Christina Mae "Tina" Thomas Watson (13 February 1977 – 22 October 2003), was a 26-year-old American from Helena, Alabama. She died on her honeymoon on the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, Australia in 2003. She had only been married to her husband, David Gabriel "Gabe" Watson, for 11 days when she died. The doctor who performed the autopsy said she drowned in a scuba diving accident.

Six years later, Gabe Watson was charged for murder and manslaughter.  He pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sent to prison for a year by an Australian court. Six months were added to the prison sentence after an appeal that took place just six weeks later. The appeal was held as soon after the trial as possible because of concerns raised by Tina's father with the trial itself. However, the appeal judges had agreed with the trial judge on most of the issues except the six month increase in the prison sentence.

Tina was a Southern Baptist and a graduate of the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). She worked as a departmental manager at the small Southern department store chain, Parisian. She was buried at the Southern Heritage Cemetery, in Pelham, Alabama, USA.

Investigations

While scuba diving at the site of the SS Yongala, a passenger ship that sank in 1911 in the main southern shipping channel to the Australian port of Townsville, Tina Watson either lost consciousness or died and then sank  to the sea floor below. Tina's death of accidental drowning was not a criminal investigation in itself in Australia. It was a coronial enquiry. Mr Watson gave evidence to the Coronial Inquiry through his lawyers. He returned to Australia voluntarily and spoke to investigators on a number of occasions. Some of these interviews are available on the Internet. At trial, prosecutors said that Mr Watson had made a mistake in not trying to rescue his wife. They said that mistake was the same as manslaughter (see: Court of Appeal Judgement). Tina's father  that, immediately before their wedding, Gabe had asked Tina to increase her life insurance policy to the maximum possible and make him the sole beneficiary.

After hearing that flowers and gifts left for Tina at her grave were being destroyed or were disappearing, even when held down by a chain, Sergeant Flynn investigated it. On a hidden videotape, he saw Gabe Watson taking them away with bolt cutters and then throwing them in the trash angrily.  Gabe then married Kim Lewis on August 15, 2008.

The trial
Gabe Watson was tried for the murder of his wife, Christina, in the Queensland Supreme Court at Brisbane on 5 June 2009. He said he was "not guilty" of murdering his wife. To the charge of manslaughter, accidental killing, he said he was guilty. The trial judge said the murder charges made against him were not true and sentenced him to one year in prison, with a further three and a half years suspended. This sentence resulted into Tina's father calling the Australian justice system a "sham". He also said one of Australia's most senior government lawyers, Mr Tony Moynihan, had been misleading the public.

The reason Gabe received the one year in prison, was explained by the judge. He said that Gabe had been accused of things of which he had not been guilty, had suffered considerably since Tina's death, and had co-operated with the Court. He said the media reporting had been unfair. The judge said Gabe had come back to Australia of his own free will in May of 2009 and given himself up. The judge said Gabe loved his wife, deeply regretted her death and felt guilty because he had been unable to save her. He said that Gabe had not caused the accident, but had failed to save Tina when she ran into difficulty with her breathing while underwater.

The appeal
Three judges heard an appeal started by the State of Queensland on 17 July, 2009. The state wanted Gabe to serve two and a half years in prison. Gabe's Australian lawyers said the extra time was unfair because of the history of the case. The judges published their decision on 18 September, 2009.

To understand the outcome of the appeal, it is necessary to understand a little of the legal process and thinking that lawyers put into an appeal. On one side we have the State of Queensland, Australia. In Australia, as in England and countries such as Canada and New Zealand, the State is usually called the "Crown" in court proceedings. In the US, the State is usually referred to as "The People" or simply the "State". The appeal was heard before three judges of the Queensland Court of Appeal, which is the State's highest court.

The outcome of the appeal
The Crown had said that Gabe's sentence should be increased because it believed the sentence was wrong. Gabe's lawyers replied this was not the case. They said that Gabe had never done anything wrong in the past and he was a good person. The death of Tina resulted from an error or mistake, and the short prison sentence was a fair in his lawyers' opinions.

The Court of Appeal judges also said that the murder claim was not true. The judges were in agreement about most of the trial. However they did not agree about the prison sentence. On one hand, Justice Muir said the appeal court should not change the decision of the trial judge. On the other, Chief Justice De Jersey said prison time should be increased to two and a half years. In the third opinion, Justice Chesterman said it ought to be increased from twelve months to eighteen months. To reach agreement, the Chief Justice went with Chesterman's opinion.

With the agreement of two of the three judges, the sentence was increased to eighteen months. Each judge carefully explained their view. Finally, Chesterman said of Gabe Watson, "That the respondent himself promptly provided the information which proved the case against him and that for years he has borne the unjust charge, made very public, of murder are factors requiring substantial amelioration in sentence." (Gabe Watson gave the information which showed he had killed his wife accidentally. Because he was for many years unfairly blamed and unfairly accused for her murder, he should have his prison sentence shortened.)

Media attention

For four years, no one took much notice of the death, as there is a drowning in the Australian state of Queensland about once a week. Tina's parents however, set out to get the attention of the media and by 2007 had succeeded. Other people had been diving near Gabe and Tina when Tina died. One diver had photographed Tina, lying on the ocean floor, while taking a picture of another diver on holiday.  This picture was not known until a couple of weeks later when the pictures were developed. Investigators were uncertain if Tina was already dead in the picture or if she was unconscious. The picture gives no clues as to what made Tina sink to the bottom.

After being informed by Tina Watson's family that flowers and gifts were repeatedly being vandalized or disappearing from the grave site, even when chained down, Sergeant Flinn investigated. On hidden surveillance videos, he saw Gabe Watson removing them with bolt cutters and putting them into the trash, which Flinn then showed to media.

Tina Watson's father told the media in November 2009, two months after the appeal decision, that he thinks Gabe is a copycat killer. He might have got the idea for the murder by a copying the way another, almost successful, murder was done in the British Virgin Islands.

The death of Tina Watson was shown in a 90-minute account that was shown on Dateline NBC on Monday, May 19, 2008. Watson's death caused media attention in both Australian and American media and also from media around the world because of the unusual case.

However, media in particular from the Australian state of Queensland, have continually described Tina's death as "murder" while Queensland Courts have found it to be manslaughter by way of a failure to rescue. This issue finally came to a head with the Townsville Bulletin on 10 February 2010. They again described Tina's death as "murder". Seven days later they published an apology and correction which says:

 "On February 10, 2010 an article was published concerning 'murdered US bride Tina Watson'. The Townsville Bulletin accepts that Gabe Watson has not been convicted of murdering Tina Watson. Tina died while scuba diving at the Yongala wreck on October 23, 2003. Gabe Watson pleaded guilty to manslaughter by reason of his failure to take Tina Watson to the surface when it was apparent she was in distress, and by this inaction this constituted criminal neglect."

On July 17, 2010 a leading Australian daily newspaper, The Age, published a complete review of the Watson case "Death on Reef Mystery". The author was award-winning investigative journalist Peter Patrick. This is the first media account to contain first-hand interviews from both Gabe Watson's family and Tina's family. Relying on technical experts, the story reports that Gabe was exonerated by the Queensland Court of Appeal of murder but convicted of failing to comply with a previously unused and little-known part of the Queensland Penal Code. This is a violation of section 290. He says the court decided to call this manslaughter. The story says the charge amounts to a crime by Gabe of failing to rescue his wife, once she got into trouble. It also explains Tina's extensive history of heart irregularity and the medication she was taking, on the morning of her death, including anti-sea-sickness pills. Patrick says that Tina gave a 'no' answer to the medical question at her diving induction, which asked about prior heart disease. He also states that because Mr. Watson had been absent from diving for some years, his level of rescue skill would have been that of beginner.

The story would eventually have worldwide ramifications, for in a footnote, Patrick revealed he had written to Australia's Attorney General, Robert McClelland MP, requesting Watson not be deported to Alabama, because of the risk he faced from the death penalty in that state and because he had already been tried in the Australian State of Queensland, with a comprehensive review by the Queensland Court of Appeal. This brought an instant response from an Alabama police web site, questioning the link between the journalist and Mr. Watson.

Bail application
On December 15, 2010, Watson appeared before Judge Tommy Nail in the 10th Judicial Circuit, Jefferson County, Alabama and requested bail.

The courtroom was packed with his friends and relatives, both Australian and U.S. media with a smaller showing from Tina's family.

Don Valeska Alabama's assistant attorney general, told the judge the basis of the Grand Jury indictment of Gabe Watson was evidence from Tommy Thomas that Gabe Watson had murdered Tina Watson for insurance money.

In often heated argument, Judge Nail said that motive could not be substituted for evidence. He asked what hard evidence the State had against Watson. Mr Valeska replied that the question of motive was a question for the jury.

After an hour-long hearing, Watson was granted bail with a bond of $100,000. He had to wear a monitoring radio bracelet, surrender his passport, not leave Alabama, and remain indoors at his home from sundown to sunup during the bail.

On hearing that bail was to be granted, those in the courtroom rose and cheered, causing Judge Nail to respond with the words, "Sit-down, sit-down; this is not a spectator sport."

Arraignment
On January 31, 2011, Gabe Watson appeared in Judge Nail's court to formally answer two charges: firstly, that he had kidnapped Tina and taken her to Australia with the intention of murdering her, and secondly, that he had then murdered her while Scuba diving on the Great Barrier Reef.

He pleaded "Not Guilty" to both charges.

The trial date was set for 23 May 2011 (later changed to 13 February 2012 due to security concerns). Mr Valeska told Judge Nail that important witnesses were to be flown in from Australia. He then added that a previous witness Mr David Glasgow, the Queensland Magistrate who was the Australian official responsible for Gabe's indictment of murder in Australia, would not now be called. No reason was given as to the reason why the State had changed its mind on calling Mr Glasgow. The arraignment lasted just fourteen minutes.

