Dean Collins (born Sol Ruddosky; May 29, 1917 – June 1, 1984) was an American dancer, instructor, choreographer, and innovator of swing dance. He is often credited with bringing the Lindy Hop from New York to southern California. Collins worked in over thirty films and performed live and on television.

Biography
Collins grew up in Newark, New Jersey, and at age 13 learned to dance from his two older sisters. He participated in amateur dance contests in New Jersey. He danced at the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem, New York. In 1935, he was named Dancer of the Year by The New Yorker magazine.

Collins moved to Los Angeles in 1936. During the day he worked as a janitor at Simon's Drive-In Diner, and at night he danced at the Diana Ballroom and Casino Gardens. Worried that his Jewish name would hinder his career, he adopted the name "Dean Collins" from a wallet he found. He won his first major dance contest in California at the Palomar Ballroom with his Savoy dance style. The Savoy style of Swing was virtually unknown to Californians. The local dances of the day were the Camel Hop and Balboa, but their popularity quickly waned to Dean Collin's style of the East Coast Jitterbug. He started teaching his version of Savoy Style Lindy which lead the way for what is called West Coast Swing (today's Modern swing.) West Coast Swing later went on to become the Official State Dance of California which Dean is given credit as to inadvertently creating. To distinguish the difference between the original style and modern style of West Coast Swing, the original form is at times being called "Hollywood Style" which is hugely based on the original 'Movie style' of Dean's and others however, most the movie billings would call it 'Rock and Roll' in the 1950s. His contest-winning style was frequently spotted at the "Casino Gardens" and the "Diana Ballroom" and was quickly known throughout Los Angeles.

His career began when he was hired by RKO pictures to choreograph the dancing in Let's Make Music, a movie filmed in 1939 and released in 1940. In 1942 he appeared in the Soundies The Chool Song released March 23, 1942. He and his partner were billed "Collins and Colette", and music was recorded by Spike Jones. He danced in or choreographed nearly forty Hollywood movies, including an appearance in Hellzapoppin' (1941), "Dance Hall" (1941), "Playmates" (1941), "Buck Privates" (1941),"Ride Em' Cowboy" (1942), "Springtime in the Rockies" (1942), "The Talk of the Town" (1942), "Always a Bridesmaid" (1943), "Kid Dynamite" (1943), "Junior Prom" (1945), and "Living It Up" (1954).

In the 1950s and 1960s, he taught swing dancing in Los Angeles. His students included Shirley Temple, Joan Crawford, Cesar Romero, Abbott and Costello, Jonathan Bixby, Sylvia Sykes, Lila Desatoff and Arthur Murray.

Collins's wife, Mary, believes that he contributed a smoothed out style that eliminated the bounce. According to jazz dance researcher Peter Loggins, Dean's style changed over decades, returning toward the end of his life to the Lindy Hop he learned in the Savoy Ballroom in the 1930s. The Collins style seen in Hollywood films was the source for what became known in the 1990s as Hollywood-style Lindy Hop.

Dean Collins and his style of Lindy Hop would help elaborate and define other styles like Houston Push, Dallas Whip, St. Louis Imperial Swing, Washington D.C. Hand Dancing, Carolina Shag, Collegiate Shag, St. Louis Shag, Balboa and Bal-Swing, Ballroom Swing, East Coast Swing, Jitterbug, Jive and Ballroom Jive. He created a version of the Shim Sham which was meant as a three-man performance and was not taught or shared. Jack Arkin and Johnny Mattox were the performers with Collins. Later, Bobby Hefner and Bart Bartolo performed it as well.

Jewel McGowan, who was called by her contemporaries the "greatest female swing dancer", was his dance partner for eleven years. She appeared with him in Buck Privates (1941) and Ride 'Em Cowboy (1942). Together, they were known as "Fred and Ginger of Lindy Hop." In the 1960s and 1970s, they danced to all styles of music, just as long as it "Swung."

Dean married and moved to Glendale, California where he was very active in the Swing Dance Community right up until his death in 1984. Dean Collins married his wife, Mary, who believes that he contributed a smoothed-out style that eliminated the bounce. When Mary Collins was asked if her husband was responsible for the emergence of West Coast Swing, she replied, "Dean insisted that there were only two kinds of Swing dancing – good and bad." According to jazz dance researcher Peter Loggins, Dean's style changed over decades, returning toward the end of his life to the Lindy Hop  that he learned in the Savoy Ballroom in the 1930s. The Collins style seen in Hollywood films was the source for what became known in the 1990s as Hollywood-style Lindy Hop. Another quote from Dean Collins is "Young people in those days took their dancing very seriously. They spent much time with their partner, learned the steps, invented new ones. It was more than a hobby; it was a real passion."

References

https://www.worldsdc.com/hall-of-fame/dean-collins/
https://www.streetswing.com/histmai2/d2collns1.htm
https://swingdancingeducation.weebly.com/people.html
https://socialdance.stanford.edu/syllabi/westcoast.htm
http://www.dynamics.org/MAUI_SWING/REVIEWS/FROM_WEB/history_b.htm

1917 births
1984 deaths
American swing dancers
American choreographers
Lindy Hop
20th-century American dancers
Janitors

Dean Collins (dancer)


Gianfranco Agostino Gardin  (born 15 March 1944) is Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso.

Gardin was born at San Polo di Piave, in the Province of Treviso, Italy. In 1946, when he was about two years old, his family moved to Venice, where he grew up.

He joined the Order of Conventual Franciscan Friars, becoming a solemnly professed member on 4 October 1965. He was ordained a priest on 21 March 1970 and continued his studies in Padua and Rome.

He taught moral theology in Padua from 1973 to 1998. He founded and edited the periodical Credere oggi, whose title means "Believing Today".

In 1988 he became provincial superior of his order and in 1996 117th Minister General, a post he held until 2002.

On 10 July 2006 he was named titular Archbishop of Cissa  (transferred to Torcello in November 2007) and Secretary of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. He was consecrated bishop on 26 August 2006.

On 18 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso.

References

External links
 Naming of the Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso, Italy

1944 births
Living people
Bishops of Treviso
Roman Catholic archbishops in Italy
Members of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
20th-century Roman Catholics
21st-century Roman Catholics
Conventual Friars Minor
Ministers General of the Order of Friars Minor Conventual
Conventual Franciscan bishops

Gianfranco Gardin


The ruins of Dudelange Castle () are located on Mont St Jean, a forested hill to the west of Dudelange in the south of Luxembourg. The castle was completed in the early 16th century but was destroyed in 1552.

History

While the site of the ruins bears traces of Gallo-Roman structures, the first evidence of a castle in the area is in Dudelange itself where a castle belonging to the Lords of Gymnich was destroyed around 1400 by Robert de Bar. At the beginning of the 15th century, work began on building a fortified castle which was completed early in the 16th century with Gothic and Renaissance influences. The finely cut stones and sculptures show how much the lords of Gynmich, Boulay, Neufchâtel, Hunolstein and Isembourg invested in their luxurious fortress. However from 1542 the castle was taken and retaken when Francis I and Henry II of France were at war with Emperor Charles V. In 1552, the castle was destroyed and deprived of any strategic value. Thereafter the ruins were used as a quarry for the surrounding villages.

Since the 1970s, the Amis de l'Histoire de Dudelange et du Mont Saint-Jean (Friends of the History of Dudelange and Mont St. Jean) have explored the ruins, discovering the foundations of several towers, the palace, living quarters, stables and outhouses. Three wells and a reservoir were partly unearthed. The ditches and the entrance to the castle can still be seen.

See also
List of castles in Luxembourg

References

Castles in Luxembourg
Dudelange

Dudelange Castle


Chongoyape District is one of twenty districts of the province Chiclayo in Peru, located in the Department of Lambayeque, under the administration of the regional government of Lambayeque, Peru. The Tinajones reservoir and Carhuaquero hydroelectric center are nearby.

Etymology
The word Chongoyape comes from the Quechua language and means sad or crying heart.

History
The district capital of the district of Chongoyape is the city of Chongoyape, located to the east of the city of Chiclayo. It was founded on June 17, 1825, on land donated by the landowner Pedro José de las Muñecas, with the name of Santa Catalina de Chongoyape, in honor of the donor's wife, Catalina Agüero.

Economy
The citizens of Chongoyape mostly work in agriculture, which highlights the planting of rice and sugar cane as well as corn.

Ecology

Wildlife
Among the wildlife that can be seen are the White-winged Guan, the spectacled bear, the Puna, the Ocelot, White Tail Deer, eagles of different spices, CaracCara, guanacos, llamas, condors and other endemic species.
Around the Private Reserve Chaparri, the following birds, among others, can be seen: Brush-headed Duck, White-winged Guan, Tyrannulet Grey and White, White-tailed Magpie, Baird's Flycatcher, and Tumbes Sparrow.

Private Reserve Chaparri
This reserve, which was created in 2001, is located in the outside region of Chongoyape. Chaparrí Reserve was the first reserve to get support from the Department of Protected Areas of the National Institute of Human Resources (INRENA). Animals like the Pava Albiblanca and spectacled bear, who are endangered, are kept in captivity.
Flora: 122 varieties of plants (103 genres and 45 botanical families).
Fauna: 250 varieties of birds.
Also found in the Private Reserve Chaparri:
23 species of mammals
21 species of reptiles
4 species of amphibians
5 species of fish.
Thanks to the support of the rural community of Chongoyape and private enterprises this project is being carried out with good results.

Authorities

Government
2011-2014
Mayor: Agustín Lozano Saavedra, from the political party Alianza Para el Progreso (APEP).
Aldermen: Alden Padilla Díaz (APEP), Liliana Uriarte Delgado de Montenegro (APEP), María Ysabel Alvarez Huatay (APEP), Marlon Montalvo García (APEP), Reyna Mendoza Castro (APRA).
2007-2010
Mayor: Fernando Eamon Valera Abanto.

Tourist Attractions
Chongoyape is the birthplace of the famous song "La Chongoyapana" composed by professor and poet Arthur Schutt Saco. He was amazed at the beauty of Zoraida Leguía, who was the granddaughter of former Peru president Augusto B. Leguia. Saco wrote the song in 1902.

