Richard Thurmond Chatham (August 16, 1896 – February 5, 1957), who usually went by Thurmond Chatham, was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, an industrialist and philanthropist. He represented North Carolina from 1949 to 1957.

Early years
Born in Elkin, North Carolina, Chatham was the only son of Hugh Gwyn Chatham and Martha Lenoir Chatham. His grandfather was Alexander Chatham, founder of Chatham Manufacturing Company. His other grandfather, R J Thurmond shot and killed William Faulkner's grandfather. Chatham was educated in the public schools and at Woodberry Forest School in Orange, Virginia. He attended the University of North Carolina from 1915–1916 and Yale University from 1916–1917, but left college to enter the United States Navy.

Career
In July 1919, Chatham began working for his family's company, Chatham Manufacturing, which was the world's largest manufacturer of blankets. After serving as treasurer of the company, he became president in 1929 and chairman of the board of directors in 1945. During his presidency, the company experienced considerable growth in expansion in capacity and profits, as well as an increase in the variety of products.

Naval career

Chatham first entered the U.S. Navy as a seaman during World War I until he was discharged as an ensign in 1919. Afterwards, he served during World War II from February 1942 to November 1945, as an officer on the USS Phoenix (CL-46) in the Southwest Pacific and Atlantic.
He fought in the New Guinea campaign, Battle of Cape Gloucester, Battle of Wakde, Admiralty Islands campaign and Battle of Hollandia. He worked with the Bureau of Ordnance and the office of the secretary of the navy, before being assigned to combat duty. He was named commander in the U.S. National Reserve, and was
decorated with the Bronze Star Medal, the Secretary of the Navy's Commendation Medal, and the Royal Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords from the Dutch Government and earned the American Theater Ribbon, European Theater Ribbon, Asiatic Theater Ribbon with three battle stars, World War I Ribbon, and Victory Ribbon. He continued his service in the Naval Reserve, and in 1950 was appointed a Captain.

Political life
With his only previous political experience as a county commissioner in Forsyth County, North Carolina, Chatham was unsuccessful in his 1946 bid for the Democratic nomination for Congress. During the elections of 1948, Chatham proved that he was an active contributor of his party, and a strong supporter of President Harry S. Truman. He was first elected in 1948 and then re-elected for three more terms.

While in Congress, he was a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee and was an advocate of recognition of China and support for the Marshall Plan.

Notably, he did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto despite school segregation being legally required in North Carolina prior to Brown v. Board of Education (1954). As a result, Chatham lost the Democratic Party primary to Ralph James Scott.

Later years
Chatham was a trustee of the University of North Carolina and of Woodberry Forest School; president of the Winston-Salem Chamber of Commerce; and a member of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers, the American Legion, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars. In 1948, he served on the North Carolina Board of Conservation and Development and was president of the North Carolina Dairymen's Association.

Family life

In 1919, Chatham married Lucy Hodgin Hanes (1895–1949), daughter of John Wesley Hanes. The couple had two sons, Hugh Gwyn II and Richard Thurmond, Jr. After Lucy died, Chatham married Patricia Firestone Coyner in 1950. In 1951 the couple purchased and remodeled Prospect House.  The couple had one son, Walter Firestone, born in 1952. Chatham died in Durham, North Carolina and was buried in the Salem Cemetery in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. His estate was valued at almost $2,000,000, of which $250,000 was used to establish the Chatham Foundation, a charitable trust supporting education.

The Thurmond and Lucy Chatham House at Winston-Salem was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

References

Biography uses material from: Biographical Note, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

External links

Congressional Biography
Inventory of the Richard Thurmond Chatham Papers, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill.

1896 births
1957 deaths
People from Elkin, North Carolina
People from Forsyth County, North Carolina
Politicians from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Yale University alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Hanes family
20th-century American politicians
Woodberry Forest School alumni
Burials at Salem Cemetery (Winston-Salem, North Carolina)

R. Thurmond Chatham


Kassandreia (, Kassándreia; before 1955: Valta (Βάλτα, Válta, meaning "town in the swamps")) is a town and a community in Chalkidiki, northern Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of Kassandra, in the center of the peninsula. Its population was 2,775 at the 2011 census. It was named after the ancient city Cassandreia, which was located near the village. This ancient city, which had originally been called Potidaea, was enlarged by Cassander who became the ruler of Macedonia for a number of years, and named after him. It is probably at this time that the channel that separates this peninsula from the mainland was dredged, to aid naval activities. The ancient name has now been revived for the modern small town that has been built on the site of the ancient Cassandreia, and it is called 'New Potidaea', or in Greek Nea Potidaia.

References

External links

Populated places in Chalkidiki
Kassandra, Chalkidiki

Kassandreia


The Catherine Palace is a former Russian residence of the
Russian Imperial family.  It is in the town of Pushkin, Saint Petersburg.

The Palace's town was called Tsarskoye Selo which means Tsar's village in English.  In 1918 the Bolsheviks changed the name to Detskoye Selo. In 1937 the town was renamed to Pushkin to honor Alexander Pushkin.

