Paul Davis may refer to:

Arts
 Paul Marc Davis (born 1974), British actor
 Paul Brooks Davis (born 1938), American painter, illustrator, and graphic designer
 Paul Davis, British musician, keyboardist, co-founder of the band Happy Mondays
 Paul Davis (singer) (1948–2008), American singer-songwriter
 Paul Vincent Davis (puppeteer), (born 1935), American puppeteer

Politics
 Paul Davis (Canadian politician) (born 1961), Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador (2014–2015)
 Paul Davis (Kansas politician) (born 1972), American Democratic politician
 Paul Davis (Maine politician) (born 1947), American politician from Maine

Science
 Paul Davis (programmer) (fl. 1990s), British programmer
 Paul K. Davis (historian) (born 1952), English historian
 Paul K. Davis (policy analyst), policy analyst at the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California

Sports
 Paul Davis (cricketer) (born 1981), Australian cricketer
 Paul Davis (footballer, born 1961), English midfielder
 Paul Davis (footballer, born 1962), Jamaican forward
 Paul Davis (footballer, born 1968), English defender
 Paul Davis (basketball) (born 1984), American basketball player
 Paul Davis (fullback) (1925–1989), American football player
 Paul Davis (linebacker) (born 1958), American football player
 Paul E. Davis (1921–2009), American football coach
 Paul J. Davis (1881–1947), American football, basketball, and baseball coach, college athletics administrator
 Paul Davis (rugby league) (born 1971), Australian rugby league player
 Paul Davis (sailor) (born 1958), Norwegian sailor and Olympic medalist
 Paul Davis (baseball), pitching coach for the Seattle Mariners

Characters
 Paul Davis, a character in the TV series Stargate SG-1

See also
 Paul Davies (disambiguation)
 Paul Davys (c. 1600–1672), Irish politician and civil servant

Paul Davis Secretary

Paul Davis


In music, cantabile , an Italian word, means literally "singable" or "songlike". In instrumental music, it is a particular style of playing designed to imitate the human voice.

For 18th-century composers, cantabile is often synonymous with "cantando" (singing) and indicates a measured tempo and flexible, legato playing. For later composers, particularly in piano music, cantabile is the drawing out of one particular musical line against the accompaniment (compare counterpoint). Felix Mendelssohn's six books of  Songs Without Words are short lyrical piano pieces with song-like melodies written between 1829 and 1845. A modern example is an instrumental piece by Harry James & His Orchestra, called "Trumpet Blues and Cantabile".

A cantabile movement, or simply a "cantabile", is the first half of a double aria, followed by a cabaletta. The cantabile movement would be slower and more free-form to contrast with the structured and generally faster cabaletta. Louis Spohr subtitled his violin concerto No. 8 "in moda d'una scena cantata," "in the manner of a sung [operatic] scene"; opera arias exerted a strong influence on the "singable" cantabile melodic line in Romantic writing for stringed instruments.

References
Kennedy, Michael, The Oxford Dictionary of Music, Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 123.
Milsom, David, Theory and Practice in Late Nineteenth-century Violin Performance, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003, p. 113.
Warrack, John and West, Ewan, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, Oxford University Press, 1992, p. 115.

Italian opera terminology
Classical music styles
Articles containing video clips

Cantabile


The Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters—more commonly referred to as the Hague Evidence Convention—is a multilateral treaty which was drafted under the auspices of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCPIL). The treaty was negotiated in 1967 and 1968 and signed in The Hague on 18 March 1970. It entered into force in 1972. It allows transmission of letters of request (letters rogatory) from one signatory state (where the evidence is sought) to another signatory state (where the evidence is located) without recourse to consular and diplomatic channels. Inside the US, obtaining evidence under the Evidence Convention can be compared to comity.

The Hague Evidence Convention was not the first convention to address the transmission of evidence from one state to another. The 1905 Civil Procedure Convention—also signed in The Hague—contained provisions dealing with the transmission of evidence. However, that earlier convention did not command wide support and was only ratified by 22 countries.

Substantive provisions

Central authorities and procedures
The convention establishes a procedure whereby each contracting state designates a "central authority" to receive and review incoming "letters of request" for taking evidence in that country.

The central authority reviews the letter of request to determine that it complies with the requirements of the convention.  If the letter of request does comply, the central authority then "transmits" the letter of request "to the authority competent to execute" it (article 2), which essentially means to a court.

Under Article 9, the judicial authority that executes a letter of request applies its own law as to the methods and procedures for executing the letter of request.

Under article 13, (a) the documents establishing the execution of the letter of request are to be sent by the requested authority (the recipient of the letter of request) to the requesting authority by the same channel that was used by the requesting authority, and (b) whenever the letter of request is not executed (in whole or in part), the requesting authority is to be informed immediately and advised of the reasons.

Pre-trial discovery
The convention also applies to pre-trial discovery: obtaining of evidence prior to trial without the prior approval of a judge. While this is a common practice in many common law countries, it was felt unacceptable by many others. Countries can however object to application to pre-trial discovery through an objection according to Article 23. As of April 2019, the convention applies to pre-trial discovery in 15 countries. 26 states have objected fully excluding pretrial discovery, while 17 others have restricted its applicability.

An example of a partial objection to pre-trial discovery is from Mexico, requiring the start of the judicial proceedings, identifiability of the documents and a clear relationship between the requested documents and the pending proceedings:

C) FORMULATION OF PRE-TRIAL DISCOVERY OF DOCUMENTS
4. With reference to Article 23 of the Convention, the United Mexican States declares that according to Mexican law, it shall only be able to comply with letters of request issued for the purpose of obtaining the production and transcription of documents when the following requirements are met:
(a) that the judicial proceeding has been commenced;
(b) that the documents are reasonably identifiable as to date, subject and other relevant information and that the request specifies those facts and circumstances that lead the requesting party to reasonable believe that the requested documents are known to the person from whom they are requested or that they are in his possession or under his control or custody;
(c) that the direct relationship between the evidence or information sought and the pending proceeding be identified.

Parties

As of 2023, there are 66 states which are parties of the Hague Evidence Convention. 60 of the HCPIL member states are party to the Hague Evidence Convention. In addition, six states that are not members of the HCPIL (Barbados, Colombia, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Nicaragua and Seychelles) have joined the Hague Evidence Convention. Article 39 of the Hague Evidence Convention expressly permits states which were not members of the HCPIL at the time of the conclusion of the treaty to accede to the Convention.

Practical operation in member states
At least two member states authorize private lawyers to be involved in the evidence-gathering process.  Under the law of the British Virgin Islands, if a witness is summoned to testify pursuant to a letter of request, a legal practitioner for any party may administer the oath to the witness.

The availability of a private lawyer to be directly involved is even more broad under Israeli law.  As noted above, Israel has not issued an article 23 declaration.  Israeli law provides, pursuant to the Legal Assistance Among States Law 1998, for the possibility of the appointment of a private lawyer to oversee the process of taking evidence under the convention.  That statute also governs the procedure for evidence-gathering in Israel in aid of foreign criminal investigations.  As a result, even in civil matters (including Hague Evidence Convention requests), the Israeli court system usually assigns letters of request to judges in the criminal division.  Due to that allocation, most Israeli decisions issued in connection with international evidence-gathering are stamped "closed doors," which essentially means that it is unlawful to publish the decision.

The American Bar Association conducted a survey to receive feedback from American lawyers concerning their experience with the letter of request procedures under the Hague Evidence Convention.  The ABA published the results of the survey in October 2003, and its Conclusions section begins as follows:

The Hague Evidence Convention has been remarkably successful in bridging differences between the common law and civil law approaches to obtaining evidence and has significantly streamlined the procedures for compulsion of evidence from abroad.

Obtaining evidence outside the convention
Insofar as requests to United States courts are concerned, parties may also use the simpler discovery provision codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1782 (see Section 1782 Discovery).

Between states of the European Union, the convention has largely been supplanted by Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001 on Cooperation Between the Courts of the Member States in the Taking of Evidence in Civil or Commercial Matters.

References

External links
Hague Evidence Convention at the Hague Conference website
Ratifications

Treaties concluded in 1970
Treaties entered into force in 1972
Hague Conference on Private International Law conventions
Evidence law
Treaties of Albania
Treaties of Andorra
Treaties of Argentina
Treaties of Armenia
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Barbados
Treaties of Belarus
Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Treaties of Brazil
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of the People's Republic of China
Treaties of Colombia
Treaties of Costa Rica
Treaties of Croatia
Treaties of Cyprus
Treaties of the Czech Republic
Treaties of Czechoslovakia
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Estonia
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Greece
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of India
Treaties of Israel
Treaties of Italy
Treaties of Kazakhstan
Treaties of Kuwait
Treaties of Latvia
Treaties of Liechtenstein
Treaties of Lithuania
Treaties of Luxembourg
Treaties of Malta
Treaties of Montenegro
Treaties of Mexico
Treaties of Morocco
Treaties of Monaco
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Nicaragua
Treaties of North Macedonia
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Poland
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Romania
Treaties of Russia
Treaties of Serbia
Treaties of Seychelles
Treaties of Singapore
Treaties of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovenia
Treaties of South Africa
Treaties of South Korea
Treaties of Spain
Treaties of Sri Lanka
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of Switzerland
Treaties of Turkey
Treaties of Ukraine
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United States
Treaties of Venezuela
1970 in the Netherlands
Treaties extended to Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Treaties extended to the Australian Antarctic Territory
Treaties extended to Christmas Island
Treaties extended to the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Treaties extended to Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Treaties extended to Norfolk Island
Treaties extended to Aruba
Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Treaties extended to Anguilla
Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
Treaties extended to Gibraltar
Treaties extended to Guernsey
Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
Treaties extended to Jersey
Treaties extended to Guam
Treaties extended to Puerto Rico
Treaties extended to the United States Virgin Islands
Treaties extended to the Coral Sea Islands
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau
Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
Treaties extended to West Berlin
20th century in The Hague
Judicial cooperation

Hague Evidence Convention


Waipapa Point is a rocky promontory on the south coast of Foveaux Strait, the South Island of New Zealand. It is located  southeast of the mouth of the Mataura River, at the extreme southwestern end of the area known as the Catlins.

