Cinzio Aldobrandini (1551 – 1 January 1610) was an Italian cardinal.

Name
In some documents he is known as Cinzio Personeni Aldobrandini or Cinzio Passeri Aldobrandini because, after settling in Romagna, the family varied its name according to the place from which they had moved - his father Aurelio Personeni was born in Cà Personeni (frazione of Bedulita in the province of Bergamo) and later Aurelio's family moved to Cà Passero (frazione of Berbenno in the province of Bergamo); as a merchant, Aurelio moved to Senigallia, where he married. The latin inscription on his tomb monument identifies him simply as "CINTHIO ALDOBRANDINO".

Life

Cinzio was born in Senigallia, a son of Aurelio Personeni and Giulia Aldobrandini, the latter being sister to cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini (later Pope Clement VIII). In 1565 Cinzio began his studies in letters and law at Ippolito's household in Rome. Attending Rome's Collegio Germanico, the university of Perugia and the university of Padua, he graduated as a doctor of law at Padua. Cinzio accompanied Ippolito on the legation to bring an end to the war between Poland and Germany and in 1588 was back in Rome to bring news of the legation's success to pope Sixtus V.

On 17 September 1593 the consistory named Cinzio a cardinal deacon of San Giorgio al Velabro with dispensation thanks to Ippolito's intercession to the College of Cardinals. Governor of Spoleto from 4 February 1595 until 21 February 1607, Cinzio then became prefect of the Tribunale della Segnatura Apostolica from 23 December 1599. From 1601 to 1607 he was papal legate to Avignon and he participated in the March–April and May 1605 conclaves. In 1605 he was made Major Penitentiary by pope Leo XI but suddenly resigned that office because he had still not been ordained priest - he was ordained priest later in 1605 and re-assumed the office. He was then given the titulus of San Pietro in Vincoli on 1 June 1605.
He was known for his generosity to the poor and to the arts and letters, as well as being a friend of Torquato Tasso (for some years in the papal service).

Cinzio died in Rome in 1610 and was buried at San Pietro in Vincoli where nearly a century later (1705-07) prince Giovanni Battista Pamphili Aldobrandini erected a monument to him, designed by the architect Carlo Francesco Bizzaccheri and with sculptures by Pierre Le Gros the Younger.

References

External links

1551 births
1610 deaths
People from Senigallia
16th-century Italian cardinals
Major Penitentiaries of the Apostolic Penitentiary
Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura
Cardinal-nephews
17th-century Italian cardinals
Cinzio

Cinzio Aldobrandini


The flag of Turkmenistan was adopted on January 24, 2001 in the 2:3 ratio as Turkmenistan's national flag, though the flag was adopted in the 1:2 ratio on February 19, 1992. It is often described as the most detailed national flag in the world.

It features a green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to those on the flag of the United Nations; a white waxing crescent moon, typical of Turkic symbology, and five white five-pointed stars appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the red stripe.

The green and red colors appear in this flag because they have been venerated historically by the Turkmen. The waxing crescent moon symbolizes the hope of the country for a shining future and the stars represent the five provinces (Welayatlar) of Turkmenistan-Ahal, Balkan, Dashhowuz, Lebap, and Mary.

The five traditional carpet designs along the hoist represent the five major tribes or houses, and form motifs in the country's state emblem and flag. These Turkmen tribes in traditional order (as well as top to bottom) are Teke (Tekke), Yomut (Yomud), Arsary (Ersary), Chowdur (Choudur), and Saryk (Saryq). The Salyr (Salor), a tribe that declined as a result of military defeat before the modern period, are not represented, nor are several smaller tribes or subtribes.

The wreath is one of the odder parts of the flag, added against the rules of heraldry and breaking up the carpet pattern. It was added as an afterthought to represent the "status of permanent neutrality," which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 12, 1995.
National symbols of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan

Flag of Turkmenistan


Rabboni was a steam tug that operated on the west coast of the United States starting in 1865.

Career
Rabboni was built in San Francisco, California, and launched on April 9, 1865.  The tug was brought north to the mouth of the Columbia river, arriving in July 1865, and reaching Portland, Oregon on July 29, 1865.  The vessel was commanded by Capt. Paul Corno, who was also its main owner.  En route Rabboni had stopped at Coos Bay and procured a three-month supply of coal, and picked up 18,000 board feet of lumber.

On August 10, 1865, Rabboni towed in the bark Almatia, which became the first vessel towed across the Columbia bar by a regular tug.  Rabboni was considered a good tug for the time, but ran into opposition at the Columbia from the bar pilots and prejudice among sailing ship owners against steam craft of any kind.  In March, 1866 Rabboni proving unable to win sufficient business, was returned to San Francisco.

After many years out of the area, Rabboni was returned to the Pacific Northwest, this time to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in an effort to pick up tow work from inbound ships headed for ports in Puget Sound.  This placed Rabboni in opposition to the powerful Puget Sound Tug Company, and again Rabboni proved unable to compete.  There was thereafter no steam tug on the Columbia river bar until 1869.

In 1890, Rabboni came under the ownership of F.B. Cornwall.  By 1898 Rabboni had been laid up for some time at the Stetson and Post lumber mill in Seattle.  The Klondike gold rush created a great demand for shipping, which resulted, as one historian as written, in "large number of old vessels pulled off the mudflats and out of backwater sloughs from Oakland Creek to British Columbia."  Rabboni was one of these vessels, and was refitted for tow work in Alaska, but proved to be unsuccessful.

Reconstruction
In 1900, Rabboni, still owned by F.B. Cornwall, was rebuilt, and a new compound steeple-type steam engine was installed.  Rabboni was last used in service for the Bellingham Bay Improvement Company, whose lumber mills were controlled by Cornwall.

Notes

References
 Newell, Gordon R., ed., H.W. McCurdy Marine History of the Pacific Northwest,  Superior Publishing Co., Seattle, WA (1966)

 Harte, Bret, "Evolution of Ship-Building and Shipping in California", Overland Monthly, and Out West Magazine, Volume 25, at page 285 (1895)

1865 ships
Steamboats of Washington (state)
Propeller-driven steamboats of Washington (state)
Steamboats of Oregon
Steamboats of California
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Ships built in San Francisco
Steam tugs
Steam tugs of Washington (state)

Rabboni (steam tug)


Michael Tarnat (born 27 October 1969) is a German former professional footballer, currently employed by Bayern Munich as the leader of the U12–U16 youth teams. A left-footed full-back, he  was also employed as a left wingback and occasionally as a defensive midfielder. His nickname is "Tanne", meaning "fir" in English. He ended his career with Hannover 96, having previously played for MSV Duisburg, Karlsruher SC, Bayern Munich and Manchester City. A veteran of 19 caps for Germany, Tarnat also participated in the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He is renowned for his powerful free kicks and similar long-shots with his strong left foot.

Club career

Early years
Born in Hilden, Tarnat started to play football at the club SV Hilden-Nord before starting his professional career in 1990 when he joined MSV Duisburg. He made his Bundesliga debut on 2 August 1991 in Duisburg's home match against VfB Stuttgart and went on to make 58 appearances for the club in the league in the following two seasons, also scoring his first Bundesliga goal in Duisburg's 1–1 draw away against VfB Leipzig on 27 August 1993. He moved to Karlsruher SC in the summer of 1994 and grew into one of the team's stars, alongside Thomas Häßler and Thorsten Fink. His trademark was his super-hard left-footed shot, which made him one of the best free-kick takers of his Bundesliga generation. In three seasons with KSC, Tarnat made 81 Bundesliga appearances and scored seven goals for the club in the league. In 1996, he was called up into the Germany national team for the first time and made his international debut in Germany's 1998 World Cup qualifier against Armenia on 9 October 1996.

Bayern Munich
In 1997, he got his big break when Bayern Munich bought him along with Fink. He played well on his left flank, good enough to give star left full-back Bixente Lizarazu almost a full season on the bench. In the following seasons, trainer Ottmar Hitzfeld would often play them both, giving Bayern one of the best left flanks in Europe. Tarnat's Bayern career was extremely successful. He was German champion in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003, won the DFB-Pokal in 1998, 2000 and 2003 and the UEFA Champions League in 2001. Tarnat also played in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final in which Bayern lost 2–1 to Manchester United with two stoppage-time goals.

In Bayern Munich's away match against Eintracht Frankfurt in the 1999–2000 Bundesliga season, Tarnat memorably played half an hour in the second half as a goalkeeper. In the match, Oliver Kahn was forced to leave the pitch after sustaining an injury in collision with teammate Samuel Kuffour and his replacement Bernd Dreher was also injured after he spent less than ten minutes on the pitch, allowing Tarnat to come off the bench to take his place between the sticks. Very remarkably, Bayern had trailed 0–1, but scored the equaliser only two minutes after Tarnat entered the match and eventually managed to win 2–1 after Kuffour scored the winning goal in the 80th minute.

Manchester City and Hannover 96
In the late years, however, Tarnat became somewhat injury-prone, which effectively ended his international career in 1998 after 19 caps and caused Bayern to bench him often. In six seasons of playing for Bayern, Tarnat made 122 Bundesliga appearances and scored eight goals for the club in the league. He made a move to Manchester City in 2003, making 32 Premier League appearances and scoring three goals for the club in the league before returning to Germany by signing with Hannover 96 a year later, where he played for the rest of his career. On 17 May 2009, it was announced that he would retire from professional football. He played his last game for Hannover on 29 July 2009 vs Arsenal. In August 2009, Tarnat returned to FC Bayern Munich as a talent scout.

International career
He was also a regular in the Germany national team at the 1998 World Cup finals in France, appearing in four out of five matches played by the team at the tournament before they were surprisingly eliminated by Croatia in the quarterfinals. In the group game against Yugoslavia, his free kick led to Siniša Mihajlović scoring an own goal.

Personal life
Tarnat's son Niklas Tarnat is also a professional footballer, currently playing for TSV 1860 Munich.

Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Karlsruher SC
 DFB-Pokal Runner-up: 1995–96

Bayern Munich
 Bundesliga: 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03
 DFB Pokal: 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2002–03; Runner-up: 1998–99
 DFB Liga-Pokal: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
 UEFA Champions League: 2000–01; Runner-up 1998–99
 FIFA Intercontinental Cup: 2001
 UEFA Super Cup Runner-up: 2001

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Expatriate men's footballers in England
German expatriate men's footballers
German men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in England
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football fullbacks
MSV Duisburg players
Karlsruher SC players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
Manchester City F.C. players
Premier League players
Hannover 96 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
FC Bayern Munich non-playing staff
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
UEFA Champions League winning players
West German men's footballers

Michael Tarnat


Josef Vratislav Monse (June 15, 1733 – February 6, 1793) was a Moravian lawyer and historian.