Hace algún tiempo que te enamoro,
Chongoyapana;
pero mi llanto, ni mis suspiros
tu pecho ablandan.
Como las piedras del racarumi
es dura tu alma

para este pobre que te ha venido
siguiendo, ingrata...
Sé que tus ojos abrasadores
miran con ansias.

al venturoso que te desdeña
y a quien tu amas.
Pero ¡no importa! Yo también tengo

quien me idolatre,
quien por mi pena, por mi suspira
y aun vierte lagrimas...
Tiene ojos verdes, cabellos rubios
y tez de nácar.

Y sus sonrisas son las canciones
de la esperanza.

Con que así mira no me desdeñes,
niña simpática;
porque aburrido tal vez me ahorque
de tu ventana.

Y entonces el vulgo diría al verte,
cuando pasares;
Ahí va la niña de faz de cielo
cuyo amor mata.

Gastronomy
Chongoyape is also known for their sweetbreads. One of their special sweetbreads is called "Chongoyape". Also, since Chongoyape belongs to the region of Lambayeque, they are known for a pastry called King Kong, made with the same old methods and provided by the Valera family (heirs of the great Eufemio Valera). Another dish of Chongoyape is known for is shurumbo, a soup made with green banana, cassava, beans and pork. This plate is traditional in Chongoyape.

References

Chongoyape District


The word Maroon can have the following meanings:
 Maroon (colour), a dark red
 Maroon (people), runaway slaves in the Caribbean
 Marooning, the act of leaving someone on a deserted island
 Maroon (rocket), a loud rocket used for signaling
 Chicago Maroon, an independent student newspaper of the University of Chicago
 Colgate Maroon-News newspaper of Colgate University and the oldest university weekly newspaper in America
 Saint Maroon
 Marooned (Red Dwarf episode), an episode of Red Dwarf

In sports:
 The Queensland Maroons, officially called Queensland State of Origin Team, a representative rugby league team that plays Rugby League State of Origin
 The Montreal Maroons were a professional ice hockey team, in existence from 1924 to 1938
 The Toledo Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence from 1922 to 1923
 The Kenosha Maroons were a National Football League team, in existence in 1924
 The Fighting Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of the Philippines
 The Chicago Maroons, the athletic teams of the University of Chicago
 The Maroons, all the athletic teams of Roanoke College
 The Maroons, all the athletic teams of Moline High School

In the military:
The Maroon Beret is the internationally recognised symbol for elite airborne forces.

In music:
 Maroon (album), a 2000 album by the Barenaked Ladies
 Maroon (band), a German vegan and straight edge band
 Maroon 5, a United States pop band
 "Maroon", the adopted name Russell Shoatz, a former Black Liberation Army member
 Maroons (Hip hop group) from Oakland, California (Lateef & Chief Xcel)

In art:
 Maroon, Bugs Bunny's civil wording for Moron

Maroon


Emil Pollert, born Emil Popper (20 January 1877, Liblice at Mělník – 23 October 1935, Prague) was a Czech opera singer at the National Theatre in Prague, in his time the main representative of bass roles.

Life
Pollert's talent was discovered by his brother, who in his adulthood financed his singing lessons with Francis Pivoda and Moritz Wallerstein. His study did not last long; he was engaged in Olomouc in the season 1898–1899, following which he was recommended to the National Theatre and immediately accepted.

Pollert's voice was strong and granular, extremely resonant, with an extraordinary range, its color gradually cultivated into a soft and velvety tone. He was regarded as particularly suited to comedic roles, which he played realistically, with a tendency to naturalism.

His debut was in the dramatic opera Byl jednou jeden král. Following this, successful performances followed in such operas as Dalibor, Tannhäuser, Rusalka and The Bartered Bride. He gradually gained fame for his performance in comic roles. After the retirement of prominent bassist Vaclav Kliment, Pollert took his place at the center of the stage, representing a total of 221 roles in more than 5,000 performances.

Besides performing in operatic roles, he was involved in the production of several ballets and starred in the comic operetta, The Mikado. He directed 12 operas himself. He founded and led an organization for soloists of the National Theatre, and from 1920 to 1922, was director of opera and theater at the Švandovo Arena in Prague. In 1927, he was awarded the State Prize for excellent work in the National Theatre.

Pollert died in Prague of a heart attack in 1935 just before his scheduled appearance in the role of Boniface in Bedřich Smetana's The Secret. He is buried at the Vinohrady cemetery. The National Theatre features a bust of Pollert, created by sculptor Charles Dvorak.

Notable performances
He focused particularly on roles by Czech composers, particularly those by Smetana. He sang Kecal in The Bartered Bride in Warsaw, Bucharest, Vienna and many places in Bohemia. He developed the character in detail, not only singing but acting, with special emphasis on gesture, facial expressions and body positioning. Critics praised both his forceful comic and accurate vocal performance. He performed this role at the anniversary of the opera at the National Theatre. His performance as Kecal was recorded in 1933 (where he was conducted by Otakar Ostrcil) and preserved twice on film: in a silent version of 1913 (directed by Max Urban) and one with sound of 1933 (film director, Svatopluk Innemann; theater director, Jaroslav Kvapil).

References

 ČERNUŠÁK, Gracián; ŠTĚDROŇ, Bohumír; NOVÁČEK, Zdenko. Československý hudební slovník osob a institucí. Svazek 2. Praha : Státní hudební nakladatelství, 1965. Kapitola Pollert.  Obsahuje seznam jeho rolí i s počtem vystoupení.
 DEYL, Rudolf. Sláva – tráva : Herecké vzpomínky. Praha : Vilímek, 1938. 318 s. Kapitola Kamarád, s. 306–318.
 KOPECKÝ, Emanuel; POSPÍŠIL, Vilém. Slavní pěvci Národního divadla. Praha : Panton, 1968. 226 s. Kapitola Dva basisté: Jiří Huml  Emil Pollert, s. 100–111.
 PROCHÁZKA, Vladimír, (red.) Národní divadlo a jeho předchůdci. Praha : Academia, 1988. 623 s. Kapitola Emil Pollert, s. 385–386.

1877 births
1935 deaths
Czech opera singers
Operatic basses
People from Mělník District
Singers from Austria-Hungary

Emil Pollert


Wilson Butte Cave is located on the Snake River plain in Jerome County northeast of Twin Falls and southeast of Shoshone, Idaho. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an archeological site, it is maintained by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

A round bubble in appearance, it pops up from a flat wide bed of ancient basalt lava. An inflationary or uplift cave is inside the bubble. While archeologists are uncertain of exact dates prior to 10,000 years ago, evidence has been found that native peoples lived at Wilson Butte Cave at least 10,000 years ago. Artifacts found here provide the oldest evidence of human presence on the Snake River Plain and are among the oldest such evidence in all of North America. Archeologists are fairly certain that the reason the cave was settled so early is that it was used as a base from which to hunt bison. Strong connections have been found to the Fremont culture and the Shoshone people, who lived there after the Fremont peoples. Vegetation in the region was very similar to modern times. Camels and giant ground sloths once roamed this region. Deposits here are believed to have been undisturbed until amateurs discovered them in 1958. Two of the major excavations of the cave were conducted by teams led by Ruth Gruhn; one in 1959–1960 and one in 1988–1989. Gruhn dates the site's earliest occupation to 14,000–15,000 years ago.

The lava of the area is a dark gray to black fine-grained basalt. The cave is a lava tube developed in a pressure ridge in the flowing lava. The source of the lava is Wilson's Butte, which is about one half mile southeast of the cave. The lava is more than 15,000 years old, as determined by radiocarbon dating of a camel bone from within a lava tube cave. The bone had tool markings indicating working by humans.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Jerome County, Idaho

References

Further reading
 Ruth Gruhn. The Archaeology of Wilson Butte Cave, South-central Idaho. Occasional papers 6. Pocatello: Idaho State College Museum, 1961.
 Ruth Gruhn. New excavations at Wilson Butte Cave, South-central Idaho. Idaho Museum of Natural History occasional paper 38. Pocatello: Idaho State Museum of Natural History, 2006.

External links

Visit Idaho - Wilson Butte Cave

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho
Bureau of Land Management areas in Idaho
Caves of Idaho
Landforms of Jerome County, Idaho
Lava tubes
Protected areas of Jerome County, Idaho
National Register of Historic Places in Jerome County, Idaho

Wilson Butte Cave


, also called , is a Japanese folk tale.

Algernon Bertram Freeman-Mitford collected it in Tales of Old Japan (1871), as "The Story of the Old Man Who Made Withered Trees to Blossom". Rev. David Thomson translated it as "The Old Man Who Made the Dead Trees Blossom" for Hasegawa Takejirō's Japanese Fairy Tale Series (1885). Andrew Lang included it as "The Envious Neighbor" in The Violet Fairy Book (1901), adapting it from a German text in Japanische Märchen compiled by  (the original German title being Der neidische Nachbar).

Synopsis
An old childless couple loved their dog.  One day, it dug in the garden, and they found a box of gold coins there.  A neighbor thought the dog must have the ability to find treasure, and managed to borrow the dog.  When it dug in his garden, there were only bones, so he killed the dog in rage.  He told the couple that the dog had just dropped dead.  They grieved and buried it under the fig tree where they had found the treasure.  One night, the dog's master dreamed that the dog told him to chop down the tree and make a mortar from it.  He told his wife, who said they must do as the dog asked.  When they did, the rice put into the mortar turned into  gold.  The neighbor borrowed it, but the rice turned to foul-smelling berries, and he and his wife smashed and burned the mortar.

That night, in a dream, the dog told his master to take the ashes and sprinkle them on certain cherry trees.  When he did, the cherry trees came into bloom, and the daimyō (feudal landlord), passing by, marveled and gave him many gifts.  The neighbor tried to do the same, but the ashes blew into the daimyō's eyes, so he threw him into prison; when he was let out, his village would not let him live there anymore, and he could not, with his wicked ways, find a new home.

References

External links

Japanese fairy tales
Japanese folklore
Dogs in literature
Daimyo

Hanasaka Jiisan


Arnold Constantin Peter Franz von Lasaulx (14 June 183925 January 1886) was a German mineralogist and petrographer.