The coastline of the Catlins is notoriously dangerous, and there have been many shipwrecks in the region. The most notable of these, and also one of New Zealand's worst shipping disasters, was the wreck of the passenger steamer Tararua, en route from Port Chalmers to Melbourne via Bluff, which foundered off Waipapa Point on 29 April 1881 with the loss of all but 20 of the 151 people aboard.

A lighthouse was built on the point in response to the tragedy; it began operating in 1884. With its sibling, the retired Kaipara North Head lighthouse, this was one of the last two wooden lighthouses built in New Zealand. It is still active, and was automated in 1976.

External links
Information sheet on lighthouse

Headlands of Southland, New Zealand
The Catlins
Foveaux Strait
Southland District

Waipapa Point


Darcy Ribeiro (October 26, 1922 – February 17, 1997) was a Brazilian anthropologist, historian, sociologist, author and politician. His ideas have influenced several scholars of Brazilian and Latin American studies. As Minister of Education of Brazil he carried out profound reforms which led him to be invited to participate in university reforms in Chile, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico and Uruguay after leaving Brazil due to the 1964 coup d'état.

Biography
Darcy Ribeiro was born in Montes Claros, in the state of Minas Gerais, the son of Reginaldo Ribeiro dos Santos and of Josefina Augusta da Silveira. He completed his primary and secondary education in his native town, at the Grupo Escolar Gonçalves Chaves and at the Ginásio Episcopal de Montes Claros. He is best known for development work in the areas of education, sociology and anthropology and for being, along with his friend and colleague Anísio Teixeira, one of the founders of the University of Brasília in the early 1960s. He also served as the first rector of that university, and the campus is named after him. He was the founder of the State University of Norte Fluminense (Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense) as well. He wrote numerous books, many of them about the indigenous populations of Brazil.

During the first mandate of governor Leonel Brizola in Rio de Janeiro (1983–1987), Darcy Ribeiro created, planned and directed the implementation of the "Integrated Centers for Public Instruction" (Centros Integrados de Ensino Público), a visionary and revolutionary pedagogical project of assistance for children, including recreational and cultural activities beyond formal instruction – making concrete the projects envisioned decades earlier by Anísio Teixeira. Long before politicians incorporated the importance of education for the development of Brazil into their discourse, Darcy Ribeiro and Leonel Brizola had already developed these ideals.

In the elections of 1986, Ribeiro was the Democratic Labor Party (PDT) candidate for the governorship of Rio de Janeiro, running against Fernando Gabeira (at that time affiliated with the Workers' Party), Agnaldo Timóteo of the Social Democratic Party (PDS) and Moreira Franco of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). Ribeiro was defeated, being unable to overcome the high approval rating of Moreira who was elected due to the popularity of the then-recent currency reform, the Cruzado Plan (Plano Cruzado). Another defeat was in 1994, when he was Brizola's running-mate in the presidential election; Darcy Ribeiro was also chief of staff (Ministro-chefe da Casa Civil) in the cabinet of President João Goulart, vice-governor of Rio de Janeiro from 1983 to 1987 and exercised the mandate of senator from Rio de Janeiro from 1991 until his death. Darcy Ribeiro was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters (Academia Brasileira de Letras) on October 8, 1992. His election was to Chair Number 11, which has as its Patron Fagundes Varela. He was formally received into the Academy on April 15, 1993, by author Cândido Mendes. He died in Brasília, aged 74.

Thought

Darcy Ribeiro's ideas belonged to the evolutionist school of sociology and anthropology, and his main influences were Neoevolutionists Leslie White and Julian Steward, and the Marxist archeologist V. Gordon Childe. He believed that people went through a "civilizatory process" beginning as hunter-gatherers. This "civilizatory process" was according to him marked by technological revolutions, and among these he stress the eight more important as the following:
the agricultural revolution
the urban revolution
the irrigation revolution
the metallurgic revolution
the livestock revolution
the mercantile revolution
the industrial revolution
the thermonuclear revolution

Ribeiro proposed also a classification scheme for Latin American countries where he identified "New Peoples" (Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, Venezuela etc.), that merged from the mix of several cultures; "Testimony Peoples" (Peru, Mexico, Ecuador, Guatemala and Bolivia), remnants of ancient civilizations; and Argentina and Uruguay, former "New Peoples" that became "Transplantated Peoples", essentially European, after massive immigration.<ref name=Larrain>Larraín, Jorge. Identidad chilena. 2001. Editorial LOM.</ref>

Selected works

 EthnologyCulturas e línguas indígenas do Brasil – 1957Arte plumária dos índios Kaapo – 1957A política indigenista brasileira – 1962Os índios e a civilização – 1970Uira sai, à procura de Deus – 1974Configurações histórico-culturais dos povos americanos – 1975Suma etnológica brasileira – 1986 (colaboração; três volumes).Diários índios – os urubus-kaapor – 1996

 Anthropology O processo civilizatório – etapas da evolução sócio-cultural – 1968As Américas e a civilização – processo de formação e causas do desenvolvimento cultural desigual dos povos americanos – 1970Os índios e a civilização – a integração das populações indígenas no Brasil moderno – 1970The culture – historical configurations of the American peoples – 1970 Os brasileiros – teoria do Brasil – 1972O dilema da América Latina – estruturas do poder e forças insurgentes – 1978O povo brasileiro – a formação e o sentido do Brasil – 1995

 RomancesMaíra – 1976O mulo – 1981Utopia selvagem – 1982Migo – 1988

 EssaysKadiwéu – ensaios etnológicos sobre o saber, o azar e a beleza – 1950Configurações histórico-culturais dos povos americanos – 1975Sobre o óbvio - ensaios insólitos – 1979Aos trancos e barrancos – como o Brasil deu no que deu – 1985América Latina: a pátria grande – 1986Testemunho – 1990A fundação do Brasil – 1500/1700 – 1992 (colaboração)O Brasil como problema – 1995Noções de coisas – 1995

 EducationPlano orientador da Universidade de Brasília – 1962A universidade necessária – 1969Propuestas – acerca da la renovación – 1970Université des Sciences Humaines d'Alger – 1972La universidad peruana – 1974UnB – invenção e descaminho – 1978Nossa escola é uma calamidade – 1984Universidade do terceiro milênio – plano orientador da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense'' – 1993

References

External links
Profile at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Fundação Darcy Ribeiro

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Brazilian anthropologists
Brazilian ethnologists
1922 births
1997 deaths
Vice Governors of Rio de Janeiro (state)
Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) politicians
Education Ministers of Brazil
Deaths from cancer in the Federal District (Brazil)
People from Montes Claros
20th-century anthropologists
Rectors of universities in Brazil
Candidates for Vice President of Brazil

Darcy Ribeiro


Alan  is a South African comic actor and qualified high school teacher.

 has performed on stage, television, radio and the Internet. In addition to his own, self-written shows,  has performed a number of other stage productions including Rob Becker's Defending the Caveman. He is particularly well known for his character 'Johan van der Walt', a highly officious, disturbingly pedantic, offensive security officer and part-time film critic.

Performance career

's own stage plays

Stressed for Success
Stressed to Kill
One Man One Remote
TV or not TV
Titanic on Ice
Once upon a Laugh  (with Robyn Scott)
Dracula - Unclotted (with Geatan Schmid)
Dick and Di
The Clown Jewels Part 2
The Clown Jewels Part 1

Appearing in

Rob Becker's Defending the Caveman
Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
Michael Frayn's Noises Off

Other appearances

Fleur du Cap Awards as Master of Ceremonies, Baxter Theatre, Cape Town (2008)
Stand Up South Africa Comedy Festival in London, UK (2002)
Smirnoff International Comedy Festival (1997–2003)

Television

Appearing as Johan van der Walt in M-Net's Laugh out Loud
Starring as Johan van der Walt in M-Net's Van der Walt's Fault
Cameo appearances in many SA sitcoms including Marc Lottering and Friends
Appearing in various TV adverts including FAMSA, Polo Classic, OK Bazaars, Castle Lager and Cadbury's
Character voice-over for SABC's animation series URBO.

Radio

Character voices for various radio spots
"Unofficial" film reviewer as Johan van der Walt for Nic Marais' breakfast show on KFM

Internet

Performed and co-wrote a number of viral ads for Rugby 365

Awards

Naledi Theatre Awards 'Best Comedy Performance (Male)' for Stressed To Kill (Johannesburg, 2008)
Fleur du Cap Awards 'Best Performance by an actor' in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (Cape Town, 2008)
S.A. Film & Television Awards 'Golden Horn for Best Supporting Actor in a TV Comedy' for 's role of Johan van der Walt (Johannesburg, 2007)

Education
Higher Diploma in Education, University of Cape Town
Performer's Diploma, University of Cape Town
Bachelor of Arts, University of Cape Town (1996)

References

External links
Alan 's website

Johan van der Walt's website
Video clips of  performing

Living people
1974 births
South African male comedians
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Cape Town alumni

Alan Committie


Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958) is an English heavy metal singer. He is the singer in the band Iron Maiden.

Biography
Dickinson was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire. He was born as Paul Dickinson, but changed his first name to Bruce.  As a teenager, he lived in Sheffield. This was where he started to listen to heavy metal music.  He sang in local bands during this time, after trying to play the drums.

In the early 1980s, Dickinson was part of the band Samson. He left Samson in 1981. Later that year, after Paul Di'Anno left Iron Maiden, Dickinson was chosen to be the band's new singer. During the 1980s, Iron Maiden was very popular, and Dickinson's singing was a big part of this.

In 1990, Dickinson made his first solo album, called Tattooed Millionaire.  In 1993, he left Iron Maiden to become only a solo artist.  He released five solo albums during the 1990s, but they were not as popular as his work with Iron Maiden had been.

In 1999, Dickinson joined Iron Maiden again, and soon after the band  made a new album, Brave New World. Since then, he has stayed as a part of Iron Maiden as well as recording music both by himself and with other people.