History
Catherine I of Russia began the building of the palace in 1717. She hired the German architect Johann-Friedrich Braunstein to create the summer palace. In 1733, Empress Anna added to the palace.  Then in 1752 Empress Elizabeth had the palace torn down.  It was rebuilt in a Rococo style.  More than 100 kilograms of gold were used.  Many statues on the roof were covered in gold.

Catherine the Great thought the palace was old-fashioned.  She employed Scottish architect Charles Cameron.  He made one wing into the Neo-Palladian style.  He also changed the personal apartments of the Empress.

After Catherine's death the imperial family began using Pavlovsk Palace and Alexander Palace.  The palace was destroyed during World War II.  Restoration began soon after the German forces left. Now the palace is mostly restored and is open for tours.

Other websites

Palaces in Russia
Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
Former royal residences

Catherine Palace


Mintaka Pass (also known as Minteke Pass) (el. 4709 m./15,450 ft.) or the nearby Kilik Pass (4,827 m or 15,837 ft (4,827 m) high; 37° 05' N; 74° 41' E), 30 km to the west, were, in ancient times, the two main access points into the Upper Hunza Valley from the north. The Hunza Valley is a mountainous valley near Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.

Mountain passes of Pakistan

Mintaka Pass


Arturo Fernando Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea (born 9 August 1959) is a Mexican lawyer who has been a member of the  Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation since December 2009. Zaldívar served as President of the Court (Chief Justice) from 2 January 2019, to 1 January 2023.

Biography
He obtained his law degree at the Escuela Libre de Derecho (ELD) and completed a Law PhD at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He has tenure of second year Constitutional Law at ELD and is Graduate School Professor at the same school of both Constitutional Law and Constitutional Procedure. He is also Professor of the Law Faculty at UNAM, of the LL.M. program at the Universidad Panamericana (UP), and of the LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) at Universidad Iberoamericana.
He was a member of the commission created by the Supreme Court, in charge of reforming the Ley de Amparo (the law concerning the partial judicial review and the protection of the civil rights embedded in the Constitution).

He was a consultant for the Law division of the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) regarding the design of the Graduate Program in Administrative Law, member of the academic committees of the Instituto de la Judicatura Federal (Institute of Federal Judicature) and the Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (Federal Electoral Tribunal).

He held a private practice for 25 years.

He was founder and Vice President of the Instituto Mexicano de Derecho Procesal Constitucional (Mexican Institute of Constitutional Procedure), member of the Mexican division of the directive committee  of the Instituto Iberoamericano de Derecho Procesal Constitucional  (Iberoamerican Institute of Procedural Constitutional Law), member of the graduate school counsel of Constitutional Law and Human Rights program at UP, member of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Bar and Advocate's College). He is also member of several Law Review committees and consultant for a number of Law Schools and Law Institutes in the Country and the region.

He is the author of Hacia una nueva ley de Amparo (Towards a new Ley de Amparo) and has published more than seventy essays in specialized journals and international publications.

Supreme Court Nomination
In 2009 President Felipe Calderón  nominated him as a Minister (Associate Justice) of the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy left after the retirement of Genaro David Góngora Pimentel. Zaldívar was confirmed by the Senate with 90 votes on 1 December 2009.

References

1959 births
Living people
20th-century Mexican lawyers
Escuela Libre de Derecho alumni
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Presidents of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
21st-century Mexican lawyers
Academic staff of Escuela Libre de Derecho
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation justices

Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea


A DVD (which means Digital Versatile Disc or a Digital Video Disc) is an optical disc capable of storing up to 4.7 GB of data, more than six times what a CD can hold. DVDs are often used to store movies at better quality than a VHS. DVDs can also have interactive menus and bonus features such as alternative or deleted scenes and commentaries. Like CDs, DVDs are read with a laser.

The DVD can have one or two sides, and one or two layers of data per side; the number of sides and layers determines how much it can hold. A 12 cm diameter disc may have one of the following storage capacities:

 DVD-5: single sided, single layer, 4.7 gigabytes (GB), or 4.38 gibibytes (GiB)
 DVD-9: single sided, double layer, 8.5 GB (7.92 GiB)
 DVD-10: double sided, single layer on both sides, 9.4 GB (8.75 GiB)
 DVD-14: double sided, double layer on one side, single layer on other, 13.3 GB (12.3 GiB)
 DVD-18: double sided, double layer on both sides, 17.1 GB (15.9 GiB)

There are also 8 cm DVDs with a storage capacity of 1.5 GB.

The capacity of a DVD-ROM can be determined by noting the number of data sides, and looking at the data side(s) of the disc. Double-layered sides are usually gold-colored, while single-layered sides are usually silver-colored, like a CD. One additional way to tell if a DVD contains one or two layers is to look at the center ring on the underside of the disc. If there are two barcodes, it is a dual layer disc. If there is one barcode, there is only one layer.

Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary comments that, "In 1995, rival manufacturers of the product initially named digital video disc agreed that, in order to emphasize the flexibility of the format for multimedia applications, the preferred abbreviation DVD would be understood to denote digital versatile disc." The OED also states that in 1995, "The companies said the official name of the format will simply be DVD. Toshiba had been using the name 'digital video disc', but that was switched to 'digital versatile disc' after computer companies complained that it left out their applications."

