South of St Louis is a 1949 American Technicolor Western film directed by Ray Enright and starring Joel McCrea, Alexis Smith, Zachary Scott and Dorothy Malone. It chronicles the friendship between three ranchers after their ranch is destroyed by raiders led by the infamous Luke Cottrell. The film was originally titled Distant Drums, but was later changed to its current title, which refers to Civil War army deserters.

Plot
During the Civil War, Kip Davis (Joel McCrea), Charlie Burns (Zachary Scott), and Lee Price (Douglas Kennedy), are run out of town by the guerilla raider and Union Army leader Luke Cottrell, who burns down their ranch. Though Kip's fiancée, Deb (Dorothy Malone) begs them to stay in the small Texas town of Edenton, the three ranch owners vow vengeance on the Cottrell and decide to head south to find him. When they get to Brownsville, Texas, Lee decides to join the Confederate Army, while Kip and Charlie attempt to rebuild Three Bell ranch. Before they do, however, they accept an offer from an attractive local lounge singer, Rouge de Lisle (Alexis Smith), to transport a box of furniture for fifty dollars. It turns out, however, that the box is instead filled with an illegal shipment of firearms and Kip is subsequently arrested. Before he is punished, however, he is freed and is picked up by Rouge, who offers him a job gun-running for the Confederacy. He accepts the offer, hoping to get enough money smuggling to rebuild the ranch. The trio then hires a group of gunmen, one of which is Slim Hansen, who used to work for Cottrell, and heads to Matamoros, Mexico to pick up a shipment of guns for the Confederacy.

As they attempt to cross the border, they run into Cottrell and his gang. In the ensuing gunfight, Kip and Charlie are saved by a company of Confederate soldiers, one of which is Lee. The three return to Edenton, where Kip's fiancée again attempts to convince him to stay. Kip is determined, however, to get enough money to restart his farm and instead continues to smuggle guns. When Brownsville is finally captured by rebel soldiers, the three must decide what the next course of action is. Lee continues to fight with the Confederate army, Kip wants to restore Three Bell ranch, and Charlie, more interested in the money, opts to continue smuggling guns. When Deborah refuses to leave her duties as a nurse to join him at the ranch, Kip decides to go with Charlie and return to smuggling. This pleases Rouge, who has fallen in love with Kip.

As they near the border, they get word that Cottrell has threatened to kill Charlie and Kip if they return to Matamoros. At Slim's suggestion, they decide to steal the shipment of guns. The men dress up as Union soldiers in order to steal the guns, but then run into Confederate soldiers who confuse them for the enemy and open fire. Lee, who suspects that Kip and Charlie are behind the attack, breaks off all connections with his two former friends.

When Cottrell kills one of Kip's men, Kip resolves that he must kill him. Before he can, however, Slim warns Cottrell, who ambushes Kip. Kip avoids the ambush, but Cottrell is killed by Slim. When Kip returns to Edenton, he finds out that his fiancée has fallen for Lee. Realizing that he has lost both of his closest friends and his fiancée, he leaves with Rouge to Matamoros.

After the war is over, Lee joins the Texas Rangers. While serving in Brownsville, he is threatened by his former friend, Charlie. Hoping to resolve the situation, Deb goes to Matamoros to ask Kip for help. With the help of Rouge, Deb convinces Kip to go to Brownsville. Kip gets there just in time to stop the fight, but Charlie is shot by the treacherous Slim. With Charlie dying in his arms, Kip promises Charlie that he will rebuild the Three Bell ranch.

Cast
 Joel McCrea as Kip Davis
 Alexis Smith as Rouge de Lisle
 Zachary Scott as Charlie Burns
 Dorothy Malone as Deborah Miller
 Douglas Kennedy as Lee Price
 Alan Hale as Jake Everts
 Victor Jory as Luke Cottrell
 Bob Steele as Slim Hansen
 Art Smith as Bronco
 Russell Hicks as Col. Kirby (uncredited)
 Jack Mower as	Marshal Billings (uncredited)
 Forrest Taylor as	Jason (uncredited)

Box office
According to Warner Bros records the film earned $2,236,000 domestic and $1,146,000 foreign.

References

External links

 South of St. Louis at Rotten Tomatoes

1949 films
1949 Western (genre) films
American Civil War films
American Western (genre) films
1940s English-language films
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films directed by Ray Enright
Warner Bros. films
1940s American films

South of St. Louis


The Chinese Civil War () was a civil war fought from 1927 to 1949 because of differences in thinking between the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Kuomintang (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist Party).  The war was a fight for legitimacy of the government of China.  The war began in April 1927 because of the Northern Expedition (國民革命軍北伐) and mostly ended in 1950.  Some people say the war has not ended, but no large battles have started since that year.  Relations between the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) are still poor because both claim to be the legitimate sovereign government of all of China.

The Chinese Civil War was the third-largest war of all time, after World War 1 and World War 2.  It was part of the Interwar period in the aftermath of the Great War from 1918 to 1939 and was also part of the Cold War in the aftermath of World War 2 from 1945 to 1949.  The war is usually divided into two parts: 1927-1937 and 1946-1949.  It started and stopped several times before the Second Sino-Japanese War and there was less fighting after the Empire of Japan had invaded.  The war between the CPC and the KMT started again in 1946 after Japan's defeat in World War II.  The CPC took control of most of China, and the KMT had only islands left.  About two million Chinese fled to Taiwan in late 1949. In 1950, no large battles were started.  The loss of the KMT in Mainland China is said to be for several reasons:

 The Yan'an Rectification Movement helped Mao have more control of the CCP,
 The ceasefire of 1946 stopped the KMT for a time.
 Problems happened between the people and the KMT in the places of its control.
 The Soviet Union gave Japanese guns to the CPC.
 Help from the United States was uncertain to the KMT.

No agreement was made between the two governments and so some say that the war has not ended. Both governments have many military weapons to be used against only against each other, both still say they are the legitimate government of China, and both seek diplomatic relations with other countries as the only legitimate government.

Background and Prelude 1894-1911

In 1894 Japan invaded the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria and Taiwan and as well as Korea . In 1899-1901 the Boxer Rebellion happened and Japan invaded China again but allied with Russia, Germany, Austria, France, Britain and America to support Yuan Shikai to stop Empress Dowager Cixi. This led to the fall of the Qing dynasty in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, the country was thrown into turmoil. In the ensuing power vacuum, a large number of warlords seized control of different parts of the country. To defeat them and unify the country, Sun Yat-sen and his KMT sought help from foreign governments.

He made pleas to several Western democratic nations, but none offered help. It was only after he turned to the Soviets in 1921 that Sun found aid. The communist Soviet Union agreed to help the KMT if the smaller Chinese Communist Party be allowed to join. In 1923 the Soviet Union, the KMT, and the CPC made an agreement, the Sun-Joffe Manifesto, which said the Soviets would help China have only one government. Mikhail Borodin traveled to China in 1923 to help change the KMT to make it similar to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The CPC and KMT were joined in the First United Front.

In 1923, Chiang Kai-shek travelled to the Soviet Union to study military and politics with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1924, he became the leader of the Whampoa Military Academy in China. Most of the help from the Soviet Union was for that school, which taught Soviet political and military ideas to the KMT and the CPC. The Soviets gave books and guns to use for teaching about war and military things. With Soviet help Sun made an "army of the party". Members of the CPC were also in the school and some were teachers.  Zhou Enlai was a teacher in the school.

The KMT then agreed to let some communists join the KMT, when the CPC was small compared to the KMT. The CPC had 300 members in 1922 and only 1,500 by 1925. The KMT in 1923, however, had 50,000 members.

The First Chinese Civil War 1927-1936 and the Second Civil War 1945-1949
In 1927 the civil war in the Republic of China began when the Kuomintang (KMT)  led by Chiang Kai-shek became rivals with the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Zhang Guotao and Mao Zedong were fighting against each other. The Chinese Nationalists got support from the Weimar German Republic and Nazi Germany by buying German Weapons until the Nazis started to support the Japanese Empire. In 1937 the Second Sino-Japanese War began which started World War 2 in Asia and Germany took the side of Japan.
   Washington State University.

Wars involving China
Wars of independence
Rebellions in Asia
20th-century rebellions
Civil wars involving Asia
1930s in China
1950s in China
1950s conflicts
1920s conflicts
1930s conflicts

Chinese Civil War


The surface gravity, g, of an astronomical or other object is the gravitational acceleration experienced at its surface. The surface gravity may be thought of as the acceleration caused by the gravity experienced by a hypothetical test particle which is very close to the object's surface and which, in order not to disturb the system, has negligible mass.

Surface gravity is measured in units of acceleration, which, in the SI system, are meters per second squared. It may also be described as a multiple of the Earth's gravity, g = 9.80665 m/s2.  In astrophysics, the surface gravity may be expressed as log g, which is obtained by first expressing the gravity in cgs units, where the unit of acceleration is centimeters per second squared, and then taking the base 10 logarithm.

References

Other websites
 Newtonian surface gravity

Astrophysics

Surface gravity


The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica), also known as the Arctic loon and the black-throated diver, is a medium-sized member of the loon or diver family, the Gaviidae.

It is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere. It usually breeds in freshwater lakes in northern Europe and Asia. It winters along sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east Atlantic Ocean and the eastern and western Pacific Ocean.

Birds

Black-throated loon


Douglas Lynn Howard (born February 6, 1948) is a former professional baseball player who played both infield and outfield positions.

Howard played college baseball for the BYU Cougars. He also played college basketball for the Cougars at guard; in fact, after completing play for BYU, Howard was also drafted by the NBA's Chicago Bulls in 1970, but he chose to play pro baseball.

Drafted by the California Angels in 1970, Howard made it to the big leagues in 1972, although Howard never enjoyed the kind of success in the majors that he achieved in the minors.  From 1972 to 1976, Howard spent part of each season in Triple A, where he batted .301 in 500 games; in each of those five seasons, he was called up to the major leagues, but he only compiled a .212 average in 97 games at the major league level.  Defensively, Howard was most often used at first base, though he also appeared at all three outfield positions and two games at third base.