Other interests
Outside of music, Dickinson is interested in fencing, has written both books and a script based on one of his albums for a screenplay, and has worked in the radio industry.

He is also a pilot for Astraeus Airlines, and became marketing director for the airline in September 2010.

1958 births
Living people
British aviators
English rock singers
Iron Maiden members
Musicians from Nottinghamshire

Bruce Dickinson


A drop is a small bit of liquid, such as water, which is held together by surface tension.
It is normally thought of as falling.
Something that is dropping can sometimes be called dripping.
Drops are often circular in shape, and sometimes when light is refracted through them, it makes a rainbow effect. Rain is an example of when drops fall. Drops are also like bubbles, except they hold liquid instead of a gas, like air.

References

Matter

ps:څاڅکې

Drop


George William Grant McConachie (24 April 1909 – 29 June 1965) was a Canadian bush pilot and businessman who became CEO of Canadian Pacific Airlines (CPA).

He was born in Hamilton, Ontario, and grew up in Calder, Alberta. He developed an interest in aviation as a teen and obtained a pilot's license at age 20. Within a few years, he was running his own small fleet of bush aircraft including ski and float planes. His company delivered mail, freight, and supplies in the remote areas of the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and into the Yukon and Northwest Territories. His knowledge of the North led to aerial exploration work on the Canol Road project and a contract with the United States government to do aerial charting for the Alaska Highway.

McConachie sold his Yukon Southern Air Transport to Canadian Pacific Air Lines in 1941. Created through the acquisition of a number of similar small airlines, the new airline appointed him its general manager.

In 1947, the board of directors elected him CPA's president and he embarked on an expansion that made the company the second largest carrier in Canada and the dominant airline of the Canadian West. In 1949, McConachie obtained landing rights at the Tokyo and Hong Kong airports that opened the door to CPA's highly successful transpacific service to Australia, Asia and the South Pacific. Under McConachie, the airline would expand with transatlantic flights to Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands and south into Mexico and South America.

McConachie died June 29, 1965, while on a business trip to Long Beach, California. In 1972, author Ronald A. Keith published his biography under the title Bush Pilot with a Briefcase.

Honours
In 1945, McConachie was awarded the McKee Trophy for his pioneering contribution to Canadian aviation. In 1973, he was inducted posthumously into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame and following its formation in 1979, the Canadian Business Hall of Fame. Named in his honour, "Grant McConachie Way" in Richmond, British Columbia, is the access artery into Vancouver International Airport, home base for Canadian Pacific Air Lines. Through the Canadian Forces and the Air Cadet League of Canada, the "810 Grant McConachie Air Cadets" was formed in 1971. McConachie Peak is also named for him. The McConachie neighbourhood, in Edmonton, Alberta, is also named for him as part of the Pilot Sound residential area.

References

 Keith, Ronald A. Bush Pilot With A Briefcase; The Happy-Go-Lucky Story of Grant McConachie. (1972 - Doubleday, Toronto & New York)
 Alberta Online Encyclopedia – Alberta's Aviation Heritage

1909 births
1965 deaths
Aviation history of Canada
Aviation pioneers
Bush pilots
Canadian Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian aviators
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Businesspeople from Hamilton, Ontario

Grant McConachie


David Richard Cunliffe is a New Zealand politeecian, an a member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin New Lynn.

1963 births
John F. Kennedy School of Government fowk
Livin fowk
Companions o the Queen's Service Order
Members o the Cabinet o New Zealand
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand diplomats
New Zealand Labour Pairty leaders
New Zealand Labour Pairty MPs
New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates
New Zealand republicans
Fowk eddicatit at Atlantic College
Fowk frae Auckland
Varsity o Otago alumni
John F. Kennedy School of Government alumni
Fowk frae Te Aroha
Massey Varsity alumni
21st-century New Zealand politeecians

David Cunliffe


Transparency International's 2022 Corruption Perceptions Index gave Chile a score of 67 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Chile ranked number 27 among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked number 1 is perceived to have the most honest public sector. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 12 (ranked 180). For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among the countries of the Americas was 74, the average score was 43 and the lowest score was 14.

According to a 2021 study the regions of Ñuble, Los Lagos and Aysén are the most susceptible to suffer nepotism and elite capture.

Corruption in Chile
In December 2005 the mayor of Quillota, Luis Mella (Christian Democrat), alleged the government's Job-Making Program (PGE) paid political allies for work that was not performed. The Public Ministry and the comptroller then initiated parallel investigations into the potential illicit use of public funds. Although earmarked for employment programs, these resources were possibly diverted to the political campaigns of Socialist Party and Party for Democracy candidates in the Fifth Region during the 2005 congressional elections. The PGE investigations revealed that individuals paid to do public works actually spent their time campaigning for political parties.

Further investigations revealed that funds were also misused in other Fifth Region counties. Many midlevel public officials in the regional government, such as the former regional ministerial secretary of labor, were formally investigated, and several local officials were removed.

The government took remedial steps to control public employment programs, dismantling the PGE and designating three government agencies to manage recruitment of public works employers and workers and payment of wages.

In October a government audit revealed financial irregularities in Chiledeportes, a national program to promote amateur and professional sport activities. Opposition political figures charged that the funds had been diverted into the national political campaigns of ruling party figures, while the organization's director characterized the issue as "common crime."

The government removed all 13 Chiledeportes regional directors and initiated a broad-based investigation to determine the extent and nature of potential fraud or mismanagement. Congress created an investigative committee in February, and prosecutors brought charges of tax evasion and falsification of documents against some individuals. Executive, congressional, and judicial investigations were ongoing at year's end.

The Freedom of Information Act requires the government and its agencies to make all unclassified information about their activities available to the public. All government ministries and most public agencies have Web pages. In 2005 the NGO Participa released the results of a far-ranging survey, which found that national and local government agencies failed to respond to 69 percent of requests for information and provided incomplete or otherwise deficient responses to 14 percent of requests.

2006–2007 Chilean corruption scandals
The 2006–2007 Chilean corruption scandals were a series of events that have affected the Chilean governing Concertación coalition in 2006 and 2007.

Chiledeportes
In October 2006, it was discovered that 90% of the projects of Chiledeportes, the government's sports organization, had some sort of anomaly: either initiatives that were never started or false and nonexistent identities. The investigation into this mystery led to the arrest of Juan Michel, a prominent member of the Christian Democrat Party. Later, it was discovered that much of the money that went to Chiledeportes' Valparaíso Region branch was used to finance the political campaigns of Concertación members, mainly those of Party for Democracy deputies Laura Soto and Rodrigo González Torres. Twenty people were arrested because of this misuse of government funds.

Publicam
The crisis continued when it was discovered that Senator Guido Girardi, of the Party for Democracy, had used false bills from a nonexistent company, Publicam, in order to justify his campaign expenses to the Servicio de Impuestos Internos (Internal Tax Service). Some of the members of Girardi's campaign team, among them his lawyer, Dante Leoz, were arrested and accused of financial fraud. Girardi himself is currently under investigation, but there have been no charges. He has denied charges of corruption, but admits that he should have studied his campaign expenses more carefully.

Senator Fernando Flores, who leads the more liberal faction of the Party for Democracy, temporarily suspended his membership of the party, saying that it was ruled by a corrupt "gang". He later decided to rejoin, but in 2007 he resigned from the party permanently (see below).

The right-wing opposition (the Alliance for Chile) likened the Chiledeportes and Publicam cases to previous corruption scandals that took place during the administration of Ricardo Lagos. Former presidential candidate Sebastián Piñera (which later also was found linked to Publicam) said the scandals proved the government had few qualms about committing electoral fraud and intervention. Likewise, former presidential candidate Joaquín Lavín said that the victory of Lagos by a razor-thin 2.62% margin in 2000 could have been due to election fraud. No proof was ever given for such claim.

Whistleblowers

The crisis deepened when Edgardo Boeninger, a Christian Democrat and former Minister Secretary General of the Presidency, said in an interview with influential Chilean newspaper El Mercurio that "since the beginning of the Concertación it was thought that, since the private sector's money favored the right-wing parties, it would not be illegitimate to receive public [government] money.".
His declarations were supported by former deputy Jorge Schaulsohn, founder and former president of the Party for Democracy. Also in an interview with El Mercurio, Schaulsohn said that during the time he presided over his party, all of the four parties of the Concertación coalition received money from the government. Additionally, Schaulsohn reported that government money had also been used to directly finance the campaigns of Concertación candidates. He accused the government and the Concertación of an "ideology of corruption".

Lastly, former president and deputy of the Socialist Party Gonzalo Martner in another interview with El Mercurio declared that Schaulsohn's accusations were correct, and that "public resources were used to finance the activities of the political parties [of the Concertación]".

All the leaders of the Concertación denied the charges of Boeninger, Schaulsohn, and Martner. However, in El Mercurio former president Patricio Aylwin acknowledged that some ministers in his cabinet had been paid extra money that came from government reserved funds, though he denied the charges of an "ideology of corruption". Other former government officials agreed with these three whistleblowers.

Crisis in the PPD
Although all the parties denied receiving money from the government, only the Party for Democracy (PPD) took action against the whistleblowers. The Supreme Tribunal of the party requested that Schaulsohn testify and present evidence of corruption. Instead, Schaulsohn wrote a report stating his opinions. On December 28, the Tribunal decided to dismiss Schaulsohn from the party. This act caused outrage among many Concertación members, some of whom likened the Tribunal's decision to Stalin's purges. Many wondered why Schaulsohn had been dismissed but no such action was undertaken for Girardi, who is under investigation by the police for corruption. Former Minister of Public Works Juan Etcheberry resigned in protest of the "Stalinist" action of the Tribunal in dismissing Schaulsohn.

Senator Flores was one of the prime opponents of the Tribunal's decision. Because of the influence he wields in the party, it was expected that if he resigned, many other members, including more than a few deputies, would resign with him. Flores spoke with Schaulsohn at length during the time both of them stayed in the United States in New Year (Flores has a family in California and Schaulsohn was in New York City). His conferences with the Party of Democracy's president, Sergio Bitar, came to nothing. He then launched an independent political organization called Chile Primero (Chile First) in what many believed to be a prelude towards his resignation. He finally submitted his resignation in the morning of January 9, 2006.