He was a leading enlightenment figure in the Habsburg monarchy and an early exponent of the Moravian Revival in Moravia.  Monse played a key role in the development of modern Moravian historiography. He was a professor of law and, in 1780, the rector at the University of Olomouc.

Biography

Early life, studies in Prague and Vienna
Josef Vít Monse was the eighth of nine children born into the family of a municipal legal official in the Vysočina Region. His parents were Johann Karl Monse and Anna Monse (née Moudrá). The family lived at house number eight on the main square at Nové Město na Moravě (). Josef Monse attended the local school. When Monse was 14, his father died. His uncle, a local priest also named Josef Monse, sent him to study at a Jesuit gymnasium (school) in Telč. He covered the (normally) six year high school curriculum in four years  and then, in 1752 he left for Prague, where he studied at the Faculty of Philosophy of Charles University, gaining a master's degree.

By this time Monse was becoming interested in the history of his own nation, which, since the Battle of White Mountain back in 1620, had been subjected to Catholicisation and Germanisation, while the Czech language had become no more than a means of communication between the peasants.

Monse left Prague for Vienna, where he attended the Faculty of Law at the University of Vienna and obtained a doctorate "juris utriusque" (of both civil and canon law) in 1762. While still in Vienna, Monse published his dissertation (in Latin), married Marie Anna and mastered Italian.

Professor of law at University of Olomouc

In 1764 Monse moved to Olomouc, where he became an advocate. In 1768 he was appointed a professor of law at the University of Olomouc for which he received 900 florins a year, lecturing on public and natural law. He still also found time to continue with his advocacy work.

After Professor Josef Antonín Sommer, died in 1774, Monse added to his responsibilities Sommer's courses on Roman and Canon law.  1774 was also the year in which he changed his middle name from Vít to Vratislav, a determined reflection of his "motto": "Return the Old Glory to the Homeland!" ().

The lectures on Canon law for theology students were given separately at the Faculty of Theology until 1771, after which they started to be officially taught by the secular professors of law. Classes normally comprised some 50 law students, but for Monse's Canon law classes, some 300 theology students of theology also took to attending. By this time Monse had become a fierce proponent of the newly developing enlightenment ideals. In his lectures he defended the reforms of Joseph II. While the traditional theologians were merely resentful of to his spoken lectures, the publication of his ideas evoked real outrage. The Catholics leadership incited the town's poor against Monse, spreading malicious gossip that the altar-bread fell out of his mouth during Communion, and that the burning of a nearby village represented God's punishment for Monse's teachings.

The theologians' fury peaked when Monse published the work of an anonymous 13th century French author entitled in , a dialogue between a priest and a soldier discussing the relative status of popes and of kings.  The treatise was found by one of the Monse's former students in a library at Znojmo monastery. He sent the work to Monse, who translated it, adding an introduction and commentary while preserving the original content, and published it. Well aware that the ideas in the thesis were still controversial even 500 years after they had first been written, he added at the end of the book that it was published with the best of intentions, and "not to irritate". That did not help much.   Monse received harsh criticism not only from Olomouc, but also from Prague and Vienna, and came close to being ousted from the University. Monse's advocacy of the suppression of church institutions in favour of the secular state was nevertheless welcomed at the royal court, and he was able to retain the professorship of secular law, but was nonetheless prevented from giving lectures on canon law.

Despite the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773, the Catholics maintained a strong grip over the University of Olomouc. In the second half of the 1770s some shortcomings by the University management were uncovered, which was used by the emperor as pretext to move the University beyond the reach of the church at Olomouc, and the university was for a few years, until 1782, relocated to Brno. At the same time as this relocation the Directorate of Law was established (replacing the previously existing Professorate of Law) and Monse became its head. However Monse was not able now to continue with his advocacy career. In Brno Monse started to publish works about history of Moravia, this time in German.

Rector of the University, elevation to noble status
In 1780 Monse was appointed Rector of the University; he gave his inauguration speech on the history of Moravia. He was also elevated to noble status (together with his family) on December 1, 1780. Despite these achievements, or maybe because of them, Monse remained the main target of catholic reaction. In the same year Monse started the lectures about Moravian history according to  () written by Ctibor Tovačovský z Cimburka in the 1490s. He also started writing his own history of Moravia, although this work only reaches to 1306.

Monse became a member of the learned societies of Hesse-Homburg (1780), Burghausen (1782) and Prague (1785). (He was lawyer-member in the first two societies, and a historian-member of the Prague society.) He was also in frequent contact with other figures of enlightenment in Habsburg monarchy, such as Riegger and Josef Dobrovský and many others.

In 1782 the first Archbishop of Olomouc Antonín Theodor Colloredo-Waldsee enforced relocation of the University back to Olomouc by decree of Emperor Joseph II. At the same time the institution lost its university status, becoming a mere three-year Lyceum. The Emperor had decided to retain only three universities, in Prague, Vienna, and Lviv. The Collegium Nobilium was also dissolved by the emperor. Back in Olomouc, Monse started publishing in Czech (Moravian) language. At the same time Monse insisted upon the establishment of a Department of National (=Moravian) Law and History: however this department lasted only until 1786, when it was dissolved. Meanwhile, in 1784, the Directorate of Law became Faculty of Law.

Monse's health was by now deteriorating and he ceased lecturing in 1792.

The persisting issues with the catholic reaction as well as his health problems led to a reduction in Monse's publishing activity. He died in Olomouc on February 6, 1793. With his death the lectures on Moravian law and history also ended.

Legacy
Through his interest in both Moravian humanism and Benedictine historiography Monse linked the earlier Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis in Olomouc with the Société patriotique in Brno. The record of his lectures demonstrates an increasing willingness to link the early Enlightenment claims made on behalf of natural law with an appreciation of the virtues of the historical law of Moravia.  This reveals the influence both of a critical historical perception and of the judicial theory of the renowned jurist, Joseph von Sonnenfels. Monse also saw the need for an ideological basis capable of uniting the new educated middle class with the Enlightened intelligentsia's interest in the arts and sciences. He found such a basis in critical historiography, and eventually created the platform for a Moravian patriotic revival, enriched by historical Renaissance humanism.

Main works
  Tabula juris publici marchionatus Moraviae ("Catalogue of public law of March of Moravia"), Olomouc 1776
  Dissertatio Suppeditata ad historiam litterariam Moraviae ("Brief treatise about literary history of Moravia"), Olomouc 1777
  Infulae doctae Moraviae ("Learned bishops of Moravia"), Brno 1779
  Geschichte des Schulwesens in Mähren ("History of education in Moravia"), 1780
  Versuch einer kurzgefassten politischen Landesgeschichte des Markgrafthums Mähren ("Brief political history of March of Moravia"), Olomouc 1783
  Leitfaden über die Vorlesungen der Landesgesetze des Markgrafthums Mähren ("Textbook to the laws of March of Moravia"), Olomouc 1783
  Cadet de Vaux, Ponawržení prostředkůw k umenšení nezdrawí takowých příbytkůw, které rozwodnění podrobené byly (translation; about sanitizing houses after flood) Olomouc 1785
  Karl von Eckartshausen, Odkryté Tagnosti Cžarodegnjckých Kunsstů k Weystraze a Wyvčowánj obecnjho Lidu o Powěrách a sskodliwých Bludech  Sepsané w německé Ržeči od Pána z Eckartshausen. Do morawskýho Gazyka přeložil Vpřjmný Milownjk swé Wlasti (translation; about witches, superstitions, etc.), Olomouc 1792

See also
Karel Ferdinand Irmler
Kryštof Josef Hollandt
Johann Heinrich Bösenselle
Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis

References

Moravian lawyers
18th-century people from Bohemia
Enlightenment scientists
1733 births
1793 deaths
Enlightenment philosophers
People from Nové Město na Moravě
Academic staff of Palacký University Olomouc
Rectors of the Palacký University Olomouc

Josef Vratislav Monse


In 2009, the Marine Live-ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE) successfully traversed   the Arctic waters and ice between Ostrov Sredniy island of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and the North Pole. The route took 38 days between 20 March and 26 April 2009.

The expedition was headed by Russian explorer Vasily Yelagin, accompanied by six others: Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obihod, Sergey Larin, Alexey Shkrabkin, Alexey Ushakov, and Nikolai Nikulshin.

Vasily Elagin also engineered and built the two Yemelya   6x6 vehicles, Yemelya 1 and Yemelya 2, which had Diesel engines, low-pressure tires, and cargo trailers.

The expedition was carried out under the patronage of the Russian President's Special Representative for International Cooperation in The Arctic Artur Chilingarov. The support and safety monitoring of the expedition and the crew was provided by the aviation department of the Federal Security Service.

The Russian Book of Records recorded MLAE 2009 as the first expedition to reach the Geographic North Pole in wheeled land vehicles.

A subsequent expedition, MLAE-2011, followed two years later.

References

External links
YouTube: Motor Rally to the North Pole

Russian Arctic expeditions
2009 in science
2009 in Russia
21st century in the Arctic
North Pole

MLAE-2009


Giuliano Briganti (2 January 1918 – 17 December 1992) was an Italian art historian.

Biography
Giuliano Briganti was born in Rome.  His father, Aldo Briganti, was an art dealer. Aldo studied under Igino Benvenuto Supino, graduated from the University of Bologna in 1914 with a thesis on Raphaelism, and was subsequently a student of Adolfo Venturi at the Advanced School of art history, part of the Faculty of Arts at the Sapienza University of Rome.  Briganti's mother was named Clelia Urbinati.

In 1936 Giuliano Briganti graduated from Ennio Quirino Visconti High School in Rome. In 1940 he received a degree in history of medieval and modern art from Sapienza university, disputing his thesis with Pietro Toesca on the cinquecento Bolognese painter  Tibaldi. The thesis later took the form of a monograph, Mannerism and Pellegrino Tibaldi, published in 1945.

