 banning named persons from operating services.

Phone-paid Services Authority board
Chairs of the board have included:
Sir Louis Blom-Cooper QC, Lawyer
Brenda Dean, Baroness Dean of Thornton-le-Fylde, trade unionist
Sir Sir Peter North
Sir Alistair Graham, former chairman of the Committee on Standards in Public Life

Members of the board have included:
Matti Alderson, regulator
Dr. Howard Baderman, A & E consultant
Ruth Evans
Hugh Griffiths, telecom veteran
Jeremy Hallsworth, chief executive officer of BT agilemedia
Valerie Howarth, Baroness Howarth of Breckland, Child care activist and founder of Childline
Yvonne Light, Writer & journalist
Kate Marcus, Barrister
Claire Milne, Telecoms veteran
Mark Stephens (solicitor), lawyer, mediator and regulator
Howard Webber, consumer champion
Paul Whiteing, regulator

References

External links
 Official website

Communications authorities
Regulators of the United Kingdom
Telecommunications organisations in the United Kingdom

Phone-paid Services Authority


A Deposit Account is an account at a bank where money can be put in or taken out by whoever owns the account. Each time money is moved, it is recorded in the bank's books. Some banks charge a fee for this, others may pay the customers interest.

Other websites
 Deposit account definition and explanations in simple terms

Banks

Deposit account


The Pacific Movement of the Eastern World (PMEW) was a 1930s North American based pro-Japanese movement of African Americans which promoted the idea that Japan was the champion of all non-white peoples.

The Japanese ultra-nationalist Black Dragon Society was an influence upon the PMEW. The Black Dragon Society was a paramilitary organization, with close ties to Japan, which viewed the United States as Japan's enemy in World War II. The organization was frequently taken advantage of by one of its founders, Ashima Takis, who ultimately was arrested for embezzling funds from the group.

Origins
The Pacific Movement of the Eastern World was founded in Chicago around 1932 by Satokata Takahashiin. Takahashiin reportedly recruited Ashima Takis and his Chinese companion, Moy Liang, into the leadership of the organization. The organization preached worldwide unity of colored races under the leadership of Japan. When its president Ashima Takis moved to St. Louis in 1933, membership took off.

Takis soon associated himself with Burt Cornish and Walter Lee Peeples of the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and claimed that the New York City branch of the organisation was affiliated with Japan. Cornish and Peeples soon set up a (PMEW) branch in St. Louis with the help of Moy Liang, an immaculately dressed Chinese man with a patrician demeanor.

Adopting a banner composed of black, yellow and brown, the organization began to grow in the poor African American community in Missouri. FBI reports claimed that there were four Japanese men agitating in the area at that time. The frequent open air meetings were marked by anti-white sentiments, particularly regarding the historical use of African Americans in wars by the United States, followed by refusing to let them share in the spoils of war.

The PMEW gained membership as a result of the personality of Ashima Takis, who pretended to have a thick Japanese accent, and his promises of a color-blind utopia in Japan.

Front organization for Ashima Takis
Ashima Takis, who also used the pseudonyms Policarpio Manansala and Itakake Koo, president of the PMEW and one of the founders of the organization, made numerous false statements during his tenure. In order to raise black membership he spoke in a thick Japanese accent. His partner Cornish said Takis was actually quite fluent but spoke with an accent because "Your people wouldn't believe me if I spoke too well." Takis also raised membership by downplaying racism in Japan, "promising his Negro audience that if they moved to Japan they would be treated as equals, have jobs at better pay than they could get here, and could even marry Japanese women." Ashima Takis lied to his audience about the size of the organization, stating that the group that formed in Saint Louis was "the one thousandth organized in this country, and that outside of this city there were 165,000 members."

Membership was not free. For those wanting to go to Japan, a membership in 1933 cost $5.50 ($74 in 2005 inflation-adjusted dollars ). For those not wanting to go to Japan, membership was $1.00 ($13.00 in 2005 inflation-adjusted dollars ). Cornish stated that more than 100 people joined the PMEW in hopes of moving to Japan and several thousand joined at the lower price.

Ashima Takis also posed as a physician and a faith healer. Cornish stated Takis claimed he was a doctor but he was not licensed to practice in the United States, although he apparently studied medicine at a university. Cornish also states that Ashima held himself out to be a faith healer to the Negro people and that many regarded themselves as cured of various ailments after Takis laid hands on them.

When Japan invaded Manchuria in China, Takis fell out with the PMEW and his Chinese compatriot Liang. He eventually moved to New York, where he helped form the Ethiopian Pacific Movement.

In December 1939, Takis returned to St Louis and the PMEW. He was welcomed back but insisted he be referred to by the pseudonym Mimo de Guzman. Takis joined in various attempts to prepare for a Japanese invasion by gathering a small arsenal. However, Takis fled after he was reported to the police for embezzling money from the PMEW. Ashima Takis was not taken into custody until two years later.

After this fiasco, General Lee Butler became the new president of the PMEW. But, after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, he soon faced possible treason charges.

Political goals
A new member was initiated into the pseudo-masonic organization, which had a handshake and password. The organisation drew membership from the Communist Party of America, and some white people avoided Carr Park, a frequent St. Louis venue, on account of the atmosphere.

Meetings featured talks on such issues as The Struggle of the darker races of the World, Why the Filipinos Want Freedom and China, Old and New. At various times, they had schemes for African Americans to relocate to Japan, Brazil, and Africa. In the early days, over 100 people paid $5.50 to be put on a list of emigrants to Japan, with several thousand paying $1 for general membership. According to the investigating Federal attorney, Harry C Blanton, members were already picking out which farms they would take over following a Japanese invasion.

The organization was heavily influenced by Marcus Garvey's UNIA, adopting the motto: "Sow no evil to reap the good-Asia for the Asiatics, Africa for the Africans". The general stated aims were:

1 Universal brotherhood and peace.
2 Promotion of understanding and friendship of all peoples of the world.
3 Preservation and protection of the legal rights of the oppressed races.
4 Self-determination of every race.
5 Reforms through constitutional methods.
6 Preservation of the territorial integrity and political independence of every country.
7 Cultivation of the spirit of love for the ancestral homes of dark peoples.
8 Encouragement for the return of those peoples who find no opportunity for development in the United States, and the establishment of a government of their own in the land of their fathers.

The PMEW endorsed Senator Edward P. Costigan's anti-lynching legislation, but rejected the Communist Party USA's efforts to unionize workers in the nut-processing industry. Supporters were also advised to place a purple cloth in their windows in the event of Japanese invasion.

Organizing
Takis and Cornish soon formed a breakaway organization, the Original Independent Benevolent Afro-Pacific Movement of the World (OIBAPMW) after being ousted from the PMEW leadership by Peeples and Takahashi. They set up operating in the Kansas City area, and sometimes posed as PMEW representatives. In preparation for the future war of racial salvation, they called on African Americans to train in modern warfare, and offered a subscription to a "colored aviation school". They also offered opportunities for African-Americans to homestead in Japan. Takis fell out with Peeples and went to organize in the Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Dayton and Pittsburgh before moving to the New York City - New Jersey area. Here, he came into contact with the Black Hebrew organization, the House of Israel, co-founding the Ethiopian Pacific Movement with Robert O. Jordan, of Harlem.

Back in Missouri, sharecroppers were facing increasing numbers of evictions following the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933. With George Cruz, a Filipino, the rival organizations offered salvation arising from a successful Japanese invasion, and continued to organize in Steele, Caruthersville, Wardell, Hermondale, Bragg City, Pascola in Pemiscot County; New Madrid and Portageville in New Madrid County, Sikeston (Scott County); Charleston (Mississippi County) and Cape Girardeau (Cape Girardeau County). John Macwhite claimed to have addressed a meeting of 2,500 cotton pickers during this period.

Repression

Cruz and his wife were arrested in Blytheville, Arkansas, in August 1934, but were quickly released. Shortly after this, four PMEW members were arrested and put on trial in Steele, Missouri, following disquiet by African American preachers and white cotton planters. While the defenders pleaded innocence, blaming the OIBAPM for any unrest, the prosecutor was openly racist, suggesting that the four had no business to be driving around in a high powered Chrysler car. The four were sentenced to one year in jail. Before sentencing, however, the judge and constable, stepped outside to allow a mob of two hundred white spectators to invade the building and beat the defendants. Their lawyer fled to Cape Girardeau, ninety miles away. The NAACP provided lawyers in St. Louis, who filed a case of Habeas corpus. The case was heard before the Missouri Supreme Court in Jefferson City, which quashed the sentences saying that no legal trial had taken place.

More rivalry
Following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935, the Ethiopian World Federation (EWF) spread from its home in New York City through the St Louis region drawing away many PMEW members. However, many of these returned following dissension in the EWF ranks. David Erwin, the new president, clarified that "The colors of the Pacific Movement include the Black, Yellow, Red and Brown races, which would naturally accept Indians, Chinese, Japanese, Australians or any division of mankind less than White as members; while the Ethiopian Federation calls for Blacks only." Japan was declared the champion of all "dark and colored races".

