Medieval letter tiles are one-letter ceramic tiles that were employed in monasteries and churches of the late Middle Ages for the creation of Christian inscriptions on floors and walls. They were created by pressing stamps bearing a reverse image into soft clay, which was then baked hard, and they were used to form words by assembling single-letter tiles in the desired order.

Background
The decoration technique is notable for being an early form of movable type printing which essentially is nothing but the stringing together of identically created individual letters for the purpose of producing an image. Compared to the conventional printing technique later established by Johannes Gutenberg, though, medieval tile alphabets were created in an inverse order: In a first step, the (im)printing was done, and only then the process of typesetting occurred, by spreading out the individual letter tiles onto the floor and composing them into words and lines of text.

The use of such movable letter tiles is documented for the English Chertsey Abbey, from whose ruins specimens dating to the second half of the 13th century were recovered, as well as for the early 14th‑century flooring of the Dutch Aduard Abbey. In Zinna Abbey south of Berlin, there is an extant Ave Maria embedded in the floor before the altar. Each letter appears as a relief print on an unglazed, red-brown terracotta tile measuring 14 x 14 cm. The Latin inscription dates to the 13th or 14th century and was composed in Gothic majuscule.

The Prüfening dedicatory inscription is a Latin church inscription on a single clay tablet using a different principle, apparently made by stamping out the words with individual letter stamps or types.

References

Sources

 Haberley, Loyd (1937): "Medieval English Paving Tiles", Blackwel

Tiling
Ceramics of medieval Europe

Medieval letter tile


Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enrique Granados in Spanish or Enric Granados in Catalan, was a Spanish composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain. His most well-known works include Goyescas, the , and María del Carmen.

Life

Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados Campiña was born in Lleida, Spain, the son of Calixto José de la Trinidad Granados y Armenteros, a Spanish army captain who was born in Havana, Cuba, and Enriqueta Elvira Campiña de Herrera, from Santander, Spain. As a young man he studied piano in Barcelona, where his teachers included Francisco Jurnet and Joan Baptista Pujol. In 1887 he went to Paris to study. He was unable to become a student at the Paris Conservatoire, but he was able to take private lessons with a conservatoire professor, Charles-Wilfrid de Bériot, whose mother, the soprano Maria Malibran, was of Spanish ancestry. Bériot insisted on extreme refinement in tone production, which strongly influenced Granados's teaching of pedal technique. He also fostered Granados's abilities in improvisation. Just as important were his studies with Felip Pedrell. He returned to Barcelona in 1889. His first successes were at the end of the 1890s, with the opera María del Carmen, which attracted the attention of King Alfonso XIII.

In 1903, Granados participated in a competition organized by Tomás Bretón of the Madrid Royal Conservatory, which awarded a considerable sum of 500 pesetas for the best "concert allegro" for solo piano. Granados submitted his Allegro de concierto, Op. 46, for which the jury declared him the winner with an almost unanimous vote. The win brought Granados to national attention.

In 1911 Granados premiered his suite for piano Goyescas, which became his most famous work. It is a set of six pieces based on paintings of Francisco Goya. Such was the success of this work that he was encouraged to expand it. He wrote an opera based on the subject in 1914, but the outbreak of World War I forced the European premiere to be canceled. It was performed for the first time in New York City on 28 January 1916 and was very well received. Shortly afterwards, he was invited to perform a piano recital for President Woodrow Wilson. Before leaving New York, Granados also made live-recorded player piano music rolls for the New-York-based Aeolian Company's "Duo-Art" system, all of which survive today and can be heard – his last recordings.

Death
A delay in New York, incurred by accepting a recital invitation, caused him to miss his boat back to Spain. Instead, he took a ship to England, where he boarded the passenger ferry SS Sussex for Dieppe, France. On the way across the English Channel, the Sussex was torpedoed by a German U-boat, as part of the German World War I policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. According to witness Daniel Sargent, Granados's wife, Amparo, was too heavy to get into a lifeboat. Granados refused to leave her and positioned her on a small life raft on which she knelt and he clung. Both then drowned within sight of other passengers. However, according to a different account from another survivor, "A survivor of the 1916 torpedo attack on a Cross channel ferry, Sussex, recognised Spanish composer Granados in a lifeboat, his wife in the water. Granados dived in to save her and perished." The ship broke in two parts, and only one sank (along with 80 passengers). Ironically, the part of the vessel that contained his cabin did not sink and was towed to port, with most of the passengers, except for Granados and his wife, who were on the other side of the boat when it was hit. Granados and his wife left six children: Eduard (a musician), Solita, Enrique (a swimming champion), Víctor, Natalia, and Francisco.

The personal papers of Enrique Granados are preserved in, among other institutions, the National Library of Catalonia.

Music and influence
Granados wrote piano music, chamber music (a piano quintet, a piano trio, music for violin and piano), songs, zarzuelas, and an orchestral tone poem based on Dante's Divine Comedy. Many of his piano compositions have been transcribed for the classical guitar; examples include Dedicatoria, Danza No. 5, and Goyescas.

His music can be divided into three styles or periods:
A romantic style including such pieces as Escenas Románticas and Escenas Poeticas.
A more typically nationalist, Spanish style including such pieces as Danzas Españolas (Spanish Dances), 6 Piezas sobre cantos populares españoles (Six Pieces based on popular Spanish songs).
The Goya (Goyesca) period, which includes the piano suite Goyescas, the opera Goyescas, various Tonadillas for voice and piano, and other works.

Granados was a significant influence on at least two other famous Spanish composers and musicians, Manuel de Falla and Pablo Casals. He was also the teacher of composer Rosa García Ascot.

Some important works

12 danzas españolas (1890) for piano; Op. 37, H. 142, DLR 1:2. The contents of the four volumes are: Vol. 1: Galante (or Minueto), Oriental, Fandango (or Zarabanda); Vol. 2: Villanesca; Andaluza (or Playera); Rondalla aragonesa (or Jota); Vol. 3: Valenciana; Sardana (or Asturiana); Romántica (or Mazurca); Vol. 4: Melancólica (or Danza Triste); Zambra; Arabesca.
María del Carmen (1898), opera
Allegro de concierto (1904)
Escenas románticas (1903) for piano. The individual "scenes" are: Mazurca; Berceuse; Allegretto; Mazurka; Allegro appassionato; Epílogo
Dante (1908), symphonic poem
Tonadillas al estilo antiguo, H136 (1910) for voice and piano, settings of a group of poems by . Titles of individual songs in the collection are: "Amor y odio"; "Callejeo"; "El majo discreto"; "El majo olvidado"; "El majo tímido"; "El mirar de la maja"; "El tra-la-la y el punteado"; "La maja de Goya"; "La maja dolorosa I (Oh muerte cruel!), II (Ay majo de mi vida!), and III (De aquel majo amante)"; "La currutacas modestas" (duet).
Canciones españolas for voice and piano. Titles of individual songs in the collection are: "Yo no tengo quien me llore"; "Cantar I"; "Por una mirada, un mundo"; "Si al retiro me llevas..."; "Canción"; "Serenata"; "Canto gitano".
Cançons catalanas for voice and piano. Titles of individual songs in the collection are: "L'ocell profeta"; "Elegía eterna"; "Cançó de Gener"; "Cançó d'amor"; "Cançoneta"; "La boira".
Goyescas (1911), suite for piano, subtitled "Los majos enamorados". It consists of six pieces in two books. Movements are: Book 1: "Los requiebros"; "Coloquio en la reja"; "El fandango de candil"; "Quejas o La maja y el ruiseñor"; Book 2: "El amor y la muerte"; "Epílogo (Serenata del espectro)". "El pelele", although not published as part of the Goyescas, is usually appended to it. In performance it is played as the seventh and last piece. It is based on the music of the opening scene of Granados's opera Goyescas, in which a "pelele" is being tossed in the air by the "majas".
Bocetos (1912) which contains: "Despertar del cazador"; "El hada y el niño"; "Vals muy lento"; "La campana de la tarde".
Colección de canciones amatorias (1915) for voice and piano. Titles of individual songs in the collection are:  "Descúbrase el pensamiento de mi secreto cuidado"; "Mañanica era"; "Llorad, corazón, que tenéis razón 'Lloraba la niña'"; "Mira que soy niña"; "No lloréis, ojuelos"; "Iban al pinar 'Serranas de Cuenca'"; "Gracia mía".
Goyescas, opera, 1916
6 Estudios expresivos
6 Piezas sobre cantos populares españoles, which include: "Añoranza"; "Ecos de la parranda"; "Vascongada"; "Marcha oriental"; "Zambra"; "Zapateado"
Madrigal, for cello and piano
8 Valses Poéticos, for piano, including No 6 "Vals Poético"
Trío, for piano, violin, and cello
"Military March", for piano, Op.38

Media

References

Notes

Sources and further reading

 San-Juan, Pablo Vila: Papeles íntimos de Enrique Granados. Amigos de Granados, 1966.
 Perandones, Miriam: "El compositor catalán Enrique Granados Análisis de tres canciones de concierto: La boyra (1900), Cansó d'amor (1902) y Elegia eterna (1912)". Recerca musicològica, nos. 20–21, 2013–2014, pp. 277–304
 Perandones, Miriam: "La canción de Enrique Granados: un microcosmos estilístico", Cuadernos de música iberoamericana, Vol. 22, 2011, pp. 151–186
 Perandones, Miriam: "Enrique Granados en París: la construcción de un icono español en el ámbito musical internacional", Revista de Musicología, Vol. 34, Nº 1, 2011, págs. 203–232.
 Perandones, Miriam: "Estancia y recepción de Enrique Granados en Nueva York (1915–1916) desde la perspectiva de su epistolario inédito", Revista de Musicología, Vol. 32, Nº 1, 2009, pp. 281–295.
 Comentaris a la gravació de la suite "Goyescas" per a piano. Joaquín Achúcarro, RCA Records, Madrid, 1980. D.L. M 8232-80
 Historia de la Música Española. Siglo XIX. Carlos Gómez Amat, Alianza Música, 1984.
 Enrique Granados (su obra para piano). 2 vols. Antonio Iglesias, Editorial Alpuerto, 1985–1986.  i 84-3810101-1
 Granados. Antoni Carreras i Granados, Nou Art Thor, 1988. .