"Digital versatile disc" is the explanation provided in a DVD Forum Primer from 2000 and in the DVD Forum's mission statement, which the purpose is to promote broad acceptance of DVD products on technology, across entertainment, and other industries.

Because DVDs became highly popular for the distribution of movies in the 2000s, the term DVD became popularly used in English as a noun to describe specifically a full-length movie released on the format; for example the sentence to "watch a DVD" describes watching a movie on DVD.

DVD data storing

Both CD and DVD discs have equal sizes (diameter, thickness etc.). However, the amount of information they can store is different. These discs are made of the same materials and have the same methods of production.

CDs and DVDs use the same way of keeping information. Both CDs and DVDs have pits and bumps on the data track (the data track represents a path which has certain information). The information is read by a laser.

A DVD disk has several layers, which are made of plastic. All layers have a thickness of 1.2 millimeters. An injection used on a polycarbonate plastic leads to the creation of microscopic bumps. Today's production uses this type of plastic to create different things because it can resist very high and low temperatures.

When layers are made, the bumps appear. Many bumps form one continuous spiral that can include information. After that a spray of a special reflective layer covers the bumps.

Aluminum is applied behind inner layers and semi-reflective gold covers the outer layers. This helps the laser to concentrate through the outer layers onto the inner ones. Then, after applying a protective liquid (lacquer) and pressing the layers, they are treated with infrared light.

Tracks on a DVD
Every track on a DVD disk circles from its center to the edge. The distance between the tracks on a DVD disk is 740 nanometers. Only a very precise mechanism can read the bumps on the disk, because they are very small (320×400×120 nanometers).
The aluminum side of the disk has pits, but the side which is read by the laser has bumps. Because the size of the bumps are very small, a DVD track is very long. A data track of a DVD layer is about 7.5 miles long. This is the length of an ordinary DVD disk. The track of a disc with two sides would be about 30 miles long.

References

Optical discs

DVD


The Belgian Defence Forces (; ) is the naitional militar o Belgium. The Belgian Airmed Forces wis established aifter Belgium became independent in October 1830. Syne that time Belgian airmed forces hae fought in Warld War I, Warld War II, the Cauld War (Korean War an airmy o occupation o the Federal Republic o Germany), Kosovo, Somalie an Afghanistan. The ParaCommando Brigade intervened several times in Central-Africae, for maintainin public order an evacuation o Belgian citizens. The Airmed Forces comprise fower braniches: the Laund Component, the Air Component, the Naval Component an the Medical Component.

History

Establishment
When Belgium broke awey frae the Netherlands in 1830 it wis initially expectit that a neutral buffer state, wi its mairches guaranteed bi Fraunce, Breetain an Proushie, caud avoid the need for an expensive permanent militar force, relyin insteid on the pairt-time militia o the existing Garde Civique (Ceevil Gaird). The need for a regular airmy wis houaniver soon acknowledged. The basis for recruitment wis ane o selective conscription unner which exemptions caud be purchased bi obtainin substitutes. In practice this meant that anelie aboot a quarter o each year's eligible intak actually servit, wi the burden fawin on the poorer clesses.

Early history

As pairt o the naitional policy o even-haundit neutrality, the 19th century Belgian Airmy wis deployed as an essentially defencive force in fortifications facing the Dutch, German an French mairches. Mobilisation plans simply requirit reservists tae report tae thair depots, withoot arrangements bein made in advance for deployment in a pairticular direction or against a pairticular enemy. Recruitment difficulties caused the airmy tae remain below its intendit strenth o 20,000 men, awtho new legislation in 1868 tightened the basis for conscription. The Franco-Proushie War o 1870 required full mobilisation for nearly a year, a process which shawed up serious training an structural weaknesses. The presence o Belgian forces in strength alang the kintra's mairches, supportit bi intelligence providit bi the Belgian ceevil security service, did houaniver ensure that the combat at nae time spilled owed intae Belgian territory.

As late as the 1890s the Belgian Airmy still retained a seestem o selective service, at a time when maist European states wur muivin tae a principle o universal obligation, accordin tae the Proushie model. In Belgium conscripts wur selectit throu the drawing o ballots, but individuals caud escape service bi paying for substitutes. This seestem favoured the weel-off an haed been discardit elsewhere as inefficient an unpatriotic. For those conscriptit the terms o service requirit aicht years in the regular airmy (o which pairt micht be spent on "unlimitit leave"), follaed bi five years as a reservist. Various categories o volunteer enjoyed sic privileges as bein able tae specify thair brainch o service, boonties an heicher pay.

The Papal Airmy based in Rome includit frae 1860 a battalion-sized unit kent as the Tirailleurs Franco-Belges (Franco-Belgian Sharpshooters). Recruitit amangst volunteers frae baith kintras, this became the Pontifical Zouaves in 1861 an fought as an alleed force on the French side in 1871 during the Franco-Proushie War.

