Jealousy generally refers to the thoughts or feelings of insecurity, fear, and concern over a relative lack of possessions or safety.

Jealousy can consist of one or more emotions such as anger, resentment, inadequacy, helplessness or disgust. In its original meaning, jealousy is distinct from envy, though the two terms have popularly become synonymous in the English language, with jealousy now also taking on the definition originally used for envy alone. These two emotions are often confused with each other, since they tend to appear in the same situation.

Jealousy is a typical experience in human relationships, and it has been observed in infants as young as five months. Some researchers claim that jealousy is seen in all cultures and is a universal trait. However, others claim jealousy is a culture-specific emotion.

Jealousy can either be suspicious or reactive, and it is often reinforced as a series of particularly strong emotions and constructed as a universal human experience. Psychologists have proposed several models to study the processes underlying jealousy and have identified factors that result in jealousy. Sociologists have demonstrated that cultural beliefs and values play an important role in determining what triggers jealousy and what constitutes socially acceptable expressions of jealousy. Biologists have identified factors that may unconsciously influence the expression of jealousy.

Throughout history, artists have also explored the theme of jealousy in paintings, films, songs, plays, poems, and books, and theologians have offered religious views of jealousy based on the scriptures of their respective faiths.

Etymology

The word stems from the French jalousie, formed from jaloux (jealous), and further from Low Latin zelosus (full of zeal), in turn from the Greek word  (zēlos), sometimes "jealousy", but more often in a positive sense "emulation, ardour, zeal" (with a root connoting "to boil, ferment"; or "yeast"). The "biblical language" zeal would be known as "tolerating no unfaithfulness" while in middle English zealous is good. One origin word gelus meant "Possessive and suspicious" the word then turned into jelus.

Since William Shakespeare's use of terms like "green-eyed monster", the color green has been associated with jealousy and envy, from which the expression "green with envy", is derived.

Theories

Scientific examples

People do not express jealousy through a single emotion or a single behavior.
They instead express jealousy through diverse emotions and behaviors, which makes it difficult to form a scientific definition of jealousy. Scientists instead define it in their own words, as illustrated by the following examples:
 "Romantic jealousy is here defined as a complex of thoughts, feelings, and actions which follow threats to self-esteem and/or threats to the existence or quality of the relationship, when those threats are generated by the perception of potential attraction between one's partner and a (perhaps imaginary) rival."
 "Jealousy, then, is any aversive reaction that occurs as the result of a partner's extradyadic relationship that is considered likely to occur."
 "Jealousy is conceptualized as a cognitive, emotional, and behavioral response to a relationship threat. In the case of sexual jealousy, this threat emanates from knowing or suspecting that one's partner has had (or desires to have) sexual activity with a third party. In the case of emotional jealousy, an individual feels threatened by her or his partner's emotional involvement with and/or love for a third party."
 "Jealousy is defined as a defensive reaction to a perceived threat to a valued relationship, arising from a situation in which the partner's involvement with an activity and/or another person is contrary to the jealous person's definition of their relationship."
 "Jealousy is triggered by the threat of separation from, or loss of, a romantic partner, when that threat is attributed to the possibility of the partner's romantic interest in another person."
These definitions of jealousy share two basic themes. First, all the definitions imply a triad composed of a jealous individual, a partner, and a perception of a third party or rival. Second, all the definitions describe jealousy as a reaction to a perceived threat to the relationship between two people, or a dyad. Jealous reactions typically involve aversive emotions and/or behaviors that are assumed to be protective for their attachment relationships. These themes form the essential meaning of jealousy in most scientific studies.

Comparison with envy

Popular culture uses the word jealousy as a synonym for envy. Many dictionary definitions include a reference to envy or envious feelings. In fact, the overlapping use of jealousy and envy has a long history.
The terms are used indiscriminately in such popular 'feel-good' books as Nancy Friday's Jealousy, where the expression 'jealousy' applies to a broad range of passions, from envy to lust and greed. While this kind of usage blurs the boundaries between categories that are intellectually valuable and psychologically justifiable, such confusion is understandable in that historical explorations of the term indicate that these boundaries have long posed problems. Margot Grzywacz's fascinating etymological survey of the word in Romance and Germanic languages asserts, indeed, that the concept was one of those that proved to be the most difficult to express in language and was therefore among the last to find an unambiguous term. Classical Latin used invidia, without strictly differentiating between envy and jealousy. It was not until the postclassical era that Latin borrowed the late and poetic Greek word zelotypia and the associated adjective zelosus. It is from this adjective that are derived French jaloux, Provençal gelos, Italian geloso, Spanish celoso, and Portuguese cioso.
Perhaps the overlapping use of jealousy and envy occurs because people can experience both at the same time. A person may envy the characteristics or possessions of someone who also happens to be a romantic rival. In fact, one may even interpret romantic jealousy as a form of envy. A jealous person may envy the affection that their partner gives to a rival – affection the jealous person feels entitled to himself or herself. People often use the word jealousy as a broad label that applies to both experiences of jealousy and experiences of envy.

Although popular culture often uses jealousy and envy as synonyms, modern philosophers and psychologists have argued for conceptual distinctions between jealousy and envy. For example, philosopher John Rawls distinguishes between jealousy and envy on the ground that jealousy involves the wish to keep what one has, and envy the wish to get what one does not have. Thus, a child is jealous of her parents' attention to a sibling, but envious of her friend's new bicycle. Psychologists Laura Guerrero and Peter Andersen have proposed the same distinction. They claim the jealous person "perceives that he or she possesses a valued relationship, but is in danger of losing it or at least of having it altered in an undesirable manner," whereas the envious person "does not possess a valued commodity, but wishes to possess it." Gerrod Parrott draws attention to the distinct thoughts and feelings that occur in jealousy and envy.

The common experience of jealousy for many people may involve:

 Fear of loss
 Suspicion of or anger about a perceived betrayal
 Low self-esteem and sadness over perceived loss
 Uncertainty and loneliness
 Fear of losing an important person to another
 Distrust

The experience of envy involves:

 Feelings of inferiority
 Longing
 Resentment of circumstances
 Ill will towards envied person often accompanied by guilt about these feelings
 Motivation to improve
 Desire to possess the attractive rival's qualities
 Disapproval of feelings
 Sadness towards other's accomplishments

Parrott acknowledges that people can experience envy and jealousy at the same time. Feelings of envy about a rival can even intensify the experience of jealousy. Still, the differences between envy and jealousy in terms of thoughts and feelings justify their distinction in philosophy and science.

In psychology

Jealousy involves an entire "emotional episode" including a complex narrative. This includes the circumstances that lead up to jealousy, jealousy itself as emotion, any attempt at self regulation, subsequent actions and events, and ultimately the resolution of the episode.  The narrative can originate from experienced facts, thoughts, perceptions, memories, but also imagination, guesses and assumptions. The more society and culture matter in the formation of these factors, the more jealousy can have a social and cultural origin. By contrast, jealousy can be a "cognitively impenetrable state", where education and rational belief matter very little.

One possible explanation of the origin of jealousy in evolutionary psychology is that the emotion evolved in order to maximize the success of our genes: it is a biologically based emotion selected to foster the certainty about the paternity of one's own offspring. A jealous behavior, in Woman, is directed into avoiding sexual betrayal and a consequent waste of resources and effort in taking care of someone else's offspring. There are, additionally, cultural or social explanations of the origin of jealousy. According to one, the narrative from which jealousy arises can be in great part made by the imagination. Imagination is strongly affected by a person's cultural milieu. The pattern of reasoning, the way one perceives situations, depends strongly on cultural context. It has elsewhere been suggested that jealousy is in fact a secondary emotion in reaction to one's needs not being met, be those needs for attachment, attention, reassurance or any other form of care that would be otherwise expected to arise from that primary romantic relationship.

While mainstream psychology considers sexual arousal through jealousy a paraphilia, some authors on sexuality have argued that jealousy in manageable dimensions can have a definite positive effect on sexual function and sexual satisfaction. Studies have also shown that jealousy sometimes heightens passion towards partners and increases the intensity of passionate sex.

Jealousy in children and teenagers has been observed more often in those with low self-esteem and can evoke aggressive reactions. One such study suggested that developing intimate friends can be followed by emotional insecurity and loneliness in some children when those intimate friends interact with others. Jealousy is linked to aggression and low self-esteem. Research by Sybil Hart, PhD, at Texas Tech University indicates that children are capable of feeling and displaying jealousy at as young as six months. Infants showed signs of distress when their mothers focused their attention on a lifelike doll. This research could explain why children and infants show distress when a sibling is born, creating the foundation for sibling rivalry.

In addition to traditional jealousy comes Obsessive Jealousy, which can be a form of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. This jealousy is characterized by obsessional jealousy and thoughts of the partner.

In sociology

Anthropologists have claimed that jealousy varies across cultures. Cultural learning can influence the situations that trigger jealousy and the manner in which jealousy is expressed. Attitudes toward jealousy can also change within a culture over time. For example, attitudes toward jealousy changed substantially during the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. People in the United States adopted much more negative views about jealousy. As men and women became more equal it became less appropriate or acceptable to express jealousy.

Romantic jealousy

Romantic jealousy arises as a result of romantic interest.

It is defined as "a complex of thoughts, feelings, and actions that follow threats to self-esteem and/or threats to the existence or quality of the relationship when those threats are generated by the perception of a real or potential romantic attraction between one's partner and a (perhaps imaginary) rival." Different from sexual jealousy, romantic jealousy is triggered by threats to self and relationship (rather than sexual interest in another person). Factors, such as feelings of inadequacy as a partner, sexual exclusivity, and having put relatively more effort into the relationship, are positively correlated to relationship jealousy in both genders.

Communicative responses
As romantic jealousy is a complicated reaction that has multiple components, i.e., thoughts, feelings, and actions, one aspect of romantic jealousy that is under study is communicative responses. Communicative responses serve three critical functions in a romantic relationship, i.e., reducing uncertainty, maintaining or repairing relationship, and restoring self-esteem. If done properly, communicative responses can lead to more satisfying relationships after experiencing romantic jealousy.