World War II
The movement moved from St. Louis to East St. Louis, Illinois in 1940 and with the FBI requesting a Grand Jury investigation for espionage in 1942.

People associated with the group
 Naka Nakane

References

External links
 Waiting for Tojo

African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
1930s in the United States
Japanese-American history
Internment of Japanese Americans
Organizations established in 1932
COINTELPRO targets

Pacific Movement of the Eastern World


The architecture of Cantabria has a long history. In medieval times, artistic individuality was subordinated to ingenuity in civil works.  Late Gothic, Plateresque, and Renaissance architecture later played a role in Cantabrian architecture, as did the province's mountain quarries. The contemporary era is dominated by a regional architectural tradition that incorporates diverse influences from around the world.

The traditional mountain architecture of Cantabria, even with its differing local varieties, is a cultural heritage that has been preserved over time. These forms are based on a way of understanding architecture and applied materials, harmony with the Cantabrian environment and climate, and the continuation of ancestral customs. Within this vernacular architecture, the Cantabrian house stands out as the most traditional and typical. Cantabrian houses range from humble shepherd huts to the palaces and mountain mansions of the rich, from traditional mountain homes to the modest huts of the Pas valley.

See also
Spanish architecture

Cantabrian culture
Architecture in Spain
Buildings and structures in Cantabria

Architecture of Cantabria


Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet (15 September 1700, Saint-Pol-de-Léon – 21 March 1784, Paris) was a French ecclesiastic, bishop of Limoges and preceptor to the grandchildren of Louis XV.

Biography
Chancellor of Bourges, he served as bishop of Limoges from 1739 to 1758 but left behind no written works and little is known of his life. It is known he was a modest and sincerely pious man, which earned him an appointment as preceptor to the duke of Burgundy, who died in 1761 aged 9, then to his brothers, the future Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X. He was elected a member of the Académie Française in 1761.

He also gave the tonsure to Marmontel.

External links
Académie française

1700 births
1784 deaths
People from Saint-Pol-de-Léon
French nobility
Bishops of Limoges
Members of the Académie Française

Jean-Gilles du Coëtlosquet


Isaac Addington (January 22, 1645 – March 19, 1715) was an American lawyer who served as the Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature, the highest court in the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

Biography
Addington was born in Boston, the capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, to Isaac and Anne Addington. He attended Harvard College for two years (1658–59), but did not graduate.  He was apparently trained further in medicine, for he styled himself for many years as a chirurgeon, even while occupying public offices.

Career

In 1672 he was given a temporary appointment as the Suffolk County register of deeds, which was made permanent the following year.  He would fill this role until 1690, except during the period of the Dominion of New England, 1686–89.

In 1685 he was elected to the colonial assembly, and the following year he was chosen to sit on the court of assistants (a body that served as the assembly's upper house and as the colonial high court).

Upon the arrival of Sir Edmund Andros to head the Dominion of New England in December 1686, Addington was on a committee charged with managing the dominion records.  The dominion was highly unpopular, and in 1689 Andros was arrested in a popular uprising. In its aftermath Addington was appointed secretary of the committee that provisionally governed the colony until 1692.

In May 1692 Sir William Phips arrived with the colonial charter for the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which included the territory of the old Massachusetts colony and that of Plymouth Colony. Addington was appointed Secretary of the province by Phips, who had been appointed its first governor; Addington held this office until his death.

He was appointed the record keeper of a number of the province's courts, and also served for several years on the bench of the Suffolk County Court of Common Pleas. On June 30, 1702, governor Joseph Dudley appointed him to be Chief Justice of the Superior Court of Judicature, the province's high court. He only held this office for a year, at which time he resigned, citing poor health and the workload of his other positions.

Family
Addington was twice married; his only child apparently died young. Addington died in Boston on March 19, 1715, aged 70, and was buried in the tomb of governor John Leverett in Boston's King's Chapel Burying Ground. He bequeathed his estate to a nephew, Addington Davenport, who later followed his uncle onto the superior court bench.

References

External links
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Volume 32

1645 births
1715 deaths
Justices of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature
People from colonial Boston
Harvard College alumni
Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives (colonial period)

Isaac Addington


Sömmerda is a town near Erfurt in Thuringia, Germany, on the Unstrut river. It is the capital of the district of Sömmerda.

History

Archeological digs in the area that is now Sömmerda, formerly Leubingen, have uncovered prominently buried human remains dating to around 2000 BCE. One such burial of an individual, dubbed the "king of Leubingen" is the Leubingen tumulus.

Sömmerda was first mentioned in official documents in 876 CE. It probably became a town in about 1350 but there are no existing records of the event. One town gate, dating from 1395, and six towers from the old town walls are still standing.

During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Sömmerda was at the heart of military activity, and soldiers from both sides ransacked the town, halving the population.

In 1840, Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse invented the needle gun and a firearms factory was founded in the town. In 1919 the Rheinmetall company took over the factory, later called Rheinmetall-Borsig, at first to produce automotive parts. Initially it concentrated with only little success on carburettors, then in 1925 an ambitious new manager, the engineer Fritz Faudi, took over and a new type of cardan joint was developed, which became extremely popular. The Rheinmetall-Faudi system was a well-known name, and the Sömmerda works were the largest producer in Germany.

In April 1921 the factory returned to arms production, going against the post-war regulations which banned it from producing fuses. From October 1922 the factory produced the total quantity of fuses allowed in Germany by the Allies and also began producing the new MG30 machine gun under the direction of Louis Schmeisser.

In September 1944 Rheinmetall-Borsig became an external camp for Buchenwald concentration camp. As many as 1,294 female prisoners were made to do forced labour there, most of them aged between 16 and 60, many Jews from Hungary. As well as continuing to produce cardan shafts, the women also helped make parts for armoured vehicles used in the war, as well as manufacturing arms; two new workshops were built for this in 1944 and 1945.  The SS evacuated the camp in early April 1945, sending its prisoners and SS overseers on a death march, which ended near Pilsen, Czechoslovakia.

Today a special cemetery in Sömmerda contains graves and a memorial to the camp inmates, forced labourers and war prisoners.

On April 11, 1945, Americans arriving in Sömmerda found the Rheinmetall plant still untouched by bombs, but abandoned by its managers. Days later Thuringia was occupied by the Russians, who recommenced production by the next month, employing between 1,000 and 1,500 workers. Production went back to automotive parts until the 1950s when office machinery began to be produced. Later Rheinmetall-Borsig became today's Rheinmetall DeTec AG.

Following the Second World War, the Sömmerda factory then found itself in the newly formed East Germany, with development and production now continuing as a state-run enterprise, but using the pre-war Rheinmetall name and logo. In 1957, a group of young electronics engineers under the collective direction of Heinz Skolaude brought Volkseigener Betrieb Büromaschinenwerk Sömmerda into being and into the age of electronics. In 1960 the name was changed to "Supermetall" and then in 1962 to the "Soemtron" name, when they exhibited at the Leipzig trade Fair of that year an electronic Fakturierautomaten (Automatic Invoicing machine) - the model EFA 380. 1963 saw the next model the EFA 381 with magnetic core memory.

In July 2018 the former municipality of Schillingstedt was merged into Sömmerda.

Population development

Transport links
Sömmerda station lies on the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway.

Coat of arms

The town coat of arms is a shield with the field divided horizontally; the upper field has a black eagle with a red tongue, looking to the right. The lower field is red with a silver six-spoked wheel.

International relations

Sömmerda is twinned with:
 Böblingen, Germany, since 1988
 Kėdainiai, Lithuania, since 1989

References

External links

Sömmerda (district)

Sömmerda


Lady Eleanor Brandon (1519-27 September 1547) was the daughter of Mary Tudor, Queen of France and Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. Her maternal grandparents were King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She was the sister of Lady Frances Brandon therefore she was the aunt of Lady Jane Grey.

Biography
Eleanor was married to Henry Clifford in 1537. She then became the Countess of Cumberland.
Henry and Eleanor had three children:
Lady Margaret Clifford (1540-1596)
Henry Clifford. Died as an infant.
Charles Clifford. Died as an infant.

1519 births
1547 deaths
English nobility

Eleanor Clifford, Countess of Cumberland


Dance Dance Revolution Disney Channel Edition is a home version of Dance Dance Revolution released in the United States. It was released by Konami on January 8, 2008 for the PlayStation 2 video game console. Unlike other Dance Dance Revolution games, it was developed by Keen Games and not directly by Konami. It is the 4th Disney themed DDR game.

Gameplay
Core gameplay remains mostly the same on Disney Channel Edition. However, the songlist consists mostly of songs from Disney Channel programming, including songs from Hannah Montana, The Cheetah Girls, High School Musical, That's So Raven, Kim Possible and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.