Briganti's first writings on art date to 1937, in the monthly "La Ruota". In 1940 he sat on the editorial committee of the magazine, together with Mario Alicata, Antonello Trombadori, Guglielmo Petroni and Carlo Muscetta, contributing various pieces until 1941. In 1938 he began to publish essays and reviews in "La Critics d'Arte", the art magazine founded by Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti and Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli. Between 1944 and 1945 he was editor of  "Cosmopolita", a magazine founded by Alessandro Morandotti in June 1944 during the liberation of Rome. This weekly, a precursor of "L'Espresso", published work by many of twentieth century Italy's foremost intellectuals: as well as Briganti himself these included Carlo Lizzani, Michelangelo Antonioni, Enzo Forcella, Giorgio Bassani, Renato Guttuso, Roberto Longhi, Anna Banti, Guido Carli, Arrigo Benedetti and Gastone Manacorda.

From 1965 to 1968 he wrote a weekly art column for L'espresso, a position formerly held by Lionello Venturi and Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti. He was an art critic for la Repubblica from 1976, the year the newspaper was founded, until he died. In both cases he had been chosen as critic by Eugenio Scalfari, first for the weekly and then for the daily edition. Giuliano Briganti expressly named two men as his masters: Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti and Roberto Longhi. He was the latter's secretary from 1941 to 1943, at his study in Via Benedetto Fortini 30, Florence.
From 1950, with Francesco Arcangeli, Ferdinando Bologna and Federico Zeri, he was on the editorial board of the new magazine Paragone Arte, founded by Roberto Longhi, which until 1961 published important essays by Briganti on seventeenth century Italian painting. He left the editorial board definitively ten years later, in 1971.

In 1949 he qualified as  a university teacher and beginning from 1972 taught the history of modern and contemporary art at the University of Siena. In 1974 he married Luisa Laureati. In 1983 he moved to Rome where he held the chair of modern art history for a decade at what was then the Magistero and today is the Third University of Rome.

Giuliano Briganti's library and photo library, today owned by the Municipality of Siena, are housed in Palazzo Squarcialupi, Siena, which is part of the Santa Maria della Scala complex. The books and the photographs of art works are accessible to the public. Information available online at the Comune di Siena website, Biblioteca Giuliano Briganti.

Main works
 1945 Il Manierismo e Pellegrino Tibaldi, Cosmopolita, Rome.
 1950 I Bamboccianti, pittori della vita popolare nel Seicento, exhibition catalogue, Rome.
 1961 La maniera italiana, Rome, Editori Riuniti (also in French).
 1962 Pietro da Cortona o della pittura barocca, Florence, Sansoni.
 1962 Il Palazzo del Quirinale, Rome, Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato.
 1966 Gaspar van Wittel e l'origine della veduta settecentesca, Rome, Ugo Bozzi Editore (new updated edition edited by Laura Laureati and Ludovica Trezzani, Electa, Milan 1996).
 1969 I vedutisti, Electa, Milan (also in English and German).
 1977 I pittori dell'Immaginario. Arte e rivoluzione psicologica, Electa, Milan (revised, updated and republished in 1989).
 1979 At Palazzo Grassi in Venice, with Ester Coen, he organised the exhibition Metaphysical Painting and edited the catalogue printed by Neri Pozza Editore, Venice.
 In 1983, with his assistants Laura Laureati and Ludovica Trezzani, he wrote the essay on Viviano Codazzi for the book I pittori bergamaschi dal XII al XIX secolo and the book on I Bamboccianti. Pittori della vita quotidiana a Rome nel Seicento, Ugo Bozzi Editore, Rome (also in English, The Bamboccianti. Painters of Everyday Life in Seventeenth Century Rome).
 1986 Storia dell'arte italiana, edited by Carlo Bertelli, Giuliano Briganti and Antonio Giuliano, Electa-Bruno Mondadori, Milan.
 1987, with André Chastel and Roberto Zapperi he made a study of the Galleria dei Carracci in Palazzo Farnese, Rome, putting forward new chronological interpretations: Gli amori degli dei. Nuove indagini sulla Galleria Farnese, published by Edizioni dell'Elefante, Rome.
 1987 La pittura in Italia. Il Cinquecento, 2 vols. edited by Giuliano Briganti, Electa, Milan.
 1990 La pittura in Italia. Il Settecento, 2 vols. edited by Giuliano Briganti, Electa, Milan.
 1991 he published the general catalogue of De Pisis' paintings: De Pisis: Catalogo Generale, Electa, and Il viaggiatore disincantato, Einaudi, Turin, a selection of his writings in "la Repubblica" on artists from the 18th century to the contemporary age.

Writings published posthumously
 1993 Laura Laureati and Ludovica Trezzani published a two volume complete catalogue of the paintings and frescoes (up to 1870) in the Palazzo del Quirinale. The work begun and carried on by Giuliano Briganti was entitled Il Patrimonio artistico del Quirinale. Pittura antica. La decorazione murale I, La Quadreria II, Electa, Milan.
 1995 Giuliano Briganti, La riconquista dell'Olimpo nel secolo XV in Italia, Spanish Academy of History, Archaeology and Fine Art, Rome, limited edition in 600 numbered copies. Giuliano Briganti, edited by Luisa Laureati, in "Quaderni del Seminario di Storia della Critica d'Arte", Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa.
 2002 Giuliano Briganti, Racconti di storia dell'arte. Dall'arte medievale al Neoclassico, edited by Luisa Laureati Briganti, Skira, Milan.
 2003 Giuliano Briganti, Via Margutta, Edizioni della Cometa, Rome.
 2007 Giuliano Briganti, Affinità, edited by Laura Laureati, Archinto, Milan.

Bibliography
 1990 Scritti in onore di Giuliano Briganti, edited by M.Bona Castellotti, Laura Laureati, Anna Ottani Cavina and Ludovica Trezzani, Longanesi, Milan.
 2003 Laura Laureati, Una "università privata: un sogno di Giuliano Briganti, in a number of "Paragone" dedicated to Giuliano Briganti, LIV, III series, 47–48, pp. 114–130. Giuliano Briganti: un carteggio con Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti (1937–1946), Ibid., pp. 3–78 (with foreword by Laura Laureati and a note by Riccardo Donati). Enrico Crispolti, La poetica di Giuliano Briganti, Ibid., pp. 81–90. Ester Coen, Giuliano Briganti e l'arte contemporanea, Ibid., pp. 91–99. Pierre Rosenberg, A Giuliano Briganti (1918–1992), Ibid., pp. 131–134.
 2009 Laura Laureati, Giuliano Briganti, storico dell'arte moderna e contemporanea, in Alessandro Masi, L'occhio del critico, Vallecchi, Florence, pp. 132–146.
 2010 Laura Laureati, La biblioteca e la fototeca di Giuliano Briganti in Via della Mercede 12a, Rome, in L'arte senese al tempo del Costituto. Libri e fotografie del Fondo Giuliano Briganti e dell'Istituto d'Arte Duccio di Boninsegna, edited by Azelia Batazzi, Lucia Simona Pacchierotti and Beatrice Pulcinelli, Monte dei Paschi di Siena Foundation.

1918 births
1992 deaths
Italian art historians
20th-century Italian historians

Giuliano Briganti


Castlewood Canyon State Park is a Colorado state park near Franktown, Colorado. The park retains a unique part of Colorado's history, the remains of Castlewood Canyon Dam. Visitors can still see the remnants and damage from that dam which burst in 1933. The event sent a  wave of water all the way to downtown Denver resulting in a flood.  Also contained within the park is the historic Cherry Creek Bridge.

Recreation
This park hosts a multitude of hiking/running trails, handicapped access trails and rock climbing opportunities, as well as a nature preservation area on the eastern side that is home to wildlife and interesting geological features.  Located within the northernmost extension of the Black Forest, Castle Wood Canyon encompasses  with elevations ranging from 6,200 to .  Many urban dwellers come for the picnic opportunity away from the city (group picnic facilities can be reserved), others visit the park because of the unusual geology, particularly the caprock features.

Wildlife, ecology, and geography
Among the many species living in the park are coyote, cottontail rabbit, red fox, black bear, prairie rattlesnake, mountain lion, meadow jumping mouse, turkey vulture, golden eagle, prairie falcon, virile crayfish, Woodhouse's toad and the northern leopard frog.

Ecosystem Zones in the park are grasslands, shrublands, riparian, foothills-conifer, and caprock.

Castlewood Canyon is on the edge of the Palmer Divide, a geologically upraised area that results in more moisture falling than is normal in eastern Colorado, watering the Black Forest.

History

The Castlewood Dam in Castlewood Canyon, built in 1890, suffered an utter collapse following heavy rains at 1 am on 3 August 1933, resulting in a 15-foot wall of water rushing down Cherry Creek to Denver, some 15 miles away. Warnings to the city by 4 am allowed most people to move out of the way of the flood waters.

Castlewood State Park was formed in 1964, following an 87 acre land purchase in 1961 and an additional 792 acre purchase in the late 1970s.

See also
 Cherry Creek Rockshelter

References

State parks of Colorado
Protected areas of Douglas County, Colorado
Protected areas established in 1964
1964 establishments in Colorado

Castlewood Canyon State Park


Fergusson Island is the largest island of the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, in Papua New Guinea. It has an area of , and mostly consists of mountainous regions, covered by rain forests. There are three large volcanoes on the island.

Fergusson Island is situated 3 km across the Dawson Strait from Normanby Island and 4 km from Goodenough Island across Moresby Strait.

The highest peak at 6,801 feet (2,073 metres) near Wadalei in the north-east of Fergusson Island is an extinct volcano. Seymour Bay is located on the west coast, Sebutuia Bay on the east, and Hughes Bay on the north. The principal settlements, Salamo and Mapamoiwa, are on the southern coast. Gold deposits at Wapolu on the north coast were worked briefly in the mid-1990s.

The island was named by Captain John Moresby after Sir James Fergusson, who was Governor-General of New Zealand from 1873 to 1874.

On June 30, 1942, during World War II, a United States Navy PT-Boat base was established on the island. An Alamo Scouts Training Center was established at Kalo Kalo on November 28, 1943.

See also
Panniet naked-backed fruit bat
Black-naped pheasant-pigeon

References

External links
Papua New Guinea: Orchid News

D'Entrecasteaux Islands
Islands of Milne Bay Province
Volcanoes of Papua New Guinea

Fergusson Island


White caps were groups involved in the whitecapping movement who were operating in southern Indiana in the late 19th century. They engaged in vigilante justice and lynchings, with modern viewpoints describing their actions as domestic terrorism. They became common in the state following the American Civil War and lasted until the turn of the 20th century. White caps were  especially active in  Crawford and neighboring counties in the late 1880s. Several members of the Reno Gang  were lynched in 1868, causing an international incident. Some of the members had been extradited to the United States from Canada and were supposed to be under federal protection. Lynchings continued against other criminals, but when two possibly innocent men were killed in Corydon in 1889, Indiana responded by cracking down on the white cap vigilante groups, beginning in the administration of Isaac P. Gray.