There are two subsets of communicative responses: interactive responses and general behavior responses. Interactive responses is face-to-face and partner-directed while general behavior responses may not occur interactively. Guerrero and colleagues further categorize multiple types of communicative responses of romantic jealousy. Interactive responses can be broken down to six types falling in different places on continua of threat and directness:

 Avoidance/Denial (low threat and low directness). Example: becoming silent; pretending nothing is wrong.
 Integrative Communication (low threat and high directness). Example: explaining feelings; calmly questioning partner.
 Active Distancing (medium threat and medium directness). Example: decreasing affection.
 Negative Affect Expression (medium threat and medium directness). Example: venting frustration; crying or sulking.
 Distributive Communication (high threat and high directness). Example: acting rude; making hurtful or abrasive comments.
 Violent Communication/Threats (high threat and high directness). Example: using physical force.

Guerrero and colleagues have also proposed five general behavior responses. The five sub-types differ in whether a response is 1) directed at partner or rival(s), 2) directed at discovery or repair, and 3) positively or negatively valenced:

 Surveillance/ Restriction (rival-targeted, discovery-oriented, commonly negatively valenced). Example: observing rival; trying to restrict contact with partner.
 Rival Contacts (rival-targeted, discovery-oriented/repair-oriented, commonly negatively valenced). Example: confronting rival.
 Manipulation Attempts (partner-targeted, repair-oriented, negatively valenced). Example: tricking partner to test loyalty; trying to make partner feel guilty.
 Compensatory Restoration (partner-targeted, repair-oriented, commonly positively valenced). Example: sending flowers to partner.
 Violent Behavior (-, -, negatively valenced). Example: slamming doors.

While some of these communicative responses are destructive and aggressive, e.g., distributive communication and active distancing, some individuals respond to jealousy in a more constructive way. Integrative communication, compensatory restoration, and negative affect expression have been shown to lead to positive relation outcomes. One factor that affects the type of communicative responses elicited in an individual is emotions. Jealousy anger is associated with more aggressive communicative response while irritation tends to lead to more constructive communicative behaviors.

Researchers also believe that when jealousy is experienced it can be caused by differences in understanding the commitment level of the couple, rather than directly being caused by biology alone. The research identified that if a person valued long-term relationships more than being sexually exclusive, those individuals were more likely to demonstrate jealousy over emotional rather than physical infidelity.

Through a study conducted in three Spanish-Speaking countries, it was determined that Facebook jealousy also exists. This Facebook jealousy ultimately leads to increased relationship jealousy and study participants also displayed decreased self esteem as a result of the Facebook jealousy.

Sexual jealousy

Sexual jealousy may be triggered when a person's partner displays sexual interest in another person. The feeling of jealousy may be just as powerful if one partner suspects the other is guilty of infidelity. Fearing that their partner will experience sexual jealousy the person who has been unfaithful may lie about their actions in order to protect their partner. Experts often believe that sexual jealousy is in fact a biological imperative. It may be part of a mechanism by which humans and other animals ensure access to the best reproductive partners.

It seems that male jealousy in heterosexual relationships may be influenced by their female partner's phase in her menstrual cycle. In the period around and shortly before ovulation, males are found to display more mate-retention tactics, which are linked to jealousy. Furthermore, a male is more likely to employ mate-retention tactics if their partner shows more interest in other males, which is more likely to occur in the pre-ovulation phase.

Contemporary views on gender-based differences
According to Rebecca L. Ammon in The Osprey Journal of Ideas and Inquiry at UNF Digital Commons (2004), the Parental Investment Model based on parental investment theory posits that more men than women ratify sex differences in jealousy. In addition, more women over men consider emotional infidelity (fear of abandonment) as more distressing than sexual infidelity. According to the attachment theory, sex and attachment style makes significant and unique interactive contributions to the distress experienced. Security within the relationship also heavily contributes to one's level of distress. These findings imply that psychological and cultural mechanisms regarding sex differences may play a larger role than expected. The attachment theory also claims to reveal how infants' attachment patterns are the basis for self-report measures of adult attachment. Although there are no sex differences in childhood attachment, individuals with dismissing behavior were more concerned with the sexual aspect of relationships. As a coping mechanism these individuals would report sexual infidelity as more harmful. Moreover, research shows that audit attachment styles strongly conclude with the type of infidelity that occurred. Thus psychological and cultural mechanisms are implied as unvarying differences in jealousy that play a role in sexual attachment.

In 1906, The American Journal of Psychology had reported that "the weight of quotable (male) authority is to the effect that women are more susceptible to jealousy". This claim was accompanied in the journal by a quote from Confucius: "The five worst maladies that afflict the female mind are indocility, discontent, slander, jealousy and silliness."

Emotional jealousy was predicted to be nine times more responsive in females than in males. The emotional jealousy predicted in females also held turn to state that females experiencing emotional jealousy are more violent than men experiencing emotional jealousy.

There are distinct emotional responses to gender differences in romantic relationships. For example, due to paternity uncertainty in males, jealousy increases in males over sexual infidelity rather than emotional. According to research more women are likely to be upset by signs of resource withdraw (i.e. another female) than by sexual infidelity.  A large amount of data supports this notion. However, one must consider for jealousy the life stage or experience one encounters in reference to the diverse responses to infidelity available. Research states that a componential view of jealousy consist of specific set of emotions that serve the reproductive role. However, research shows that both men and women would be equally angry and point the blame for sexual infidelity, but women would be more hurt by emotional infidelity. Despite this fact, anger surfaces when both parties involved are responsible for some type of uncontrollable behavior, sexual conduct is not exempt. Some behavior and actions are controllable such as sexual behavior. However hurt feelings are activated by relationship deviation. No evidence is known to be sexually dimorphic in both college and adult convenience samples. The Jealousy Specific Innate Model (JSIM) proved to not be innate, but may be sensitive to situational factors. As a result, it may only activate at stages. One study discovered serious relationships are reserved for older adults rather than undergraduates.  For example, it was predicted that male jealousy decreases as females reproductive values decreases.

A second possibility that the JSIM effect is not innate but is cultural. Differences have been highlighted in socio-economic status specific such as the divide between high school and collegiate individuals. Moreover, individuals of both genders were angrier and blamed their partners more for sexual infidelities but were more hurt by emotional infidelity. Jealousy is composed of lower-level emotional states (e.g., anger and hurt) which may be triggered by a variety of events, not by differences in individuals' life stage. Although research has recognized the importance of early childhood experiences for the development of competence in intimate relationships, early family environment is recently being examined as we age). Research on self-esteem and attachment theory suggest that individuals internalize early experiences within the family which subconsciously translates into their personal view of worth of themselves and the value of being close to other individuals, especially in an interpersonal relationship.

In animals

A study by researchers at the University of California, San Diego, replicated jealousy studies done on humans on canines.  They reported, in a paper published in PLOS ONE in 2014, that a significant number of dogs exhibited jealous behaviors when their human companions paid attention to dog-like toys, compared to when their human companions paid attention to non-social objects.

In addition, Jealousy has been speculated to be a potential factor in incidences of aggression or emotional tension in dogs. Mellissa Starling, an animal behavior consultant of the University of Sydney, noted that "dogs are social animals and they obey a group hierarchy. Changes in the home, like the arrival of a baby, can prompt a family pet to behave differently to what one might expect."

Applications

In fiction, film, and art

Artistic depictions of jealousy occur in fiction, films, and other art forms such as painting and sculpture. Jealousy is a common theme in literature, art, theatre, and film. Often, it is presented as a demonstration of particularly deep feelings of love, rather than a destructive obsession.

A study done by Ferris, Smith, Greenberg, and Smith looked into the way people saw dating and romantic relationships based on how many reality dating shows they watched. People who spent a large amount of time watching these reality dating shows "endorsed" or supported the "dating attitudes" that would be shown on the show. While the other people who do not spend time watching reality dating shows did not mirror the same ideas. This means if someone watches a reality dating show that displays men and women reacting violently or aggressively towards their partner due to jealousy they can mirror that. This is reflected in romantic movies as well. Jessica R. Frampton conducted a study looking into romantic jealousy in movies. The study found that there were "230 instances of romantic jealousy were identified in the 51 top-grossing romantic comedies from 2002–2014" Some of the films did not display romantic jealousy however, some featured many examples of romantic jealousy. This was due to the fact that some of the top-grossing movies did not contain a rival or romantic competition. While others such as Forgetting Sarah Marshall was said to contain "19 instances of romantic jealousy." Out of the 230 instances 58% were reactive jealousy while 31% showed possessive jealousy. The last 11% displayed anxious jealousy it was seen the least in all 230 cases. Out of the 361 reactions to the jealousy found 53% were found to be "Destructive responses." Only 19% of responses were constructive while 10% showed avoidant responses. The last 18% were considered "rival focused responses" which lead to the finding that "there was a higher than expected number of rival-focused responses to possessive jealousy."

In religion

Jealousy in religion examines how the scriptures and teachings of various religions deal with the topic of jealousy. Religions may be compared and contrasted on how they deal with two issues: concepts of divine jealousy, and rules about the provocation and expression of human jealousy.

Cross culture
A study was done in order to cross examine jealousy among four different cultures, Ireland, Thailand, India and the United States. These cultures were chosen to demonstrate differences in expression across cultures. The study posits that male-dominant cultures are more likely to express and reveal jealousy. The survey found that Thais are less likely to express jealousy than the other three cultures. This is because the men in these cultures are rewarded in a way for showing jealousy due to the fact that some women interpret it as love. This can also be seen when watching romantic comedies when males show they are jealous of a rival or emotionally jealous women perceive it as men caring more.

See also

References

 Lyhda, Belcher (2009). " Different Types of Jealousy" livestrong.com

Notes

Further reading

 Peter Goldie. The Emotions, A Philosophical Exploration . Oxford University Press, 2000
 W. Gerrod Parrott. Emotions in Social Psychology . Psychology Press, 2001
 Jesse J. Prinz. Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotions. Oxford University Press, 2004

 Jealousy among the Sangha  Quoting Jeremy Hayward from his book on Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche Warrior-King of Shambhala: Remembering Chögyam Trungpa
 Hart, S. L. & Legerstee, M. (Eds.) "Handbook of Jealousy: Theory, Research, and Multidisciplinary Approaches" . Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

 Levy, Kenneth N., Kelly, Kristen M Feb 2010; Sex Differences in Jealousy: A Contribution From Attachment Theory Psychological Science, vol. 21: pp. 168–173

External links

Emotions
Narcissism
Philosophy of love
Personal life

bo:མིག་སེར།
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hu:Féltékenység
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Jealousy


Cecil Browne (February 13, 1896 – August 13, 1985) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played 13 games for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Browne was named the "Manitoba's Athlete of the Century" in 1970. He quit playing professional hockey because of an injury. He was the AHA Scoring Champion in 1927, is an "Honoured Member" of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 1980.