Music

Disney Channel Songs
All Disney Channel songs are covers.

 Hannah Montana
 Nobody's Perfect
 The Best of Both Worlds
 This Is The Life
 Who Said
 High School Musical
 Bop To The Top
 Get'cha Head in the Game
 I Can't Take My Eyes Off You
 We're All in This Together
 Jump In!
 It's My Turn Now
 It's On
 Jump To The Rhythm
 Push It To The Limit
 Vertical
 Kim Possible
 Kim Possible Theme Song
 That's So Raven
 That's So Raven Theme Song
 The Cheetah Girls
 Cheetah Sisters
 Girl Power
 Step Up
 The Party's Just Begun
 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
 Suite Life of Zack & Cody Theme Song

Konami Originals

 B4U - NAOKI
 Baile Le Samba - Big Idea
 Bongo! - WaveGroup feat. Scott D.
 CANDY☆ - Luv unlimited
 Dança de Yuka - Big Idea
 DoLL - TЁЯRA
 exotic ethnic - RevenG
 HIGHER - NM feat. SUNNY
 La Cucaracha - Big Idea
 Moment 40 - Moshic
 Monkey Punk - Big Idea
 My Only Shining Star - NAOKI feat. Becky Lucinda
 MY SUMMER LOVE - MITSU-O! with GEILA
 P.N. MAX (PARANOiA MAX) - 190
 Rock-a-billy Willy - Big Idea
 Sakura - RevenG
 Sockem - Steve Porter
 Sweet Sweet ♥ Magic - jun
 There 4 you - Thuggie D.
 TOE JAM - Big Idea

Characters
Unlike other DDR games, all of the characters selectable on Disney Channel Edition are from the aforementioned shows.

 Hannah Montana
 Lilly Truscott
 Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana
 High School Musical
 Troy Bolton
 Gabriella Montez
 Kim Possible
 Kim Possible
 That's So Raven
 Eddie Thomas
 That's So Raven/Cory in the House
 Cory Baxter
 The Cheetah Girls
 Aquanette
 Chanel
 Dorinda
 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
 Cody Martin
 Zack Martin
 Maddie Fitzpatrick

Each character has two outfits available, Hannah Montana's secondary costume changes her to her true self, Miley Stewart.

PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
2008 video games
Konami games

Dance Dance Revolution: Disney Channel Edition


Google Plugin for Eclipse (GPE) was a set of development tools that enabled Java developers to design, build, optimize, and deploy cloud computing applications. developers in creating complex user interfaces, generating Ajax code using the GWT Web Toolkit, and deploying applications to Google App Engine. GPE installed into the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE) using the extensible plugin system.
GPE was available under the Eclipse Public License 1.0.

History
GPE was first released on  April 7, 2009, and the last version 3.9.6 was released on March 31, 2017.
The product was decommissioned in January, 2018.

Release history:
 GPE 1.0 April 7, 2009
 GPE 1.1 July 30, 2009
 GPE 1.2 December 8, 2009
 GPE 1.3 March 16, 2010
 GPE 2.5 December 16, 2011
 GPE 2.6 May 3, 2012
 GPE 3.0 June 29, 2012
 GPE 3.1 August 10, 2012
 GPE 3.2 Feb 13, 2013
 GPE 3.3 July 17, 2013
 GPE 3.4 September 13, 2013
 GPE 3.5 December 20, 2013
 GPE 3.9 March 23, 2016
 GPE 3.9.5 October 24, 2016
 GPE 3.9.6 March 31, 2017

Features
Support for GWT Web Toolkit
 Development Mode View: inspect your debugging logs and manage the GWT code server from Eclipse
 UiBinder support: template editor with auto-completion, as-you-type validation of template and owner classes, and creation wizard
 Recognition of in-line JavaScript (JSNI): Java reference auto-completion, syntax highlighting, auto-indenting, Java Search and Refactoring integration
 Validation, quick fixes, and refactoring support to keep RPC interfaces in sync
 GWT compiler shortcuts and configuration UI
 Wizards to create modules, client bundles, entry points and HTML pages
 Compatibility with Eclipse for Java EE and projects built with Maven
 Support for GWT JUnit tests

Easy Discovery and Access to Google APIs
 Developers can include features such as Google Maps overlays, Buzz streams, and Google Docs integration in apps via Google APIs.

Import Projects from Project Hosting
 A simple UI that makes importing Google-hosted projects into Eclipse very easy.

One Login, Many Services
 Integrated single sign-on support.

Local Storage APIs
 Enables access to data quickly and continue to be usable offline.

Web Application Wizard
 Create web applications that use GWT Web Toolkit and/or App Engine.

Web Application Launch Configurations
 Run or debug web application locally using fully customizable launch configurations

GWT Designer Integration
 A WYSIWYG Ajax user interface designer

HTML5 Support
 Canvas element that allows for dynamic, scriptable rendering of 2D shapes and bitmap images, and the embedding of Audio/Video tags

CellTable APIs
 Allows for default column sorting and the ability to set column widths

Deployment to Google App Engine
 Real-time validation to ensure that code is compatible with App Engine
 Build projects and enhance JDO classes automatically without the need for Apache Ant

See also
 GWT Web Toolkit
 Google
 Maven
 Comparison of integrated development environments (IDEs)

References

Plugin for Eclipse

Google Plugin for Eclipse


Sacsayhuamán, often spelled Saqsaywaman or Xacxaguaman,  (possibly from Quechua, waman falcon or variable hawk), is a citadel on the northern outskirts of the city of Cusco, Peru, the historic capital of the Inca Empire. The site is at an altitude of .

The complex was built by the Incas in the 15th century, particularly under Sapa Inca Pachacuti and his successors. Dry stone walls constructed of huge stones were built on the site, with the workers carefully cutting the boulders to fit them together tightly without mortar.

In 1983, Cusco and Sacsayhuamán together were designated as sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List, for international recognition and protection. The site is now constantly explored by tourists.

Description
Located on a steep hill that overlooks the city, the fortified complex has a wide view of the valley to the southeast. Archeological studies of surface collections of pottery at Sacsayhuamán indicate that the earliest occupation of the hilltop dates to about 900 CE.

According to Inca oral history, Tupac Inca
"remembered that his father Pachacuti had called city of Cuzco the lion city.  He said that the tail was where the two rivers unite which flow through it, that the body was the great square and the houses round it, and that the head was wanting."The Inca decided the "best head would be to make a fortress on a high plateau to the north of the city."

During the 15th century, the Imperial Inca expanded on this settlement, building dry stone walls constructed of huge stones. Spanish Chronicler Pedro Cieza de León wrote in 1553:
The Inca ordered that the provinces should provide 20,000 men and that the villages should send the necessary provisions. If any fell sick, another labourer was to supply his place, and he was to return to his home. But these Indians were not kept constantly at a work in progress. They laboured for a limited time, and were then relieved by others, so that they did not feel the demand on their services. There were 4,000 labourers whose duty it was to quarry and get out the stones; 6,000 conveyed them by means of great cables of leather and of cabuya[202] to the works. The rest opened the ground and prepared the foundations, some being told off to cut the posts and beams for the wood-work. For their greater convenience, these labourers made their dwelling-huts, each lineage apart, near the place where the works were progressing. To this day most of the walls of these lodgings may be seen. Overseers were stationed to superintend, and there were great masters of the art of building who had been well instructed. Thus on the highest part of a hill to the north of the city, and little more than an arquebus-shot from it, this fortress was built which the natives called the House of the Sun, but which we named the Fortress.

The living rock was excavated for the foundation, which was prepared with such solidity that it will endure as long as the world itself. The work had, according to my estimate, a length of 330 paces,[203] and a width of 200. Its walls were so strong that there is no artillery which could breach them. The principal entrance was a thing worthy of contemplation, to see how well it was built, and how the walls were arranged so that one commanded the other. And in these walls there were stones so large and mighty that it tired the judgment to conceive how they could have been conveyed and placed, and who could have had sufficient power to shape them, seeing that among these people there are so few tools. Some of these stones are of a width of twelve feet and more than twenty long, others are thicker than a bullock.[204] All the stones are laid and joined with such delicacy that a rial could not be put in between two of them.