Effects
Former President Michelle Bachelet, who belongs to the Concertación, has said little regarding the corruption scandals. Meanwhile, former President Patricio Aylwin has been the only one to acknowledge that there might have been corruption during his government, although he insists that if there was, it was not an "ideology" as Schaulsohn described it. Former President and current President of the Senate Eduardo Frei has denied there was corruption during his government, and former President Ricardo Lagos has done likewise.

The presidents of the four Concertación parties have all denied that their parties received or have ever received money from the government. The Socialist Party President Camilo Escalona was particularly enraged by Schaulsohn's remarks, and threatened to sue him for libel. Sergio Bitar of the Party for Democracy said he would not interfere with the Tribunal's decision to dismiss Schaulsohn, although he remarked it would've been better if he had not been dismissed. After Flores' resignation, Bitar declared that he had done "everything possible" to maintain party unity and that any "responsibility" lay on those who voluntarily left. Bitar maintained he hoped to have positive relations with Flores despite the latter's resignation. The next day, Flores supporter and deputy Esteban Valenzuela also resigned.

Investigations
The opposition Alliance for Chile pressed for investigations regarding the recent discoveries of corruption. The case is currently being investigated by Judge Macarena Rubilar, of the Second Criminal Court of Santiago. On January 6, she called Boeninger, Martner, and Genaro Arriagada (the latter had also spoken of corruption in the government) to testify. Schaulsohn testified before Judge Carlos Aránguiz of the Court of Appeals of Rancagua on January 10, upon his return from a New Years trip to New York City.

Meanwhile, the Alliance for Chile requested the creation of an investigative commission regarding the corruption in the Chamber of Deputies. The commission was originally headed by Nicolás Monckeberg, of the opposition, but the Concertación members of the commission requested that Monckeberg be censured for his supposedly "overagressive" interrogation of the chairman of Chiledeportes, Catalina Depassier. Monckeberg denied that he mistreated Depassier and the Alliance accused the Concertación of trying to halt the investigations. When Monckeberg was finally replaced by Enrique Jaramillo (a member of the Concertación), the Alliance withdrew from the commission in protest.

Instead, the Alliance decided to do their own investigation into the corruption, and presented their report the same day the Concertación presented the official one. The Alliance's report was much more critical than the official one, and accused PPD deputies Rodrigo González, Marco Antonio Núñez, Laura Soto, and Socialist deputy Marco Enríquez-Ominami to have been involved in corruption during their election campaigns. The official report limited itself to blaming the former independent of Valparaíso, Luis Guastavino. When the Chamber voted to accept the official report, the Christian Democrats decided to abstain, declaring that the electoral fraud and intervention that was uncovered benefited the Party of Democracy and the Socialist Party. Therefore, falling four votes short of the necessary 58 votes, the official report was rejected by the Chamber.

The Alianza's report, among other things, discovered that the head of Chiledeportes, Christian Democrat Catalina Depassier, lied about her credentials. In her official curriculum, Depassier stated that she had graduated with a license in philosophy from the University of Chile. In an interview with the press, Monckeberg stated that a phone call with the vice-headmaster of the university revealed that Depassier had never graduated from that institution. "The University explained that [Depassier] only studied Humanities there for a semester in '85. They also told us that in '84, [she] also studied for one semester in the school of Government and Public Service, which she left for academic reasons," Monckeberg said in an interview with El Mercurio.

On January 23, two days after Monckeberg's declarations, Depassier submitted her resignation to President Bachelet, which was approved. In a later press interview, Depassier apologized for the false information about her curriculum. She lashed out against the Alliance, accusing them of waging a "personal" campaign against her. The presidents of the UDI and National Renewal both denied that there was a "personal factor" in the accusations. The UDI president added, "It was she who lied to the country. She should not try to protect herself by blaming those who have made proven accusations against her".

Meanwhile, deputies Soto and González denied the charges that they had used government money to fund their election campaigns, saying the accusations were a "political maneuver by the right". On January 25, they "froze" their membership of the Party for Democracy, supposedly to avoid harming the party.

Trials
The Public Ministry formally charged Deputy Laura Soto with embezzlement for using state funds of the Programas de Generación de Empleo (PGE, Job Making Programs) to finance her 2005 electoral campaign on March 5, 2007. Soto refused to attend the hearing, and her attorney Juan Carlos Manríquez declared that she believed her presence was unnecessary. Manríquez also questioned the legality of subjecting a congressperson  to an investigation and trial. He criticized the Public Ministry for not having insufficient evidence and declared the Constitutional Tribunal should decide whether Soto should be investigated. Judge Jorge Abott responded by saying the Public Ministry would continue their investigation. Soto denied critics' assertions that she was "hiding" from the investigation and trying to use her position as deputy to halt them. She also denied any knowledge of the use of PGE money to fund her campaign.

The Public Ministry has announced it is also investigating Soto's daughter Marisol Paniagua, member of the municipal council of Valparaíso, and José Manuel Mancilla, Regional Secretary of Labor in the Valparaíso Region, for embezzling using the PGE money. Deputy Rodrigo González, facing the same charges, will be charged on April.

Laura Soto has been acquitted of all charges by the tribunal.

Notes

See also
List of political scandals in Chile
Pinocheques

General:
Crime in Chile

References

External links
 The Underside of Chilean Democracy by Alfredo Rehrens in "Harvard Review of Latin America" Spring 2004
Biography of Guido Girardi from the Chilean Library of Congress
Biography of Jorge Schaulsohn from the Chilean Library of Congress
Biography of Francisco Flores from the Chilean Library of Congress
Biography of Sergio Bitar from the Chilean Library of Congress
The Chiledeportes official webpage
Senator Fernando Flores' blog

Politics of Chile
Political scandals in Chile
Chile
Crime in Chile by type
Corruption
Corruption
Chile

Corruption in Chile


Bernard Greenhouse (born January 3, 1916; died May 13, 2011) was an American cellist.  He was particularly famous for playing chamber music and was one of the original members of the Beaux Arts Trio (a group of three musicians: a pianist, violinist and cellist).

Early life
Greenhouse was born in Newark, New Jersey to a musical family.  He started to learn the cello when he was nine.  He studied with Felix Salmond at the Juilliard School of Music in New York City.  Then he studied with the great cellist Emmanuel Feuermann.  He was also one of the very few students of the legendary cellist Pablo Casals.

When he started his career he soon became the principal cellist of the CBS Symphony Orchestra from 1938-1942 and he also played chamber music with the Dorian String Quartet.  After his studies with Casals he gave many solo recitals, but most of all he loved chamber music.

Career
In 1955, he met the violinist Daniel Guilet and the pianist Menahem Pressler in New York. Together they formed the Beaux Arts Trio.  This group became a world famous trio.  Bernard Greenhouse played with them until 1987.

At the time there were a few string quartets who were famous, but the idea of having success as a piano trio seemed strange. However, Columbia Artists asked them to play in 10 concerts, then they were offered 80 concerts.  Soon they were performing in Europe and then all over the world, giving about 130 concerts a year in the USA alone and making many recordings.

Bernard Greenhouse taught at the Julliard and Manhattan schools of music in New York and at several other music schools in the USA.

When he retired he went to live in Massachusetts.  There he gave lessons to talented young players, never charging them fees. Greenhouse was given many awards, including the Prix Mondial du Disque and the US Presidential Medallion 1985.

Greenhouse was still playing the cello at the age of 95.  He died in Wellfleet, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, on May 13, 2011.

References

American cellists
Musicians from New Jersey
1916 births
2011 deaths

Bernard Greenhouse


Front-End Engineering (FEE), or Front-End Engineering Design (FEED), is an engineering design approach used to control project expenses and thoroughly plan a project before a fix bid quote is submitted. It may also be referred to as Pre-project planning (PPP), front-end loading (FEL), feasibility analysis, or early project planning.

Overview
FEED is basic engineering, which comes after the Conceptual design or Feasibility study. FEE design focuses the technical requirements as well as rough investment cost for the project. FEED can be divided into separate packages covering different portions of the project. The FEED package is used as the basis for bidding for Engineering, Procurement and Construction contracts (EPC, EPCI, etc) and is used as the design basis (or Basis of Design).

A good FEED will reflect all of the client's project-specific requirements and avoid significant changes during the execution phase. FEED contracts usually take around 1 year to complete for larger-sized projects. During the FEED phase, there is close communication between Project Owners and Operators and the Engineering Contractor to work up the project-specific requirements.

Front-End Engineering focuses on technical requirements and identifying main costs for a proposed project. It is used to establish a price for the execution phase of the project and evaluate potential risks. It is typically followed by Detailed Design (or Detailed Engineering).  The amount of time invested in Front-End Engineering is higher than a traditional quote, because project specifications are thoroughly extracted, and the following typically developed in detail:

 Project Organization Chart
 Project Scope
 Defined civil, mechanical and chemical engineering
 HAZOP, safety and ergonomic studies
 2D & 3D preliminary models
 Equipment layout and installation plan
 Engineering design package development
 Major equipment list
 Automation strategy
 PFD – Process Flow Diagrams and P&ID – Piping and Instrumentation Diagram
 Project timeline
 Fixed-bid quote

Traditionally, all of these documents would be developed in detail during a design review after a quote has been agreed to. A company using FEED will develop these materials before submitting a quote.