In 1864 a Corps Expeditionnaire Belge (Belgian Expeditionary Corps) wis raised for service in Mexico. Oreeginally intendit tae serve as the Gaird o the Belgian-born Empress Charlotte this 1,500 strang force wis lairgely drawn frae volunteers seicontit frae the Belgian Airmy. Kent popularly as the Belgian Legion, it saw active service in Mexico as pairt o the Imperial forces, afore returnin tae Belgium for disbandment in Mairch 1867.

Frae 1885 the Force Publique wis established as the militar garrison an polis force in the Belgian Congo, then unner the direct rule o Keeng Leopold II. Initially led bi a variety o European mercenaries, this colonial force wis subsequently offeecered bi Belgian regulars aifter 1908.

Frae December 1904 a smaw detachment o Belgian truips wis permanently based in Cheenae as the "Gaird o the Belgian Legation in Peking".

Reforms unner in the early years o the 20th century includit the abolition in 1909 of the seestem o drawing lots for the selection of the annual intak o conscripts. In 1913, compulsory an universal military service for men wos established in Belgium. While this enablit actual peacetime strength tae be increased tae 33,000 men (increased tae 120,500 on mobilisation), this wis anelie sufficient tae provide a basis for the creation o seiven unner-strenth diveesions (ane o cavalry) plus artillery an fortress truips. The Belgian militar wis awso affectit bi poleetical an popular reliance on the suppositly certain protection o the kintra's internaitionally gairanteed neutrality. In the words o the historian Barbara W. Tuchman "the airmy wis conseedert superfluous an slichtly absurd". Trainin an discipline wur slack, equipment inadequate an even field uniforms wur auld fashioned an impractical.

Awtho improvements in the Belgian Airmy haed been uneven durin the 19t an early  20t centuries, ane aurie o successful reform haed been that o increasing the professionalism o the officer corps. The Ryal Militar Academy haed been established in 1834, tae be follaed bi the Ecole d'Application for technical trainin, an the Ecole de Guerre for staff trainin in 1868. The Belgian Airmy pioneerit the practice o training a corps o finance, personnel an general admeenistration specialist officers insteid o leaving sic functions tae ceevil servants withoot militar experience or inadequately prepared line officers. Thare wis houaniver a serious shortage o trained officers in the rapidly expanding airmy o 1913.

Airmy in 1914

On the eve o Warld War I, the Belgian Airmy comprised 19 infantry regiments (line, Chasseurs à pied, Grenadier and Carabinier), 10 cavalry (Guides, Lancers an Chasseurs à cheval) an 8 artillery (moontit, field an fortress). Support forces includit ingineers, gendarmerie, fortress truips, train an ceevil gairds. The seiven divessions o the Field Airmy were intendit tae provide a mobile force while the 65,000 fortress truips providit garrisons for the substantial forts constructit aroond Antwerp, Liège an Namur. These fortifeecations haed been biggit in seiveral stages beginnin in 1859, thou a nummer wur still incompletit in 1914. While weel-designed and built by 19th century standards, these fixed defences wi thair sunken artillery turrets haed been renderit obsolete bi recent advances in heivy siege artillery howitzers.

Warld War I

At the stairt o Warld War I in August 1914, the Belgian airmed forces wur bein restructurit, due tae this measure an the rapid occupation o Belgium anelie 20% of men wur mobilised and incorporated into the airmed forces. Ultimately, 350,000 men wur incorporatit intae the Belgian airmed forces, awtho ane thirt o these did nae pairticeepate directly in combat.

Invadit bi surprise bi the Imperial German Airmy, which wi approximately 600,000 men strang, the smaw, ill-equippit, 117,000-strang Belgian airmy succeedit, for ten days, in hauldin the German airmy in front o Liège in 1914. Thay fought atween the emplacit forts in the aurie an wi thair support. This strategy wis based on the Napoleonic concept o fechtin the advance force an preventin a portion o the enemy forces jynin the main body. At the time, the authorities an the public celebratit a determinit Belgian resistance that the Germans did nae expect.

For fower years, unner the command of King Albert I, the Belgian Airmy gairdit the important sector o the Alleed left weeng atween Nieuwpoort, on the coast, an Ypres wi the help o the forces o the Entente but did nae pairticeepate in ony o the major Alleed offencives, which wur deemed unnecessarily expensive in terms o cost an manpouer bi the King o the Belgians.

In 1916, a body o Belgian airmourit cars wur muived frae the IJzer front tae help the Roushie Empire. The force foond itsel alangside an identical body sent bi the Breetish on the Eastren Front.

In Africae a company-sized unit o Belgian colonial truips participitatit in the occupation o the German colony o Togoland, The Force Publique subsequently played a major role in the East African Campaign against German forces in German East Africa, providin ower 12,000 askaris unner Belgian officers for the Allied offencive o Februrar 1916. The maist signifeecant Belgian action wis the capture o Tabora in September 1916, bi a force unne  the command o General Charles Tombeur.

In Belgium, aifter fower years o war, as o 26 Mey 1918, the airmy haed 166,000 men o which 141,974 wur combatants, furmin twal infantry diveesions an ane cavalry diveesion. It haed 129 aircraft an 952 guns o aw calibres. Frae September, the Belgian Airmy wis involvit in the Alleed offencive until the final victory o 11 November 1918.