In all, Howard played in parts of five major league seasons for the California Angels, St. Louis Cardinals, and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball.  In November, 1976, Cleveland traded Howard to the newly created Toronto Blue Jays, but Howard was cut from the team's roster on March 29, about a week before the end of spring training, and was not offered a minor league position.  Unable to find another organization interested in his services, Howard retired from professional baseball at age 29.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
Baseball players from Salt Lake City
Basketball players from Salt Lake City
American men's basketball players
BYU Cougars baseball players
BYU Cougars men's basketball players
Chicago Bulls draft picks
Guards (basketball)
Major League Baseball first basemen
Los Angeles Angels players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Cleveland Indians players
All-American college baseball players

Doug Howard


Angitia was a goddess among the Marsi, the Paeligni and other Oscan-Umbrian peoples of central Italy. She was associated in antiquity with snake-charmers who claimed her as their ancestor. Roman interpretations probably obscure her Marsian significance.

Angitia's myths vary. According to Gnaeus Gellius (late 2nd century BC), Angitia was one of the three daughters of Aeëtes, along with Medea and Circe, two of the most famed sorceresses of Greek myth. Circe, as widely known from the Odyssey, practiced transforming spells; Medea ended up in Italy, where her son ruled over the Marsi. Angitia lived in the area around the Fucine lake and specialized in curing snakebites.

Angitia is attested by inscriptions in the territory of the Marsi and elsewhere in the Central Apennines. She is named in three inscriptions from Luco dei Marsi, in antiquity known as Lucus Angitiae, "Sacred Grove of Angitia." The earliest is a dedication to the goddess "on behalf of the Marsic legions," dating to the late 4th century BC. The name also appears on a dedicatory cippus from Civita d'Antino, in the Umbrian Iguvine Tablets, and in inscriptions in the territories of the Paeligni, Vestini, and Sabines. She is mentioned along with Angerona in one inscription, and in another her name appears in the plural. Another indicates that she had a temple and a treasury. The Romans derived her name from anguis, "serpent," hence the form Anguitia.

As snakes were often associated with the healing arts in antiquity (see, for instance, rod of Asclepius), Angitia is believed to have been mainly a goddess of thaumaturgy.  She had powers of witchcraft, magic and medicine being regarded as complementary in the ancient world, and was a master in the art of miraculous and herbal healing, especially when it came to snakebites. She was also attributed with a wide range of powers over snakes, including the power to kill snakes with a touch.

According to the account given by Servius, Angitia was of Greek origin, for Arigitia was the name given by the Marrubians to Medea, who after having left Colchis came to Italy with Jason and taught the people the above-mentioned remedies. Silius Italicus identifies her as Medea.

See also
Bona Dea

References

External links

Health goddesses
Italic goddesses
Magic goddesses
Marsi
Roman goddesses
Snake goddesses
Witchcraft in folklore and mythology
Witchcraft in Italy

Angitia


The Château de Caudon is a château located near the town of Domme, in the Dordogne Department of the region of Aquitaine in France.

Located on a hill above the left bank of the Dordogne, the château dates to the Louis XVI-French Empire period. A Garden à la française  and French landscape garden were created around the chateau between 1808 and 1814 by the Marquis Jacques de Malville, one of the authors of the French Civil Code. The garden features an alley of thirty-two plane trees, all nearly two hundred years old;  a  topiary garden of boxwood hedges, and labyrinth ;  a Cedar of Lebanon tree and a giant sequoia. The gardens are classified by the French Ministry of Culture as one of the notable gardens of France.

External links
 See photos on the site of the French Committee of Parks and Gardens

Châteaux in Dordogne
Gardens in Dordogne
Monuments historiques of Dordogne

Château de Caudon


Killer Moth (Cameron van Cleer) is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. He has the ability to fly because he wears a striped purple and green spandex, orange cape and a moth-like mask. He is sometimes confused with Firefly. The character has appeared in tv shows, movies, and video games too. He was once a Gotham prisoner Cameron van Cleer.

Batman characters
DC Comics characters

Killer Moth


Gloucester Corporation Tramways operated an electric tramway service in Gloucester between 1904 and 1933.

History

Gloucester City Council purchased the assets of the horse-drawn Gloucester Tramways Company in 1902, with the intention of electrifying and extending the service. The horse tramway had been built to the 4' gauge, but the replacement electric service was built to the 3'6" gauge.

The contractor for the rebuilding was George Law of Kidderminster. Edgar Allen and Company of the Imperial Steelworks and Yorkshire Steel and Engineering Works, Sheffield, provided the tramlines.

The electric service opened on 7 May 1904. Thirty tramcars were delivered in two batches from Brush Electrical Machines of Loughborough. The livery was crimson lake and cream, but, during World War I, the livery changed to all-grey. This could have been due to a shortage of paint, or because the trams went to Brockworth Aerodrome, a sensitive military area. This all-grey livery lasted until the system's closure.

The tram depot was located off Bristol Road at its junction with Lysons Road at .

Routes
The company operated tramways along the six main roads leading out of Gloucester. A portion of the Brockworth via Hucclecote route was owned by Gloucestershire County Council.
An extension from Churchdown Lane, Hucclecote, to the Victoria Inn, Brockworth, and into the new Brockworth Aerodrome took place during 1917, using recovered track from the little-used Westgate Street line. More track was laid into the Great Western Railway (GWR) sidings at Gloucester Docks, where much of the material was unloaded. Some of the trams were fitted out so that they acted as locomotives pulling several railway trucks, taking materials to the aerodrome. In the summers of 1922 to 1924, a passenger service ran to the Victoria Inn, transporting passengers to. what was then, the countryside. After this, the track extension, from Brockworth back to Churchdown Lane, was lifted.

Closure

As part of a programme of replacing the tramway services with buses, which had started in 1929, the final trams ran on 12 January 1933. In 1935, Gloucester City Council entered into an agreement with the Bristol Omnibus Co. to lease out its bus services. A joint committee administered these services. Bristol Omnibus and Gloucester Corporation both held their own Road Service Licences for the city (joint) routes. Until Stagecoach West took over the services in 1993, 35 Bristol/NBC/Western Travel buses always showed (CITY OF) GLOUCESTER on their sides, along with the city's Coat of Arms.

In Bristol days, the 1930s bus depot was, and still is, in London Road, almost opposite Great Western Road.

References

External links
 Gloucester Corporation Transport.
 Gloucester Corporation Tramways at the British Tramway Company Badges and Buttons website.

Tram transport in England
1904 establishments in England
Transport in Gloucester
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in England

Gloucester Corporation Tramways


Metallicity is a term in astronomy. It means the amount of elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium.

Most of the normal physical matter in the Universe is either hydrogen or helium. Astronomers use the word "metals" as a convenient short term for "all elements except hydrogen and helium". This is different from the usual chemical or physical definition of a metal as an electrically conducting solid.

Stars and nebulae with plenty of heavier elements are called "metal-rich", even though many of those elements are non-metals in chemistry.

The heavier elements come from stellar nucleosynthesis. Most elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in the Universe ("metals") are formed in the cores of stars. Over time, stellar winds and supernovae put the metals into the surrounding environment, enriching the interstellar medium. There it is material for the birth of new stars. Older generations of stars, which formed in the metal-poor early Universe, generally have lower metallicities than those of younger generations, which formed in a more metal-rich Universe.

Astrophysics

Metallicity


The Violin Concerto in D minor, Op. 47 is a piece of music for solo violin and orchestra. It was written by Jean Sibelius in 1904. It has three movements: Allegro moderato in D minor (2/2 time); Adagio di molto in B-flat major (4/4 time); and Allegro, ma non tanto in D major (3/4 time). It is the only concerto Sibelius wrote. It is considered one of the great violin concertos.

Compositions by Jean Sibelius
Sibelius

Violin Concerto (Sibelius)


Sir Francis Anderson (3 September 1858 – 24 June 1941) was a Scottish-born Australian philosopher and educator.

Early life
Francis Anderson was born in Glasgow, the son of Francis Anderson, a manufacturer, and his wife Elizabeth Anna Lockart, née Ellison. Anderson was educated at Old Wynd and Oatlands public schools and became a pupil-teacher at the age of 14. He went on to the University of Glasgow, matriculating in 1876 and graduated M.A. in 1883. He was awarded Sir Richard Jebb's prize for Greek literature, took first place in the philosophical classes of Professors Veitch and Caird, and won two scholarships. For two years he was assistant to the professor of moral philosophy, studied in the theological faculty with the intention of entering the ministry, but apparently was not ordained.

To Australia
Anderson came to Melbourne in 1886 as assistant to the Rev. Dr Charles Strong at his Australian Church. This was a valuable experience to Anderson as his work brought him in contact with both the best and the worst types of human nature. In 1888, instead of returning to Scotland as originally intended, he was appointed lecturer in logic and mental philosophy at the University of Sydney, and was the first Challis professor of those subjects from the beginning of 1890. He held this position until the end of 1921, when he retired and became emeritus professor.

Anderson was president of the mental science and education section at the meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science held at Brisbane in January 1895 and gave an address on "Politics and Education" and, on 26 June 1901, at a conference of teachers, in an address on "The Public School System of New South Wales", spoke frankly on "the defects, limitations and needs of the existing system of education". Mr J. Perry, the minister of public instruction, immediately called a conference of inspectors and principal officers of his department and' in 1902, J. W. Turner and Sir George Handley Knibbs were appointed as commissioners to inquire into educational systems in Europe and America. Their report confirmed Anderson's strictures, the pupil-teacher system was abolished, and the training of teachers at the Teachers' College was reconstructed. Thirteen years later Anderson was able to report an immense improvement in the state of education in New South Wales (see his chapter on "Educational Policy and Development" in the Federal Handbook prepared for the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Australia in 1914). Anderson was president of the social and statistical science section at the meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science held at Adelaide in 1907 and gave an address on "Liberalism and Socialism". This was followed by a paper on "Sociology in Australia. A Plea for its Teaching" given at the Sydney meeting held in 1911. Following the discussion, a resolution was unanimously passed recommending the institution of a chair of sociology in Australia.

Anderson was the inaugural editor of the Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy 1923–1926, and he also took a great deal of interest in the tutorial classes and Workers' Education Association movements. Another interest was the League of Nations.

Honours and legacy

When Anderson retired at the end of 1921, it was proposed to have his portrait painted but instead he suggested that a frieze emblematic of the history of philosophy should be placed in the philosophy lecture room of the university. Eventually two mural panels were painted for it by the artist Norman Carter, one representing Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the other Descartes, Bacon, and Spinoza.