Recordings
Goyescas, Part 1, Los Requiebros as recorded by Granados on piano roll, c. 1913, Paris (Info)
L'escola pianística catalana (Enregistraments històrics) (la mà de guido, LMG3060)
Enrique Granados today playing his 1913 interpretations (The Welte Mignon Mystery Vol. I)
Enrique Granados: Composer as Pianist (Pierian Recording Society, PIR0002)
Masters of the Piano Roll: Granados Plays Granados (Dal Segno Records, DSPRCD008)
The Catalan Piano Tradition (VAI Audio, 1001)
Rollos de Pianola (Obras de Albéniz, Granados, Turina, Ocón, Chapí, Alonso y Otros) (Almaviva, DS – 0141)
Piano Rolls (The Reproducing Piano Roll Foundation)

External links

 Biography and images
 www.kreusch-sheet-music.net – Free Scores by Granados
Personal papers of Enric Granados in the Biblioteca de Catalunya

1867 births
1916 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century Spanish composers
19th-century Spanish male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century Spanish composers
20th-century Spanish male musicians
Civilians killed in World War I
Deaths by drowning
Classical composers from Catalonia
Composers for piano
Male classical pianists
People from Lleida
People who died at sea
Spanish classical composers
Spanish classical pianists
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish people of World War I
Spanish Romantic composers

Enrique Granados


Eleanor M. Saffran (May 16, 1938 – November 23, 2002), an American neuroscientist, was a researcher in the field of Cognitive Neuropsychology. Her interest in Neuropsychology began at the Baltimore City hospitals of Johns Hopkins University, where her research unit focused on neurological patients with language or cognitive impairments. In papers published between 1976 and 1982, Dr. Saffran spelled out the methodological tenets of "cognitive neuropsychology" exemplified in her studies of aphasia, alexia (acquired dyslexia), auditory verbal agnosia, and short-term memory impairment.

Career
In 1980, Saffran joined the Neurology Department of Temple University and established the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience. Here she built an interdisciplinary research group composed of neurologists, psychologists, and speech-language pathologists. Under her leadership, this group extended the cognitive neuropsychological approach to the analysis of neurological disorders of perception, visual attention, and semantics.

These years also marked the continuation of her longstanding collaboration with Myrna Schwartz of MossRehab (part of the Einstein Healthcare Network) which began in Baltimore in 1975. An innovative aspect of their research was its emphasis on application of language theory to diagnosis and treatment of language disorders. This model was embraced by other researchers of language and remains a standard approach in aphasia research today. As the field of cognitive neuropsychology matured, Saffran became recognized as one of its most influential practitioners. In 1989, her grant on the psycholinguistic analysis of language disorders was awarded the Claude Pepper Award of Excellence by the National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders.

In 1991, Saffran was appointed as professor in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at Temple University. She continued teaching her courses even after progression of a degenerative condition had weakened her speaking voice and use of her hands. Her contributions to research were recognized posthumously when she was awarded the Temple University Faculty Research Award for excellence in research in 2003.

Legacy
Longtime colleague Nadine Martin, associate professor of communication sciences and disorders at Temple University, started working with Saffran in 1982 and then completed her Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology at Temple University in 1987. Today she continues Saffran's tradition of scholarship and mentorship as Director of the Eleanor M. Saffran Center for Cognitive Neuroscience.

Her daughter Jenny Saffran has also pursued a career in research in cognitive science. She leads the Infant Learning Laboratory at University of Wisconsin–Madison.

List of important papers
 Saffran EM, Marin OS, Yeni-Komshian GH. (1976) An analysis of speech perception in word deafness. Brain and Language, 3:209-28.
 Saffran EM, Schwartz MF, Marin OS. (1980) The word order problem in agrammatism. II. Production. Brain and Language, 10:263-80.
 Saffran EM, Schwartz MF, Marin OS. (1980) The word order problem in agrammatism. I. Comprehension. Brain and Language, 10:249-62.
 Linebarger MC, Schwartz MF, Saffran EM. (1983) Sensitivity to grammatical structure in so-called agrammatic aphasics. Cognition, 13:361-92.
 Saffran EM, Berndt RS, Schwartz MF. (1989) The quantitative analysis of agrammatic production: procedure and data. Brain and Language. 37:440-79.
 Saffran EM, Schwartz MF. (1994) Impairment of sentence comprehension. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 346:47-53.
 Dell GS, Schwartz MF, Martin N, Saffran EM, Gagnon DA. (1997) Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. Psychological Review, 104:801-38.
 Martin N, Saffran EM. (1997) Language and auditory-verbal short-term memory impairments: Evidence for common underlying processes. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 14:641–682.
 Saffran EM, Schwartz MF, Linebarger MC. (1998) Semantic influences on thematic role assignment: evidence from normals and aphasics. Brain and Language, 62:255-97.
 Saffran EM. (2000) The organization of semantic memory: in support of a distributed model. Brain and Language, 71:204-12.

References
 Schwartz, M, Coslett, B, & Martin, N. (2004). In Memoriam: Eleanor M. Saffran. Brain and Language 89:1-2.
 Behrmann M, Patterson K. (Eds.) (2006) Words and Things: Cognitive Neuropsychological Studies in Tribute to Eleanor M. Saffran. A special issue of the journal Cognitive Neuropsychology. Psychology Press.

External links

American women psychologists
20th-century American psychologists
American cognitive neuroscientists
Neuropsychologists
American women neuroscientists
20th-century American women scientists
Speech perception researchers
Temple University faculty
1938 births
2002 deaths
American women academics
Dyslexia researchers

Eleanor Saffran


Helge Rognlien (14 January 1920 – 15 July 2001) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.

He was born in Oslo. At the outbreak of World War II, Rognlien was a student at the University of Oslo. After the German occupation of Norway in 1940, he was a member of the new governing body of the Norwegian Students' Society, which included students from all political groups, except the National Socialists. Rognlien represented the Liberal Student Association. A troubled relationship with the Nazi regime ensued until 15 October 1943, when 63 prominent students were arrested, and Rognlien was one of them. After a time in Bredtveit and Berg concentration camps until 8 December 1943, he spent the rest of the war years in captivity in Sennheim in Alsace and Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany.

Having graduated as cand.jur. in 1945, his career began with a one-year tenure as civil servant in the Ministry of Justice and the Police. From 1946 to 1948 he was the leader of the Young Liberals of Norway, the youth wing of the Liberal Party.

On 29 August 1970 he was appointed Minister of Local Government during the centre-right cabinet Borten, replacing Helge Seip. Rognlien held the position until the cabinet Borten fell in 1971. In 1972 he again replaced Helge Seip, this time as party chairman of the Liberal Party. He held this position until 1974, when Eva Kolstad took over as the first female party leader in Norway.

Rognlien was a member of Bærum municipality council from 1955 to 1960 and 1967 to 1979, and also of Akershus county council from 1963 to 1975. He never served in the national parliament.

He was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1966 to 1973.

References

1920 births
2001 deaths
Liberal Party (Norway) politicians
Ministers of Local Government and Modernisation of Norway
Bærum politicians
Norwegian jurists
University of Oslo alumni
Bredtveit concentration camp survivors
Berg concentration camp survivors
Sennheim concentration camp survivors
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors

Helge Rognlien


The native resolution of an liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) or other flat panel display refers to its single fixed resolution. As an LCD consists of a fixed raster, it cannot change resolution to match the signal being displayed as a cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor can, meaning that optimal display quality can be reached only when the signal input matches the native resolution. An image where the number of pixels is the same as in the image source and where the pixels are perfectly aligned to the pixels in the source is said to be pixel perfect.

While CRT monitors can usually display images at various resolutions, an LCD monitor has to rely on interpolation (scaling of the image), which causes a loss of image quality. An LCD has to scale up a smaller image to fit into the area of the native resolution. This is the same principle as taking a smaller image in an image editing program and enlarging it; the smaller image loses its sharpness when it is expanded. This is especially problematic as most resolutions are in a 4:3 aspect ratio (640×480, 800×600, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1600×1200) but there are odd resolutions that are not, notably 1280×1024. If a user were to map 1024×768 to a 1280×1024 screen there would be distortion as well as some image errors, as there is not a one-to-one mapping with regard to pixels. This results in noticeable quality loss and the image is much less sharp.

In theory, some resolutions could work well, if they are exact multiples of smaller image sizes. For example, a 1600×1200 LCD could display an 800×600 image well, as each of the pixels in the image could be represented by a block of four on the larger display, without interpolation. Since 800×600 is an integer factor of 1600×1200, scaling should not adversely affect the image. But in practice, most monitors apply a smoothing algorithm to all smaller resolutions, so the quality still suffers for these "half" modes.

Most LCD monitors are able to inform the PC of their native resolution using Extended display identification data (EDID); however, some LCD TVs, especially those with 1366x768 pixels, fail to provide their native resolution and only provide a set of lower resolutions, resulting in a less than pixel perfect output.

Some widescreen LCD monitors optionally display lower resolutions without scaling or stretching an image, so that the image will always be in full sharpness, although it will not occupy the full screen. This is most often recognizable upon close inspection, as there will typically be black edges visible on either side of the panel horizon.

See also
1:1 pixel mapping

References

Gaming issues with TFT LCD Displays
(Wayback Machine copy)
Display technology

Native resolution


The Druk Desi (, Wylie: 'brug sde-srid; also called Deb Raja) was the title of the secular (administrative) rulers of Bhutan under the dual system of government between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. Under this system, government authority was divided among secular and religious administrations, both unified under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche. Druk, meaning 'thunder dragon', refers symbolically to Bhutan, whose most ancient name is Druk-yul. Desi, meaning 'regent', was the chief secular office in the realm under this system of government.

History
In Bhutan, the office of Druk Desi was established by the Zhabdrung Rinpoche, Ngawang Namgyal in the 17th century under the dual system of government. Having fled sectarian persecution in Tibet, Ngawang Namgyal established the Drukpa Lineage as the state religion. Under the Bhutanese system, the powers of the government were split between the religious branch headed by the Je Khenpo of the Drukpa Lineage and the civil administrative branch headed by the Druk Desi. Both the Je Khenpo and Druk Desi were under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche, a reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal.

The Druk Desi was either a monk or a member of the laity—by the nineteenth century, usually the latter; he was elected for a three-year term, initially by a monastic council and later by the State Council (Lhengye Tshokdu). The State Council was a central administrative organ that included regional rulers, the Zhabdrung's chamberlains, and the Druk Desi. In time, the Druk Desi came under the political control of the State Council's most powerful faction of regional administrators. The Zhabdrung was the head of state and the ultimate authority in religious and civil matters.

The seat of central government was at Thimphu, the site of a thirteenth-century dzong, in the spring, summer, and fall. The winter capital was at Punakha, a dzong established northeast of Thimphu in 1527. The kingdom was divided into three regions (east, central, and west), each with an appointed penlop (governor), holding a seat in a major dzong. Districts were headed by dzongpens (district officers), who had their headquarters in lesser dzongs. The penlops were a combination of tax collectors, judges, military commanders, and procurement agents for the central government. Their major revenues came from the trade between Tibet and India and from land taxes.

It is believed that the death of Ngawang Namgyal in 1651 was concealed for some 50 years as authorities sought his reincarnation as successor. At first the system persisted, however the Druk Desi gradually gained political power and civil wars ensued. Once a reincarnation was found, the Druk Desi was unwilling to part with his acquired power, and the power of the Zhabdrung gradually declined. Similarly, the Druk Desi also lost control over the local rulers and penlops. The country devolved into several semi-independent regions under the control of penlops. In practice, the Zhabdrung was often a child under the control of the Druk Desi, and regional penlops often administered their districts in defiance of the Druk Desi.

The Constitution of Bhutan, enacted in 2008, confirms Bhutan's commitment to the dual system of government. However the title "Druk Desi" never appears in the constitution, and all administrative powers are vested in the Druk Gyalpo and civilian offices directly. Furthermore, the Druk Gyalpo appoints the Je Khenpo on advice of the Five Lopons (learned masters), and the democratic constitution itself is the supreme law of the land, as opposed to a Zhabdrung figurehead.