Gabe Watson acquitted
On February 23, 2012, the case against David Gabriel "Gabe" Watson was dismissed by Judge Tommy Nail in a Birmingham, Alabama County Court. The Judge found the State's case lacked credibility and said, "It just doesn't make any sense quite frankly."

In concluding his findings, His Honor determined, "There is no evidence to suggest that he [Gabe] intended to kill her and he hatched it here and carried it out there. I'm going to grant this defendant's motion. Case dismissed."

Watson was never at risk of facing the death penalty as both the U.S. Government and the State of Alabama had given undertakings to the Australian Government, he would not be executed. He faced a mandatory life sentence, if found guilty.

Fatal Honeymoon - Lifetime Movie Network
On 25 August 2012, The Lifetime Movie Network ran a cable TV movie titled, "Fatal Honeymoon".

It was billed by the Network as a movie, based on the true-story murder allegations that Gabe Watson had kidnapped then murdered his new wife, Tina Watson, during their scuba-diving trip to Australia in 2003. It stars Billy Miller as Gabe Watson and Aussie Amber Clayton as Tina, with Harvey Keitel in a supporting role as the father of the dead bride. Well-known Aussie actor, Gary Sweet plays tough Queensland cop Detective Campbell, as the lead Australian investigator.

The screenplay follows much of the work of Lindsay Simpson and Jennifer Cooke, published in their book, Honeymoon Dive, and seems based on this title. While this work remains the most comprehensive attempt to review the death of Tina Watson, current events since publication have largely overtaken the Simpson/Cooke account of the fatality.

"Fatal Honeymoon" was directed by Nadia Tass. The screenwriters were Mac Gudgeon and Teena Booth.
Geoff Berkshire, writing for Variety TV Reviews says of the screenplay, "There's no sense that these stick figures trapped in a by-the-numbers melodrama could be real people swept up in tragic circumstances...Tech credits are in line with low-budget telepic standards."

Similarly, Jill O'Rourke in a review on the website "Crushable", describes "Fatal Honeymoon" as a show, underscoring Lifetime's skill at "making men look irredeemably evil and women look like clueless victims".

References

Other websites
Divers dying moment captured?
Tina's story
Christina Mae Watson - Coroners Findings
 R v Watson Case 279 of 2009
 News of dismissal on CNN website

2003 crimes
2003 deaths
American manslaughter victims
2000s crimes in Australia
Deaths by drowning
People from Alabama
Queensland

Death of Tina Watson


Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (born 17 December 1948) is a Turkish politician. He is the currently leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and the leader of the Main Opposition in Turkey. He has been the Member of Parliament for İstanbul since 2002.

He became popular with the documents about lawlessness. The CHP nominated him as candidate for Mayor of Istanbul in 2009 local elections, in which he gained 36.8% of all votes. Despite this result he could not be first. However this result was a big success for social democrats because they had not ruled Istanbul for many years and this city had become the power centre of AK Parti for long years. This popularity provided him with a great advantage. Upon Deniz Baykal's resignation in 2010, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu became the leader with a record voting rate.

Firstly he took part in the Turkish general election in 2011. The Republican People's Party gained 25.98% of all votes with an increase of about 6 points. However, this was not enough to be ruling party.

Other websites

 CHP official website

1948 births
Living people
Turkish politicians

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu


Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fish, snakes and spiders. The mechanism is typically that of one structure with a well-defined lip, ridge, or nodules (the "scraper" or plectrum) being moved across a finely-ridged surface (the "file" or stridulitrum—sometimes called the pars stridens) or vice versa, and vibrating as it does so, like the dragging of a phonograph needle across a vinyl record. Sometimes it is the structure bearing the file which resonates to produce the sound, but in other cases it is the structure bearing the scraper, with both variants possible in related groups. Common onomatopoeic words for the sounds produced by stridulation include chirp and chirrup.

Arthropod stridulation

Insects and other arthropods stridulate by rubbing together two parts of the body. These are referred to generically as the stridulatory organs.

The mechanism is best known in crickets, mole crickets, and grasshoppers, but other insects which stridulate include Curculionidae (weevils and bark beetles), Cerambycidae (longhorned beetles), Mutillidae ("velvet ants"), Reduviidae (assassin bugs), Buprestidae (metallic wood-boring beetles), Hydrophilidae (water scavenger beetles), Cicindelinae (tiger beetles), Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles), Glaresidae ("enigmatic scarabs"), larval Lucanidae (stag beetles), Passalidae (Bessbugs), Geotrupidae (earth-boring dung beetles), Alydidae (broad-headed bugs), Largidae (bordered plant bugs), Miridae (leaf bugs), Corixidae (water boatmen, notably Micronecta scholtzi), various ants (including the Black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri), some stick insects such as Pterinoxylus spinulosus, and some species of Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). While cicadas are well-known for sound production via abdominal tymbal organs, it has been demonstrated that some species can produce sounds via stridulation, as well.

Stridulation is also known in a few tarantulas (Arachnida), certain centipedes, such as Scutigera coleoptrata, and some pill millipedes (Diplopoda, Oniscomorpha).
It is also widespread among decapod crustaceans, e.g., rock lobsters. Most spiders are silent, but some tarantula species are known to stridulate. When disturbed, Theraphosa blondi, the Goliath tarantula, can produce a rather loud hissing noise by rubbing together the bristles on its legs. This is said to be audible to a distance of up to 15 feet (4.5 m). One of the wolf spiders, Schizocosa stridulans, produces low-frequency sounds by flexing its abdomen (tremulation, rather than stridulation) or high-frequency stridulation by using the cymbia on the ends of its pedipalps.  In most species of spiders, stridulation commonly occurs by males during sexual encounters. In the species Holocnemus pluchei, females also possess stridulatory organs, and both sexes engage in stridulation. In the species Steatoda nobilis, the males produce stridulation sounds during mating.

The anatomical parts used to produce sound are quite varied: the most common system is that seen in grasshoppers and many other insects, where a hind leg scraper is rubbed against the adjacent forewing (in beetles and true bugs the forewings are hardened); in crickets and katydids a file on one wing is rubbed by a scraper on the other wing; in longhorned beetles, the back edge of the pronotum scrapes against a file on the mesonotum; in various other beetles, the sound is produced by moving the head—up/down or side-to-side—while in others the abdominal tergites are rubbed against the elytra; in assassin bugs, the tip of the mouthparts scrapes along a ridged groove in the prosternum; in velvet ants the back edge of one abdominal tergite scrapes a file on the dorsal surface of the following tergite.

Stridulation in several of these examples is for attracting a mate, or as a form of territorial behaviour, but can also be a warning signal (acoustic aposematism, as in velvet ants and tarantulas). This kind of communication was first described by Slovenian biologist Ivan Regen (1868–1947).

Vertebrate stridulation
Some species of venomous snakes stridulate as part of a threat display. They arrange their body into a series of parallel C-shaped (counterlooped) coils that they rub together to produce a sizzling sound, rather like water on a hot plate. The best-known examples are members of the genus Echis (saw-scaled vipers), although those of the genus Cerastes (North African desert vipers) and at least one bush viper species, Atheris desaixi, do this as well. A bird species, the club-winged manakin, has a dedicated stridulation apparatus, while a species of mammal, the lowland streaked tenrec, (Hemicentetes semispinosus) produces a high-pitched noise by rubbing together specialised quills on its back.

References

External links
 The British Library Sound Archive contains over 150,000 recordings of animal sounds and natural atmospheres from around the world.

Insect behavior
Sound
Animal sounds
Articles containing video clips

Stridulation


National Coordinating Commission  (Polish: Krajowa Komisja Porozumiewawcza, KKP), later called the National Commission (Komisja Krajowa, KK) was the executive branch of the Solidarity trade union. It was created on September 17, 1980, in Gdańsk, as a national body which coordinated activities of regional and factory structures of Solidarity, and it included members of the Interfactory Founding Committees (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Założycielski – MKZ) in Polish cities.

Lech Wałęsa was the head of the KKP, and the deputies were Andrzej Gwiazda and Ryszard Kalinowski. There were around 30 founding members of the KKP, in the course of the time, this number grew significantly, and at the beginning of 1981 it was announced that each Voivodeship was assigned only one member to the KKP.

Within the Commission, a special body, called Eleven (Jedenastka) was created on November 19, 1980. It included representatives of 11 biggest centers of the growing movement: Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Poznań, Rzeszów, Szczecin, Warszawa, Wrocław.
Statutes of Solidarity, accepted on September 20, 1980, defined competences of the KKP. These were:
 representing the union to the government of Poland,
 coordination of activities of the regional branches of Solidarity,
 control of budget of the union,
 signing collective work agreements,
 election of the head of the KKP and members of its Presidium.

In 1980–1981, the Presidium consisted of Lech Wałęsa, Andrzej Gwiazda, Ryszard Kalinowski, and members: Zbigniew Bujak from Warsaw, Tadeusz Jedynak from Jastrzebie, Jan Rulewski from Bydgoszcz, Andrzej Slowik from Łódź, Stanisław Wądołowski from Szczecin, and secretary of KKP, Andrzej Celiński, as well as a spokesperson, Karol Modzelewski (replaced by Janusz Onyszkiewicz).

Sources

1980 in Poland
Solidarity (Polish trade union)

National Coordinating Commission


Warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength. They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary. It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track. Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.

Watch
A tropical storm watch is issued by the National Hurricane Center when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 48 hours. Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h). Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.

Warning
A tropical storm warning is issued when tropical storm effects are expected within 36 hours or less.  Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.

Other websites
 NHC - watches and warnings

Tropical cyclones

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches


Jari Kurri (born 18 May 1960 Helsinki, Finland) is a retired five-time Stanley Cup champion in NHL hockey.

Kurri started his ice hockey career in the junior team of Jokerit. Already in age of 17, he played in Jokerit team adults. He also played for Finnish Junior National Team in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He played on the Olympic Finland team in 1980.

In 1980 he was invited to play for Edmonton Oilers in Canada. There he played with Wayne Gretzky for 8 seasons until Gretzky moved to Los Angeles. They became famous. Oilers won Stanley Cup 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990. Later Kurri played for Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Colorado Avalanche.