Anderson was knighted in the 1936 King's Birthday Honours and died in Sydney on 24 June 1941. for "educational and social welfare services". Some of his papers and addresses were published separately as pamphlets. His monograph on Liberty, Equality and Fraternity was issued by the Association of Psychology and Philosophy.

Personal life
He married twice, firstly to Maybanke Selfe Wolstenholme, and then to Josephine Wight who survived him; there were no children.

References

 The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 June 1941;
 H. T. L., The Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, August 1941;
 Calendar of the University of Sydney, 1923, p. 782;
 Burke's Peerage etc., 1937;
 S. H. Smith and G. T. Spaull, History of Education in New South Wales.
 J. Franklin, Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia, (Macleay Press, 2003), ch. 6.
 Francis Anderson papers, Sydney University Archives.

Notes

Additional sources listed by the Dictionary of Australian Biography:
G. V. Portus, Happy Highways (Melb, 1953), and 'Francis Anderson—professor and citizen', Hermes, Nov 1921; Australian Journal of Science, 4 (1941–42); H. T. Lovell, 'In memoriam', Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, 19 (1941); Sydney Morning Herald, 27 June 1901, 15 November 1921

1858 births
1941 deaths
19th-century British essayists
19th-century British philosophers
20th-century Australian non-fiction writers
20th-century Australian philosophers
20th-century British essayists
Australian educators
Australian essayists
Australian ethicists
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian logicians
Australian male non-fiction writers
Australian sociologists
Challis professor
Lecturers
Pamphleteers
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of social science
Philosophy academics
Philosophy writers
Political philosophers
Scottish educators
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
Scottish essayists
Scottish ethicists
Scottish logicians
Scottish philosophers
Scottish sociologists
Social philosophers
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Writers about activism and social change
Writers from the Colony of Victoria

Francis Anderson (philosopher)


Helmut Qualtinger (; 8 October 1928 – 29 September 1986; less common older spelling: Helmuth Qualtinger; birthname: Helmut Gustav Friedrich Qualtinger) was an actor, writer, reciter and cabaret performer.

Biography
He was born Helmut Gustav Friedrich Qualtinger in Vienna, First Austrian Republic to a secondary education teacher and his wife, stemming from the bourgeois class of the Bildungsbürgertum, his father being a follower of the German Nazi movement. While at school Qualtinger's interest in literature and acting became obvious and he founded a youth theater as a pupil. Afterwards he initially studied medicine and literature, but quit university to become a newspaper reporter and film critic for local press, while beginning to write his own texts for cabaret performances and theater plays. Qualtinger continued as an actor at student theaters and revues and attended the Max Reinhardt Seminar as a guest student.

Cabaret
Beginning in 1947, he appeared in cabaret performances.  In 1949, Qualtinger's first theatrical play, Jugend vor den Schranken (Youth in front of Barriers), was staged in Graz and caused furor for portraying teenagers and their rebellious behaviour. Up to 1961, Qualtinger collaborated on various cabaret programmes with the Namenlosen Ensemble (Nameless Ensemble, founded 1952) made up of Gerhard Bronner, , , Peter Wehle, Georg Kreisler, and Michael Kehlmann. He also continued to write commentaries, mostly satirical, for Austrian news papers e.g. from 1955 to 1961 for the Kurier together with his acting colleague Carl Merz.

The chansons presented in these cabaret revues, for example "Papa wird's scho richten" (Daddy's gonna fix it), and his "Travnicek dialogs" with Bronner became (in)famous to the history of Austrian cabaret. Mr. Travnicek is a typical little man character, mostly in a bad mood. He is asked questions only to reveal his odd, sometimes misanthropic views on things going on.

Acting
Qualtinger also played several serious theater, TV and film parts, the film Kurzer Prozess and the Alpensaga TV series were among those well received.

The short one-man play , which was written by Qualtinger and Merz, broadcast on Austrian TV in 1961 with Qualtinger playing the lead character and later on also performed on stage, made him well known across German-speaking countries. "Herr Karl", a grocery store clerk, is telling the story of his life and deeds to an imaginary colleague (the camera/spectator) – from the days of the First Austrian Republic after the end of the Habsburg empire (1918), leading up to the transformation into the Austrofascist regime (1934) and the Anschluss (annexation) by Nazi Germany (1938), followed by World War II and finally the occupation by Allied forces until the mid-1950s, seen from the perspective of one who is a prototypical opportunist. Qualtinger's portrayal of the petit-bourgeois collaborator came at a time when "normality" had just been restored and involvement of Austrians in the fascist and later Nazi movements was being downplayed and wished to be "forgotten", causing a stir and many enemies for the authors, Qualtinger even received anonymous threats of murder for his part as "Mr. Everyman" as a hanger-on.

Already seriously ill, he made his final acting appearance in 1986 as the heretic monk "Remigio da Varagine" in The Name of the Rose, along with Sean Connery and F. Murray Abraham.

Recitations
Beginning with the 1970s, Qualtinger frequently performed recital tours of his own and other texts, including excerpts from Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf and Karl Kraus' Die letzten Tage der Menschheit (The Last Days of Mankind). His recitals were very popular and resulted in several records being published.

Pranks
Qualtinger was also known for his, sometimes crude, practical jokes. In May 1945 just as the Second World War had ended he staged a confiscation of a mansion as an "appointed Commissioner for Culture", using a self-signed letter of authorization and a "Soviet Star" symbol on his clothing for legitimation. Qualtinger intended to found a theater and was about to recruit actors when his coup was uncovered and he was jailed for three months by the Soviet occupation force.

In 1951, he managed to launch a false report in several newspapers, a so-called canard (germ. "Zeitungsente"), announcing the visit of a (fictional) famous Inuit poet named Kobuk (author of "The Burning Igloo") to Vienna. Reporters who assembled at the railway station however were to witness the "Inuit poet", in fur coat and cap, stepping from the train. Asked about his "first impressions of Vienna", Qualtinger commented in broad Viennese dialect, "Haaß is's do (It's hot here)!"

Helmut Qualtinger died in Vienna on 29 September 1986, of a liver condition.

Filmography

External links

1928 births
1986 deaths
Austrian male film actors
Austrian male stage actors
Austrian male television actors
Austrian male writers
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Kabarettists
Writers from Vienna
Male actors from Vienna
Deaths from liver disease
20th-century Austrian male actors
German Film Award winners

Helmut Qualtinger


Lazare Saminsky, born Lazar Semyonovich Saminsky (; Valehotsulove (now Dolynske), near Odessa, 27 October 1882 O.S. / 8 November N.S. – Port Chester, New York, 30 June 1959), was a performer, conductor and composer, especially of Jewish music.

Life
Born to a merchant family, Saminsky received a broad education in the arts, sciences and languages. He studied music at the Odessa conservatoire from 1903–1905, and then went to Moscow, where he studied mathematics and philosophy as well as music. Expelled for his participation in the student protests of 1905, he went to St.Petersburg, where he studied with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Anatoly Lyadov, and Nikolai Tcherepnin.

While still a student he became a founder member, with Mikhail Gnesin, Lyubov Streicher, and others, of the  'Society for Jewish Folk Music'. He wrote music for the Society and helped organise its earliest publication. He continued an active member, even though from 1911 to 1918 he lived in Tbilisi, where he also interested himself in Georgian and Armenian music, and from 1917 to 1918 he was head of the conservatory. During this period he also wrote an opera Tsar Yulian (Emperor Julian) (which he later destroyed), and researched Jewish music of the Caucasian region. He was particularly interested in styles of cantillation (nigun).

In 1919 Saminsky left the Soviet Union and travelled to France and England, where he gave recitals of Russian and Jewish music, and led a ballet season at the Duke of York's Theatre in London, where he married the poet Lillian Morgan (1893–1945). In December 1920 he left to settle in the United States, where he was active as a composer, conductor and organiser of musical events. In 1922 he became a board member of the International Composers Guild. In 1924 he was awarded a MacDowell fellowship, working in the Monday Music Studio. From 1924 he was music director of the Temple Emanu-El Synagogue in New York City. For the synagogue he composed  music for the Sabbath and Holiday services, also commissioning work from other Jewish composers including Joseph Achron and Isidor Freed.

Saminsky's major compositions include the First and Second Hebrew Song Cycles opp. 12 and 13 (written in 1914, published New York, 1922, text in Yiddish), songs, choral works, and piano pieces.

Saminsky wrote numerous books on Jewish music, contemporary music, and conducting.

Works
Operas: The Vision of Ariel (1916), Gagliarda of a Merry Plague (1925), The Daughter of Jepta (1929), Julian, the Apostate Caesar (1933–38),
Symphonies: No. 1, Of the Great Rivers (1914); No. 2, Symphonie des Sommets (1918); No. 3, Symphony of the Seas (1924); No. 4 (1927); No. 5, Jerusalem, City of Solomon and Christ, for chorus and orchestra (1932)
Orchestra: Vigiliae; Lament of Rachel; Venice; Ausonia; Three Shadows, Poems for Orchestra; Pueblo, A Moon Epic; Stilled Pageants
Solo with Orchestra: The Vow - Rhapsodic Variations for Piano and Orchestra (1917 ; rev. 1943); East and West, Suite for Violin and Orchestra
Vocal/Choral: To Zion, a Choral Fantasy; 4 Sacred Choruses; 10 Hebrew Folksongs and Folk Dances; 3 Hebrew Song Cycles; 6 Songs of the Russian Orient; Requiem, in memory of Lillian Saminsky; Sabbath Morning Service; Holiday Service; By the Rivers of Babylon

Sound
Shir hashirim (Song of songs) by Saminsky, sung by Emma Schaver

Recording
The Vow - Rhapsodic Variations for Piano and Orchestra (Barry Goldsmith/Royal Scottish National Orchestra/David Amos), CD, Kleos Classics (2005)

References

Sources
Grove Music Online, Saminsky, Lazare
 Beate Schröder-Nauenburg, Der Eintritt des Jüdischen in die Welt der Kunstmusik, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2007, pp. 151–208.
 Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians (Revised by Nicolas Slonimsky), G. Schirmer, NY, 1958, Saminsky, Lazare

External links
 Musica Judaica: page on Saminsky

1882 births
1959 deaths
Russian opera composers
Male opera composers
Odesa Jews
Russian male classical composers
Jewish classical composers
Musicians from Odesa
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
20th-century Russian male musicians

Lazare Saminsky


Atagün Yalçınkaya (born December 14, 1986) is a Turkish boxer in the bantamweight (54 kg) division best known for winning the silver medal in the light-flyweight category at the 2004 Olympics.