See also
 List of rulers of Bhutan
 Dual system of government
 History of Bhutan

Notes

References

External links

Political history of Bhutan
2nd-millennium disestablishments in Asia

Druk Desi


Anu Muhammad Anisur Rahman, better known as Anu Muhammad (; born 1956), is a Bangladeshi economist, public intellectual, writer, editor, and political activist. He is the member-secretary of the National Committee to Protect Oil, Gas, Mineral Resources, Power and Ports.

Career
Anu Muhammad is a professor at Jahangirnagar University where he has been teaching economics since 1982 and taught anthropology from 1991 to 2005. He was a visiting professor at the University of Winnipeg and the University of Manitoba in 2001 and worked at Columbia University as a visiting scholar in 1993. His research and written work focus on such areas as current economic and political problems in Bangladesh, political economy, globalisation, social transformation, gender issues, non-governmental organisations, environment, and energy. He is the member-secretary of the citizen's movement platform called National Committee to Protect Oil-Gas-Mineral Resources-Power and Ports.

Political views
Anu is involved in a variety of movements in Bangladesh and his appearance on TV talk shows with his anti-establishment position led to a death threat he received in February 2008. He was injured by the police in September 2009 during a demonstration protesting exploration deals granted by the government to two international oil companies. This event led to a protest by the Bangladesh Economic Association and to an open letter condemning the event, signed as it was by intellectuals, academics, and activists from around the world, including, among many others, Bertell Ollman, E. San Juan, Jr., Vijay Prashad, Gopal Balakrishnan, Nurul Kabir, and by Azfar Hussain, who convened this international signature campaign.

Works
Anu Muhammad has written more than 30 books, most of them in Bangla and some in English. He is the editor of the quarterly journal Sarbajonakotha.

His books include:

 1983. Biswa Pujibad O Bangladesher Anunnayan (World Capitalism and Underdevelopment of Bangladesh), Karim Prakashani, Dhaka.
 1985, 2000. Bangladesher Grameen Samaj O Arthaniti (Rural Society and Economy of Bangladesh), Dripta Prakashani, Meera Prakashani, Dhaka.
 1988, 1999. Bangladeshi Unnayan Shankat ebang NGO Model (Crisis of Development and the NGO Model in Bangladesh), Prachinta Prakashani, Dhaka.
 1989. Bangladesher Kotipati,Madhyabitto O Sramik (Multimillionaires,Middle Class and Workers), Chalantika Baighar, Dhaka.
 1990. Anunnata Deshe Samajtanra: Sangram O Aviggata ( Socialism in Underdeveloped Countries: Struggle and Experience), Pratik Prakashani, Dhaka.1991, Sanghati, 2019.
 2002. Krantikaler Biswa-arthaniti ebang Unnoyan Samrajya ( World Economy in transition and Development Empire), Bastu Prakashani, Meera Prakashani, Dhaka.
 1992. Samaj, Samay ebong Manusher Larai (Society, Time and Struggle of Human-being), Shandesh, Dhaka.
 1993. 2006. Punjir Antarjatikikaran ebong Anunnata Biswa ( Internationalization of Capital and Underdeveloped World), Center for Social Studies, Dhaka University. (Sraban in 2006).
 1994. Dharma, Rashtra ebong Gonotantrik Andolon (Religion, State and Democratic Struggle), Charbak, Dhaka.
 1995. Columbuser America "Abishkar" O Bahujatik Manushera (Columbus's "Discovery" of America and Multinational faces ), Jatiyo Grantha Prakashan, Dhaka.
 1995. Bangladesher Unnoyan ki Asamvab?( Is Development of Bangladesh impossible?), Jatiyo Grantha Prakashan, Dhaka.
 1997. Nari,Purush O Samaj (Gender and Society), Shandesh, Dhaka. Sanghati, 2005
 2000. Rashtra O Rajniti: Bangladesher Dui Doshok (State and Politics: Two decades of Bangladesh), Sandesh, Dhaka.
 2000. Bangladesher Arthinitir Chalchitra (Scanning Bangladesh Economy), Sraban, Dhaka.
 2001. Atonker Somaj Sontraser Arthiniti (Society of Fear Economy of Violence), Mira Prokashan, Dhaka.
 2001. Arthasastrer Mulniti (Principles of Economics), Bangladesh Open University, Dhaka.
 2002. Bangladesher Tel-Gas: Kar Ssompod Kar Bipod (Oil and Gas in Bangladesh: Whose Resource Whose Liability), Jatiyo Grantha Prakashan, Dhaka.
 2003. 2011. Biswaner Boiporitya (Contrariety of Globalization). Sraban, Dhaka.
 2005. Bangladesher Arthinir Gotimukh (Direction Of Bangladesh Economy), Sraban, Dhaka.
 2006. Unnoyoner Rajniti(Politics of Development), Shuchipatra, Dhaka.
 2007. 2011. Biplober Swapnabhumi Cuba pujibadi Biswayane Latin America (Cuba the dreamland of Revolution and Latin America in Globalized Capitalism), Sraban, Dhaka
 2007. Phulbari Kansat Garments 2006, Sraban, Dhaka
 2007. 2011. Development or Destruction, Essays on Global Hegemony, Corporate Grabbing and Bangladesh, Sraban, Dhaka
 2008. Kothai Jachche Bangladesh, (Where Bangladesh is heading to) Sanghati.
 2009. Arokkhito Desh Arokkhito Manush, (Unprotected country unprotected people) Adorn.
 2010. Arthastra Porichoi (Introduction to Economics), Sanghati
 2011. Pujir antorgoto probonota,(Inherent trends and crisis of Capital)  Sanghati
 2014. Issor, punji o manush, (God, Capital and People), Mowla, Dhaka.
 2015. Amra 99% (We are 99%), Manushjon, Dhaka.
 2016. sontras birodhi juddha (War on Terror): Afghanistan, Iraq, Bangladesh, Aloghar, Dhaka.
 2018. Unnoyoner Boiporityo (Contrariety of Development), Mowla Brothers, Dhaka.
 2019. Pran Prakriti Bangladesh (Life nature Bangladesh), Mowla Brothers, Dhaka.
 2019. Rashtra ache Rashtra nai (State exists, State does not exist), sanghati, Dhaka.

References

External links

 Development Strategy and Problems of Democratisation in a Peripheral Country, Radical Notes, 9 January 2007
 Peripheral Economy, Global Capital and Movements in Bangladesh: An

Bangladeshi Marxists
1956 births
Living people
Academic staff of Jahangirnagar University

Anu Muhammad


Mathilde Verne (née Würm; 25 May 1865 – 4 June 1936) was an English pianist and teacher, of German descent. Along with most of her other sisters, Mathilde changed her surname to Verne in 1893 after the death of their father, John Wurm.

Life and career
She was born as Mathilde Würm in Southampton, England, the fourth of ten children. After studying for four years under Clara Schumann in Frankfurt, she became established as a concert pianist in 1887, as well as launching a career as music teacher. She taught briefly at the Royal College of Music, and later made regular appearances under Henry Wood at the Queen's Hall Promenade Concerts, being strongly associated with the "Tuesday 12 O'Clock Concerts" of chamber music, from 1907 until her death in 1936. Her sisters were Adela Verne, Alice Verne-Bredt and Mary Wurm.

She made her debut in St James's Hall in London, playing a Mendelssohn piano trio. She frequently appeared as soloist under such conductors as Arthur Nikisch, Hans Richter, Sir August Manns, and Sir Henry J. Wood. She twice visited the United States, playing under Theodore Thomas. She became especially famous for her authentic playing of the works of Robert Schumann. Her pupils, aside from her sister, Adela, and her nephew, John Vallier, included Solomon; Dame Moura Lympany, Harold Samuel, Herbert Menges and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (the future Queen Elizabeth, HM The Queen Mother). She died in London surrounded by musician friends, at a party at the Savoy to launch her book ' Chords of Remembrance, ' in 1936.

See also
 Alice Verne-Bredt
 Mary Wurm

References

External links
Lympany biodata
Keyboardgiants.com

1865 births
1936 deaths
English people of German descent
Musicians from Southampton
English classical pianists
English women pianists
Robert Schumann
Musicians from London
19th-century classical pianists
20th-century classical pianists
Academics of the Royal College of Music
19th-century English musicians
20th-century English women musicians
19th-century British women musicians
Women classical pianists
19th-century women pianists
20th-century women pianists

Mathilde Verne


Tsudao Immanuel Gurirab (born 2 January 1961) is a Namibian politician. A member of Congress of Democrats (CoD), Gurirab was previously a member of the ruling South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) until he alongside Ben Ulenga, Ignatius Shixwameni and others left SWAPO to form CoD in 1999. He was also a member of the Pan-African Parliament and the only non-SWAPO member selected from Namibia. In 2007, Gurirab was elected chairperson of the party.

Education
Gurirab went into exile with SWAPO and earned a diploma from the United Nations Institute for Namibia in Lusaka, Zambia in 1982, B.A. in economics from the University of Sussex in 1984 and a M.A. in Development Studies from the University of Manchester in 1986. In 2002, Gurirab earned a M.A. in Public Policy and Administration from the University of Namibia/Institute of Social Sciences in The Hague, Netherlands.

Political career
Gurirab joined the SWAPO Department of Economic Affairs as a researcher in Luanda, Angola from 1987 to 1988. Following the end of the Namibian War of Independence, Gurirab worked on the editorial board of the SWAPO newspaper Namibia Today as well as on the party's election team in 1989. From independence in 1990 until 1995, the Usakos native was the permanent secretary in the Ministry of Trade and Industry when Ben Amathila was Minister. He left politics in 1995 and worked as a private economist. Gurirab joined some prominent SWAPO figures and joined CoD in 1999. In the 1999 election, the new party earned 7 out of 72 seats, tying it with the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) for second most seats in the National Assembly of Namibia and a seat for Gurirab. Gurirab maintained that seat in the 2004 election as number three on CoD's electoral list for the Assembly, despite a net loss of two seats for CoD. Gurirab was not re-elected in the 2009 general election, as only CoD leader Ben Ulenga was re-elected.

Business
Gurirab, an economist by training, is the director of Tulajo Financial Holdings, a financial services company. He also owns 17,118 preference shares and 25,033 ordinary shares in First National Bank Holdings.

References

1961 births
Living people
People from Usakos
Damara people
SWAPO politicians
Congress of Democrats politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Namibia)
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Namibia
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Alumni of the University of Manchester
University of Namibia alumni
Namibian exiles
Namibian expatriates in Angola

Tsudao Gurirab


Mercury(II) iodide, also known as mercuric iodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgI2. It has mercury and iodide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a red crystalline compound. It turns yellow when heated and turns red again when it is cooled. It is insoluble in water. It is highly toxic like all mercury compounds.

Preparation
Mercury(II) iodide is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt such as mercury(II) chloride with a source of iodide ions. This makes a bright red precipitate.

Occurrence
It is found as the very rare mineral coccinite.

Uses
It was used as a medicine, but it poisoned people who took the medicine. It is also used to demonstrate how some things change color when heated and change back when cooled. It can be used to test for ammonia and as a semiconductor.