Atween the Wars

After the Airmistice wi Germany o 1918, the Belgian govrenment socht tae retain the strategy o 1914. Little effort wis made tae acquire tanks an aircraft for the Belgian airmed forces, while insteid the Govrenment strenthenit the fortifeecations o Liege an Antwerp. This wis despite the fact that durin Warld War I the forts haed pruivit ineffective despite strang support frae artillery an infantry. Until 1936, Belgium remained alleed tae Fraunce an the Unitit Kinrick.

The Belgian Airmy unnerwent a series o reductions frae 12 diveesions in 1923 tae anelie fower aifter 1926. The rank an file conseestit awmaist entirely o conscripts servin full-time for anelie 13 month, afore enterin the reserves.

Warld War II
On 1 September 1939, when the Wehrmacht invadit Poland, King Leopold III o Belgium orderit a general mobilisation, in which 600,000 Belgians wur mobilised. Despite wairins frae the French an Breetish govrenment, the King refused an alliance. Belgium wis invadit, defeatit, an occupeed in an 18 Days' Campaign aifter 10 Mey 1940. Later, 163 Belgian truips wir rescued durin the Dunkirk evacuation, an Belgium's new navy, the Corps de Marine, anelie refurmit in 1939, awso pairticeepatit.

Aifter the defeat in 1940, signeeficant nummers o Belgian sodgers and civilians escaped to Breetain tae Jyne the Belgian forces in exile. The Belgian govrenment, under Hubert Pierlot, evacuated tae Lunnon where it remained until the liberation in 1944.

Belgian sodgers furmed the 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade (which awso includit an artillery battery o sodgers frae Luxembourg) mair eften kent as the Brigade Piron aifter its commandin officer, Jean-Baptiste Piron. The Brigade Piron wis involvit in the Normandy Invasion an the battles in Fraunce an the Netherlands until liberation.

Belgians awso servit in Breetish special forces units durin the war, forming a truip o No.10 Commando which wis involvit in the Italian Campaign an Laundins on Walcheren.  The Breetish 5th Special Air Service (SAS) wis entirely made up o Belgians.

Twa Belgian fechter units, the 349t and 350t Squadrons, wur formit in the Ryal Air Force, wi ower 400 pilots. The 350th Squadron alone claimed ower 50 "kills" atween its formation in November 1941 an the end o the war.

Twa corvettes an a group of minesweepers wur awso operatit the Belgians durin the Battle o the Atlantic, nummerin some 350 men by 1943. Maist militar Belgian vessels o the Belgian navy wur internit in Spain, except for the patrol craft P16, which managit tae escape tae the Unitit Kinrick, where it became HMS <i id="mwww">Kernot</i>.

The Force Publique awso pairticeepatit in the East African Campaign an wur instrumental tae forcin the Italian surrender in Abyssinie.

Post 1945
The hairsh lessons o Warld War II made collective security a priority for Belgian foreign policy. In Mairch 1948 Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels, an then jyned NATO in 1948. Houaniver the integration o the airmed forces intae NATO did nae begin until aifter the Korean War, tae which Belgium (in co-operation wi Luxembourg) sent a detachment kent as the Belgian Unitit Naitions Command. Later Belgium contreibutit a corps tae NATO's Northren Airmy Group. Defence expenditure grew alang wi the force size. In 1948 the airmy wis 75,000 strang which grew tae 150,000 bi 1952. A major defence review in 1952 set a target o three active an twa reserve diveesions, a 400-aircraft air force an a fifteen-ship navy. Fowerty anti-aircraft defence battalions wur creatit, linked wi radar an a centralised command-an-control seestem.

As a safegaird against Belgium bein invadit again, twa major bases, Kitona an Kamina, wur established in the Belgian Congo. Thay wur awmaist viewed as a 'naitional redoubt,' permittin the survival an rebiggin o forces if Belgium wur again invaded.

Follaein a chynge in govrenment in 1954 conscript service wis reducit tae 18 month. The Belgian Airmy gained nuclear capability in the 1950s with Honest John missiles initially an then wi nuclear-capable tube artillery. It awso adoptit the U.S. Pentomic organisation, but then switched tae a triangular diveesion structure bi the early 1960s. Juist aifter unthirldom in the Congo, a Metropolitan Command (Cometro) wis active tae control the Belgian forces thare.

Notes

Referances

Freemit airtins

 Belgian army rank insignia
 Simoens, Tom: Belgian Soldiers, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.

Airticles conteenin German-leid text
Airticles conteenin Dutch-leid text
Airticles conteenin French-leid text
Militar o Belgium
Pages with unreviewed translations

Belgian Airmed Forces


David Farrar (21 August 1908 – 31 August 1995) was an English stage and film actor.

His film roles include as the male lead in the Powell and Pressburger films Black Narcissus (1947), The Small Back Room (1949) and Gone to Earth (1950). According to one obituary, "He was particularly adept at conveying the weaknesses and human qualities in figures of authority and intelligence ... and he could be considered an early exponent of 'anti-hero' roles." In 1949, exhibitors voted him the ninth-most popular British star.