References

Other websites

1896 births
1985 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Sportspeople from Winnipeg

Cecil Browne


The root of a polynomial f is a value for x where the polynomial value f(x) is zero.

For example, if the polynomial  then , so 2 is a root of this polynomial.

In fact, it can be seen that also -7 is a root of this polynomial.

Algebra

Polynomial root


The Nuclear Threat Initiative, generally referred to as NTI, is a non-profit organization located in Washington, D.C. The American foreign policy think tank was founded in 2001 by former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn and philanthropist Ted Turner and describes itself as a "nonprofit, nonpartisan global security organization focused on reducing nuclear and biological threats imperiling humanity."

NTI has four policy programs: the Global Nuclear Policy Program, Nuclear Materials Security, Scientific and Technical Affairs, and Global Biological Policy and Programs (stylized as NTI | bio).

Mission
NTI's self-described mission is "to transform global security by driving systemic solutions to nuclear and biological threats imperiling humanity."

History
NTI was founded in 2001 by former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn and philanthropist Ted Turner. The launch event was held at the National Press Club on January 8, 2001. An event celebrating NTI's 20th anniversary was held on April 12, 2022, with a one-year delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Work

Low-enriched uranium bank
NTI supported the development of an international low-enriched uranium bank to help prevent the proliferation of nuclear technology. NTI advisor Warren Buffett provided $50 million to jump-start the reserve, which is owned and managed by the International Atomic Energy Agency and located in Kazakhstan. The bank became fully operational in October 2019 after receiving its first shipment of uranium.

Highly enriched uranium elimination

Serbia
In 2002, NTI provided much of the financial support for a joint US-Russian mission to remove 100 pounds of highly enriched uranium from the Vinča Nuclear Institute in Serbia, to be flown to Russia.

Kazakhstan
NTI provided technical and financial support to help convert 2,900 kilograms of highly enriched uranium to low-enriched uranium in Kazakhstan in 2005. The organization committed $1.3 million for reactor safety systems.

Nuclear Security Index
NTI has produced a biennial "Nuclear Security Index" in partnership with Economist Impact since 2012. The "NTI Index" benchmarks nuclear security conditions across 176 countries.

As part of the Index, NTI also develops and releases a Radioactive Source Security Assessment that includes recommendations on securing and eliminating radiological sources used and stored at thousands of sites across more than 100 countries.

Global Health Security Index
The Global Health Security Index, produced by NTI, the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, and Economist Impact, is a biennial index that assesses countries' preparedness to respond to pandemics and epidemics. The GHS Index assesses 195 countries' abilities to prevent, detect, and respond to health emergencies based on publicly available information.

World Health Organization–Nuclear Threat Initiative Emergency Outbreak Response Fund
In 2002, NTI partnered with the World Health Organization (WHO) to create a $500,000 rapid response fund for infectious disease outbreaks.

Global dialogue on nuclear security priorities
NTI regularly convenes meetings among global nuclear security experts and government officials to discuss issues related to nuclear security. Global Dialogue summits have taken place in France, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan.

Establishment of new organizations
In 2003, NTI created the Middle East Consortium for Infectious Disease Surveillance (MECIDS) with participation from Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority. MECIDS shares official health data and conducts infectious disease prevention training.

In 2008, NTI helped create the World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS), in Vienna, as part of its focus to secure nuclear materials worldwide.

NTI also created Connecting Organizations for Disease Surveillance (CORDS), which launched in 2013 as an independent NGO that links international disease surveillance networks, supported by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Films
The organization produced the 2005 film, Last Best Chance, a docudrama about nuclear terrorism that aired on HBO. NTI also produced the 2010 documentary film Nuclear Tipping Point, which was screened by President Obama at the White House in April 2010 and featured on The Colbert Report.

Leadership

Ernest J. Moniz has served as chief executive officer since June 2017, and Joan Rohlfing serves as president and chief operating officer. Co-chaired by Moniz, Nunn, and Ted Turner, NTI is governed by a board of directors with both current and emeritus members from around the globe.

Board of directors

 Ernest J. Moniz, co-chairman and chief executive Officer, NTI
 Sam Nunn, co-chair, co-founder and strategic advisor, NTI
 Ted Turner, co-chair
 Des Browne, vice chairman, NTI
 Joan Rohlfing, president, NTI
 Ambassador Hamad Alkaabi, permanent representative of the United Arab Emirates to the International Atomic Energy Agency and special representative for International Nuclear Cooperation
 Ambassador Brooke D. Anderson, president of Pivotal Ventures
 Dr. Alexey Arbatov, head, Center for International Security at Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences
 Edmund G. Brown Jr., former Governor of California
 Ambassador Rolf Ekeus, chairman emeritus of the board, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
 Gideon Frank, former director general of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission
 Margaret A. Hamburg, M.D., former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
 Ambassador Jon M. Huntsman, Jr., former U.S. Ambassador to Russia, China, and Singapore
 Igor S. Ivanov, former minister of foreign affairs, Russia
 Riaz Mohammad Khan, former foreign secretary of Pakistan
 Jeong H. Kim, former president, Bell Labs
 Michelle McMurry-Heath, president and CEO, Biotechnology Innovation Organization
 Admiral Michael G. Mullen, USN (ret.), 17th chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff
 Ronald L. Olson, Partner, Los Angeles office of Munger, Tolles & Olson
 Michael A. Peterson, chairman and chief executive Officer of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation
 Malcolm Rifkind, former foreign secretary, UK
 Ray Rothrock, executive chairman, RedSeal, Inc. and partner emeritus, Venrock
 Louis Salkind, president, Bright Horizon Foundation
 Laura Turner Seydel, chair of Captain Planet Foundation and director of Turner Foundation
 Dr. Nathalie Tocci, director, Istituto Affari Internazionali
 Ambassador Alexa Wesner, former U.S. Ambassador to Austria
 Dr. Peng Yuan, president, China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations

Advisors to the board of directors

 Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
 Siegfried S. Hecker, co-director, Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation

Emeritus board

 Charles A. Bowsher, former comptroller general to the United States and head of the General Accounting Office
 Liru Cui, former president of China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations
 Charles B. Curtis, president emeritus of NTI
 Susan Eisenhower
 HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan
 Pierre Lellouche
 Jessica T. Mathews
 Ambassador Hisashi Owada
 William J. Perry
 Nafis Sadik
 Amartya Sen
 Fujia Yang

Financials
NTI receives funding from a number of sources, including foundations, individuals, non-U.S. governments, and corporations. Funders and financial information are listed in NTI's annual report, which is published online each year. The organization does not accept U.S. government funding.

References

External links

 Global Health Security Index
 Nuclear Security Index
 JSTOR Nuclear Threat Initiative, Research Reports

2001 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Anti–nuclear weapons movement
Foreign policy and strategy think tanks in the United States
Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear safety in the United States
Organizations established in 2001
Think tanks based in Washington, D.C.
Think tanks established in 2001
Existential risk organizations
Organizations associated with effective altruism

Nuclear Threat Initiative


Lung Leg (born Elisabeth Carr; July 8, 1963, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American pin-up girl and actress perhaps best known for appearing on the cover of the Sonic Youth album EVOL. During the 1980s, she gained fame as a model and star of films made by the transgressive movement.

Film career
Lung Leg appeared in several Richard Kern films, notably starring in one of his longest features, the 1985 film You Killed Me First, as well as appearing in Worm Movie (1985) and Fingered (1986). She also appeared in two music videos directed by Kern, "Concubine" (1984) by Butthole Surfers and Sonic Youth song "Death Valley '69" (1985).

After her film career in the 1980s, Lung Leg left the public sphere for several years. Nick Zedd wrote in his autobiography, Totem of the Depraved, that she relocated to Minneapolis, before moving back to New York City after a short romance with German musician Blixa Bargeld of Einstürzende Neubauten and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.

She resumed her film career in 2005, appearing in the Mike Etoll film Sewer Baby. In it, she played a bartender dealing with Tiny Tim, various monsters, special effects and a primordial dwarf. In 2011, Lung Leg appeared in The Hagstone Demon, a film directed by Jon Springer.

In 2010, Lung Leg appeared in the documentary Blank City featuring interviews with participants in the no wave cinema and transgressive cinema movements.

There are few known interviews with her; one appeared in issue No. 12 of Film Threat magazine (1987), and another, by Duane Davis, appeared in the book, Deathtripping: The Cinema of Transgression (1995), edited by Jack Sargent. An excerpt of a now lost video interview of her appears in IDN4 (1991).

References

External links

Film Threat A synopsis of Film Threat issue No. 12, which featured the only known Lung Leg interview.
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4vxjbm_1aE Sewer Baby trailer on YouTube] – The official trailer for Mike Etoll's Sewer Baby, featuring Lung Leg.
Crepuscular Planet WCCO 4! – A goofy prank played live and on the air during a Minneapolis news broadcast in 2002, featuring Lung Leg, Mike Etoll and others.
You Killed Me First (Pt. 1) on YouTube
You Killed Me First (Pt. 2) on YouTube
Submit to Me on YouTube
I Was in a Richard Kern Movie on YouTube — Lung Leg and Cruella DeVille discuss their roles in Richard Kern's Super 8 films.

Living people
1963 births
Actresses from Minneapolis
21st-century American women

Lung Leg


Leroy May (18 March 1966 – 31 July 2015), better known as Red Dragon and initially as Redman,  was a Jamaican deejay who was active starting in the early 1980s.