Related pages
Mercury(I) iodide
Iodine
Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(II) bromide

Mercury compounds
Iodine compounds

Mercury(II) iodide


Cristóbal Vaca de Castro (c. 1492, Izagre, León, Spain – 1566, Valladolid, Spain) was a Spanish colonial administrator in Peru.

Background
Vaca de Castro's parents were Garci Diez de Castro and Guiomar Cabeza de Vaca. He studied law in Salamanca. He married María Magdalena de Quiñones y Osorio, and had eight children with her. In 1536 he was named oidor (judge) in the Royal Audiencia of Valladolid. On September 9, 1540 he was named a knight of the Order of Santiago.

The road to Peru

In 1540 he was sent by Emperor Charles V to restore order between the factions of Gonzalo Pizarro and Diego Almagro the Younger after the assassination of Diego de Almagro the Elder. Vaca de Castro had a reputation as a man of integrity, sagacity, and courage. His official title was juez pesquisidor (special investigator). He was authorized to take over the government of the colony in the event of the death of Francisco Pizarro.

He sailed from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on November 5, 1540, and arrived in Panama in January 1541. While he was there, he reformed the Audiencia, as its president. He sailed for Peru, but was forced by bad weather to land at Buenaventura (Colombia). He proceeded from Buenaventura by land to Cali, where he remained three months because of illness. While in Cali, he mediated in a jurisdictional dispute between Sebastián de Belalcázar and Pascual de Andagoya.

As governor of Peru
Still on the road to Peru, in Popayán he learned of the assassination of Francisco Pizarro and the election of Diego de Almagro as governor. He arrived in Quito on September 25, 1541, where he united the royalist forces behind him.

Having made himself governor of the colony, he raised a considerable number of troops. Supported by Francisco de Carvajal, he defeated Almagro on September 16, 1542 in the plains of Chupas. Almagro tried to flee after the defeat, but was taken prisoner. Pressured by the Pizarristas, Vaca de Castro ordered his execution.

The New Laws were passed in 1542. They were intended to ban the most obvious abuses of the encomienda system, and eventually abolish the system altogether. The New Laws caused difficulty for Vaca de Castro with Gonzalo Pizarro and other supporters of the old system. Vaca de Castro agreed to present their case to the Crown. Thereafter he concentrated his efforts on developing the country, through improving the means of communication, regulating the inns for cross-country travel, and overseeing the use of labor in the mines.

In 1543 he sent Diego de Rojas and 200 men to the Río de la Plata. The discovery of Tucumán is credited to this expedition.

Return to Spain
He was succeeded by the first viceroy of Peru, Blasco Núñez Vela, in 1544. Núñez Vela had him arrested on charges of sympathizing with the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro. He was imprisoned in El Callao, then sent by ship to Panama, and then on to Spain. In Spain, he was imprisoned on charges of illegal enrichment, but after three years in prison he was cleared of the charges. Later he was named commander of the Order of Santiago. He was president of the Council of Castile between 1557 and 1561.

He retired to the convent of San Agustín in Valladolid, where he died in 1566. He was interred in the convent.

References

 Calvete de La Estrella, I.C., Elogio de Vaca de Castro. Madrid, I. López de Toro, 1947.
 García, C., Vida de D. Cristóbal Vaca de Castro, presidente y gobernador del Perú. Madrid, 1957.

External links

 Gran Enciclopedia Rialp article, 1991
Columbia Encyclopedia article

Spanish explorers
Viceroys of Peru
16th-century Spanish people
1490s births
1566 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Knights of Santiago
People from the Province of León
People of the Spanish colonial Americas
16th-century Peruvian people

Cristóbal Vaca de Castro


Troy Dillinger (born February 28) is an American musician, comedian, actor/writer/producer/director, community activist, graphic & web designer, and owner of an advertising & marketing agency in Austin, Texas. He is best known for his work as a singer-songwriter in the US and Europe, for founding Save Austin Music, creating [austin swim] and Adult Swim Presents, and creating, producing, writing, and hosting Austin Variety Show.

Early life
Dillinger was born in Canton, Ohio and grew up in Austin, Texas.

Career
Troy was given his first guitar for Christmas when he was 13 years old, and was playing in Austin nightclubs by age 16. His first tour was in 1985 at the age of 18 with Dino Lee. He then co-founded BAND FROM HELL, an underground punk rock band that achieved much acclaim, but never signed a record deal.

In 1992, he co-founded Del Dragons, a roots rock band reminiscent of the Rolling Stones and Faces. The band broke up shortly after its first full-length release in 1997 and toured the US and Europe as "Troy Dillinger & Del Dragons" through 1999. In late 1999, he began performing as Troy Dillinger with a rotating lineup of band members which included Hunt Sales, Ian McLagan, and others.

In 1998, he began acting and landed small roles on movies such as American Outlaws, The New Guy, and Miss Congeniality.

In 2005, he released the award-winning Dirty & Harry CD/DVD full-length recording and film festival, which won awards from the Austin Music Network and The Austin Chronicle. The same year, he created Austin Swim, an adult swim viewing party which led to the creation of Adult Swim Presents.

In 2008, Dillinger severed his ties with Adult Swim and created The Austin Variety Show, a local television show which features Austin music, comedy, burlesque, and a live game show with members of the audience. The show aired on KBVO (TV) from 2010 to 2013 before moving to the internet.

In January 2017, Troy moved to Los Angeles, California, where he continued performing as a standup comic, while shopping Austin Variety Show's Game Show component as "LOSER: The Game Show". He resumed acting and has been successful since, appearing in scores of movies, series, videos and commercials.

Discography

 BAND FROM HELL (1988)
 Lucky 13 (1990)
 Del Dragons (1994)
 Del Dragons - Southern Jumbo (1997)
 Troy Dillinger & Del Dragons - Live In Paris (1999)
 Troy Dillinger - And A Guitar (1999)
 Troy Dillinger - Vivre (2000)
 Dillinger - Live At Antone's (2002)
 Troy Dillinger - Fine So Far (2003)
 Troy Dillinger - Dirty & Harry (2005)

References

External links

Austin Variety Show

"Confessions of a Mind on Overdive" Austin Chronicle

1967 births
Living people
Writers from Canton, Ohio
People from Austin, Texas
Male actors from Ohio
Male actors from Austin, Texas
American male film actors
American male musicians
American male comedians
American male television actors
American television hosts
Television producers from Texas
Comedians from Ohio
Musicians from Canton, Ohio
Actors from Canton, Ohio
21st-century American comedians

Troy Dillinger


Tartan is a pattern that has criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in many different colors.

Related pages
Tartan Day, is a day set aside for the celebration of the Scottish influence on North America, Australia and New Zealand, but not celebrated in Scotland itself. It is the anniversary of the Declaration of Arbroath.
Tartanry

Other websites

 Online Tartan Designer Online photorealistic tartan designer
 Kilts & Tartan Made Easy , free ebook by Nicholas Fiddes
 Scottish Tartans Authority, an industry-supported Scottish charity
 Tartan Finder all recorded and woven tartans, search by name or color
 Online Tartan Creator
 Online Tartan Designer

Cloth

Tartan


George I of Antioch (Syriac: Mor Gewargis) was the Patriarch of Antioch, and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 758 until his death in 790.

Biography
George was born in Baltan, near Emesa, into a family of Melkites. He became a Jacobite and studied Syriac and Greek at the Monastery of Qenneshre, as well as philology, theology and jurisprudence. Here he was later ordained as a deacon.

In December 758, a synod was held in Mabbogh to elect a new patriarch, however, a consensus could not be reached and George was imposed as patriarch. John, bishop of Raqqa, and other bishops of Mesopotamia, did not recognise George as patriarch and John was elected patriarch. The Caliph al-Mansur supported John and thus George was prohibited from residing at the patriarchal seat at Antioch and resided at several monasteries during this time. John continued to pose as patriarch until his death in 762/763 AD.

In 764/765 AD, a synod was held at Serug to attempt to heal the division within the church. Negotiations were unsuccessful as George refused to recognise the bishops consecrated by John of Raqqa whilst posing as patriarch. From 765 to 766, George resided at the Monastery of Zuqnîn near Amid. A meeting was held in 766 between the two camps in the palace of the Caliph al-Mansur and David of Dara was appointed patriarch by the Caliph. George was imprisoned in Baghdad alongside the Nestorian Catholicos Jacob II, Theodore, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, and Sliba-zkha, Nestorian bishop of Tirhan.

In 767 AD, an agreement between George and Sliba-skha was made by which the Nestorians were permitted to build a church outside the walls of Tagrit, a predominantly Syriac Orthodox town, and in return, the Syriac Orthodox church of Mar Domitius in Nisibis would be allowed to be restored. Whilst George was imprisoned, David of Dara expelled George's supporters and imposed his authority on the church with the help of the Muslim authorities. David became increasingly unpopular within the Syriac Orthodox church and many of the bishops he appointed were rejected by their dioceses and driven out.

Upon the accession of the Caliph al-Mahdi in 775, George was released and was forbidden from using his title and performing his duties as patriarch by the Muslim authorities, but this was not enforced. David of Dara's unpopularity ensured that George was well received within the church and was considered the legitimate patriarch by the majority of the church. The monastery of Qartmin, former home to David of Dara, refused to acknowledge George as late as 784/785. Following his release, George travelled to Antioch in 775 where he ordained 10 bishops.

In subsequent years, bishops appointed by David of Dara were removed and George's supporters were restored. In 785, George deposed John II Keeyunoyo, Maphrian of the East, for his role in organising the opposition. In the same year, George held a synod at Kafr Nabu, near Serug, and enacted 22 canons. A debate on the phrase "heavenly bread" in connection with the Eucharist emerged during George's tenure, which was considered heretical as it implied a division in of the person of Christ. George refused to forbid the use of the phrase, however, as he was aware that this would lead to a schism within the church as it would later do during the tenure of Patriarch Quriaqos of Tagrit. George died on 1 December 790 and was buried at the Monastery of Mar Barsawma, near Melitene.

Sources
George I, Patriarch of Antioch (d. 790)
Andrew Palmer, Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur `Abdin (1990)

8th-century Syriac Orthodox Church bishops
George
8th-century Oriental Orthodox archbishops
8th-century births
790 deaths
Syriac Orthodox Church saints
Syrian Christian saints
Syrian archbishops
Upper Mesopotamia under the Abbasid Caliphate
Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
8th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate

George I of Antioch


Catabolism is a kind of metabolism

Catabolism is what happens when you digest food and the molecules break down in the body for use as energy. Large, complex molecules in the body are broken down into smaller, simple ones. An example of catabolism is glycolysis. This process is almost the reverse of gluconeogenesis.

And it's the process of breaking the chemical bonds among the atoms of macromolecules to extract the chemical energy that is stored in them, such as releasing the energy that results from the glucose oxidation (during Cellular respiration process).

Related pages
Metabolism
Anabolism

Metabolism
Cellular respiration

Catabolism


Jean Blanchet was a Swiss watchmaker who grew up at Lyons in France where his father Pierre Blanchet owned a small watch dial factory.