During his career Kurri made 600 goals in NHL.

Because Kurri was most years continuing his NHL term in North America in Stanley Cup playoffs, he could not play for Finland National tesm very often. However he was in Olympic Games in Nagano 1998, and got a bronze medal.

References

Other websites

1960 births
Finnish ice hockey players
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Sportspeople from Helsinki
Living people

Jari Kurri


Killer Elite is a melodramatic action-thriller movie. It was released in 2011. It is about assassins during the early 1980s in several countries. Jason Statham plays Danny Bryce, Robert De Niro plays Hunter.

This movie got mixed to negative reviews by critics. Roger Ebert gave it three out of four stars, calling it "impressive".

2010s crime thriller movies
2011 crime drama movies
2011 thriller movies

Killer Elite


ITT Corporation is a global manufacturing company in the United States, in aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. They are in global markets including water and fluids management. ITT originally stood for International Telephone and Telegraph; it was founded in 1920. It was originally combined from other telephone companies. Today's ITT Corporation was founded in 2006.
They work in three areas:
 Fluid Technology
 Defense Electronics & Services
 Motion & Flow Control

American technology companies
Companies based in New York (state)
2006 establishments in New York (state)
Manufacturing companies of the United States

ITT Inc.


Georg Michael Pachtler (14 September 1825, at Mergentheim, Württemberg – 12 August 1889, at Exaten, Netherlands) was a German Jesuit and educational writer.

Life
He studied in the University of Tübingen and was ordained priest in 1848; he then took a course of philology in the University of Munich and became professor in the Gymnasium at Ellwangen.

In 1856 Pachtler entered the Society of Jesus, and some years later was appointed professor in the Jesuit College of Feldkirch, Austria. His educational labours were interrupted twice, when he acted as military chaplain to the Tyrolese troops during the Italian campaign (1866), and to German volunteers in the papal army (1869–70).

After the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the German Empire (1872), Pachtler lived mostly in the Netherlands and Austria, devoting himself to literary work.

Works
He was the first editor of the Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, published by the German Jesuits, one of the leading Catholic periodicals in Germany. He was a prolific writer on questions of the day: the First Vatican Council, the Roman question, the labour movement, Freemasonry, and Liberalism. He accused the Freemasons of trying to destroy Christianity, and inciting the Kulturkampf.

Among his works are:
 "Acta et Decreta Sacrosancti et Oecumenici Concilii Vaticani" (1871),
 "Die Internationale Arbeiterverbindung" (1871),
 "Der Götze der Humanität oder das Positive der Freimaurerei" (1875),
 "Der stille Krieg gegen Thron und Altar, oder das Negative der Freimaurerei" (1873),
 "Der Europäische Militarismus" (1876),
 "Die Geistige Knechtung der Völker durch das Schulmonopol des modernen Staates" (1876),
 "Das göttliche Recht der Familie und der Kirche auf die Schule" (1879).

His book on the reform of higher education: "Die Reform unserer Gymnasien" (1883), attracted the attention of  German educationists, and he was invited to become a contributor to the "Monumenta Germaniae Paedagogica", published in Berlin under the editorship of Karl Kehrbach. He contributed four volumes (II, V, IX, and XVI of the series, 1887–94), the last being edited by Father Bernhard Duhr, S.J., after the author's death. Pachtler's volumes form the standard work on the educational system of the Jesuits; it is entitled: "Ratio Studiorum et Institutiones Scholasticae Societatis Jesu, per Germaniam olim Vigentes". The work contains the official documents of the society which have reference to education, parts of the constitutions, decrees of the legislative assemblies of the order, ordinances of generals, reports of official visitations, the various revisions of the Ratio Studiorum, schedules of study, disciplinary regulations, directions for the training of teachers, and treatises of private individuals which explain the practical working of the system. Much of the material had never been published before.

Notes

References
Attribution
  The entry cites:
 Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, XXXVII (1889);
 Monumenta Germaniae Paedagogica, XVI, introduction.

1825 births
1889 deaths
19th-century German Jesuits
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni

Georg Michael Pachtler


Pella is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Pella is the Edessa and the largest town is Giannitsa. It is also the site of the ancient city of Pella, the capital of the kingdom of Macedon where Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon lived.

Prefectures of Greece

Pella


The Ranger Uranium Mine was a uranium mine in the Northern Territory of Australia. The site is surrounded by, but separate from Kakadu National Park, 230 km east of Darwin. The orebody was discovered in late 1969, and the mine commenced operation in 1980, reaching full production of uranium oxide in 1981 and ceased stockpile processing on 8 January 2021. Mining activities had ceased in 2012. It is owned and operated by Energy Resources of Australia (ERA), a public company 86.33% owned by Rio Tinto Group, the remainder held by the public. Uranium mined at Ranger was sold for use in nuclear power stations in Japan, South Korea, China, UK, France, Germany, Spain, Sweden and the United States.

The original Ranger 1 orebody was mined out by the end of 1995, although some ore remained stockpiled. A second orebody, Ranger 3, began mining in 1997. Both were open-pit mines. Mining finished at Ranger in late 2012 and the mine plant processed stockpiled ore until January 2021. ERA has tenure and access to the site, principally for rehabilitation activities, until 8 January 2026.

Discovery

The Ranger uranium orebody, the richest in the southern hemisphere, was discovered in late 1969, when an aerial radiometric survey conducted by Geophysical Resources Development Co., a company based in Sydney, on contract to Noranda Aluminum, detected a large spike in gamma radiation when passing over Mount Brockman, known as Djidbidjidbi to the Mirarr traditional owners of the area. The instrument that detected the anomaly was a Nuclear Enterprises gamma ray spectrometer using a Thallium doped Sodium Iodide cylindrical crystal. At time of discovery the aircraft was flying at an altitude of . The anomaly could still be detected at almost . The crew members on board were Bill Hay, the pilot, Harvey Morton, the navigator and Frank Lanza, the instruments operator, who first recognised the significance of the anomaly.

The Ranger Uranium Environmental Inquiry
In 1975, Gough Whitlam appointed Justice Russell Fox, a judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, to lead an inquiry into the environmental dangers posed by mining uranium in the Northern Territory and the associated risks of exporting it, including those of nuclear proliferation. The inquiry produced two reports, published in 1976 and 1977.

The ore bodies
The Ranger No. 1 and Ranger No. 3 ore bodies occur in the Cahill Formation, consisting of Lower Proterozoic metasediments, located in the Alligator Rivers Uranium Field. The mine commenced operation in 1980, reaching full production of uranium oxide in 1981.  Owing to the environmental sensitivity of the site, a special statutory authority, the Supervising Scientist, was created to provide oversight of the operation and conduct environmental research in the region.

Ranger mine covers two of a line of uranium orebodies that extend from near Nourlangie Rock in Kakadu north-eastwards to Koongarra, underneath Mount Brockman, then northwards through the Ranger One line of orebodies (in order Number 2, Number 1, and Number 3), then via Hades Flat, where there is uranium mineralisation, to Jabiluka where the line turns westward through the Barote and Ranger 4 orebodies. The mine covers No 1 Orebody and No 3 Orebody. No 2 Orebody was excluded from the mining lease at the request of the traditional owners and included in Kakadu National Park. From Ranger 4 the line again turns northwards and then swings westward round an Archaean basement dome before turning south towards Nourlangie Rock again. Uranium mineralisation is known at several other places along this line but has never been explored in detail because of the creation of Kakadu. The name 'Ranger' for the series of discoveries made by Geopeko, the exploration arm of Peko-Wallsend, in the period 1969 to 1972, was thought up by Judy Ryan, the wife of the geologist in charge of the program. Koongarra and Jabiluka were retained by the companies that found them: Noranda Australia and Pancontinental Mining respectively, although since sold to other parties. The other discoveries were enclosed in the National Park.

ERA was named Explorer of the Year at the sixth annual Australian Mining Prospect Awards held in Sydney in November 2009. During 2008, ERA's exploration programme identified a significant mineral resource adjacent to the operating Ranger 3 pit. The area, known as Ranger 3 Deeps, ranked among the world's most significant new uranium discoveries of recent years.

Ranger 3 Deeps
ERA constructed a $120 million Ranger 3 Deeps exploration decline to conduct close spaced underground exploration drilling and explore areas adjacent to the Ranger 3 Deeps resource. The Ranger 3 Deeps mineralised zone contains an estimated resource of  of uranium oxide, comprising measured, indicated and inferred categories totalling  11.9 million tonnes of ore grading 0.274% U3O8.

In parallel with the construction of the exploration decline, ERA began a $57 million project to prepare a Prefeasibility Study into the potential development of a Ranger 3 Deeps underground mine.  This Study will determine the economic viability of the project, optimise mining methods, and confirm metallurgical performance and production rates. Environmental studies will also be conducted.  ERA will also consult further with the Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation as a component of a broader social impact assessment.

ERA formally commenced the statutory approval process for the proposed Ranger 3 Deeps underground mine with the submission of a referral to the Commonwealth Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water Population and Communities under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Control Act 1999 in January 2013. At the same time, ERA separately lodged a notice of intent with the Northern Territory Environment Protection Authority under the Northern Territory Environmental Assessment Act.

Ore processing
Ore is crushed, ground, then leached with sulphuric acid. Uranium is removed using kerosene with amine then stripped with ammonium sulphate solution and gaseous ammonia. Ammonium diuranate is precipitated by increasing the pregnant solution pH, and converted to uranium oxide (U3O8) in a furnace.

In early 2006, ERA announced an expansion to the processing plant which would allow production to extend into lower-grade ore and in November 2006 the company announced plans to invest in a laterite processing plant, which would allow it to process ore with a high clay content that has been stockpiled since the mine began operating. This ore had been already included in stated reserves. The laterite processing plant would contribute 400 tonnes of uranium oxide per year from 2008 until 2014.