Biography
Born in Kingston, Jamaica, May deejayed with several sound systems in the early 1980s, including Barrington Hi Fi, Stone Love, People's Choice, and his own Rambo Mango, initially working under the name Redman. His "Laughing Dragon" dubplate became popular, prompting a change of stage name to Red Dragon. Early recordings included "Computer" for producer Charlie Chaplin, "Nah Get Nutten" for Harry J, and his first big hit "Hol' a Fresh" for Winston Riley. He went on to record for King Tubby and King Jammy, and in 1989 his debut album was released, a split LP with his brother, the deejay Flourgon. He also started his own Dragon label, and moved into production, and helped to nurture the early careers of artists such as Buju Banton and Terry Ganzie. In the early 1990s, he returned to recording, enjoying hits with a variety of producers including Riley, Bobby Digital, and Sly & Robbie, and had a major hit single along with Brian & Tony Gold with "Compliments on Your Kiss" in 1994, the single reaching number two in the UK Singles Chart.

May died on 31 July 2015 at the University Hospital of the West Indies after being ill for some time. Leroy 'Red Dragon' May is survived by spouse, three children, three brothers and one sister

Discography

Albums
Red Dragon vs. Flourgon (1989), Techniques
Pum Pum Shorts (1992), Dragon
Good Old College (1992), VP
Bun Them (1994), VP
Rusty Magnum (1998), Slammin

Singles

References

1966 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican reggae musicians
VP Records artists

Red Dragon (musician)


Ruby Cairo, also known as Deception, is a 1992 drama thriller film directed by Graeme Clifford. It stars Andie MacDowell, Liam Neeson and Viggo Mortensen.
One scene features Aleister Crowley's The Book of the Law.

Plot
When Bessie Faro's (Andie MacDowell) husband Johnny (Viggo Mortensen) dies in a plane crash in Veracruz, Mexico, she finds that his air cargo business is deeply in the red. When she visits the airline's terminal in Veracruz, she finds a packet of baseball cards that have been marked up by Johnny. Recognizing his system for marking betting slips at race tracks, she decodes the cards and realizes that they indicate a bank account. When she tries to withdraw money from the account, she is denied. She realizes that the account is in the name of the player on the card, Onix Concepción.

Back home, Bessie uses an International bank directory at the local library to decode Manny Sanguillén's Pittsburgh Pirates' card to find another bank account in Panama. She obtains durable power of attorney and begins a whirlwind trek to recover her husband's money. After Panama, she visits the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands, recovering tens of thousands of dollars from each account. In Germany, she closes Don Mueller's account from Berliner Bank, but the cashier hands her only 750 DM. He explains that 74,000DM worth of cashier's checks have been paid out to a company called EDK Technik in the former East Berlin. At EDK Technik, a manager informs Bessie that they make ink for ball point pens.

Bessie leaves the office confused as to why Johnny would be buying so much ink. The manager waits for her to leave and then ushers in some men who have been following Bessie on her journey. Her next stop is Athens, where she finds out that Johnny's account has already been closed. The teller takes Bessie to a safe deposit box which only contains a Bill Mazeroski card. Bessie's growing suspicion that Johnny is alive is confirmed by the sight of the card. When the teller sees how distraught Bessie is, she confides in her that a local shipping company cashed out some of Johnny's money and that the rest was wired to Cairo.

She visits Kolatos Shipping Company and finds that one of their boats is headed to Cairo with grain for a food aid effort. She rides with the cargo to Egypt, and notices that one of the dock workers is being stained green by a bag of grain. She sneaks onto the truck where he loaded the bag, opens it, and finds, hidden beneath the grain, containers of thionyl chloride manufactured by EDK Technik.

Bessie soon befriends the coordinator of the relief effort, Fergus Lamb (Liam Neeson). She explains what she found in the bag, and Fergus confronts his Operations Manager, who reveals that he allowed the smuggling to finance the grain shipments. Fergus is irate because he knows that the thionyl chloride is being used to manufacture chemical weapons.

Fergus and Bessie quickly fall in love, but she continues her journey, now intent on actually finding Johnny. A local Immigration Agent teams up with Bessie and helps her find Johnny. He admits to Bessie that he had been skimming from the chemical weapons traders, which is why he had to disappear. When Bessie leaves, Johnny runs after her and tries to make her stay with him, holding her at gunpoint in a crowded square. The men who have been following Bessie throughout the film now have Johnny in sight, and they immediately kill him.

The film ends with Bessie happily back at home with her family, just as Fergus arrives to reunite with her.

Principal cast

Production
According to Andie MacDowell, the director was stoned throughout filming.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack features music by John Barry, the theme song The Secrets of My Heart with lyric by Cynthia Haagens and Graeme Clifford, and the song You Belong to Me performed by Patsy Cline.

Release

Box Office
The film fared poorly at the box office, grossing only $608,866 in the United States.

Home Video
The film was retitled Deception when it was recut and released on video with 21 additional minutes of footage. Echo Bridge Entertainment released the film on DVD on April 26, 2011. The film debuted on Blu-ray on September 11, 2012, in a double feature with Ethan Frome (1993). Neither film has extras on the disc.

References

External links

1992 films
Films directed by Graeme Clifford
American mystery films
Films shot in Egypt
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in Greece
Films shot in Athens
Films shot in Mexico
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
1990s English-language films
1990s American films

Ruby Cairo


The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour was a radio comedy show on CBC Radio One for four seasons, running from 1997 to 2000.

The show was set in a fictional café of the same name, in the equally fictional town of Blossom, Alberta. Both Blossom and the café were originally described in Thomas King's award-winning novel Green Grass, Running Water, though it was run by different characters. The show borrowed numerous elements from King's novel.

The show featured King (playing himself), Floyd Favel Starr playing Jasper Friendly Bear and Edna Rain playing Gracie Heavy Hand. All the main characters were Indigenous Canadians, although in the show they call themselves and other First Nations peoples 'Indians'. The humor is wry and sarcastic, often dark and subtle, "Good morning Gracie". The show was a mix of scathing political critique, social commentary, mock cultural stereotyping—mostly white, or white perceptions of native peoples, and irreverent comedy.

Despite the name, the show was 15 minutes long. It typically ran as a segment on CBC Radio One's This Morning. The show had a number of regular segments, including:

Gracie's Authentic Traditional Aboriginal Recipes, including puppy stew, fried bologna, and Kraft Dinners
The Authentic Indian Name generator, featuring three wheels that could automatically create names like "Stewart Coffee Armadillo" or "Rosemarie Clever Tuna"
Friendly Bear's Blackout Bingo, where listeners were asked to play bingo at home using a card they made up
Gracie's Conversational Cree, which taught simple but useful phrases, such as, "Please ask the chauffeur to bring the car around" and "How long will we be in port?"
Recommendations from the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples were ironically highlighted.
A recurring sign-off at the conclusion of each episode, "Stay calm! Be brave! Wait for the signs!".

It also regularly featured short guest spots in the "What Else Do You Do (When You're Not Being Famous)?" segment, which featured interviews with famous Indigenous people such as Tomson Highway, Laura Vinson, Graham Greene and an actor playing Louis Riel.

The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour returned for a one-off hour-long show in 2002, recorded live at Regina's Globe Theatre, Regina,

2006 revival

The original Dead Dog cast briefly returned on Dead Dog in the City which aired weekly on Sounds Like Canada with repeats on Nighttime Review from April 6, 2006 to December 20 that year. Twenty-six new episodes were planned and aired again over the summer of 2006.
This new iteration also starred Tara Beagan as Portia Jumpingbull.

Discography
 Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour, Vol. 1 (1998)
 Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour, Vol. 2 (1999)
 Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour, Vol. 3 (2000)
 Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour, Vol. 4 (2001)

Footnotes

External links
1997 Wayback Machine archive of the show's Web Site from CBC.ca, accessed November 12, 2005
Arthur, Bruce. "Wait for the Signs", Ubyssey Magazine Interview with Tom King
globetheatrelive.com – CBC Press Release announcing live show recording in 2001

CBC Radio One programs
First Nations radio programs
Canadian radio sketch shows
1997 radio programme debuts
2000 radio programme endings
1990s Canadian radio programs
2000s Canadian radio programs

The Dead Dog Café Comedy Hour


Wild type is a term in genetics for the most common type in a natural population. It is applied to alleles of a gene, or the genotypes or phenotypes of a species.

The term is used in genetics to contrast normal alleles with mutant alleles.

With Drosophila melanogaster, wild type usually means the standard version of the famous laboratory population used in the T.H. Morgan laboratory, and since used around the world. This was, of course, only a small sample of the natural populations.

Actually, we propbably know more about Drosophila pseudoobscura in the wild than Drosophila melanogaster, because of a huge series of studies done by Theodosius Dobzhansky and his colleagues after World War II.

References

Classical genetics

Wild type


The Cornwall Town Hall is located at 2629 Vermont Route 30 in Cornwall, Vermont.  Built in 1880 and enlarged in 1905 to also house the local Grange chapter, it is one of the rural community's few examples of Italianate architecture, and has served as a community meeting point since its construction.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.

Description and history
Cornwall's town hall stands in its small village center, on the east side of Vermont Route 30, just north of its junction with Vermont Route 74.  It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboarded exterior, and a foundation of stone and concrete.  The eaves are studded with Italianate brackets, and the upper floor windows of the front section have peaked lintels.  The front entrance is framed by sidelights and pilasters, and is also topped by a peaked gable.  The interior is divided into town offices on the ground floor, with an auditorium space on the second floor.  A single-story shed-roof addition extends to the rear.

The town hall was built in 1880, a period of prosperity in the town occasioned by its success as a merino sheep farming community.  The rear addition, housing kitchen facilities, was added during alterations in 1905 to accommodate the town's Grange chapter, which was founded in 1903.  The Grange funded a number of other improvements, including an updated heating plant, and the eventual electrification of the building.  Its exterior architectural elements resemble designs of Middlebury architect Clinton G. Smith, although the designer of this building is not known with certainty.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County, Vermont

References

Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Addison County, Vermont
Italianate architecture in Vermont
Government buildings completed in 1880
Town halls in Vermont
Buildings and structures in Cornwall, Vermont

Cornwall Town Hall


The Cinque Ports is a confederation of coastal towns in Kent and Sussex. It was originally formed for military and trade purposes, but is now ceremonial. A Royal Charter of 1155 established the ports. The ports are at the eastern end of the English Channel, where the crossing to the continent is narrowest. In Norman French, the name means "five ports". They were:
Hastings
New Romney
Hythe
Dover
Sandwich
However, Rye, originally a subsidiary of New Romney, changed to become one of the Cinque Ports, after New Romney was damaged by storms and silted up. Romney is now a mile from the sea, separated from it by Dungeness, which is a large pebble beach.