Amateur
Yalçınkaya started boxing from a young age and won six titles in the schoolboy and cadet categories in Turkey.

He was successful as a teenager at international tournaments with a 2003 1st place win in the Balaton Tournament in Hungary, a 3rd place in Green Hill Cup, Pakistan and a 1st place in European Students Boxing championship, Italy.

Yalçınkaya qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics by ending up in second place at the 4th AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan. He competed at light-flyweight in Athens, Greece and won a silver medal for Turkey on August 29, 2004, by beating Alfonso Pinto and reigning worldchamp Sergey Kazakov. At age 17, he was the youngest medal-winning sportsman in Turkish Olympics history.
 Defeated Jolly Katongole (Uganda) 22-7
 Defeated Jeyhun Abiyev (Azerbaijan) 23-20
 Defeated Alfonso Pinto (Italy) 33-24
 Defeated Sergey Kazakov (Russia) 26-20
 Lost to Yan Bartelemí Varela (Cuba) 16-21

He went up to flyweight (51 kg) afterwards and won the Mediterranean Games in Almeria, Spain at the 2005 world championships (Mianyang, China) he defeated Andrzej Rzany (Poland) 20-13 but lost to Georgy Balakshin (Russia) 15-36.

At the European Championships 2006 he lost early to Englishman Stuart Langley.

Later he competed at bantamweight .

Yalçınkaya, 1.65 m tall, is a member of Fenerbahçe SK and is coached by Enver Yilmaz.

Pro
In 2008 he signed a contract with German-based Ahmed Öner and turned pro in March 2008.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ankara
Fenerbahçe boxers
Olympic boxers for Turkey
Boxers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Turkey
Olympic medalists in boxing
Bantamweight boxers
Light-flyweight boxers
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Turkish male boxers
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Turkey
Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
21st-century Turkish people

Atagün Yalçınkaya


Andy Dunlop (born Andrew Dunlop, 16 March 1972, Lenzie, East Dunbartonshire, Scotland) is a Scottish musician, who is the lead guitarist of Scottish indie band, Travis.

Biography
Dunlop attended Lenzie Academy. The band Travis got their break with the album The Man Who, named after a bestselling book. The album was internationally successful, and became the biggest selling album in the UK in 1999.

As well as being the guitarist, Dunlop has also contributed several songs. "You Don't Know What I'm Like", "Ancient Train" (both featuring Dunlop on lead vocals), "Central Station" and "The Sea" (with Fran Healy taking lead vocals). For their sixth album, Ode to J. Smith, Dunlop contributed "Quite Free", which he co-wrote with Fran Healy and Dougie Payne. Also on Travis' fifth studio album he co-wrote "3 Times and You Lose" and "Big Chair".
Dunlop continues to write songs and delivered songs like "Boxes", "The big screen" and "Parallel lines" for the album "Where you stand".

Together with Guy Berryman and Will Champion of Coldplay, Dunlop contributed to the first solo album of a-ha keyboardist Magne Furuholmen entitled Past Perfect Future Tense.

Dunlop is known for the long fingernails on his right hand which he uses instead of picks, much like a flamenco guitarist.
Dunlop is married to Jo Monaghan. In December 2005 the couple's first child, a son, was born, and is named Dylan Green Dunlop.

References

Travis (band) members
1972 births
Living people
Scottish pop guitarists
Scottish rock guitarists
Scottish male guitarists
Musicians from Lenzie
People educated at Lenzie Academy

Andy Dunlop


Asthma (or Asthma bronchiale) is a disease that hurts the airways inside the lungs. It causes the tissue inside the airways to swell. Asthma also causes the bands of muscle around the airways to become narrow.  This makes it hard for enough air to pass through and for the person to breathe normally. Asthma also causes mucus-making cells inside the airways to make more mucus than normal.  This blocks the airways, which are already very narrow during an asthma attack, and makes it even more difficult to breathe.

A person having an asthma attack often makes wheezing sounds when trying to breathe. This is the sound of air trying to pass through the very narrow airway. They also have shortness of breath, which means they cannot take a full, deep breath. Chest tightness may happen which feels like their chest is being squeezed. They may also cough a lot.

Asthma attacks can be a medical emergency because they can be fatal (cause a person to die). There is no cure for asthma. There are treatments, such as different kinds of medicines to help people with asthma. There are also things that people with asthma can do to help themselves to keep their asthma from getting worse.

There are a lot of risk factors for getting asthma. The exact reasons for each is not yet clearly understood. Some of the factors are believed to come from genetics. A person inherits genetic mutations from one or both of their parents that may increase the chances of developing asthma. Epigenetics, which are changes in the way a gene acts, may also increase their chances of getting asthma. These epigenetic changes may also be inherited. They may happen when a baby is still growing inside its mother, or during childhood.

Socioeconomic status (SES) is also believed to play a part in developing asthma. A person's socioeconomic status is based on such things as how much money their family makes, where they live, and their education level.  Race and ethnicity also may play a part.  It also is related to access to medical care, personal beliefs, and dietary habits. People of lower socioeconomic status suffer higher rates of asthma, have worse outcomes, and also have higher asthma-related death rates than people of higher economic status.

Causes

The exact cause of asthma is not yet known. It is believed that it may be because of a of many different reasons:

Genetics:  When changes happen in a person's genes (called mutations) these changes are passed on to their children. One or both parents may have these changes or mutations in their genes, and some or all of their children may be born with them, which means they inherited them. These mutations, once they happen, run in families from one generation to the next and are permanent mutations, they change the gene in the DNA. These changes can make a person more likely to get certain diseases like asthma. In some diseases it may be only one change in one gene that may make a person get that disease, in asthma it may be changes in many different genes that may make a person more likely to get asthma.

Epigenetics changes or modifications cause different kind of changes that affect how a person's genes work or 'express themselves' in three different ways (called epigenetic mechanisms), but do not change the gene in the DNA. These epigenetic changes may be inherited, or they may happen in utero which is when a baby is still inside its mother.  They may also happen in childhood, because of different reasons, like a respiratory infection, being exposed to chemicals or drugs, diet etc. These changes can be passed from one generation to the next but are not permanent and might only be passed down one or two generations. Even though epigenetic changes affect how a person's genes work they do not permanently change a person's genes. It is believed epigenetic changes may also make a person more likely to get certain diseases like asthma.

Environmental factors are things that affect a person; which can be either healthy or unhealthy. Unhealthy environmental factors are things like living in an area where there is a lot of air pollution, or living somewhere where there are lots of bugs in the house, or being around cigarette smoke.

If a person who has genetic or epigenetic changes in their genes that makes them have a bigger chance of getting asthma (genetic predisposition), also has unhealthy environmental factors in their life, like living in a home that has a lot of dust mites, then it is more likely that they will get asthma.

Atopy

Atopy is when there are changes in some of the genes a person is born with (genetic inheritance). These genetic changes make their body produce more Immunoglobulin E (IgE), a type of antibody. They are also more sensitive to things things like chemicals, smoke and dust (environmental antigens). This hypersensitivity means they are more sensitive or allergic to things in the environment than people who do not have these changes in their genes and are not hypersensitive or allergic.

This hypersensitivity causes their body to react in certain ways. Usually a person who is atopic develops allergic rhinitis which affects the nasal passages which are behind the nose and they are also more likely to get atopic dermatitis which causes skin rashes and  atopic asthma. Up to 40% of people with allergic rhinitis also have asthma. These three medical problems, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and atopic asthma are called the Atopic Triad (a triad is when there is three of something). People who are atopic may also have other medical problems including food and drug allergies, stinging-insect hypersensitivity, hives (urticaria), Quincke's edema (angioedema), and contact dermatitis.

If a person has one parent who is atopic they have a  chance of being atopic too. If they have two parents who are atopic they have an even bigger chance of being atopic.

 Acetaminophen and asthma

There have been studies that show a link between acetaminophen (Tylenol) and asthma. For instance a 2008 analysis of information collected from a very large study called the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood, or the "Isaac study" for short, showed that children who had taken acetaminophen for a fever during the first year of their life had a 50% higher risk of getting asthma later on. The more acetaminophen children took the higher their risk of getting asthma. Children who took it once a month had threefold increase in their risk of getting asthma. An increase in asthma rates in multiple countries corresponded with increased sales of drugs which contained acetaminophen. Previously the American College of Physicians reported a link between non-atopic asthma and acetaminophen use based on results of  The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Not all doctors are convinced of the link between acetaminophen and asthma.

"Children with asthma or at risk for asthma should avoid the use of acetaminophen." (McBride JT, 2011).

Types of Asthma

Atopic asthma

Atopic asthma is the most common form of asthma.

Cough-variant asthma

Cough-variant asthma is a type of asthma in which a cough is the main, and sometimes only sign. Cough-variant asthma usually does not cause wheezing or breathlessness and causes a dry, scratchy, mostly nonproductive cough (this means little or no phlegm is coughed up). About 30% of people who have cough-variant asthma will develop typical asthma.

Work-related asthma

Work related asthma are types of asthma that are caused or made worse by irritants in the environment at a person's place of work. The kind of jobs that may cause work related asthma are usually those in which there is a lot of smoke or chemicals are used. There are different types of work-related asthma (WRA):

1. Occupational asthma with latency: this asthma type is when the signs and symptoms of asthma occur after a period of time (latency) after being exposed to the environmental irritants. e.g.: John starts working at a factory where chemicals are used the first week of January. At the end of March he starts developing the signs and symptoms of asthma. The period of time from when he started the job in January to when the signs and symptoms of asthma started in March is the latency period.

2. Irritant-Induced Asthma (IIA) is occupational asthma without latency: this is an asthma type is when the signs and symptoms of asthma can occur immediately (without latency) after being exposed to the environmental irritants. e.g. Frank starts a new job working as a janitor where he uses ammonia to clean. After opening the bottle of ammonia and breathing the fumes Frank starts finding it difficult to breath, his chest tightens up and he develops other signs and symptoms of asthma.
3. Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome (RADS):

4. Work-aggravated asthma: this is when a person already has asthma and environmental triggers at their place of work makes it worse.