Water management
Water management is a critical component of ERA's business, and between 2009 and 2012, ERA completed water management projects for a total cost of $82 million. This included surface water interception trenches around stockpiles to protect local waterways, installation of continuous real-time monitoring stations, and additional ground water bores to augment the extensive ground water monitoring programme.

In addition, ERA completed a 2.3-metre life of the Tailings Storage Facility, constructed a new pond water retention pond to store up to one gigalitre of pond water, and installed contingency water pumping system between the Tailings Storage Facility and Pit 3.
From 2012 to 2014, ERA expected to expend a total of $316 million in various water management projects including the $220 million Brine Concentrator Project. Brine Concentrators use thermal energy to evaporate water, which is subsequently condensed and discharged as clean distilled water.

The Brine Concentrator had the capacity to produce 1.83 gigalitres of clean water per year through the treatment of process water. Hatch was appointed EPCM contractor for the Brine Concentrator project. It was successfully commissioned in November 2013 with a budget of AUD $220 Million dollars.

In 2012, ERA and the Mirarr Traditional Owners represented by the Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation (GAC), conducted a jointly facilitated independent expert review of the quality of surface water around the Ranger Project Area. The Independent Surface Water Working Group consisted of representatives from ERA, GAC, the Supervising Scientists Division and the Northern Land Council.

Over a six-month period, the working group examined the impacts, monitoring and reporting of surface water flowing from the Ranger mine.

The working group agreed in findings released in March 2013 that the surface water management and regulatory systems in place at the Ranger mine were of a very high standard.
Going forward, the Group agreed an action plan to ensure that surface water management systems at Ranger remained "best leading practice".

Safety breaches and controversy
Environment Australia (an agency of the Government of Australia) have documented over 200 environmental incidents since 1979.  The great majority of these were minor, but the significant ones are detailed below. In 2013, a spokesperson from the Public Health Association of Australia claimed that there had been a hundred safety incidents linked to the mine in the thirty years prior.

In May 2005 the company was convicted for breaching environmental guidelines - the first such prosecution of a mining company in the Northern Territory, relating to accidental radiological exposure to ERA employees. Radioactively contaminated process water had entered the drinking water supply and some workers drank and washed in it. Dozens of mine employees were found to have showered in and consumed water containing 400 times the legal limit of uranium. The maximum radiation exposure of workers was likely to have been much less than the regulatory limit, and no harmful long-term health effects are likely.

Other incidents involving decontamination of vehicles have been identified. When the work-for-welfare mechanic in Jabiru opened the engine bay, he was unaware of the nature of the mud and dirt which fell on the floor. The court heard that in the following weeks, after he had swept the material outside his shed, his children played and built sandcastles in mud contaminated with uranium.

Another significant controversy over Ranger's environmental impact is the public legal confrontation over releases into Magela Creek in the 1995 wet season. More recently, the ARRAC report from 2002 details a major leak of about 2 megalitres of potentially polluted water, over a number of months.

In 2007, water breached a retention pond, overflowing back into the pit. The original authorisation required that this water be contained at all times. In 2006, water management systems were disrupted by Cyclone Monica.

In May 2010, it was reported that a tailings dam may have released millions of litres of radioactive water into world heritage-listed wetlands in Kakadu National Park, home to about 500 Aboriginal people.

In November 2013, four drums previously used to transport yellowcake were found in a rural area of Darwin. The company recovered the drums amid concerns about the potential spread of radioactive contamination.

On 7 December 2013 there was an incident at a mine site inside Kakadu National Park, with about a million litres of slurry, comprising crushed ore and acid, believed spilled, workers evacuated and production shut down. A leaching tank containing the slurry burst at about 1am. The spilled material was entirely contained within the safety bunds and no material leaked into the wider ecosystem.

See also
 McArthur River uranium mine in the Athabasca Basin in Saskatchewan Canada
 List of uranium mines
 Unconformity uranium deposits
 Uranium mining
 Uranium market
 Uranium mining in Australia
 Russell Walter Fox

References

 IAEA, 1980. URANIUM IN THE PINE CREEK GEOSYNCLINE (Eds J Ferguson and A B Goleby). Proceedings of the international symposium on the Pine Creek Geosyncline, Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Sydney, Australia, 4–8 June 1979.

External links

 Energy Resources of Australia
 collection of news articles and media releases about Ranger Uranium Mine
 Ranger uranium mine life pushed to 2012

1980 establishments in Australia
Open-pit mines
Rio Tinto (corporation) subsidiaries
Surface mines in Australia
Uranium mines in the Northern Territory

Ranger Uranium Mine


A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service. It allows people and companies to make their website available on the World Wide Web.  Web hosts are companies which provide space on a server which is owned or leased for use by clients. These clients store their Web site on the server. The server feeds the web pages to the Internet.

Wikia, for example, is a hosting service. Many web hosting companies also provide other services including file hosting service.

Classification of web hosting

Shared web hosting
For entry-level website hosting, shared web hosting is ideal. This is where your website will be housed alongside several other websites on the same server. All domains on a shared hosting plan share the same server resources, such as RAM (Random Access Memory) and CPU (Central Processing Unit) (Central Processing Unit). Shared hosting are relatively inexpensive because all resources are shared, making them a good choice for website owners in their early stages.

Virtual Private Server (VPS Hosting)
It's the perfect solution for website owners who want greater control but don't need a dedicated server. Each website on a VPS server is housed in its own space on the server, while it still shares a physical server with other customers. While VPS hosting gives website owners more customization and storage capacity, it can't withstand extremely high traffic or usage spikes, which means that the site's performance might still be influenced by other sites on the server.

Dedicated Web Hosting
Dedicated web hosting allows website owners to have the maximum control over the server on which their website is hosted. That's because you've rented the server solely, and your website is the only one on it. This means you have complete root and admin access, allowing you to manage anything from security to the operating system you use.

One of the most expensive web hosting solutions is dedicated servers. They are typically utilized by website owners who have a lot of traffic on their site and need complete control over their servers. In addition, the installation and continuing operation of the server necessitate a high level of technical competence.

Managed Web Hosting
The majority of hosting packages available online are likely to be managed. Hosting companies provide technical services such hardware and software setup and configuration, maintenance, hardware replacement, technical help, updating, and monitoring. The provider manages the hardware, operating systems, and standardized applications on a day-to-day basis using managed hosting. Each plan is tailored to the demands of various groups, so knowing what you need in a website will help you choose the best plan for you and your company.
Internet

Web hosting service


Wendy Bucklew is an American rock singer-songwriter who became well known as part of the Atlanta folk rock scene, which she joined in 1988. She toured nationally and released four full-length CDs. Painting Sidewalks, her third and most popular release, produced by DeDe Vogt, was in heavy rotation in several Americana stations in the U.S. and in Europe. Tammy Susan Hurt played drums and percussion on the album. When Clear Channel purchased virtually all of the Americana independent radio stations, her airplay was nearly eliminated overnight and replaced with top-ten commercial music.

A very private person, Bucklew was often conflicted about her pursuits in the music business. She continued to write songs as she had since she first began at the age of 6, but to date she has chosen to pursue her many other interests. Much of her repertoire is available on iTunes and CD Baby.

Discography
 Rage in the Ring (1990)
 Painting Sidewalks (1994)
 Asleep in the Swing (1996)
 After You (2002)

References

External links
 Wendy Bucklew on Daemon Records
 Wendy Bucklew on MySpace

American women singer-songwriters
American folk singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

Wendy Bucklew


The Battle of the Isonzo, the Battle of the Aesontius, or the Battle of the Isontius, is the name given to the battle fought on August 28, 489 on the banks of the Isontius River, not far away from Aquileia. This river is now known as the Isonzo in Italian, and Soča in Slovene.

Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, in 489 opened his first campaign against Odoacer to wrest Italy from him. On 28 August, the two armies met on the banks of the Isontius. Theodoric defeated Odoacer, who retreated. A second battle was fought at Verona.

Background

In 476, the barbarian warlord Odoacer founded the Kingdom of Italy as the first King of Italy, initiating a new era over Roman lands. Unlike most of the last emperors, he acted decisively. At the beginning of his reign he "slew Count Bracila at Ravenna that he might inspire a fear of himself among the Romans." He took many military actions to strengthen his control over Italy and its neighboring areas. He achieved a solid diplomatic coup by inducing the Vandal King Gaiseric to cede to him Sicily. Noting that "Odovacar seized power in August of 476, Gaiseric died in January 477, and the sea usually became closed to navigation around the beginning of November", F.M. Clover dates this cession to September or October 476. When Julius Nepos was murdered by two of his retainers in his country house near Salona (May 480), Odoacer assumed the duty of pursuing and executing the assassins, and at the same time established his own rule in Dalmatia.

As Odoacer's position improved, Zeno, the Eastern Emperor, increasingly saw him as a rival. According to John of Antioch, Odoacer exchanged messages with Illus, who had been in revolt against Zeno since 484. Thus Zeno sought to destroy Odoacer and promised Theodoric the Great and his Ostrogoths the Italian peninsula if they were to defeat and remove Odoacer. Theodoric had his own reasons to agree to this offer, as he had enough experience to know (or at least suspect) that Zeno would not, in the long term, tolerate his independent power. When Theodoric rebelled in 485, he had in mind Zeno's treatment of Armatus. Armatus defected from Basiliscus to Zeno in 476, and was made senior imperial general for life. Within a year, Zeno had him assassinated.

Battle and aftermath

In 489, Theodoric led the Ostrogoths across the Julian Alps and into Italy. On 28 August, Odoacer met him at the Isonzo, only to be defeated. He withdrew to Verona, reaching its outskirts on 27 September, where he immediately set up a fortified camp. Theodoric followed him and three days later defeated him again. While Odoacer took refuge in Ravenna, Theodoric continued across Italy to Mediolanum, where the majority of Odoacer's army, including his chief general Tufa, surrendered to the Ostrogothic king. Theodoric had no reason to doubt Tufa's loyalty and dispatched his new general to Ravenna with a band of elite soldiers, "but Tufa changed sides, the Gothic elite force entrusted to his command was destroyed, and Theodoric suffered his first serious defeat on Italian soil." Theodoric recoiled by seeking safety in Ticinum. Odoacer emerged from Ravenna and started to besiege his rival. While both were fully engaged, the Burgundians seized the opportunity to plunder and devastated Liguria. Many Romans were taken into captivity, and did not regain their freedom until Theodoric ransomed them three years later.