Life and career
Since his youth, Jean Blanchet was fascinated by the French and Swiss watch tradition. He launched his own watch manufacturing firm in 1789. From the beginning, his company was successful throughout Europe. He eventually created his own eponymous line of Swiss watches, Blanchet.

In 1828 Jean Blanchet married Laura Wilson, the daughter of an English ambassador. One year later she gave birth to their son Yves Blanchet. In the age of 20 Yves decided to go to the Royal School of Watchmaking (École Royale de l'Horlogerie de Cluses).

Yves took over the company in 1852, when Jean died during an accident. Four years later he moved close to the Lake of Geneva, in Coppet, to perfect his watchmaking technique and start his own business " Manufacture d'Horologerie Blanchet & Cie".

External links
 Blanchet Watches website

Swiss expatriates in France
Swiss watchmakers (people)
1852 deaths
Accidental deaths in Switzerland

Jean Blanchet (watchmaker)


Burns Night is the day (and night) that the life of Robert Burns is celebrated, particularly in Scotland. Each year it is on Burns' birthday, 25 January. People around the world have Burns Suppers.

At Burns Suppers, Scottish people have many certain traditions as eating haggis and people say poems that have been written by Robert Burns. These consist of To a Mouse, Address to the Haggis and many others. There is always a part in the Burns Supper when boys jokingly make fun of the girls. This is called 'Toast to the Lassies' However, the girls have the last laugh as they do the same to the boys. This is called 'Reply From the Lassies'
Anniversary days in the United Kingdom

Burns Night


Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list. It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire. It became commonplace after the Renaissance.

Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting. Note also, that there are different ways to sort numbers, and special characters, such as letters with diacritics.  German has the letters ä,ö,ü, and ß.

 Option one: the letter with diacritics is treated the same way as the one without, ä is treated as a, ö as o and ü as u. (Known as DIN 5007-1, usually used for encyclopedias)
 Option two: the letter is treated the same as some replacement: ä is replaced by ae, ö be oe, ü by ue, and  ß by ss (Known as DIN 5007-2, used for phone books)

Note that these may be different by language: Danish also has a letter ä, but sorts it after z, and not treated like a as in German.

English
A list of items like Eric, Lydia, Andrea, and Bob is organized by their first letter.  A comes before B, and B comes before E, and E comes before L in the alphabet.  When alphabetical order is used:
Andrea
Bob
Eric
Lydia

If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters.
Larry
Leonard
Linda
Lydia

After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted.

The words a, an and the are ignored.  Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma.  Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too.
A Long Day's Journey Into Night
The Long Goodbye
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
The Long Road Home
Long Voyage Back
The Long Walk
A formula can be used to systematically ignore a, an and the. For Microsoft Excel, it would be:

=IF(LEFT(A2,2)="A ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-2),IF(LEFT(A2,3)= "An ",RIGHT(A2,LEN(A2)-3),IF(LEFT(A2,4)="The ",RIGHT(A2, LEN(A2)-4),A2)))

That can also be listed like this:
Long Day's Journey Into Night, A
Long Goodbye, The
Longhand: A Writer's Notebook
Long Road Home, The
Long Voyage Back
Long Walk, The

Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name.
Gene Hackman
Tom Hanks
Katharine Hepburn
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Names are often written with the last names first.
Hackman, Gene
Hanks, Tom
Hepburn, Katharine
Hewitt, Jennifer Love

Numbers can be sorted in two ways.  Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest.  This is the normal way to sort numbers.
1
3
9
18
27
81

Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words.  This way is often used for numbers in titles.
Eighteen
Eighty-one
Nine
One
Three
Twenty-seven

Alphabet

Alphabetical order


The Philippine Daily Inquirer (PDI), or simply the Inquirer, is an English-language newspaper in the Philippines. Founded in 1985, it is often regarded as the Philippines' newspaper of record. The newspaper is the most awarded broadsheet in the Philippines and the multimedia group, called The Inquirer Group, reaches 54 million people across several platforms.

History
The Philippine Daily Inquirer was founded on December 9, 1985, by publisher Eugenia Apóstol, columnist Max Solivén, together with Betty Go-Belmonte during the last days of the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, becoming one of the first private newspapers to be established under the Marcos regime.

The Inquirer succeeded the weekly Philippine Inquirer, created in 1985 by Apostol to cover the trial of 25 soldiers accused of complicity in the assassination of opposition leader Ninoy Aquino at Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. Apostol also published the Mr. & Ms. Special Edition, a weekly tabloid opposed to the Marcos regime.

Beltran years (1985–1989)
As the successor to the previous Mr. & Ms. Special Edition and the weekly Philippine Inquirer, it was founded on a budget of ₱1 million and enjoyed a daily circulation of 30,000 in its early days. The new daily was housed in the dilapidated one-story Star Building at 13th and Railroad streets in Port Area, Manila. It was put out by 40 editors, reporters, correspondents, photographers and other editorial employees working in a 100-square-meter newsroom. Columnist Louie Beltran was named its editor-in-chief.

The newspaper was instrumental in documenting the campaign of Corazon Aquino during the 1986 presidential elections and, in turn, the 1986 People Power Revolution. Its slogan, Balanced News, Fearless Views, was incorporated to the newspaper in January 1986 after a slogan-making contest held during the first month of the Inquirers existence. In this period, the newspaper reached a high circulation of 500,000 copies a day.

In July 1986, questions about finances and a divergence of priorities caused a rift among the founders that led Belmonte, Soliven, and Art Borjal's split from the Inquirer to establish The Philippine Star. As Belmonte owned the Star Building where the Inquirer was headquartered, the newspaper amicably transferred to the Soliven-owned BF Condominium on Aduana Street, Intramuros.

Pascual years (1989–1991)
In February 1987, Federico D. Pascual, former assistant managing editor of the Daily Express, was named executive editor of the Inquirer and was appointed editor-in-chief two years later. It was during his term in 1990 that the Inquirer took the lead from the Manila Bulletin to become the Philippines' newspaper with the highest circulation.

However, in July 1990, the Inquirer headquarters in Intramuros was damaged by the 1990 Luzon earthquake. On January 5, 1991, the newspaper transferred to the YIC building along United Nations Avenue and Romualdez Street in Malate.

Jimenez-Magsanoc years (1991–2015)

Inquirer's longest-serving and first woman editor-in-chief, the late Letty Jimenez-Magsanoc, was appointed on June 14, 1991. She was a former columnist and editor of the Panorama Sunday magazine of Bulletin Today (now Manila Bulletin) who was sacked for writing articles poking fun at Marcos. She edited Mr & Ms Special Edition until the fall of the Marcos regime. She was also the first editor-in-chief of Sunday Inquirer Magazine.

Under her term, on January 12, 1995, the Inquirer moved to its current headquarters in Makati after transferring headquarters four times.

President Joseph Estrada accused the Inquirer of "bias, malice, and fabrication" against him, charges that the newspaper denied. In 1999, several government organizations, pro-Estrada businesses, and movie producers simultaneously pulled their advertisements from the Inquirer in a boycott that lasted for five months. Malacañang Palace was widely implicated in the advertising boycott, which publisher Isagani Yambot denounced as an attack on the freedom of the press.

In 2017, according to the survey conducted by AGB Nielsen, the Inquirer was the most widely read newspaper in the Philippines. The Manila Bulletin and The Philippine Star followed as the second and the third most widely read papers, respectively. Magsanoc died on December 24, 2015, at St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig. A month after her death, Jimenez-Magsanoc was recognized as the Filipino of the Year 2015 by the Inquirer.

Nolasco years (2016–2018)

On February 2, 2016, the Inquirer appointed its managing editor Jose Ma. Nolasco as the executive editor, the new top position of the newspaper, replacing the traditional editor-in-chief position used by the Inquirer for more than three decades.

Readership

According to the company's website the newspaper has over 2.7 million nationwide readers daily, it enjoys a market share of over 50% and tops the readership surveys.

Reputation
The Philippine Daily Inquirer is considered as one of the trusted news sources among Filipinos in 2022, with a trust rating of 65% according to the Reuters Institute. In the 2023 Digital News Report by Reuters Institute, the trust rating rose to 68%; making it one of the most trusted broadsheets in the country. The same study also cites the Inquirer, with a weekly reach for print of 28% with 13% reaching users at least 3 days a week; which makes it the most read broadsheet in the country. In terms of online reach, 36% of people in the survey read the online edition with 20% reading the paper at least 3 days a week, ranking third, next to GMA and ABS-CBN.

At least two opinion pieces cite the Inquirer as the Philippines' newspaper of record, but as an opportunity for criticism: The Manila Times criticized it for "publish[ing] ... vapid, unthinking positions" which it called "reprehensible, at best"; GMA News, in 2014, noted it as a "de facto paper of record", followed by "This distinguished history only makes it more painful to say that the paper is starting to suck".

See also

 Inquirer Compact
 Inquirer Libre
 Isagani Yambot - Publisher of the Philippine Daily Inquirer from 1994 to 2012
 Letty Jimenez Magsanoc - longest-serving and first woman editor-in-chief
 Rina Jimenez-David - columnist

References

External links

Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - Media Companies: A Duopoly Rules by VERA Files and Reporters Without Borders
Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - Print by VERA Files and Reporters Without Borders

English-language newspapers published in the Philippines
Newspapers established in 1985
Newspapers published in Metro Manila
Companies based in Makati
1985 establishments in the Philippines

Philippine Daily Inquirer


Shakthi FM is a Sri Lankan Tamil language channel available on air. The word "Shakthi" is an ancient rich Tamil word stands for "power", (shakthi = power translation in English) from ancient Hinduism lord shakthi means god of power. One of the  Tamil radio channel with island-wide coverage, including the Jaffna Peninsula and most parts of the North Eastern Province of Sri Lanka, Shakthi FM broadcasts music, live news, interactive interviews and a host of other programme formats that are innovations in Tamil radio in Sri Lanka. shakthi.fm is a website almost have all Tamil mp3 songs.

Frequencies
Islandwide-103.9 MHz, 104.1 MHz.

References

External links
Official site of Shakthi FM
Shakthi FM Live
MBC Networks

Tamil-language radio stations in Sri Lanka
MBC Networks

Shakthi FM


Hellmut Wilhelm (10 December 1905 – 5 July 1990) was a German Sinologist known for his studies of both Chinese literature and Chinese history.  Wilhelm was an expert on the ancient Chinese divination text I Ching (Yi jing), which he believed to represent the  essence of Chinese thought. He also produced one of the most widely used German-Chinese dictionaries of the 20th century.  He held teaching positions at Peking University and the University of Washington.

Wilhelm's father, Richard Wilhelm, was also a noted Sinologist, and held the first chair of Sinology at the University of Frankfurt.

Biography
Hellmut Wilhelm was born on 10 December 1905 in the Chinese city of Tsingtao (modern Qingdao), which was then a German enclave due to the Kiautschou Bay concession of 1891.  Wilhelm was the third son of the German missionary and sinologist Richard Wilhelm.  His early education in China coincided with the Xinhai Revolution, when the Qing dynasty was overthrown and China moved toward republican government, and he was intimately familiar with the Chinese intellectual world of that era. When Qingdao was occupied by the Japanese Army, Japan having declared war on Germany in 1914 at the beginning of World War I, Wilhelm's parents sent him to live with friends in Shanghai for his safety.