I went to see this edifice twice. On one occasion I was accompanied by Tomas Vasquez,[205] a conqueror, and on the other I found Hernando de Guzman there, he who was present at the siege,[206] and Juan de la Haya.[207] Those who read this should believe that I relate nothing that I did not see. As I walked about, observing what was to be seen, I beheld, near the fortress, a stone which measured 260 of my palmos in circuit, and so high that it looked as if it was in its original position. All the Indians say that the stone got tired at this point, and that they were unable to move it further.[208] Assuredly if I had not myself seen that the stone had been hewn and shaped I should not have believed, however much it might have been asserted, that the force of man would have sufficed to bring it to where it now is. There it remains, as a testimony of what manner of men those were who conceived so good a work. The Spaniards have so pillaged and ruined it, that I should be sorry to have been guilty of the fault of those in power who have permitted so magnificent a work to be so ruined. They have not considered the time to come, for it would have been better to have preserved the edifice and to have put a guard over it.[209]

There were many buildings within the fortress, some small, one over the other, and others, which were large, were underground. They made two blocks of buildings, one larger than the other, wide and so well-built, that I know not how I can exaggerate the art with which the stones are laid and worked; and they say that the subterranean edifices are even better. Other things were told me, which I do not repeat, because I am not certain of their accuracy. This fortress was commenced in the time of Ynca Yupanqui. His son, Tupac Inca, as well as Huayna Ccapac and Huascar, worked much at it, and although it is still worthy of admiration, it was formerly without comparison grander. When the Spaniards entered Cuzco, the Indians of Quizquiz had already collected great treasure; but some was still found, and it is believed that there is a great quantity in the vicinity. It would be well to give orders for the preservation of what is left of this fortress, and of that of Huarcu,[210] as memorials of the grandeur of this people, and even for utility, as they could be made serviceable at so little cost.

After ambushing Atahualpa during the Spanish Conquest of Peru, Francisco Pizarro sent Martin Bueno and two other Spaniards to help transport gold and silver from the Temple of Coricancha in Cusco to Cajamarca, where the Spaniards were based.  They found the Temple of the Sun "covered with plates of gold", which the Spanish supposedly ordered removed as payment for Atahualpa's ransom.  Seven hundred plates were removed, and added to two hundred cargas of gold transported back to Cajamarca.

After Francisco Pizarro finally entered Cuzco, Pedro Pizarro described what they found,
"on top of a hill they [the Inca] had a very strong fort surrounded with masonry walls of stones and having two very high round towers.  And in the lower part of this wall there were stones so large and thick that it seemed impossible that human hands could have set them in place...they were so close together, and so well fitted, that the point of a pin could not have been inserted in one of the joints.  The whole fortress was built up in terraces and flat spaces."  The numerous rooms were "filled with arms, lances, arrows, darts, clubs, bucklers and large oblong shields...there were many morions...there were also...certain stretchers in which the Lords travelled, as in litters." Pedro Pizarro described in detail storage rooms that were within the complex and filled with military equipment.

The large plaza, capable of holding thousands of people, was designed for communal ceremonial activities. Several of the large structures at the site may also have been used during rituals. A similar relationship to that between Cuzco and Sacsayhuamán was replicated by the Inca in their distant colony where Santiago, Chile developed. The Inca fortress there, known as Chena, predated the Spanish colonial city. It was a ceremonial ritual site known as Huaca de Chena.

The best-known zone of Sacsayhuamán includes its great plaza and its adjacent three massive terrace walls. The stones used in the construction of these terraces are among the largest used in any building in pre-Hispanic America. They display a precision of cutting and fitting that is unmatched in the Americas. The stones are so closely spaced that a single piece of paper will not fit between many of the stones. This precision, combined with the rounded corners of the blocks, the variety of their interlocking shapes, and the way the walls lean inward, is thought to have helped the ruins survive devastating earthquakes in Cuzco.  The longest of the three walls is about 400 meters. They are about 6 meters tall. The estimated volume of stone is over 6,000 cubic meters. Estimates for the weight of the largest Limestone block vary from 128 tonnes to almost 200 tonnes. These stones were moved an estimated 35 km (22 miles) from Rumicolca.

Following the siege of Cusco, the Spaniards began to use Sacsayhuamán as a source of stones for building Spanish Cuzco; within a few years, they had taken apart and demolished much of the complex. The site was destroyed block by block to salvage materials with which to build the new Spanish governmental and religious buildings of the colonial city, as well as the houses of the wealthiest Spaniards. In the words of Garcilaso de la Vega (1966:471 [1609: Part 1, Book. Bk. 7, Ch. 29]):
"to save themselves the expense, effort and delay with which the Indians worked the stone, they pulled down all the smooth masonry in the walls. There is indeed not a house in the city that has not been made of this stone, or at least the houses built by the Spaniards."Today, only the stones that were too large to be easily moved remain at the site.

On 13 March 2008, archaeologists discovered additional ruins at the periphery of Sacsayhuamán. It has been theorized that the site was first built upon during the Killke period, which preceded the Inca. While appearing ceremonial in nature, the exact function remains unknown.

In January 2010, parts of the site were damaged during periods of heavy rainfall in the region.

Theories about constructing the megalithic walls

Vince Lee (explorer) is an Author Architect and explorer who has been consulted on various ancient sites that moved large megaliths. He theorized that the blocks were put into place by carving them first and then lowering them into place. This would have involved doing precise carving ahead of time to create the tight joints that are made to fit into prepared pockets existing in the wall. Then they would be towed up a ramp and above the wall where they would be placed on top of a stack of logs. Then the logs would be removed 1 at a time to lower the stones into place carefully. An experiment was done to see if this would work on a small scale; this accomplished limited success. In the event that they were unable to obtain the tight joints the first time the Incas would also have been able to lift the stones back up to correct their mistakes. They were not able to obtain as much precision as the Incas but they theorized that with more practice they could have accomplished more precise joints and done it with larger stones.

They also did several experiments in nearby Ollantaytambo to tow megalithic stones. This also led to limited success. They conducted one experiment where they tried to lower a 1 ton stone down a mountain. They lost control of this stone and it rolled down on its own. This is probably not the way the Incas did it since they would have wanted to control the transportation and this could have led to a lot of accidents. They concluded that although they had gravity on their side they had to practice to maintain control of the descent. They also did an experiment towing a megalith that may have been close to 10 tons on cobblestones. They had about 12 people behind the megalith pushing it while well over 100 people were pulling on several ropes to tow it. They succeeded in towing it at a fairly quick pace. The ancient Incas built a large road system that included 25,000 km of roads. Some of these roads were embellished with stone pavings.  Additional experiments were done at other locations to move large megaliths some of which are listed here; these experiments were not adequate to replicate the successful efforts Pedro Cieza de León claimed to witness in the 16th century, and the largest megaliths currently there were more than twice his estimates of the largest
megaliths in his time.

Modern-day use
Peruvians continue to celebrate Inti Raymi, the annual Inca festival of the winter solstice and new year. It is held near Sacsayhuamán on 24 June. Another important festival is Warachikuy, held there annually on the third Sunday of September.

Some people from Cusco use the large field within the walls of the complex for jogging, t'ai chi, and other athletic activities.

See also
List of buildings and structures in Cusco
List of megalithic sites
 Huaca de Chena

References

External links

BBC Article New Discoveries at Sacsayhuamán
World's Greatest Riddles Mystery of Sacsayhuamán

Lost ancient cities and towns
Buildings and structures in Cusco
Ruins in Peru
Inca
Esoteric anthropogenesis
Archaeological sites in Peru
Archaeological sites in Cusco Region
Tourist attractions in Cusco Region
Forts in Peru
Polygonal masonry

Sacsayhuamán


George Mursell Garrett (8 June 1834 – 8 April 1897) was an English organist and composer.

Garrett was born in Winchester where his father was master of the choristers at Winchester Cathedral.  He later served as assistant to Samuel Sebastian Wesley at Winchester.  Garrett was appointed the Director of Music at St. John's College, Cambridge in 1857 and held the position for forty years.

Garrett wrote music for the Anglican Church in the form of service settings and anthems.  He is perhaps best represented today by his Anglican chant setting of Psalm 126.

He is buried in the Mill Road cemetery, Cambridge.

References

External links

1834 births
1897 deaths
English composers
English classical organists
British male organists
Musicians from Winchester
19th-century British composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians
Male classical organists
19th-century organists

George Garrett (composer)


On the night of 29 October 1468 during the Siege of Liège, some six hundred Franchimontois, men from Franchimont, unsuccessfully attacked the besieging Burgundian army, with the aim of killing or capturing its leaders, Duke Charles the Bold and King Louis XI.

Background and fighting
In 1468, the citizens of Liège rose up against Burgundian domination for the third time in four years. As a reaction, Charles the Bold had led an army towards Liège to deal once and for all with the rebellious city. He was accompanied by King Louis XI of France. When the siege became desperate for the Liégeois, they decided to make a night attack with 600 men, led by Vincent de Bueren and Gosuin de Streel, over the Saint Walburga stairs against the sleeping Burgundians. Their aim was to kill the Duke and the King, so that the army would be left leaderless and retreat.

The plan failed, and all 600, including Vincent de Bueren and Gosuin de Streel, were killed. The Saint Walburga stairs were later renamed the "Bueren stairs". The next day Liège surrendered, and at the command of Charles the Bold, hundreds of Liégeois were tied together and thrown into the Meuse river. The city was set alight and is said to have burned for seven weeks.

In subsequent mythology

The story of the 600 Franchimontois has come to us through the chronicler Philippe de Commines, who was present in the Burgundian camp at the Siege of Liège.