Front-end engineering is typically used by design/build engineering firms. These firms may operate in various industries, including:
 Automation
 Process Industry
 Chemical processing
 Construction
 EPC
 EPCIC
 Equipment design
 Manufacturing
 Pharmaceuticals
 Petrochemicals
 Process system design
 Production line design
 Refining
 Machine Vision

FEE Methodology
FEE Methodology:
FEE is a way of looking at a project before completing detailed design. There is no set way to conduct a Front-End Engineering study. Generally, FEE requires an engineer or a group of engineers to thoroughly and logically consider a proposed project. Example considerations may include:
 Degree of automation – depending on the application being considered, automation may or may not be appropriate. Determining the amount of automation in the project will help determine equipment, labor costs, layout, and design.
 Rates and levels – to hit a certain rate or level of, for example, production, a certain amount of equipment, materials, and automation may be required. Determining key rates and parameters will have great effect on overall project costs and timeline
 Material specifications – Not all materials work well together, or can withstand the physical application. A basic engineering discipline is determining materials of construction, material compatibility etc.
 Standards and guidelines – every industry has standards and guidelines, and many industries are regulated. Any equipment, production facilities, manufacturing lines etc. developed for these industries must meet these standards and regulations and can have major impact on costs/time to project completion
 Assumptions, Exclusions, and potential problems: FEE seeks to identify potential problems, assumptions or exclusions that could affect the project during execution. Identifying these during the front-end planning stage so they can be accounted for is the goal of FEE.
Feed also includes the outline and stages of Expansions to happen in future, although the timeline is not specifically stated for such expansions. In such cases, the plot area allocated for expansion at certain stage is usually not transgressed.

References

Cost engineering

Front-end engineering


Carlo Alberto de Gavardo Prohens (14 July 1969 – 4 July 2015) was a Chilean motorist and motorcyclist. He has participated in numerous rallies worldwide, including the Dakar Rally and Rallye des Pharaons. He was the first Chilean motorcyclist to run the Paris-Dakar from beginning to end.

de Gavardo died of respiratory arrest in Buin, Chile, aged 45.

References

1969 births
2015 deaths
Chilean sportspeople

Carlo de Gavardo


Internet of things is an idea from computer science: connecting ordinary things like lights and doors to a computer network to make them "intelligent". An embedded system or a computer connects each thing together in a network and to the internet. Some technologies used for the internet of things are RFID and mesh nets.
The connections allow each thing to collect and exchange data, and we can control them remotely or by setting rules or chains of actions.  IoT improves the ease of life of humans and their daily activities. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020.

Examples
Examples where the internet of things has become reality:
Many postal companies offer tracking codes that offer customers the ability to check the status of their package in real-time.
Modern printers offer the option to order new ink cartridges when it runs out. The printer can easily query how much ink or toner is left in a cartridge and order a new one once it starts to run out or becomes empty.
Smart doorbells that offer a real-time video feed of your front door to prevent trespassing and provides an extra layer of security for residents when or when they are not at home.
Smart thermometers like Nest, that uses AI to learn your personal habits at home to monitor and control the temperature to make your living as comfortable as possible while also keeping the electricity cost low.
One of the most popular "Internet of things" devices known as Amazon Echo is a small device where you are able to interact to help improve your living conditions. It is able to help turn on your coffee machine, play songs, turn on lights, and much more.
Smart home appliances can be managed long distance, allowing you to turn them on and off anywhere.
Motion detection lights can turn on only when they sense someone at the door, reducing the need to have pathway lighting and lights on all night long.
Home security systems can include night vision, motion detection, and loud sirens to help you to get people off your property.

History
M2M, or Machine to Machine communication, was the first iteration of the IoT back in the 1980s. Early traces of this technology are also found in SCADA, (also known as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). As technology has continued to develop and new devices emerged, the M2M and SCADA technology gave way to IoT and a new age of data collection and transmission.

Criticism
These ideas have also been criticized. The main points of criticism are the following:

 Different people use different words to describe what the thing does.
There are many different kinds of devices, each has its own standard, but making the devices interact with each other or follow a common standard is difficult.
 The devices involved are usually simple, and only offer a limited functionality. By design they should be easy to use. Unfortunately, they are often insecure (for example, because there's an easy to guess password for administrating the device)
 Very often, there are concerns about privacy: An intelligent light switch that listens to a clap, or to a phrase will put the user under constant surveillance. The user doesn't know what kind of information/data is gathered, and how it is used.
 There may be issues with planned obsolescence: A device without a changeable battery will stop operating when the battery is old (and almost empty). Similarly, companies may choose to make a device unusable, by providing a new software, which also disables some of its features.
Because of its use in essential industries like infrastructure and healthcare, there are risks with using an IoT. Hackers may attempt to access the wealth of personal data being shared within the network. In this case, individuals, businesses, and even hospitals could be left vulnerable.

References

Computing

Internet of things


George Charles of Hesse-Kassel (8 January 1691 – 5 March 1755) was a prince of Hesse-Kassel and a Prussian General.

Life
George was the tenth and youngest son of the Landgrave Charles of Hesse-Kassel (1654-1730) from his marriage to Maria Amalia (1653-1711), the daughter of the Duke Jacob Kettler of Courland. His inheritance consisted of the fiefs Waltersbrück and Völkershausen.

He received his military training under King Frederick William I of Prussia. In 1723, he was promoted to lieutenant-general and appointed as governor of Minden.  He left the Prussian army in 1730. He later served as field marshal lieutenant in the Swedish army, as general in the Hessian army and as lieutenant general in the Imperial army.

He was probably very close friends with his elder brother, King Frederick of Sweden and visited him in Stockholm several times.

George Charles died in 1755, unmarried and childless.

References
Hans Philippi, Die Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel 1648 – 1806 = Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen, vol. 46 = Kleine Schriften, vol. 8, Marburg, 2007, , p. 44

House of Hesse
Lieutenant generals of Prussia
Military personnel from Kassel
Landgraves of Hesse
1691 births
1755 deaths
18th-century German people
Sons of monarchs

George Charles of Hesse-Kassel


The Runestaff is a novel by British author Michael Moorcock, first published in 1969 under the title The Secret of the Runestaff.

The novel is the fourth in Moorcock's four book The History of the Runestaff series, and the narrative follows on immediately from the preceding novel The Sword of the Dawn.

Plot summary

Book One
Baron Meliadus is summoned to an audience with King-Emperor Huon, where he is threatened with dismissal if he does not learn the means of the escape of the Asiacommunista emissaries. Meanwhile, Countess Flana wonders at the fate of Hawkmoon and her lover D'Averc.

Hawkmoon attempts to break free from his destiny by sailing to Europe, but finds his way blocked by numerous sea creatures which drive their ship to crash upon an island. On the island Hawkmoon and D'Averc meet the Warrior in Jet and Gold's brother Orland Fank, who gives them a boat to continue on their original journey to the city of Dnark. Orland informs Hawkmoon that the inhabitants of Castle Brass are safe, though Elvereza Tozer has escaped. Orland stays with Hawkmoon's crew to repair their ship, while Hawkmoon and D'Averc depart for Dnark.

Hawkmoon and D'Averc arrive back in Amarehk and find themselves in a strange city of glowing organic buildings. There they meet a child called Jehamia Cohnahlias who confirms that this is the city of Dnark – the home of the mythical Runestaff and inhabited by the ghostly forms of the Great Good Ones. There they also meet Count Shenegar Trott, who claims to be visiting as a peaceful emissary of King-Emperor Huon.

The next day Shenegar Trott leads an army to capture Dnark, threatening to kill Jehamia Cohnahlias if Hawkmoon tries to stop him claiming the Runestaff. Hawkmoon and D'Averc are rescued from Trott's forces by the Great Good Ones, who transport them to the location of the Runestaff. There they confront Shenegar Trott and find themselves joined by Orland Fank and the Warrior in Jet and Gold. Jehamia Cohnahlias frees himself from Trott's grasp, revealing himself as the spirit of the Runestaff, into which he disappears. Hawkmoon summons the Legion of the Dawn and they begin attacking Trott's forces, but Hawkmoon is knocked out in the fight and as he loses consciousness the Legion disappears. By the time he recovers consciousness and the Legion returns The Warrior in Jet and Gold has been killed. Hawkmoon kills Shenegar Trott and his army is defeated by the Legion of the Dawn. Jehamia Cohnahlias instructs Hawkmoon to take the Runestaff to Europe and decide the battle between himself and Meliadus once and for all.

Book Two
Baron Meliadus conspires with Countess Flana to overthrow King-Emperor Huon and enthrone Flana as Empress. Huon orders Meliadus's loyalty tested on the Mentality Machine but Baron Kalan agrees to doctor the results. Meliadus visits Taragorm who informs him of the return of Elvereza Tozer after his escape from Castle Brass, and that he will soon have the means to return Castle Brass to this dimension. King-Emperor Huon summons Meliadus and sends him on a mission to Amarehk to learn of Shenegar Trott's fate. Meliadus summons the various captains of his assembled army and convinces them to aid him in treason.

Hawkmoon and D'Averc are transported back to Castle Brass by the Great Good Ones, where Yisselda tells Hawkmoon she is to bear him a child.

Baron Meliadus leads his fleet back up towards Londra and begins his assault on Huon's forces. Meliadus meets Taragorm who tells him his device is now ready to transport Castle Brass back into this dimension. King-Emperor Huon's forces are pressed back towards the palace, and Huon dispatches a messenger by ornithopter to summon aid from his generals in Europe.

Book Three
Taragorm uses his sonic device to shatter the crystal device that is keeping Castle Brass in another dimension, and the castle returns to the destroyed Kamarg. In a nearby village Hawkmoon finds that the Dark Empire army has left, but have destroyed the village behind them. Orland Fank appears and gives Hawkmoon and company a collection of mirrored helmets to be worn by the leaders of the Kamarg: Hawkmoon, Count Brass, D'Averc, Oladahn, Bowgentle, and Yisselda.

Baron Meliadus's forces are swelled by those of Adaz Promp as he joins forces.  Kalan creates a war machine to breach the walls of the palace, but after it does so it explodes, killing Taragorm in the process. Meliadus breaches the throne room and kills King-Emperor Huon, but suffers temporary blindness from the flash of Huon's shattered throne globe.

Hawkmoon and his army cross into Granbretan and defeat the awaiting Dark Empire army, forcing Meliadus to flee back to Londra by ornithopter.  Kalan works on a device to reactivate the Black Jewel embedded in Hawkmoon's skull, and Hawkmoon begins to feel the effects, though the Red Amulet holds its full power at bay.