The Federation of Cinque Ports includes various other towns on the coast. These are called "limbs" of the Cinque Ports.
Lydd (Limb of New Romney)
Folkestone (Limb of Dover)
Faversham (Limb of Dover)
Margate (Limb of Dover)
Deal (Limb of Sandwich)
Ramsgate (Limb of Sandwich)
Brightlingsea (Limb of Sandwich)
Tenterden (Limb of Rye)

The Federation is supported by two towns, one of which is Rye, and the other (a few miles back from the coast) is Winchelsea. These towns once supported militias which could be used for defence of the area.

References

Geography of England
Port cities and towns of England
Kent
Sussex

Cinque Ports


Julius Kugy (19 July 1858 – 5 February 1944) was a mountaineer, writer, botanist, humanist, lawyer and officer of Slovenian descent. He wrote mostly in German. He is renowned for his travelogues from opening up the Julian Alps, in which he reflected on the relationship between man, nature, and culture. He opposed competing nationalist ideologies in the Alpe-Adria region, insisting on the need of peaceful co-existence among Slovene, Italian and German peoples.

Biography
Julius Kugy was born to Slovenian family in Gorizia, then part of the Austrian Empire (now in Italy). His father Paul was a farmer from Lind (Lipa) near Arnoldstein in the Carinthian Gail Valley. His mother Giulia was the daughter of the Slovene poet Janez Vesel. The surname Kugy has the same origin as the surnames Kugi, Kogoj, and Kogej. Kugy was educated in a multi-lingual environment: from an early age he was fluent in three of the four languages of his native Gorizia and Gradisca region: Italian, German, and Friulian. Kugy did not speak Slovene, as he also writes in his book Aus dem Leben eines Bergsteigers. However, he did later learn to read Slovene. During his childhood he would spend the summers in his father's native village of Lind, where he developed his interest in nature and mountains.

Julius attended the German-language secondary school in Trieste and continued his studies at the University of Vienna, graduating in law in 1882. Upon returning to Trieste, he took over the management of the import-export company Pfeifer & Kugy, co-founded by his father.

He explored large portions of the Eastern Alps, dedicating most of his mountaineering career to climbing in the Julian Alps, where he discovered and marked more than 50 new routes. Local guides helped him climb many a previously unconquered peak in the Julian Alps: he became famous for climbing Škrlatica and Jôf di Montasio.

In addition to mountaineering, Kugy was interested in many other subjects such as literature, botany and music. One of the riddles he tried to solve was a mysterious plant species Scabiosa trenta, described by Belsazar Hacquet and later proven by Anton Kerner von Marilaun to be a specimen of the already known Cephalaria leucantha. Together with his friend Albert Bois de Chesne he created an Alpine botanical garden near Bovec. He was among the founders of two amateur music societies in Trieste: the Philharmonic Society and the Palestrinian Chorus. He also donated an organ to the Mekhitarist church in Trieste.

After Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary in 1915, Kugy volunteered to the Austro-Hungarian Army. In the Battles of the Isonzo his mountaineering knowledge and experience proved to be extremely valuable and he was promoted to the rank of Second Lieutenant. He was demobilized after the Battle of Caporetto.

After the War he closed down his company and dedicated his time to writing and lecturing throughout the Slovene and German speaking lands.

During World War II, Kugy rescued several Slovene alpine climbers from the Dachau concentration camp, and collaborated with the Slovene partisan underground resistance in Trieste. He died in Trieste in 1944. He was interred in the central city cemetery.

Literary work and influence

Together with Henrik Tuma, Kugy is considered the father of modern mountaineering in the Julian Alps. He wrote several books based on his experiences, in which he expressed his humanist ideals and the love for nature. His books were very influential and created a specific genre of mountaineering literature within Slovene literature. His neo-Romantic style, which merged scientific and naturalist descriptions of nature and popular customs with a highly personalized reflections, influenced several important authors, mostly from the Slovenian Littoral. Among those influenced by Kugy's poetic and reflective mountaineering travelogues were Klement Jug, Vladimir Bartol, Igor Škamperle and Dušan Jelinčič. He was also influential in some Italian-speaking circles of Trieste. Among his admirers were the writers Giani Stuparich, Claudio Magris, Livio Isaak Sirovich, Marco Albino Ferrari and Paolo Rumiz.

There is a monument to Julius Kugy in the Trenta Valley near the road to Vršič Pass with a sculpture of Kugy by Jakob Savinšek. A number of mountain routes are also named after him, including the famous one in Aurisina near Duino.

In 2008, a Slovenian postal stamp was dedicated to him.

Major works
 Aus dem Leben eines Bergsteigers ("The Life of a Mountaineer". Munich, 1925).
Arbeit, Musik, Berge ("Work, Music, Mountains". Munich, 1931).
Die Julischen Alpen im Bilde ("The Julian Alps in Images". Graz, 1933).
Alpine Pilgrimage (1st Edition (English) 1934). Translated by H E G Tyndale.
Anton Ditzinger, ein Bergführerleben ("Anton Ditzinger: The Life of a Mountain Guide". Graz, 1935).
Fünf Jahrhunderte Triglav ("Five Centuries of Triglav").
Im göttliche Lächeln des Monte Rosa ("The Divine Smile of Monte Rosa").
Aus vergangener Zeit ("From Days Past". Graz, 1943).

References

External links

1858 births
1944 deaths
Slovenian writers
20th-century Slovenian lawyers
Slovenian mountain climbers
Writers from Trieste
People from Gorizia
People of Carinthian Slovene descent
Italian people of Austrian descent
Italian people of Slovenian descent
University of Vienna alumni
Slovene resistance members
Writers from Austria-Hungary

Julius Kugy


Newtown Pery (; ) is an area of central Limerick, Ireland, and forms the main city centre (or CBD) of the city. The district is known for its Georgian architectural heritage and is the core area of Limerick's Georgian Quarter. It is one of the three towns that make up modern-day Limerick City Centre, the other two being the older Englishtown and Irishtown, which date from the medieval period. Newtown Pery houses the largest collection of Georgian townhouses in Ireland outside of Dublin. In 1837, Samuel Lewis in his Topographical Dictionary of Ireland described Newtown Pery as "one of the handsomest towns in Ireland".

History

Prior to the development of Newtown Pery, the historical City of Limerick was situated just north of the present day city centre, stretching from King John's Castle towards where St. John's Cathedral is today. The city was made up of two distinct towns; Englishtown (populated by Old English settlers) located on the historical island city and Irishtown (populated by natives) located on the southern bank of the Abbey River. The two towns were connected by one bridge Baal's Bridge over the Abbey River, while Thomond Bridge beside King John's Castle was a major crossing point of the River Shannon from Englishtown into modern-day County Clare. As with most cities of this time, Limerick was heavily fortified and walled and the streets were characteristically narrow, winding and cramped. Prior to the construction of Newtown Pery, Limerick was also beginning to exhibit some early Georgian styles within the old city. Examples surviving today include the Old Bishop's Palace at Castle Street and at John's Square (Limerick's first example of fashionable architecture and civic spaces). Early photographs of the old city areas also show the old (pre-Georgian) continental and Dutch gabled styled townhouses as being altered somewhat to appear more Georgian. Very few of these survive today.  Originally the land south of the medieval city that was to become Newtown Pery and known as South Priors Land was owned by the Crutched Friars whose priory was dedicated to 'Beata Maria et Sanctus Edwardus Rex et Martir' otherwise called St Mary's House. Following the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII this land was granted to Edmund Sexton in 1543 of whom Edmund Sexton Pery was a descendant and on whom much of Georgian Limerick is credited.

Following the turbulent years of the 17th century, Limerick began to prosper in the 18th century and was completely transformed into the city it is today. Easy access from most parts of Ireland facilitated by the River Shannon and the opening of canals enabled Limerick to become the main port city on the western side of Ireland, which in turn brought much prosperity to the city and to its merchants and landowners with trade between Britain and America.

The boundaries of the city of Limerick, where the municipal corporation had authority, were smaller than the county of the city of Limerick, where the city grand jury had parallel authority.  The area within the county of the city but outside the city proper was termed the city liberties. The development of Newtown Pery can be attributed to the work of Edmund Sexton Pery (created Viscount Pery in 1785) and his plan for the development of a new town on lands he owned in the south liberties of the city. In 1769, he commissioned the Irish engineer Christopher Colles to design a town plan on his estate which has since become known as Newtown Pery. Colles devised an impressive plan for the Pery Estate which divided the estate into a grid plan of equal rectangular plots and length and of a distinctive architectural unity which still defines the city centre to this day. The town was built in stages as Pery sold off leases to builders and developers who built 4 and 5 story townhouses in the Georgian fashion with long wide and elegant streets in grid plan design with O'Connell Street (originally known as George's Street) as its centre, which was mostly in accordance with Colles' plan. The earliest houses are located along Bank Place, Rutland Street, Patrick Street which were built by the Arthur family - a prominent Limerick family during the 18th century. Some of the finest examples of Georgian Architecture can be seen at the Crescent area and Pery Square. The Custom's House (Hunt Museum), designed by Italian architect Davis Ducart, is also one of the city's finest examples of Georgian Architecture.

By the turn of the 19th century, Newtown Pery was rapidly growing as most fashionable area of the city. In 1807 its leading residents secured a private act of the UK parliament to establish a body of improvement commissioners as municipal authority for the civil parish of St Michael's, within which Newtown Pery was located. The commissioners were abolished in 1853, when the area was absorbed into Limerick city. One brake on the town's development was that the only crossing point on the Shannon remained at Thomond Bridge in the old and now less fashionable Englishtown district. In 1835, a new bridge was built over the Shannon connecting the west directly with Newtown Pery. It was originally called Wellesley Bridge after The 1st Marquess Wellesley, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland when the act to pay for it was passed. It cemented Newtown Pery's position as Limerick's premier urban district as connections to the area improved. The five-arch bridge was designed by Alexander Nimmo based on the Pont de Neuilly in Paris. In 1882 it was renamed Sarsfield Bridge.