It is difficult to know the true history behind the story of the 600 Franchimontois, because it has been used since 1831 by the newly independent Kingdom of Belgium as an example of self-sacrifice for the fatherland and of resistance against any invader, no matter how powerful he might be.

The story of the 600 Franchimontois was told in every Belgian school. After the German invasion of Belgium in 1914, King Albert I of Belgium appealed to his soldiers to resist the powerful German war-machine using the phrase: "Flemings, remember the Battle of the Golden Spurs, Walloons, remember the 600 Franchimontois!".

When the French Community of Belgium was created, the day of the battle, October 29 was considered as a French Community Holiday.

All of this makes it very difficult to distinguish truth from fiction. Recent historians have established that the attack did not go over the Bueren stairs, but through the Saint Margaret gate. The number of 600 men is probably also greatly exaggerated and there are even doubts that the men came from Franchimont.

Bibliography

External links

La tentative des 600 Franchimontois (in French)

Battles involving Burgundy
History of Liège
Conflicts in 1468
Battles of the Wars of Liège
1468 in Europe
1460s in France
1460s in the Burgundian Netherlands

Six hundred Franchimontois


Ventilator 202 (in Serbian, meaning: 'electric fan 202') was a live radio show broadcast by Beograd 202 radio station during the 1980s and hosted by Zoran Modli. It was one of the most important shows of Belgrade's "202" station and possibly also the most important project of its host. It first aired first June 3, 1979. Zoran Modli was its host until late 1987. He later hosted another similar show, Modulacije. "Ventilator 202" was renamed to "501" and hosted by Dubravka Marković, giving it her own style. It was notable for its promotion of local (domestic) demo music, early application of computers and introduction of "absolute radio" concept.

Ventilator 202 was a show done differently from other contemporary radio shows in Yugoslavia. Zoran Modli was not only the show's host but also operated the mixing console and other equipment himself. Essentially he was also a disc jockey.

During the second half of the 1980s, Ventilator 202 broadcast computer software recorded on cassette tapes for popular home computers Galaksija, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64.

Demo Music
A number of other contemporary radio shows broadcast demo music made by young bands but failed to gain popularity. Zoran Modli took a different approach with Ventilator 202. Instead of playing solely demo music he interleaved it with hits of the time, as equal. The show gained such popularity that it became a great starting point for young musicians and a way to hear an alternative to established sound. Ventilator 202 had no shortage of demo tapes coming in, from the entire Yugoslavia of the time.

The popularity eventually lead to the idea that actual albums (vinyl records and cassette tapes) can be released with the best of the best. With the help of Dušan Pančić, Ventilator 202 released the first "Demo Top 10" album in April 1983, soon to be followed by a second one in November 1983. The last, third, album created by the original team was released Spring 1985.

Volume 1 - April 1983
 Rex Ilusivii: "Zla kob"
 Šta se vidi kroz durbin: "Želi da ga zaboravi"
 Partibrejkers: "Radio utopija"
 Berliner Strasse: "Maske"
 Miško Plavi: "Hemija"
 Petar i Zli vuci: "Moroni"
 39. legija: "Smisao"
 Zak: "Kosmička balada"
 Laki Pingvini: "Možda, možda"
 Via Talas: "Ti"

Volume 2 - November 1983
 Ajfel na kraju: "Mahatma"
 Atlantski poremećaj: "Ništa se ne dogadja"
 Tadaima: "Poželih"
 Belo belo: "Ružičasta bluza"
 Aja Sofija: "Poslednji mangup sa Dorćola"
 Aja Sofija: "Uvek si tu"
 Amerika snova: "Andaluzija"
 Vatrostalno staklo: "Ovih dana nije smela"
 Vanila pakt: "Andaluzija"
 Gustaph i njegovi dobri duhovi: "Upotreba majmuna"

Volume 3 - Spring 1985
 Rex Ilusivii: "Arabia"
 Fleke: "Slatka mala"
 Karlowy Vary: "Ratnici"
 Sayonara: "Neka draga lica"
 La Strada: "Želje"
 Ursula i provincijalac: "Budilnik za Radmilu P."
 Belo belo: "Tamni vilajet"
 Psihomodo Pop: "Zauvjek"
 Oskarova fobija: "Beli dekolte"
 Solunski front: "Ratnom drugu čast"
 Mrgudi: "Proleteri"

Broadcasting Computer Software
The show went as far as broadcasting software for computers of the day, such as Galaksija, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64. The host would announce the details of the software about to be broadcast (title, type of computer, etc.). Ready listeners would then engage their tape recorders and record the characteristic noise that would have turned unsuspecting listeners away.

This initiative became so popular that special software was made specifically for the show, such as the flight simulator and "Velika Akcija" (Great Action) games and an early electronic journal. The journal was broadcast as the entire program used to view it.

Ventilator 202 also featured computer professionals and publicists talking about various interesting subjects. Frequent speakers were Vladimir Ajdačić, Miša Milosavljević, Gavrilo Vučković, Jovan Regasek, Tansije Gavranović, Zoran Živković, Aca Milinković and Dejan Ristanović.

Ventilator 202 team
 Zoran Modli, host and DJ
 Dušan Pančić
 Vladimir Ajdačić
 Miša Milosavljević
 Voja Antonić
 Dejan Ristanović

See also
 Ventilator 202 - article written by Zoran Modli, the show's host. In Serbian.
 Nicest demo recordings from "Ventilator 202" - a collection of MP3 and RealAudio samples of demo songs broadcast by Ventilator 202, maintained by Zoran Modli, the show's host. In Serbian.
 Games published by Ventilator 202 - a list of games developed and broadcast by Ventilator 202 team.
Ventilator 202, Blic, October 16, 2008

Serbian radio programs
Galaksija (computer)
ZX Spectrum
Commodore 64

Ventilator 202


Sulmona (; ; ) is a city and comune of the province of L'Aquila in Abruzzo, Italy. It is in the Valle Peligna, a plateau once occupied by a lake that disappeared in prehistoric times. In the ancient era, it was one of the most important cities of the Paeligni and is known for being the native town of the Roman poet Ovid, of whom there is a bronze statue, located on the town's main road and named after him.

Cities in  L'Aquila

Sulmona


Return to House on Haunted Hill is a 2007 American horror film and the sequel to the 1999 film House on Haunted Hill. Directed by Víctor Garcia and written by William Massa, the film stars Amanda Righetti, Tom Riley, Cerina Vincent and Erik Palladino. The film follows Ariel Wolfe — younger sister of Sara Wolfe, a character from the previous film — being forced by a group of people to search for a mysterious idol hidden inside an abandoned and haunted psychiatric asylum.

The film was released straight-to-video on October 16, 2007 on DVD, Blu-ray, and HD DVD formats.

Plot
Ariel Wolfe is the sister of Sara Wolfe, a survivor of a birthday event eight years ago in the Vannacutt Psychiatric Institute for the Criminally Insane, which at that time had been first abandoned and later converted into a private residence— but has since been abandoned yet again. In the 1930s, the asylum was overseen by the sadistic psychiatrist Dr. Richard B. Vannacutt. Sara claimed that ghosts of the house residents killed the party guests, and later commits suicide.

Ariel and her friend Paul are kidnapped by an art dealer, Desmond Niles. Ariel realises that Sara didn't commit suicide: Desmond killed her. Desmond forces Ariel to help him find an artifact located inside the old Vannacutt Psychiatric Institute, a figurine of the demon Baphomet. Inside the building, they encounter Dr. Richard Hammer and his assistants Kyle and Michelle revealing Michelle to be on Niles' team betraying Hammer all along.

Ariel explains that the building has been rigged to keep everyone inside for at least 12 hours. The group splits up to search for the idol. Desmond's henchmen are killed by the inmate ghosts, having visions of the patients there suffering the same deaths as them. A ghost shows Ariel the depravity the inmates suffered under Dr. Vannacutt. These images reveal that Vannacutt was driven mad by the idol, and performed experiments on the mentally ill. The inmates led a revolt against Vannacutt, during which the sanatorium burned down. (The audience is shown footage from the 1999 film House on Haunted Hill.) The deaths in the previous film were assumed to be caused by the ghosts. But now Ariel is shown that the dead are actually forced by the idol to do Vannacutt's bidding and did not willingly kill.

Although the 12 hours are up, the master locking mechanism begins to lock the house down again. Ariel escapes but discovers that Paul has entered into the house to look for her, and goes back inside. Convinced Michelle wants the idol for herself, Desmond attempts to kill her. Michelle however is killed by Vannacutt. The rest of the group discovers a way out of the asylum but it is blocked by iron bars. The ghost of an inmate shows Ariel that the idol is in the asylum's basement crematorium.