Following the war's conclusion, Wilhelm's family returned to Germany, where his father became the first chair of Sinology at the University of Frankfurt.  Wilhelm first attended a preparatory school in Stuttgart, then began studying at the University of Frankfurt, where he also served as his father's assistant.  He later attended Kiel University and the University of Grenoble, studying law and political science. He passed the German Staatsexamen ("State Examination") in law in 1928.  After his father's death in 1930, Wilhelm decided to continue his father's work in ancient Chinese literature and pursue a career in Chinese scholarship.

Wilhelm pursued graduate study in Chinese at the University of Berlin. He wrote a dissertation on Ming dynasty scholar Gu Yanwu, receiving a doctorate in 1932.  Wilhelm then returned to China, where he lived and worked in Beijing until 1948.  He taught German language and literature at Peking University and produced the Deutsch-Chinesische Wörterbuch, a well-known German-Chinese dictionary.  During the early 1940s, Wilhelm would frequently give lectures on Chinese history and thought to the German-speaking community in Beijing.  In 1944, Wilhelm published a set of lectures on the ancient Chinese classic Yi Jing entitled Die Wandlung: Acht Vorträge zum I-Ging – subsequently translated into English as Change: Eight Lectures on the I Ching – which have become the most widely read introduction to the Yi Jing in a Western language.

In 1948, Wilhelm moved to the United States to take up a position as a professor of Chinese at the University of Washington, where he taught until he was forced to retire in 1971 due to eye problems that affected his vision and reading abilities.  He authored dozens of articles and manuscripts, and was a key figure in establishing the Far Eastern and Russian Institute. A collection that includes documents relating to his life, photographs, and manuscripts of his scientific work on Gu Yanwu and the Yi Jing can be found in the German Exiles Archive of the German National Library.

Students
 Paul Thompson (1931 – 2007) – PhD dissertation on Shen Dao.
 David R. Knechtges  (born 1942) – translator of Wenxuan, professor at University of Washington

Selected works
 Chinas Geschichte: Zehn einführende Vorträge ["China's History: Ten Introductory Lectures"] (Chung-kuo li-shih shu-yao 中國歷史術要). Peking: Vetch, 1944.
 Die Wandlung: Acht Vorträge zum I-ging ["Change: Eight Lectures on the I-Ching"] (Chou-i shu-yao 周易術要). Peking: Vetch, 1944.
 Gesellschaft und Staat in China: Acht Vorträge ["Society and State in China: Eight Lectures"] (Shih-ch'ün yüan-kuo 史群元國). Peking: Vetch, 1944.
 Deutsch-chinesisches Wörterbuch ["German-Chinese Dictionary"]. Shanghai: Nössler, 1945.
Change: Eight Lectures on the I-Ching. Translated by Cary F. Baynes. Bollingen Series, 62.  New York: Pantheon Books, 1960.
Heaven, Earth, and Man in the Book of Changes: Seven Eranos Lectures. Seattle, London: University of Washington Press, 1977.

Notes

References

External links

Biografie
Martin Kern: The emigration of German sinologists 1933-1945: notes on the history and historiography of Chinese studies.

1905 births
1990 deaths
German sinologists
Academic staff of Peking University
German expatriates in China
German expatriates in the United States
German male non-fiction writers
University of Washington faculty

Hellmut Wilhelm


Physical medium dependent sublayers or PMDs further help to define the physical layer of computer network protocols. They define the details of transmission and reception of individual bits on a physical medium. These responsibilities encompass bit timing, signal encoding, interacting with the physical medium, and the properties of the cable, optical fiber, or wire itself. Common examples are specifications for Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

For cable modems physical medium dependent sublayers define the physical sub-layer.

Description
The Ethernet PMD sublayer is part of the Ethernet physical layer (PHY). The hierarchy is as follows:

 Data link layer (Layer 2)
 Logical link control (LLC) sublayer
 Medium access control (MAC) sublayer
 Reconciliation sublayer (RS) - This sublayer processes PHY local/remote fault messages and handles DDR conversion
 PHY layer (Layer 1)
 Physical coding sublayer (PCS) - This sublayer performs auto-negotiation and coding such as 8b/10b
 Physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer - This sublayer performs PMA framing, octet synchronization/detection, and  scrambling/descrambling
 Physical medium dependent (PMD) sublayer - This sublayer consists of a transceiver for the physical medium

Physical medium dependent sublayer specifications

10 Gigabit Ethernet
10GBASE-E has been defined for single-mode fiber operation only. It operates in the 1550 nm band allowing for distances of up to 40 km to be reached.

10GBASE-L was also defined for single-mode fiber operations, uses the 1300 nm band allowing it to reach up to 10 km.

10GBASE-S was defined for use in multimode fiber and ultimately costs less than the other 10GbE standards. It uses 850 nm lasers and only reaches distances ranging between 26 and 82 metres on older fiber technology. In newer optimized multimode fibers (a.k.a. OM3) it can reach up to 300 m.

10GBASE-LX4 uses four lasers that each transmit at 3.125 Gbit/s. The receiver is arranged in a wavelength-division multiplexing manner. On legacy  FDDI multimode fiber it can reach up to 300 m while on single-mode fiber it can reach up to 10 km.

After these specifications have been laid out, they are then completed with local area network and wide area network specifications using different Physical Coding Sublayer standards.

References

Ethernet 1000BASE-X PCS/PMA Technology Basics
IEEE 802.3-2012 Specification

Ethernet

Physical medium dependent


Francesco de Pinedo (February 16, 1890 – September 2, 1933) was a famous Italian aviator. A Regia Marina (Italy's Royal Navy) officer who transferred to the Regia Aeronautica (Italy's Royal Air Force), he was an advocate of the seaplane and is best known for his long-range flying boat flights in the 1920s that demonstrated the feasibility of global air travel.

Early life

Pinedo was born on 16 February 1890 in Naples, Italy, into a patrician family, the son of a lawyer. As a teenager he studied literature and the arts and developed a lifelong passion for music.

Career

Early career

Pinedo entered the Italian Naval Academy at Leghorn (Livorno) in 1908 at the age of 18. He graduated in 1911 and was commissioned as an officer in the Regia Marina (Italy's Royal Navy). He served aboard destroyers during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912, witnessing Italy's air operations against the Ottoman Empire, the first time that any country had used aircraft in combat. The experience sparked his interest in aviation.

After Italy entered World War I on the side of the Allies in May 1915, de Pinedo again saw action at sea. In 1917, he volunteered for duty in the Regia Marina air service. Entering flight school at Taranto in July 1917, he completed aviation training in only 45 days, and qualified as a pilot in two months. He spent most of the rest of the war flying reconnaissance missions for the Regia Marina.

After the war ended in November 1918, Pinedo returned briefly to sea duty, but soon resumed aviation duties. In the immediate postwar years he made milestone flights from Italy to the Netherlands and in 1921 from Brindisi to Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire. On 16 October 1923 he transferred from the Regia Marina to the Regia Aeronautica (Italy's Royal Air Force) which had been founded that year as an independent service. He entered the new service with a rank of tenente colonnello (lieutenant colonel) and because of his technical and organizational skills was given senior positions as its chief staff officer and the vice commandant of one of its air squadrons despite being only in his early 30s.

Pinedo's cultured background and naturally reserved nature, as well as the orderliness and neatness instilled in him by his naval training, made him atypical of the aviators of his day, who tended to be mavericks and daredevils. He preferred to avoid publicity. Adventurous without being reckless, he became an influential advocate of the seaplane, sharing a belief with many other aviators of his time that flying boats were the key to aviation's future because of their ability to land safely on the sea in the case of emergencies during long flights over water. He also believed that seaplanes were more practical than landplanes because of the proximity to water of most cities and towns. With airports not yet common, Pinedo observed, "Civilization is built on water. The world's principal cities are mirrored by seas, rivers, or lakes.  Why not utilize these immense, ready-to-use, natural air strips in place of costly airports?" Pinedo even envisioned a day when people would commute to work each day by piloting their own seaplanes from ponds near their homes to municipal docks in city marinas, where they would moor their planes near their places of employment, then return to them to fly home for the evening.

By 1925, Pinedo's advocacy of the seaplane and its capability to make global air travel feasible led to him being regarded as Italy's leading expert on aviation matters, especially after he presented a paper to the Royal Aeronautical Society in London and published an article in National Geographic magazine.

A promising Regia Aeronautica career as a high-ranking staff officer beckoned to Pinedo, but this did not appeal to him. After only a year working at a desk he requested a leave of absence in late 1924 in order to return to the cockpit to make long-distance flights that would demonstrate the feasibility of long-distance air travel, highlight the superiority of the seaplane in such travel, and show the world that Italy led the way in the pioneering of long-distance aviation. The Fascist leader of Italy, Benito Mussolini, approved of the idea, allowing Pinedo to make the flights that brought him his greatest fame.

1925 Rome-Australia-Tokyo-Rome flight

In 1920, the Italian aviators Arturo Ferrarin and Guido Masiero had made a multi-stop, 11,000-mile (18,000-km) flight from Rome to Tokyo in a pair of Ansaldo SVA-9 trainers. They had overcome various difficulties, including crashes that damaged or wrecked their aircraft, and they had been the only two out of 11 pilots that had begun the journey to complete it. They had left their planes behind in Japan and returned to Italy by ship. Pinedo proposed to explore the idea that a seaplane would have been a better choice for the trip by making a flight from Rome to Australia and Tokyo and then back to Rome again, a journey over three times as long as the 1920 trip. For his flight, he chose an SIAI S.16ter flying boat which he named Gennariello.

On 21 April 1925, Pinedo and his mechanic, Ernesto Campanelli, departed Rome aboard Gennariello. They stopped first at Brindisi in Italy, then at Leros in Greece; Baghdad in Iraq; Bushehr and Chabar in Persia; Karachi, Bombay, Cocanada, and Calcutta in British India; Akyab, Rangoon, Tavoy, and Mergui in Burma; Phuket in Siam; Penang in British Malaya; Singapore; Batavia, Surabaya, Sumbawa, and Kupang in the Netherlands East Indies, and Broome, Carnarvon, Perth, Bunbury, Albany, Israelite Bay, and Adelaide in Australia before reaching Melbourne, where they arrived on 10 June and spent 36 days.

On 16 July, Pinedo and Campanelli flew on to Sydney, where they spent another three weeks. Resuming their flight on 6 August, they visited Brisbane, Rockhampton, Townsville, Innisfail, Cooktown, and Thursday Island in Australia; Merauke, Dobo, Amboina, and Menado in the Netherlands East Indies; Cebu, Atimonan, Manila, and Aparri in the Philippines; Tamsui on Formosa; Shanghai in China; Mokpo in Korea; and Yamakawa and Kagoshima in Japan, before arriving in Tokyo on 26 September.