References

Bibliography

Isonzo 489
Isonzo 489
Isonzo 489
Isonzo
Ostrogothic Kingdom
5th century in Italy
489
Theoderic the Great

Battle of Isonzo (489)


One Piece: Treasure Battle! (トレジャーバトル!, Torejā Batoru!) is a party game for the Nintendo Gamecube, published by Bandai and released in November 2002. It was the first One Piece game designed for a sixth-generation console, as well as the first to feature fully three-dimensional gameplay.

Story
There is a special competition called the "Treasure Battle" clash which is being hosted in the Grand Line on a special series of islands. The Blueberry Times newspaper is covering the events via journalist Rocky Hattari. The Straw Hats, along with Vivi and Ace, should trust each other and work together in a group made of two members and battle through various events to get Treasure Cards. The Treasure Cards are said to give the possessor happiness and can make wishes and dreams come true. The Straw Hats, Vivi, and Ace decided to compete. Luffy and Vivi pair up together. Zoro and Ace, who were not interested in the treasure but their competitive sides are rubbed, so they join "just to win". Sanji followed Nami, who is joining for the treasure. Chopper was amazed hearing that Usopp had a plan. Thus, the teams were decided.

Playable characters
 Ace
 Alvida
 Arlong
 Mr. 2
 Buggy
 Crocodile
 Don Krieg
 Luffy
 Mihawk
 Nami
 Miss All-Sunday
 Chopper
 Rocky Hattari
 Shanks
 Smoker
 Sanji
 Tashigi
 Chopper
 Vivi
 Zoro

Gameplay

Scenario
Story mode. There are 4 stories to choose from:
 Luffy and Vivi - 'Easy mode'.
 Zoro and Ace - 'Normal mode'.
 Sanji and Nami - 'Hard mode'.
 Usopp and Chopper - 'Very Hard mode'.

The player will fight 3 Treasure Battles in a row, then have a special mini game for the 4th, and then a best-of-3 round Treasure Battle for the conclusion.

A Treasure Battle is a fight between two teams. The team that can successfully carry a treasure to a goal, preventing the other team from taking it until time up, wins. After winning a Treasure Battle in the story mode; players get a Treasure Card.

Match-up
The player chooses the stages and characters.

Game modes

Treasure Battle
"Treasure Battle" is a (two-player-in-each) team game, and has players grabbing a treasure chest and putting it into a boxing ring at the end of each island level, then literally waiting for their ship to come in. Once their pirate ship arrives, that team wins. A team can throw the chest to each other over a limited distance, lob it in the direction they are facing over a greater distance, or even use it to attack the members of the opposite team who are doing their best to grab the treasure chest and take it back to their own boxing ring, and their awaiting pirate vessel.

The screen is split in the "Treasure Battle" according to how many human players are involved. In one-player mode, the full screen allows a decent view of the action, but the 2- and 4-player splits reduce the action to an extremely small view that can make it very hard to determine what is really happening.

Battle Royal
"Battle Royal" is a similar game to "Treasure Battle", except there is no chest and the arena is more confined. Each team just bashes the opposition about, as much as possible, for just under 3 minutes. All players are displayed on the full screen, which will zoom in and out depending on the spread of the action.

Kung Fu Survival
"Kung Fu Survival" both teams are placed on to a very small island inhabited by large numbers of Kung-Fu Dugongs. Whichever team beats up the most dugongs within the time limit wins. The player can walk right up to a dugong and attack it in the face, or if they choose Zoro they can have him attack with a kendo. The dugongs are basically defenseless, but if a player is standing motionless, may wander over and attack with a headbutt or flipper strike.

Team Work Rally
"Teamwork Rally" has each team passing the chest to each other across gaps that can't be jumped over whilst carrying the chest. The race to the finish is a careful balance between taking risks to get the edge over the opposition and being careful at other points to avert disaster.

Cross Country
"Cross Country" is an individual race to the end of each stage of a longer race. Each player gets a score based on their position at each intermediate stage and the team scores are totaled at the end of the whole race. The race is conducted along a series of different jumps, ladders, islands and narrow passageways.

Pirate Soccer
"Pirate Soccer" is pirates playing soccer. Except the ball is enormous and can crush the players if they fall under it. They have to use their attack moves to push the ball through goals at each end. Each half is 90 seconds.

Treasure Hunt
"Treasure Hunt" has players wondering around randomly until an arrow appears, directing them to hidden treasure.

Other websites
 Official website
 Nintendo mini-site

2002 video games
Party video games
Fighting games
Video games based on television shows
Japan exclusive video games
Anime
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Nintendo GameCube games

From TV Animation: One Piece Treasure Battle!


Bruce Rainnie is a broadcaster for CBC Sports and was the host (2003 to 2017) of CBC News: Compass, the supper-hour news program on CBCT in Prince Edward Island. He has been with CBC since 1995.

Rainnie began his career at CJLS Radio in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia where he hosted the morning show from 1989 to 1995. He received a Canadian Radio Award for inventive broadcasting and was twice named City of the Year for his volunteer work in the community. On his departure from Yarmouth, Rainnie was awarded the Key to the Town, becoming one of only three people ever to receive this honour.

In 1995 Rainnie was a weather man at CBHT during Linda Kelly's newscast until he moved to Prince Edward Island in 2003.

Since joining CBC Sports, Rainnie has broadcast four Olympic games (2000, 2002, 2004, & 2006). In 2006, he called the gold medal performance of the Canadian Women's Hockey team. Also in 2006, Rainnie was first on the scene to interview Brad Gushue after his rink won gold in Men's Curling. In March 2004, he researched, co-produced and hosted Great Expectations, a half-hour primetime documentary on Sidney Crosby. Rainnie has also been host of CBC News Morning, the Celtic Colours Music Festival, Tall Ships 2000, Spruce Meadows Showjumping, Davis Cup Tennis, CFL on CBC, the World Curling Championships, and Hockey Night in Canada.

In 2007, Rainnie replaced the retiring Don Wittman as CBC's lead curling commentator.

Rainnie has also done extensive work as master of ceremonies for various organizations. He has hosted the Progress Club Sports Celebrity Dinner, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Research Dinner, the Nova Scotia Sport Hall of Fame Induction Ceremonies, the PEI Business Hall of Fame Gala, the Halifax Comedy Festival, the Special Olympics Dinner and Auction, and the CIAU All-Canadian Basketball Awards Dinner.

Rainnie lives in Halifax, Nova Scotia with his wife, accomplished PEI musician Kendra MacGillvray, and their 15 year-old son Mark.

Rainnie was scheduled to call Rowing and Canoeing at the 2008 Summer Olympics but could not attend due to illness.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian television news anchors
Sportspeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Canadian television sportscasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
Curling broadcasters
Canadian Football League announcers
Tennis commentators
Sportspeople from Charlottetown
American Hockey League broadcasters

Bruce Rainnie


Antoni Gramatyka (1841 in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska – December 23, 1922 in Kraków) was a Polish painter, associated Kraków and its surroundings.

Biography
Antoni Gramatyka began his studies at the Kraków Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts in 1870, where he was taught by Władysław Łuszczkiewicz and Jan Matejko. After their completion, he continued to study at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, under Christian Ruben and Joseph von Führich. After returning from Vienna, Gramatyka continued his studies at the Jan Metjko Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. Together with the Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts, he exhibited his works in Kraków and Lwów. As a Realist, he presented day-to-day life of the locals in Kraków and surrounding villages. He painted landscape paintings of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Żywiecczyzna, Podhale, Spisz and the areas surrounding Kraków. Apart from landscapes, Gramatyka also painted portraits and church polychromes, inter alia in the Płock Cathedral. He worked on renovation and conservation projects, inter alia in Queen Sophia's Chapel on the Wawel and St. Mary's Basilica in Kraków.

Gallery

References

1841 births
1922 deaths
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
Polish male painters

Antoni Gramatyka


In computer architecture, 48-bit integers can represent 281,474,976,710,656 (248 or 2.814749767×1014) discrete values. This allows an unsigned binary integer range of 0 through 281,474,976,710,655 (248 − 1) or a signed two's complement range of -140,737,488,355,328 (-247) through 140,737,488,355,327 (247 − 1). A 48-bit memory address can directly address every byte of 256 terabytes of storage. 48-bit can refer to any other data unit that consumes 48 bits (6 octets) in width.  Examples include 48-bit CPU and ALU architectures that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size.

Word size
Computers with 48-bit words include the AN/FSQ-32, CDC 1604/upper-3000 series, BESM-6, Ferranti Atlas, Philco TRANSAC S-2000 and Burroughs large systems.

The Honeywell DATAmatic 1000,
H-800,
the MANIAC II,
the MANIAC III,
the Brookhaven National Laboratory Merlin,
the Philco CXPQ,
the Ferranti Orion,
the Telefunken Rechner TR 440,
the ICT 1301,
and many other early transistor-based and vacuum tube computers
used 48-bit words.

Addressing
The IBM System/38, and the IBM AS/400 in its CISC variants, use 48-bit addresses.

The address size used in logical block addressing was increased to 48 bits with the introduction of ATA-6. The Ext4 file system physically limits the file block count to 48 bits.

The minimal implementation of the x86-64 architecture provides 48-bit addressing encoded into 64 bits; future versions of the architecture can expand this without breaking properly written applications.

The media access control address (MAC address) of a network interface controller uses a 48-bit address space.

Images

In digital images, 48 bits per pixel, or 16 bits per each color channel (red, green and blue), is used for accurate processing. For the human eye, it is almost impossible to see any difference between such an image and a 24-bit image, but the existence of more shades of each of the three primary colors (65,536 as opposed to 256) means that more operations can be performed on the image without risk of noticeable banding or posterization.