Details

From its development Newtown Pery has served as Limerick's CBD. It is also the city's main retail district which is centered on O'Connell Street, William Street and the adjoining streets. In addition to the quality of the Georgian heritage in the district, another striking feature of the development is the grid plan layout of the streets in the area running north–south and east–west in similar fashion and design as found in New York City, Philadelphia, Glasgow, Bristol and Berlin albeit on a smaller scale. This distinguishes Limerick's Georgian stock to the other major Irish Georgian development in Dublin, as Limerick's terraces are more uniform. This is due to the fact that the Pery owned all the land that was developed and it enabled a single development plan.

Limerick continued to expand following the Act of Union and into the early 19th century; however, Pery's plan for the city was never fully realised. It was intended that the city would continue further southwards; however, a crippling economic decline in Ireland caused by the Great Irish Famine put an end to the development. The terrace at Pery Square was the last development of the great Georgian expansion of Limerick. The terrace itself was intended to be part of a Georgian square enclosing the People's Park, similar to Fitzwilliam Square or Mountjoy Square in Dublin; however, the plans were never realised as the development coincided with the beginning of the Famine. Another distinguishing feature of Georgian Limerick to Georgian Dublin is that Newtown Pery was a completely new "greenfield" development. Limerick's medieval city was left completely intact and remains to this day. But most of the built infrastructure of medieval Limerick did not survive past the mid-20th century following the clearance of slum living in the city. Some examples survive, and the street outlines remain in Nicholas Street, Mary Street, Broad Street, John Street and Mungret Street. Much of Georgian Dublin, in contrast, was undertaken by the Wide Streets Commission, which almost completely rebuilt Dublin over the older medieval city.

Decline

Although housing an important collection of Georgian architecture and acting as Limerick's city centre, unfortunately Newtown Pery's position as the one time fashionable area of the city is long over. In addition to this, its Georgian heritage has been severely compromised, in particular around the retail core of O'Connell Street and William street. Economic decline and stagnation plagued Limerick during the 20th century which saw some townhouses converted to tenements such as at Arthur's Quay and Bank Place. During this time very little investment was seen in Newtown Pery, only the exodus of families and industries to new suburban districts around the city due to modern requirements. By the mid-20th century, dereliction had taken its toll as the townhouses at Arthur's Quay, Francis Street and Bank Place were completely lost. Lax development controls enabled the almost complete rebuilding of the northern end of O'Connell Street and replacing what were some iconic and illustrious buildings with more modernist, cheaper (and perhaps less attractive) 1960s-style architecture. The loss of Todd's Department Store to a fire which gutted the building, the rebuilding of Cannock's Department Store, Royal George Hotel, AIB Bank amongst many more, completely altered the look of city and ultimately resulted in a loss of the districts heritage and character. Nevertheless, much of the districts Georgian townhouses remained intact, however many were converted to offices or flats, while others remained unoccupied or neglected. However, despite the architectural losses and economic conditions, Newtown Pery remained the premier retail and services district for Limerick and the greater Mid-West Region well up into the late 20th and early 21st century.

Economic stagnation in Limerick was only broken by the Celtic Tiger in the late 20th century. But Newtown Pery still lagged behind with regards to investment and planning, with exception to the riverfront of the Shannon. Suburban areas of Limerick have seen massive investments, particularly in retail, which has seen the onetime retail core of O' Connell Street and William street been eclipsed by massive retail developments in the suburbs such as the Crescent Shopping Centre in Dooradoyle. Poor planning and lack of investment has resulted in high vacancy rates and further dereliction, which plagues some parts. Amongst the casualties of this poor planning has been the Patrick Street, Rutland Street and Ellen Street areas. These streets are now almost completely derelict and vacant. Urban depression in Limerick is not confined to these areas, and much of central Limerick is now exhibiting the effects, mainly of heavy suburbanisation but also the effects of economic recession.

Future
In order to arrest the decline of Limerick's CBD and Newtown Pery in general, both Limerick City Council and national government have introduced schemes to counteract the heavy suburbanisation of the city. Amongst the most elaborate plans is the €250 million Limerick 2030 plan which will see a complete redevelopment of the Arthur's Quay area into a new and modern retailing complex. It will also see the development of a higher education campus to include facilities from LIT, UL, and MIC and a refurbishment of the city's main streets. Another plan is the Living City Initiative, which provides tax relief for residents who refurbish Georgian houses in designated areas. It also provides tax relief to retailers who carry out works to upgrade or re-fit their shops in the designated Georgian area. Newtown Pery is a testament to Limerick's rich & eventful past and remains one of the most important remnants of Ireland's Georgian Era. It remains to be seen if the above schemes can stop the decline of the city's historic & elegant stock of buildings.

Landmarks

The following are a list of notable buildings and landmarks in the area:
 Customs House, (Hunt Museum) Rutland Street
 Old City Hall, Rutland Street
 Augustinian Church, O'Connell Street
 Franciscan Church, Henry Street (closed)
 The Crescent, Double Crescent shaped Georgian Development
 Sacred Heart Church, The Crescent
 O'Connell Monument, The Crescent
 Dominican Church, Glentworth Street
 Tait Monument, Baker Place
 Spring Rice Memorial, People's Park
 Pery Square tontine development, Pery Square
 The People's Museum of Limerick, Pery Square
 Limerick City Gallery of Art, Pery Square
 Limerick Athenaeum (Theatre Royal), Cecil Street (closed)
 Belltable Arts Centre, O'Connell Street (Currently closed)
 Limerick War Memorial (Cenotaph), Pery Square
 Colbert Station, Parnell Street
 Frank McCourt Museum & Leamy Art Gallery, Hartstonge Street
 Georgian House & Garden, Pery Square
 St. Michael's Church of Ireland, Pery Square
 St. Joseph's Church, Quinlan Street
 Sarsfield Bridge
 Shannon Rowing Club, Clubhouse, Sarsfield Bridge
 Riverpoint, Bishop's Quay
 Clarion Hotel, Steamboat Quay

See also
 Georgian Dublin
 History of Limerick
 Architecture of Limerick

Further reading
 Willie Cumming, Mildred Dunne and Barry O'Reilly (Editors), An Introduction to the Architectural Heritage of Limerick City. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (N.I.A.H.), Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, 2008. .

References

Central business districts
Limerick (city)
Georgian architecture in Ireland

Newtown Pery, Limerick


Green Onyekaba Nwankwo is a Nigerian scholar and traditional ruler who has authored many books about banking and finance in Nigeria. One of his books, The Nigerian Financial System published in 1980 is a foundation books on post-colonial banking, insurance, money and capital markets in Nigeria.

Nwankwo served as the pioneer head of the Finance Department of University of Lagos and played a principal role in organizing the department. In 1977, he became the Executive Director in charge of banking and monetary policy in Central Bank of Nigeria.

Nwankwo has led a few organizations such as the Nigerian-Greece Chamber of Commerce and Technology and the Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria.

Life
Nwankwo was born in 1933 and raised in a humble household, his father was a farmer and palm wine tapper. As a young boy he lived with a Christian uncle and with his uncle's support, he attended St Peters CMS Central School, Ndiawa Arondizuogu for his primary education. Upon completion of studies in 1945, he briefly worked as a pupil teacher before continuing with secondary school education. He later obtained his undergraduate degree in economics from University of Strathclyde. Sponsored by a Nigerian government scholarship, he earned his degree within three years and subsequently started his graduate program after receiving encouragement from his lecturers. He obtained his masters and doctorate degree from London School of Economics and the School of Oriental and African Studies respectively, his PhD was titled Foreign private investment in Nigerian Manufacturing, 1939 to 1965 was written under the principal supervision of Edith Penrose.

Nwankwo began his banking career in 1951 working as a clerk at a Port Harcourt branch of Bank of British West Africa. He spent nine years at the bank before resigning his position.

Upon completion of his doctorate degree in 1967, Nwankwo was unable to return to Nigeria as the Civil War just began, he decided to stay in London and eke out a living as a lecturer at City of London College. He taught at the college for five years until he returned to Nigeria in 1972 when he was recruited to start a department of finance at University of Lagos  being sponsored by the United Bank for Africa. In Nigeria, Nwankwo called for a post-colonial review of the Nigerian financial system and adoption of practices that is easily adaptable to the peculiarities of indigenous values and systems. In 1974, he became the UBA professor in Finance and taught in Lagos until 1978, when he was appointed Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria. In 1980, he wrote Money and Capital Markets in Nigeria, a banking and finance textbook for both students and bankers.

Nwankwo was chairman of Union Bank of Nigeria from 1990 to 1996 and African Continental Bank from 2001 to 2005.

Works

References

Academic staff of the University of Lagos
1933 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of SOAS University of London

Green Nwankwo


Wolf 359 is a red dwarf in the constellation Leo first measured in 1919 by Max Wolf. About 7.8 light years from the Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.5 and can only be seen with a large telescope.

Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Solar System. Only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, and WISE 1049-5319 are closer. It is mentioned in several works of fiction.

Wolf 359 is one of the faintest and lowest-mass stars known. At the light-emitting layer called the photosphere, it has a temperature of about 2,800 K, which is low enough for chemical compounds to form and survive. The absorption lines of compounds such as water and titanium(II) oxide are in the spectrum.

The surface has a magnetic field which is stronger than the average magnetic field on the Sun. As a result of magnetic activity caused by convection, Wolf 359 is a flare star that has sudden increases in luminosity for several minutes. These flares give off strong bursts of X-ray and gamma ray radiation. Wolf 359 is a relatively young star with an age of less than a billion years. No companions or disks of debris have been detected in orbit around it.

References

Red dwarfs

Wolf 359


Research and development (R&D) refers to a wide range of activities by businesses, governments and academic institutions designed to gather knowledge and test new ideas. This often leads to the development of new products or new ways of doing things. R&D generally has three main activities. These are: basic research, applied research and development. Basic research is aimed at getting new knowledge with no immediate use or purpose in mind. Applied research is just the opposite. It is research for a definite purpose or product. Development has more to do with adding features to a product. Often, development is a process of eliminating all but the best idea to arrive at the best solution. Basic and applied research costs are often written off as expenses while the costs of development are added to the cost of the product. R&D often results in owning intellectual property such as patents. In Europe, R&D is called research and technical/technological development (RTD).