Governor of Indiana James A. Mount belonged to one of the white cap groups, and reversed state policy of trying to stop the groups. His successor, Winfield T. Durbin, resumed the policy in 1900, two years after the Indiana General Assembly passed a strong anti-lynching law. When a lynching occurred in Vincennes in 1902 Durbin removed several law enforcement personnel from their positions, to show that he expected locals to cooperate in stopping the lynching.  His plan worked, and when a lynching was threatened in the following year local police notified Durbin who called out the state militia to guard the jailhouse. When the white cap groups attacked the jailhouse, the militia opened fire; killing one and wounding at least eleven.

The show of force effectively brought an end to vigilante lynching in Indiana. Only two recorded lynchings have occurred since then, the 1930 murders of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith. Lynching in Indiana was not explicitly racial, but tended to occur against anyone suspected of murder. Between 1860 and 1910, at least 68 people were lynched; twenty were blacks and forty-eight were whites.

Early white cap activity

Reno Gang lynching

In the years following the American Civil War, southern Indiana experienced several high-profile criminal events. The Reno Gang began to terrorize the region in the immediate years after the war, becoming the first gang in the nation to begin robbing trains. They sacked rural towns, murdered and robbed travelers, and carried out numerous acts of indiscriminate violence against people. The state police were unable to bring the group under control, but the Pinkerton Agency was hired by one of the robbed train companies to pursue and capture the group. It took a year for the Pinkertons to capture the gang leaders and the townspeople had already grown wary of the gang and had formed the "Jackson County Committee of Vigilance" in 1868, one of the first of the white cap groups in Indiana. Most likely made of up Civil War veterans, they attacked the jail where the men were held and lynched three of them. Four more gang members were captured in Canada and were extradited to the United States. The same group of hooded men traveled by night, marching in formation as they attacked the New Albany jail where the prisoners were held, wounding the county sheriff, and lynching the men.

Their murders caused an international incident with Great Britain, who demanded to know why they had not been adequately protected and threatened to cancel their extradition treaty with the United States. Given the severity of the gang's crimes, and the near certainty they would have suffered the same fate after a trial, the state government did not take any action against the white cap group.

Moral police

White caps groups began to spring up across the state over the next decade. By the mid-1870s,  there were numerous such groups like the State Horse Thief Detective Association, which carried out vigilante justice against horse thieves. The groups operated in secret, and had an element of masonic influence in their organization. The groups were most prevalent in the southern part of Indiana, and especially so in Harrison and Crawford Counties. Many of the groups started as enforcers of morality. They were known to target alcoholics, people believed to be idle, and men who did not provide for their families. Such people were often abducted and flogged.

They soon began to target women who were not believed to be adequately caring for their home and children, children who were truant from school, and people who shirked from civic duty like working on road projects. By the late 1870s, the groups were beginning to target criminals for punishment, and continued to carry out sporadic lynchings.

State crackdown

Early measures

The June 13, 1889, lynching of two men in Corydon sparked an outcry for something to be done about the vigilantes.  A mob of 150 mounted men, led by twenty masked white caps, arrived at the county jail and demanded the release into their custody of two men (James Devin and Charles Tennyson) being held on charges of attempted murder. The leaders of the group demanded the keys to the jail, threatening to burn down the town if they were refused; after the sheriff refused to hand over the keys, the mob used hammers to knock down the jail doors and removed the two alleged assailants. The two men were dragged to the old Western Bridge, where they were hanged. The guilt of the men was not widely accepted, and many believed they had been killed unfairly and deserved a trial.

In 1889, Governor of Indiana Isaac P. Gray was the first to begin attempting to put an end to the white cap's activities. He did so primarily by offering increased police support to local officials in southern Indiana. The measure proved ineffective though, because many of the local sheriffs were themselves members of the organizations and turned a blind eye to the activity. Governor Alvin Hovey, an American Civil War general who had campaigned in part on the white cap problem, was the next governor to combat them.  He continued his predecessor's attempt to have local law enforcement play a role in stopping the white caps, but ratcheted up the rhetoric by making threats to remove local law enforcement from office and declare martial law in towns where lynchings occurred. His threats were somewhat successful, and only two lynchings occurred during his term.

Governor Claude Matthews took another step in dealing with the groups, primarily by attempting to identify and prosecute leaders of the groups. His attempts were mostly unsuccessful in capturing anyone of merit, but did add another level of suppression to the groups. When James A. Mount came to office though, he stopped most of the anti-white cap policies. He himself had been a member of one such organization. During his term, the groups became increasingly active, leading to numerous incidents of vigilante justice and a rise in lynchings. The Indiana General Assembly attempted to force the governor to action by passing a law in 1898 that required local sheriffs to petition the governor for support in the event of a threatened lynching. They also authorized the governor to call out the militia to protect prisoners, and granted him the power to remove local officials from office if they did not notify him of a threatened act of violence. Despite the law, Mount took no action against the groups during his term.

Confrontation

Winfield T. Durbin succeeded Mount in 1900 and began a vigorous campaign to put an end to the white caps. In 1902, he invoked the new anti-lynching law after a lynching in Vincennes. He removed from office numerous law enforcement officials and put the militia on patrol, and launched a host of investigations into local government.

In 1903, a police officer was killed in Evansville following a dispute between two black men at a bar. The sheriff, fearing the same fate as the sheriff in nearby Vincennes, sent word to the governor requesting assistance in protecting the suspect, Lee Brown, in custody. Durbin quickly dispatched a company of militia to protect the jailhouse from any potential danger. A mob of hooded white caps soon surrounded the jailhouse and the militia and began taunting them. After several hours, the crowd began to become increasingly hostile, demanding that the militia let them past to get at the suspect. Someone in the crowd fired a shot at the soldiers, who responded by opening fire on the crowd. The militia had wounded eleven and killed one. The crowd fled and began looting and rioting in the city's black neighborhoods, an event known as the Evansville Race Riot. When the rioting subsided, many from the black community had fled the city and would not return.  The show of force also began the end of the white caps activity in the state.

Aftermath
No more lynchings would occur in Indiana for more than thirty years until the deaths of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith in 1930. Between 1865 and 1905, at least sixty-eight people had been lynched by the white caps. In all cases, the victims had been suspected criminals, almost all of which were in state custody when they were killed. Forty-eight of the victims were whites, while twenty were blacks. Although the white cap ended their lynching and more severe forms of vigilante justice, the Indiana branch of the Ku Klux Klan began to rise in the following decade, drawing many former white caps into their numbers.

See also
Whitecapping
Indiana Klan

Notes

References
 Noble, Madeleine M. "The White Caps of Harrison and Crawford County, Indiana: A Study in the Violent Enforcement of Morality," PhD dissertation; abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 1974, Vol. 35 Issue 1, p377-378.

1868 establishments in Indiana
Organizations established in 1868
1903 disestablishments in Indiana
Organizations disestablished in 1903
Crimes in Indiana
History of racism in Indiana
Ku Klux Klan in Indiana
Lynching in the United States
Defunct organizations based in Indiana
Secret societies in the United States
Vigilantism in the United States

Indiana White Caps


Abraham von Franckenberg (24 June 1593 – 25 June 1652) was a German mystic, author, poet and hymn-writer.

Life
Abraham von Franckenberg was born in 1593 into an old Silesian noble family in Ludwigsdorf bei Oels. He attended the Gymnasium in Brieg and the University of Leipzig and looked set to become a lawyer; however, he abandoned his studies in 1617 and was drawn to more ascetic and mystical ideas. By 1622, he was familiar with the works of Jakob Böhme, and he met the mystic in person the following year. Franckenberg would continue to revere Böhme even after the latter's death in 1624, and was a friend to several of Böhme's other followers, such as the Liegnitz physician Balthasar Walther.

He inherited the family estate in Ludwigsdorf in 1623, but passed it on to his brother Balthasar in exchange for the right to keep a few small rooms in the family home. He lived a very reclusive life and rarely ventured forth from this room – only in 1634 to attend to those suffering from plague, and in 1640 to challenge the rhetoric of Georg Seidel, a Lutheran preacher from Oels whom Franckenberg regarded as intolerant.

Tired of this and other confrontations, and mindful of the fact that events of the Thirty Years' War were moving in the direction of Silesia, Franckenberg moved to Danzig via Breslau in 1641, where he lodged until 1649 with the astronomer Johannes Hevelius, who introduced him to Copernican astronomy. He spent the winter of 1642-43 in Holland, where he had several works by Böhme published.

He returned home to Ludwigsdorf in 1649 and, the following year, met Daniel Czepko. He was to read Czepko's Monodisticha in 1652 and wrote two dedicatory poems for it. Around the same time, he met and began to influence Angelus Silesius. He died on 25 June 1652 and is buried in Oels; his gravestone is covered with as yet undeciphered mystical symbols.

Works
His works show ideas drawn from many sources: from the Kabbalah, Paracelsian alchemy, medieval mysticism, the medieval 'heretics' of the Reformation, Spanish sixteenth-century Quietism, Lutheran mysticism and Pansophism. The works themselves are a mixture of ascetic-mystical treatises, such as Schlussreden der Wahrheit (1625), Mir nach! and Vita veterum sapientium (both 1637); others, such as Jordanssteine (1636) challenge orthodox Lutheranism or, as in Oculus siderius, discuss astronomical questions. He had a reputation as an insightful teacher, and the crux of his teachings was the unity with God based on the denial of all things worldly and of the self; particular emphasis was placed on the significance of Christ for the attainment of salvation. Like Jakob Böhme, he juxtaposed the Fall of Lucifer and Adam with attaining his salvation. Grundlicher und wahrhafter Bericht von dem Leben und dem Abschied des in Gott selig ruhenden Jacob Boehmes.

Raphael
Perhaps Franckenberg's most famous work - and certainly his most unusual - is Raphael, Oder Arzt-Engel, first published posthumously in Amsterdam 1676.

The Hebrew name 'Raphael' means 'God has healed'. The archangel Raphael has traditionally been linked with healing and restoration, and it is clear that Franckenberg, in subtitling his manuscript Arzt-Engel ('doctor-angel', a play on Erzengel, 'archangel'), is aware of this fact and wishes to make it clear to his readers. The work, ostensibly a medical tract, draws on both Paracelsian alchemy and Böhmian mysticism. There is also evidence pointing to Franckenberg's interest in the Kabbalah and of links with Rosicrucianism and the ideas of Joachim of Fiore.