Notes

References

Data unit

48-bit computing


Mark Shepherd Jr. (January 18, 1923 – February 4, 2009) was the chairman and chief executive officer of Texas Instruments. He was in attendance at the demonstration of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby on September 12, 1958.

Biography
Shepherd was born in Dallas, Texas on January 18, 1923, where his father was a police officer. He started private school as a three-year-old and constructed a vacuum tube at the age of six and a radio when he was seven, graduating from high school at the age of 14. He attended Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, where he was awarded a bachelor's degree with honors in electrical engineering, and earned a master's degree at the University of Illinois. He served in the United States Navy, where he specialized in radar and electronics systems on the USS Tucson, completing his service with the rank of lieutenant.

Following the completion of his military service, Shepherd worked for General Electric and the Farnsworth Television and Radio Corporation, a firm established by television pioneer Philo Farnsworth.

Texas Instruments
He was hired by Geophysical Service Incorporated in 1948, a company which then focused on the oil and gas drilling industry; GSI subsequently evolved into Texas Instruments. He was one of four engineers sent by the company in 1952 to Bell Laboratories to study the transistor. Texas Instruments licensed the transistor technology that had been invented at Bell Labs in 1947 and pursued applications for its use.

After obtaining the licensing agreement, Shepherd built a team to produce working transistors. In 1958, he was the head of the semiconductor team as Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit, which Texas Instruments used in the development of the company's hand-held calculators, printers and personal computers, as well as toys.

Shepherd spearheaded the company's international expansion, opening semiconductor fabrication plants overseas, including in Japan. His focus on cutting costs to keep the company competitive led to the implementation of computer-aided methods for manufacturing semiconductor-based products. With increasing competition later in his career from Asian suppliers, Shepherd shifted Texas Instruments away from consumer products and focused on semiconductor technology.

He was the company's chief engineer and chief operating officer before being named as chief executive officer in 1969. He was named as the firm's CEO in 1976, serving in that role until 1988.

Author Michael Malone described Shepherd as someone who "drove T.I. into world leadership not only in semiconductors, but took the chip industry into consumer electronics with calculators, digital watches and toys where Texas Instruments dominated even companies like Hewlett-Packard and Intel".

Post-retirement
Following his retirement, he and his wife moved to their ranch in Quitman, Texas, where they raised longhorn cattle. As described in his obituary in The New York Times, Shepherd was "an engineer to the core" even in retirement, taking responsibility for construction of buildings, dams and fire protection equipment on the ranch.

Shepherd died at age 86 on February 4, 2009 at his ranch in Quitman due to complications of pulmonary fibrosis. He was survived by his wife, Mary Alice, two daughters, son and three granddaughters.

References

1923 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
Businesspeople from Dallas
Southern Methodist University alumni
University of Illinois alumni
People from Quitman, Texas

Mark Shepherd (businessman)


Hillsong Worship (formerly Hillsong Live) is a praise and worship collective from Sydney, Australia and Orange County, California.  They started making music in 1983 at Hillsong Church.  Fifteen of their songs have appeared on the Billboard magazine charts in the US, with "What a Beautiful Name" (2016) representing their greatest success, reaching platinum in the US.  The band has some notable members, including Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston.

Hillsong Worship


The Aryan League (an aa Naitional Socialist Aryan League) is an Iranian Neo-Nazi poleetical pairty. It wis foondit bi umwhile members o the Pan-Iranist Pairty who left that group due tae their racialist beliefs. Their statit goal is, "Tae return tae Iran an her Aryan fowk their pride & glorious legacy o sax thoosan years past. Tae reawaken an restore the ancient Aryan spiritual & cultural heritage an the total eradication o aw foreign elements in the modren Iranian society."

The conservative Kayhan an Ettelaat newspapers hae reportit on the possibility that the NSAL an SUMKA actually oreeginate frae the Kabud Party, which wis the oreeginal Nazi Pairty o Iran that wis said tae hae been directly supportit bi Nazi Germany an later banned efter the Anglo-Soviet invasion o Iran in 1941, but remained covertly active.

Political pairties wi Nazi or fascist inclinations hae been banned in Iran since 1941. Since 1980, Iran haes hate creeme legislation which makes ony type o racist poleetical or social entities illegal.

Neo-Nazi poleetical pairties
Poleetical pairties in Iran

Aryan League


Fort Ord Dunes State Park is a state park in California, United States, along  of coastline on Monterey Bay and created from part of the closed Fort Ord. The park includes a boardwalk, a path to the beach, a  road for walking and biking, and interpretive exhibits  describing its former use as a military training area. As the dunes are a nesting area for sensitive species, public access is limited to the paths and trails.

History
The Fort Ord Dunes State Park encompasses coastal areas of the closed Fort Ord, a United States Army installation. The area once held 15 rifle ranges for the installation.  After undergoing restoration work the landmark became a state park in 2009. The land was transferred as a public benefit conveyance to the State by the National Park Service through the Federal Lands to Parks Program. The conveyance, at no cost to the State, requires that the land be used only for public park and recreation area purposes in perpetuity, with the federal government retaining a reversionary interest if the terms of the deed are not met. Other areas of Fort Ord have become the Fort Ord National Monument or have been used for commercial or educational purposes.

Fort Ord Dunes State Park was one of the 48 California state parks proposed for closure in January 2008 by  Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger as part of a deficit reduction  program. The closures were ultimately avoided by cutting hours and maintenance system-wide.

A new campground is planned for 2022. One unit will have 45 recreational vehicle (RV) sites with hookups for electricity and water. A second unit is for family camping with 40 sites for tents and small, self-contained RVs. The third unit will be for walk-in and cyclists.

See also
List of California state parks

References

External links

 Fort Ord Dunes State Park

2009 establishments in California
Parks in Monterey County, California
Protected areas established in 2009
State parks of California

Fort Ord Dunes State Park


Zaden (; ) was, according to the medieval Georgian chronicles, the god of fruitfulness in a pre-Christian pantheon of the ancient Georgians of Kartli (Iberia of the Classical sources). King Parnajom of Iberia (109–90 BC) is reported to have built a fortress at Mount Zedazeni to house the colossus of Zadeni which, along with other pagan idols, are said to have been destroyed through the prayers of St. Nino, a 4th-century female baptizer of Georgians.

Beyond the passages from the medieval annals and the surviving toponym of Zedazeni (from Zeda Zadeni, i.e. "Upper Zaden"), we lack contemporary records and archaeological evidence about this cult, however. Zaden is surmised by several modern scholars to have been a Georgian version of the Luwian Santas or the Hittite Sandon, but the identification with Yazata of Zoroastrianism has also been suggested.

Legacy
The crater Zadeni in the southern hemisphere of the dwarf planet Ceres was named after this deity.

References

Georgian mythology
Fertility gods

Zaden


Federalism in the United States is the relationship between the state governments and the federal government.  This relationship is set out in the United States Constitution.  The Constitution says which powers the federal government has, and which powers belong to the states.  The goal of federalism is to create a balance of power, so neither the states or the federal government can get too powerful.

Background

Colonial government
When America was a colony of the British Empire, it was ruled by the government of King George III.  Many American colonists thought this government was corrupt and did not care about the colonists' rights.

The Founding Fathers of the United States started to believe in an idea they called republicanism.  This idea said that the people in a country should be able to choose their government.  It said that the government's job was to protect people's natural rights, and if the government did not do this, the people had the right to overthrow it.  By 1775, these ideas were common in colonial America.

In the 1760s and 1770s, the British government began passing laws that forced the colonists to pay taxes on items like printed materials and things that were made outside the colonies.  To many Americans, these were examples of corruption and unfairness in the government.  The government was making them pay taxes, but the colonists had no say in what tax laws were passed, or even what their money was spent on.

In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began.  The next year, the colonies passed the United States Declaration of Independence, making them the new country of the United States.  By 1783, thanks to help from France, Spain, and some Native American tribes, the United States won the war and its independence from the British Empire.

First constitution

However, British rule had made most Americans distrust federal governments.  Many Americans did not like the thought that people far away from them could make rules about their lives, like the British government had.  They saw government as the biggest threat to their freedom.  Because of this, the United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, gave most of the power to the states.  The Articles created a federal government, but gave it very little power.  For example, the Articles allowed the Continental Congress to sign treaties and declare war, but it could not raise taxes to pay for an army.  Also, all major decisions required all of the state governments to agree.  This made it very difficult for the federal government to get anything done.

Federalism in the early United States

The Founding Fathers  and regular Americans  began to see that the Confederation government was not working well.  Some of the Founding Fathers began to suggest federalism as a solution to the problems with the Articles of Confederation.

Many more Americans began to support federalism after Shays' Rebellion of 1786-1787.  Shays' Rebellion started out as a protest by poor farmers in western Massachusetts, and ended up as an armed rebellion.  Neither the federal government or the state government had enough soldiers or money to pay for an army that could stop the rebellion.  Merchants in Massachusetts had to pay for a private army to stop the rebellion.  Also, during the Rebellion, Massachusetts' state government took away people's right to habeas corpus (so they could keep people in jail without a trial) and their right to say bad things about the government.  Many Americans began to realize that under the Articles of Confederation, their government was unable to protect them or their rights.  This was not the republican government they had fought for.

Creating a new federalist government

In 1787, fifty-five delegates met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.  There, they created ideas about a new type of government, called federalism.  In this type of government, they decided:
 The federal government would have more power than before.  However, power would be divided between the states and the federal government, so the federal government would not be all-powerful
 The states would get representatives in the federal legislature, the United States Congress.  Their representatives would speak for what the people in each state needed and wanted, and would be able to vote on all federal laws
 Small and large states would get an equal number of representatives in the United States Senate, to prevent the large states from having all the power
 The new federal government would have three separate sections which would divide and balance power between them.  Each would make sure the other two never got too powerful

The delegates at the Constitutional Convention wrote a new Constitution.  The last part of the Constitution, Article 7, said that nine states would have to ratify (approve) the Constitution for it to go into effect.   The Federalist movement started working to get the Constitution ratified.