Exercise induced asthma

Exercise induced asthma (EIA) - also called exercise induced bronchospasm - is the term used to describe asthma cases in which exercise is the main, and many times the only trigger for an asthma attack. If a person already has a form of asthma or they are atopic there is more of a chance of getting EIA.

Nocturnal asthma

Nocturnal asthma: is the term used to describe asthma cases that get worse at night (nocturnal).

Premenstrual asthma (PMA): is when asthma symptoms get worse during the premenstrual period. This condition may affect up to 40% of female asthma sufferers. For a diagnosis of PMA to be made it is necessary to have a detailed history of the timing of menstrual cycles along with asthma symptoms experienced, and the peak expiratory flow rate (PMA may cause the PEF to be lowered in the premenstrual period). It is helpful in making a diagnosis to keep a diary of symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF) rates.

Status asthmaticus

Status asthmaticus is a severe form of asthma in which an asthma attack gets worse as it goes along and the medicines that are usually used to treat asthma do not work. Status asthmaticus can be fatal.

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms in medicine are the way a medical condition affects a person's body. Sometimes the signs and symptoms of asthma may be mild which does not bother the person too much. At other times they may be severe which may make the person feel very sick.

Not every person with asthma has all the signs and symptoms of asthma all the time. A person may have some signs and symptoms during one asthma attack and have different symptoms during another asthma attack. Some people with asthma may have long periods of time between asthma attacks where they show no signs and experience no symptoms of asthma, while others may have some or all of the signs and symptoms everyday which become more severe during an attack. It also depends on what type of asthma a person has and whether they have a mild, moderate or severe case.

There are also some people with asthma who might only have signs and symptoms during certain times, such as those with exercise induced asthma, where the exercise triggers the symptoms. For some the signs and symptoms of asthma may be triggered or made worse (exacerbated) when they have viral respiratory tract infections, often the type caused by human rhinoviruses.

Early warning signs of an asthma attack are physical changes in health that a person with asthma has before they have the attack. By knowing the early warning signs a person may be able to take steps to keep from having an asthma attack or if they do have one, to keep it from getting worse.

Early warning signs

The early warning signs of asthma may include:
 Coughing a lot, especially at night
 Losing your breath easily
 Shortness of breath: this is when a person cannot take a deep breath which means they cannot fill their lungs all the way with air. They may be only able to take short, shallow breaths which does give their lungs enough air. When a person has shortness of breath they may also have chest tightness.
 Getting tired easily during exercise and feeling weak and wheezing or coughing after exercise
 Feeling the symptoms of a cold or allergies coming on like sneezing, a runny or stuffed up nose, coughing, sore throat, and headache

Triggers

A trigger factor or trigger for short, is something that causes the signs and symptoms of a medical condition to begin in a person who already has that medical condition.  Common triggers for asthma are:
 Tobacco smoke: a person does not need to smoke themselves, second-hand smoke can trigger an asthma attack. Second-hand smoke is the smoke from the end of a burning cigarette, cigar or pipe that someone else is smoking, or the smoke that they breathe out (exhale).
 Pets: animals give off chemicals called proteins which are  allergens; people can be allergic to them. These allergens can act as irritants and make someone's asthma worse and trigger an asthma attack. The proteins are in the pet's dander which is the dead flakes of skin that animals (and people) shed. They are also in their urine, feces, saliva, and  sebum which is made by glands in the skin called sebaceous glands. Sebum is what makes hair and skin oily. When dander, urine, feces, saliva, and sebum dry out their proteins can become airborne and breathed in. Some of the types of pets people can be allergic to are, dogs, cats, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs and pet birds.
 Bugs: different types of bugs which may be found inside homes may trigger asthma attacks. They may trigger asthma symptoms in the same way as pets; the proteins they give off are allergens and  become airborne. Some of the more common bugs which may trigger asthma are dust mites, cockroaches and also bedbugs and fleas. Many other species that may infest a home may serve as a source of allergens such as Pharaoh ants.
 Fungus spores (mold): fungus reproduce by releasing spores into the air, if the spores land in a good place form them to grow then a new fungus starts. Breathing in these spores can trigger asthma. One of the most common types of fungus spores found in both outside and outside environments are from a group (genus) known as aspergillus.
 Strong emotions such as anger, stress and even laughter may worsen asthma symptoms.
 Outdoor air pollution can come from many sources such as car and truck fumes in areas of heavy traffic and chemicals in the air near factories and refineries.
 Weather: changes in the weather can trigger an asthma attack. Changes in air temperature can trigger an attack not just cold air. If a person goes from being outside in the cold into a warm house the sudden change can cause a bronchospasm. Sudden changes in humidity also plays a part.

The best way to deal with asthma triggers is to learn what they are and avoid them if possible, and if not totally avoidable then adjust one's behavior to deal with them. Example: running on a cold winter day right up to the doorstep of a warm house and going immediately inside; the sudden temperature change can cause an attack and could have been avoided.  In general but especially with a medical condition such as asthma it is necessary to be aware of one's environment and what's in it, both indoors and outdoors. Most often the Asthma is triggered by allergens. One big source of allergens is the carpet. Totally replace it with a tiles floor reduce the possibility to create a good environment for the allergens and it is more simple to clean and disinfect.

Asthma attack

An asthma attack is when, after a period of time when a person has had only a few or no symptoms of asthma, the asthma gets worse all of a sudden, usually because of being exposed to one or more triggers. When the asthma attack happens, the tissue inside the airways swell because of inflammation - which is how the body tries to protect itself from harmful things, like germs and irritants. When the tissues swell the opening (called the lumen) in the airway gets very narrow.

The smooth muscles (which are the kind of muscles in the body that do not contract voluntarily, like the ones in the arm) around the bronchi and bronchioles begin to spasm or contract which makes the opening in the airway even narrower. This is called a bronchospasm.

Inside the lining of the airways are glands called, submucosal glands, and above them, closer to the opening in the airway are cells called goblet cells - because they are shaped kind of like a goblet, which is a type of cup. The submucosal glands and the goblet cells make mucous which helps protect the inside of the airways. The mucous in the airways of healthy lungs is a thin film which traps irritants such as dust particles and pollen so they do not damage the airways and keep them from entering the air sacs (alveoli).

There are tiny hairs lining the airway called cilia. The cilia wave back and forth like a liitle whips, and help push the mucous and the trapped particles up the airways to the "pharynx. From there the mucous, the trapped particles from the lower airways can be coughed up (this is called sputum).

During an asthma attack the submucosal glands and the goblet cells start making much more mucous than normal, and the mucous is also thicker than normal. This makes it very hard for the cilia to do their job, and bring the mucous up out of the airways. So now there is too much mucous being made, and not enough being brought up by the cilia. The airways are already to narrow to breathe properly because of the tissue swelling caused by inflammation and the constriction caused by the bronchospasms, so the extra mucous blocks the airway even more. This makes breathing very difficult. In fatal asthma attacks the airways can become so constricted and/or plugged with mucous that no air can get through at all.Carroll NG, Mutavdzic S, James AL. Increased mast cells and neutrophils in submucosal mucous glands and mucus plugging in patients with asthma. Thorax. 2002 Aug;57(8):677-82. PMID 12149526

There are other signs of breathing difficulty as in an asthma attack, which are important to learn, and knowing them can help tell if someone who cannot talk is having breathing problems. People who may not be able to let somebody know they are having breathing problems include babies and young children.

Some of the other signs of asthma include:

Chest and neck retractions; which cause muscles within the chest and neck not normally used too much when breathing, to begin contracting as they try and help to take in more air. Retractions are how the body tries to get enough air because of the difficulty in breathing normally because of the asthma attack. These retractions cause the skin of the chest wall, the skin of the neck and or the breastbone (sternum) to move in when breathing. There are different types of retractions which depend on which muscles start contracting, and this depends on how much difficulty a person is having breathing during an attack.

Nasal flaring is when the opening of the nostrils get larger than normal during breathing. It is often a sign that a person is having difficulty in breathing.

Blue lips and fingertips: oxygen which is in the air we breathe, is what makes blood have a red color. Blood without oxygen has a blue color. Oxygen enters the body through the air sacs (alveoli) which are at the end of the airways. During an asthma attack it difficult for the body to get enough oxygen because it is difficult to get enough air. As less air with oxygen in it makes it to the air sacs and into the blood, there is less red blood (blood with oxygen in it) and more blue blood (blood without oxygen in it). The blue color of the lips and under the fingernails is because of the blue blood, which can be seen in the small blood vessels under the skin. More parts of the body start turning blue the longer the body goes without oxygen. When parts of the body turn blue because of lack of oxygen it is called cyanosis.

Sweating : sweating may be noticed especially on the forehead, but the skin does not feel warm, it may feel cool and clammy to touch.
Rapid breathing (tachypnea); breathing in and out much faster than normal.
Rapid heart beat: (tachycardia): the heart starts beating much faster than normal.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of asthma is based on a person's:
 Medical history; information such as what signs and symptoms of asthma have they had
 Family medical history; has anyone they are related to had asthma or related conditions such as occur with those who are atopic Physical examination and testing
Diagnostic Tests

There is no specific test that can tell if a person has asthma, however there are tests that can help in the diagnosis when the results are considered along with the medical and family history and physical exam
 Lung function tests [Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)]
 Spirometry; measures how much air the lungs are able to breathe in and how much air they breathe out and how fast a person can exhale.
 Bronchoprovocation test; in this test the airways (bronchi and bronchioles) are provoked (to try and make something happen) into having a bronchospasm (make the airways constrict) this is to see how sensitive they are. Some of the things done to provoke a bronchospasm are making the person exercise, breathing cold air that gets colder, or breathing in a special chemical called methacholine. The results of bronchoprovocation are checked using spirometry.

Differential diagnosesDifferential diagnoses are different medical disorders which may cause the same symptoms. Before a doctor makes a final diagnosis, which means they are sure of what medical disorder is causing the problem, they think of what other medical conditions have the same or almost the same symptoms, and make sure it's not one of them.