Hawkmoon and his army attack Londra and Oladahn, Count Brass, Bowgentle, and D'Averc are all killed. Hawkmoon kills Baron Meliadus though his army is overrun by the Dark Empire forces. Overwhelmed with grief at D'Averc's death Flana stops the fighting and orders Kalan to remove the Black Jewel from Hawkmoon's head. Flana vows to make amends for Granbretan's evil and Orland Fank takes the Runestaff, the Red Amulet, and the Sword of the Dawn into safekeeping, till Hawkmoon should need them again.

References

1969 British novels
1969 science fiction novels
British fantasy novels
Novels by Michael Moorcock
Lancer Books books

The Runestaff


Fernando Consag, known in his native Croatian as Ferdinand Konščak (December 2, 1703 – September 10, 1759), was a Croatian Jesuit missionary, explorer and cartographer, who spent most of his life in Mexico, in Baja California.

Education
Consag was born in Varaždin, Croatia, and attended primary and secondary school in his native city. At sixteen he finished the expected grades and was admitted to the novitiate of the Society of Jesus in Trencsén, Hungary (now Trenčín, Slovakia), where he stayed for two years. He was then sent to Leoben in Styria to study classics, stylistics, and rhetoric. Later he studied philosophy in Graz, Austria and in 1725–1726 he lectured on the elements of grammar at the Jesuit Academy in Zagreb in Croatia. In 1726–1727 he taught classical studies at a secondary school in Buda in Hungary. In 1728 Consag published a collection of poems titled Nagadia versibus latinus, which is kept at Budapest. From 1727 to 1729 he studied theology at the University of Graz.

Missionary
In 1729, Consag left for Cádiz in Spain, then went to North America, where he was active as a missionary on New Spain's Baja California Peninsula (today part of Mexico), from 1732 to the end of his life. His headquarters was at Mission San Ignacio. From 1748 he acted as the superior of the mission and later, in 1758, inspector of all missions in Baja California. Consag spoke various dialects of the local Cochimí language. He directed and oversaw the building of new missions, aqueducts, embankments, drainage channels, and the first silver mines. He died at San Ignacio in 1759.

Expeditions
Consag mounted three expeditions (in 1746, 1751 and 1753) systematically exploring previously unknown parts of the peninsula.

In June and July 1746 he was sent by sea to the head of the Gulf of California in order to investigate the disputed question of whether Baja California was an island. Although he closely followed the coast and reached the Colorado River, the issue continued to be in dispute for nearly another three decades

His second expedition comprised a journey by land across the peninsula to the Pacific coast. The third expedition went up the western side of the peninsula, to around 30 degrees of latitude near Bahía San Luis Gonzaga.

During his expeditions, Consag recorded information on the peninsula's unknown topography, natural resources, and native inhabitants.

Maps and writings
On the basis of the data obtained, Consag made a precise map of Baja California (1748) and a map of the Gulf of California (around 1750).

His maps of the regions explored were popular at the time frequently copied and used. Denis Diderot and D'Alembert used some of them within the French encyclopedia, where his name is cited as "P. Consaqua". Alexander von Humboldt used the maps in his work Carte generale ... de la Nouvelle Espagne, (Paris, 1804). The same is the case with Arrowsmith in his book Map of America, published in London in 1805.

His diaries, after his death translated and reprinted into many languages, were published during his lifetime by Villa-Señor y Sanchez, Ortega-Balthasar, and Venegas-Buriel.

The 1761 copy of his manuscript on California is held in the British Museum. His Carta del P. Fernando Consag de la Compañia de Jesus, Visitador de las Misiones de Californias are kept at:

 British Museum in London
 Library of Congress in Washington
 John Carter Library in Providence, Rhode Island
 Honnold-Mudd Library of the Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California
 The Huntington Library in San Marino, California

Seven copies of maps are published by Ernest J. Burrus.

Consag's name has also been associated with two anonymous accounts of Baja California: Descripción compendiosa de lo descubierto y conocido de la California and Adiciones to the same. Homer Aschmann in 1966 and Damir Zorić in 2000 suggested that Consag was the author of the second of these, while Miguel León-Portilla in 1988 suggested that he wrote the first.

Legacy

There is an outcrop in the northern Gulf of California named Roca Consag, located offshore near San Felipe. Consag mapped many water springs so that even today there are shops and other facilities in California bearing his name like "Licores Konsag", (Liquor Store and Market), "Konsaqua" (purified water).

References
 Aschmann, Homer. 1959. The Central Desert of Baja California: Demography and Ecology. Iberoamericana, Vol. 42. University of California, Berkeley.
 Aschmann, Homer. 1966. The Natural and Human History of Baja California. Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles.
 Burrus, Ernest J. 1967. La obra cartográfica de la Provincia Mexicana de la Compañía de Jesús, 1567–1967. J. Porrúa Turanzas, Madrid.
 Barco, Miguel del. 1988. Historia natural y crónica de la antigua California. Edited by Miguel León-Portilla. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City.
 Consag, Ferdinand. 1985. Descripción compendiosa de lo descubierto y conocido de la California, 1746. Edited by Catalina Velázquez Morales. Centro de Investigaciones Históricas UNAM-UABC, Mexicali, Mexico.
 Dunne, Peter Masten. 1952. Black Robes in Lower California. University of California Press, Berkeley.
 Krmpotić, M. D. 1923. The Life and Works of the Reverend Ferdinand Konschak S.J. Stratford, Boston.
 Lazcano Sahagún, Carlos. 2001. Fernando Consag: textos y testimonios. Fundación Barco, Municipalidad de Varazdin, Museo de Historia de Ensenada, Seminario de Historia de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico.
 Ortega, José de. 1944. Apostólicos afanes de la Compañía de Jesús en su provincia de México. Luis Álvarez y Álvarez de la Cadena, Mexico City.
 Venegas, Miguel. 1757. Noticia de la California y de su conquista temporal, y espíritual hasta el tiempo presente. 3 vols. M. Fernández, Madrid.
 Zevallos, Francisco. 1968. The Apostolic Life of Fernando Consag, Explorer of Lower California. Edited by Manuel P. Servin. Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles.
 Zorić, Damir. 2000. Misionar i kultura drugih: etnologijska istraživanja Ferdinanda Konšćaka (1703–1759) u donjoj Kaliforniji. HKD Napredak, Sarajevo, Bosnia.

External links
Croatian Cartographers

1703 births
1759 deaths
University of Graz alumni
Croatian explorers
Hungarian expatriates in the Spanish Empire
Explorers of North America
Croatian Jesuits
Croatian cartographers
History of Baja California
Croatian Roman Catholic missionaries
Burials in Mexico
People from Varaždin
Explorers of Mexico
Jesuit missionaries
Croatian expatriates in Mexico
Roman Catholic missionaries in New Spain
History of Varaždin

Fernando Consag


A medicine wheel is a stone structure built by the natives of North America for spiritual and ritual purposes.

They appear mostly in Alberta, Canada. They were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern. They often look like a wagon wheel laying flat.  They could be large, reaching up to 75 feet across.

Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American traditions. However, the meaning is usually not shared outside the tribe.

Other websites
What is a Medicine Wheel?

Spirituality
Religious symbols
Religious buildings

Medicine wheel


Eye makeup is a type of cosmetics which aims to make the eyes look noticeable and attractive. It is mostly used by females, and by stage performers of all types. Eye makeup is an important part of the fashion and cosmetic industries.

The idea can be taken much further. The colour of the eye can be altered by using contact lenses. Glitter and other appliqués can be stuck on near the eye. Fake eyelashes or eyelash extensions are possible.

Mascara
Mascara is a cosmetic used to darken, colour, thicken, lengthen, or define eyelashes. Historically, it was (and still is) usually black, but now it also comes in many colours and tints. Mascara comes in three forms: liquid, cake, and cream. It is available in tubes with wand applicators. Ingredients in mascara include water, wax thickeners, film-formers, and preservatives.

Eye shadow

Eye shadow is a cosmetic that is applied on the eyelids and under the eyebrows. The average distance between eyelashes and eyebrows is twice as big in women as in men. Pale eye shadow visually enlarges this area and has a feminising effect.

Eye shadow can be applied in a variety of ways depending upon the desired look. Typically application is done using sponges, fingers, and/or brushes. The most important aspect of applying eye shadow, and makeup in general, is blending well.

To remove eye shadow, a commercial eye makeup remover may be used, though a face wash will usually remove all traces of colour. Generally it is easy to remove, and simple water and soap can be used. Eye shadow, eyeliner, and mascara may also be removed using baby oil or olive oil. There are also makeup wipes that may be used.

Eye liner
Eye liner is a cosmetic used to define the eyes. It is applied around the contours of the eye, along and above the edges of the eyelids where the eyelashes grow. Often applied just on the outer half of the eye.

Creating a baseline  is the first step in applying liner. It provides a level surface that makes it easier to apply the liner and gives you more control

Types
Depending on its texture, eyeliner can be softly smudged or clearly defined. There are six main types available on the market:
 Liquid eyeliner is an opaque liquid that usually comes in a small bottle and is applied with a tiny brush or felt applicator. It creates a sharp, precise line.
 Powder-based eye pencil is eyeliner in a wood pencil. It is generally available in dark matte shades.
 Wax-based eye pencils are softer pencils and contain waxes that ease application. They come in a wide variety of intense colours as well as paler shades such as white or beige. Wax-based eyeliners can also come in a cone or a compact with brush applicator.
 Gel eye liner, which can easily be applied with an eyeliner brush.
 Kohl eyeliner pencil is known for its creamy consistency. It is often used to create a smokey eye effect. Because of its texture, it may not be the best choice for an eyeliner that you want to stay put.
 Eyeshadow or cake liner applied to the eyelid with an angle brush can serve as a more natural-looking alternative to heavy eyeliner. Cake liners look like pressed shadows that turn into a creamy liquid when you dip a wet brush into them.

Kohl
Kohl is an ancient black eye pigment which survives to the present day in the Mediterranean, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. It was a dark-colored powder made of crushed galena (lead sulfide) and/or antimony, burnt almonds, lead, cupric oxide, ochre, ash, malachite, or any combination of them. It may be used as an eye liner, mascara or eyeshadow.