A new Constitution

Some of the Founding Fathers argued strongly for federalism, especially James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.  They created the strongest defense of the new Constitution in a book called The Federalist Papers.  This was a collection of 85 essays supporting federalism.  Its goal was to convince people to vote to ratify the Constitution.  Although they were published anonymously at the time (with nobody's real names listed), the essays were written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay.  The essays explained the new Constitution and all the protections in it.  It answered many of the arguments against federalism, and explained how the Constitution would help protect people's rights.  For example, in "Federalist No. 10," James Madison wrote that federalism would help protect the republican values most Americans supported, like the importance of personal freedoms.

People who did not support the new Constitution were called "Anti-Federalists".  The Anti-Federalists included Founding Fathers like Patrick Henry and George Mason.  They worried that under the new Constitution, the federal government was too strong, and had too much power over the states.  They wanted the states to have more power.  They also did not like the fact that the Constitution had no bill of rights.  Without a bill of rights, they worried that the federal government would take their rights away.

After the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution after it was ratified, and after George Washington said he supported the new Constitution, the states ratified the Constitution.

Amendments
The new Constitution took effect on March 4, 1789.  That same year, Congress wrote and proposed twelve amendments to the Constitution.  Three-fourths of the states would have to ratify these amendments in order to add them to the Constitution.  The states ratified ten amendments on December 15, 1791.  Together, they became the Bill of Rights.  The Tenth Amendment set the guidelines for federalism in the United States.  It said that any powers that the Constitution did not give to the federal government belonged to the states.  This was meant to calm people's worries that the federal government would try to take more and more power from the states.

Notes

References

18th century in the United States

Federalism in the United States


Evelyn Jane Sharp (4 August 1869 – 17 June 1955) was a pacifist and writer who was a key figure in two major British women's suffrage societies, the militant Women's Social and Political Union and the United Suffragists. She helped found the latter and became editor of Votes for Women during the First World War. She was twice imprisoned and became a tax resister. An established author who had published in The Yellow Book, she was especially well known for her children's fiction.

Early life

Evelyn Sharp, the ninth of eleven children, was born on 4 August 1869. Cecil Sharp the folk-song collector was her elder brother. Sharp's family sent her to a boarding school. She went to a Parisian finishing school while her brothers went to university.

In 1894, against the wishes of her family, she moved to London, where she worked as a private tutor and wrote several novels including All the Way to Fairyland (1898) and The Other Side of the Sun (1900).

In 1903 Sharp, with the help of her friend and lover, Henry Nevinson, began to find work writing articles for the Daily Chronicle, the Pall Mall Gazette and the Manchester Guardian, a newspaper that published her work for over thirty years. Sharp highlights the importance of Nevinson and the Men's League for Women's Suffrage: "It is impossible to rate too highly the sacrifices that they (Henry Nevinson and Laurence Housman) and H. N. Brailsford, F. W. Pethick Lawrence, Harold Laski, Israel Zangwill, Gerald Gould, George Lansbury, and many others made to keep our movement free from the suggestion of a sex war."

Sharp's journalism made her more aware of the problems of working-class women and she joined the Women's Industrial Council and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies. In the autumn of 1906 Sharp was sent by the Manchester Guardian to cover the first speech by actress and novelist Elizabeth Robins. Sharp was moved by Robins' arguments for militant action and she joined the Women's Social and Political Union.

The impression she made was profound, even on an audience predisposed to be hostile; and on me it was disastrous. From that moment I was not to know again for 12 years, if indeed ever again, what it meant to cease from mental strife; and I soon came to see with a horrible clarity why I had always hitherto shunned causes.

Militant activism

Evelyn's mother, Jane, concerned at her daughter having joined the WSPU made her promise not to do anything that would result in her being imprisoned. Although she wrote in Votes for Women about Elsie Howey, dressed as Joan of Arc, a girl on a white horse leading a procession of hundreds of suffragettes to a meeting at the Aldwych Theatre on 17 April 1909 (fittingly the day before Joan of Arc was beatified) as representing "a battle against prejudice that is as ancient as it is modern", and befriended suffragette Helen Craggs and others, Sharp did keep her promise for five years, until her mother absolved her from that promise in November 1911. Although I hope you will never go to prison, still, I feel I cannot any longer be so prejudiced, and must leave it to your better judgment. I have really been very unhappy about it and feel I have no right to thwart you, much as I should regret feeling that you were undergoing those terrible hardships. It has caused you as much pain as it has me, and I feel I can no longer think of my own feelings. I cannot write more, but you will be happy now, won't you. (Jane Sharp, letter to her daughter (November, 1911)

Evelyn immediately became active in the militant campaign, and later that month she was imprisoned for fourteen days.
My opportunity came with a militant demonstration in Parliament Square on the evening of November 11, provoked by a more than usually cynical postponement of the Women's Bill, which was implied in a Government forecast of manhood suffrage. I was one of the many selected to carry out our new policy of breaking Government office windows, which marked a departure from the attitude of passive resistance that for five years had permitted all the violence to be used against us.

Sharp in March 1912, also acted as go-between for the leaders of WSPU taking a cheque for £7,000 to be authorised by Christabel Pankhurst to transfer funds to the personal account of Hertha Ayrton to avoid confiscation after the Scotland Yard raid on the Clement's Inn offices.

Sharp was an active member of the Women Writers' Suffrage League. In August 1913, in response to the government tactic of keeping prisoners that would hunger strike until they were too weak to be active by means of the Cat and Mouse Act (Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913), permitting their re-arrest as soon as they were active, Sharp was chosen to represent the WWSL in a delegation to meet with the Home Secretary, Reginald McKenna and discuss the Cat and Mouse Act. McKenna was unwilling to talk to them and when the women refused to leave the House of Commons, Mary Macarthur and Margaret McMillan were physically ejected and Sharp and Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence were arrested and sent to Holloway Prison.

With Nevinson, the Pethick-Lawrences, the Harbens, the Lansburys, Dr Louisa Garrett Anderson, Evelina Haverfield and Lena Ashwell, Sharp was a founder member of the United Suffragists which opened to men and women and attracting members from NUWSS and WSPU perhaps disillusioned with tactics of each of these groups, on 14 February 1914.

First World War resistance

Unlike most members of the women's movement (a notable exception being Sylvia Pankhurst who also rejected the nationalist line), Sharp was unwilling to end the campaign for the vote during the First World War. When she continued to refuse to pay income tax she was arrested and all of her property confiscated, including her typewriter. A pacifist, Sharp was also active in the Women's International League for Peace during the war. She would later record:

Personally, holding as I do the enfranchisement of women involved greater issues than could be involved in any war, even supposing that the objects of the Great War were those alleged, I cannot help regretting that any justification was given for the popular error which still sometimes ascribes the victory of the suffrage cause, in 1918, to women's war service. This assumption is true only in so far as gratitude to women offered an excuse to the anti-suffragists in the Cabinet and elsewhere to climb down with some dignity from a position that had become untenable before the war. I sometimes think that the art of politics consists in the provision of ladders to enable politicians to climb down from untenable positions.

During the First World War the Votes for Women newspaper continued to appear, but with a much-reduced circulation, and it struggled to remain financially viable.  Sharp reoriented the paper to appeal more to middle-class women, with the slogan "The War Paper for Women".  Although she personally came to oppose the war, she ensured that the paper maintained a neutral stance on it.  At the end of the war, the Representation of the People Act 1918 gave (some) women the right to vote and the United Suffragists, who published the newspaper disbanded, and presented Sharp with a book signed by the members.

After the First World War

After the Armistice, Sharp, now a member of the Labour Party, worked as a journalist on the Daily Herald and also for the Society of Friends in Germany.  She wrote two studies of working-class life, The London Child (1927), illustrated by Eve Garnett, and The Child Grows Up (1929).

In 1933 Sharp's friend Margaret Nevinson died. Soon afterwards, aged 63, she married Margaret's husband, Henry Nevinson, by then aged 77. Their love affair had lasted many years withstanding complications of friendship and marriage.

Sharp wrote the essay on Mary Wollstonecraft for the 1934 book Great Democrats by Alfred Barratt Brown.

Sharp's autobiography, Unfinished Adventure, was published in 1933. It was republished by Faber in 2009.

Sharp was a member of the Women's World Committee Against War and Fascism along with Ellen Wilkinson, Vera Brittain and Storm Jameson.

Sharp died in a nursing home in Ealing on 17 June 1955.

Quotations

Reforms can always wait a little longer, but freedom, directly you discover you haven't got it, will not wait another minute.

Primary sources

Sharp's papers, including Diaries of Evelyn Sharp, 1920–37, 1942–7, are in the care of the Bodleian Library.

See also

Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom

References

Citations
 Evelyn Sharp (1933, John Lane, London), Unfinished Adventure: selected reminiscences from an Englishwoman's life
 Angela V. John (2006), War, Journalism and the Shaping of the Twentieth Century: The Life and Times of Henry W. Nevinson
 Angela V. John (2009, The University of Manchester), Evelyn Sharp: Rebel Woman, 1869–1955

External links

 Biography at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

1869 births
1955 deaths
British political journalists
British children's writers
Place of birth missing
English anti-fascists
British women children's writers
British women journalists
British women novelists
19th-century British novelists
19th-century British women writers
British autobiographers
20th-century British writers
20th-century British women writers
Women autobiographers
Women's Social and Political Union
Women's page journalists

Evelyn Sharp (suffragist)


The Chiesa Nuova is a church in Assisi, Italy, built in 1615 on the site of the presumed birthplace of St. Francis, the house of Pietro di Bernardone. It was then called Chiesa Nuova because it was the last church to be built in Assisi at that time.