Life
He was born at Kastellaun near Coblenz, and educated at the University of Berlin, where he took his Ph.D. in 1868. In 1875, he became an associate professor of mineralogy at Breslau, and in 1880, a professor of mineralogy and geology at Bonn. He was distinguished for his researches on minerals and on crystallography, and he was one of the earlier workers on microscopic petrography. He described in 1878 the eruptive rocks of the district of Saar and Moselle.

In 1880 he edited "Der Aetna" from the manuscripts of Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen, the results of observation made between the years 1834 and 1869. He was author of "Elemente der Petrographie" (1875), "Einführung in die Gesteinslehre" (1885), and "Précis de petrographie" (1887). He died at Bonn in January 1886.

Works
 Petrographische Studien an den vulkanischen Gesteinen der Auvergne (Stuttgart 1868–71); Petrographic studies on the volcanic rocks of the Auvergne.
 Das Erdbeben von Herzogenrath vom 22. Okt. 1873 (Bonn 1874); The earthquake of Herzogenrath on 22 October 1873.
 Das Erdbeben von Herzogenrath vom 24. Juni 1877 (Bonn 1878); The earthquake of Herzogenrath on 24 June 1877.
 Elemente der Petrographie (Bonn 1875); Elements of petrography.
 Über vulkanische Kraft (n. d. Engl. of Robert Mallet, das. 1875);
 Aus Irland, Reiseskizzen und Studien (Bonn 1877);
 Sizilien. Ein geographisches Charakterbild (Bonn 1879);
 Der Ätna, according to Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen's manuscripts, edited and completed, (Leipzig 1880);
 Die Bausteine des Kölner Doms (Bonn 1882);
 Einführung in die Gesteinslehre (Berl. 1886);
 Irland und Sizilien (Berlin 1883)
 Wie das Siebengebirge entstand (1884).

References

Attribution:

German mineralogists
German volcanologists
Crystallographers
Academic staff of the University of Breslau
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
People from Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis
1839 births
1886 deaths

Arnold von Lasaulx


East Frisia is a region in Lower Saxony, Germany. In German it is called Ostfriesland. The area is near the coast, and also includes some of the East Frisian Islands. It is one of the regions where Low German is still widely spoken. About half of the population still speak Low German in everyday life.

Geography of Lower Saxony
Regions of Germany

East Frisia


Token Ring is a networking protocol for Local area networks. It uses token passing at the data link layer. The token has two states, either it is free, or it is taken, and data follows. When a computer has a message to send, it appends the message to the token, and sets the token state to taken. Each workstation along the ring sees the message. If the workstation was the recipient of the message, it sends a new empty token, otherwise it passes the token along. Since the only way to send data is to wait for an empty token, there will be no collisions. Token ring is the network that has fair access for all its connected workstations or host.

Token Ring was mainly used by IBM in the 1970s to 1990s, today, Ethernet has replaced it in many applications.

Computer networking

Token Ring


The Bern Historical Museum (, ) is the second largest historical museum in Switzerland. It was designed by the Neuchâtel architect André Lambert and built in 1894. Since it was initially conceived as the Swiss National Museum (which the city of Zurich was later chosen to host), the architect took as his model various historic castles from the 15th and 16th centuries. An extension to the original museum building was completed in 2009.

The museum contains collections related to the history of Bern from prehistoric times to the present and other artefacts on permanent display from Asia, Oceania, America and Egypt. One of the most remarkable items in the collection is the Muri statuette group, a group of six Gallo-Roman bronze figurines, and the Moringen arrowhead, determined to be of meteoric origin in 2023 despite being in the collection for well over a century.

The Bern Historical Museum is a heritage site of national significance.

Over the museum's entrance is a glass mosaic, "The Age of History", featuring the figures of Poetry and History, made in 1900 by the Swiss painter Léo-Paul Robert.

Einstein Museum

First conceived as a temporary exhibition in 2005, the Einstein Museum became a museum dedicated to the life and work of Albert Einstein, who developed the Relativity Theory while living in Bern. The house where he lived (Einsteinhaus) in this period is also open to the public, but is located elsewhere in the city and charges separate entry fees.

Footnotes

External links

Historical Museum of Bern
The Einstein house

History museums in Switzerland
Museums in Bern
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern

Bern Historical Museum


The Chartreuse Notre-Dame des Prés was a Carthusian monastery (Charterhouse) in northern France, at Neuville-sous-Montreuil, in the Diocese of Arras, now Pas-de-Calais.

The charter of foundation is dated from the chateau d'Hardelot on 15 July 1324; the church was consecrated in 1338.

Early history

The foundation, being close to Calais, was liable to disturbance in time of war. Thus it was often sacked by the English during the wars of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and was for a time abandoned. The religious returned when peace was restored.

In 1542 the monastery was again wrecked by the Imperial troops and in the wars of religion fresh troubles attended the community. Finally the house was rebuilt by Dom Bernard Bruyant in the latter part of the seventeenth century and remained undisturbed until the French Revolution. In 1790 the monastery was suppressed and its property sold by auction the following year.

Nineteenth century

Eighty-two years later the Carthusians repurchased a portion of their old estate and the first stone of the new monastery was laid on 2 April 1872. The work was pushed forward by the Prior, Dom Eusèbe Bergier, and was finished in three years. The monastery contained twenty-four cells in its cloister.

Montreuil took a special position among Carthusian houses, owing to the establishment there of a printing press from which has been issued a number of works connected with the order. Dom le Couteulx's "Annales" (in eight vols.) and the edition of Denys the Carthusian may be quoted as examples. By the "Association Laws" the community of Montreuil were once more ejected. The monks lodged in the Charterhouse of Parkminster, England; the printing works was transferred to Tournai, in Belgium.

References

Attribution
 The entry cites:
TROMBY, Storia ... dell' ordine cartusiano (Naples, 1773);
LE COUTEULX, Annales ordinis Cartusiensis (Montreuil, 1901);
LEFEBVRE, S. Bruno et l'ordre des Chartreux (Paris, 1883).

Carthusian monasteries in France
1324 establishments in Europe
1320s establishments in France

Chartreuse Notre-Dame des Prés


The Festival Te Deum is the popular name for an 1872 composition by Arthur Sullivan, written to celebrate the recovery of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII of the United Kingdom) from typhoid fever.  The prince's father, Prince Albert, had died of typhoid fever in 1861, and so the prince's recovery was especial cause for celebration.

The Festival Te Deum was first performed on 1 May 1872 at The Crystal Palace in a special "Thanksgiving Day" concert organised by the Prince's brother, Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, who was a friend of Sullivan's and commissioned the piece.  Sullivan was allowed to dedicate the work to the prince's mother, Queen Victoria: an unusual honour.  The soloist was Therese Titiens, who had been the soprano soloist in Sullivan's earlier The Prodigal Son.

Description
The libretto uses an English translation of the traditional Te Deum, in praise of God, with the addition of a "Domine salvum fac" ("O Lord, save the Queen!"), divided up into seven self-contained sections.  There are multiple choral fugues throughout, and the score calls for instrumentation on a grand scale, including the addition of a full military band to the orchestra, chorus, and organ in the final section.

At the original performance, the London contingent of the Handel Festival Choir of 2,000 performers constituted the chorus, and the audience numbered 26,000.  The Times wrote, "we are glad to be able to speak in terms of unqualified praise.  It is not only, in our opinion, the most finished composition for which we are indebted to [Sullivan's] pen but an honour to English art."  Sullivan was "uproariously cheered" at the premiere.

The first section begins with a reference to the hymn tune St. Anne, which is repeated in the final section, suggesting that divine intervention played a part in the recovery of the Prince.  Handel's influence is heard throughout the piece, including in the fugues, and Sullivan uses key selection to emphasize sacred and secular sections of the piece.  Soprano solo or choral sections alternate in a broad dynamic range to illustrate the text.  The piece, in keeping with the spirit of the occasion, is often upbeat, even exuberant in places.

While Sullivan was writing the Festival Te Deum, his first opera with W. S. Gilbert, Thespis, was still being performed.  Sullivan was also busy composing The Light of the World (an oratorio for the Birmingham festival), and a cantata for the opening of a London exhibition.

The BBC broadcast the piece in 1988 and later the recording was released on CD.

Text
The complete text of the Festival Te Deum is as follows, ignoring the repetitions:

1. Chorus

We praise thee, O God: we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.
All the earth doth worship thee: the Father everlasting.
To thee all Angels cry aloud: the Heavens and all the powers therein.

2. Solo (soprano) and Chorus
To thee Cherubim and Seraphim: continually do cry,
Holy, Holy, Holy: Lord God of Sabaoth;
Heaven and earth are full of the Majesty: of thy Glory.

3. Chorus
The glorious company of the Apostles: praise thee.
The goodly fellowship of the Prophets: praise thee.
The noble army of Martyrs: praise thee.
The holy Church throughout all the world: doth acknowledge thee;
The Father: of an infinite Majesty;
Thine honourable, true: and only Son;
Also the Holy Ghost: the Comforter.
Thou art the King of Glory: O Christ.
Thou art the everlasting Son: of the Father.

4. Solo (soprano)
When Thou tookest upon Thee to deliver man: thou didst not abhor the Virgin's womb.
When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death: thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers.
Thou sittest at the right hand of God: in the Glory of the Father.

5. Chorus
We believe that Thou shalt come: to be our Judge.
We therefore pray Thee, help Thy servants: whom Thou hast redeemed with Thy precious blood.
Make them to be numbered with Thy Saints: in glory everlasting.

6. Solo (soprano) and Chorus
O Lord, save Thy people: and bless Thine heritage.
Govern them: and lift them up for ever.
Day by day: we magnify thee;
And we worship thy Name: ever world without end.

7. Chorus
Vouchsafe, O Lord: to keep us this day without sin.
O Lord, have mercy upon us: have mercy upon us.
O Lord, let Thy mercy lighten upon us: as our trust is in thee.
O Lord, in thee have I trusted: let me never be confounded.
O Lord, save the Queen: and mercifully hear us when we call upon thee. Amen.