Ariel, Paul, and Dr. Hammer descend to the crematorium and discover the "heart of the house," composed of living flesh. Ariel tries to destroy the idol but it is indestructible. She then reasons that if it is flushed down the sewer and leaves the building, the spirits will be freed. The team is ambushed by Desmond, who wants the idol. The ghosts seize Desmond and burn him alive after he has a vision about a patient dying a similar death. Dr. Hammer is overcome by the idol's evil and tries to strangle Ariel. The ghost of Vannacutt and inmates appear, Vannacutt hoping one of them will die in the fight. Hammer recovers his senses, but Dr. Vannacutt kills him. Ariel throws the idol into the sewer. The spirits vanish, and several attack Dr. Vannacutt, tearing him apart. The building comes unsealed and Ariel and Paul leave.

In a post-credits scene, a man and woman are about to have sex on a beach. The woman feels something under the sand. They dig, and pull the Baphomet idol into the light.

Cast
 Amanda Righetti as Ariel Wolfe
 Cerina Vincent as Michelle
 Erik Palladino as Desmond Niles
 Tom Riley as Paul
 Andrew Lee Potts as Kyle
 Steven Pacey as Dr. Richard Hammer
 Jeffrey Combs as Dr. Richard B. Vannacutt
 Kalita Rainford as Harue
 Gil Kolirin as Norris Boz
 Andrew Pleavin as Samuel
 Chucky Venice as Warren Jackson
 Stilyana Mitkova as Ghost of Sara Wolfe

Production
Dark Castle Entertainment announced it would produce a sequel to House on Haunted Hill (1999) in August 2006, and said it had cast Amanda Righetti in the lead at the same time. In June 2007, Warner Bros. agreed to co-fund the sequel under its Warner Premiere brand, a subdivision of the studio that focuses on direct-to-DVD releases and other digital media. The picture was filmed using high-definition digital media, and the script and shots were designed for use with the Navigational Cinema technology (which permits viewers to manipulate up to seven aspects of the story line to create more than 90 different versions of the film). Actor Jeffrey Combs said that the script did not contain the "navigational branching" scenes, and director Victor Garcia admitted that these script changes did not arrive until the start of principal photography.

Return to House on Haunted Hill was the feature film directorial debut for Victor Garcia, who had previously helmed a single short film. It was also the first screenplay credit for writer William Massa. Filming occurred in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Release
Warner Bros. and Dark Castle released the film for DVD, on October 16, 2007. In the United States, Warner Premiere released an unrated version with the Navigational Cinema technology, as well as an R-rated version that did not.

The unrated U.S. release did not contain any interviews, commentaries, or "making of" featurettes, but did include four deleted scenes; a music video for the Mushroomhead song "Simple Survival" (featured on the film's soundtrack); and about 20 minutes of in-character interviews with the leads, which recapped the film's plot or provided limited backstory. Many of the Navigational Cinema features led to scene choices which included more nudity or gore, but only one choice materially changed the outcome of the story. An additional 60 minutes of video were shot to incorporate these choices.

Reception
The film holds a 43% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on seven reviews. A review in Wired declared the plot and script to be atrocious, saying, "For some reason, the sequel throws in a mysterious idol as the cause of [Vannacutt's] Inherent Evil.  Ugh. It's an impossibly contrived reason to get people back in the house, and the subplots about suicides and gangsters, is particularly out of place. The gore factor is adequate, but you won't actually care about anyone who's dying, making this a horrendous waste of time." The Web site DVD Talk called the story a "retread", the characters "thinly-written", and the plot device of the Baphomet idol "completely arbitrary". However, some reviews felt the viewer ability to select alternative plots was intriguing and fun.

Cancelled sequel
A third installment in the series had been planned, but poor DVD sales for Return to House on Haunted Hill led Dark Castle to cancel these plans in October 2010.

References

External links

2007 films
2007 horror films
2000s ghost films
American haunted house films
American ghost films
American supernatural horror films
American sequel films
Dark Castle Entertainment films
Direct-to-video sequel films
Direct-to-video horror films
Films directed by Víctor Garcia (Spanish director)
Films set in the 1930s
Films set in 2007
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in Bulgaria
Films about psychiatry
Warner Bros. direct-to-video films
2007 directorial debut films
Films produced by Jonathan Tzachor
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Baphomet

Return to House on Haunted Hill


The Book of Illusions is a novel by American writer Paul Auster, published in 2002. It was nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award in 2004.

Plot introduction

Set in the late 1980s, the story is written from the perspective of David Zimmer, a university professor who, after losing his wife and children in a plane crash, falls into a routine of depression and isolation. After seeing one of the silent comedies of Hector Mann, an actor missing since the 1920s, he decides to occupy himself by watching all of Mann's films and writing a book about them. The publishing of the book, however, triggers another series of events that draw Zimmer even deeper into the actor's past.

The middle of the story is largely dedicated to telling the life story of Hector Mann, involving his self-imposed exile from his past life and career, which serves as a form of penance for his role in the death of a woman who loved him. In his last days, Mann's wife sends a letter to Zimmer, requesting him to come to their New Mexico home to bear witness to Mann's final legacy of films. The events that ensue form the overarching story of Zimmer's rehabilitation from his reclusive state, and his coming to terms with the manner in which his family was killed.

Links to other works

The book makes many direct references to the autobiography of François-René de Chateaubriand, Mémoires d'outre-tombe; one of Zimmer's ongoing projects is producing a new translation of the book.

David Zimmer appears in Auster's earlier novel Moon Palace.

The Book of Illusions revisits a number of plot elements seen in Auster's first major work, The New York Trilogy. These include:
 The protagonist driving himself into isolation
 Extended focus on a character's (fictional) body of work
 Writers as characters
 A character disappearing, only to resurface years later, having spent some of the intervening years wandering and doing odd jobs
 Parallels drawn between a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne and the plot itself
 Notebooks (also in Oracle Night)
 A meta-referential ending that places the protagonist as the author of the book itself

In addition, the book also bears the stylistic distinction of not using quotation marks; Auster has previously used this in Ghosts, the second book of The New York Trilogy and Travels in the Scriptorium.  He also does this in his later book, Invisible.

The Silent World of Hector Mann

The Silent World of Hector Mann is an album by Duke Special inspired by the character Hector Mann with each song themselves based on a film each written by a different songwriter.

Reception
James Wood, a critic of Auster's work, nevertheless named it as 'probably his best novel.' He praised Auster's 'painstaking and vivid fictional re-creation of the career of a silent-movie actor of the nineteen twenties.' However, he says the novel 'soon hurtles into absurdity.'

References

Novels by Paul Auster
2002 American novels
Novels set in New Mexico
Henry Holt and Company books
Novels about writers
Novels about actors

The Book of Illusions


John Henry Outland (March 17, 1871 – March 24, 1947) was an American football player and coach. He played football at Penn College in Oskaloosa, Iowa, the University of Kansas, and the University of Pennsylvania. He was twice named an All-American while playing for the Penn Quakers, in 1897 as a tackle and in 1898 as a halfback. After playing, Outland coached at Franklin & Marshall College in 1900, the University of Kansas in 1901, Haskell Institute in 1902 and 1906, and Washburn University from 1904 to 1905, compiling a career college football record of 21–15–2. He is the namesake of the Outland Trophy, an annual award established in 1946 and given to the best interior lineman in college football. Outland was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 2001.

Early life and playing career
Outland was born in Hesper, Kansas to Thomas Outland and Mahala Outland (née Kemp) into a Quaker family who settled in Kansas from Indiana around 1860 during the Bleeding Kansas period as part of a larger Quaker immigration to Kansas in support of the Free State cause. He grew up mostly in Johnson County, Kansas in the towns of Lexington, Kansas (present day DeSoto, Kansas) and Edgerton, Kansas though. He was a member of the first football team at Penn College in Oskaloosa, Iowa in 1891. Outland captained the team in 1892, scoring 32 of the team's 36 points. After starring in football and baseball at the University of Kansas in 1895 and 1896, Outland went to Philadelphia to complete his medical education at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. There he became one of the few men ever to win All-American football honors as both lineman and the backfield player. He was picked by Walter Camp as a first-team All-American in 1897, as a tackle. In 1898, he was selected again, this time as a halfback. He was captain of the 1898 Pennsylvania team and was voted "Most Popular Man" at the University of Pennsylvania.

Outland worked his way through college and spent his last two summers as a companion to rich young men who were alcoholics. To keep them away from alcohol, Outland took them on camping trips in the Wyoming mountains.

Coaching career

Franklin and Marshall
In 1900, Outland coached the football team at Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania for one season. His team produced a record of 4–5. He was the 11th coach of the program that began in 1887.

Kansas
Outland was the eighth head football coach for the University of Kansas Jayhawks located in Lawrence, Kansas and he held that position for the 1901 season. His overall coaching record at Kansas was 3–5–2.

Haskell
In February 1902, Outland was selected as the football coach at Haskell Institute—now known as Haskell Indian Nations University—in Lawrence. The 1902 Haskell Indians football team compiled a record 8–2–1 with victories over Missouri, Texas, and Kansas. After the victory over Missouri, Outland said his team could "beat Carlisle and some of the Eastern colleges also."

Washburn
Outland also coached at Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas. He was the ninth head football coach for Washburn and he held that position for two seasons, from 1904 until 1905. His overall coaching record at Washburn was 14–5.

Outland's 1905 season ended with an experimental game with , where a new rule forcing the offense to earn a first down in three plays instead of four was in effect. The experiment was considered a failure.

Return to Haskell
In 1906, Outland returned as head coach of the Haskell Indian Nations football team in Lawrence. The team ended its season with a record of 2 wins and 5 losses, being outscored by a total of 96 to 53. Outland's overall coaching record at Haskell was 10–7–1.

Later life
After receiving his medical degree, Outland returned to Kansas in 1900 where he set up his medical practice first in Lawrence, Kansas which led to his hiring as the head football coach of the University of Kansas. On January 28, 1902 Outland married Ethel Arnett Grimes in her hometown of Dana, Indiana. He then moved his practice to Topeka, Kansas in 1904 in order to coach the Washburn University football team. In 1906 Outland moved his family to Kansas City, Kansas where he joined the very first staff of the brand new Trinity-Lutheran hospital in Kansas City, Missouri as a general practicing surgeon. Later, in about 1916, while still on staff with Trinity-Lutheran hospital he moved his family across state lines to Kansas City, Missouri where he lived until his retirement. During his time as a practicing surgeon he extensively used his own plane, often flying with famous Kansas City early aviation pioneer pilot John Kerr "Tex" LaGrone, to visit patients in rural areas and far flung towns, being the first doctor in the Kansas City area to do so. While practicing medicine in the Kansas City region, Dr. Outland served for many years on the athletic board of the University of Kansas alongside other notable KU alumni, Dr. James Naismith and Dr. Forrest "Phog" Allen amongst others. Dr. Outland also served as a referee for college football games, including the 1907 Iowa State - Nebraska game in which he rendered the decision that negated an Iowa State field goal and preserved a 10-9 Nebraska victory. Upon his retirement he moved to Laguna Beach, California. He also served as a major in the United States Army Medical Corps during World War I.

Kansas Relays
Outland was the founder of the Kansas Relays, having obtained the inspiration for that event at Penn, when as a student, he saw the Penn Relays just getting under way. For many years he held the post of honorary referee of the Kansas events.

Outland Trophy
Outland conceived the idea of the Outland Trophy because of his belief that interior lineman were not given enough recognition in college football. The trophy is the third oldest college football trophy. Selection of the winner is made by the Football Writers Association of America.

Death
Outland suffered a stroke in March 1947 and died at his home in Laguna Beach, California two weeks later on March 24, 1947. He was survived by his wife, Ethel, daughter Mrs. Mary McDougall of New Orleans, Louisiana, and son John Grimes Outland of Dallas, Texas. Outland was laid to rest in Maple Grove Cemetery in Wichita, Kansas near his parents' graves.

Head coaching record

References

External links

1871 births
1947 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football halfbacks
American football tackles
Franklin & Marshall Diplomats baseball coaches
Franklin & Marshall Diplomats football coaches
Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians football coaches
Kansas Jayhawks baseball players
Kansas Jayhawks football coaches
Kansas Jayhawks football players
Penn Quakers football players
Washburn Ichabods athletic directors
Washburn Ichabods football coaches
William Penn Statesmen football players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army Medical Corps officers
People from De Soto, Kansas
People from Douglas County, Kansas
Sportspeople from Johnson County, Kansas
Coaches of American football from Kansas
Players of American football from Kansas
Baseball coaches from Kansas

John H. Outland


Jacques Lanzmann (4 May 1927 – 21 June 2006) was a French journalist, writer and lyricist. He is best known as a novelist and for his songwriting partnership with Jacques Dutronc.

Early life
Lanzmann spent the early part of his life in Auvergne. His parents, Paulette (Grobermann) and Armand Lanzmann, divorced shortly before World War II and, at the age of 12, he became a farmhand. Lanzmann was Jewish and, following the Battle of France, he, his mother and his siblings, pretended to be Moroccan Arabs to escape persecution by the Vichy regime. In 1943, Lanzmann and his elder brother Claude (later a noted documentary-maker) joined the Communist resistance. Jacques was taken captive by the Germans and was due to be executed by firing squad, but escaped. Lanzmann's father was one of the leading local figures in the rival Mouvements Unis de la Résistance, but Jacques and Claude were not aware of this until February 1944.

After the war, Lanzmann worked in Paris as builder and a welder, and showed promise as a painter. During the early 1950s, he moved to Chile for two years, where he worked as a copper miner.

Literary career

Early novels and editorship of Lui
While Lanzmann was in Chile, a manuscript of a novel he had written, La glace est rompue ("The ice is broken"), was given to Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir by his brother Claude. Claude was, at this time, in a romantic relationship with Beauvoir. This intervention led to the publication of the novel in 1954.

Lanzmann's second novel, Le Rat d'Amérique, published in 1956, was inspired by his experiences in Chile. Its commercial success led to him being offered a job as a critic for the Communist literary magazine Les Lettres françaises, edited by Louis Aragon. He was sent by the magazine to the Soviet Union to report on the literary scene there. On his return, he wrote a third novel, Cuir de Russe, published in 1957, which depicted the extreme poverty of Russian peasants that he had witnessed during his visit. The novel was considered a betrayal by the French Communist Party, and Lanzmann was expelled.

Lanzmann continued to write novels and, in 1959, wrote his first adapted screenplay, Le Travail c'est la liberté ("Work is Freedom")(possibly a play on the infamous "Arbeit macht frei"). Between 1960 and 1962 he was a journalist for L'Express. In 1963, he adapted his novel Le Rat d'Amérique as a screenplay for the film Rat Trap, starring Charles Aznavour. In the same year, he was approached by Daniel Filipacchi to edit a new men's magazine Lui, a post which he held until 1968.

Pop music
In 1966, Jacques Wolfsohn of Disques Vogue asked Lanzmann to work with pop composer Jacques Dutronc to create songs for a beatnik singer called Benjamin. Benjamin released an EP in 1966, featuring songs written with Dutronc and a Lanzmann-Dutronc composition, "Cheveux longs" (Long Hair). However, Wolfsohn was disappointed by Benjamin's recording of a song titled "Et moi, et moi, et moi". A second version was recorded, with Dutronc's former bandmate Hadi Kalafate on vocals. Wolfsohn then asked Dutronc if he would be interested in recording his own version. The single reached number 2 in the French charts in September 1966.

Lanzmann, sometimes working with his wife Anne Segalen, wrote the words for most of Dutronc's output between 1966 and 1980. Dutronc's self-titled debut album, released at the end of 1966, sold over a million copies and was awarded a special Grand Prix du Disque by the Académie Charles Cros, in memoriam of one of its founders. A second single, "Les play boys", spent six weeks at number one and sold 600,000 copies. Dutronc was one of the most commercially successful French music stars of the late 1960s and early 1970s. During that period, he released seven hit albums and more than 20 singles, including two further number ones: "J'aime les filles" in 1967 and "Il est cinq heures, Paris s'éveille" in 1968.

During the recording of the 1980 album Guerre et pets ("War and Farts" – a play on the title of Tolstoy's novel), Wolfsohn proposed that Dutronc write with both Jacques Lanzmann and Serge Gainsbourg. He suggested to the two that they each work on alternative lyrics to go with one of Dutronc's instrumental demos. Lanzmann objected to being placed in competition against another writer, and dropped out of the project. The resulting album consequently only includes two Lanzmann-Dutronc compositions, and is mainly written by Dutronc and Gainsbourg.

In 2003, Dutronc and Lanzmann reunited for Madame l'existence, an album described by rock critic Christophe Conte as "surpassing, without much apparent effort, everything that [Dutronc] has created in the last two decades".

Lanzmann has also worked on songs for a number of other artists, including Johnny Hallyday, Françoise Hardy and Petula Clark. In 1969, he wrote the French adaptation of the musical Hair.

Literary career after 1968
After leaving Lui in 1968, Lanzmann co-founded a publishing company, Les Editions Spéciales, with Jean-Claude Lattès. This was originally intended as a niche publishing venture for fiction and non-fiction linked to current affairs but, after Lanzmann sold his interest to Lattès in 1974, the company was renamed JC Lattès and became a more general publishing firm. Today, it is and imprint of Hachette and the French language publisher for authors such as Dan Brown, John Grisham and E. L. James. Lanzmann subsequently founded the publishing company Jacques Lanzmann et Seghers Editeurs.

During the 1970s, Lanzmann wrote a number of best-selling novels and became a professional gambler. He won the prestigious Prix RTL Grand Public in 1977 for his novel Le Têtard.

Lanzmann presented programmes on the television channel Voyage from 1997 until his death.

Personal life
Lanzmann was married four times and had seven children.