Ancestry

Sources:

See also
Friedrich von Frankenberg (1889-1950)

Notes

References
Bruckner, J., Abraham von Franckenberg: A bibliographical catalogue with a shortlist of his library, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, 1988.
Butzmann, H., Die Blanckenburger Handschriften (Kataloge der Herzog-August-Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel), Frankfurt/Main: Klostermann, 1966.
Peuckert, W.-E., Die Rosenkreuzer: Zur Geschichte einer Reformation, Jena: Diederichs, 1928.
Reeves, M., Joachim of Fiore and the prophetic future, London: SPCK, 1976.
Reeves, M. and B. Hirsch-Reich, The Figurae of Joachim of Fiore, Oxford: Clarendon, 1972.
Stockum, T.C. von, Zwischen Jakob Böhme und Johannes Scheffler: Abraham von Franckenberg (1593-1652) und Daniel Czepko von Reigersfeld (1605-1660), Amsterdam: Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, 1967.
Digital edition of "Raphael": https://web.archive.org/web/20110605025508/http://diglib.hab.de/wdb.php?dir=drucke%2Fxb-2820

External links
 The Life and Death of Jacob Boehme by Abraham von Franckenberg
 The Correspondence of Abraham von Franckenberg  in EMLO

1593 births
1652 deaths
17th-century Christian mystics
People from Austrian Silesia
Christian hymnwriters
Christian poets
German poets
German Lutherans
German untitled nobility
German Protestant hymnwriters
Protestant mystics

Abraham von Franckenberg


Dan "Danny" Dahill (September 28, 1919 – April 15, 2013) was an American lawyer and legislator.

Born in Glen Jean, West Virginia, Dahill served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame and received his law degree from West Virginia University College of Law. He practiced law in West Logan, West Virginia and was the city attorney. He served in the West Virginia House of Delegates (from 1957–61) and in the State Senate (from 1961–64).

Dahill died in Huntington, West Virginia, aged 93.

References

1919 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
Democratic Party members of the West Virginia House of Delegates
People from Fayette County, West Virginia
People from Logan County, West Virginia
University of Notre Dame alumni
West Virginia lawyers
Democratic Party West Virginia state senators
West Virginia University College of Law alumni
West Virginia city attorneys

Danny Dahill


Mary Esther Wells (May 13, 1943 – July 26, 1992) was an American singer, who helped to define the emerging sound of Motown in the early 1960s.

Along with the Supremes, the Miracles, the Temptations, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, and the Four Tops, Wells was said to have been part of the charge in black music onto radio stations and record shelves of mainstream America, "bridging the color lines in music at the time."

With a string of hit singles composed mainly by Smokey Robinson, including "The One Who Really Loves You", "Two Lovers", and the Grammy-nominated "You Beat Me to the Punch", all in 1962, plus her signature hit, "My Guy" (1964), she became recognized as "The Queen of Motown" until her departure from the company in 1964, at the height of her success.

Life and career

Early life and initial recordings (1943-1962)
Mary Esther Wells was born near Detroit's Wayne State University on May 13, 1943, to a mother who worked as a domestic, and an absentee father. One of three children, she contracted spinal meningitis at the age of two and struggled with partial blindness, deafness in one ear and temporary paralysis. At age 10, Wells contracted tuberculosis. During her early years, Wells lived in Black Bottom and struggled with poverty. By age 12, she was helping her mother with house cleaning work.

Wells used singing as her comfort from her pain and by age 10 had graduated from church choirs to performing at local nightclubs in the Detroit area. Wells graduated from Detroit's Northwestern High School at the age of 17 and set her sights on becoming a scientist, but after hearing about the success of Detroit musicians such as Jackie Wilson and the Miracles, she decided to try her hand at music as a singer-songwriter.

In 1960, 17-year-old Wells approached Tamla Records founder Berry Gordy at Detroit's Twenty Grand club, with a song she had intended for Jackie Wilson to record, since Wells knew of Gordy's collaboration with Wilson. However, a tired Gordy insisted Wells sing the song in front of him. Impressed, Gordy had Wells enter Detroit's United Sound Systems to record the single, titled "Bye Bye Baby". After a reported 22 takes, Gordy signed Wells to the Motown subsidiary of his expanding record label and released the song as a single in September 1960; it peaked at number 8 on the US Billboard R&B chart in 1961, and later crossed over to the pop singles chart, where it peaked at number 45.

Wells' early Motown recordings reflected a rougher R&B sound than the smoother style of her biggest hits. Wells became the first Motown female artist to have a Top 40 pop single after the Mickey Stevenson-penned doo-wop song "I Don't Want to Take a Chance" hit number 33 in June 1961. In the fall of that year, Motown issued her first album and released a third single, the bluesy ballad "Strange Love". When that record bombed, Gordy set Wells up with the Miracles' lead singer Smokey Robinson. Though she was hailed as "the first lady of Motown", Wells was technically Motown's third female signed act: Claudette Rogers, of Motown's first star group the Miracles, has been referred to by Berry Gordy as "the first lady of Motown Records" due to her being signed as a member of the group, and in late 1959 Detroit blues-gospel singer Mable John had signed to the then-fledgling label a year prior to Wells' arrival. Nevertheless, Wells' early hits as one of the label's few female solo acts did make her the label's first female star and its first fully successful solo artist.

Success (1962-1964)
Wells's teaming with Robinson led to a succession of hit singles over the following two years. Their first collaboration, 1962's "The One Who Really Loves You", was Wells's first hit, peaking at number 2 on the R&B chart and number 8 on the Hot 100. The song featured a calypso-styled soul production that defined Wells's early hits. Motown released the similar-sounding "You Beat Me to the Punch" a few months later. The song became her first R&B number 1 single and peaked at number 9 on the pop chart. The success of "You Beat Me to the Punch" helped to make Wells the first Motown star to be nominated for a Grammy Award when the song was nominated for Best Rock & Roll Recording in 1963.

In late 1962, "Two Lovers" became Wells's third consecutive single to hit the Top 10 of Billboards Hot 100, peaking at number 7 and becoming her second number 1 hit on the R&B chart. This helped to make Wells the first female solo artist to have three consecutive Top 10 singles on the pop chart. The track sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. Wells's success at the label was recognized when she became a headliner during the first string of Motortown Revue concerts, starting in the fall of 1962. The singer showcased a rawer stage presence that contrasted with her softer R&B recordings.

Wells's success continued in 1963 when she hit the Top 20 with the doo-wop ballad "Laughing Boy" and scored three additional Top 40 singles, "Your Old Standby", "You Lost the Sweetest Boy", and its B-side, "What's Easy for Two Is So Hard for One".  "You Lost the Sweetest Boy" was one of the first hit singles composed by Holland–Dozier–Holland, the songwriting and producing team, though Robinson remained Wells's primary producer.

Also in 1963, Wells recorded a session of successful B-sides that arguably became as well known as her hits, including "Operator", "What Love Has Joined Together", "Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right" and "Old Love (Let's Try It Again)". Wells and Robinson also recorded a duet titled "I Want You 'Round", which would be re-recorded by Marvin Gaye and Kim Weston.

In 1964, Wells recorded "My Guy". The Smokey Robinson song became her trademark single, reaching number 1 on the Cashbox R&B chart for seven weeks and becoming the number 1 R&B single of the year. The song successfully crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, where it eventually replaced Louis Armstrong's "Hello, Dolly!" at number 1, remaining there for two weeks. The song became Wells's second million-selling single.

To build on the song's success, Motown released a duet album recorded with fellow Motown singing star Marvin Gaye, Together. The album peaked at number 1 on the R&B album chart and number 42 on the pop album chart, and yielded the double-sided hits "Once Upon a Time" and "What's the Matter With You Baby".

"My Guy" was one of the first Motown songs to break on the other side of the Atlantic, eventually peaking at number 5 on the UK chart and making Wells an international star. Around this time, the Beatles stated that Wells was their favorite American singer, and soon she was given an invitation to open for the group during their tour of the United Kingdom, thus making her the first Motown star to perform in the UK. Wells was only one of three female singers to open for the Beatles, the others being Brenda Holloway and Jackie DeShannon. Danny Tyrell accompanied her in live shows in Detroit. Wells made friends with all four Beatles and later released a tribute album, Love Songs to the Beatles, in mid-decade.

Former Motown sales chief Barney Ales described Wells's landmark success in 1964:

Leaving Motown (1964-1965)

Ironically during her most successful year, Wells was having problems with Motown over her original recording contract, which she had signed at the age of 17. She was also reportedly angry that the money made from "My Guy" was being used to promote the Supremes, who had found success with "Where Did Our Love Go", just as "My Guy" was promoted, using the profits from another, earlier hit Motown song. Though Gordy reportedly attempted to renegotiate with Wells, the singer still asked to be freed from her contract with Motown.

A pending lawsuit kept Wells away from the studio for several months, as she and Gordy brokered the contract details, with Wells fighting to gain a larger share of the royalties she had earned during her tenure with Motown. Finally, Wells invoked a clause that allowed her to leave the label, advising the court that her original contract was invalid, as she had signed while she was still a minor. Wells won her lawsuit and was awarded a settlement, leaving Motown officially in early 1965, whereupon she accepted a lucrative ($200,000) contract with 20th Century Fox Records.

Part of the terms of the agreement of her release was that she could not receive any royalties from her past works with the label, including use of her likeness to promote herself.

Career struggles (1965-1977)
Wells worked on material for her new record label while dealing with other issues, including being bedridden for weeks suffering from tuberculosis. Wells's eponymous first 20th Century Fox release included the first single "Ain't It The Truth", its B-side "Stop Taking Me for Granted", the lone top 40 hit, "Use Your Head" and "Never, Never Leave Me". However, the album flopped, as did the Beatles tribute album she released not too long afterwards. Rumors have hinted Motown may have threatened to sue radio stations for playing Wells's post-Motown music during this time. After a stressful period in which Wells and the label battled over multiple issues after her records failed to chart successfully, the singer asked to be let go in 1965 and left with a small settlement.