Notes

References

External links
The Vocal Score, at Wikimedia Commons
Text and MIDI files
Detailed analysis of the piece
Review in The Times, 2 May 1872
Analysis and comparison of several Sullivan pieces, including the Festival Te Deum
Description of the Festival Te Deum
New York Times description of a performance in Brooklyn in 1894

Compositions by Arthur Sullivan
Sullivan
1872 compositions

Festival Te Deum


Hogao is a variant of Spanish sofrito and is typically used in Colombian cuisine. Traditionally made with only long green onions and tomatoes, differing from guiso, which can also be made with round onions, garlic, cumin, salt, and pepper that are sauteed over low heat during the cooking process. It is used for meats, arepas, rice, and other dishes, and can complement the famous bandeja paisa. The ingredients and naming tradition varies from region to region, though it is originally from Antioquia and the region whose people are known as paisa. Its name comes from the old use of the verbs ahogar and rehogar that reference a slow cooking technique.

Goya Foods sells bottled hogao commercially in the United States.

References

Colombian cuisine
Tomato sauces

Hogao


Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems.

Cybernetics
Cybernetics focuses on the communication and system of living organisms and machines that can be applied and combined with multiple fields of study such as biology, mathematics, computer science, engineering, and much more.

This discipline falls under the branch of biorobotics because of its combined field of study between biological bodies and mechanical systems. Studying these two systems allow for advanced analysis on the functions and processes of each system as well as the interactions between them.

History
Cybernetic theory is a concept that has existed for centuries, dating back to the era of Plato where he applied the term to refer to the "governance of people". The term cybernetique is seen in the mid 1800s used by physicist André-Marie Ampère. The term cybernetics was popularized in the late 1940s to refer to a discipline that touched on, but was separate, from established disciplines, such as electrical engineering, mathematics, and biology.

Science
Cybernetics is often misunderstood because of the breadth of disciplines it covers. In the early 20th century, it was coined as an interdisciplinary field of study that combines biology, science, network theory, and engineering. Today, it covers all scientific fields with system related processes. The goal of cybernetics is to analyze systems and processes of any system or systems in an attempt to make them more efficient and effective.

Applications
Cybernetics is used as an umbrella term so applications extend to all systems related scientific fields such as biology, mathematics, computer science, engineering, management, psychology, sociology, art, and more. Cybernetics is used amongst several fields to discover principles of systems, adaptation of organisms, information analysis and much more.

Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is a field that uses advances in technology to modify biological organisms. Through different methods, scientists are able to alter the genetic material of microorganisms, plants and animals to provide them with desirable traits. For example, making plants grow bigger, better, and faster. Genetic engineering is included in biorobotics because it uses new technologies to alter biology and change an organism's DNA for their and society's benefit.

History
Although humans have modified genetic material of animals and plants through artificial selection for millennia (such as the genetic mutations that developed teosinte into corn and wolves into dogs), genetic engineering refers to the deliberate alteration or insertion of specific genes to an organism's DNA. The first successful case of genetic engineering occurred in 1973 when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen were able to transfer a gene with antibiotic resistance to a bacterium.

Science
There are three main techniques used in genetic engineering: The plasmid method, the vector method and the biolistic method.

Plasmid method
This technique is used mainly for microorganisms such as bacteria. Through this method, DNA molecules called plasmids are extracted from bacteria and placed in a lab where restriction enzymes break them down. As the enzymes break the molecules down, some develop a rough edge that resembles that of a staircase which is considered 'sticky' and capable of reconnecting. These 'sticky' molecules are inserted into another bacteria where they will connect to the DNA rings with the altered genetic material.

Vector method
The vector method is considered a more precise technique than the plasmid method as it involves the transfer of a specific gene instead of a whole sequence. In the vector method, a specific gene from a DNA strand is isolated through restriction enzymes in a laboratory and is inserted into a vector. Once the vector accepts the genetic code, it is inserted into the host cell where the DNA will be transferred.

Biolistic method
The biolistic method is typically used to alter the genetic material of plants. This method embeds the desired DNA with a metallic particle such as gold or tungsten in a high speed gun. The particle is then bombarded into the plant. Due to the high velocities and the vacuum generated during bombardment, the particle is able to penetrate the cell wall and inserts the new DNA into the cell.

Applications
Genetic engineering has many uses in the fields of medicine, research and agriculture. In the medical field, genetically modified bacteria are used to produce drugs such as insulin, human growth hormones and vaccines. In research, scientists genetically modify organisms to observe physical and behavioral changes to understand the function of specific genes. In agriculture, genetic engineering is extremely important as it is used by farmers to grow crops that are resistant to herbicides and to insects such as BTCorn.

Bionics
Bionics is a medical engineering field and a branch of biorobotics consisting of electrical and mechanical systems that imitate biological systems, such as prosthetics and hearing aids. It's a portmanteau that combines biology and electronics.

History
The history of bionics goes as far back in time as ancient Egypt. A prosthetic toe made out of wood and leather was found on the foot of a mummy. The time period of the mummy corpse was estimated to be from around the fifteenth century B.C. Bionics can also be witnessed in ancient Greece and Rome. Prosthetic legs and arms were made for amputee soldiers. In the early 16th century, a French military surgeon by the name of Ambroise Pare became a pioneer in the field of bionics. He was known for making various types of upper and lower prosthetics. One of his most famous prosthetics, Le Petit Lorrain, was a mechanical hand operated by catches and springs. During the early 19th century, Alessandro Volta further progressed bionics. He set the foundation for the creation of hearing aids with his experiments. He found that electrical stimulation could restore hearing by inserting an electrical implant to the saccular nerve of a patient's ear. In 1945, the National Academy of Sciences created the Artificial Limb Program, which focused on improving prosthetics since there were a large number of World War II amputee soldiers. Since this creation, prosthetic materials, computer design methods, and surgical procedures have improved, creating modern-day bionics.

Science

Prosthetics
The important components that make up modern-day prosthetics are the pylon, the socket, and the suspension system. The pylon is the internal frame of the prosthetic that is made up of metal rods or carbon-fiber composites. The socket is the part of the prosthetic that connects the prosthetic to the person's missing limb. The socket consists of a soft liner that makes the fit comfortable, but also snug enough to stay on the limb. The suspension system is important in keeping the prosthetic on the limb. The suspension system is usually a harness system made up of straps, belts or sleeves that are used to keep the limb attached.

The operation of a prosthetic could be designed in various ways. The prosthetic could be body-powered, externally-powered, or myoelectrically-powered. Body-powered prosthetics consist of cables attached to a strap or harness, which is placed on the person's functional shoulder, allowing the person to manipulate and control the prosthetic as he or she deems fit. Externally-powered prosthetics consist of motors to power the prosthetic and buttons and switches to control the prosthetic. Myoelectrically-powered prosthetics are new, advanced forms of prosthetics where electrodes are placed on the muscles above the limb. The electrodes will detect the muscle contractions and send electrical signals to the prosthetic to move the prosthetic.

Hearing aids
Four major components make up the hearing aid: the microphone, the amplifier, the receiver, and the battery. The microphone takes in outside sound, turns that sound to electrical signals, and sends those signals to the amplifier. The amplifier increases the sound and sends that sound to the receiver. The receiver changes the electrical signal back into sound and sends the sound into the ear. Hair cells in the ear will sense the vibrations from the sound, convert the vibrations into nerve signals, and send it to the brain so the sounds can become coherent to the person. The battery simply powers the hearing aid.

Applications

Cochlear Implant
Cochlear implants are a type of hearing aid for those who are deaf. Cochlear implants send electrical signals straight to the auditory nerve, the nerve responsible for sound signals, instead of just sending the signals to the ear canal like normal hearing aids.

Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids (BAHA)
These hearing aids are also used for people with severe hearing loss. BAHAs attach to the bones of the middle ear to create sound vibrations in the skull and send those vibrations to the cochlea.

Artificial sensing skin
This artificial sensing skin detects any pressure put on it and is meant for people who have lost any sense of feeling on parts of their bodies, such as diabetics with peripheral neuropathy.

Bionic eye
The bionic eye is a bioelectronic implant that restores vision for people with blindness.

The bionic eye, although isn't perfect yet, helped 5 individuals classified as legally blind help to make out letters again.

As the retina has millions of photoreceptors it is very hard to replicate with technology. This is why this technology is not 100% effective yet but is being improved day by day.

Orthopedic bionics
Orthopedic bionics consist of advanced bionic limbs that use a person's neuromuscular system to control the bionic limb.

Endoscopic robotics
These robotics can remove a polyp during a colonoscopy.

See also

 Android (robot)
 Bio-inspired robotics
 Molecular machine#Biological
 Biological devices
 Biomechatronics
 Biomimetics
 Cultured neural networks
 Cyborg
 Cylon (reimagining)
 Nanobot
 Nanomedicine
 Plantoid
 Remote control animal
 Replicant
 Roborat
Technorganic

References

External links
 The BioRobotics Lab. Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University *
 Bioroïdes - A timeline of the popularization of the idea (in French)
 Harvard BioRobotics Laboratory, Harvard University
 Locomotion in Mechanical and Biological Systems (LIMBS) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
 BioRobotics Lab in Korea
 Laboratory of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Italy
 Tiny backpacks for cells (MIT News)
 Biologically Inspired Robotics Lab, Case Western Reserve University
 Bio-Robotics and Human Modeling Laboratory - Georgia Institute of Technology
 Biorobotics Laboratory at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
 BioRobotics Laboratory, Free University of Berlin  (Germany)
 Biorobotics research group, Institute of Movement Science, CNRS/Aix-Marseille University (France)
 Center for Biorobotics, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia)

Biopunk
Biotechnology
Cyberpunk
Cybernetics
Fictional technology
Postcyberpunk
Health care robotics
Science fiction themes
Robotics

Biorobotics


Anthony Bell (born 1970), sometimes known as Tony Bell, is an American animator, storyboard artist, film director and screenwriter. After getting his start as a character layout artist and cleanup artist for The Simpsons in the early nineties, he got the opportunity to direct a number of episodes for the Nickelodeon hit, Rugrats. Most recently, he has directed four episodes for the Adult Swim animated television series The Boondocks, and directed the animated comedy-drama film, Alpha and Omega, along with Ben Gluck. The film earned a cult following, despite its mixed-to-negative reaction. Anthony returned to co-direct its sequel Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure, after leaving the production of Norm of the North.