In 2015, Volkswagen was the world's leading spender in R&D

References

Other websites

 Project Management for Research and Development; YouTube

Economics
Research
Innovation

Research and development


Axel Strauss (born 1974) is a German violinist, and a professor at the Schulich School of Music of McGill University in Montreal.

At the age of seventeen he won the silver medal at the Enescu Competition in Romania and has been recognized with many other awards, including top prizes in the Bach, Wieniawski and Kocian competitions. He studied at the Music Academies of Lübeck and Rostock with Petru Munteanu. Strauss has been residing in the United States since 1996 when he began working with Dorothy DeLay at the Juilliard School and became her teaching assistant in 1998.

He was the first German artist to ever win the international Naumburg Violin Award in New York. In 2007, he was the violinist in the world premiere of "Two Awakenings and a Double Lullaby", written for him by composer Aaron Jay Kernis.

His recordings include the Brahms violin concerto (BPOlive), Mendelssohn's Songs Without Words (Naxos), the violin version of the Clarinet sonatas, op. 120, by Brahms (Organum) and the duo for violin and cello, op. 7, by Zoltán Kodály (Oehms Classics). In December 2009, Naxos released his recording of the 24 Caprices by Pierre Rode. Amadeus Press has issued a DVD featuring Strauss in concert at Steinway Hall, New York. His chamber music partners include Menahem Pressler, Kim Kashkashian, Joel Krosnick, Robert Mann and Bernard Greenhouse.

Srauss has appeared as soloist with the New Century Chamber Orchestra, the San Francisco Academy Orchestra, and with orchestras in Budapest, Hamburg, New York, Seoul, Shanghai, Bucharest, and Cincinnati, among others. He has also appeared as guest concertmaster of the Berlin Philharmonic and the Montreal Symphony Orchestra.

Strauss performs on a violin by Giovanni Francesco Pressenda, Turin 1845.

References
Axel Strauss Personal Website
Schulich School of Music

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
German classical violinists
Male classical violinists
German male violinists
21st-century classical violinists
1974 births
21st-century German male musicians

Axel Strauss


Dream Theater (often called DT for short) is a progressive metal and progressive rock band formed in the mid-1980s in the United States.

Band members

Current members
 James LaBrie (vocals)
 John Myung (electric basses)
 John Petrucci (guitar)
 Jordan Rudess (keyboards)
 Mike Portnoy (drums)

Previous members
 Chris Collins (vocals)
 Charlie Dominici (vocals)
 Kevin Moore (keyboards)
 Derek Sherinian (keyboards)
 Mike Mangini (drums)

Biography
The band was founded by John Myung, John Petrucci and Mike Portnoy.  Myung and Petrucci are the only original members that are still in the band today. They changed their singer twice in the late 1980s when Chris Collins was replaced by Charlie Dominici in 1987. Dominici left the band only three years later, in 1990, and James LaBrie joined and stayed until today. Dream Theater's keyboardist also changed three times. Kevin Moore played with the band from 1985 until 1995 when he left and Derek Sherinian took his position until 1999. Jordan Rudess is Dream Theater's Keyboardist now. He is known for his excellent technique and compositional skills.  In September 2010, drummer Mike Portnoy left Dream Theater, and was replaced by Mike Mangini.

Influences
The members of Dream Theater are known for having excellent playing technique of their instruments, and for their songwriting. Their music is very complex and the songs are often long, their longest being Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence at 42 minutes in length.

Their songs contain a lot of instrumental sections, in which no vocals are heard and only the instruments play (these parts are called "instrumental passages") and also many solos. Another feature of their music is that during each song, the speed often changes, and occasionally style changes too.

They once said that other bands have trouble making long songs. They said they have trouble making "short" songs. Most of Dream Theater's music is very difficult to play because of the high speed it has to be played with and the complex rhythm.

Discography

Studio albums
When Dream and Day Unite (1989)
Images and Words (1992)
Awake (1994)
Falling into Infinity (1997)
Metropolis Pt. 2: Scenes from a Memory (1999)
Six Degrees Of Inner Turbulence (2002)
Train of Thought (2003)
Octavarium (2005)
Systematic Chaos (2007)
Black Clouds & Silver Linings (2009)
A Dramatic Turn of Events (2011)
Dream Theater (2013)
The Astonishing (2016)
Distance Over Time (2019)
A View from the Top of the World (2021)

Other websites
 Dream Theater's official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Progressive metal bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
Warner Bros. Records artists
Atlantic Records artists

Dream Theater


Robert "Bob" Parlocha (April 18, 1938 – March 15, 2015) was an American jazz expert who was best known as a radio host and programmer. He was also a professional saxophone player and gourmet cook. He was in wide syndication with his nighttime jazz show Jazz With Bob Parlocha.

Local journey to success
Bob Parlocha was born in Solano, California, in 1938, to Maria Carter and Carlos Parlocha. His father was Filipino American and his mother half-black, half-Filipino. Parlocha's maternal grandparents, George Washington Carter Jr. and María Martínez, left their farm in the Philippines to settle in Vallejo, California; George Carter, a Louisiana native, had served as a Buffalo Soldier during the Spanish–American War.

Raised in Vallejo, Parlocha was introduced to jazz at an early age by his mother, a fan of big band music (especially Count Basie and Duke Ellington). He grew up listening to former KJAZ owner Pat Henry (broadcasting at that time on KROW in San Francisco); and to Jerry Dean, who hosted a weekly KJAZ show from Vallejo. Contributing his voice as an announcer for road bands while still in his teens, Bob played tenor and soprano saxophones, as well as flute for his high school band. He graduated from Vallejo High School in 1956.

Jazz remained a hobby for the next decade, while he worked as a psychiatric nurse at UCSF. He later attributed many of the interpersonal skills he employed in the music business to this experience. KJAZ owner Pat Henry's on-air invitation to prospective DJs led Parlocha to submit a tape, prompting Henry to hire him as a programmer for the station's Saturday evenings. This resulted in Parlocha's appointment as host of the "Dinner Jazz Show," in 1978.

As the show's ratings climbed, Parlocha's distinctive voice became familiar to jazz audiences throughout the Bay Area. A thoughtful programmer, articulate spokesman for jazz, and analyst of the music scene, his "master of ceremonies" style enhanced many jazz concerts and fundraisers over the subsequent years. His credits include the Gil Evans Orchestra's concert at the Pacific Coast Collegiate Jazz Festival, the Berkeley Jazz Festival, Oakland Arts Explosion, Jazz at the Palace, Bay Area Jazz Awards, the San Francisco International KJAZ Festival, and as KJAZ host on the SS Norway Jazz Cruises.

Music director and producer

He eventually became music director at KJAZ, auditioning new releases and determining which albums and cuts would air on the prominent jazz station. KJAZ was one of only a handful of jazz stations nationally reporting airplay to the prestigious "Radio and Records" publication, which influenced programming at hundreds of smaller stations and, ultimately, record sales.

He also developed numerous specialty shows, including the Black Masters series; Latin Jazz; On The Scene (spotlighting Bay Area musicians in live performance); and What's New, reviewing album releases with a Bay Area panel of experts. Parlocha engineered the late Martha Young's album Live at Bajone's on the Carnelian label, and Sufi Dancers for pianist Steve Cohn, both in 1982. He also produced a number of albums; his first in 1985 was singer Laurie Antonioli's "Soul Eyes" on Catero Records.

Syndication
A decline in jazz radio audiences led KJAZ owner Ron Cowan to sell the ailing station in 1994. A leading fine arts station in Chicago, WFMT (through JSN, its satellite radio affiliate), agreed to syndicate the show Jazz with Bob Parlocha, which he recorded from his home in Alameda, California. The evening show was picked up by KUVO (Denver), WRCJ-FM (Detroit) and several other public radio stations, including Kansas and Alabama. WGBH-FM, in Boston, Massachusetts, has carried the show for decades, albeit with some glitches in their transition to "mostly talk" radio in 2009. The leading jazz station in the western United States, KKJZ (Long Beach), began airing his program in early 2007. The show is also carried by JAZZ.FM91 in Toronto, Ontario, as well as the de facto successor to KJAZ, KCSM (FM) of the College of San Mateo in the Bay Area.

Within 4 months following his death, KKJZ dropped Bob's recorded syndicated programming, with Bob's playlists on WFMT's website also disappearing in that time period.

WFMT continues to offer a Jazz overnight service with hosts Dee Alexander, John Hill, Dave Schwan, and Neil Tesser.

Other activities
Parlocha participated in the Jazz Journalist Association Awards and donated his time to jazz causes, especially those in support of Bay Area musicians. He also performed as a saxophonist, appearing regularly with the Bob Enos big band, Soundwave, at Rooster's Roadhouse in Alameda and in events such as at the 2008 San Jose Jazz Festival.

He also enjoyed gourmet cooking as a hobby. His Cooking With Bob column appeared in the bimonthly KJAZ newsletters, and he performed numerous live remotes from Bay Area restaurants on "Dinner Jazz."

References

External links
 "Jazz with Bob Parlocha" website

1938 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from Vallejo, California
African-American saxophonists
African-American radio personalities
American radio DJs
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American musicians of Filipino descent
Record producers from California
Jazz radio presenters
Radio personalities from California
Jazz musicians from California
American male jazz musicians
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century American saxophonists

Bob Parlocha


Geoffrey Kleinman (born November 21, 1970) is an American writer. He is the founder of Kleinman.com the company which started and ultimately sold DVD Talk and which runs DrinkSpirits.com.

Biography
After graduating with a B.S. in cinema photography from Ithaca College in 1992, Kleinman moved to Los Angeles to work a film editor. Following short stints at CAA, and as an assistant editor on the film The Last Shot he moved to Portland Oregon to work in Internet technology.

In Portland he worked at Vulcan's Forge Multimedia (one of the first web design companies in Portland, Oregon); from there he moved to One World Internetworking, an early Internet service provider focused on business hosting.

In 1995, while working at One World Internetworking, he started his first online venture, which was initially called The Bi-Weekly Business Internet Report. but after a few issues became The Kleinman Report, which helped evangelize business use of the internet. In 1995 Kleinman covered Internet World, where a young David Filo and Jerry Yang (still students at Stanford) were publicly showing off, for the first time, their search engine Yahoo!