The differential diagnoses of asthma include:
 Bronchiectasis
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Airway remodeling

Airway remodeling is when there are permanent physical changes to the airways that also affects how they work. This may happen after chronic long-term asthma. After cycles of inflammation, damage and repair to the airways. permanent remodeling of the airways may occur. This is when the physical structure of the airway changes. This will cause permanent airway narrowing (they are always more narrow than normal and get narrower during an asthma attack),  bronchospasms are more easily triggered (bronchial hyperresponsiveness), airway edema (fluid in the airway), and mucus hypersecretion (too much mucous is made) as well as the build-up of collagen around the airway which is called fibrosis. Airway remodeling has been observed in children as young as six.

Not managing asthma properly can lead to airway remodeling and this can increase the risk of dying from an asthma attack.Therapeutic Targets in Airway Inflammation Eds. N. Tony Eissa, David P. Huston : CRC Press; 1 edition (2003) pp.752-753.  One of the main problems which cause poor asthma management is not using the asthma inhaler correctly. One of the main reasons for improper inhaler use is the asthma patient not having the proper knowledge in using the inhaler due to not receiving proper instruction.

Goblet cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia: Among the physical changes that may happen in airway remodeling is goblet cell hyperplasia and submucosal gland hyperplasia. Submucosal glands  and goblet cells make mucous which helps to protect the airways by trapping harmful particles like dust and pollen. The mucous is normally a thin film which lines the airways. The mucous and whatever particles they trap are brought up to the pharynx by tiny (microscopic) hairs on the inside of the airway that move back and forth  called cilia.

During an asthma attack the submucosal glands and goblet cells make too much mucous, and it is thicker than normal which makes it harder for the cilia to bring the mucous up. When airway remodeling happens the body may make many more submucosal glands and  goblet cells than normal, which means even more mucous is made. There may be too much mucous for the cilia to bring up and the airway may become blocked. This is one of the reasons that people with airway remodeling often have more severe asthma. In fatal cases the airway may have become totally plugged causing asphyxia.

Airway Reconstruction Methods

Regular Breastfeeding sessions are a proven benefit to airway reconstruction. While previous studies have shown a similar effect between breastfeeding and asthma risk, this research is the first that showed a link between the length of breastfeeding and the number of wheezing episodes. Also, this study found evidence that the first asthma-related symptoms occur earlier in life if children were breastfed for shorter lengths of time or not exclusively. The study shows it's not the nutritional benefit from the liquid, it's the pull on lung of which dilates the smooth muscles of the air passage. Dry-nursing has actually proven to had been more beneficial in this study for strengthening airway health in both children and adults. Dilating the airways will strengthen them and the lungs themselves.

Treatment

Asthma can be controlled most often by avoiding contact with triggers and by using certain drugs.  Most asthma sufferers carry special medicines around with them. These are called inhalers. The medicine inside the inhaler opens the tubes that go to the lungs. The inhaler is usually used to prevent an asthma attack, or to stop an attack that is already happening.
Rescue medicine — A rescue medicine is an inhaler ("puffer") that is used if a person thinks they are having an asthma attack.

Controller medicine — A controller medicine is a medicine in either a pill or an inhaler taken every day to prevent asthma attacks.

Common treatment in a hospital

Hospitals have other options they can use in an emergency when the regular treatments don't work:
 Oxygen
 Certain drugs that act like an asthma spray, but are much stronger
 Certain drugs that can be given through an IV (intravenously).
 Steroids
 Breathing aids (including tubes, and valves in very severe cases)

Unconventional Treatments / At Home Remedies
 Warm steam baths have often been used to help alleviate nasal congestion and airway irritation associated with asthma.
 Omega-3 fatty acids are often used as a natural remedy to help prevent and treat heart disease. Though some research suggests that omega-3s may also help to decrease airway inflammation and boost lung function
 The Buteyko Breathing Technique is based on the premise that raising blood levels of carbon dioxide through shallow breathing can help people with asthma. Carbon dioxide is believed to dilate the smooth muscles of the airways.
 Hot beverages are known to open breathing passages, have been said to open airways for irritated asthma symptoms. This method has been said to give temporary relief.
 High consumption of apples may protect against asthma. Daily intake of fruits and vegetables in childhood decreased the risk of asthma.
 Breastfeeding or the reflection of in adolescence and adults has been proven to strengthen and promote airway health. The strain from the pull on the lung will dilate the smooth muscles of the airways. Extended therapeutic sessions on a regular basis have been shown to dramatically improve air passage function, and promote less asthma complications.

Drugs that may worsen an asthma attack

There are certain types of drugs that make asthma worse or that can trigger such an attack. Certain types of drugs should only be used in very specific situations. Some of these drugs are:
 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or 'NSAID' for short. Aspirin is a NSAID and some people are allergic to it, or may have a higher risk of becoming allergic to it, even if they had used it before.
 Beta blockers are a kind of drug used to treat heart problems, but should not be taken by people with asthma.
 Acetaminophen is another drug that is believed might help not only to cause asthma, but also make asthma worse in people who already have it. Acetaminophen is an analgesic, a pain reliever. Because of its pain-reliving properties, Acetaminophen is often added to other drugs. Labels should always be read when taking any kind of medicine, including over-the-counter drugs.
 ACE Inhibitors; are a type of drug usually used to treat high blood pressure and heart disease.  They usually don't make asthma worse, but in rare cases they may cause some of the signs and symptoms of asthma, such as airway obstruction and coughing, especially in the first few weeks of taking ACE Inhibitors.
 Sleeping pills and tranquilizers; should usually not be taken by people with asthma.

Managing comorbid asthma, depression and/or anxiety

Depression and anxiety have a negative impact on asthma. Comorbid anxiety with asthma is particularly confusing because of the similarity of symptoms and interference in perception and treatment of asthma. The National Asthma Council Australia  recommends treatment for comorbid psychological symptoms. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is one recommended treatment for anxiety  and depression. There is tentative research evidence suggesting that a program of CBT amended for asthma, delivered in conjunction with medical treatment and in close liaison with your medical team, can improve anxiety, asthma and quality of life. Clinicians intending to deliver CBT for comorbid asthma, anxiety or depression should refer to   and the research reviewed by  for guidance on safe and effective intervention.

The Global Initiative for Asthma

The global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), launched in 1993, is a collaborative effort between the World Health Organization (WHO), the National Institutes of Health USA (NIH), and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Its aims include; to increase public awareness of asthma, encourage research into the causes for the increasing prevalence of asthma worldwide, encourage research into the links between asthma and environmental factors, improve the effectiveness of asthma management practices, reduce the mortality and morbidity rates associated with asthma, and make treatments for asthma more readily available.

One of the ways in which GINA fulfils these aims is by producing medical guidelines on the management of asthma, which based on a systematically conducted review of the most recent-worldwide literature. These guidelines are free and available to all patients and clinicians from the GINA website. The GINA main report is updated annually and aims to reflect evolving best practice as it highlights changes in asthma management strategies.

GINA established 'World Asthma Day' in 1998, with the first event organized in Barcelona, Spain. It is held annually on the first Tuesday of May, and includes the participation of more than 35 countries.

Correlated conditions

Often, having one medical problem makes it more likely a person will also have one or more other medical or psychiatric problems. These other disorders are the "comorbid problems" or "comorbidities". There are various comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions associated with asthma.

Respiratory disorders
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
 Respiratory infections
 Chronic sinusitis
 Rhinitis: allergic (atopic), nonallergic
 Hyperventilation syndrome
 Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a disorder that affects the airways of the lungs which is caused by an allergic hypersensitivity to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.

Gastrointestinal disorders
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
 Eosinophilic esophagitis (EE)

Psychiatric disorders
 Depression
 Anxiety disorders
 Panic disorder
Sleep disorders
 Obstructive sleep apnea

Skin disorders
 Atopic dermatitis (AD): is a type of eczema

Epidemiology

In medicine epidemiology'' is the study of what causes diseases and medical conditions, how often they happen, where they happen and who they happen to.

It is more common in developed countries than developing countries. The United States and Canada have some of the highest asthma rates in the world even though they are not poor countries. In Africa the country of South Africa has the highest asthma rate on the whole continent even though it is one of the richest countries.

More than 80% of the people who die from asthma are usually from low and middle income countries, but not always, as South Africa has the fourth highest death rate in the world even though it is one of the richer countries in the world. In the United States the death rates are higher for females, adults and people of African descent.

As of 2011, 235–300 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalence between 1 and 18%.

The amount of asthma cases reported each year has gotten much higher between the 1960s and 2008 Rates of asthma have plateaued in the developed world since the mid-1990s with recent increases primarily in the developing world. Asthma affects approximately 7% of the population of the United States and 5% of people in the United Kingdom. Canada, Australia and New Zealand have rates of about 14–15%.

Other websites
 How to Use an Inhaler

References

Breathing problems

Asthma


Jambalaya ( ,  ) is an American Creole and Cajun rice dish of French (especially Provençal cuisine), African, and Spanish influence, consisting mainly of meat and vegetables mixed with rice.

Ingredients
Traditionally, the meat includes sausage of some sort, often a smoked meat such as andouille, along with pork or chicken and seafood (less common), such as crawfish or shrimp. The vegetables are usually a sofrito-like mixture known as the "trinity" in Cajun cooking, consisting of onion, celery, and green bell pepper, though other vegetables such as okra, carrots, tomatoes, corn, chilis and garlic are also used.

After browning and sauteeing the meat and vegetables, rice is added with seasonings and broth, and the entire dish is cooked together until the rice is done.

Similar dishes
Jambalaya is similar to (but distinct from) other rice-and-meat dishes known in Louisiana cuisine such as gumbo and étouffée.

Gumbo uses similar sausages, meats, seafood, vegetables and seasonings. However, gumbo includes filé powder or okra, which are not common in jambalaya. Gumbo is also usually served over white rice, which is prepared separately from the rest of the dish, unlike jambalaya, where the rice is prepared with the other ingredients.

Étouffée is a stew that always includes shellfish such as shrimp or crawfish but does not have the sausage common to jambalaya and gumbo. Also, like gumbo, étouffée is usually served over separately prepared rice.