Director Michael Powell once spoke of his handsome appearance and distinctive "violet eyes", and his exceptional timing in films. Powell also stated that had Farrar been more interested in cinema and cared more about his career, he could have been a much more high-profile actor, as successful as any.

Career
Farrar was born in Forest Gate, Essex (now in the London Borough of Newham). He joined the Morning Advertiser on leaving school at 14 and worked as a journalist for a number of years. He became an assistant editor at 17 and earned a BA through night school when 19 whilst becoming increasingly interested in amateur theatricals.

Early years
In 1932 Farrar received an offer to tour with a repertory company at £7 a week. He quit his job and went on tour for 18 months. He ran a repertory company with his wife for 18 months until 1937, then went on tour again.

He was seen in a play by an employee of the American RKO studio who was interested in Farrar's potential as a film actor. His first film role was in the Jessie Matthews musical Head Over Heels (1937). He also had small roles in Return of a Stranger (1937), Silver Top (1938), and A Royal Divorce (1938). He played agent Granite Grant in Sexton Blake and the Hooded Terror (1938) and had a small role in Q Planes (1939).

Farrar returned to the stage and performed in a production of the Wandering Jew for seven months. However, after a bomb damaged the theatre he decided to try films again.

Leading man
Farrar had his first leading role in Danny Boy (1941), which he followed with Sheepdog of the Hills (1941) and Suspected Person (1942). These were "B" movies but Farrar had a good role in an "A", Went the Day Well? (1942), as a villainous German.

He had strong roles in The Dark Tower (1943) and They Met in the Dark (1943), as well as the leads in Headline (1943) and The Night Invader (1944). He was a heroic commander of an air-sea rescue unit in For Those in Peril (1944), an accountant in The Hundred Pound Window (1944), and a pilot in The World Owes Me a Living (1945).

Farrar starred as Sexton Blake in two films, Meet Sexton Blake (1945) and The Echo Murders (1945), and was an intelligence officer in Lisbon Story (1946). These low-budget thrillers were enormously popular in their day. By 1945 he was receiving 800 fan letters a week.

Stardom
Farrar was transformed into a star when he was cast as the British agent Mr. Dean in Black Narcissus (1947) who arouses the passions of the nuns played by Deborah Kerr and Kathleen Byron. Made by the team of Powell and Pressburger, the movie was popular and has since come to be regarded as one of the finest films in British cinema.

Farrar followed it up by playing the officer who brings home a German wife (Mai Zetterling) in Frieda (1947), directed by Basil Dearden; it was the ninth biggest film in Britain of the year.

Farrar played a charismatic school teacher in Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1948) and was then reunited with Powell and Pressburger for The Small Back Room (1949) in which he played an alcoholic bomb disposal expert. According to his obituary, "Farrar was given a true star's entrance in the film, the camera tracking along a bar of customers until coming to rest upon the actor's back. His character's name is called and he turns to face the camera in full close-up."

Gainsborough Pictures next gave him the lead of a "British Western" shot in South Africa, Diamond City (1949), playing Stafford Parker, but the film was a flop. He reunited with Dearden for Cage of Gold (1950) and Powell and Pressburger for Gone to Earth (1950), another box office disappointment. Farrar would later cite his three films for Powell and Pressburger, and Cage of Gold, as the artistic highlights of his career. However Farrar's stardom soon lost momentum with the low-key films The Late Edwina Black (1951), and Night Without Stars (1951).

Hollywood
He was offered an heroic part in The Golden Horde (1951), at Universal with Ann Blyth, and the film was a minor hit. He was in I Vinti (1953) in Italy, then played villains in Hollywood films such as Duel in the Jungle (1954), and The Black Shield of Falworth (1954). He supported Anna Neagle in Lilacs in the Spring (1955) and was a supporting actor in Escape to Burma (1955), The Sea Chase (1955), and Pearl of the South Pacific (1956). Farrar returned to the UK for the lead in Lost (1956), and then was back to supporting parts in I Accuse! (1958), The Son of Robin Hood (1958), Watusi (1959), John Paul Jones (1959), and Solomon and Sheba (1959).

Final films
He returned to Britain for Beat Girl (1960), and The Webster Boy (1962), but following his role as Xerxes in The 300 Spartans (1962) he retired from the screen. Farrar later admitted, "I'd always been the upstanding young man and I was afraid of the parts that were being hinted at for uncles or for the girl's father instead of her lover! I just felt 'the hell with it all' and walked out into the sunset."

Personal life
Farrar and Irene emigrated to Amanzimtoti, South Africa, in January 1970 to be closer to their daughter, Barbara. Barbara (with the surname Layne) was later the subject of the artist Tretchikoff's painting, Barbara in the Bath.

Irene died in 1976. Farrar died on 31 August 1995 in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, 10 days after his 87th birthday.