The Simpsons
Bell worked as a character layout artist for thirteen episodes of The Simpsons between 1990 and 1992, including "Bart's Friend Falls in Love", "Lisa's Pony", and "Bart the Daredevil". Before this, he worked as a cleanup artist on such episodes as "Krusty Gets Busted" and "Some Enchanted Evening".

Nickelodeon
Bell received his first directing gig for the television show Rugrats, contributing to an unspecified number of episodes. He directed the Rugrats TV movies Rugrats Vacation and  All Growed Up. Bell also directed the following episodes of The Wild Thornberrys:
"Valley Girls"
"Only Child"

Bell also directed the following episodes of As Told By Ginger:
"About Face"
"Mommie Nearest"
"Sibling Revile-ry"

Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child
Bell directed 13 episodes for HBO's Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child:
"The Three Little Pigs"
"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves"
"The Bremen Town Musicians"
"The Empress' Nightingale"
"The Happy Prince"
"Henny Penny"
"The Frog Princess"
"The Princess and the Pauper"
"Rip Van Winkle (aka Rip & Vanna Winkle)"
"The Snow Queen"
"The Steadfast Tin Soldier"
"Robinita Hood"
"Aesop's Fables"

The Boondocks
Bell has directed four episodes of Adult Swim's The Boondocks. He has not directed any of the second season's episodes and it is unclear as to whether or not he will continue to contribute to the series. His credits, so far, include:
"The Garden Party"
"The Trial of R. Kelly"
"Guess Hoe's Coming to Dinner"
"The Real"

References

External links

American television directors
American animated film directors
Living people
1970 births

Anthony Bell (director)


Lieutenant-General Victor Joseph Dieudonné Deguise (22 December 1855 – 18 March 1925) was a Belgian general responsible for the defence of Antwerp during World War I.

Career
Deguise entered the Belgian Army in 1874 as a lieutenant in the engineering corps. By 1888 he was appointed as professor of fortifications at the Military Academy of the Belgian Army. Between 1909 and 1911 he was the commander of the engineering units in Brussels. Between 1911 and 1914 he was a director of the 3rd military district in Belgium, responsible for fortifications.

World War I
At the outbreak of World War I he was the military governor of the important port city of Antwerp (at that time the third largest port of the world). After the German attack on Belgium on 4 August 1914, he was ordered by King Albert I of Belgium, the commander-in-chief of the army, that he must hold Antwerp by all means.

The Belgian army retreated to the National redoubt of Belgium on 20 August 1914, from where it conducted two sorties out of Antwerp to force the German army to detach additional troops to the siege and to harass the enemy lines of communication during the First Battle of the Marne. The formal Siege of Antwerp started on 28 September 1914, when following the Siege of Maubeuge heavy siege artillery units had become available. Deguise managed to withstand determined German attacks until the beginning of October, thus enabling the escape of significant Belgian and British military personnel towards Nieuwpoort. However the arrival of heavy German siege guns (such as the Big Bertha) made his position untenable, and he was forced to surrender the city on 10 October 1914. He was able to escape to similarly neutral the Netherlands (along with many of his troops) where he remained interned until the end of the war.

References

1855 births
1925 deaths
Belgian prisoners of war
World War I prisoners of war held by Germany
Belgian Army generals of World War I
Academic staff of the Royal Military Academy (Belgium)

Victor Deguise


Stadionul Republicii (, Stadium of the Republic) was a multi-use stadium in Bucharest, Romania.

It was used mostly for football matches. The stadium was able to hold 28,026 spectators at its height and originally opened in 1926. It hosted 42 matches for the Romania national football team, 1 match for the Olympic National Team, 22 Romanian Football Cup finals and 15 European Cup matches.

The stadium was originally built in 1926 as the Stadionul Oficiul Național de Educație Fizică, or simply Stadionul ONEF, and inaugurated on 9 May 1926 with a rugby match against the French army. It was destroyed by fire and rebuilt under the name Stadionul Republicii in 1948.

It is located on Spirii Hill, the current location of the Palace of the Parliament. Since everything on the hill was cleared, including a former social high class and historic neighborhood, the stadium was demolished, but even to this day the ruins of the stands can be seen from above.

There were projects to move the National Football Stadium that would host a UEFA Europa League final between 2010 and 2013 to the same location, but those failed when the city's town hall decided to demolish the Stadionul Național and build a new one dedicated only to football and concerts.

External links
Stadium information and photos

Defunct football venues in Romania
Demolished buildings and structures in Bucharest
FC Steaua București

Stadionul Republicii


In economics, a normal good is a good whose consumption rises when the income increases. As an example, people who earn more money, might go to the cinema more often. Tickets for the cinema are therefore a normal good.

A good where the consumption decreases when the income increases is called inferior.

Goods

Normal good


The 1969 Canadian-American Challenge Cup was the fourth season of the Can-Am auto racing series.  It consisted of FIA Group 7 racing cars running two-hour sprint events.  It began June 1, 1969, and ended November 9, 1969, after eleven rounds.

This was the first season of Can-Am following the demise of the similar United States Road Racing Championship.  With several USRRC events choosing to continue on under Can-Am, the series schedule was greatly expanded beyond its normal six event season.  This also meant that the season was run over a greater period of time, rather than just being run in the autumn.

The season was swept by McLaren, whose founder Bruce McLaren won the championship over teammate and fellow New Zealander Denny Hulme.  McLaren won six races to Hulme's five, winning the championship by a mere five points.

Schedule

Season results

Drivers Championship
Points are awarded to the top ten finishers in the order of 20-15-12-10-8-6-4-3-2-1.  Only the best nine finishes out of eleven rounds counted towards the championship.  Points earned but not counting towards the championship are marked by parenthesis.

References

Can-Am seasons
Can-Am

1969 Can-Am season


Juan Ignacio Larrea Holguín (August 10, 1927 – August 27, 2006), was archbishop of Guayaquil for ten years, and the first member of the prelature of Opus Dei in Ecuador. He was also a distinguished lawyer, frequently consulted about Ecuadorian Civil law and the author of more than 60 books about jurisprudence.

Biography
Larrea Holguín was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, while his father performed a diplomatic service for Ecuador before the Argentine government.  He received his primary and secondary education in Ecuador (La Salle school), Peru and Argentina, and was a founding student of the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), where he studied law.  He continued his legal education in Italy, where he acquired the degree of Doctor in Law.  Returning to Ecuador, he obtained the Doctorate in Law from the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador.

As a student in Italy, Larrea Holguín met Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer, founder of Opus Dei, and after this meeting, in 1949, he requested admission into this institution of the Catholic Church.  Owing to this, he became the first member of Opus Dei in Ecuador in 1952.  He later received a Doctorate in Canon Law from the Angelicum of Rome, and was ordained a Catholic priest in 1962.

Pope Paul VI appointed him auxiliary bishop of Quito in 1969, and in 1975 he was transferred to the diocese of Ibarra.  In 1983, Pope John Paul II appointed him the first military bishop of Ecuador and in 1988 he moved him to Guayaquil, where he served as Archbishop from 1989.  John Paul II accepted Holguín's resignation from episcopal duties in 2003, when Holguín was aged 75.  Since his retirement, he dedicated himself to the service of Opus Dei, and to the creation of numerous religious and legal works.  He died of a long illness that he suffered since 1996.

Career
Holguín was a professor in various Ecuadorian universities, including the Catholic University of Guayaquil of and Central University of Ecuador.  He held the chair in Civil law at the Catholic University of Quito for many years.  He also educated people in the Institute of High National Studies, the Academy of Diplomacy and seminaries of Ibarra and Guayaquil.

He was vice-president of the Electoral Supreme Court and adviser for the Presidency of the Republic, the Supreme Court of Justice and the Ministry of Agriculture.  He was a member of both the Ecuadorian delegation to the Conference of Chancellors of Santiago of Chile and the Commission for Constitutional Reforms that drafted the new Ecuadorian Constitution of 1998.  In addition, he was on the advisory board of foreign affairs and in the academies for history and language.  He was a lawyer of the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security and of the Supreme Electoral Court.

Honours
 Honorary Doctorate degree of the Catholic University of Guayaquil
 The "Tobar" prize from the municipality of Quito
 The national "Eugenio Espejo" prize of Ecuador
 Honorary Doctorate degree of the Hemisferios University (post mortem)

Legacy
Holguín promoted the process of beatification and canonization of Narcisa de Nobol. In 1980 he founded the seminary of Ibarra, which has created more than 120 priests. He fostered the creation of a tenement for more than 5,000 families of the Imbabura Province.  As Military Bishop, he structured the religious service of the Military of Ecuador. His pastoral work was exhaustive, preaching numerous spiritual retirements, visiting the parishes of his dioceses and overseeing the work of the dioceses' seminaries.

Notable works

 Enciclopedia Jurídica Ecuatoriana (Ecuadorian Legal Encyclopedia)
 Manual elemental de derecho civil del Ecuador (Elemental Manual of Ecuadorian Civil Law)
 Manual de Derecho Internacional Privado Ecuatoriano (Manual of Ecuadorian Private International Law)
 145 Años de Legislación (145 Years of Legislation)
 Repertorios de Jurisprudencia (Repertoires of Jurisprudence)
 Derecho Eclesiástico Ecuatoriano (Ecuadorian Ecclesiastic Law)
 Novena a San Josemaría Escrivá (Novena to Saint Josemaría Escrivá)
 Novena a Juan Pablo II (Novena to John Paul II)
 Novena a Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo (Novena to Monsignor Álvaro del Portillo)

See also
Timeline of Opus Dei

External links

Catholic Hierarchy: Archbishop Juan Ignacio Larrea Holguín

Works of Juan Ignacio Larrea Holguín

1927 births
2006 deaths
Clergy from Buenos Aires
20th-century Ecuadorian lawyers
Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador alumni
Opus Dei members
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Ecuador
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Ecuador
Academic staff of the Central University of Ecuador
Academic staff of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador
Academic staff of Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil
Ecuadorian Servants of God
Roman Catholic archbishops of Guayaquil
Roman Catholic bishops of Ibarra
Roman Catholic bishops of Quito

Juan Ignacio Larrea Holguín


Fountain Green is an unincorporated community located about eleven miles northeast of Carthage, Illinois, United States in Fountain Green Township, Hancock County, Illinois.