In 1966, Wells signed with Atlantic Records' subsidiary Atco. Working with producer Carl Davis, she scored her final Top 10 R&B hit with "Dear Lover", which also became a modestly successful pop hit, peaking at number 51. However, much like her tenure with 20th Century Fox, the singer struggled to come up with a follow-up hit, and in 1968, she left the label for Jubilee Records, where she scored her final pop hit, "The Doctor", a song she co-wrote with then-husband Cecil Womack. Meanwhile, she had attempted to develop a film career, but only managed a guest starring role in 1967's Catalina Caper (1967). In 1970, Wells left Jubilee for a short-lived deal with Warner Music subsidiary Reprise Records and released two Bobby Womack-produced singles. In 1972, Wells scored a UK hit with a re-issue of "My Guy", which was released on the Tamla-Motown label and climbed to number 14. Though a re-issue, Wells promoted the single heavily and appeared on the British TV show Top of the Pops for the first time. Despite this mini-revival, she decided to retire from music in 1974 to raise her family.

Comeback (1977-1989)
In 1977, Wells divorced Cecil Womack and returned to performing. She was spotted by CBS Urban president Larkin Arnold in 1978 and offered a contract with the CBS subsidiary Epic Records, which released In and Out of Love in October 1981. The album, which had been recorded in 1979, yielded Wells's biggest hit in years, the funky disco single, "Gigolo".

"Gigolo" became a smash at dance clubs across the country. A six-minute mix hit number 13 on Billboards Hot Dance/Club Singles chart and number 2 on the Hot Disco Songs chart. A four-minute radio version released to R&B stations in January 1982 achieved a modest showing at number 69. It turned out to be Wells's final chart single.

After the parent album failed to chart or produce successful follow-ups, the Motown-styled These Arms was released, but it flopped and was quickly withdrawn, and Wells's Epic contract fizzled. The album's failure may have been due to light promotion. She still had one more album in her CBS contract, and in 1982, released an album of cover songs, Easy Touch, which aimed for the adult contemporary radio format.

Leaving CBS in 1983, she continued recording for smaller labels, gaining new success as a touring performer.

On the April 21, 1984 edition of American Top 40, Casey Kasem reported that Wells was attempting to establish a hot dog chain.

In 1989, Wells was celebrated with a Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation during its inaugural year.

Final years (1990-1992)
In 1990, Wells recorded an album for Ian Levine's Motorcity Records, but her voice began to fail, causing the singer to visit a local hospital. Doctors diagnosed Wells with laryngeal cancer. Treatments for the disease ravaged her voice, forcing her to quit her music career. Since she had no health insurance, her illness wiped out her finances, forcing her to sell her home. As she struggled to continue treatment, old Motown friends, including Diana Ross, Mary Wilson, members of the Temptations and Martha Reeves, made donations to support her, along with the help of admirers such as Dionne Warwick, Rod Stewart, Bruce Springsteen, Aretha Franklin and Bonnie Raitt. That same year, a benefit concert was held by fellow fan and Detroit R&B singer Anita Baker. Wells was also given a tribute by friends such as Stevie Wonder and Little Richard on The Joan Rivers Show.

In 1991, Wells brought a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against Motown for royalties she felt she had not received upon leaving Motown Records in 1964 and for loss of royalties for not promoting her songs as the company should have. Motown eventually settled the lawsuit by giving her a six-figure sum. That same year, she testified before the United States Congress to encourage government funding for cancer research:

Personal life
Wells married twice: first, in 1960, to Detroit singer Herman Griffin; they divorced in 1963. Despite rumors, she never dated fellow Motown singer Marvin Gaye, who would go on to have successful duet partnerships with Kim Weston, Tammi Terrell and Diana Ross after Wells had left Motown.

In 1966, Wells married singer-songwriter Cecil Womack, formerly of the Valentinos, and the younger brother of musician Bobby Womack. The marriage lasted until 1977 and they produced three children.

Wells had four children from two marriages: Cecil Jr., Harry, Stacy, and Sugar.

Death
In the summer of 1992, Wells's cancer returned and she was rushed to the Kenneth Norris Jr. Cancer Hospital in Los Angeles with pneumonia. With the effects of her unsuccessful treatments and a weakened immune system, Wells died on July 26, 1992, at the age of 49. After her funeral, which included a eulogy given by her old friend and former collaborator, Smokey Robinson, Wells was cremated, and her ashes were laid to rest in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park, in a Womack family crypt. Family friend Sam Cooke is buried in The Garden of Honor, about  to the west.

Accolades
Though Wells has been eligible for induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, being nominated twice in 1986 and 1987, she has yet to achieve it.

Wells earned one Grammy Award nomination during her career. Her song "My Guy" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.

Wells was given one of the first Pioneer Awards by the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1989. A year later, the foundation raised more than $50,000 to help with her treatment after her illness had wiped out all of her finances.

Wells was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame in 2006. She was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2017.

Discography

Singles
1960: "Bye Bye Baby" (US #45)
1961: "I Don't Want to Take a Chance" (US #33)
1962: "The One Who Really Loves You" (US #8)
1962: "You Beat Me to the Punch" (US #9)
1962: "Two Lovers" (US #7)
1963: "Laughing Boy" (US #15)
1963: "Your Old Standby" (US #40)
1963: "You Lost the Sweetest Boy" (US #22)
1963: "What's So Easy for Two Is So Hard for One" (US #29)
1964: "My Guy" (US #1, UK #5)
1964: "Once Upon a Time" (US #19)
1964: "What's the Matter with You Baby" (US #15)
1964: "Ain't It The Truth (US #45)
1964: "Stop Takin' Me For Granted (US #88)
1965: "Use Your Head" (US #34)
1965: "Never, Never Leave Me" (US R&B #15)
1965: "He's A Lover" (US #74)
1965: "Me Without You" (US #95)
1966: "Dear Lover" (US #51, R&B #6)
1966: "Can't You See (You're Losing Me)"  (US #94)
1966: "Such A Sweet Thing" (US #99)
1968: "The Doctor" (US #65, R&B #22)
1969: "Never Give A Man The World: (US R&B #38)
1969: "Dig the Way I Feel" (US R&B #35)
1981: "Gigolo" (US Disco #2, US Club #13, R&B #69)

Charted albums
1963: Two Lovers and Other Great Hits  (#49 U.S.)
1964: Together  (#42 U.S.)
1964: Greatest Hits (#18 U.S.)
1964: Mary Wells Sings My Guy (#111 U.S.)
1965: Mary Wells (#145 U.S.)

References

External links

 CMG Worldwide
 History of Rock page on Mary Wells

1943 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century African-American women singers
African-American songwriters
American contraltos
American soul singers
American rhythm and blues singers
American women pop singers
Nightclub performers
Singers from Detroit
Songwriters from Michigan
Atlantic Records artists
Epic Records artists
Jubilee Records artists
Motown artists
Northwestern High School (Michigan) alumni
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from laryngeal cancer

Mary Wells


John Bartholomew Sosnowski (December 8, 1883 – July 16, 1968) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.

Sosnowski was born in a Polish family in Detroit, Michigan, and attended the parochial and Army schools. During the Spanish–American War he enlisted as a private in the Seventh Regiment, United States Cavalry, and served in Cuba and the Philippines. After the close of the war, he continued in the service and was on detached duty at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. He was honorably discharged on December 26, 1906, and returned to Detroit where he engaged in the real estate and brokerage business.

Sosnowski rose to the rank of captain and adjutant in the Thirty-first Regiment, Infantry, Michigan Army National Guard, from 1909 to 1916, with service on the Mexican border in 1916. He was a member and chairman of the board of water commissioners of the city of Detroit from 1918 to 1924.

Sosnowski was elected as a Republican from Michigan's first congressional district to the Sixty-ninth Congress, serving from March 4, 1925, to March 3, 1927. Sosnowski was an early anticommunist and shared considerable findings from anticommunist investigations in public congressional hearings.  In 1927, US Representative John B. Sosnowski stated "I would suggest you gentlemen read a book published by Blair Coan, entitled The Red Web," as part of a long list of findings presented during a public congressional hearing.

He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-nomination in 1926, when his 1924 Democratic rival, Robert H. Clancy, switched parties to become a Republican and defeated Sosnowski in the primary. Sosnowski again ran for the first district and lost in 1928, 1930, 1932, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1942, 1944, and 1946. In 1952, he ran the seat from Michigan's 16th congressional district and lost in the Republican primary.

He resumed the real estate and brokerage business in Detroit and was chosen as a delegate to the Republican National Conventions in 1932, 1936, 1940 (as an alternate), and 1944. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1942 to the Seventy-eighth Congress, in 1944 to the Seventy-ninth Congress, and in 1946 to the Eightieth Congress. He would later become hearing examiner for the Michigan Liquor Control Commission from 1947 to 1951.

John Sosnowski died in Detroit and was interred in Sweetest Heart of Mary Cemetery

References

 The Political Graveyard

External links

1883 births
1968 deaths
Politicians from Detroit
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Army officers
American politicians of Polish descent
American anti-communists
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Michigan
20th-century American politicians

John B. Sosnowski


Heinz Henghes (20 August 1906 – 20 December 1975) was a British sculptor.

Born Gustav Heinrich Clusmann in Hamburg (Germany). At the age of 17, Henghes ran away from home to go to the United States. In New York City he met a number of artists and writers and was influenced by Isamu Noguchi. In 1932, after eight years in America, Henghes travelled to France and lived for a short time in Paris where he met Constantin Brâncuși. In 1933 he went on to Rapallo in Italy where he enjoyed the patronage of Ezra Pound, who helped him by providing materials and space to work. For the next four years, Henghes was based in Italy, holding a number of exhibitions and building his reputation as a sculptor.

In 1937, following a further interlude in Paris, Henghes moved to England and set up his studio in London. By the time of the outbreak of war he had exhibited in various venues including the Guggenheim Jeune Gallery in Cork Street. Still a German national, Henghes was sent on the notorious ship the HMT Dunera to Australia where he was briefly interned in 1940 at Camp Hay. In 1941 he returned to England and for much of the war did freelance writing on current affairs for the BBC. His talks were broadcast on Radio Newsreel, on the Latin American Service, on the Italian Programme and other services in a variety of languages.

One man and group shows increased after the war and, whilst a lecturer in sculpture at the Royal College of Art in London, Henghes participated in the 1951 Festival of Britain. During this period he also broadcast on art and became a naturalised British citizen.

In 1953 Henghes moved to the Dordogne region of France where he was drawn by the discovery of Lascaux. In 1964 he returned to England to take up the post of Head of Fine Art at Winchester School of Art. He retired again to France in 1973. He died in Bordeaux in 1975.