Filmography

 Return of a Stranger (1937) – Dr. Young (uncredited)
 Silver Top (1938) – Babe
 A Royal Divorce (1938) – Louis Bonaparte
 Sexton Blake and the Hooded Terror (1938) – Granite Grant
 Q Planes (1939) – Viking Bo'sun (uncredited)
 Danny Boy (1941) – Harold Martin
 Sheepdog of the Hills (1941) – Reverend Michael Varney
 Penn of Pennsylvania (1941) – (uncredited)
 Suspected Person (1942) – Inspector Thompson
 Went the Day Well?  (1942) – Lieut. Jung
 The Dark Tower (1943) – Tom Danton
 They Met in the Dark (1943) – Commander Lippinscott
 Headline (1943) – 'Brookie ' Brooks
 The Night Invader (1943) – Dick Marlow
 For Those in Peril (1944) – Flt.Lt. Murray
 The Hundred Pound Window (1944) – George Graham
 The World Owes Me a Living (1945) – Paul Collyer
 Meet Sexton Blake (1945) – Sexton Blake
 The Echo Murders (1945) – Sexton Blake
 Lisbon Story (1946) – David Warren
 The Trojan Brothers (1946) – Sid Nichols
 Black Narcissus (1947) – Mr. Dean
 Frieda (1947) – Robert
 Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1948) – David Traill
 The Small Back Room (1949) – Sammy Rice
 Diamond City (1949) – Stafford Parker
 Cage of Gold (1950) – Bill
 Gone to Earth (1950) (aka 'The Wild Heart') – Jack Reddin
 The Late Edwina Black (1951) – Gregory Black
 Night Without Stars (1951) – Giles Gordon
 The Golden Horde (1951) – Sir Guy of Devon
 I Vinti (1953)
 Duel in the Jungle (1954) – Perry Henderson / Arthur Henderson
 The Black Shield of Falworth (1954) – Gilbert Blunt, Earl of Alban
 Lilacs in the Spring (1954) – Charles King / King Charles II
 Escape to Burma (1955) – Cardigan
 The Sea Chase (1955) – Commander Jeff Napier
 Pearl of the South Pacific (1955) – Bully Hague
 Lost (1956) – Det. Insp. Craig
 The Battle of the River Plate (1956) – Narrator
 I Accuse! (1958) – Mathieu Dreyfus
 The Son of Robin Hood (1958) – Des Roches
 Watusi (1959) – Rick Cobb
 John Paul Jones (1959) – John Wilkes
 Solomon and Sheba (1959) – Pharaoh
 Beat Girl (1960) – Paul Linden
 The Webster Boy (1962) – Paul Webster
 The 300 Spartans (1962) – Xerxes (final film role)

References

External links

1908 births
1995 deaths
Male actors from London
English male film actors
English male stage actors
People from Forest Gate
20th-century English male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States

David Farrar (actor)


How Not to Decorate is a television series which aired from 1 August 2004 to 27 April 2006 on Five in the United Kingdom. Designers Colin McAllister and Justin Ryan helped redecorate notoriously ugly or unstylish homes, in a format similar to the What Not to Wear series. The series centred heavily around McAllister and Ryan's trademark banter and fussiness.

International Broadcasts
In Australia, How Not to Decorate airs on the Seven Network's free-to-air digital channel 7Two at 22:30 Friday nights.

How Not to Decorate has also aired in South Africa, New Zealand, Estonia, Canada, Poland and Albania, and in Spain it is called Los asaltacasa and broadcast on TV Divinity Chanel.

References

External links

2004 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
Channel 5 documentary series
Home renovation television series

How Not to Decorate


Carnival of Souls is an original novel based on the U.S. television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.

Plot summary

A traveling carnival arrives in Sunnydale. It seems the carnival might be another victim of Sunnydale's weirdness. Nobody seems to be able to remember it arriving despite the many old-style wagons, the numerous performers, and horse-drawn carts. The creepy calliope music seems almost to beckon out to people. Also nobody who goes into Hall of Mirrors comes out exactly the same as they were to start with. Inspired by a pair of once-homely twins now parading around the school like divas, the Scoobs decide to investigate the carnival. It's soon clear that entering comes at a cost above the price of admission. Willow becomes consumed by envy, Cordelia gets greedy, and Xander finds himself overtaken with gluttony. Angel is revealing a dangerous new persona, whilst anger rises in Rupert Giles. More serious still, Buffy's pride starts to threaten those she cares about.

Continuity

This story takes place in the second season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, after Spike and Drusilla have arrived in Sunnydale but before Angel has lost his soul. However, there are numerous hints and mentions of things which occur in later seasons, including:
Clem (from season six) is mentioned as one of Angel's sources of information.

Canonical issues

Buffy novels, such as this one are considered by most fans to not be part of Buffyverse canon. They are not considered as official Buffyverse reality, but are novels from the authors' imaginations. However unlike fanfic, 'overviews' summarising their story, written early in the writing process, were 'approved' by both Fox and Whedon (or his office), and the books were therefore later published as official Buffy merchandise.

External links
Carnival of Souls at Google Books
Whedonesque.com - Whedonesquers discuss the book before its release

Reviews
Ifmagazine.com - Review of this book
Shadowcat.name - Review of this book

2006 novels
Books based on Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Carnival of Souls (Buffy novel)


Spent mushroom compost is the residual compost waste generated by the mushroom production industry.