Geography
Fountain Green is located at  at an elevation of 682 feet.

History
One of the earliest settlers in this area was Mordecai Lincoln, who prior to 1830 led a group from Kentucky in an attempt to establish a Catholic settlement in this part of Illinois, presaging by several years the Mormon settlement in nearby Nauvoo. He was followed by other southerners who were mostly Baptist in faith, including Baptists who had lived close to Mordecai near Springfield, Kentucky. Some of the Baptists settled along Baptist Creek to the northeast of Fountain Green.

The Catholic settlement foundered, in part because of the difficulty in obtaining a parish priest. The Baptist theology was better able to cope with such problems on the frontier.

In the 1850s coal was discovered, and railroads were extended into the area. With the railroads came coal miners from Pennsylvania. The coal miners were mainly descendants of Northern Irish Protestants who had fled the Irish Rebellion of 1798. An Irish Protestant church (Calvinist) was soon established in Fountain Green, attracting members from the earlier groups. This seems to have been a local manifestation of the general movement in the North away from the Baptist church, which, in the 1850s, supported slavery.

By 1880, Irish Catholics began settling in the area to work the mines, establishing new Catholic churches and cemeteries in nearby communities, with no apparent recognition of the earlier settlement, which seems to have been forgotten.

The original Catholic settlers are buried in the Old Catholic or Lincoln Cemetery near Fountain Green.

References
 "Creating a Farm Community: Fountain Green Township, 1825-1840", Susan Sessions Rugh, Western Illinois Regional Studies 13 (Fall 1990)
 "The Bootlegger", John E. Hallwas, 1999

Unincorporated communities in Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Hancock County, Illinois
Populated places established in the 1820s

Fountain Green, Illinois


The Canal de l'Eure, made necessary by the insufficient water supply for the Château de Versailles and the water features of its gardens, was designed for Louis XIV of France by his military engineer Vauban, based on preliminary surveys by Philippe de La Hire. The population of the town of Versailles multiplied by a factor of ten during the first decade or so of the court's residence. Having exhausted all the nearer water sources, Louvois, at the king's command, organized the planning of this "Canal Louis XIV", which was never in fact intended to be navigable. Its length was over 80 kilometers.

Waters of the Eure were diverted somewhat downstream from Pontgouin and were led to the Etang de la Tour, today in the department of Yvelines. The ruinously expensive project, worked on from 1685 to 1690, was never completed. Passing through the gardens of the château de Maintenon, purchased by Madame de Maintenon in 1675, its arches ranging in three colossal tiers, nevertheless seemed to François-René de Chateaubriand "a work worthy of the Caesars".

Notes

This article is based on a translation from French Wikipedia.

Aqueducts in France
Canals in France
Buildings and structures in Versailles
Infrastructure completed in the 17th century

Canal de l'Eure


Nitramex and Nitramon Explosives are compositions of various chemical compounds. They are explosives based on ammonium nitrate, with other ingredients such as paraffin wax, aluminum and dinitrotoluene. The inclusion of these additional ingredients creates a more stable explosive. Nitramex and Nitramon have in modern times been replaced by more advanced high explosives based on ammonium nitrate, such as ANFO.

Nitramon
A typical nitramon formula contains approximately 92 percent ammonium nitrate, 4 percent dinitrotoluene and 4 percent paraffin wax.

Nitramex
Nitramex has much the same formula as nitramon but with the addition of trinitrotoluene (TNT). This explosive was used in the removal of Ripple Rock. Large quantities of Nitramex 2H (over a thousand tonnes) were packed into tunnels. The explosion, in 1958, was one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history.

Explosive chemicals

Nitramex and Nitramon Explosives


Alondras Club de Fútbol is a football team based in Cangas in the autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1928 and refounded in 1951, it plays in . Its stadium is Estadio Campo do Morrazo with a capacity of 2,800 seats.

History

Beginnings of football in Cangas
Football practice starts in Cangas around the year 1908, a period in which young people were looking anywhere organize their meetings. With a selection of these young people was created in 1914 that the Cangas FC disputa Limense in their parties, and we find a reference written in Faro de Vigo on 12 March 1920, due to play at Vigo in the field Coia of the Lamark, which lost by 5 to 1. Some names on this team are: Paredes, Julio, Ignacio, Columbus, XEX, Seijo, Luciano, Petouto, Gonzalo, Bermudez, Cervera, ... In 1922 he rents this equipment for the municipality land in the sands of Rodeiro for an amount of 200 pesetas a year.

Although this team was the most important, there were at the Villa as other teams: FC Lancia, Tuch FC, FC Union, Numancia, Sierra Morena, Morrazo, Baleata, Anduriña, Sisi FC, FC Yoyo, etc..

Over the years the field of Arenal Rodeiro inutilizando went and saw the need for a new one. The absence of field problems to find another confrontation between veterans and new players, led to the need to create a new club stronger, but something on which everyone agreed with a problem: the choice of name for the new club. Each name that suggested the veteran players, the newest responded with a different one. The solution was to face at a football match and the winners would put his name to the team, which lost pledging to respect it. The names were chosen and which were in dispute: "The punishment" and another "The Alondras." These names refer to two very popular works of a company varieties. Clearly won the supporters of "The Alondras" so this was the name of the new club began to face its history in the Moaña Leisure Maritime Meira 15 May 1928, the party won by 4 to 3.

Little by little loses the article "The" from its name and becomes the "Alondras CF" which initiates a stage victory, which makes the hobby again be with the team and again the need for a field where you can play.

At last on 6 December 1928 establishing the Alondras CF with the drafting of regulations and taking his first as a founding: Güido Paganini Picasso, Joe Smith Barros, Ramon Ocaña Larrin, Francisco Fernandez Cervera and Luciano Barreiro Fernandez. As curiosity can say that partner's children had to pay a monthly fee of 50 cents, partners and 5 number 1 peseta ESP partners protectors, as reflected in the regulations. In 1929 the club disputed different games considered "friendly", however striving to win, among them the victory 3–2 over the Ciosvin in Balaidos.

The club finished 2nd in the Group 1 of the Tercera División in the 2011-12 season.

Season to season

44 seasons in Tercera División
3 seasons in Tercera Federación/Tercera División RFEF

Stadium
The Campo do Morrazo, owned by Alondras CF and recently reformed, is the stadium where the club plays its home games since 19 March 1971.

References

External links
 Alondras CF Official website
 Futbolme.com profile

Association football clubs established in 1951
Football clubs in Galicia (Spain)
1951 establishments in Spain

Alondras CF


Gilgit Agency () was the name of most of the area of northern Kashmir which formed a de facto dependency of Pakistan from 1947 to 1970, which was then merged into Northern Areas. The Agency was administered directly from Islamabad separately from the neighbouring state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir and the princely states of Hunza-Nagar District. The area of the Agency comprised the traditional region of Gilgit. The Agency also bordered the Sinkiang region of China to the northeast, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir to the south, Baltistan to east, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west. Both India and Pakistan recognise the regions of Gilgit and Baltistan as disputed and technically part of the divided State of Jammu & Kashmir.

The chief towns of the Agency were Gilgit and Skardu with the small town of Ghyari also holding significance for Shia Muslims as the site of a mosque built by Sayyid Ali Hamadani, a fourteenth century Persian who brought Islam to the region

Gilgit-Baltistan

Gilgit Agency


Robert Pierpoint (May 16, 1925 – October 22, 2011) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.

He was born in Redondo Beach, California. Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands. Pierpoint covered the Korean War. He appeared on the first edition of See It Now in 1951. He also covered the State Department for CBS. He was often on Charles Kuralt's Sunday Morning broadcasts until his retirement.

He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys. He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of M*A*S*H.

Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter. His wrote about this in his book, At the White House (1981). He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon. He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.

One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air. He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts.  The television image showed only his chest and above. But a photograph was taken that showed his legs. To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.

References

American war correspondents
1925 births
2011 deaths
Writers from Los Angeles

Robert Pierpoint


Antonia Minor (31 January 36 BC – 1 May 37 AD)  was the younger of two surviving daughters of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor. She was a niece of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and maternal great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero. She outlived her husband Drusus, her oldest son, her daughter, and several of her grandchildren.

Biography

Birth and early life
She was born in Athens, and after 36 BC was taken to Rome by her mother with her siblings. She was the youngest of five. Her mother had three children, named Claudia Marcella Major, Claudia Marcella Minor, and Marcus Claudius Marcellus, from her first marriage and another daughter, named Antonia Major, by the same father (Mark Antony). Antonia never knew her father; Mark Antony divorced her mother in 32 BC and committed suicide in 30 BC.

She was raised by her mother, her uncle, and her aunt, Livia Drusilla. Having inherited properties in Italy, Greece, and Egypt, she was a wealthy and influential woman, who often received visitors to Rome. She had many male friends, including Lucius Vitellius, a consul and the father of Aulus Vitellius, a future emperor.

Marriage and family
In 16 BC, she married the Roman general and future consul (9 BC) Nero Claudius Drusus. Drusus was the stepson of her uncle Augustus, second son of Livia Drusilla, and brother of future Emperor Tiberius. They had many children, but only three survived: the famous general Germanicus, Livilla, and the Roman Emperor Claudius.

A poem by Crinagoras of Mytilene mentions Antonia's first pregnancy, which may be of a child before Germanicus who must have died in infancy or early childhood.

Drusus died in June 9 BC in Germany, due to complications from injuries he sustained after falling from a horse. After his death, although pressured by her uncle to remarry, she never did.

Antonia raised her children in Rome. Tiberius adopted Germanicus in 4 AD. Germanicus died in 19 AD, allegedly poisoned through the handiwork of Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso and Munatia Plancina. Tacitus suggests but does not outright say in Annals 3.3 that, on the orders of Tiberius and Livia Drusilla, Antonia was forbidden to go to his funeral. When Livia Drusilla died in June of 29 AD, Antonia took care of her younger grandchildren Caligula, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla, Julia Livilla, and later Claudia Antonia.