Origins
Jambalaya is a Louisiana-born dish that has its origins in West African and Central African cuisine. Gullah creoles were the first group of African slaves to prepare the dish. Red rice was brought to America by West and Central Africans during the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Some believe that Jambalaya takes its name from the Provence region of southern France originally spelled as  and may descend from the Valencian dish paella, a rice dish influenced by Arab traders. Rice, a grain not indigenous to Europe, was introduced to Europeans by trade with Africans, Arabs, and indigenous South Americans. There is documented historical evidence connecting the word jambalaya to European origins; however, due to the trans-Atlantic slave trade, there are many sources that link the origin back to African origins, where the dish has undeniable similarities to Jollof rice, Benachin, and Thieboudienne which can be found throughout West and Central Africa.

Varieties
There are two primary methods of making jambalaya, differentiated by the presence or absence of tomatoes.

The first is Creole jambalaya (also called "red jambalaya"). First, meat is added to the trinity of celery, peppers, and onions; the meat is usually chicken and sausage such as andouille or smoked sausage.  Next vegetables and tomatoes are added to cook, followed by seafood. Rice and stock are added in equal proportions at the very end. The mixture is brought to a boil and left to simmer for 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the recipe, with infrequent stirring. Towards the end of the cooking process, stirring usually ceases.
Some versions call for the jambalaya to be baked after the cooking of all the ingredients.

The second style, more characteristic of southwestern and south-central Louisiana, is Cajun jambalaya, which contains no tomatoes (the idea being the farther away from New Orleans one gets, the less common tomatoes are in dishes). The meat is browned in a cast-iron pot. The bits of meat that stick to the bottom of the pot (sucs) are what give a Cajun jambalaya its brown color. A little vegetable oil is added if there is not enough fat in the pot. The trinity (of 50% onions, 25% celery, and 25% green or red bell pepper, although proportions can be altered to suit one's taste) is added and sautéed until soft. Stock and seasonings are added in the next step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is then simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the  mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot. It is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked.

In a less common method, meat and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice. At the same time, rice is cooked in a savory stock. It is added to the meat and vegetables before serving. This is called "white jambalaya". This dish is rare in Louisiana as it is seen as a "quick" attempt to make jambalaya, popularized outside the state to shorten cooking time.

Many people in the south, and typically in Louisiana, enjoy a simpler jambalaya style. This style is cooked the same as the Cajun style, but there are no vegetables. Many restaurants serve this style as opposed to the others, because it is more child-friendly, has a more consistent texture, and is easier to make.

Jambalaya is considered by most Louisianans to be a filling but simple-to-prepare rice dish; gumbos, étouffées, and creoles are considered more difficult to perfect. Most often a long grain white rice is used in making jambalaya.

Jambalaya is differentiated from gumbo and étouffée by the way in which the rice is included. In these dishes, the rice is cooked separately and is served as a bed on which the main dish is served. In the usual method of preparing jambalaya, a rich stock is created from vegetables, meat, and seafood; raw rice is then added to the broth and the flavor is absorbed by the grains as the rice cooks.

History
The history of jambalaya is shrouded in mystery. There is no evidence of any particular Old World dish associated with jambalaya. Jambalaya was traditionally made from whatever ingredients were handy, such as seafood, fresh meats and smoked meats. Tomatoes may be present or absent in its preparation.

There is some folklore that claims jambalaya originates from the French Quarter of New Orleans, in the original sector. It may have been an attempt by the Spanish to make paella in the New World, where saffron was not readily available due to import costs and the French in Louisiana named it. Tomatoes would have become the substitute for saffron.

French influence was strong in New Orleans, and native spices from Louisiana, the Gulf Coast and the Caribbean may have changed this pilaf or paella into a unique New World dish.

New Orleans style jambalaya vs Acadiana style jambalaya
In modern Louisiana, the dish has evolved along a variety of different lines.

New Orleans style jambalaya, known in Acadiana as "red jambalaya", is found primarily in and around New Orleans, where it is simply known as "jambalaya". New Orleans style jambalaya includes tomatoes, whereas Acadiana style jambalaya usually does not.

Acadiana style jambalaya originates from Louisiana's rural, low-lying swamp country where crawfish, shrimp, oysters, alligator, duck, turtle, boar, venison, nutria and other game were readily available. Any variety or combination of meats, including chicken or turkey, may be used to make jambalaya. Acadiana style jambalaya is known as "brown jambalaya" in the Greater New Orleans area (except for the lower Westbank where it can be found among some families); to folks from Acadiana it is simply known as "jambalaya".

Jambalaya in print
The first appearance in print of any variant of the word 'jambalaya' in any language occurred in Leis amours de Vanus; vo, Lou paysan oou théâtré, by Fortuné (Fortunat) Chailan, first published in Provençal dialect in 1837.

The earliest appearance of the word in print in English occurs in the May 1849 issue of the American Agriculturalist, page 161, where Solon Robinson refers to a recipe for "Hopping Johnny (jambalaya)", however he made a mistake in identifying jambalaya as "Hopping Johnny", which is an entirely different dish with different origins and different birth state.

Jambalaya did not appear in a cookbook until 1878, when the Gulf City Cook Book, by the ladies of the St. Francis Street Methodist Episcopal Church, was printed in South Mobile, Alabama. It contains a recipe for "JAM BOLAYA".

Jambalaya had a brief jump in popularity during the 1920s and 1930s because of its flexible recipe. The dish was little more than the rice and vegetables the populace could afford; the recipe grew from humble roots.

Jambalaya capital of the world
In 1968, Louisiana Governor John J. McKeithen proclaimed Gonzales, Louisiana, "the Jambalaya capital of the world". Every spring, the annual Jambalaya Festival is held in Gonzales.

Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary indicates that  comes from the Provençal word , meaning a mish mash, or mixup, and also meaning a pilaf (pilau) of rice. This is supported by the fact that the first printed appearance of the word is in a Provençal poem published in 1837.

A folk etymology of the word suggests that it is the fusion of two Spanish words:  ("ham") +  (a rice dish). However, the evidence for this idea is thin. Ham is not a featured element of the dish, and Spanish speakers would call a ham paella , not .

Another history, per Louisiana chef John Folse, author of The Encyclopedia of Cajun & Creole Cuisine (2004), is that jambalaya is a contraction of jambon à la yaya, meaning "ham with rice", from French jambon and Yoruba yaya.

See also

 List of regional dishes of the United States
 List of rice dishes

References

External links

 Jambalaya: history, origins and etymology

American stews
American rice dishes
Cajun cuisine
Cuisine of New Orleans
Louisiana cuisine
Articles containing video clips
Wild game dishes
Sausage dishes
Seafood and rice dishes

Jambalaya


The Order of the Smile (Polish: Order Uśmiechu) is an international award given by children to adults distinguished in their love, care and aid for children.

History

The idea of the Order of the Smile was established in 1968 by the Polish magazine Kurier Polski, inspired by Wanda Chotomska. In 1979 (announced by the UNESCO as the International Year of the Child) the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kurt Waldheim officially recognized the Order. From then, the Order of the Smile became an international order.

In 1996, in Rabka, the Order of the Smile Museum was established on the grounds of the family park known as "Rabkoland." After the region had been given the official status of the "City of Children from around the World," an initiative was put forward to open a permanent Polish Santa's Village, which would accept letters addressed to Santa Claus from children across Poland.

In 2003 an International Chapter of the Order of the Smile session took place outside the Warsaw headquarters in Świdnica, where the Child Friendship Center was being erected. Świdnica had been officially titled the "Capital of Children's Dreams," and September 21, 2003, was declared Order of the Smile Children's Day.

Design
Chotomska's television series Jacek i Agatka announced a competition to submit a design for the Order of the Smile. The award's logo was created and developed by a nine-year-old girl from Głuchołazy, Ewa Chrobak. Using a plate as a template, she drew a sun, and added uneven rays of light. The design, one of 45,000 that had been submitted, was chosen by Szymon Kobyliński, who elaborated it into its current form.

Nomination
All candidates for the Order of Smile should be nominated by children. Nominations can come from a single child or collectively from many children. Nominations can be submitted from all around the world. The candidates should be people of extraordinary love and work for children. Nominations should be sent to the International Chapter of the Order of Smile (ICOS).  Afterwards the candidates are chosen to be Laureates by the Chapter.

The Order is awarded twice a year: in spring and in fall.  Laureates of the Order of Smile include now about 1000 people from almost 50 countries (state of April 2016).

Decorating
The medal - which is a badge representing a smiling sun - is awarded in Warsaw, Poland by the International Chapter of the Order of the Smile. There is a special procedure of the decoration. In special cases the decoration could be held outside Poland, in the country of the laureate. The right to use the title of the "Knight of the Order of Smile" is guaranteed only to those who were decorated at an official ceremony organized by the Chapter.

Traditionally, upon being awarded with the medal, each recipient must drink a glass or cup of lemon juice while smiling throughout the process.

International Chapter
Although most of the 59 members of the Chapter are of Polish descent, it includes representatives from other countries such as Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Sudan, Tunisia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.

At the forefront of the International Chapter of the Order of Smile stands the Chancellor, Marek Michalak, who remains in this position since 19 January 2007. Previous Chancellors include: Ewa Szelburg-Zarembina (from 1968 to 1976), Radoslaw Ostrowicz (from 1982 to 1990), and Cezary Leżenski (from 1976 to 1981, and again from 1992 to 2006).

On 16 November 1992, the International Chapter of the Order of Smile was officially registered in Poland as an association.