Henghes is particularly noted for his finely polished white marble torsos, but he moved with the times, always living for the present, and worked in a range of materials and styles.

External links
Henghes Association website including a full catalogue and chronology.
Brian Patten on Heinz Henghes.

1906 births
1975 deaths
German sculptors
German male sculptors
Modern sculptors
Academics of the Royal College of Art
20th-century British sculptors
British male sculptors
People interned during World War II
20th-century British male artists

Heinz Henghes


Richard James Currie  (born 1937 in Saint John, New Brunswick) is a Canadian businessman.

Education
He entered the University of New Brunswick in 1955 on a Beaverbrook Scholarship and was elected president of the first-year class. He later received a Bachelor of Engineering in Chemistry degree from the Technical University of Nova Scotia in 1960. He worked as an engineer until 1968, when he entered Harvard University to earn a Master of Business Administration degree in 1970.

Career
In 1960, he joined Atlantic Sugar Refineries as a Process Engineer and was a Refining Superintendent from 1963 to 1968. After graduating from Harvard in 1970, he became a Senior Associate at McKinsey & Co., a management consultant firm based in New York City.

In 1972, he joined Loblaws as a Vice-President, becoming Executive Vice-President in 1974, and President in 1976. Loblaws increased its market share over 350 times in 25 years while under his control, reaching $14 billion before he stepped down on December 31, 2000. Through this, it became the largest private sector employer in Canada.

In 1996, he was appointed President of Loblaws parent company, George Weston Ltd., where he increased the share price from $16 to $123. In 2002 he stepped down from Weston and was appointed Chairman of BCE Inc. on April 24 of that year.

He, along with Lynton Wilson, Anthony S. Fell, James Fleck, Hal Jackman and John McArthur, helped establish a chair in Canadian business history at the Joseph L. Rotman School of Management, which is the first chair of its kind in Canada. Worth $3 million, it will help fund courses and research related to the progress of the commerce industry in Canada, along with the legal, economic and political events that impacted its history.

He was the Chairman of BCE Inc. and Bell Canada from 2002 to 2009 and currently sits on the board of directors of CAE, and Staples, Inc. and is also a Trustee of The Art Gallery of Ontario and a Director of Historical Foundation of Canada. Along with these titles, he is also Chairman of the Board of Telesat and was a Director of Imperial Oil Limited, and a member of the International Advisory Boards of RJR Nabisco and Jacobs Suchard.

University of New Brunswick involvement
On May 24, 2003, he was appointed Chancellor of the University of New Brunswick by the lieutenant-governor in council, at UNB's 174th Encaenia. His duties are to serve as the honorary head of UNB and also as a member of its Board of Governors.

In 2004, he established the Blake-Kirkpatrick Scholarships (now the Currie Scholarship) in memory of his two grandmothers: Ida Mae Blake and Jannet Kirkpatrick.

On October 20, 2005, the University of New Brunswick established a Chair in Nanotechnology in his honour. This is the first Chair in Nanotechnology in Canada.

In Fall 2011 work was completed on the Richard J. Currie Center, a five-storey, 139,000-square-foot athletics and gymnasium complex, named in honor of Currie, who was also the primary donor.  Currie donated over $20 million toward the construction of the building, the largest single donation a New Brunswick university has ever received.

Awards
1997, Made a Member of the Order of Canada
1997, Distinguished Canadian Retailer of the Year Award
2001, Awarded Canada's Outstanding CEO of the Year
2004, Promoted to Officer of the Order of Canada
2005, Awarded Retail Council of Canada's Lifetime Achievement Award
Inducted into the Canadian Business Hall of Fame
2010, Awarded Doctor of Letters as an honorary degree from Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia

References

1937 births
Bell Canada
Businesspeople from Saint John, New Brunswick
Canadian university and college chancellors
Harvard Business School alumni
Living people
McKinsey & Company people
Officers of the Order of Canada
University of New Brunswick alumni

Richard Currie


Bajo la misma piel (English title: Under your Skin) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carlos Moreno Laguillo for Televisa. It is an original telenovela from Martha Carrillo. It premiered on September 15, 2003 and ended on January 16, 2004. Despite huge exposure prior to its premiere, Bajo la misma piel was only a moderate success in its country of origin, Mexico, and was a virtual flop during its airing on Univision in the United States.

The series stars Kate del Castillo, Juan Soler, Diana Bracho, Alejandro Tommasi and Alejandro Camacho.

Plot
Sara's marriage to Bruno Murillo makes her life hell on earth. Bruno, a harsh fifty-year-old man who cheats on Sara and firmly believes that money can buy everything, even love. Sara represses her frustration and sacrifices her happiness in order to give her children, Miranda, Andres, and Paula, a stable home.

To make matters worse for Sara, Bruno will not let her divorce him. Just when Sara has resigned herself to living without love, Joaquin, the love of her life, returns. Although Sara's daughter Miranda is a vivacious and intelligent young woman, she has fallen in love with a man similar to Bruno.

Her fiancé, Patricio, is an ambitious and hypocritical man who cheats on her with her sister Paula. While Bruno supports Miranda's engagement because Patricio is his best friend's son, Sara fears for their daughter's future. When she meets Alejandro, Miranda questions her feelings for Patricio because Alejandro and she share a strong attraction.

Although there are countless obstacles between them, they are determined to fight for their happiness. Regina, Sara's sister who lives with her, was once a virtuous young lady who believed in love, but her fiancé abandoned her a few days before their wedding.

Nowadays Regina wants to follow just one rule: single men only. However, Regina falls in love with Eugenio, her friend's husband, and finds that she cannot control her passion. Sara's and Regina's mother, Esther, is the only woman in the family who has experienced true love with her husband.

Although she has lost her battle against cancer, Esther does not fall into depression. With vigor and optimism she continues to support her children and granddaughter, hoping to give them the strength to find and fight for true love.

Cast

Kate del Castillo as Miranda Murillo Ortiz de Ruiz
Juan Soler as Alejandro Ruiz Calderón
Diana Bracho as Sara Ortiz Escalante de Murillo
Alejandro Tomassi as Eugenio Rioja
Alejandro Camacho as Bruno Murillo Valdez
Susana Zabaleta as Ivonne Acosta
Manuel Ojeda as Rodrigo Leyva
Azela Robinson as Regina Ortiz Escalante
Victor Noriega as Gabriel Ornelas
Pedro Armendáriz, Jr. as Joaquín Vidaurri
Marga López as Esther Escalante de Ortiz
Lupita Lara as Rebeca de Barraza
Mariana Karr as Alina Calderón de Ruiz
Laisha Wilkins as Paula Beltrán Ortiz
Sergio Catalán as Patricio Leyva
Ernesto D'Alessio as Andrés Murillo Ortiz
Isadora González as Norma Rioja
Andrea Torre as Roberta Barraza
Alejandro Aragón as Marcos Ruiz Calderón
Tiaré Scanda as Aurora Romero
David Ostrosky as Jaime Sandoval
Yolanda Ventura as Macarena Montiel
Alfonso Iturralde as José María Barraza
Adriana Roel as Blanca Rioja
Elizabeth Dupeyrón as Ángela Quintero
Lorenzo de Rodas as Agustín Ruiz Cañedo
María Marcela as Sonia
Mauricio Bonet as Darío Portillo
Paola Cantú as Mónica Gutiérrez
Andrés Garza as Santiago Morales Acosta
Marifer Sasián as Triana Sandoval Romero
Polo Ortín as Nicky
Manuel Landeta as Ramiro Morales
Claudio Báez as Lic. Ramón Gutiérrez
Julio Bracho as Iker Iragorri
Uberto Bondoni as Tony
Dacia Arcaráz as Érika Godínez
Eduardo Liñán as Lic. Benítez
Juan Verduzco as Aurelio Acosta
Carmela Mosso as Paquita
Juan Carlos Martin del Campo as Damian
Veronika con K. as Liz
Anabel Gutiérrez as Rosita
Maricarmen Vela as Esther and Rosita's friend
Lourdes Canale as Esther and Rosita's friend
Tere Mondragón as Esther and Rosita's friend
Sara Montes as Esther's friend
Estela Aceves as Secretary
José Luis Avendaño as Jerónimo
Aline Blanc as Elena
Jorge Alberto Bolaños as Comandante Navarro
Claudia Cervantes as Patricio's friend
Alberto Chávez as Barman
Benjamín Islas as Police
Mario León as Hugo's friend in jail
Jaime Lozano as Comandante Zúñiga
Beatriz Monroy as Jerónimo's wife
Antonio Muñiz as Jimmy
Luis Romo as Aldo
Gabriel Roustand as Police
Miguel Serros as Recluso
Silvia Valdez as Nurse
Ricardo Vera as Lawyer
Sharis Cid as Vanessa
Ricky Mergold
Adanely Núñez

References

External links

 at esmas.com

2003 telenovelas
2003 Mexican television series debuts
2004 Mexican television series endings
Spanish-language telenovelas
Television shows set in Mexico
Televisa telenovelas

Bajo la misma piel


The Dr. Ezekiel R. Dumke College of Health Professions is a college of Weber State University located in the Marriott Allied Health building on the east side of campus south of the Science Lab building.

Degrees awarded in the college are as follows: Dental Hygiene, Emergency Care EMT/Paramedic, Health Administrative Services, Master of Health Administration, Health Care Coding, Health Information Management, Health Sciences, Nursing, Medical Laboratory Scientist, Master of Nursing, Radiology, and Respiratory Therapy.

External links
College of Health Professions

Weber State University
University subdivisions in Utah


Edward Swann (March 10, 1862 – September 19, 1945) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician from New York. From November 4, 1902, to March 3, 1903, he served part of one term in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Life
He was born on March 10, 1862, in Madison, Florida.

Swann graduated from Columbia Law School in 1886, was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in New York City. He entered politics as a member of Tammany Hall.

Congress
Swann was elected as a Democrat to the 57th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Amos J. Cummings and served from December 1, 1902, to March 3, 1903.

Career after Congress
Afterwards he resumed the practice of law in New York City. In November 1904, Swann ran again for Congress, this time in the 13th District, but was defeated by Republican Herbert Parsons.

In November 1907, Swann was elected a judge of the Court of General Sessions, and took office on January 1, 1908. He was New York County District Attorney from 1916 to 1921, elected in a special election in November 1915 defeating the incumbent Charles A. Perkins, and re-elected in November 1917 to a full term. Swann was accused several times by reform organizations of misconduct and malfeasance in office, urging his removal. Since the precedent of 1900, when Asa Bird Gardiner was removed by Gov. Theodore Roosevelt, this had become a constant move in New York City politics, but neither Republican Charles S. Whitman nor Democrat Al Smith saw reason enough to act.