After a three-week stay in Tokyo, Pinedo and Campanelli began their return journey to Rome on October 17, a 15,000-mile (24,000-km) trip that they made in only 22 days – an impressive speed at the time – with stops at Kagoshima in Japan; Shanghai in China; Hong Kong; Haiphong and Saigon in French Indochina; Bangkok in Siam; Rangoon in Burma; Calcutta, Benares, Delhi, and Karachi in British India; Bandar Abbas in Persia; Baghdad in Iraq; Alexandretta in Turkey; and Taranto in Italy before arriving in Rome on 7 November. The entire journey, made without special preparations for support at any of the stops and involving two long flights – of  and  – across the dry land of the Indian Subcontinent in a non-amphibious flying boat, had proceeded without major incident and had required only one engine change, carried out at Tokyo. Pinedo and Campanelli had carried a jib sail and boat rudder to allow them to sail their flying boat through unfamiliar harbors in awkward winds, but they never used either the sail or the rudder during their expedition. The aviators had covered about  in 370 hours of flight time in 80 stages over the course of 202 days, and a 1925 issue of the magazine Flight described their journey as "the most extensive aerial tour on record."

The Fédération Aéronautique Internationale gave Pinedo its highest award, the FAI Gold Air Medal, for the flight, the first time it had awarded the medal. The Regia Aeronautica promoted Pinedo to colonnello (colonel) upon his return from the flight, and Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III made him a marchese (marquis).

1927 "Four Continents" flight

Mussolini suggested that Pinedo next make a flight to the Western Hemisphere to inspire pride in people of Italian ancestry who had emigrated to the Americas. This idea developed into the "Four Continents" flight of 1927, intended to demonstrate the ability of a flying boat to fly from Italy to Africa and across the Atlantic Ocean to Brazil, followed by several stops in South America and the Caribbean, a tour of the United States and Canada, and a transatlantic flight back to Europe ultimately ending in Rome.

Pinedo, his copilot Capitano (Captain) Carlo Del Prete, and mechanic Vitale Zacchetti embarked on the "Four Continents" flight in the Savoia-Marchetti S.55 flying boat Santa Maria under Pinedo's command. Leaving Cagliari, Sardinia, on 13 February 1927, they stopped at Villa Cisneros in Spanish Sahara and Bolama in Portuguese Guinea before attempting to take off from Bolama on 16 February to cross the Atlantic Ocean to Brazil. Sweltering conditions prevented their plane from becoming airborne until they dumped a large quantity of gasoline, forcing them to fly to the Cape Verde Islands instead, where cooler conditions prevailed. On 23 February, they finally made their Atlantic crossing, braving a storm and landing on the ocean near Fernando de Noronha, where the Brazilian Navy protected cruiser  met them and towed them into port. The next day, after repairs necessitated by a collision with Almirante Barroso, they flew on to the mainland of Brazil, landing at Natal to begin the South American phase of the flight.

After stops at various cities in South America including Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Montevideo, Uruguay, and Asunción, Paraguay, the three Italians began a long leg over the dense jungle of Brazil's Mato Grosso region on 16 March 1927. At one point, a Brazilian river boat had to tow the Santa Maria for  along the Paraguay River in search of a suitable takeoff area after a refueling stop, but on 20 March they completed their crossing of the Mato Grosso and landed at Manaós, Brazil. It was history's first flight over the Mato Grosso.

After a stop at Georgetown, British Guiana, and a crossing of the Caribbean with stops at Pointe-à-Pitre in Guadeloupe, Port-au-Prince in Haiti, and Havana in Cuba, Pinedo, Del Prete, and Zacchetti crossed the Gulf of Mexico and arrived at New Orleans, Louisiana, on 29 March 1927, the first time in history that a foreign airplane had flown into the United States.  Pinedo's landing in New Orleans on the Mississippi River inspired the large Italian community, which lined the Mississippi River at his landing. A painting at the New Orleans Lakefront Airport memorializes the event.

They then flew through Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, intending to reach San Diego, California, but during a refueling stop on Theodore Roosevelt Lake in Arizona an accidental fire broke out when a teenage volunteer helping to refuel the Santa Maria carelessly discarded a cigarette that ignited gasoline on the water's surface. The fire quickly spread to the plane and destroyed it; its engines sank  to the bottom of the lake and were not recovered until 19 April. The three Italians then flew to San Diego as passengers on a United States Navy plane and traveled by train to New York City, where they arrived on 25 April 1927 to meet a new S.55 shipped there by the Italian Fascist government so that they could continue their flight.

The new plane – identical to the Santa Maria – arrived in New York by ship on 1 May 1927, and, after reassembly, was christened Santa Maria II on 8 May. Following a revised schedule Pinedo drew up that eliminated all stops west of the Mississippi River, Pinedo, Del Prete, and Zacchetti visited Boston, Massachusetts; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Charleston, South Carolina; Pensacola, Florida; and New Orleans before setting out on 14 May 1927 northward up the Mississippi River into the Midwestern United States. They stopped at Memphis, Tennessee, flew over St. Louis, Missouri, and stopped at Chicago, Illinois. They then flew into Canada, stopping at Montreal on 17 May 1927 after an 11-hour flight from Chicago.

Pinedo, Del Prete, and Zacchetti flew on to the Dominion of Newfoundland. On 22 May, they departed Trepassey Bay, planning to cross the Atlantic to the Azores, refuel, and then fly on to Portugal, retracing the transatlantic route of the United States Navy Curtiss NC-4 flying boat in 1919, but they ran low on fuel due to unfavorable weather. Pinedo was forced to land the Santa Maria II on the ocean and be taken under tow by a Portuguese fishing boat and an Italian steamer for the final 200 miles (322 km) to the Azores, where the plane arrived at Horta on May 30.

After a week of repairs, the three Italian aviators were airborne again in the Santa Maria II, flying back to the point in the Atlantic where they had been taken under tow, and then finishing their transatlantic flight from there. After stops in Portugal and Spain, Pinedo, Del Prete, and Zacchetti completed the "Four Continents" flight on 16 June 1927, landing Santa Maria II in Ostia's harbor outside Rome. Their  flight had taken 124 days. After returning from the flight, Pinedo was promoted to generale di brigata aerea (air brigade general), and Mussolini declared him to be the Messaggero d'Italianita''' (Messenger of Italy) and bestowed upon him the sobriquet "Lord of Distances." The United Kingdom awarded Pinedo its Air Force Cross for the "Four Continents" flight and the United States awarded its Distinguished Flying Cross to him by special act of Congress on May 2, 1928.

 Mass-formation flights Regia Aeronautica General Italo Balbo relied heavily on Pinedo's advice when planning and executing the mass formation flights – intended to improve the operational skills of Regia Aeronautica aircrews and ground crewmen, showcase the Italian aviation industry to potential foreign buyers of Italian-made aircraft, and enhance the prestige of Benito Mussolinis Italian Fascist government – for which Balbo became famous. Balbo led the first of these, a six-stage, 1,750-mile (2,818-km) circuit of the Western Mediterranean by 61 Regia Aeronautica seaplanes – 51 Savoia-Marchetti S.59bis and 10 Savoia-Marchetti S.55s – between May 25 and June 2, 1928. Promoted to generale di divisione aerea (air divisional general) and made deputy chief of staff of the Regia Aeronautica, Pinedo joined Balbo in leading the second mass-formation flight, a 3,300-mile (5,314-km) circuit of the Eastern Mediterranean in June 1929 by 35 Regia Aeronautica seaplanes –  32 Savoia-Marchetti S.55s, two Savoia-Marchetti S.59s, and one CANT 22 – with stops at Taranto, Italy; Athens, Greece; Istanbul, Turkey; Varna, Bulgaria; Odessa in the Soviet Union; and Constanta, Romania. Pinedo and Balbo later had a falling out after Balbo decided that the Italian government would support no more long-distance flights by single aircraft, which Pinedo preferred, and would instead focus its efforts on mass formation flights,  and Pinedo played no role in Balbo's January 1931 mass-formation crossing of the South Atlantic Ocean.O'Connor, Derek, "Italy's Consummate Showman," Aviation History, July 2014, pp. 50-51.

 Later career

After the "Four Continents" flight, Pinedo increasingly carried out duties in diplomatic and administrative posts that kept him out of the headlines. Balbo's prominence in the Italian Fascist movement meant that Pinedo's break with him led to declining fortunes for Pinedo in his Regia Aeronautica career.Pelitti, Enrico, "A EULOGY OF FRANCESCO DE PINEDO, THE FORGOTTEN HERO"  In his final tour of duty with the Regia Aeronautica, he served as Italy's air attaché in Argentina, after which he was placed on leave.

Fearing that he would fall into obscurity and wishing to pursue long-distance flights by single aircraft of the type that Balbo would not support, Pinedo resigned from the Regia Aeronautica in 1933. He traveled to New York City under the pseudonym "Mr. Smith," purchased a Bellanca monoplane, and let it be known that he intended to fly nonstop from New York to Baghdad, Iraq, to set a new world nonstop flight distance record of some .

 Death

When Pinedo attempted to take off from Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York, on 2 September 1933 for his flight to Baghdad with his Bellanca overloaded with fuel, he lost control of the aircraft. Unable to detach from the airstrip, the plane veered off the runway, flipped onto its right side and crashed. Thrown from his seat, Pinedo quickly attempted to reach back to the controls in order to turn off the smoldering plane's engine, but at the same moment, fuel vapors ignited. He perished in the resulting fire, which also destroyed the plane. The takeoff attempt, crash, and fire all were captured on film. Pinedo's body was burned beyond recognition in the fire.

At New York, memorial services for Pinedo were held at St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan while American military planes circled overhead. The Italian ocean liner MS Vulcania transported his remains to Italy. After his coffin reached Rome, a full state funeral with military honors took place.

External links
"The Lord of Distances" bio page
Site of links relating to his flights

Italian aviator Francesco De Pinedo dies in fiery crash during takeoff in his Bel...HD Stock Footage on YouTube

References
Longo, Don (Donato), "'A Feat Without Parallel,: Pioneer Italian Aviators Fly to Adelaide, 1925", Italian Cernevale Magazine'' (Adelaide, South Australia, 2014), pp. 54–55.

1890 births
1933 deaths
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Italian aviators
Italian fascists
Italian military personnel
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
Italian military personnel of World War I
Italian World War I pilots
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Medal of Aeronautic Valor
Transatlantic flight
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1933

Francesco de Pinedo


Undercover is a 1943 British war film produced by Ealing Studios, originally titled Chetnik. It was filmed in Wales and released on 27 July 1943. Its subject is a guerrilla movement in German-occupied Yugoslavia, loosely based on Draza Mihailovich's Chetnik resistance movement.

The film was produced by Michael Balcon and directed by Sergei Nolbandov. It stars John Clements, Mary Morris, and Stephen Murray, with Michael Wilding and 15-year-old Stanley Baker.

The film was released in the United States in 1944 by Columbia Pictures under the title Underground Guerrillas. It is similar to the 20th Century Fox wartime film Chetniks! The Fighting Guerrillas (1943), made in the U.S.