The upper and lower eyelids were painted in a line that extended to the sides of the face for an almond effect. In addition to reducing sun glare, it was believed that kohl eyeliner could restore good eyesight and reduce eye infection. Kohl was kept in a small, flat-bottomed pot with a wide, tiny rim and a flat, disk-shaped lid.

According to images of the time, the use of makeup was not limited to women. Highly polished silver and copper mirrors aided the application of makeup.

References

Cosmetics
Body art

Eye makeup


Holbrook Mann MacNeille (May 11, 1907 – September 30, 1973) was an American mathematician who worked for the United States Atomic Energy Commission before becoming the first Executive Director of the American Mathematical Society.

Personal life
MacNeille was born May 11, 1907, in New York City and was raised in Summit, New Jersey, the first of two brothers. His father was Perry Robinson MacNeille, an architect and urban planner and his mother Clausine Mann MacNeille who was active on the Summit Board of Education. His aunt was the Jungian analyst Kristine Mann.

MacNeille went to the Summit Public Schools and summered in Bailey Island, Maine. At Bailey Island he became acquainted with Frank Aydelotte who encouraged him to go to Swarthmore College from which he graduated with highest honors in 1928. Following in Aydelotte's footsteps he was a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, England 1928–1930 receiving a B.A. in 1930 and an M.A. in 1947. He received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Harvard University in 1935 where he was the first student of Marshall Harvey Stone, was a Sterling Fellow at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut 1935–1936 and a Benjamin Peirce Instructor at Harvard between 1936–1938. During the summers he was also a partner in the Dave Richardson Laboratories in Bailey Island, Maine, which produced dogfish prepared for dissection at school laboratories.

MacNeille's Ph.D work resulted in the MacNeille completion theorem, a generalization of the construction of real numbers from the ordered set of rationals by Dedekind cuts.

Upon completing his studies, he taught mathematics at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, as an associate professor (1938–1941), full professor (1941–1947) and chairman of the department (1945–1947).

World War II
During several of the years at Kenyon College he was on leave as Scientific Liaison Officer (1944–1945) and Head of Mission (1945–1946) London Mission of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, American Embassy  in London, England. During (1946–1948) he was Scientific Director of the London Branch Office of the U.S. Office of Naval Research and then during (1948–1949) spent more than a year as chief of the fundamental research branch of the Atomic Energy Commission in Washington, D.C. In 1948 he received the President's Certificate of Merit from President Harry S. Truman.

After World War II
In November 1949 he became executive director of the American Mathematical Society where he served until 1954. From 1954–1961 he was professor and chairman of the Department of Mathematics at Washington University in St. Louis, and then from 1961 professor and chairman of the Department of Mathematics at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, until his death.

During this latter period he became interested in teaching, and directed several educational movies as part of the Calculus Film Project of the Educational Media Committee of the Mathematical Association of America.

He was killed accidentally when hit by a car while riding his bicycle.

Filmography
 "Area under a curve"
 "The definite integral"
 "Volume of a solid of revolution"
 "Infinite acres"
 "Volume of a solid of a revolution"
 "Volume by shells"
 "Theorem of the Mean Policeman"

Awards and other positions
 Rhodes Scholarship (1928) (Swarthmore College, Balliol)
 John William Sterling Research Fellowship, Yale University (1936–1936)
 Benjamin Peirce Instructor in Mathematics, Harvard University (1936–1938)
 President's Certificate of Merit, President Harry S. Truman (1948)
 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics council (1961–1964)
 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science council (1964)
 Chairman of the Mathematics Association of America committee on Educational Media (1962–1963)
 Phi Beta Kappa
 Associate editor Sigma Xi Mathematics Magazine (1962–1963)

Publications
 1936: "Extensions of Partially Ordered Sets", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 22(1): 45–50
 1937: Partially Ordered Sets, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 42(3): 416–460
 1938: "Extensions of Measure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Apr. 15, 1938), pp. 188–193
 1939: "Lattices and Boolean Rings", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
 1939: Extension of a distributive lattice to a Boolean ring, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
 1941: A Unified Theory of Integration, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 27

References

 P.T. Johnstone, (August 14, 1986) Stone Spaces, Cambridge University Press,
 Everett Pitcher (1997) A History of the Second Fifty Years, American Mathematical Society, 1939-1988, page 251, American Mathematical Society
 Who was who in America (1976) Marquis Who's Who, Volume VI, 1974–1976, Chicago,

1907 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American Rhodes Scholars
Bailey Island (Maine)
Harvard University Department of Mathematics faculty
Harvard University faculty
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Harvard University alumni
Kenyon College faculty
Scientists from New York City
People from Summit, New Jersey
Yale University alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Washington University in St. Louis mathematicians
Swarthmore College alumni
Mathematicians from New York (state)

Holbrook Mann MacNeille


Kieran Kelly (25 June 1978 – 12 August 2003) was an Irish jump jockey who died as a result of a racing accident.

Kelly was born in County Kildare and achieved his first Cheltenham Festival success in March 2003 on Hardy Eustace in the Royal & SunAlliance Novices' Hurdle.

He was critically injured in a fall in on 8 August 2003 at Kilbeggan racecourse and remained on life support in Beaumont Hospital in north Dublin. He died four days later at the age of 25.

References

1978 births
2003 deaths
Irish jockeys
Jockeys who died while racing
Equestrians from County Kildare
Sport deaths in the Republic of Ireland

Kieran Kelly (jockey)


Nako, Nakon, Nakko, or Nacco (flourished 954 – c. 966) was an Obotrite leader who, along with his brother Stoigniew, led the forces of a Slavic confederacy in a revolt against the Germans, especially Herman Billung, Duke of Saxony.

In 955 Nako and Stoignew were defeated at the Battle of Recknitz by Otto I of Germany. While Stoignew was beheaded, Nako probably accepted Christianity, because there followed roughly thirty years of peace, during which, according to Adam of Bremen, the Slavs were Christian. Nako and his successors, the Nakonids, resided in a "ringwall" of fortresses: Mecklenburg, Starigard, Liubice, and Lenzen (Lunkini). When the Sephardic geographer Abraham ben Jacob travelled through the territory, he referred to Mecklenburg, Nako's principal palace, as "Nako's castle."

He was succeeded by his sons Mstivoj and Mstidrag, but they abandoned Christianity and revolted against the Germans again.

References

Obotrite princes
10th-century births
960s deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain

Nako (Obotrite prince)


In the United States military, the Mark I NAAK, or MARK I Kit, ("Nerve Agent Antidote Kit") is a dual-chamber autoinjector: Two anti-nerve agent drugs—atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride—each in injectable form, constitute the kit. The kits are only effective against the nerve agents tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD) and VX.

Typically, U.S. servicemembers are issued three MARK I Kits when operating in circumstances where chemical weapons are considered a potential hazard. Along with the three kits are issued one CANA (Convulsive Antidote, Nerve Agent) for simultaneous use. (CANA is the drug diazepam or Valium, an anticonvulsant.) Both of these kits are intended for use in "buddy aid" or "self aid" administration of the drugs prior to decontamination and delivery of the patient to definitive medical care for the condition.

A newer model, the ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Auto-Injector), has both the atropine and the pralidoxime in one syringe, allowing for simplified administration.

The use of a Mark 1 or ATNAA kit inhibits the nerve agents' purpose, thereby reducing the number of fatal casualties in the advent of chemical warfare. The kits should only be administered if nerve agents have been absorbed or inhaled.

References

 U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Medical Management of Chemical Casualties Handbook, Third Edition (June 2000), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, pp 118-126.

Military medicine in the United States

Antidotes
Drug delivery devices

Mark I NAAK


Andrea Landini (10 December 1847  –  1935) was an Italian painter.

Bibliography
He was born in Florence. He began his studies in design at Academy of Fine Arts of Florence under professor Riccardo Pasquini, and from there moved to the studio of professor Antonio Ciseri. He also painted and exhibited in Paris. He was mainly a portrait artist, but has also painted genre subjects. Among his main genre works are: The Seduction and The Return. Among his many portraits, many life size, are those of Signora Guerrazzi of Livorno; of contessa Lavinia Bocca; of Landini's sister; of the writer signora Elena Landini Ruffino; and finally a commissioned portrait of the Princess of Wales. Also notable is the portrait of the Countess di Pralormo, and the portrait of the boy of the contessa Laparelli Pitti. Landini also painted still-life paintings of flowers.

The British Museum has image of a number of paintings depicting individuals in period dress and in elegant interiors, typically a cardinal, indoors enjoying a meal or drink, and animated or contented with a conversation or game with his pet dog.

Gallery

References

1847 births
1935 deaths
Painters from Florence
19th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
20th-century Italian painters
Italian genre painters
Italian costume genre painters
Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze alumni
19th-century Italian male artists
20th-century Italian male artists

Andrea Landini


Rubik is a town in northern Albania. It lies along national highway SH30. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Mirditë. The population at the 2011 census was 4,454. The municipal unit consists of the town of Rubik at its center and eleven peripheral villages: Fang, Katund i Vjeter, Bulshizë, Rasfik, Fierzë, Munaz, Rreja e Velës, Livadhëza, Vau Shkjezë, Rrethi i Eperm, Bulgër, and Rreja e Zezë. It holds the site of the Rubik Monastery Church, build in the 12th century AD.

Demographics

According to 2006 data, 2277 families or 8094 people reside in Rubik Municipality's jurisdiction. Of those 2277 families, about 1070 reside in the central town of Rubik which constitutes about 3736 people.  The remaining 53% of the population, or 1207 families with 4358 people, inhabit the eleven villages within Rubik Municipality's administrative area.