In November 1920, Swann ran for the New York Supreme Court (1st D.), nominated by the Tammany bosses to get rid of him in the D.A.'s office. After his defeat, Tammany insisted in trying to get him appointed to a vacancy in the New York Court of General Sessions, but Governor Al Smith did not yield. However, for most of the year 1921, Swann remained out-of-state, partly in Florida, partly in Missouri, and left the office in the hands of his chief assistant district attorney, Joab H. Banton.

On May 21, 1921, Swann married in Salisbury, Chariton County, Missouri, Margaret W. Geisinger, a great-niece of Commodore David Geisinger.

Death
He died on September 19, 1945, in Sewall's Point, Florida.

Swann was buried at the St. Peter's Episcopal Cemetery in Fernandina Beach, Nassau County, Florida.

References

Sources

OLD 10th CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT CONVENTIONS in NYT on October 4, 1902
FOUR NEW NAMES ON THE CONGRESS TICKET'' in NYT on October 4, 1904
TAMMANY WINS in NYT on November 6, 1907
JUDGE DELEHANTY ACCUSES SWANN OF FRAUD ON COURT in NYT on December 31, 1916
CITY CLUB RENEWS ATTACKS ON SWANN in NYT on April 5, 1917
TAMMANY FINISHES SLATE FOR THIS FALL in NYT on August 17, 1917
TAMMANY PICKS SWANN FOR BENCH in NYT on August 10, 1920
TAMMANY WANTS SWANN ON BENCH in NYT on December 24, 1920
EDWARD SWANN WEDS IN MISSOURI in NYT on May 22, 1921

External links

1862 births
1945 deaths
New York County District Attorneys
People from Madison, Florida
People from Sewall's Point, Florida
New York (state) state court judges
Columbia Law School alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)

Edward Swann


Massimiliano "Massi" Rosolino (born 11 July 1978) is an Italian retired competitive swimmer.

Biography
Born in Naples to an Italian father, Salvatore, and an Australian mother, Carolyn, he moved to Australia at the age of three, coming back to Italy at six. Rosolino declared about his beginnings as a swimmer:
I learned to float by sheer chance at the age of 4. Instead of the common arm floating bands, they made me swim with a headboard. Unfortunately it had a hole, and by the time I finally got out of the small and deep pool, the headboard had drowned... The first real swimming course I took was when I was 6 years old, and after that, lesson by lesson, I got to the pre-competition level. I always had a hard life, even though I was physically well-built, I always had to fight to become number 1, and even though I won a lot of races, I remember every race with emotion: the first regional championships, the national ones, the Young Europeans, and of course all the stomach aches I had.

In 2002 he moved back to Australia to train with coach Ian Pope at the Melbourne Vicentre Club.

Rosolino represented Italy in all of the four editions of the Olympic Games since 1996. At the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, he became the second Olympic champion ever in the history of Italian swimming as he won the gold medal in the 200 m individual medley (1:58.98, then Olympic and national record). He won two more medals: a silver medal in the 400 m freestyle setting the current European record (3:43.40) behind Ian Thorpe, and a bronze medal in the 200 m freestyle (1:46.65) behind Pieter van den Hoogenband and Ian Thorpe. At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Rosolino won a bronze medal with the Italian team in the 4×200 m freestyle relay.

Rosolino is the most successful athlete in the history of Italian swimming, with an overall count of 60 international medals. He became world champion in the 200 m individual medley at the 2001 World Championships in Fukuoka. He also won 3 silver medals and a bronze medal through 5 editions of the World Long Course Championships. He won a gold medal (4×200 m freestyle relay), 2 silver medals and 7 bronze medals at the World Short Course Championships; since 1995 he won 21 medals at the European LC Championships and 20 medals at the European Short Course Swimming Championships, becoming European champion 14 times (7 long course, 7 short course).

Personal bests
Rosolino's personal bests are:

 100 m freestyle LC: 49.35 r (2007; World Championships in Melbourne).
 200 m freestyle LC: 1:46.60 sf (2000, Italian record; Olympic Games in Sydney).
 400 m freestyle LC: 3:43.40 (2000, European record; Olympic Games in Sydney).
 800 m freestyle LC: 7:50.40 (2005).
 1500 m freestyle LC: 15:09.28 (2001).
 50 m breaststroke LC: 29.29 (2004).
 100 m breaststroke LC: 1:03.81 (2003).
 200 m individual medley LC: 1:58.98 (2000; Olympic Games in Sydney).
 400 m individual medley LC: 4:17.30 (2003; World Championships in Barcelona).

See also
 Italian swimmers multiple medalists at the international competitions
 Walk of Fame of Italian sport

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Italian male breaststroke swimmers
Italian male medley swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Italy
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers from Naples
Olympic gold medalists for Italy
Olympic silver medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Italian people of Australian descent
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Italian male freestyle swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European champions for Italy
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Swimmers at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
Swimmers at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Goodwill Games medalists in swimming
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Participants in Italian reality television series
20th-century Italian people
21st-century Italian people

Massimiliano Rosolino


Clayton M. Clemens is a Chancellor Professor of Government and Assistant Chair of the Government Department at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.

His research specialization is German politics and foreign policy. He is the editor of The Kohl Chancellorship (Frank Cass/1998) and NATO and the Quest for Post-Cold War Security (St. Martin's/1997). His articles have appeared in West European Politics, German Politics, International Affairs, and Armed Forces and Society.

Originally from Utah, Clemens received his undergraduate degree from the College of William and Mary in 1980; did his doctoral work at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University; and has taught in the Government Department at the College of William and Mary since 1985.

In 1990-91 Professor Clemens received an International Affairs Fellowship from the Council on Foreign Relations and served as a political analyst at the United States Embassy in Bonn, Germany. He was a guest professor at the University of Potsdam, in eastern Germany, in the summer of 1992. In 1992 the German Historical Institute awarded him the Alois Mertes Memorial Lectureship.

He has been asked to speak as the faculty representative at the annual senior Candlelight ceremony more than ten times.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American book editors
College of William & Mary alumni
College of William & Mary faculty
American political scientists

Clayton Clemens


Mary: A Fiction is a novel written by Mary Wollstonecraft, a British feminist. It is her first and only complete novel. Wollstonecraft wrote it when she was a governess in Ireland. The novel was published in 1788 shortly after she decided to embark on a writing career, an unpopular profession for women in 18th-century Britain.

It tells the story of a heroine's "romantic friendships" with a woman and a man.

Wollstonecraft was inspired by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's idea that "geniuses are self-taught", so Wollstonecraft made Mary, the main character, a self-taught heroine. Wollstonecraft describes Mary as independent and capable of defining femininity and marriage for herself. It is Mary's "strong, original opinions" and her resistance to "conventional wisdom" that makes her a genius. Mary also critiques marriage, 18th-century sensibility and its damaging effects on women.

1780s books
English novels

Mary: A Fiction


Ralph Arlyck is an American documentary filmmaker. He has won many awards for his films and has been shown at film festivals including Sundance, New York, London, and Cannes.

An alumnus of Colgate University, his first major film was Sean, a short film which features the story of four-year-old Sean Farrell growing up in the Haight-Ashbury section of San Francisco in 1969. It received wide acclaim in the United States and Europe for its frank portrayal of the 1960s counterculture. Among its fans was French director François Truffaut, whose own film, The Wild Child, played alongside Sean at the Cannes Film Festival. Arlyck revisited Farrell in the 2005 follow-up documentary, Following Sean, which received similar praise at international film festivals.

Arlyck's other works include An Acquired Taste, Godzilla Meets Mona Lisa, and Current Events.

References

External links

Sean on PBS.org
Following Sean Official website

American documentary filmmakers
Colgate University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

Ralph Arlyck


The PZL.44 Wicher (gale) was a prototype of 14-seat, twin-engine Polish airliner, built in the Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze (PZL) in 1938.
It was to compete with the DC-2 and Lockheed Super Electra.

Design and development
In mid-1930s the Polish Ministry of Communication ordered a development of an own passenger plane for LOT Polish Airlines, using imported airliners so far, mostly Lockheed Model 10 Electra and DC-2. The plane was designed in  the state factory Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze under direction of Wsiewołod Jakimiuk in 1936-1937.

The prototype was flown on March 12, 1938 by Bolesław Orliński. The aircraft was designated PZL.44 Wicher. In December 1938 it was given to LOT  for evaluation, with registration SP-BPJ. Initially LOT airlines ordered 10 PZL.44s but high cost of a single plane and delays in development were reasons for decreasing order to 4, then for cancelling it in 1939. LOT bought a batch of 10 cheaper Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra in 1938 and 1939 instead.

Wicher was the first modern airliner designed in Poland. Its construction was very modern, but it is estimated, that the whole program was too ambitious, because a development of an own passenger plane, without much hope of export, was unprofitable. Moreover, LOT airlines found operation features of well-proven Lockheed Super Electra more satisfactory. Lockheed offered a possibility of licence production as well. Besides, the Wicher development caused delays in development of new fighter aircraft, like PZL.50 Jastrząb, that were more needed in an advent of the war.

Description
Twin-engine low-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction, metal covered (with Alclad sheet). Fuselage semi-monocoque. Crew cockpit in front with a crew of 4: two pilots, radio operator and a mechanic. Passenger cab with 14 seats in two rows, dimensions: length 9 m, width 1.7 m, height 1.85 m. In the rear, WC and (planned) buffet with steward's seat. Crew doors on the left in front, passengers' doors on the left at the rear. Baggage space was between cockpit and the passenger cab and in a tail section, capacity: 5 m³. Elliptical wing (shape similar to PZL.37 Łoś bomber). Engine nacelles in wings. Three-blade Hamilton Standard propellers. Retractable conventional landing gear - main gear with single wheels retractable to engine nacelles. Double elliptical tailfin. Fuel tanks 2200 L in wings (normal load 1800 L).

Operational history

After the outbreak of World War II, on 1 September 1939, the prototype was evacuated from Warsaw to Lwów, but it damaged a landing gear and was left there. It was next captured by the invading Soviets and evaluated in Moscow.

Operators

LOT Polish Airlines operated single prototype and was expected operator of a series.

Specifications (PZL.44)

See also

References

Further reading

1930s Polish airliners
Low-wing aircraft
Wicher
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

PZL.44 Wicher