Conflict with Livilla
In 31 AD, a plot by her daughter Livilla and Tiberius' notorious Praetorian prefect, Sejanus, to murder the Emperor Tiberius and Caligula and to seize the throne for themselves,  was exposed by Apicata, the estranged ex-wife of Sejanus. Livilla allegedly poisoned her husband, Tiberius' son, Drusus Julius Caesar (nicknamed "Castor"), in 23 AD to remove him as a rival.

Sejanus was executed before Livilla was implicated in the crime. After Apicata's accusation, which came in the form of a letter to the emperor, several co-conspirators were executed while Livilla was handed over to her formidable mother for punishment. Cassius Dio states that Antonia imprisoned Livilla in her room until she starved to death.

Succession of Caligula and death
When Tiberius died, Caligula became emperor in March 37 AD. Caligula awarded her a senatorial decree, granting her all the honors that Livia Drusilla had received in her lifetime. She was also offered the title of Augusta, previously only given to Augustus's wife Livia, but rejected it.

Antonia died on 1 May 37. Suetonius and Cassius Dio claim she was driven to suicide by Caligula. According to Barrett,  But since he had not reached Rome until 28 March, and was absent from the city for much of April, collecting the remains of his mother and brother, there would hardly have been much time to drive Antonia to her death by insulting behaviour. It is also difficult to imagine that he would have paid her no honours on her death, as Suetonius implies. She died at a time when the euphoria of the beginning of his reign was still rampant, and quite apart from any question of personal affection, a public slight at this time to the most respected woman in Rome, whose death was marked in local Fasti, would have been politically unimaginable.

When Claudius became emperor after his nephew's assassination in 41 AD, he gave his mother the title of Augusta. Her birthday became a public holiday, which had yearly games and public sacrifices held. An image of her was paraded in a carriage.

Cultural depictions

She is remembered in De Mulieribus Claris, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the Florentine author Giovanni Boccaccio, composed in 136162. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature. Antonia is one of the main characters in the novel I, Claudius. In the  television adaptation of the book she is portrayed by Margaret Tyzack.  She is a loyal wife deeply in love with her husband Nero Claudius Drusus. However, she is unloving towards her son Claudius, whom she regards as a fool.  Furthermore, after finding evidence that Livilla murdered her husband Drusus Julius Caesar and rightfully believing she was also poisoning her daughter for the same reason, she kills Livilla by locking her in her room until she starves to death.  During the reign of Caligula she is so disgusted by the state of Rome that she commits suicide.

She is a leading character in the novel by Lindsey Davis, The Course of Honour (1997), where she guides and advises Claudius and his supporters.

In the 1968 ITV historical drama The Caesars, Antonia was indirectly mentioned by Tiberius (played by André Morell), who noted that Germanicus was a blood relative of Augustus on his mother's [Antonia] side.

Colleen Dewhurst portrayed Antonia opposite Susan Sarandon as Livilla in the 1985 miniseries A.D.

Isabelle Connolly (adult) and Beau Gadsdon (child) portrayed Antonia in British-Italian historical drama television series Domina (2021).

Notes

References

Sources

Ancient
 Plutarch - Life of Mark Antony
 Suetonius - Caligula (Gaius) & Claudius
 Tacitus - Annals of Imperial Rome
 Valerius Maximus, Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri iv.3.3

Secondary
 (edd.), Prosopographia Imperii Romani saeculi I, II et III, Berlin, 1933 - . (PIR2)

https://web.archive.org/web/20221221143437/roman-emperors.org/antoniaminor.htm

36 BC births
37 deaths
1st-century BC Roman women
1st-century BC Romans
1st-century Roman women
Suicides in Ancient Rome
Antonii
Augustae
Children of Mark Antony
Claudius
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Roman-era Athenian women

Antonia Minor


Charles Alfred Taylor (1922–2002) was a British physicist well known for his work in crystallography and his efforts to promote science to young audiences.

Early life
Charles Taylor was born in Hull in 1922.

Education
He began his degree at Queen Mary College (a constituent college of the University of London), but the college was subsequently evacuated to Cambridge during World War II. He graduated in 1943 and  after working for the Admiralty during the war, then worked as a lecturer and then a reader after completing his PhD.

Career
His first work was for the Admiralty designing radar countermeasures, work that eventually took him to Harvard University in the United States until the end of the war. He then studied for a PhD at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, and was there from 1948 until 1965.  He worked for a long time with Henry Lipson on the development of optical diffraction analogue methods. He was awarded a DSc in 1960.

In 1965 he moved with his family to Cardiff to take up the position of Chair of Physics at University College Cardiff, where the main interest of the department was X-ray crystallography, in the same field as the work he did with Lipson in Manchester.

He was appointed to the post of Visiting Professor of Experimental Physics at the Royal Institution, a post he held until 1988. He also gave many other lectures to schoolchildren. In 1990 he lectured to thousands of children in Tokyo as a follow-up to his Christmas Lectures in London the previous year.

Publications
Taylor was the author of a number of books, including 'The Art and Science of Lecture Demonstration'.  Most notably, with Stephen Pople, he wrote the worldwide selling 'Oxford Children's Book of Science' (1994).

Lectures
As well as his work in research, Taylor also had very close links to the Royal Institution.  He had always had a strong interest in music and its relationship with physics.  In 1971 he lectured to schoolchildren for the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures on Exploring Music covering physics and music.  In 1989 he became only the third person since 1945 to deliver a second series of Christmas lectures, with the title 'Exploring Music'.

Honours
Taylor was awarded the Lawrence Bragg Medal by the Institute of Physics in 1983 for his outstanding and sustained contributions to physics education. In 1986 he was unanimously awarded the first ever Michael Faraday Award by the Royal Society for communicating science to public audiences.  Altogether he gave over 150 lectures to schoolchildren at the Royal Institution, as well as presenting 8 Friday evening discourses there.

Family life
Taylor married in 1944 and had 3 children, 8 grandchildren and 2 great-grandchildren at the time of his death, in 2002 at the age of 79.

References

1922 births
2002 deaths
British physicists
Academics of Cardiff University
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
Harvard University staff
Alumni of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Academics of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Scientists from Kingston upon Hull
Royal Navy personnel of World War II
Admiralty personnel of World War II

Charles Taylor (physicist)


Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (16 January 1537 – 10 April 1605) was Count of Schwarzburg and founder of the Line of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, which later received the title of Prince.

Early life
He was the youngest of the surviving sons of Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg and his wife Countess Elisabeth zu Ysenburg-Büdingen-Birstein (1508-1572).

Biography
His father, Günther XL, had united all of the Schwarzburg possessions.  After he died in 1552, the county inherited by his four surviving sons, Günther XLI, John Günther I, William I and Albrecht VII, who divided their country in 1572. After the deaths of childless Günther XLI in 1583 and Wilhelm I in 1597, his possessions were divided between the still living brothers Johann Günther and Albrecht VII. This partition became the beginning of two lines of the house of Schwarzburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, both of which existed until the post-World War I major governmental changes of 1918.

Albrecht, studied at several German universities and in Padua. From 1557 he resided at the court of the Prince of Orange-Nassau. He served from 1563 under his brother Günther XLI in the army of King of Denmark and from 1573 lived in Rudolstadt.

Family and children
He was married twice. Firstly, on 14 June 1575 he married Countess Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg, daughter of Count William I of Nassau-Dillenburg and had the following children:
 Charles Günther, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (6 November 1576 – 24 September 1630)
 Elisabeth Juliane (1 January 1578 – 28 March 1658)
 Sophie (1 March 1579 – 24 August 1630), married on 30 March 1595 to Count Jobst II of Barby-Mühlingen
 Magdalene (12 April 1580 – 22 April 1632), married on 22 May 1597 to Henry II, Count of Reuss-Gera
 Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (27 May 1581 – 4 November 1646)
 Albert Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstdat (8 August 1582 – 20 January 1634)
 Anna Sybille (14 March 1584 – 22 August 1623), married on 15 November 1612 to Count Christian Günther I of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
 Katharina Maria (13 July 1585 – 19 January 1659)
 Katharina Susanna (13 February 1587 – 19 April 1662)
 Henry Günther, died young in 1589

Secondly, on 2 March 1591 he married Countess Albertine Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg (1568–1617), daughter of Count Reinhard II von Leiningen-Westerburg (1530-1584) and his wife, Countess Ottilia von Manderscheid-Blankenheim-Keyll (1536-1597). The marriage was childless.

Sources
 F. Apfelstedt: Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit, Arnstadt 1890
 Dr. Kamill von Behr: Genealogie der in Europa regierenden Fürstenhäuser, Leipzig 1870

Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Albrecht VII of
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Albrecht VII of
Counts of Schwarzburg
House of Schwarzburg
People from Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
16th-century German people


The Russian Mineralogical Society (RMS) is a public scientific organization uniting specialists and scientific groups working in the field of mineralogy and adjacent sciences. RMS was founded in 1817 Saint Petersburg, Russia, and is the world oldest mineralogical society among present. From 1869 until nowadays its residence is the Saint Petersburg Mining Institute.

RMS represents the Russian Federation with regard to the science of mineralogy in any international context. RMS is a member and one of the establishers (Madrid, 8 April 1958) of the International Mineralogical Association.

Publications

 Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society, is the print journal of the society, and it has been published continuously since 1830. It publishes scientific articles on mineralogy, petrology, deposits study, crystallography and geochemistry, and also articles on science history, critical and discussional announcements are published in the journal. In the part «Chronicles» information about the results of work of congresses, conferences and symposiums in the field of these sciences is given, and in the part «Bibliography» new monographs, reference books and text-books on mineralogy and adjacent disciplines are discussed.

Special Interest Commissions and Working Groups (WG)

 History,
 Cosmic Mineralogy,
 Crystal Genesis,
 Mineralogy of Gemstone Deposits and Gemology,
 Museums,
 New Minerals and Mineral Names,
 Organic Mineralogy,
 High School Teaching in Mineralogy,
 Crystal Chemistry and X-ray Diffraction of Minerals,
 Ore Mineralogy,
 Mineral Processing,
 Physical Methods of Investigation of Minerals,
 Environmental Mineralogy and Geochemistry,
 Experimental Mineralogy, and
 WG on Modern Mineral-Bearing Processes.

Awards
 Diploma,
 Honorary Certificate,
 Honorary Testimonial,
 Status of an Honorary Member.

Membership
Membership in the society is open to any person interested in mineralogy and related sciences regardless of residence or citizenship.