Culture

Rubik Monastery Church is the first building in Rubik that a traveler will notice as they drive along the Fan River. Towering over the small community of Rubik, the Franciscan monastery sits a top a white cliff as if observing the daily activities of the city.  Originally established in 1166 as one of four Benedictine Conventions in the Mirdita region of present day Albania, the church represents the ascension of Jesus Christ following his 40-day return after Easter.  The Benedictines of Rubik later delivered the Church to the Franciscan Order in Albania sometime around the year 1217 due to destruction of many lands and churches by Vandal Turkish Armies.   Only five Franciscan conventions survived the Turkish raids of the time: that of Sebaste (Kurbin), Lezhe, Rubik, Mamli, and Bishti i Muzhlit (Durrës), which had more than 40 friars in total.  The Franciscans who refused to accept the catastrophes the order had experienced established seven hospices (special housing for sheltering missionaries) the second of which was established in Rubik in the 16th century and was responsible for the populations of Fan, Kthelle, Selite, Lure, and Cidhen.

Throughout the 17th century the Franciscans of Rubik were active in a very large geographical region that incorporated a wide network of missionaries.  Complete restoration of the area was carried out in the 19th century through opening of many religious institutions and reorganization of many churches with two main centers: the Franciscan Convention of Trashan in 1882 and the Franciscan Convention of Novitiate, (located in Rubik) in 1898.  As centers of theology and philosophy, conventions were at the same time important educational centers where Greek-Roman literature and philosophy were taught. The religious complex, consisting of the Church, parish Cell, Bell Tower, hospices, and College, were built with a unique architecture and graphic artistic presentation (frescoes) that was almost completely destroyed by Communist leadership in 1967 during the dictatorship of Enver Hoxha.  In order to dissuade alignment to any other organization other than the Party of Labour, the last Franciscan Father Leon Kabashi was banished and a majority of the Church properties were destroyed including frescoes, the library, archive, relics, and most of the Church and Hospice walls.

Following the fall of communism in Albania and the rise of a Democratic state, national cultural monuments are beginning to experience restoration and protection.  The Catholic Church in collaboration with the Albanian government has restored the walls of the Church of Ascension in Rubik and the frescoes are currently being restored in Italy.  Although the Church was not restored to its original architectural state, the Municipality of Rubik is currently in the planning process of removing the new walls where original stone reside and restoring the Church to a more historically correct state.

In recent years, many emigres are returning home and have started building hotels and restaurants featuring local tradition and specialties. The village of Katund i Vjeter is slowly becoming an important tourist destination in Rubik, and Mirdite region in general.

Sports

The city's favorite sport is football. Its main football team is KF Mirdita and is playing in the Albanian Third Division.

References

Administrative units of Mirditë
Former municipalities in Lezhë County
Towns in Albania

Rubik (town)


A socialist country is a sovereign state in which everyone in society equally owns the factors of production.

The four factors of production are labor, capital goods, natural resources and entrepreneurship.

In a socialist country, people account for individual needs and social needs. The resources of the country go to both types of needs. Social needs include things like education, healthcare, defense, transportation and the preservation of natural resources, as well as caring for people who can't contribute to production (such as children, the elderly and the disabled).

Everyone in a socialist society receives a share of the production based on their individual needs and most things aren't bought with money because they are distributed based on needs and not on means. If a person wishes to have more goods, they need to work more for this, but that would be more easy than in a capitalist society where most of the production don't stay in the hands of the worker.

The most socialist countries in the world include:
 China
 Cuba
 Laos
 Vietnam
 Wa State
 Transnistria

Former socialist countries include:
 Soviet Union
 Yugoslavia
 East Germany
 Democratic Kampuchea

A socialist country is vastly different from countries that practice capitalism.

The main goal of a socialist society is to end exploitation and improve the quality of life of their citizens.

In a socialist society the logic of the profit dosen't exist so normally things will be cheaper and divided equally.

Forms of government

Socialist country


Alan H. Weisman (born March 24, 1947) is an American author, professor and journalist.

Education and career
Weisman was born on March 24, 1947, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He holds a bachelor's degree in literature and a master's degree in journalism from Northwestern University. From 2004 to 2013, he was Laureate Professor in Journalism and Latin American Studies at the University of Arizona, where he led an annual field program in international field journalism. He has also taught writing and journalism at Prescott College and Williams College and has been a Fulbright Scholar in Colombia.

Work
He has written several books and won numerous international awards for his work in journalism and literature. His works include the critically acclaimed The World Without Us, which describes a post-human scenario of the planet and Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth?, was short listed for a Los Angeles Times science and technology book prize. Among his other works are Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World (1998), winner of the Social Inventions Award from the Global Ideas Bank, An Echo In My Blood (1999), La Frontera: The United States Border With Mexico and We, Immortals (1979). His reports from around the world have appeared in Harper's, The New York Times Magazine, the Los Angeles Times magazine, the Atlantic Monthly, Orion, Audubon, Mother Jones, Discover, Condé Nast Traveler, Resurgence and several anthologies, including The Best American Science Writing 2006.

Weisman is also a producer of radio documentaries for Homelands Productions, creating reports for National Public Radio and American Public Media.

Awards and media attention
Among his awards and citations are the Four Corners Award for Best Nonfiction Book, The Wenjin Prize from the National Library of China, a Los Angeles Press Club Award for Best Feature Story, a Best of the West Award in Journalism, a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Citation, the Unity Media Award, the Brazilian government's Premio Nacional de Jornalismo Radiofonico, and major grants from The Ford Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Rockefeller Foundation and the MacArthur Foundation. His book The World Without Us was a finalist for the National Book Critics' Circle Award, the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize, the Orion Prize, and the Rachel Carson Environment Book Award. Countdown won the 2013 Paris Book Festival Prize for nonfiction, the 2014 Los Angeles Times Book Prize, the 2014 Nautilus Gold Book Award, the Population Institute's 2014 Global Media Award for best book, and was a finalist for the Orion Prize and the Books for a Better Life Award.

Weisman appeared as a guest on The Daily Show on August 21, 2007, and on Real Time with Bill Maher on March 14, 2014.

1998 Social Inventions Award, Global Ideas Bank, Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World
2007 National Book Critics Circle Award finalist in Nonfiction, The World Without Us
2007 Time magazine's Best Books of the Year, Nonfiction #1, The World Without Us
2007 Salon Book Award, The World Without Us
2008 Book Sense Book of the Year Honor Book, Nonfiction, The World Without Us
2008 Orion Book Award Finalist, The World Without Us
2008 ALA Notable Books for Adults, The World Without Us
2013 Paris Book Festival Prize for nonfiction, Countdown
2014 Los Angeles Times Book Prize (Science and technology) winner for Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth?
2014 Nautilus Gold Book Award, Countdown
2014 Population Institute's 2014 Global Media Award for best book, Countdown
2014 Orion Book Award Finalist, Countdown
2014 Books for a Better Life Award Finalist, Countdown

Personal life
Though many call him a misanthrope, Weisman asserts that he is not. He believes "birds aren't the only thing that can sing on this planet".
Weisman lives in Massachusetts with his wife, Beckie Kravetz, who is a sculptor and mask maker.

Bibliography
1986 LA Frontera: The United States Border With Mexico
1998 Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World
1999 An Echo in My Blood: The Search for My Family's Hidden Past
2007 The World Without Us
2013 Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth?

References

External links

 Alan Weisman at Homelands Productions
 Alan Weisman's University of Arizona faculty page

American male journalists
American non-fiction environmental writers
Medill School of Journalism alumni
University of Arizona faculty
Writers from Minneapolis
Williams College faculty
1947 births
Living people
Activists from Minnesota
Scientists from Minnesota
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
Scientists from Minneapolis
Fulbright alumni

Alan Weisman


Louis-Frédéric Brugère (8 October 1823, in Orléans – 11 April 1888, in Issy) was a Roman Catholic professor of apologetics and church history.

He studied with the Christian Brothers at St. Euverte, and at the Petit Séminaire of Orléans. His poem of 300 lines describing an inundation of the Rhône and composed in 1841 was printed and sold for the benefit of the flood victims at Lyon. He entered the Grand Séminaire of Orléans in 1841 and the Paris Séminaire in 1845, where he received the degrees of Bachelor of Licentiate and Doctor. From 1846 to 1861, with the exception of two years spent as assistant in the parish of St. Aignan, Brugère taught the classics and philosophy in the Orléans diocesan college of La Chapelle-saint-Mesmin. In 1862 he entered the Society of Saint-Sulpice and was appointed professor of apologetics in the seminary of Paris where, in 1868, he occupied the chair of church history in addition to his other labours.

Brugère's teaching was characterized by rare tact and discernment. It was his conviction that, in order to assist in the establishment of communication between the naturally darkened mind and the radiance of revealed truth, the Christian apologist must consider the individual mental attitudes of those whom he would direct. Thus he was a strong advocate of the methodus ascendens ab intrinseco, which was introduced towards the end of the fifteenth century, described in the Catholic Encyclopedia this way:

[It] holds that the apologist should first arouse interest by setting forth the needy condition of the human soul, with its problems unsolved and its cravings unsatisfied; then gradually suggest the unchanging organization which offers satisfaction and peace. Curiosity and interest thus intensified, and the admirable adjustment of Christianity to the needs of the soul once recognized, fairmindedness urging further research, the honest inquirer will learn how moral certitude, though differing from metaphysical and physical certitude, is nevertheless true certitude, excluding all reasonable fear of error, and is not to be confounded with probability, however great. Thus, only when prepared to recognize in the genuine miracle the credentials of the Divinity, may this inquirer be conducted back through history, from fulfilment to prediction, in the hope of discovering, by well authenticated miracles, that the Almighty has stamped as His own the Christianity preserved, defended, and explained by His one true Church.

Such, in brief outline, is the method advocated in De Verâ Religione and De Ecclesia, two treatises which Brugère published in 1873. In addition to these treatises, Brugère published Tableau de l'histoire et de la littérature de l'Eglise. But it is chiefly as a professor that Brugère is remembered. Gifted with a remarkable memory, his mind was a storehouse of exact information which he freely imparted, embellishing it with anecdote and illustration, so that students gladly sought him out for pleasure and profit.

1823 births
1888 deaths
French male non-fiction writers
19th-century French historians
19th-century French male writers

Louis-Frédéric Brugère