He was a keen traveler and walker. He crossed nearly all of the world's deserts, and explored the Sahara Desert at the age of 19. He came close to death while crossing the Taklamakan Desert in 1990. While crossing the Sinai Desert in 1985 he was arrested by Egyptian soldiers on suspicion of spying. In his suitcase, he had a cutting of a Le Monde profile dedicated to him, and was able to secure his release by using this to prove his identity.

He died on 21 June 2006, aged 79, in Paris and his funeral was held on 26 June at the Père-Lachaise cemetery. French President Jacques Chirac paid tribute, saying: "His brilliant songs left an imprint on their era. They will remain for a long time in the hearts of the French."

Bibliography

 La Glace est rompue
 Le Rat d'Amérique (1956)
 Cuir de Russie (1957)
 Les Passagers du Sidi-Brahim (1958)
 Un tyran sur le sable (1959)
 Viva Castro (1959)
 Qui vive! (1965)
 Le Têtard (1976)
 Les Transsibériennes (1978)
 Rue des Mamours (1981)
 Une vie de famille (Plon, January 2006)

References

External links

1927 births
2006 deaths
People from Bois-Colombes
French film directors
20th-century French Jews
French people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
French male screenwriters
20th-century French screenwriters
French male novelists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French male writers
Hikers
French Resistance members

Jacques Lanzmann


An audio converter is a device or software that converts an audio signal from one format to another.

Hardware audio converters include analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), which convert analog audio to uncompressed digital form (e.g., PCM), and their reciprocal partners, digital-to-analog converters (DACs), which convert uncompressed digital audio to analog form. ADCs and DACs are usually components of hardware products. For example, sound cards and capture cards both include ADCs to allow a computer to record audio. Sound cards also feature DACs for audio playback.

Some audio conversion functions can be performed by software or by specialized hardware. For example, an audio transcoder converts from one compressed audio format to another (e.g., MP3 to AAC) by means of two audio codecs: One for decoding (uncompressing) the source and one for encoding (compressing) the destination file or stream.

See also
 Audio file format
 Comparison of audio coding formats
 List of audio conversion software

Audio software
Digital signal processing

Audio converter


Noel Willman (4 August 1918 – 24 December 1988) was an Irish actor and theatre director. Born in Derry, Ireland, Willman died aged 70 in New York City, United States.

Career

Willman's films included The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956), Across the Bridge (1957), Carve Her Name with Pride (1958), The Kiss of the Vampire (1963), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Reptile (1966), and The Odessa File (1974).

He was also a theatre director and actor, and won a Tony Award in 1962 for his direction of the original Broadway production of Robert Bolt's A Man For All Seasons. According to Bolt, he was instrumental in many aspects of the play's development, including the casting of Paul Scofield as Thomas More. In 1966 he was nominated in the same category for James Goldman's The Lion in Winter. He later directed Katharine Hepburn and Christopher Reeve in A Matter of Gravity in 1976.

He frequently collaborated with Bolt, directing The Tiger and the Horse and Gentle Jack (and appearing in Zhivago, which Bolt scripted). One of his most famous theatrical roles was opposite Alec Guinness in the stage production of Bridget Boland's The Prisoner, for which he won the Clarence Derwent Award, and which was later made into a film, starring Guinness and Jack Hawkins.

Willman studied for the stage at the London Theatre Studio, which had been set up by Michel Saint-Denis and George Devine in 1936. Working as stage manager for John Gielgud's touring production of The Beggar's Opera, he took over the role of Macheath at short notice from Michael Redgrave, who had fallen ill and whose usual understudy had suffered a bout of laryngitis.

During the war he toured with the Old Vic Company, then directed by Tyrone Guthrie, playing in The Merchant of Venice in 1941, and taking part in several productions at the Vic's Liverpool Playhouse base, including Shaw's Androcles and the Lion. Prompted by Guthrie, he became a director. In 1942, he presented his debut production Ah, Wilderness! by Eugene O'Neill.

Filmography

References

External links

1918 births
1988 deaths
Alumni of the London Theatre Studio
Irish film actors
Irish male television actors
Male actors from Derry (city)
20th-century Irish male actors
Male actors from County Londonderry
Irish expatriates in the United States

Noel Willman


Edward Lear (also Edward Lear, eng. Edward Lear; 1812-1888) was an English artist and poet, one of the founders of "poetry of nonsense", author of numerous popular absurdist limericks.

Biography
Edward Lear was born on May 12, 1812 in the London suburb of Highgate. He was the 20th child in the family, and his older sister Ann was involved in his upbringing. When Edward was 15 years old, he and his sister settled in a separate house. Being a talented artist, Lear began working as a book illustrator. At the age of 19, he published his first book, Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots, 1830.

Since childhood, Lear had poor health - he suffered from epilepsy, asthma, and in adulthood, partial loss of vision was added to this.

In 1846, Lear published A Book of Nonsense (also translated as the Book of Nonsense or the Book of Nonsense), which included funny limericks. Soon this genre gained considerable popularity.

The style and plots of Lear's nonsense influenced the work of his contemporary, Lewis Carroll, the French surrealists, Russian Oberiuts (Daniil Kharms was Lear's admirer).

The poet died on January 29, 1888. Mentioned in the Beatles song "Paperback writer" (1966).

Pen names
English novelists

Edward Lear


Rudolf Stüssi (died 22 July 1443) served as burgomaster of Zürich during the mid-fifteenth century.  His expansionist ambitions for Zurich caused the Old Zürich War (1440–46).

Biography
Stüssi's father came from Glarus and became a citizen of Zürich in 1375.  Stüssi's father was elected to offices in Zürich starting in 1388.

Rudolf was elected to city offices from 1414. In 1424, he served as Zürich's envoy in the Old Swiss Confederacy. He served as mayor of Zürich from 1430 until his death.

In 1433, he traveled to Rome as a representative of Zürich to attend the coronation of Sigismund of Luxembourg.  There he was knighted.

He lived in a house later called the Stüssihofstatt, situated some  northeast of the Rathaus ().

Career
During his term of office, Stüssi attempted to extend the rule and influence of his city.  In 1436, Count Friedrich VII of Toggenburg died, leaving neither heir nor will. The canton of Zürich, led by Stüssi, claimed the Toggenburg lands; the cantons of Schwyz and Glarus made counter-claims, backed by the other cantons.  Stüssi allied himself in 1442 with Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor against the Old Swiss Confederacy.

He died at the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl, defending the bridge over the Sihl while covering the retreat of the army of Zürich.  According to chroniclers, he was killed by a confederate hiding below the bridge.  Another version of the story has Stüssi stopping in the middle of the bridge, brandishing his broad battle-axe and shouting, "Halt, citizens, halt!"  To this a man of Zurich cried, "May God's lightning blast thee! All this evil comes from thee alone," and ran him through with his lance.

References

External links

 Encyclopædia Britannica: Rudolf Stüssi
 Stüssi Surname Page

1443 deaths
Mayors of Zürich
Swiss military personnel killed in action
Year of birth unknown

Rudolf Stüssi


Antide Janvier (1 July 1751 – 23 September 1835) was a French clockmaker.

Life
Antide Janvier was born in a village in the Jura, and learned the basics of his trade from his father, and was educated in Latin, Greek, mathematics and astronomy by a local abbé. At age 15 he built an astronomical sphere which he presented to the Academy of Sciences of Besançon, which won him wide admiration, and he began his career as an apprentice watchmaker.

He gained a reputation as a maker of ingenious and complicated clocks, including many astronomical clocks and clocks showing the tides.  He was also famous for his "double pendulum clocks", also called "Resonance clocks", which he was the first to make.  He eventually became Louis XVI's royal clockmaker.  After the French Revolution he spent time in prison because of this royal association and then fell on hard times; his hardships were increased by the death of his wife in 1792.  He sold his watches and equipment and designs to Abraham-Louis Breguet, who sold watches under his own name.  Following the restoration of the monarchy under Charles X, he was awarded a small pension beginning in 1826, but died in poverty and obscurity.

Works
He authored and published an important textbook on the theory and practice of watchmaking: "Manuel Chronométrique ou précis de ce qui concerne le temps, ses divisions, ses mesures, leurs usages", Published 1821 by Didot, Paris (267 pages, Frontispiece and 5 engraved foldout plates).

He also produced a written account of twelve of his very original timekeepers, which was published 1827 under the title "Recueil des Machines composées et exécutées par Antide Janvier", which has been reissued 1995 in facsimile format by publisher "L'image du Temps" (56 pages).

The largest, publicly-accessible, collection of Antide Janvier's masterworks is in the Musée Paul Dupuy in Toulouse.

Books
 Antide Janvier, Celestial clockmaker by Michel Hayard, 1995.
 Antide Janvier, Celestial clockmaker by Michel Hayard, 2010 - Second edition completed and enlarged.

1751 births
1835 deaths
18th-century French inventors
French clockmakers

Antide Janvier