Annual meeting
The RMS organizes general meetings every 4 years and also annual scientific sessions.

References

External links
Russian Mineralogical Society Official Website
Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society (Zapiski RMO) Official Website

Geophysics societies
Geology societies
Scientific societies based in Russia
Scientific organizations established in 1817
1817 establishments in the Russian Empire

Russian Mineralogical Society


Kent Island is the largest island in the Chesapeake Bay and a historic place in Maryland.  To the east, a narrow channel known as the Kent Narrows barely separates the island from the Delmarva Peninsula, and on the other side, the island is separated from Sandy Point, an area near Annapolis, by roughly four miles (6.4 km) of water. At only four miles wide, the main waterway of the bay is at its narrowest at this point and is spanned here by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge.  The Chester River runs to the north of the island and empties into the Chesapeake Bay at Kent Island's Love Point.  To the south of the island lies Eastern Bay.  The United States Census Bureau reports that the island has  of land area.

Kent Island is part of Queen Anne's County, Maryland, and Maryland's Eastern Shore region. The first English establishment on the island, Kent Fort, was founded in 1631, making Kent Island the oldest English settlement within the present day state of Maryland and the third oldest permanent English settlement in what became the United States—after Jamestown, Virginia (1607), and Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620). The census-designated places of Stevensville, and Chester are located on the island, along with several other communities, including the fishing community of Kent Narrows, which is located partially on the island. Although all of Kent Island's communities are unincorporated, the census designated places of Stevensville and Chester on the island are both more populous than any of Queen Anne's County's incorporated towns.

History

Early and Colonial
Before European colonization, Kent Island was inhabited by Native Americans for nearly 12,000 years. The island was inhabited by the Matapeake people, members of the Algonquian nation whom the Matapeake area of Kent Island is named after. Other tribes that inhabited the area and often visited the island included the Ozinie tribe. The Matapeake people referred to the island as Monoponson in their language. During the 16th and 17th centuries, early explorers of the Chesapeake Bay, including Captain John Smith, were the first Europeans to see Kent Island; however, it wasn't until August 1631 that the island became an English settlement. At that time, William Claiborne, a resident of Jamestown, founded a settlement near the southern end of the island for the purpose of trading with Native Americans and named the island after his birthplace of Kent, England. The settlement burned down in the winter of 1631–32 but was quickly rebuilt, and in 1634 the settlement included a gristmill, courthouse, and trading station. Following the formation of the province of Maryland, Claiborne continued to recognize the island as part of his home colony of Virginia, while Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore recognized it as part of Maryland. Claiborne was forced from and returned to the island twice before leaving permanently in 1658, thus effectively ending the disputes.  Virginia's official claims to the island, however, continued until 1776.

Industrial Revolution
Until the early 19th century, Kent Island was used almost entirely for farming of tobacco and corn, however that ended due to the depletion of nutrient-rich soil as a result of the lack of crop rotation and poor farming practices. The island's economy went into decline while the soil recovered, except for the port town of Broad Creek. This began to change around the time of the Industrial Revolution. In 1850, the town of Stevensville, was founded after the sale of farms owned by James and Charles Stevens and prospered as a major hub for steamboat travel across the Chesapeake Bay. Stevensville was also the home of a railroad station known as the Stevensville Train Depot that was located near the western end of a railroad that carried ferry passengers to other parts of the Eastern Shore. Also during this time, small resorts on the shores of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean were established in the area. Such a resort existed at Love Point, to the north of Stevensville. Farming returned to the economy in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with farmers growing crops including corn, wheat, berries, and melons. Many of the island's inhabitants worked as watermen in the expanding seafood industry capitalizing on the Chesapeake's supply of Maryland Blue Crab, rockfish, and oysters.

Twentieth century
As roads replaced railroads and steamboats into the twentieth century, there was a growing need for a road bridge connecting the two shores of the Chesapeake Bay. In 1952 the Chesapeake Bay Bridge was completed, connecting the island directly to the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area. The bridge completely replaced the steamboat system and also led to further growth of Kent Island and the rest of the Eastern Shore. In 1973, to accommodate growing traffic across the bay, the bridge was expanded with an additional span built next to the existing one. Then, in the late 1980s and early 1990s U.S. Route 50 was converted to a freeway across the island.

Recent history
In September 2003, Kent Island was one of the many places in the Chesapeake Bay Area affected by Hurricane Isabel. Local businesses and historic local landmarks were either damaged or destroyed in the storm and the storm surge caused by it. Much of the damage from the hurricane, mostly caused by flooding, took several months to repair.

Today, Kent Island is considered a suburb of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area and was home to 16,812 residents at the time of the 2000 U.S. Census.  The combined area of the Stevensville and Chester CDPs had 9,603 residents.  Many have relocated from the Washington, D.C., or Baltimore metro areas and continue to commute back there. Stevensville and Chester are also among the most densely populated areas of the Eastern Shore, and the most densely populated in Queen Anne's County, making up 23.67 percent of its population and only 3.07 percent of its land area.

Historic places

As of 2006, many of the island's historic places have been preserved and are highlighted by the Chesapeake Country Scenic Byway and the American Discovery Trail, both of which pass through the island. Several buildings on the island that are still leftover from the 19th century and earlier include the Cray House, a rare remaining example of post and plank construction, the old Stevensville post office (left, yellow building in center), Christ Episcopal Church, and the Stevensville Train Depot (right). Stevensville's historic district along with some of the buildings in the town are on the National Register of Historic Places.

Notable residents
Listed are notable people who have lived on Kent Island.
Brock Adams – United States Secretary of Transportation and United States Senator from Washington
Elbert N. Carvel – Governor of Delaware
William Claiborne – Founder of Kent Island
James Earickson – former State Treasurer of Missouri
Henry R. Gibson – U.S. representative from Tennessee
Theodore N. Lerner – Principal owner of the Washington Nationals
Herbert D. Riley  - U.S Navy Vice Admiral, highly decorated officer, Commanding Officer of USS Makassar Strait, World War II Veteran of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Transportation

Roads
The main mode of transportation on Kent Island, as with most other suburban areas of the United States, is the automobile. Kent Island's main roads include the U.S. Route 50/U.S. Route 301 freeway, which connects the island to Central Maryland via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and to the Delmarva Peninsula via the Kent Narrows Bridge.  The island is also served by Maryland Routes 8, 18, and 552.

Public Transportation
On week days, the Maryland Department of Transportation offers four commuter bus routes to take Kent Island commuters to Baltimore or Washington D.C. The County Ride, a transportation service operated under the Department of Aging, is available as well. It provides specialized transportation services for elderly people and people with disabilities while still serving the general public. It travels to Grasonville, Easton, Centerville, Annapolis, and other towns. It also provides door to door rides with a minimum of two days notice.

Trails
The original section of the Cross Island Trail, a walking and biking trail on Kent Island, was built in the late 1990s, as part of Queen Anne's County's portion of the American Discovery Trail.  The full trail was completed in 2001.

By the time the Cross Island Trail was completed, growing concern over the safety of pedestrians using the shoulder of Route 8 prompted the construction of a new trail paralleling the road.  When completed, the trail, known as the Kent Island South Trail, will run from Romancoke Pier at the southern end of Route 8, heading north and crossing the road in Matapeake, near Matapeake Elementary and Middle schools.  From there it will pass through Mobray Park, then over US 50, through Stevensville to end at the Cross Island Trail in or near Old Love Point Park.

Both the Cross Island and Kent Island South Trails are part of a planned trail system for Queen Anne's County; the entire Cross Island Trail and the existing section of the Kent Island South Trail represent the only completed portions of the system.

Connections to the mainland

The bridges that currently connect Kent Island to the mainland, or once did, are as follows:
The Chesapeake Bay Bridge, or Bay Bridge, spans the Chesapeake Bay and carries US 50/301 to Annapolis.
The Kent Narrows Bridge spans the Kent Narrows and carries US 50/301 to the Delmarva Peninsula.
The Old Kent Narrows Bridge, Kent Narrows Drawbridge, or Route 18 Kent Narrows Bridge is a drawbridge that carries Maryland 18 into Grasonville. It was the predecessor to the current Kent Narrows Bridge and now serves local traffic.
An even older automobile bridge once ran across the Kent Narrows and was replaced by the current Route 18 Kent Narrows Bridge. Also in the past, railroad bridges over the Kent Narrows connected the Kent Island portion of the Queen Anne's County Railroad to the mainland.

Access to Annapolis is available via MTA Commuter Bus Service Route 210. Weekday service to the mainland begins at 5:30 am and the last bus to leave Washington departs at 6:48 pm. Also, access to Washington, D.C., is available via MTA Commuter Bus Service Route 240 and 250. Weekday service to the mainland begins at 5:00 am for Route 240 and 4:45 am for Route 250 and the last bus to leave Washington departs at 7:28 pm for Route 240 and 7:08 pm for Route 250.

Local airports on the island serve as another type of connection to the mainland. The largest is the Bay Bridge Airport, located near the Chesapeake Bay Bridge. Before the construction of the Bay Bridge, ferry services connected the island directly to Baltimore, Annapolis, and the small peninsula on which St. Michaels, is located. Some of the piers that were used as part of the ferry service are still used for fishing.

Into the 1930s the Baltimore and Eastern Railroad operated passenger service from Love Point on the northern extreme of the island east to Queenstown, Easton, Hurlock, as well as  Salisbury's Union Station, Ocean City, Maryland, Berlin, and Delmar, Delaware. However, passenger service was terminated by 1938.

See also
List of islands in Maryland
Kent Island High School
The Kent Island Bay Times

References

External links

General information
Live Video Rt 50 / Rt 8 Bridge
Live Video Rt 50 Kent Narrows
Information from the Maryland Online Encyclopedia
Kent Island Online Kent Island Online – A guide to Kent Island aimed at both locals and tourists
Cross Island Trail
Kent Island Annual Festival Island Bay Day

History
Historic Sites in Queen Anne's County  (Includes Kent Island)
Historic Sites in Stevensville
Maps showing early settlements on the island

English-American culture in Maryland
Fishing communities in Maryland
Landforms of Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Maryland islands of the Chesapeake Bay

Kent Island (Maryland)