It was erected because, during a visit to Assisi in 1613, Antonio de Trejo, the Spanish Vicar General of the Franciscans, was saddened when he saw the original home of St. Francis becoming dilapidated. With the help of the Spanish Embassy in Rome and through a donation of 6,000 ducats by King Philip III of Spain, he was able to buy the house.

Pope Paul V authenticated this purchase on 10 July 1615 and blessed the first stone. On 20 September 1615 this foundation stone was then brought, in a solemn procession, from the Cathedral of San Rufino to the building site. The church was built under the supervision of brother Rufino di Cerchiara, who was perhaps also the architect.

The church, built in late Renaissance style, features a high dome divided in coffers, with lantern and a drum. Such a caisson ceiling is a feature of Renaissance architecture. The plan is a Greek cross one, with nave and transepts of the same length, inspired by the church of Sant'Eligio degli Orefici in Rome, one of the few churches designed and built by Raphael.  The church is decorated with frescoes by Cesare Sermei and Giacomo Giorgetti (17th century).

The high altar was set over the room of St. Francis. One can also visit the shop where Francis sold his cloth and the stairwell in which Francis was imprisoned by his father. This is the place where Francis decided to answer the divine call and to renounce worldly goods.

The adjoining friary houses a museum and an important Franciscan library with many codices and rare books.

References

Sources

Nuova
Nuova
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1615
Renaissance architecture in Umbria
1615 establishments in the Papal States
1615 establishments in Italy

Chiesa Nuova, Assisi


Elmer Earl "Butch" Hartman IV (Born January 10, 1965, Highland Park, Michigan) is an American cartoonist and animator, creator of The Fairly OddParents, Danny Phantom, T.U.F.F. Puppy and Bunsen is a Beast.

Childhood
Hartman was born in Highland Park, Michigan to Elmer Earl Hartman III and Carol Davis. He got the nickname "Butch" as a kid and still calls himself Butch as an adult. Hartman spent his childhood in Roseville, Michigan and his teen years in New Baltimore, Michigan.

He graduated from Anchor Bay High School in New Baltimore in 1983. He then went to an art school called The California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California.

Early career
While still attending the California Institute of the Arts, Hartman received the chance to intern as an in-between animator on the Don Bluth film, "An American Tail". Shortly after graduating from the California Institute of the Arts Hartman was hired as a character designer for the animated series "My Little Pony". Instead, they had him working on storyboards (which he had not done before) and as quickly as he was hired, he was fired.

Soon after Hartman found work with Ruby Slash, where he worked on "Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog", "Captain N: The Game Master" and "Gadget Boy & Heather".

He was also a video reference crew for the Disney movie Pocahontas. Later, he became a writer, television director and storyboard artist for several Hanna-Barbera shows, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, and Johnny Bravo.

After his contract with Hanna-Barbera finished up he went to work with former co-worker Fred Seibert on Oh Yeah! Cartoons.

He's also a friend of Seth MacFarlane and worked on MacFarlane's animated short "Zoomates" and "Dan Danger" with Steve Marmel. MacFarlane also has a character on Family Guy named after Hartman named Dr. Hartman.

The Fairly OddParents and Danny Phantom
His biggest success came in 1997, when he created The Fairly OddParents. (The idea came to him during the drive from Hanna-Barbera to Nickelodeon to pitch an idea to Fred Seibert.) It was originally a series of made for TV shorts on the anthology show, Oh Yeah!Cartoons. In 2001, Nickelodeon picked it up as a full series. The Fairly OddParents became a huge hit, second only in the ratings to SpongeBob SquarePants. Due to the success of "OddParents", Hartman was asked to create another cartoon for Nickelodeon, (Hartman says the President of Nickelodeon asked him if he had an idea, and before he could say the title he was given a contract.) Hartman created Danny Phantom, in 2004. The Fairly OddParents ceased production in 2006, but it was announced on Hartman's website on February 2, 2007 that 20 more episodes will be produced. On July 11, 2007, The first new episode of Danny Phantom was aired on the Nicktoons Network. Danny Phantom ended production on August 24, 2007. The 7th Season of The Fairly OddParents aired on February 18, 2008, starting with the 1-hour special Fairly Odd Baby.

Doogal
Hartman was asked to serve as executive producer and screenwriter of Doogal, the Americanized dub of the British/French animated film The Magic Roundabout. Butch Hartman revealed in a 2017 interview during the Weinstein scandal that the film was originally supposed to include a live-action frame story similar to The Princess Bride but it was scrapped due to budget costs and therefore replaced with Judi Dench's narration. Hartman even revealed that the original U.S. movie poster had his name and his production company Billionfold Inc. on it, until they were removed in later posters in copyright favor of both Pathé and Action Synthese's credits. He later expressed long-harbored remorse for his involvement where he revealed that most of his actual script was actually rewritten without his consent by producer Harvey Weinstein and his distribution and production company The Weinstein Company with a screenplay by Hoodwinked! co-director Cory Edwards; he also claimed that only 3% of his original script made it into the final film.

The film was then dubbed by The Weinstein Company, and was released on February 24, 2006. However, Doogal was poorly received by critics, and did poorly in the box-office, grossing only $7 million and getting 7% on Rotten Tomatoes.

Other and future works
Hartman is currently working on two new projects for Nickelodeon: one, a live-action series and the other, animated. It has also been stated that 20 more episodes of The Fairly OddParents are currently under production and if possible, he may decide to go ahead and work on a theatrical feature film The Fairly OddParents Movie as well. He also has a brand new cartoon series T.U.F.F. Puppy set to premiere on Nickelodeon in October, 2010. Hartman is the creator and it stars Jerry Trainor as the voice of the lead character, Dudley Puppy. The other shows that he created are Bunsen is a Beast, HobbyKids Adventures, and The Garden.

Hartman currently lives in Bell Canyon, California, with his wife, Julieann, and daughters, Carly and Sophia.

FOP looks of other Nicktoons and Shows
On an edition of Nick Magazine, Butch Hartman posted FOP looks of Nicktoons and other Nick Shows such as  Zoey 101, SpongeBob SquarePants, Rugrats, Drake & Josh, and Avatar: The Last Airbender.

Other websites

References

1965 births
Living people
American animators
American screenwriters
Writers from Michigan

Butch Hartman


New Territories East (or NT East), refers to the eastern part of New Territories in Hong Kong. It includes Sha Tin District, Tai Po District, North District and Sai Kung District. It is the second largest geographical constituency in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Although New Territories East is not an official administrative name (it is officially part of the 'New Territories'), many government departments use it as a major administrative division.

Constituencies of Hong Kong

New Territories East (constituency)


The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB) is a research institute of the University of the Philippines Los Baños. It is the national biotechnology research center and repository for all crops other than rice, which is handled by the Philippine Rice Research Institute.

It traces its roots to the Plant Breeding Division of the Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture. Dr. Emil Q. Javier later spearheaded the elevation of the division to an institute, which was approved and given funding under Presidential Decree No. 729 in June 1975, with Javier also serving as the institute's first director.

Core functions
Develop new and improved varieties of dryland crops
Conduct studies in plant breeding and allied disciplines related to crop improvement
Collect, introduce, preserve, and maintain germplasm of important and potentially useful agricultural and horticultural crops
Assist other agencies in multiplying quality seeds and vegetative materials of recommended crop varieties
Promote widescale use of IPB varieties and ensure that seeds are made available to small farmers

Divisions and laboratories
Cereal Crops Division
Feed and Industrial Crops Division
Fruit and Ornamental Crops Division
Legume Crops Division
Vegetables and Special Crops Division
Plant Pathology Laboratory
Entomology Laboratory
Plant Physiology Laboratory
Extension Division
Genetics Laboratory
National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory
Biochemistry Laboratory
Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory
National Seed Foundation

Samples of IPB research
Papaya Ringspot Virus (PSRV)-Resistant
This variety is a genetically enhanced papaya with PRSV resistance and delayed ripening trait. This trait will help reduce post-harvest losses due to spoilage which is another major problem to farmers. The first and second generation papayas had been previously subjected to polymerase chain reaction analysis, which indicated that the lines contain a copy of the PRSV coat protein gene. A third generation papaya is currently under development.

Fruit and Shoot Borer Resistant Eggplant
Initial crosses had already been made between Indian transgenic eggplants and selected Philippine varieties Mara, Mistisa, Dumaguete Long Purple, and Casino. The progeny of these crosses were then back-crossed with their Philippine variety parent in India.

Multiple Virus Resistant Tomato
The multiple virus resistant project aims to combine transgenic technologies for Cucumber Mosaic Virus with conventional resistance against Tomato Leaf Curl Virus (ToLCV) to produce commercial tomato varieties. After introgression lines and appropriate controls were supplied by IPB partners, these tomato lines were screened to identify the genome regions that confer resistance against each local ToLCV. Reliable DNA markers are also being developed for each identified genome (introgression) region.

Mutation Breeding of Philippine Avocado
Although engaged in genetic engineering, the institute also uses mutation breeding, which is an alternative method of improving crop varieties. Small portions of avocado plant tissue (embryos) were allowed to grow (embryogenic cultures) and to differentiate into somatic embryos and shoots. Some of the plant tissue cultures were subjected to gamma irradiation to facilitate mutation from the regenerated plant tissue cultures. During the irradiation, some cells were killed and those capable of regrowth were multiplied. The surviving cells were grown to produce somatic embryos and shoots. The shoots from irradiated and non-irradiated tissues were then treated in a test tube environment to promote root growth and prepare them for natural growth environment. The IPB is currently undertaking the rooting and potting out of the plantlets to enable maximum recovery. The established regenerated plants will then be transferred to the greenhouse, and finally to the field for further evaluation.

References

UPLB Institute of Plant Breeding Website
Bureau of Agricultural Research Digest
Malaysian Biotechnology Information Center
Using Biotech to Improve Philippine Avocados

Plant breeding
Agricultural research institutes
Biological research institutes
Botanical research institutes
Genetics or genomics research institutions
Research institutes in the Philippines
Plant breeding
Agricultural organizations based in the Philippines

University of the Philippines Los Baños Institute of Plant Breeding