Background
The film is based on the Yugoslav resistance movement under the command of General Draza Mihailovich. But politics overtook the situation because Mihailovich and the Royalists were about to be abandoned by the British government - as parts of the Chetnik movement co-operated with the Nazis - in favour of the Communist and Stalinist leader Josip Broz Tito. Speaking in Parliament on 22 February 1944, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, said: "General Mihailovic, I much regret to say, drifted gradually into a position where his commanders made accommodations with Italian and German troops…"  The screenplay, by John Dighton and Monja Danischewsky, was accordingly amended, and the film was re-edited. It ended up as a black and white war film, 80 minutes in length.

Plot
 The film focuses on the fictional Petrovitch family in Belgrade, Serbia. One brother, Milosh, a Yugoslav military captain (John Clements) forms an anti-Nazi guerilla movement in the mountains of Serbia. His brother, Dr. Stephan Petrovitch (Stephen Murray), poses as a Nazi collaborator to obtain information for the guerrillas while working directly under General von Staengel (Godfrey Tearle), commander of the German occupation force.

Using information obtained by Stephan, Milosh and his guerrillas are able to ambush a German train and free Yugoslav PoWs, while wounding General Staengel in the process. Stephan operates on the wounded General, saving his life, and gaining the General's trust. Milosh's wife, Anna Petrovitch (Mary Morris), a schoolteacher, is taken prisoner and interrogated, but she escapes, with the help of some of her students, and joins Milosh in the mountains. In retaliation, German troops under Colonel von Brock (Robert Harris) execute six schoolchildren.

Later, Stephan uses his credentials as a Nazi sympathizer to plant explosives on a German train, timing them to go off in a mountain tunnel. The film's climax is a pitched battle between the Germans and guerrillas. Afterwards, the Serbians retreat into the mountains to continue their campaign of terror and resistance against Axis occupation.

Cast

 John Clements as Milosh Petrovitch
 Mary Morris as Anna Petrovitch
 Stephen Murray as Dr. Stephan Petrovitch
 Tom Walls as Kossan Petrovitch
 Rachel Thomas as Maria Petrovitch
 Michael Wilding as Constantine
 Stanley Baker as Petar
 Godfrey Tearle as General von Staengel
 Robert Harris as Colonel von Brock
 Niall MacGinnis as Dr. Jordan
 Ivor Barnard as Stationmaster
 Terwyn Jones as Danilo
 Finlay Currie as Priest
 Ben Williams as Dragutin

Crew
 Director: Sergei Nolbandov
 Producer: Michael Balcon
 Associate Producer: S.C. Balcon
 Script: John Dighton, Monja Danischewsky, Sergei Nolbandov (uncredited), and Milosh Sekulich (uncredited). Based on a story by George Slocombe, Milosh Sekulich (uncredited), and Sergei Nolbandov (uncredited)
 Cinematography: Wilkie Cooper
 Art Direction: Duncan Sutherland
 Editing: Eileen Boland
 Supervising Editor: Sidney Cole
 Special Effects: Roy Kellino
 Technical Advisors: Milosh Sekulich, W.E. Hart
 Music: Frederic Austin

Sources
 Barr, Charles. Ealing Studios: A Movie Book. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1999.
 Barr, Charles. (1974). "Projecting Britain and the British Character: Ealing Studios, Part II." Screen, 15(2), pages 129-163.
 Dick, Bernard F. The Star-Spangled Screen: The American World War II Film. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2006. p. 164.
 Undercover on the citwf database: http://www.citwf.com/film365195.htm

External links
 Undercover at the British Film Institute

1943 films
1943 war films
British war films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Sergei Nolbandov
Films set in Serbia
Films set in Belgrade
Ealing Studios films
War films set in Partisan Yugoslavia
World War II films made in wartime
Films produced by Michael Balcon
British black-and-white films
History of Serbia on film
Cultural depictions of Serbian men
Cultural depictions of Serbian people
Guerrilla warfare in film

Undercover (1943 film)


Green Island is a small town in northwestern Jamaica, located on the west coast between Negril and Lucea in the parish of Hanover. It is located close to Orange Bay.

History
Green Island was once a thriving market town in the days when sugar was king supported by sugar plantations such as Harding Hall, Prospect, Saxham, Winchester, Rhodes Hall, Haughton and Glasgow. Sugar and other produce were exported in small schooners from the five or six wharves (such as Dixon Wharf) which were located in the harbor. Very little remains of these wharves today.

Saturdays were always bustling with activity as fishermen from as far as Negril, local rice farmers from Santoy and Westmoreland, and corn growers from St. Elizabeth selling their produce. Tobacco farmers would roll their dried leaves into a shape resembling rope, thus earning the name "Jackass Rope", and sell it by the yard for smoking in chalk pipes.

Since the development of Negril and easy access to public transportation, commercial activities have dwindled.

References

External links
Aerial view
Photo

Populated places in Hanover Parish

Green Island, Jamaica


Novels are books which have one long story written in them. They are works of prose fiction. They are longer than short stories and novellas. There are many kinds. For example, some are adventure stories, like Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson. There are horror (scary) stories like Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. There are also science fiction novels like Dune by Frank Herbert, and humorous novels like Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. Novels in English are usually at least 60,000 words long. Some are much bigger, 150,000 words or more. Novels usually have 100 pages or more.

The first novels were written more than three hundred years ago. Some people say that Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is the first novel. It was first published in 1605.

Genres of novels
There are many different genres, or categories, of novels. Some of these are:

Campus
Crime fiction
Fantasy
Gothic
Horror
Romance
Spy
Thriller
Science fiction
Speculative
Westerns
Picaresque
Gothic Novel
Sentimental Novel
Weird fiction

References

Novel


The Thedford Dirty Dogs are a senior hockey team based out of Thedford, Ontario, Canada.  They have played three seasons in the WOAA Senior Hockey League.

2006-07 Dirty Dogs Season
On October 7, 2006, the Thedford Dirty Dogs began their first season in the WOAA with a 10-2 loss to the Hensall Sherwoods at the Thedford Bosanquet Community Centre.  Two weeks later on October 21, the Dirty Dogs played in their first road game, an 8-4 loss in Hensall.  On November 11, Thedford earned their first point of the season, as they lost to the Wingham Bulls 7-6 in overtime in a game in Wingham.  The Dirty Dogs finished the regular season still looking for their first win, as they wound up with a 0-23-1 record, ending up in ninth place in the nine team South Division.

In the playoffs, they faced off against the Monkton Wildcats, and after dropping the opening game in their best of three series, the Dirty Dogs rebounded and registered their first win in franchise history by a 2-1 score in Thedford.  The Dogs kept the third game close, but fell to the Wildcats 3-2, and lost the series two games to one, ending their season.

2007-08 Dirty Dogs Season
It would be another long, winless season for Thedford, as they would see their regular season losing streak reach fifty games, as the Dirty Dogs went 0-26-0, finishing in last place in the ten team South Division.

The Dirty Dogs would play the Goderich Pirates in a best of three qualifying series, with the winner advancing to the "A" playoffs.  The Dirty Dogs upset the Pirates in the series opener, with a 4-2 victory, however, Goderich tied it up with a solid 4-1 win in game two.  The Pirates would complete the comeback, defeating Thedford 7-1 in the third and deciding game, ending the Dirty Dogs season.

2008-09 Dirty Dogs Season
The Dirty Dogs winless streak would continue through the season, as Thedford had a 0-20-0 record, finishing in last place in the ten team WOAA South Division.  The Dirty Dogs regular season losing streak reached seventy games.

Thedford qualified for the "B" playoffs, and faced the Milverton Four Wheel Drives in the best of seven semi-finals.  Milverton finished the season in ninth place in the South, with a 4-16-0 record.  The Dirty Dogs kept the series opener close, however, they found themselves on the wrong side of a 5-4 score.  In the second game, Thedford would take a 3-2 lead going into the third period, however, Milverton fought back to tie the game at three to send it into overtime.  The Four Wheel Drives completed the comeback with a 4-3 victory, putting Thedford down by two games.  Milverton then blew out the Dirty Dogs in the third game by an 8-2 victory, putting Thedford on the brink of elimination.  In the fourth game, the Dirty Dogs took a 2-1 lead going into the third period, however, Milverton again came back from behind, defeating Thedford 3-2 and sweeping the Dirty Dogs out of the post-season.

2009-10 Dirty Dogs Season
Thedford opened the 2009-10 season up with two losses, which extended their losing streak to 72 games, however, on October 10, Thedford would finally end their drought, defeating the Milverton Four Wheel Drives 4-3 in front of their home fans to earn their first ever regular season victory in team history.  The Dirty Dogs would have their most successful regular season to date, finishing with a 7-13-0 record, earning 14 points, and an eighth-place finish in the WOAA South Division.

The Dirty Dogs faced the Tillsonburg Thunder in a best of five series, with the winner advancing to the "AA" playoffs.  The Thunder finished the season with the best record in the South Division at 16-4-0.  Tillsonburg opened the series with a 4-1 victory, followed by another 4-1 win in the second game to take a 2-0 series lead.  The Dirty Dogs were unable to fight off elimination in the third game, as the Thunder crushed Thedford 11-3 to send the Dirty Dogs to the "A" playoffs.

Thedford would face off against the Clinton Radars in the best of seven "A" quarter-finals.  The Dirty Dogs took the first game, defeating Clinton 6-5 in overtime, however, the Radars evened the series in the second game, defeating Thedford 7-6.  The Dirty Dogs retook the series lead in the third game, as Thedford defeated Clinton 4-2, however, the Radars once again tied the series up, as they defeated the Dirty Dogs 2-1 in the fourth game.  Thedford once again took the series lead, as the Dirty Dogs defeated Clinton 4-2 in the fifth game to take a 3-2 lead.  In the sixth game, the Dirty Dogs completed the upset, defeating the Radars 11-6 to advance to the semi-finals.

The Dirty Dogs next opponent was the Milverton Four Wheel Drives, and Thedford took the series opener by a 5-3 score.  Milverton stormed back in the next two games, easily defeating the Dirty Dogs 6-3 and then 9-3 to take a 2-1 series lead.  Thedford evened up the series in the fourth game, defeating the Drives 6-1.  In the fifth game, Thedford would stun Milverton with a 4-3 overtime win, taking a 3-2 series lead.  Milverton responded in the sixth game, holding off the Dirty Dogs by a 3-2 score, setting up a seventh and deciding game.  After Thedford took a 1-0 lead in the first period, Milverton scored twice in the second period to go up by a 2-1 score.  In the final minutes of the third period, Milverton scored again, going up 3-1, however, the Dirty Dogs scored shortly after, cutting the Drives lead to 3-2.  Milverton, though, scored once again, taking a 4-2 lead, followed by an empty net goal to make the final score 5-2 for the Four Wheel Drives, eliminating Thedford from the playoffs.

2010-11 Dirty Dogs Season
Thedford would have its second straight seven win season in 2010-11, tying the team record for wins set by the club the previous season, as the team went 7-17-2, earning 16 points.  The Dirty Dogs finished in seventh place in the South Division.

Season-by-Season record
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against

More information will be added as more becomes available

Related links
Thedford, Ontario
Western Ontario Athletic Association
WOAA Senior Hockey League

External links
Thedford Dirty Dogs Website

Senior ice hockey teams
Ice hockey teams in Ontario

Thedford Dirty Dogs