In 1996 he was recruited by Intel as an Internet marketing project manager where he worked on the Intel Internet Connection Wizard for Proshare technology which was ultimately integrated into the release of Windows 98. After a corporate reorganization he was tasked with development for the "Intel Owner's Club", an online community aimed at building affinity with Intel with owners of Intel products.  That project was the predecessor for The Intel Web Outfitters Service IWOS, a multimillion-dollar venture.

On January 20, 1995, Kleinman launched DVD Talk, which began as a small DVD news site and forum.  Over the course of  years, the site grew from a 'one man band' to a full-fledged online magazine with a staff of 60 writers. In early 2004 Kleinman posted an audio interview Blu-Ray and High-Definition – A DVD Talk Audio Interview which would become the foundation for one of the first podcast. In January 2005 the podcast would officially launch as DVD Talk Radio with the premiere episode, an Interview with Henry Rollins.

Another key milestone at DVD Talk was a battle with Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, in September 2000, over the DVD Release of Princess Mononoke, whose US DVD release was initially announced without the original Japanese soundtrack and subtitles. After collecting thousands of electronic signatures, DVD Talk Editor, Kleinman presented them in person at the 2000 Video Software Dealer's Association Meeting to the VP of Home Entertainment at Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. The result was the studio reversing their decision and adding the Japanese language and subtitles to the DVD US DVD release. In September 2007 DVD Talk was sold to Internet Brands.

During his time at DVD Talk, Kleinman contributed to various independent film projects, including serving as a post-production and distribution adviser on The Puffy Chair (2005), Film Geek (2006) and 10 Questions for the Dalai Lama (2006).

Kleinman was active in both covering film festivals, as well as speaking at them, most recently participating in "So You Made a Film, Now What?" at Oregon's BendFilm Festival (2007). He is also regularly asked to serve on selection committees and juries for film exhibitions and festivals such as Pine Film and BendFilm.

Kleinman was often called on to be a professional source for the home entertainment industry and has been cited as an expert opinion, especially in regards to the HD format war.

In 2010 Kleinman launched DrinkSpirits.com, an online magazine dedicated to discussing and reviewing distilled spirits.

In 2011 Kleinman was selected as a judge for the San Francisco World Spirits Competition and was cited as a "renowned journalist". He returned in 2012 to judge and will again judge the competition in 2013.

In 2012 Kleinman was awarded the honor of Kentucky Colonel from Steve Beshear, the governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

In 2013 Kleinman received official accreditation from the Beverage Alcohol Resource Group as "Bar Certified", one of the highest certifications for a spirits professional. He was also nominated under the category of Best Cocktail Writing – Author for the Tales of The Cocktail Spirited Awards .

In 2015 Kleinman was selected as a judge for the Ultimate Spirits Challenge. and penned the piece Behind the Scenes of the Ultimate Spirits Challenge  . He was also awarded Gold Certification from the BNIC (Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac) as a Certified Cognac Educator.

Kleinman currently resides in Marblehead, Massachusetts, with his wife Heather and three children – Hannah, Aaron and Ivy.

Books and plays

He has contributed to several books: Podcast Solutions: The Complete Guide to Podcasting (Solutions) by Michael Geoghegan and Dan Klass, Net Words: Creating High-Impact Online Copy by Nick Usborne, and  Poor Richard's Email Publishing (with Chris Pirillo). He was thanked in DF Walker's novel Darius Logan: Super Justice Force.

In 2007, Kleinman's one-act play Love Connect was produced as part of a one-act play showcase by Toy Boat Productions in Portland.

Radio

From late 2007 to early 2008 Kleinman appeared weekly on KNRK with a segment called "Alternative Movie Picks," showcasing indie films in theaters and on DVD. In early 2008 he covered the Sundance Film Festival for the nationally syndicated Air America.

From March 2012 to August 2012, Kleinman appeared on KPAM and the Terry Boyd Show with a weekly radio segment called "The Drink Spirits Happy Hour".

Major writing milestones

In 1995, Kleinman launched DVD Talk, which was then sold in 2007.

In 2009 Kleinman launched On Portland; covering arts, entertainment, food, drink and living in Portland, Oregon

In 2010 Kleinman launched Drink Spirits.com a guide to distilled spirits, whiskey, bourbon, micro distilleries and cocktails.

In 2011, Kleinman began freelance writing for Tasting Panel Magazine, and debuted with the piece "Pisco, Take Too" in the June 2011 Issue. In 2012 he was named a contributing editor to the magazine. He left the magazine in early 2013.

In 2012 Kleinman contributed to Playboy in the July/August Double Issue with the story "Best Bars in America 2012" and "Rum Diaries".

In 2014 Kleinman joined Whisky Advocate Magazine as a contributing editor.

References

External links

 Kleinman.com Info
 On Portland
 Drink Spirits

1970 births
Living people
American bloggers
Writers from Portland, Oregon
Ithaca College alumni
21st-century American non-fiction writers

Geoffrey Kleinman


Lotto Sport Italia is an Italian sports equipment manufacturer based in Trevignano, near Treviso. The company manufactures and commercialises sporting and casual clothing and footwear (including sneakers, and football boots). Its clothing line includes T-shirts, jackets, shorts, and leggings and goalkeeper gloves.

History
Lotto was established in 1939 by the Caberlotto family (who were the owners of the football team F.C. Treviso) in Montebelluna, northern Italy, the world centre of footwear manufacturing. In June 1973, Lotto made its debut as a sports footwear manufacturer. Tennis shoes signaled the beginning of production, followed by models for basketball, volleyball, athletics and football.

Sports clothing was the company's next venture. In the first ten years, Lotto focused on the Italian market. During its first decade, corporate strategy concentrated on making tennis footwear and clothing, and early on sponsored big names from the professional tennis circuit (Martina Navratilova, Boris Becker, Thomas Muster, Andrea Gaudenzi).

In the 1980s, Lotto moved on to broaden its business base by competing among the then-small group of manufacturers of football boots and clothing. Lotto began to create its first football boot models and signed major collaboration agreements with internationally renowned players and teams. Tennis players John Newcombe, Andrés Gómez and José Luis Clerc wore the brand's tennis products.

The first sponsorship agreements in football were signed with players (Dino Zoff and Ruud Gullit) and teams, such as Milan (1993–98), the Dutch national team, Napoli (1994–97), Juventus (2000–03), Chievo and Spanish club Real Zaragoza. Professional footballers provided input in both the design and fine-tuning of the products. This involvement together with the athletes' public images helped make the company a leader in tennis and football. During this same period, Lotto expanded into the export market, and its international business grew rapidly. Ten years later, the brand was being distributed in more than 60 countries around the world.

In June 1999, the company was taken over a group of local business people who were already very active in the sports area. It was headed by Andrea Tomat, who took on the role of President and CEO of the new company. The company was renamed Lotto Sport Italia.

Today, Lotto distributes its products in more than 70 countries through independent sports stores, specialty chain stores and large stores with sports departments; the brand used on wristwatches is Lotto Time. The company is pushing the development of corner and flagship stores, which are now widespread in Italy and in other countries.

Distribution

Lotto distributes its products in over 110 different countries through independent sports article stores, specialized chain-stores and large stores with specialized sports departments. Special emphasis is placed on monobrand stores (flagship stores, street stores, factory outlets) as well as corners and shop-in-shops.

Sponsorships are an important part of Lotto's business. In addition to its latest agreement with USPTA and its technical partnerships with the ATP, WTA Tour and Wimbledon, Lotto is visible at all  Grand Slam tournaments and championship series and has been a part of the Italian Open for more than 30 years. More than 120 professional players now wear the "double diamond" logo, including the No. 1-ranked women's doubles team of Virginia Ruano Pascual and Paola Suárez.

Sponsorship

Cricket

National teams
 South Africa

Football

National teams

   (from 2022)

Club teams

  San Martín de San Juan (From 2024 season)
  Pardubice
  Racing Club TPO  (From 2022-2023 season)
  Atlético Bucaramanga
  Deportivo Cuenca
  Cuniburo
  El Nacional
  HKU23
  Shillong Lajong F.C.
  Hapoel Hadera F.C.
  Hapoel Petah Tikva F.C.
  Maccabi Netanya F.C.
  Sektzia Ness
  U.S.D. Città di Fasano
  Luparense
  Monza
  Kedah FA
  Sabah FC
  Perak FC
  Perlis United
  Cashmere Technical
  Napier City Rovers
  Southern United
  Waitakere United
  Sportivo Luqueño
  Cusco FC
  Sport Huancayo
  Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca
  Wigry Suwałki
  Maritzburg United
  Racing de Ferrol
  Konyaspor
  Kramatorsk

Tennis

 Bradley Mousley
 John Millman
 Dennis Novak
 Tomás Barrios Vera
 Elise Mertens
 Kateřina Siniaková
 Kristýna Plíšková
 Jiří Veselý
 Petra Martić
 Alizé Cornet
 David Ferrer
 Carla Suárez Navarro
 Jule Niemeier
 Sumit Nagal
 Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
 Agnieszka Radwańska
 João Sousa
 Kevin Anderson
 Lloyd Harris
 Viktor Troicki
 Lesia Tsurenko
 Ons Jabeur

Esports
 Team Empire

See also

 Sergio Tacchini

References

Athletic shoe brands
Sporting goods manufacturers of Italy
Italian brands
Sportswear brands
Clothing companies established in 1973
Italian companies established in 1973
Shoe brands
Shoe companies of Italy
Textile industry in Italy
Companies based in Veneto
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2010s fashion

Lotto Sport Italia


Saint John is an island in the Caribbean Sea. It is a constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI). It is the smallest of the three main USVI islands.

St. John is about 4 miles east of Saint Thomas, and 4 miles south and west of Tortola, part of the British Virgin Islands. It is 50.8 km² (19.61 sq mi) in area. It has a population of 4,197 (2000 census).

References

Other websites
Official sites
 St. John  - Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism
 Cruz Bay Visitor Center  - Virgin Island National Park, U.S. Department of the Interior
 St. John, USVI  - Official site for the US Virgin Islands Hotel & Tourism Association
 VINP Archaeology -Friends of the Virgin Islands National Park Archaeology blog (provides weekly updates of National Park excavations on St. John)

Map
 St. John USVI Google Map - Satellite Map of St. John, USVI

United States Virgin Islands

Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands