University of Latvia (, shortened LU) is a public research university located in Riga, Latvia. The university was established in 1919.

History

The University of Latvia, initially named as the Higher School of Latvia () was founded on September 28, 1919, on the basis of the former Riga Polytechnic (founded in 1862). The first rector of the university was chemist Paul Walden. In 1923, the school received its current name with the approval of its constitution, the University of Latvia (Universitas Latviensis).

In the period between 1919 and 1940, the University of Latvia was the main centre of higher education, science and culture in the Republic of Latvia. The former building of the Riga Polytechnic on Raiņa bulvāris 19 serves as the university's main building. In the pre-WWII years, it was possible to gain higher academic education not only at the University of Latvia but also at the Latvian State Conservatory and Academy of Arts.

With the beginning of the Soviet occupation, the university was renamed as the Latvian State University (LVU, ) from 1940 to 1941 and from 1944/1945 to 1958. Under the Nazi occupation, from 1942 to 1944/1945 its name was the University of Riga (). After World War II, over time the Latvian University of Agriculture, Riga Stradiņš University, and Riga Technical University separated from the University of Latvia and became well-known centres of education and research in their own right. In 1958, the university was renamed as the Pēteris Stučka Latvian State University (), which was its official name until 1990.

With Latvia regaining independence, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia reconfirmed the Constitution of the University of Latvia on September 18, 1991. It stated that the institution is "a state establishment of academic education, science and culture which serves the needs of Latvia and its people". Alongside the Constitution, the flag, the hymn, the university's emblem, the rector's chain, and the official garments for the rector, vice-rector and deans were re-adopted as attributes of the University of Latvia.

The EuroFaculty, created by the CBSS to support reforms at the universities in Tartu, Riga, and Vilnius, was organized with its headquarters at the University of Latvia from 1993 to 2005. The Riga Teacher Training and Educational Management Academy was merged into the university in 2017.

In recent years, the university has often faced serious reputational problems. Several professors have been caught plagiarizing. The current rector and his former deputy have been charged with serious crimes. A criminal investigation into the embezzlement of European funds in the project led by the former chairman of the Constituent Assembly of the University is underway.

Enrollment
The University of Latvia offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels of study and in October 2014 more than 14,000 students, including Ph.D. and exchange students, had enrolled in various study programs. Almost one third of them studied in business and economics related programs.

Organisation

The university consists of 13 faculties:
 Faculty of biology
 Department of plant physiology
 Department of botany and ecology
 Department of human and animal physiology
 Department of hydrobiology
 Department of microbiology and biotechnology
 Department of molecular biology
 Department of zoology and animal ecology
 Faculty of chemistry
 Department of inorganic chemistry
 Department of analytical chemistry
 Department of organic chemistry
 Department of physical chemistry
 Centre of food chemistry
 Centre of chemistry didactics
 Faculty of physics, mathematics and optometry
 Department of optometry and vision science
 Department of mathematics
 Department of physics
 Laser Centre of the University of Latvia
 Extramural Mathematics School of A. Liepa
 Faculty of business, economics and management
 Department of global economics interdisciplinary studies
 Department of economics
 Department of finance and accounting
 Department of management sciences
 Faculty of education, psychology and arts
 Department of education sciences
 Department of pedagogy
 Department of psychology
 Department of teacher training
 Sports centre
 Centre of adult pedagogical education
 Faculty of geography and earth sciences
 Department of geography
 Department of geology
 Department of environmental science
 Faculty of history and philosophy
 Department of history and archaeology
 Department of philosophy and ethics
 Faculty of law
 Center of continuing legal education and professional development
 Student government
 Chair of civil law
 Chair of constitutional law
 Chair of criminal law
 Chair of international and European law
 Chair of legal theory and history
 Legal clinic of the faculty of law
 Faculty of medicine
 Centre of health management and informatics
 Department of anatomy and histology
 Centre of experimental surgery
 Department of pharmacology
 Department of internal medicine
 Department of medical biochemistry
 Department of medical pedagogy, ethics and history
 Department of oncology
 Department of surgery
 Department of pathology
 Department of pediatrics
 Centre of social pediatrics
 Faculty of humanities
 Department of Asian studies
 Department of contrastive linguistics, translation and interpreting
 Department of classical philology and anthropology studies
 Department of English studies
 Department of Germanic studies
 Department of Latvian and Baltic studies
 Department of Romance studies
 Department of Russian and Slavonic studies
 Faculty of social sciences
 Department of information and library studies
 Department of communications studies
 Department of political science
 Department of sociology
 Center for the cognitive sciences and semantics
 Faculty of theology
 Department of systematic and practical theology
 Department of church history and history of religions
 Department of biblical theology
 Faculty of computing
 Chair of computer science
 Chair of programming
 Chair of mathematical foundations of computer science
 Chair of informatics lifelong learning
 Methodological laboratory of computer science studies
 Methodological laboratory of computing studies – the Linux centre
In addition to the university's various faculties and its medical wing, the Riga Medical College (Rīgas Medicīnas koledža), the University of Latvia offers most of the resources traditionally associated with accredited universities, including several libraries, research facilities, study centres, a language school, and a career centre.

Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science
The Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science of the University of Latvia (, IMCS) was founded in 1959 as a computer research centre, now consisting of about 200 researchers, assistants, engineers, and software developers.

Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics

The Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics (GGI) of the University of Latvia () is the reestablishment of the Institute of Geodesy since 1994. The researchers of the Institute of Geodesy (1924-1944) worked successfully on the research and education in many advanced topics of that time – development and adjustment of National geodetic networks, photogrammetry, studies of vertical Earth movement and research in gravimetric and magnetic measurements. Currently, the research areas are developed in satellite geodesy and geoinformatics. The main topic is the development of satellite laser ranging systems (SLR), both the hardware and control software.  Two SLR prototypes were developed until 2010 by spending low expenditures. The third most improved model is under development now. All the knowledge and experience of the staff gained since 1975 is applied. Younger colleagues are involved in the development process.

The prototype digital zenith camera for studies of vertical deflection has been developed recently. The test results reach a precision of 0.1 arc second which is very promising for the improvement of the quality of the National model of Latvia gravity field modelling. The recent version of the National gravity field developed at the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics has achieved a precision of about 2 cm which is much higher than the previous model (7–8 cm) used in Latvia. The high precision gravity field model is very important for practice. It gives the possibility to achieve correspondingly high precision of normal height determination using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in geodetic measurements.

There has been achieved at the Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformatics the high precision results in studies of vertical and horizontal motion of the Earth in Latvia by carrying out the analysis of the 7 year GNSS observations at the LatPos and EUPOS-RIGA permanent station networks.

There are developed the GIS database for Latvia and cities of Latvia, developed digital terrain models.

Amateur Art Activities

The university has a number of amateur choirs, orchestras and dance groups, as well as a student theatre. Minjona is a women's choir based at the University of Latvia.

People

Notable professors and lecturers
 Indriķis Muižnieks, biologist
 Andris Ambainis, computer scientist
 Mārcis Auziņš, physicist
 Kārlis Balodis, economist
 Konstantīns Čakste, legal theorist and LCP Chairman, son of Latvian President Jānis Čakste
 Jānis Endzelīns, linguist
 Karlis Kaufmanis, astronomer
 Augusts Kirhenšteins, microbiologist
 Eižens Laube, architect
 Jānis Maizītis, lawyer and second Prosecutor General of Latvia
 Valdis Muktupāvels, ethnomusicologist and doctor of art criticism
 Velta Ruke-Dravina linguist, folklorist
 Andrejs Veisbergs, linguist

Notable alumni
 Evika Siliņa, Prime Minister of Latvia
 Māris Čaklais, Latvian poet
 Valdis Dombrovskis, Latvian politician, European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro, former Prime Minister of Latvia
 Klāvs Elsbergs, Latvian poet
 Ivars Godmanis, Latvian politician, former Prime Minister of Latvia, MeP
 Uldis Ģērmanis, Latvian historian and writer
 Ivars Kalviņš, Latvian chemist, has worked on the foundation of mildronate
 Valdemārs Klētnieks, Latvian writer and national Scout Commissioner
 Guntars Krasts, Latvian politician, former Prime Minister of Latvia, MeP
 Hugo Teodors Krūmiņš, Latvian playwright and poet
 Kirovs Lipmans – Latvian business person and ice hockey executive
 Zenta Mauriņa, Latvian writer
 George Nagobads (1921–2023), Latvian-born American physician
 Artis Pabriks, Latvian politician, former Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs
 Andris Piebalgs, Latvian politician and diplomat, former European Commissioner for Energy
 Ilmārs Poikāns, Latvian AI researcher, hacker
 Einars Repše, Latvian politician, former Prime Minister of Latvia
 Eliyahu Rips, Israeli mathematician
 Alfred Rosenberg, race theorist and an influential ideologue of the Nazi Party.
 Aminata Savadogo, Latvian singer, songwriter, finalist in Eurovision Song Contest 2015
 Knuts Skujenieks, Latvian poet, journalist
 Mikhail Tal, Soviet-Latvian chess grandmaster and eighth World Chess Champion, nicknamed "The Magician from Riga"
 Daina Taimiņa, Latvian mathematician
 Kristīne Ulberga, novelist, winner of the Raimonds Gerkens Prize.
 Guntis Ulmanis, Latvian politician, former President of Latvia
 Jānis Vanags, archbishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia
 Raimonds Vējonis, the 9th President of Latvia
 Antonija Vilcāne, Latvian medieval archaeologist

See also
 Libraries of the University of Latvia
 List of universities in Latvia
 Utrecht Network
 List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)
 Kalpaka Boulevard Library

References

External links

 University of Latvia Riga Medical College
 University of Latvia Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science

Law schools in Latvia
Universities and colleges established in 1919
Public universities
Universities and colleges formed by merger in Latvia
1919 establishments in Latvia

University of Latvia


Bureaucracy is a concept. It is the structure and rules which control the activities of people that work for large organizations and government.

It has standardized procedure (rule-following), formal division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. However, in practice, the interpretation and execution of policy can lead to informal influence.

Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science. Four things are central to any definition of bureaucracy: a well-defined division of work between persons and offices, consistent patterns of recruitment, and stable careers. There is a hierarchy among offices, such that the authority and status are distributed between actors. Formal and informal networks connect people to one another, through flows of information and patterns of cooperation.

Examples of everyday bureaucracies include governments, armed forces, corporations, hospitals, courts, ministries and schools.

Other websites
 Abstracts of academic books and articles about bureaucracy
 Kevin R. Kosar, "What ought a bureaucrat do?"  Claremont.org, (A review piece that ponders the values that should guide bureaucrats in their work.)
 Scientific Management and the Bureaucratic Organization  Summary of key concepts from on-line course.

Sociology
Political science

Bureaucracy


Irma Glicman Adelman (March 14, 1930 – February 5, 2017) was a Romanian-American economist.

Early life and education
Adelman was born in Chernivtsi, Romania in March 1930. In 1939, fleeing the Nazi regime, she moved with her family to Palestine where she continued her education through high school.

After high school, in 1949, Adelman moved to the United States and attended the University of California, Berkeley, where she received her bachelor's degree in Business Administration in 1950, her Master's in economics in 1951, and her Ph.D. in economics in 1955.

Career and research
Adelman began her career with a two-year stint as an instructor and assistant professor at her alma mater; in the 1958–1959 academic year, she was a visiting professor at Mills College. After that, she became an assistant professor at Stanford University, staying until 1962. That year, Adelman moved to Johns Hopkins University, where she was an associate professor until 1965, when she moved to Northwestern University. She left Northwestern for the University of Maryland in 1972 and stayed there until 1978.  She was then a professor in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the Graduate School of the University of California, Berkeley from 1979 until her 1994 retirement.

Adelman is credited with having made important contributions in the field of development economics. Her studies included the effects of development on a country's economic and political structure, and she has also consulted for the United Nations Division of Industrial Development, the US Department of Agriculture Agency for International Development, and the World Bank.

Noted co-authors include Hollis B. Chenery, Cynthia Taft Morris and Sherman Robinson.

Honors and awards
 Elected Fellow, Econometric Society (1968)
 Elected Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1974)
 Cleringa Chair, Leiden University (1977)
 Member, American Economic Association

Selected bibliography
 "Dynamic Properties of the Klein-Goldberger Model", with F.L. Adelman, 1959, Econometrica
 Theories of Economic Growth and Development, 1961.
 "An Econometric Analysis of Population Growth", 1963, AER.
 "Foreign Aid and Economic Development: The case of Greece", with H.B.Chenery, 1966, REStat.
 The Theory and Design of Economic Development, 1966.
 Society, Politics and Economic Development: a quantitative approach, with C.T. Morris, 1967.
 Economic Growth and Social Equity in Developing Countries, with C.T. Morris, 1973.
 "Strategies for Equitable Growth", 1974, Challenge
 "Development Economics: a reassessment of goals", 1975, AER.
 "Growth, Income Distribution and Equity-Oriented Development Strategies", 1975, World Development
 "Policies for Equitable Growth", with C.T. Morris, and S. Robinson, 1976, World Development
 Income Distribution Policy in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Korea, with S. Robinson, 1978.
 "Growth and Impoverishment in the Middle of the 19th Century", with C.T. Morris, 1978, World Development
 Redistribution Before Growth: A strategy for developing countries.  1978.
 "Beyond Export-Led Growth", 1984, World Development
 "A Poverty-Focused Approach to Development Policy", 1986, in Lewis, editor, Development Strategies Reconsidered
 "Confessions of an Incurable Romantic", 1988, BNLQR.
 Comparative Patterns of Economic Development, 1850–1914, 1988.

References

External links
 Irma Adelman at University of California at Berkeley
 Column archives at Project Syndicate

1930 births
2017 deaths
American development economists
21st-century American economists
20th-century American economists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American women economists
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
University of California, Berkeley College of Natural Resources faculty
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Haas School of Business alumni
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Romanian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American women writers

Irma Adelman


The Military Way is the modern name given to a Roman road constructed immediately to the south of Hadrian's Wall.

Establishment
Evidence has shown that the road was constructed before the abandonment of the turrets in the second century (linking roads between the Military Way and some turrets have been identified). The existence of the Stanegate suggests that it was not included in the original plan, and therefore it is likely to have been constructed soon after the reoccupation of Hadrian's Wall following the abandonment of the Antonine Wall in 162 AD.

Characteristics
As with most Roman roads, the Military Way was constructed from large stones, and surfaced with gravel. It was usually around  wide with a camber of up to . John Collingwood Bruce suggested that it was not intended for use by wheeled vehicles, and this is backed up by a survey of wall miles 40/41, where severe gradients up to 25% (33% in short stretches) were recorded.

Spurs have been identified linking the Military Way to some milecastles, for example Milecastle 9.

Some milestones have been found along the road (taking columnar form). These indicate that, in the third century, distances were numbered westwards from Dere Street.

Course
The Military Way runs along the top of the north mound of the Vallum in many places, and elsewhere runs between the Vallum and the curtain wall. At the river crossings at Chesters Bridge and at Willowford Bridge near Birdoswald Roman fort, the bridges were widened in the early third century to take the road, as opposed to just the walkway as was previously the case.

Present day
The course of the Military Way is still very much evident and walkable between Sewing Shields (near Milecastle 35) and Walltown Quarry (near Turret 45A). A public right of way follows the Military Way from Milking Gap (near Milecastle 38) to Walltown Quarry.

References

Hadrian's Wall
History of Northumberland
History of Cumbria
Roman roads in England
Archaeological sites in Cumbria
Archaeological sites in Northumberland

Military Way (Hadrian's Wall)


The International Bartenders Association (IBA), founded on 24 February 1951 in the saloon of the Grand Hotel in Torquay, England, is an international organisation established in order to represent the best bartenders in the world.

An annual event, both World Cocktail Competition (WCC) and World Flairtending Competition (WFC) were presented and organised by the IBA. The IBA also sanctions a list of official cocktails.

Each year the events take place in different destinations. For instance in 2006, the competitions were held in Meliton Porto Carras Hotel, Halkidiki, Greece, from 6 October 2006 (for the 32nd annual WCC) to 7 October 2006 (for the 7th annual WFC).

See also
List of IBA official cocktails

References

External links

Organizations established in 1951
Bartending
Bartenders
1951 establishments in England

International Bartenders Association


Dachong () is a town under the direct administration of the prefecture-level city of Zhongshan, in the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong province, China.

Location
It is situated at the southwest periphery of the city of Zhongshan and the eastern (left) bank of the Xi River. The town has an area of about  and population of about 28,000 in 2000, plus 27,000 whose origins are not Dachong Town. It is reported there are about 10,000 Hong Kongers, people from Macau as well as overseas Chinese living here.

History
Dachong was once known as Longdu () in the Qing Dynasty. It is known that when villages were built since the Yuan Dynasty (14th century) and situated next to a river or stream which flowed towards the ancient sea of Shiqi, the region then was named after the river stream. The central region of the town was hilly, and the highest peak, Zhuoqishan (), is 164m high. Flat land is located at the south and the north, and rivers flow at the east and the west region.

Economy
As for other towns in Zhongshan, agriculture is the main primary industry found in Dachong Town. Major agricultural outputs include rice, vegetables, fruits and cane sugar.

The production of mahogany furniture in Dachong can be traced back to the late 1970s when several carpenters started a workshop, producing broaching machines. Indeed, the early development of the mahogany furniture industry was driven by the carpenters from Zhejiang Province, who were experienced in making mahogany furniture. After the development for 20 years, the family-run furniture workshops in early years have become one of the pillar industries in Dachong. Currently there are a total of 496 enterprises engaging in the production of mahogany furniture in the town. Over a hundred specialized outlets on both sides of two main roads have formed an eye-catching avenue in the town. In 2001, the outputs of mahogany furniture reached RMB 598 million, accounting for nearly a quarter of the total industrial outputs of the whole town.

Controlling 60 percent of the national production of mahogany furniture in 2002, Dachong was dubbed the "Specialized Town of Mahogany Furniture Production of China" by China National Furniture Association in April 2003. Its mahogany furniture has earned this small town a reputation at home and abroad for its Guangdong-style that is competitive nationwide, even in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces, that are the origins of mahogany furniture. The export earnings of US$4.3 million in 2002 show that Dachong furniture is also popular worldwide, with large markets in the US, Japan, Canada and Russia.

In order to consolidate its leading position in the production of mahogany furniture, producers in Dachong are restlessly upgrading their products and improving production techniques in recent years. In 2001, a technological development centre was established to develop and apply technology to the production of mahogany furniture. For example, the water-soluble paint, jointly developed by the centre and Xi'an Jiaotong University through a project involving investment of RMB 380000, aiming at reducing the production cost, and enabling the products to be more environmental friendly. The computerized drying system developed through a partnership with Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Science, also makes the mahogany furniture more durable. Besides, under the quality control of the guild over all the mahogany furniture made in Dachong, products meeting the standards set by the town government are certified. To further develop the mahogany furniture industry, Dachong should put greater effort in registering design, image promotion and developing own brands that are not adequate currently.

References

External links
 Loong Du (Dachong) Association website dead link

Zhongshan
Towns in Guangdong

Dachong


¿¡Revolución!? is a 2006 political documentary directed by Quebec journalist and filmmaker . It examines the Bolivarian Revolution led by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. It was produced by Télé-Québec, the Quebec government's public television network.

As part of the Rencontres internationales du documentaire de Montréal film festival, first screenings occurred on November 10 and 14, 2006 at the Cinéma ONF in Montreal. The general opening happened on December 8, 2006, at Cinéma Ex-Centris, also in Montreal. This version showed the original Spanish spoken by the subjects, as well as narration and subtitles in French.

Production
In April 2005, director Charles Gervais heard of the news that Hugo Chávez decided to distribute one million free copies of major 17th century Spanish novel Don Quixote de la Mancha to Venezuelan citizens. This gave him the inspiration to fly to Venezuela and examine from within this "revolution" in the making. Also, after filming the medium-length documentary Quand la vie est un rêve on the Haitian youth, Gervais wished to focus on something more positive.

Synopsis
The movie features pro-Chávez and anti-Chávez militants, politicians and citizens, within and without the barrios (the poor districts of Venezuelan cities like Caracas). The anti-Chávez politicians interviewed are members of Primero Justicia. It also examines the nationalization of petroleum. Other Chávez opponents met by the filmmaker come from places like the newspaper El Nacional and the former direction of the petroleum industry. The director did not obtain an interview with the President, but filmed him first hand in speeches and his famous weekly Aló Presidente television show. About the situation of the freedom of the press, director Gervais said that it was easier to film in the Venezuela of Chávez than in Canada.

See also
The Revolution Will Not Be Televised (documentary)
Politics of Venezuela
List of Quebec films
Cinema of Quebec
Culture of Quebec

References

External links

2006 documentary films
2006 films
Bolivarian Revolution
Canadian documentary films
Documentary films about Hugo Chávez
Quebec films
French-language Canadian films
Spanish-language Canadian films
2000s Canadian films

¿¡Revolución!?


Tools are things used to make tasks easier. Tools have changed over time. The first tools were made in the Stone Age and Bronze Age. Throughout history, people have made many new and more complicated tools.

Some examples of tools that are often used today are the hammer, the wrench (also called a spanner), saws, shovel, telephone, and the computer. Very basic things like knives, pens, and pencils are also tools. The bludgeon (a stick or rock used as a weapon to smash things) was one of the first tools made by humans. The knife is also one of the first tools humans made.

Tool


Lakshman Rao Mohite (15 June 1932 – 17 January 2016), better known by his pen-name Geethapriya (), was an Indian film director and lyricist of the Kannada film industry. He has directed 40 films and penned over 250 songs in Kannada films. In 1992–93, he was awarded the Puttanna Kanagal Award for his contribution to Kannada cinema as a director.

Early life
Geethapriya was born as Lakshman Rao Mohite in 1931, to Ramarao Mohite and Lakshmibai. His father worked for the cavalry regiment of Mysore State Troops called Mysore Lancers, which was stationed in Bangalore. Even though his mother tongue was Marathi, he was always interested in the Kannada language and was admitted to a Kannada-medium school. The poet P. T. Narasimhachar lived in the same quarters as Geethapriya's family and was a huge influence in the latter's career. He was also inspired by the writings of K. Shivaram Karanth, Masti Venkatesh Iyengar, T. R. Subba Rao and A. N. Krishna Rao. He tried his hand in writing from his middle school days and sent his poems and short stories to magazines like Thaayinaadu, Ramarajya.

Following his completion of CA intermediate, Geethapriya took up small writing assignments. He then worked as a clerk in Cubbon Park restaurant, Bangalore where he received a monthly salary of 35. Having had a brief association in theatre, he had the music director Vijaya Bhaskar and film director M. B. Singh as friends. On Bhaskar's promise of paying him 40 a month, Geethapriya entered films as a lyricist in 1954.

Geethapriya suffered from various health issues during the last few years of his life. A combination of various health complications resulted in a heart attack that caused his death on 17 Jan 2016.

Career

As lyricist
Geethapriya started his career in films in 1954 as a lyricist, writing a song for the film, Sri Rama Pooja. He then moved to Madras (now Chennai). He worked with Y. V. Rao for the film Bhagya Chakra (1956) by writing dialogues and songs. Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha (1963) became hit with songs like "Jagadishanaduva Jagave Natakaranga" and eleven others all whose lyrics were written by Geethapriya. This was followed by "Aadutiruva Modagale" for the film Bettada Huli (1965) and Onde Balliya Hoogalu (1967) for which Mohammed Rafi sang "Neenelli Nadeve Doora", the only song sung by him for a Kannada film.

As director
Geethapriya directed his first film in 1968 with Mannina Maga that had Rajkumar and Kalpana playing the lead roles. It was awarded the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada and he won the Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay. The film ran for a hundred days in Bangalore's Kapali and Bharat theatres.

He directed other successful films like Yaava Janmada Maithri, (1972), Beluvalada Madilalli (1975), Besuge (1976), Hombisilu (1978), Putani Agent 123 (1979) and Mouna Geethe (1985). Having directed 40 films during his career, he was awarded the Puttanna Kanagal Award for expertise in direction. He also directed three Tulu language films and one Hindi film, Anmol Sitaare.

Filmography

Direction

Lyrics

Awards
 1968 – National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada – Mannina Maga
 Puttanna Kanagal Award from Karnataka Government
 2012 – Saroja Devi Award
 2012 – Sandesha Award

References

External links

Kannada-language lyricists
Kannada film directors
2016 deaths
1932 births
Kannada-language writers
Film directors from Bangalore
Indian lyricists
20th-century Indian film directors
20th-century Indian poets
Screenwriters from Bangalore

Geethapriya


RTVideo is Microsoft's default video codec for Office Communications Server 2007 and the Microsoft Office Communicator 2007 client.
It is a Microsoft proprietary implementation of the VC-1 codec for real-time transmission purposes.
Microsoft extensions to VC-1 are based on cached frame and SP-frame.
Also it includes system-level enhancements for recovery of packet loss on IP networks - forward error correction and error concealment.

Licensing
RTVideo is a proprietary codec. Like RTAudio this protocol can also be licensed from Microsoft.

External links

Video codecs
Microsoft proprietary codecs

RTVideo


Black Moon Wi Sapa (c. 1821–March 1, 1893) was a Miniconjou Lakota headman with the northern Lakota during the nineteenth century, not to be confused with the Hunkpapa leader (Oni Sapa) by the same name.

Biography
Virtually nothing is known of Black Moon's early years. He had risen to a position of influence among his tribe by 1869 when he was present at the appointment of Sitting Bull as head war leader of the Lakota.

By the time of the Great Sioux War of 1876–77, this fifty-five-year-old headman was leader of a small Miniconjou band that chose to remain away from the Cheyenne River Agency. Black Moon is listed as one of the Miniconjou leaders who had joined the northern village by the early summer of 1876 and was present at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. He and his family fled to Canada in 1877, joining Sitting Bull near Wood Mountain.

When majority of the northern Lakota elected to surrender in 1880–81, Black Moon decided to remain in Canada, as did No Neck and a Brulé named Black Bull. He and his family lived near Moose Jaw and Willow Bunch and established relationships with Canadians in the region. Black Moon's daughter, Mary, married a corporal in the Royal Mounted Police stationed at nearby Fort Walsh. Black Moon finally departed Canada for the U.S. in the spring of 1889 with eleven lodges. Intercepted by soldiers, they were allowed to continue on to the Standing Rock Agency two weeks later. Black Moon and his family were transferred to the Cheyenne River Agency in October 1890. Part of his family traveled with Big Foot when he fled the agency during the Ghost Dance troubles. According to Dickson, "Black Moon's wife, daughter and son were killed" at Wounded Knee; and "another son and other family members were wounded." Afterwards, survivor Alice War Bonnet Charging Cloud reported seeing Black Moon with his brothers, Iron Horn and Wood Pile, at Pine Ridge, according to her son, William War Bonnet.

Black Moon lived the remainder of his life along Cherry Creek on the Cheyenne River Reservation.

References

 Ephriam D. Dickson III, "Black Moon: The Minnecoujou Leader," Little Big Horn Associates Newsletter, vol. 60 no. 10 (December 2006) pp. 4–5.

Lakota leaders
Native American people of the Indian Wars
Miniconjou people

Black Moon (person)


St. Matthew's Cathedral, () also called Osorno Cathedral, is a Catholic cathedral located in the city of Osorno in the South American country of Chile.

St. Matthew's Cathedral is located in the vicinity of the Plaza de Armas of Osorno and is considered an architectural jewel of Gothic style, and a major tourist site in the city of Osorno. Its designer is the Chilean architect León Prieto Casanova.

It noted for its imposing tower 45 meters high and its large and colorful mosaics and stained-glass windows with representations of biblical figures.

The original cathedral was built in 1577. After the 1960 earthquake, which caused serious structural damage to the cathedral, there was total demolition.

The first stone of the new cathedral was blessed and laid on May 1, 1962, and 15 years later, on November 24, 1977, the new building was consecrated.

See also
Roman Catholicism in Chile
St. Matthew's Cathedral (disambiguation)

References

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Chile
Buildings and structures in Osorno, Chile
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1977
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Chile
Rebuilt buildings and structures in Chile

St. Matthew's Cathedral, Osorno


Sixty Million Dollar Man (; released in the Philippines as My Magic Professor) is a 1995 Hong Kong comedy film written and directed by Raymond Yip and starring Stephen Chow, Ng Man Tat, and Gigi Leung.

Plot
Lee Chak-Sing (Stephen Chow) is a rich kid living in Hawaii. He's arrogant and fond of playing mean tricks on everyone around him. His life changes when he meets Chung-Chung (Gigi Leung), a young woman whom he declares is very ugly.

Sing offends local crime lord Fumito (Joe Cheng) by dancing with Fumito's girl in a Pulp Fiction-inspired dance contest. In a fit of rage, Fumito orders his henchman Mark (Charles Shen) to kill Sing.

Tat (Ng Man Tat), Sing's loyal assistant, is revealed by Sing's mother to be his true father. He is then faced with a decision: Accept Tat as his father and lose his inheritance or continue to call the other man his father and live in the lap of luxury. He chooses his father.

When Tat comes to rescue his son, both are caught by Mark and tied together in a bathroom stall, where Mark planted a bomb. Sing chops off his arm and manages to let his father escape on an ejector toilet seat, leaving Sing to apparently die in the explosion.

Sing's brain and lips are recovered. There is technology to construct a new body for him at the cost of $60,000,000. However, since Sing renounced his rich father, he doesn't have the money. Tat can only provide $6,000.

Chang (Elvis Tsui), offers to create a body for $6,000. After some trial and error, such as creating legs out of arms, Sing is transformed into a cyborg.

To fool Fumito, however, a funeral is staged for Sing, where he hides to watch. The only person to attend is Chung-Chung, who is unaware of Sing's true fate, and mourns his death. When Sing sees this, he feels remorse for mistreating her (and everyone else).

Two years later, he gets a job as a teacher at one of the worst schools in the area. He is harassed and assaulted by the students, culminating in Sing being "crucified" on the front gate of the school with his (low-cost) garden hose genitalia hanging out. Chung-Chung also works at the school, but has matured and is no longer the awkward, unattractive girl that Sing knew. She also has a rich fiancé with a fancy sports car.

That evening, in a fit of despair, Sing attempts suicide but is stopped when Chang delivers a new microchip he's been working on. The microchip enables Sing to transform into many different household appliances and makes him nearly indestructible.

Sing returns to the school and corrects the anarchy, serving as a superhuman disciplinarian. Under his care, all the students become diligent and hardworking.

Sing's fame catches Fumito's attention. He sends Mark to finish Sing off, but Mark fails. The henchman tries to escape, but Sing kills him by twisting his body into a human basketball. Using his wealth, Fumito has Mark rebuilt into a powerful cyborg with shape-shifting abilities.

Mark infiltrates Sing's wedding party as Sing's old friend Siu-Fu, but Sing sees through the disguise. In the ensuing chaos, Sing is apparently killed in an explosion. To everyone's surprise, Sing returns as a powerful old lady, resembling a Park'n Shop mascot, in a bulletproof robe. Ultimately, Sing transforms into a microwave oven and traps Mark inside, burning him to death. Fumito is disposed of soon after.

Cast
Stephen Chow – Lee Chak-Sing
Ng Man-tat – Tat
Gigi Leung – Chung-Chung
Elvis Tsui – Professor Chang Sze
Charles Shen – Mark/ Cyborg Mark
Joe Cheng – Fumito
Paulyn Sun – Bonnie
Chan Chi-Fai – Teacher
Dang Siu-Juen – Chung Chung's Fiancé
Hung Siu-Wan
Alvina Kong – Aunt
Guy Lai – Uncle
Dion Lam – Man in Zebra Suit
Lee Kin-yan – Siu-Fu
David John Saunders – Bodyguard
Darren Shahlavi – Bodyguard
Sung Boon-Chung – Student Leader (with shaved head)
Manfred Wong – Principal
Wong Yut-Fei – Lee Yat-Fai
Mimi Zhu – Sing's Mother

Release
Sixty Million Dollar Man was released in Hong Kong on 19 August 1995. In the Philippines, the film was released as My Magic Professor on 29 May 1996.

Trivia
The opening theme of this film has a resemblance to Barry Manilow's hit song Copacabana.

References

External links

1995 films
1990s science fiction comedy films
1995 comedy films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Chinese teen films
Cyborg films
Hong Kong comedy films
Films directed by Raymond Yip
Films set in Hawaii
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hawaii
Films shot in Hong Kong
1990s Hong Kong films

Sixty Million Dollar Man


The Carpenter House,  also known as the Gardiner (Gardner) Carpenter House and the Red  House, is a Georgian style house in Norwichtown area of Norwich, Connecticut. A house was previously on the site, but it was removed by Gardner Carpenter to construct the house in 1793. The three-story Flemish bond Georgian house's front facade consists of five bays with a gabled porch over the main entrance and supported by round columns. The gambrel roof and third story addition were added around 1816 by Joseph Huntington. In 1958, a modern one-story rear wing was added to the back of the house. The interior of the house is a center hall plan with  high ceilings and has been renovated, but retains much of its original molding, paneling and wrought iron hardware. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and added to the Norwichtown Historic District in 1973.

History
Historical records for Gardner Carpenter's life are sparse in detail, but the Vital records of Norwich, 1659-1848 Part II provide some information. Gardner Carpenter married Mary Huntington, daughter of Benjamin Huntington Jr., on October 29, 1791. Carpenter was a local business man who operated his mercantile business in a shop that was shared with his brother, Joseph Carpenter, the silversmith. The Carpenters' shared shop is historically significant and is known as the Joseph Carpenter Silversmith Shop. A 1906 paper titled Norwich: early homes and history identified Gardner Carpenter as the builder of the store and noted that Gardner Carpenter was one of the first traders of Norwich. In 1793, the house which is now known as the Carpenter House was constructed on the property after a previous house on the land was removed. Gardner and Mary Carpenter would have six children together; their first son, George, was born in 1795 and their first and only daughter, Mary Elizabeth, in 1797. Another son, Gardner Carpenter, was born in 1802 and was followed by Henry in 1804, John in 1807 and Charles in 1810. Gardiner Carpenter served as a pay master in the 17th Connecticut Regiment in the American Revolutionary War and he was the postmaster of Norwich from 1799 to 1814, shortly before his death in 1815. His wife, Mary Carpenter, died in 1838. The house was sold to Joseph Huntington after Carpenter's death, who would add a third story around 1816. The house was sold again to Reverend Hiram P. Arms in 1841.

Design

The Georgian house is built on the north end of the Norwichtown green and faces East Town Street. The walls of the three-story house are made of brick laid in Flemish bond and painted a cranberry red. The front facade consist of five bays with a gabled porch over the main entrance and supported by round columns. The doorway is not original, but has a transom of six lights on top. The windows of the house are double hung six-over-six sash with the windows on the first floor have flat splayed lintels mimicking the gabled porch. The third story is also the attack and has an oversized gambrel roof that over hangs the two stories, the roof was covered with asphalt shingles at the time of its nomination in 1970. This addition of the third story was done about 1816 when the house was owned by Joseph Huntington. A modern one-story rear wing is at the back of the house, the last addition dating to 1958. Four chimneys arise from the roof of the house, with two interior chimneys and a rear chimney on the main house with a smaller fourth chimney on the one-story rear addition. The interior of the house is a typical center hall plan which retains much of its original moldings, paneling and wrought iron hardware. The 1958 addition added a  by  family room.

The interior of the house comprises  and was renovated sometime after its addition to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Circa 1980, the home was purchased by the Chassanoff family and underwent a historical restoration. The Chassanoffs' restoration included removing the wallpaper, applying historic paint colors and stripping and refinishing the original floor's wooden planks. The renovations also included using wood shingles to preserve the authenticity of the house. The interior consists of 11 rooms and includes  high ceilings. Four rooms are on the second floor, including a   by  master bedroom. The house has a total of six known fireplaces with another two likely concealed under plaster. The floors were restored and some planks had to be replaced in the process.

Importance
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 6, 1970. It was made a part of the Norwichtown Historic District on January 17, 1973, but was unaccredited as a separately listed property at the time. On the district nomination the house is spelled alternatively as the "Gardner House". Luyster writes, "This is a good example of Georgian housing of the colonial period. Its value is increased because of the historical and architectural value of the buildings which surround it since it is located next to the Norwich town green which is the focal point of the historic district in that area." The home was featured as part of a historic house tour in 1993's "More Reflections on the Past." In 2002, the house was available for purchase and remains a private residence as of 2014.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in New London County, Connecticut

References

Houses completed in 1793
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Historic American Buildings Survey in Connecticut
Georgian architecture in Connecticut
Houses in Norwich, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in New London County, Connecticut
Historic district contributing properties in Connecticut

Carpenter House (Norwich, Connecticut)


Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is a type of laser eye surgery. PRK uses an ultraviolet laser to reshape the cornea (outer surface of the eye). PRK can correct astigmatism, nearsightedness, and farsightedness. Unlike LASIK, PRK does not create a flap in the eye. Although no surgery is completely safe, PRK has less complications or side effects than LASIK. Some patients who can not have LASIK may be able to get PRK. PRK is especially preferred over LASIK for people with high prescriptions, thin corneas, and people who are more likely to get eye injuries, such as athletes or police officers. Potential side effects or complications include seeing haloes, starbursts, or glare, corneal haze, dry eye, infection, blurry vision, double vision, and the continued need for glasses or contact lenses. Side effects are more likely if an old or obsolete laser is used, which many clinics still use. Side effects are usually temporary but may become permanent. Some temporary side effects may be caused by the eye drops used, and not the surgery itself.

Procedure
The surgeon gives anesthetic drops in each eye, to prevent the patient from feeling pain. The epithelium (outer layer of the cornea) is brushed off, and the surgeon uses a laser to remove small amounts of the cornea, changing its shape. Mitomycin C is then applied to the eye, which helps prevent corneal haze. A bandage contact lens is then placed over the eye, and the epithelium grows back behind the contact lens. Vision will be blurry for a few days, and there will be some pain and discomfort. The recovery period is longer and more painful than LASIK. Several sets of eye drops, applied several times each day, are necessary for at least a week or longer. After about a week, the epithelium has grown back, and the surgeon removes the contact lens. The patient must sleep with a protective shield over the eyes until the contact lens is removed.

Surgery
Eye

Photorefractive keratectomy


Edward Samuel Miliband MP (born 24 December 1969) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Labour Party and of the Official Opposition. He is also the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Doncaster North, and is a former cabinet minister.

He was born in University College Hospital, Bloomsbury, London and raised in Primrose Hill. His parents were Polish-Jewish immigrants. He is the younger son of the Marxist thinker Ralph Miliband. At the London School of Economics, he obtained a Master's degree in Economics, and then became an advisor to Labour politicians such as Harriet Harman and Gordon Brown. At the 2005 general election, he was elected to be the MP for Doncaster North. His first job in government was as the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, which he took up on October 3, 2008 and remained as until Labour lost the 2010 General Election.

In September 2010, he defeated his brother David Miliband by a small number of votes to become leader of the Labour Party.

He resigned as leader in May 2015 after Labour lost to the Conservative Party in the 2015 General Election. Jeremy Corbyn replaced him.

References

1969 births
Living people
Jewish British politicians
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from the London Borough of Camden
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 2005–2010
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UK MPs 2019–present

Ed Miliband


Robert P. Scharlemann (April 4, 1929 – July 10, 2013) was a radical theologian best known for his theological works on the being of God and as an interpreter of Paul Tillich.  Scharlemann taught at the University of Iowa and the University of Virginia.

Career
Scharlemann received a B.A. and a B.D. from Concordia Seminary of St. Louis, Missouri, before going to the University of Heidelberg for his doctorate under a Fulbright Scholarship.  After briefly teaching at both Valparaiso University and the University of Southern California, he became Professor of Religious Studies at the School of Religion at the University of Iowa in 1963. He remained there until 1981, when we became Commonwealth Professor of Religion at the University of Virginia.  In addition to his teaching posts, his work included a stint as editor of the influential Journal of the American Academy of Religion.  He was also a moving force in the emergence of the North American Paul Tillich Society.  He died on July 10, 2013.

Theological works
Scharlemann's more significant contributions to theology fall into two categories.  First, Scharlemann has written a number of books and essays that investigate the nature of thinking theologically.  These included the influential The Being of God. The Death of God theologian Thomas J. J. Altizer wrote in his autobiography that "Robert Scharlemann is the philosophical theologian who once most engaged me, and I regard his The Being of God: Theology and the Experience of Truth as a truly seminal theological work.  Here not only are philosophical and theological thinking truly united, but the Crucifixion is unraveled in thinking itself, and in pure thinking itself. ...  Scharlemann's formula, 'the being of God when God is not being God,' is not simply an assault upon the metaphysical God, but upon every Godhead manifest apart from the Crucifixion..." In addition to this work, Scharlemann published a volume of essays entitled Inscriptions and Reflections: Essays in Philosophical Theology.  These further examine themes found in The Being of God.  Scharlemann is also known for his works interpreting the theological system of Paul Tillich.    Of decisive influence was his early work, Reflection and Doubt in the Thought of Paul Tillich (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969).

Bibliography
As primary author:
 The Being of God: Theology and the Experience of Truth (New York: Seabury, 1981).
 With Julian N. Hartt and Ray L. Hart.  The Critique of Modernity: Theological Reflections on Contemporary Culture (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986).
 Inscriptions and Reflections: Essays in Philosophical Theology (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989).
 The Reason of Following: Christology and the Ecstatic I (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
 Reflection and Doubt in the Thought of Paul Tillich (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969).
 Religion and Reflection: Essays in Paul Tillich's Theology (Munster: LIT Verlag, 2005).
 Thomas Aquinas and John Gerhard (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964).
As editor:
 Negation and Theology (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992).
Theology at the End of the Century: A Dialogue on the Postmodern (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990).  Includes essays by Scharlemann, Mark C. Taylor, Charles Winquist, and Thomas J. J. Altizer.

References

1929 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American theologians
21st-century American theologians
Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota) alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
University of Iowa faculty
University of Southern California faculty
University of Virginia faculty
Valparaiso University faculty
People from Lake City, Minnesota
Concordia Seminary alumni

Robert P. Scharlemann


Arcetri is a location in Florence, Italy, positioned among the hills south of the city centre.

Landmarks
A number of historic buildings are situated there, including the house of the famous scientist Galileo Galilei (called Villa Il Gioiello),
the Convent of San Matteo and the Torre del Gallo. The Arcetri Observatory is also located there. The church of San Leonardo in Arcetri is the main church of the area.

Galileo Galilei died there on 8 January 1642.

List of landmarks
The following is a longer list of landmarks in the Arcetri area, with their Italian names:

San Leonardo in Arcetri (Saint Leonard at Arcetri Church)
San Matteo in Arcetri (Saint Matthew at Arcetri Church)
Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri (Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory)
Pian dei Giullari (Jesters Plateau)
Villa Capponi
Villa Il Giullarino
Villa di Volsanminiato
Torre del Gallo (Tower of the Rooster)
Villa La Gallina
Villa Agape-Arrighetti
Villa Giramonte
Villa Giovannelli
Villa Nunes Vais
Villa Il Teatro
Villa Pian dei Giullari
Villa Masieri
Villa Il Gioiello
Villa Le Corti
Villa Pazzi
Villa Ravà
Villa Il Roseto
Fondazione Spadolini (Spadolini Foundation)
Monteripaldi
San Michele a Monteripaldi (Saint Michel at Monteripaldi Church)
Santa Margherita a Montici (Saint Margaret at Montici Church)

See also
Tommaso Perelli

References

Districts of Florence

Arcetri


Respiration is how nutrients change into useful energy in a cell. During respiration, energy is released in a form that can be used by cells. All living things respire. Both plant and animal cells use respiration to release energy from glucose.

There are two types of respiration. One is aerobic respiration and the other is anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration happens in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen breaks down food (glucose) to release high amounts of energy. Anaerobic respiration happens in the absence of oxygen making lactic acid. During respiration in yeast and bacteria, oxygen is not involved in the oxidation of food. Food (glucose) is broken down into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide this is called anaerobic respiration.

 Animals obtain carbohydrates, such as starch and sugars, by eating them. Some heat is released by these chemical reactions in cells, and it is this we experience as body heat.
 Plants make their own carbohydrates during photosynthesis. They get carbon dioxide from the environment and their energy from the sun.

Some use oxygen to break down glucose completely into CO2 (Carbon dioxide) and H2O (Water).

Related pages
See these (in this order) for an outline of the biochemistry of aerobic respiration:
Cellular respiration
Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain

Metabolism
Cellular respiration

Respiration


Recursion is a word from mathematics and computer science. It is used to define a thing, such as a function or a set. A recursive definition uses the thing it is defining as part of the definition.

Description
Usually, a recursive function refers to itself in some cases (or inputs), but not in every case. A function that referred to itself in every case would never terminate.

When a function refers to itself, it often uses a smaller input than the input it was given. In this way, it can solve a problem by first solving a simpler version of the problem.

Example
An example of a recursive function  is:

If  then return .
If  then return .
This function computes the factorial of a natural number. It works because  and .

The definition has two cases: a recursive case for , and a case for  that is not recursive. The case that is not recursive is called a "base case".

Uses

Recursion can be used to write computer programs. A program that uses recursion may be easier to write and understand than a program that does the same thing without recursion.

Recursion is used in mathematics to prove theorems. This method is called induction.

The idea of recursion can be seen in art and language. For example:
 A fractal image contains smaller versions of itself.
 In the rules of grammar, a sentence can be part of another sentence.

Easter Eggs
In the Google search engine, if you type up "recursion", it will say "Did you mean: Recursion", a reference to the meaning of recursion.

References

Computer science

Recursion


Marshall Bridges (June 2, 1931 – September 3, 1990) was an American professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1959 to 1965 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees and Washington Senators.

A strong left-handed pitcher blessed with an excellent fastball, Bridges was listed as  tall and . After spending time with the Negro league Memphis Red Sox, then bouncing around the minor leagues for six seasons, he broke into the majors with St. Louis in the mid-season of 1959, posting a 6–3 won-lost record and a 4.26 earned run average, striking out 76 hitters in 76 innings. He might have pitched more in his first couple seasons, but sore heels gave him trouble. Used almost exclusively as a relief pitcher throughout his seven-season career, Bridges' best season came in  while a member of the Yankees, anchoring the world champions' relief staff while recording a team-leading 18 saves to go with an 8–4 record and a 3.14 earned run average. However, that same season he also became the first American League pitcher to give up a World Series grand slam home run when Chuck Hiller of the San Francisco Giants got hold of one in Game 4.

One of the era's most colorful characters, Bridges was nicknamed "Sheriff" and "Fox."  He was known as a teller of tall tales and an instigator or victim of elaborate practical jokes. During 1963 spring training in a Fort Lauderdale, Florida, bar, a disagreement between Bridges and a female patron resulted in her shooting him in the leg. The resulting negative publicity annoyed the image-conscious Yankee brass and may have been a major factor in them selling his contract to last-place Washington on November 30, 1963. His recovery from the gunshot wound was apparently complete, but Bridges never regained the dominance that he had shown in 1962.

The 1965 Senators were Bridges' last stop in his MLB career. His lifetime totals include a won/lost record of 23–15, 25 saves, an ERA of 3.75 and 302 strikeouts in 345 innings pitched.

Bridges died of cancer on September 3, 1990, at the age of 59 at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson.

References

External links

1931 births
1990 deaths
African-American baseball players
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American shooting survivors
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Baseball players from Jackson, Mississippi
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Marshall Bridges


Sir Alexander Matheson, 1st Baronet, JP, DL (16 January 1805 – 26 July 1886) was a British China merchant, Liberal Member of Parliament, and railway entrepreneur.

Life and career
The son of John Matheson Esq of Ardross and Attadale, Ross-shire, the family's ancestral seat, Alexander left home at an early age to trade in the Far East.  Matheson was a nephew of Sir James Matheson of Lewis, the famous Jardine & Matheson Co, making his fortune from trading opium in the Far East, notably in the Canton and Hong Kong. Matheson was the nephew of Sir James Matheson, 1st Baronet, and made a partner in the family firm of Jardine Matheson, and a matrilinear nephew of Lt-Col. Thomas Matheson. Educated at Edinburgh University, he knew enough economics to become a Director of the Bank of England.  He also served as a magistrate, and was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of the counties of Ross and Cromarty and Invernesshire.

Having retired from trade in 1839 he made a land deal purchasing the Ardintoul estate, with more land acquired at Inverinate on Loch Duich in 1844.  To his own disappointment he was not a successful farmer on the sparsely-populated lochside, but proved a developer and builder.  Matheson was elected as MP for Inverness Burghs in 1847, on repeal of the corn laws.  From 1849 his London home was at no.16 South Audley Street, near Park Lane and joined the Reform Club on The Mall.  He succeeded his uncle, as Liberal MP for Ross and Cromarty from 1868.

In 1851 he added to his local status as an MP by purchasing the feudal barony of Lochalsh, which had remained dormant since 1427.  The estate comprised lands on the left bank of Loch Ness purchased in 1850s: and the ruins of Eilean Donan Castle, later sold by the second baronet.  He built Ardross House and Ardross Street on the west side of Inverness.  To the north of the town he built Perceval Street.  Historian A Clark speculated that the "poppies adorning" the gatehouse at Ardross were proof of involvement in the opium trade. He was responsible for building in the small village, and developing the Skye railhead at the Kyle from Dingwall.  In the 1860s Sir Alexander built another home at Duncraig Castle.

By 1862, Matheson was Chairman of the Northern Railway, making it the largest in the Highlands.  He joined up with Joseph Mitchell to extend the line to Dingwall, the directors dispensing with his services by 1867.  The line finally opened on 1 August 1870.  During the following decades Matheson evicted tenants from his more fertile Easter Ross estates. Riots broke out at Plockton, on one occasion resulting in ten arrests.  Matheson posted extra guards on the Highland Railway sacking all his employees involved in the protests.  By 1893, largely through Sir Alexander's influence the Kyle had replaced Plockton as the district's administrative centre.

He supported William Ewart Gladstone's remarkable Midlothian campaign, but remained critical of Munro-Ferguson's utterances on Home Rule for Scotland.

As Chairman of the Dingwall and Skye railway he effected a merger with the Highland railway on 2 August 1880.  The result was that his concern held sway over the network across the highlands from Inverness to the sea at Skye. On 15 May 1882 he was created a Baronet, of Lochalsh in the County of Ross. When the Napier Commission arrived in 1883-4 for an extensive tour of the affected areas in the Highlands, they were met by Matheson at the Kyle of Lochalsh.  The Crofters Holdings Act 1886 enfranchised the tenantry for the first time entitling them to be included in the settlement south of the border; an unprecedented Crofters Party was formed to stand for Parliament.

Family
Matheson married three times:
His first marriage was to Mary, only daughter of J.C. Macleod Esq., of Geanses in 1840.
His second marriage in 1853 was to the Hon. Lavinia Mary, daughter of Thomas Stapleton, by Mary Gerard, and sister of 8th Lord Beaumont, they had a son and daughter.

Kenneth James 2nd baronet of Lochalsh (1854–1920) and Mary Isabella (1855–1933)

Thirdly he married Eleanor Irving, daughter of Spencer Perceval Esq., of Portman Square, London and Anna Eliza Macleod on 17 April 1860.
They had eight children:
Flora Matheson (  -1927)
Hylda Nora Grace Matheson (1870–2002)
Anna Elizabeth (1864–1927)
Sir Alexander Perceval Matheson of Lochalsh, 3rd baronet (1861–1929)
Sir Roderick Mackenzie Chisholm Matheson of Lochalsh, 4th baronet (1861–1944)
George Charles Matheson (1867–1870)
Eleanor Margaret Matheson (1868–1896)
Gen. Sir Torquil George Matheson of Lochalsh, 5th baronet (1871–1963).

Legacy
History has adjudged Sir Alexander and his uncle, Sir James Matheson as benevolent landlords but when the estate was sold in 1919 by Sir Kenneth, 2nd Baronet, he was the last of the ancient clan bloodline of duthchas to own the wilderness of Wester Ross the Balmacara estate.  Sir Alexander was an energetic and dynamic entrepreneur who drove forward the industrial revolution.  Despite this the population remained small and, isolated without growth, had shrunk by 1901.

Matheson died on 27 July 1886, aged 81.

Notes

References
 Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links

1805 births
1886 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
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UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
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Sir Alexander Matheson, 1st Baronet


Evaristo de Churruca y Brunet (Oltza, 1841-Bilbao, 1917) was a Spanish engineer. He directed diverse construction work in Murcia and Biscay and subsequently was transferred to Puerto Rico, where he was in charge of the installation of the telegraphic network of the island and carried out a study for the improvement of the port of San Juan.  Returning to Spain, he took charge of the works of the exterior Port of Bilbao and canalization of the Nervion River.

A monument was erected to honour him in the town of Getxo at the mouth of the Nervion River, which he definitely straightened allowing the further developing of Bilbao's industrial power.

References

1841 births
1917 deaths
Spanish engineers
People from Bilbao

Evaristo de Churruca y Brunet


Frederick Henry Handcock ( – 28 November 1847) was a notable pioneering pastoralist, horse racing enthusiast, and overlander of South Australia.

Origins

Born  at Athlone, in County Westmeath, Ireland, Fred Handcock was a member of the landowning Handcock family associated with the peerage of Baron Castlemaine, whose ancestral seat was Moydrum Castle. Attracted to the possibilities for pastoralism and land speculation in the nascent colony of South Australia, he arrived there in July 1837 as a young unmarried man in the  from Launceston in Van Diemen's Land.

South Australian pioneer

Handcock was the original grantee of Adelaide Town Acre 629 on the southern side of Gilbert Street. Quickly recognised as a leading citizen of the new colony, although never holding public office, in December 1837 Handcock participated in the expedition of Colonel Light that discovered and named the Barossa Range, ergo the Barossa Valley. A few weeks later, on 1 and 2 January 1838, Handcock's brown mare Taglioni raced at the first horse racing event held in South Australia.

In early 1838, in partnership with James Fisher, son of J.H. Fisher, Handcock established one of the earliest sheep runs outside Adelaide, known as Fisher and Handcock's Station, on the Little Para River near its junction with Gould Creek. In January 1839 Colonel Light painted a watercolour of their rustic homestead, now in the collection of the Art Gallery of South Australia, titled Fisher & Handcocks Station.  Hancock Hill near Yatala Vale bears Handcock's name from this time (although misspelt).

Horse racing and sporting life

Soon thereafter Handcock became a close friend of the Jones brothers, Henry and Frederick, but particularly younger brother Fred Jones. The brothers, sons of a wealthy London oil merchant, were merchants and stockholders at Adelaide. He also befriended John Hill, explorer and stockholder. All shared an avid interest in horse racing, being prominent pioneers of this sport in South Australia. They were part of a small band of urbane young bachelor colonists who in 1838 were among the foundation members of the South Australian Club, precursor to the Adelaide Club. In August 1838, riding his grey gelding Charley, Handcock won the first steeplechase event ever held in South Australia.

Overlander and pioneer pastoralist at Chowilla

Handcock was subsequently involved in various pioneering pastoralist ventures in rural South Australia, his surname frequently appearing in newspaper reports (often misspelt as Hancock). In early 1846 these activities eventuated in Handcock, Fisher, and Fred Jones travelling to New South Wales in the ship Templar to purchase a large herd of cattle and horses. Droving this livestock overland, they settled on the Chowilla floodplain of the Murray River, being the first pastoralist pioneers of the Riverland region straddling the South Australia – New South Wales border near Renmark. Due to livestock theft by local Aboriginal people, Handcock asked the South Australian Chief Secretary for police protection for his stations on the Murray near the inter-colonial boundary. The following year, 1847, he suggested to the same agency that flour and blankets should be issued to Aboriginals near the Rufus River.

Visiting Adelaide in September 1846, Jones, Fisher, and Handcock all participated in an exciting 'Grand Steeple Chase', viewed by some 1,000 spectators. Handcock, in second place, riding Jones' red gelding Highflyer, is depicted in a painting of this event by George Hamilton, titled The first steeplechase in South Australia, 25 September 1846, held by the Art Gallery of South Australia. The painting is incorrectly titled because the 'first' steeplechase had taken place eight years earlier, Handcock having competed in both events.

Accidental death

In November 1847 a neighbouring pastoralist, Thomas Frederick Bailey (Baily), aged 25, based near Lake Victoria, went missing and so Handcock, then aged 31, went out searching for him. Both were found dead at Limbra Creek. Bailey had apparently fallen while crossing the flooded creek and had been struck on the head from a horse hoof. Handcock, an expert horseman but a non-swimmer, had drowned nearby while crossing on horseback to reach Bailey's body. Their bodies, encased in expensive lead coffins, were ritually returned to Adelaide for burial, escorted by fellow pastoralists James Fisher and 'Ned' Bagot, son of C. H. Bagot. Curiously, their joint funeral was then postponed for over a year, eventually taking place on 7 December 1848 at West Terrace Cemetery, the pair being interred in the same vault.

The disheartened Jones abandoned the frontier station soon after these deaths. It was subsequently taken up by pastoralist John Chambers, while Ned Bagot established his Neds Corner Station nearby.

Legacies

Hancock Creek, South Australia, which feeds Lake Limbra, bears Handcock's name (misspelt), as does a sand dune prominence beside the Murray River overlooking a property now known as Wompinni Station, now named Hancock Hill, New South Wales, and formerly named Mount Hancock (also misspelt). Although only a few kilometres apart, these two geographical features are divided by the SA/NSW State border.

The debonair Handcock, who had never married, had a 'charming and high-spirited' character, bringing vibrancy and stimulation to the otherwise dour task of colonisation, especially through such diversions as horse racing. These attributes rendered him so 'highly respectable' and well liked by his fellow colonists, particularly those connected to the peerage of Ireland, that his unexpected death flung a gloom over Adelaide, prompting glowing public eulogies.

References

Wompinni Station. The Home of The Harrison F-Trucks Endurance Team.

1847 deaths
Settlers of South Australia
Australian pastoralists
Accidental deaths in South Australia
1810s births
Burials at West Terrace Cemetery
Deaths by drowning in Australia
19th-century Australian businesspeople

Frederick Henry Handcock


Charm may refer to:

Social science
 Charisma, a person or thing's pronounced ability to attract others
 Superficial charm, flattery, telling people what they want to hear

Science and technology
 Charm quark, a type of elementary particle
 Charm (quantum number), the difference between the number of charm quarks and charm antiquarks in a particle

Computing
 Charm (programming language), devised in the 1990s, similar to RTL/2, Pascal and C
 Charm++, a parallel programming language based on C++
 Charms, part of the Windows shell user interface in Microsoft Windows 8 and 8.1

Magic and superstition
 Magic charm or incantation
 Charm, an object believed to have been magically charmed, such as an amulet
 Trinket, on a charm bracelet

Business
 BlackBerry Charm, a mobile phone
 Motorola Charm, a smartphone
 Charm (finance), in quantitative finance, a second order derivative of an option pricing function versus the underlying spot price and time
 The Charm Company, manufacturer of Charms Blow Pops candy; acquired by Tootsie Roll Industries
 Charms, a brand of cigarette manufactured by VST Industries

Arts and entertainment

Literature
 The Charm, play by Walter Besant 1896
 The Charm, poetry collection by Robert Creeley 1969
 The Charm, poetry collection by Kathy Fagan
 The Charm (play), a play by Christopher R. Shimmin

Music

Bands
 The Charms, an American garage rock band
 Otis Williams and the Charms, an American doo-wop group

Albums
 The Charm, by American rapper Bubba Sparxxx
 The Charm (T. S. Monk album), 1995
 Charm (album), by American producer and rapper Danny!

Songs
 "Charm", a song by Wild Colonials from the album This Can't Be Life
 "Charm", a song by Tony Banks from the album The Fugitive 1983
 "Charm", a song by Positive Noise	1981
 "Charm", a song by Virginia Astley 1987
 "Charms" (Bobby Vee song), 1963
 "Charms" (The Philosopher Kings song), 1996

People
 Daniel Charms, a pseudonym of Russian poet, writer and dramatist Daniil Kharms (1905–1942)
 Charm Tong (born 1981), teacher and human rights activist from Shan State, Burma

Other uses
 Charm, Ohio, an unincorporated community in the US
 Baltimore Charm, a franchise in the Legends Football League (formerly the Lingerie Football League)
 Royal Ordnance L30, Challenger armament (CHARM) project to provide a new main armament for the British Challenger 2 tank

See also

Charl (name)
 Charmstone, a stone or mineral artifact of various types associated with various traditional cultures
 CHARMM (Chemistry at Harvard Macromolecular Mechanics), a widely used set of force fields for molecular dynamics
 Charmed (disambiguation)
 Charmer (disambiguation)
 Charming (disambiguation)
 Charmy (disambiguation)
 Charo (disambiguation)
 Lucky charm (disambiguation)

Charm


Matthew Banckes (died 1706) was an eminent English master carpenter, who was Master Carpenter in the royal Office of Works from 1683 and Master of the Worshipful Company of Carpenters from 1698. Banckes worked under Sir Christopher Wren at numerous projects, including six of Wren's City Churches, for which he supplied the carpentry, and at Trinity College Library, Cambridge, where he produced the elaborately trussed flooring that supported the weighty collection of books.

At Eton College he acted as surveyor and on occasion as architect. In 1693 the third Duke of Hamilton consulted him about Hamilton Palace. He rebuilt Petersham Lodge, at Petersham in Richmond, Surrey, for Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester in 1791–2. He was the master carpenter at Winslow Hall, Winslow, Buckinghamshire, (1700) where he was probably working to Wren's designs.

His apprentice John James had a successful career as architect, having spent ten years in Banckes' employ. Bancks's son Henry was a stonemason by trade, with contracts at Blenheim Palace, Marlborough House, London, and Cannons.

His son Matthew was responsible for much of the carpentry at Blenheim, and for the centering of the arch of the Palladian Bridge there. His daughters' marriages are examples of the network of family ties at the top ranks of the building trades: to Charles Hopson, Master Joiner to the Office of Works, to John Churchill, master carpenter, and to Henry Wise, gardener, the partner of George London.

Notes

References
Colvin, Howard. A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects, 1600-1840, 3rd ed. 1995. (Yale University Press)

17th-century English architects
1706 deaths
Year of birth unknown
English carpenters
English surveyors

Matthew Banckes


Nicholas Dietrich, Baron of Ottendorf, was a German mercenary who was paid on commission by the newly formed Continental Congress to gather and raise an independent corps in the continental army on December 5, 1776.

Dietrich had trouble properly organizing Ottendorf's Corps, and as a result George Washington replaced him with Lieutenant Colonel Armand on July 11, 1777. The Corps was scattered, some of it having been put under Armand's command while others of it followed Baron Dietrich. By 1781 the Baron and those that remained with him eventually joined under the banner of the British Army.

External links
 Library of Congress, Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Page 1007
 Baron Ottendorf to Clinton August 15, 1781

Dragoons
Barons of Germany
Continental Army officers from Germany

Nicholas Dietrich, Baron de Ottendorf


The siege of Marienburg was an unsuccessful two-month siege of the castle in Marienburg (Malbork), the capital of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. The joint Polish and Lithuanian forces, under command of King Władysław II Jagiełło and Grand Duke Vytautas, besieged the castle between 26 July and 19 September 1410 in a bid of complete conquest of Prussia after the great victory in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). However, the castle withstood the siege and the Knights conceded only to minor territorial losses in the Peace of Thorn (1411). Marienburg defender Heinrich von Plauen is credited as the savior of the Knights from complete annihilation.

Background

Allied Polish and Lithuanian forces invaded Prussia in July 1410 with a goal of capturing Marienburg. Their path was blocked by the Teutonic Knights, who engaged the allied forces in the decisive Battle of Grunwald on 15 July 1410. The Knights suffered a great defeat, leaving most of their leadership dead or captured. The victorious Polish and Lithuanian forces stayed on the battlefield for three days; during this time Heinrich von Plauen, Komtur of Schwetz (Świecie), organized defense of Marienburg. Von Plauen did not participate in the battle and was trusted to command reserve forces of about 3,000 men in Schwetz. It is not entirely clear whether von Plauen marched to Marienburg based on pre-battle instructions of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen or on his own initiative to fill the leadership void. As the Polish–Lithuanian forces moved on to Marienburg, three Teutonic fortresses – Hohenstein (Olsztynek), Osterode (Ostróda), and Christburg (Dzierzgoń) – surrendered without resistance. The allied forces moved slowly, averaging only about  per day, giving time for von Plauen to organize the defense. This delay has been criticized by modern historians as one of the greatest Polish–Lithuanian tactical mistakes and has been a subject of much speculation. Polish historian Paweł Jasienica suggested, for example, that Jagiełło might have intentionally given the Knights time to regroup, to keep the Order humbled but not decimated so as to not upset the balance of power between Poland (which would most likely acquire most of the Order possessions if it was totally defeated) and Lithuania; but a lack of primary sources precludes a definitive explanation.

Siege

The main Polish–Lithuanian forces arrived only on 26 July 1410. The day before von Plauen ordered the town outside the Marienburg Castle to be burned, depriving allied soldiers of shelter and clearing the battlefield. The siege was not intense: Polish King Jagiełło was confident that Prussia had already fallen and began distributing land among his nobles. He sent his troops to capture numerous small castles that were left without garrisons. Only eight castles remained in Teutonic hands. The Knights were allowed to communicate with their allies. They sent envoys to Sigismund of Hungary and Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, who provided a loan to hire mercenaries and promised to send Bohemian and Moravian reinforcements by the end of September. The Livonian Order sent 500 men as soon as its three-month truce with Lithuania expired. The siege, holding Jogaila's army in place, helped to organize defensive forces in other parts of Prussia. The besiegers expected capitulation and were not prepared for a long-term engagement, suffering from lack of ammunition, low morale, and an epidemic of dysentery. The nobles wanted to return home for the harvest and the mercenaries wanted to get paid. Lithuanian troops, commanded by Vytautas, were the first to withdraw. The siege was eventually lifted on 19 September. Before departing, Jogaila built a stronghold in Stuhm (Sztum), south of Marienburg, hoping to keep pressure on the Knights. The Polish–Lithuanian forces returned to Poland and Lithuania, leaving Polish garrisons in fortresses that surrendered or were captured.

Aftermath

After the withdrawal of the Polish–Lithuanian  forces, the Knights started taking back their fortresses. By the end of October, only four Teutonic castles remained in Polish hands – border towns of Thorn (Toruń), Nessau (Nieszawa), Rehden (Radzyń Chełmiński) and Strasburg (Brodnica). Jogaila raised a fresh army and dealt another defeat to the Knights in the Battle of Koronowo on 10 October 1410. Von Plauen, using his reputation as hero of Marienburg, was selected as the new Grand Master in November. Von Plauen wanted to continue warfare, but he was pressured by his advisers into peace negotiations. The Peace of Thorn was signed on 1 February 1411. It is considered a diplomatic victory for the Knights as they suffered only minimal territorial losses. The Siege of Marienburg and subsequent Peace of Thorn are seen as disappointing results of the great Battle of Grunwald.

The Marienburg Castle was again defended by the Teutonic Order in 1454 but was captured by Poles in 1457 during the subsequent Thirteen Years' War (1454–66).

References
Footnotes

Bibliography

Marienburg
Marienburg
Marienburg
Marienburg
1410 in Europe
Marienburg 1410
Military history of Poland
History of Pomeranian Voivodeship

Siege of Marienburg (1410)


In geometry, a triangle center is a point that can be called the middle of a triangle. There are many ways of measuring the center of a triangle, and each has a different name. On an equilateral triangle, every triangle center is the same, but on other triangles, the centers are different. Triangle centers may be inside or outside the triangle. Ancient Greek mathematicians discovered four: the centroid, circumcenter, incenter, and orthocenter. Today, mathematicians have discovered over 40,000 triangle centers. They are listed in the Encyclopedia of Triangle Centers, which is run by Clark Kimberling at the University of Evansville.

Properties of a center
A triangle center is a function of the three vertices (corners) of the triangle. Each triangle center has two properties in common.

1) Homogeneity: If the triangle is transformed while keeping similarity, (such as by translation, reflection, rotation, or dilation) the center will move in the same way as the triangle moves.

2) Bisymmetry: It must not be important to the function which vertex (corner) comes first, second, or third. For example, a center of points A, B, and C must be the same as that center of points A, C, and B.

Some triangle centers

 Centroid - the point where the three medians intersect. A median is the line from a vertex to the midpoint (middle) of the opposite edge.
Circumcenter - the point where the perpendicular bisectors of the three edges intersect. A perpendicular bisector is a line which crosses the middle of the edge (bisects the edge), and is perpendicular to the edge. The circumcenter is also the center of the circle that passes through all three vertices.
Incenter - the point where the three angle bisectors intersect. An angle bisector is a line which cuts an angle into two equal parts. The incenter is also the center of a circle which touches all three edges.
 Orthocenter - the point where the three altitudes intersect. An altitude is a line which passes through a vertex and is perpendicular to the opposite edge.
Nine-point center - the center of a circle, called the nine-point circle, which passes through nine points. Three of the points are the midpoints of the edges. Three of the points are the feet of  the altitudes (the place where each altitude meets an edge). Three of the points are in the middle between the orthocenter and each vertex.
Fermat point - the point such that the sum of the distances to the vertices is as small as it can be.
If a triangle is not equilateral, then the centroid, orthocenter, circumcenter, and nine-point center form a line called the Euler line, named after Leonhard Euler.

References

Other websites

 Triangle Centers - Math is Fun
 Euler Line - Brilliant Math and Science Wiki

Geometry

Triangle center


Filipinas was a monthly magazine that catered to the Filipino American community.  The magazine's inception was in 1992 and it became a nationally-distributed magazine that served Filipinos in the United States.  It covered many aspects of the Filipino diaspora, particularly on Philippine heroes, leaders and achievers, culture, history, travel, food and entertainment.  It provided a calendar of Filipino events in the coming months.

The magazine had been under much financial pressure since the economic downturn in the U.S. in 2007 and constantly struggled after that, according to the editor's column in the magazine.  While it still had much advertising, apparently the downturn caused many advertisers to drop their number of ads.  The Better Business Bureau reported the parent company, the Filipinas Magazine Company, on April 26, 2010, filed for bankruptcy with the aim of dissolving the company.  Filipinas still managed to publish a high-quality monthly magazine, although sometimes it came out more than a month late.  The magazine ceased publication with its September 2010 issue.

In 2007 parts of Filipinas issues were archived for use online.  When publication of the magazine ceased it was decided to run it as an online publication.  Since September 2010, new articles have been  written and posted online, but the amount of new material is much less than was written when issues were printed.  Also, some new videos were produced and an online bookstore offered publications on Philippine subjects.  Much, however, was now missing.  For instance, the monthly listing of events board for Filipinos in the U.S., which was an important part of the print version of Filipinas, was gone.  A few notices of events around the U.S. continued to exist.  Also, Filipinas had a page on Facebook and LinkedIn.  The online site had only sporadic postings, sometimes months apart.  Sometime between late 2013 and May 2014, the Filipinas website became wholly devoted to Vape Electronic Cigarettes. As of late 2014 the website was only intermittently working. The Facebook page and the LinkedIn pages became inactive by that time. In May 2015 the website disappeared, marking the end of any presence of Filipinas magazine.

The office of Filipinas was for a number of years at GBM Building, 1580 Bryant St., Daly City, CA 94015.

In 2012 a new online Filipino magazine, Positively Filipino, appeared. It eventually introduced some of the old Filipinas board as now associated with its staff.  Positively Filipino said by October 2014, "Mona Lisa Yuchengco, founder and former publisher of Filipinas Magazine reunites with the magazine's former editor in chief Rene Ciria-Cruz, former managing editor Gemma Nemenzo and former art director Raymond Virata."

References

External links
Filipinas magazine

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Asian-American magazines
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Filipino-American history
Filipino-American culture in California
Magazines established in 1992
Magazines disestablished in 2010
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Magazines published in the San Francisco Bay Area

Filipinas (magazine)


James Bolesworth Bradwell (April 16, 1828 – November 30, 1907) was a prominent Illinois lawyer, judge, and politician.

Biography
James B. Bradwell was born April 16, 1828, in Loughborough, England. He was the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Gutridge) Bradwell.  Sixteen months after his birth, Bradwell's family moved to Utica, New York. In 1833, they moved to Jacksonville, Illinois, and the next year to Wheeling, Illinois. Bradwell subsequently grew up on a farm in Cook County, Illinois. Educated initially in a log schoolhouse, Bradwell later attended Wilson's Academy in Chicago and Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois.

After graduating, Bradwell worked as a journeyman in Chicago in a variety of different trades. He gained a reputation as an outstanding process artist and produced the first halftone ever made in Chicago, which was a portrait of Melville Fuller.

In 1852, he married Myra Colby, with whom he would have four children. An early feminist, Myra Bradwell would, in 1892, become the first woman admitted to the bar in Illinois. Following their marriage, James and Myra Bradwell moved to Memphis, Tennessee where they opened a school.

In 1854, Bradwell was admitted to the bar and the couple moved to Chicago in 1855. In 1861, he was elected County Judge of Cook County, with jurisdiction over all probate matters in Cook County. During the American Civil War, he was an active supporter of the Union and opponent of the copperheads. In addition to passionate addresses, Bradwell wrote and performed songs promoting the Union cause, thus gaining him the nickname of the "sweet singer of Cook County".

In 1865, he won re-election to a second four-year term. During his time on the bench, Bradwell gained a reputation as one of the country's leading probate jurists. One of his most notable decisions involved Matt C. Jones, a former slave; Bradwell ruled that a marriage made during slavery was valid and survived emancipation and that the children of former slaves were therefore entitled to inherit from their emancipated parents.

He was afterward elected as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives in 1872, and re-elected in 1874. Bradwell had a reputation as an effective legislator. A supporter of the feminist movement of the day, he was the driving force behind legislation that made women eligible to hold all local school offices, and a second act that allowed women to become public notaries.

In 1875, Bradwell represented Mary Todd Lincoln after her son Robert had her involuntarily confined to Bellevue Place, a psychiatric hospital in Batavia, Illinois, and, together with his wife, played a key role in convincing a court to declare Mary Todd Lincoln competent to handle her own finances.

Bradwell was active in affairs throughout his career. In 1869, for example, he presided during the organization of the American Woman Suffrage Association in Cleveland. At various points, he served as president of the Chicago Press Club, the Chicago Rifle Club, the Chicago Photographic Society, the Chicago Bar Association, and the Illinois State Bar Association. He served as the Illinois State Bar Association's historian, and would later be made an honorary member of the Illinois State Historical Society. He was one of the founders of the Union League Club of Chicago and served as its first president.  At the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, he served as Chairman of the Photographic Congress Auxiliary. An active Freemason, Bradwell even went so far as to publish a collection of Ancient Masonic Rolls (and to argue that they indicated that women should be eligible for membership in the Freemason organization).

In 1894, Myra Bradwell died, and Judge Bradwell became publisher of the Chicago Legal News, the newspaper that Myra Bradwell had founded in 1868 and published ever since. His daughter, Bessie Bradwell Helmer served as his assistant, and, together, they would go on to edit the revised statutes of Illinois and a number of volumes of Illinois appellate court decisions.

Bradwell died in Chicago on November 30, 1907. He, Myra, and Bessie are buried at Rosehill Cemetery.

His granddaughter Myra Bradwell Helmer Pritchard became a noted golfer.

References

1828 births
1907 deaths
English emigrants to the United States
People from Loughborough
Politicians from Chicago
Illinois lawyers
Illinois state court judges
Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery

James B. Bradwell


A hysterectomy is surgery to remove the womb. This is usually done by a gynecologist.
Women who undergo a hysterectomy can no longer bear children. Hysterectomies are done for certain forms of cancer of the reproductive system (affecting womb, cervix, ovaries), or tumors.

A woman may have her uterus removed because she has a tumor. A tumor can be cancer. Another type of tumor can be benign. The uterus may be removed because organs in the pelvic area have moved down. When organs move, the uterus may move down, too. A hysterectomy may be able to fix this problem. A hysterectomy can be done for other reasons. These are endometriosis, bleeding, and pain that does not stop.

When a woman has a hysterectomy other organs may be removed. Removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes can be part of the hysterectomy.

References

Female reproductive system

Hysterectomy