Winners
Some notable Knights to receive the Order of the Smile include:

 Jacek Cygan
 Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
 Bartosz Arłukowicz
 Tadeusz Balcerowski
 Agniya Barto
 Gerhard Behrendt
 Nina Bichuya
 Ewa Błaszczyk
 Wanda Błeńska
 Jakub Błaszczykowski
 Henryk Borowski
 Marek Borowski
 Assen Bossev
 Bohdan Butenko
 Czesław Centkiewicz
 Bernadette Chirac
 Henryk Chmielewski
 Wanda Chotomska
 Václav Čtvrtek
 Tibor Czorba
 14th Dalai Lama
 Wiktor Dega
 Janusz Dobrosz
 Anna Dymna
 Joni Eareckson Tada
 Joanna Fabisiak
 Krystyna Feldman
 Arkady Fiedler
 Benjamin Fiore, SJ
 Pope Francis
 Piotr Fronczewski
 Stanley H. Fryczynski Jr.
 Dora Gabe
 Janina Garścia
 Niki Goulandris
 Henryk Gulbinowicz
 Andrzej Gut-Mostowy
 Judit Halász
 Dagmar Havlová
 Zbigniew Herman
 Mirosław Hermaszewski
 Gavriil Ilizarov
 Tadeusz Isakowicz-Zaleski
 Stanisław Jankowski
 Alina Janowska
 Éva Janikovszky
 Tove Jansson
 Otylia Jędrzejczak
 Ignacy Jeż
 Majka Jeżowska
 Michał Józefczyk
 Pope John Paul II
 Irena Jurgielewiczowa
 Bogusław Kaczyński
 Eunice Kennedy Shriver
 Zygmunt Kęstowicz
 Ian Kiernan
 Hilary Koprowski
 Marek Kotański
 Maria Kownacka
 Vyacheslav Kotyonochkin
 Paweł Kukiz
 Dominika Kulczyk
 Jacek Kuroń
 Jolanta Kwaśniewska
 Aleksander Kwaśniewski
 Irena Kwiatkowska
 Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.
 Zbigniew Lengren
 Robert Lewandowski
 Astrid Lindgren
 Franciszek Macharski
 Halina Machulska
 Peter Maffay
 Ivan Malkovych
 Nelson Mandela
 Alina Margolis-Edelman
 Anđelka Martić
 Robert Mayer
 Marek Michalak
 Sergey Mikhalkov
 Leszek Miller
 Anna Mkapa
 Małgorzata Musierowicz
 Anne, Princess Royal
 Moza bint Nasser
 Władysław Nehrebecki
 Edmund Niziurski
 Józef Nowak
 Sergey Obraztsov
 Wiesław Ochman
 Janina Ochojska
 Jerzy Owsiak
 Hanna Ożogowska
 Ryszard Pacławski
 Stanisław Pagaczewski
 Farah Pahlavi
 Waldemar Pawlak
 Marek Plura
 Jerzy Przybylski
 Janusz Przymanowski
 Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Rabeeah
 Zbigniew Religa
 J. K. Rowling
 Viktar Shalkevich
 K. Shankar Pillai
 James Rutka
 Zbigniew Rychlicki
 Sue Ryder
 Ryszard Rynkowski
 Irena Santor
 Irena Sendler
 Queen Silvia of Sweden
 Sargent Shriver
 Stanisław Skalski
 Henryk Skarżyński
 Adam Słodowy
 Steven Spielberg
 Jerzy Stuhr
 Jan Szczepański
 Ewa Szelburg-Zarembina
 Alfred Szklarski
 Mother Teresa
 Jan Twardowski
 Eleni Tzoka
 Peter Ustinov
 Mariele Ventre
 Kurt Waldheim
 Oprah Winfrey
 Maciej Wojtyszko
 Marian Woronin
 Sarah, Duchess of York
 Malala Yousafzai
 Rolf Zuckowski
 Wojciech Żukrowski

The youngest Knight to ever receive the Order of the Smile is Malala Yousafzai, who was awarded the order in 2016, then aged 19. The oldest was Irena Sendler in 2007, aged 97.

See also

References

4. Pagan, M. (1989, January 25). Helping children with sick hearts. The Record, pp. 49–49. .Retrieved 2022-3-25.

External links

 Official site of the Order of the Smile

International orders, decorations, and medals
Polish awards
Awards established in 1968
1968 establishments in Poland

Order of the Smile


General Joe William Kelly (January 19, 1910 – July 8, 1979) was a U.S. Air Force general and Commander, Military Air Transport Service (MATS). He was the first four-star commander of MATS, and was commander at the time the command was transitioning to jet aircraft. In 1961 he personally piloted the first jet aircraft assigned to MATS on its maiden voyage from the Boeing factory at Renton, Washington to MATS Eastern Transport Air Force at McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey. During Kelly's time as commander, MATS was involved in Operation Deep Freeze, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Congo airlift. During his tenure, he compiled nearly 1,700 hours in the air from inspecting units, bringing his service total to nearly 9,700 flying hours.

General Kelly was born in Waverly, Indiana, in 1910. He was graduated from high school in Martinsville, Indiana in 1927 and attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, for one year where he became a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity. In 1928 he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and graduated in June 1932 as a second lieutenant in the Infantry.

After completing flying school in 1933, General Kelly was assigned to the 94th Pursuit Squadron at Selfridge Field, Michigan, the same unit to which Captain Eddie Rickenbacker was assigned in World War I. From February to May 1934, General Kelly was an air mail pilot for the Army Air Corps, flying from Newark, New Jersey and Columbus, Ohio. Later he instructed student pilots at Randolph Field, Texas.

Transferred to Santiago, Chile, in 1940, he was a member of the U.S. Military Mission there for three years. He returned to MacDill Field, Florida for six months and in June 1943 was transferred to the European theater. In January 1944, now a full colonel, he became commander of the 386th Bomb Group (Medium), 9th Air Force, a B-26 medium bomber unit. While under Kelly's command, the group attained the highest record of any B-26 unit in the European theater in number of successful sorties flown, tonnage of bombs dispatched, and enemy aircraft destroyed while at the same time maintaining the highest bombing accuracy score.

Upon General Kelly's departure from the group, he received this commendation from his division commander:

I commend you particularly for your aggressive leadership while commanding the 386th Bombardment Group (M). This aggressive leadership, together with your efficient administration of the group, was directly responsible for its receiving a unit citation awarded for compiling the outstanding record made by any medium bombardment group during its first year of operations in this theater.

General Kelly remained in Europe in command and staff positions until December 1944 when he returned to West Point as director of aviation.

He enrolled in the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama in the summer of 1946. After graduation, he was an instructor and then chief of Plans and Operations Division.

In January 1948, he began a 5½ year association with the Strategic Air Command, commanding various SAC bomber units including the Far East Air Forces Bomber Command at Yokota Air Base, Japan.

In 1953, he was assigned to the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, Washington, D.C., as director of Legislative Liaison. In this position he was responsible for development of public laws affecting the Air Force and for furthering Air Force relations with Congress. For his exceptional service in this position, General Kelly was awarded an oak leaf cluster to the Distinguished Service Medal by Secretary of the Air Force James Douglas.

On July 21, 1958, General Kelly assumed command of the Air Proving Ground Center at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, his final assignment before taking command of MATS. He retired on July 18, 1964. Kelly died on July 8, 1979, at Eglin Air Force Base and was buried in Barrancas National Cemetery in Pensacola, Florida.

For his interest in and support of the Air Reserve Forces, General Kelly was chosen for the "Minuteman Hall of Fame" award for 1962 by the Reserve Officers Association.

Awards and decorations
In addition to the Distinguished Service Medal, General Kelly's other decorations include, the Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with nine oak leaf clusters, the Belgian and French Croix de Guerre, the British Distinguished Service Order, the Chilean Legion of Merit, the Army Commendation Ribbon and other unit, campaign and service awards

References

United States Air Force generals
DePauw University alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
1910 births
1979 deaths
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
People from Morgan County, Indiana
Recipients of the Air Medal
Burials at Barrancas National Cemetery

Joe W. Kelly


Tá 88 gcontae i stát Ohio.

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Ohio
Contaetha
Ohio

Adams
Allen
Ashland
Ashtabula
Athens
Auglaize
Belmont
Brown
Butler
Carroll
Champaign
Clark
Clermont
Clinton
Columbiana
Coshocton
Crawford
Cuyahoga
Darke
Defiance
Delaware
Erie
Fairfield
Fayette
Franklin
Fulton
Gallia
Geauga
Greene
Guernsey
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Harrison
Henry
Highland
Hocking
Holmes
Huron
Jackson
Jefferson
Knox
Lake
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Licking
Logan
Lorain
Lucas
Madison
Mahoning
Marion
Medina
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Mercer
Miami
Monroe
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Morgan
Morrow
Muskingum
Noble
Ottawa
Paulding
Perry
Pickaway
Pike
Portage
Preble
Putnam
Richland
Ross
Sandusky
Scioto
Seneca
Shelby
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Tuscarawas
Union
Van Wert
Vinton
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Williams
Wood
Wyandot

Contaetha in Ohio


The Francis Eppes Plantation was a cotton plantation of 1,920 acres (8 km2) situated in east-central  Leon County, Florida, United States and established by Francis W. Eppes in 1829.

Location
The Francis Eppes Plantation bordered Evergreen Hills Plantation on the east, La Grange Plantation on the north, and the northeast tip of Southwood Plantation on the south. The plantation was located on both north and south shores of Lake Lafayette, Florida. Today that land encompasses the neighborhoods around Buck Lake including western Buck Lake Road, southern Pedrick Road, Planters Ridge Drive, Heritage Park Blvd and Doyle Conner Blvd.

Plantation specifics
The Leon County Florida 1860 Agricultural Census shows that the Francis Eppes Plantation had the following:
Improved Land: 950 acres (4 km2)
Unimproved Land: 970 acres (4 km2)
Cash value of plantation: $24,000
Cash value of farm implements/machinery: $500
Cash value of farm animals: $3000
Number of persons enslaved: 70

Owner

Francis W. Eppes, VII, was a grandson of Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson and Thomas Jefferson. Eppes came to Leon County in 1829 with his wife Mary and numerous slaves from Virginia, including some descendants of Betsy Hemmings, his nurse and a matriarch of the slave community at his childhood home of Millbrook. While the territory was under Spanish rule, Eppes served as Intendant (mayor) of Tallahassee.  He is noted for initiating the proposal to locate a state-supported seminary in Tallahassee, which eventually developed into Florida State University.

Eppes sold his plantation during the Civil War for Confederate money.  He lost the remainder of his investment and slaves by 1865, when they were freed.  Eppes left Tallahassee for Orange County, Florida to begin citrus farming.

Florida became part of the United States in 1821. As Francis Eppes arrived in Florida in 1829, at the time he was Intendant/mayor of Tallahassee, Florida was no longer ruled by Spain.

References
Rootsweb Plantations
Largest Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules
1845 voters
Paisley, Clifton; From Cotton To Quail, University of Florida Press, c1968.

Plantations in Leon County, Florida
1829 establishments in Florida Territory
Cotton plantations in Florida

Francis Eppes Plantation