Background
It is readily available (bagged, at nursery suppliers), and its formulation generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together. It is an excellent source of humus, although much of its nitrogen content will have been used up by the composting and growing mushrooms. It remains, however, a good source of general nutrients (1-2% N, 0.2% P, 1.3% K plus a full range of trace elements), as well as a useful soil conditioner. However, due to its chalk content, it may be alkaline, and should not be used on acid-loving plants, nor should it be applied too frequently, as it will overly raise the soil's pH levels.

Mushroom compost may also contain pesticide residues, particularly organochlorides used against the fungus gnat. If the compost pile was stored outside, it may contain grubs or other insects attracted to decaying matter. Chemicals may also have been used to treat the straw, and also to sterilize the compost. Therefore, the organic gardener must be careful regarding the sourcing of mushroom compost; if in doubt, samples can be analyzed for contamination – in the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is able to advise regarding this issue.

Commercially available 'spent' mushroom compost is not always truly spent. It is sold by mushroom farms when it is no longer producing commercially viable yields of mushrooms. It can be used to grow further smaller crops of mushrooms before final use on the garden.

References

Soil improvers
Composting
Organic gardening
Permaculture
Sustainable gardening

Spent mushroom compost


Ashfield is a suburb in Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Ashfield is about 9 kilometres south-west of the business centre of Sydney.  The local government of the suburbs around Ashfield is called the Ashfield Council.

The people that live in Ashfield are from many places.  15% of people in Ashfield were born in China.

The number of people living in Ashfield is high in comparison to other suburbs of the same size. Many apartment buildings in Ashfield were built after World War II.  Many houses in Ashfield were built around 1900.

The oldest building in Ashfield is a church called St John's.  The building was started in 1840.

Sydney

Ashfield, New South Wales


The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age. What is now France made up the most of the area known to the Romans as Gaul. Greek writers noted the presence of three main ethno-linguistic groups in the area: the Gauls, the Aquitani, and the Belgae. The Gauls, the largest group, were Celts that spoke what is known as the Gaulish language.

Over the course of the first millennium BCE the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. The Roman Republic conquered southern Gaul and added it as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BCE. Roman Legions under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BCE. After that, a Gallo-Roman culture came out and Gaul was more and more integrated into the Roman Empire.

In the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian sudden attacks and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, preparing the conditions for Frankish control in the region for hundreds of years. Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne. The medieval Kingdom of France came out from the western part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire, known as West Francia, and achieved increasing importance under the rule of the House of Capet, founded by Hugh Capet in 987.

A succession crisis following the death of the last direct Capetian king in 1328 led to the series of conflicts known as the Hundred Years' War between the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet. The war formally began in 1337 following Philip VI's attempt to grab and take control of the Duchy of Aquitaine from its holder, Edward III of England, the Plantagenet claimant to the French throne. Despite early Plantagenet victories, including the capture and ransom of John II of France, fortunes turned in favor of the Valois later in the war. Among the important figures of the war was Joan of Arc, a French peasant girl who led French forces against the English. The war ended with a Valois victory in 1453.

Victory in the Hundred Years' War had the effect of strengthening French nationalism and hugely increasing the power and reach of the French monarchy. During the Ancien Régime period over the next centuries, France changed into a centralized absolute monarchy through Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation. At the height of the French Wars of Religion, France became involved in another succession crisis, as the last Valois king, Henry III, fought against rival groups the House of Bourbon and the House of Guise. Henry, the Bourbon King of Navarre, won the conflict and established the Bourbon dynasty. A growing worldwide colonial empire was established in the 16th century. French political power reached a high point under the rule of Louis XIV, "The Sun King".

In the late 18th century the monarchy and connected institutions were brought down in the French Revolution. The country was ruled for a period as a Republic, until Napoleon Bonaparte's French Empire was declared. Following his defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, France went through several further government changes, being ruled as a monarchy, then briefly as a Second Republic, and then as a Second Empire, until a more lasting French Third Republic was established in 1870.

France was one of the Triple Entente powers in World War I against Germany and the Central Powers. France was one of the Allied Powers in World War II, but was conquered by Nazi Germany in 1940. The Third Republic was taken apart, and most of the country was controlled directly by Germany while the south was controlled until 1942 by the collaborationist Vichy government. Living conditions were harsh as Germany drained away food and manpower, and many Jews were killed. The Free France movement that took over the colonial empire, and coordinated the wartime Resistance. Following liberation in 1944, the Fourth Republic was established. France slowly recovered, and enjoyed a baby boom that reversed its very low fertility rate. Long wars in Indochina and Algeria drained French resources and ended in political defeat. At the  beginning of the  1958 Algerian Crisis, Charles de Gaulle set up the French Fifth Republic. Into the 1960s decolonization saw most of the French colonial empire become independent, while smaller parts were included into the French state as overseas departments and collectivities. Since World War II France has been a permanent member in the UN Security Council and NATO. It played a central role in the unification process after 1945 that led to the European Union. Despite slow economic growth in recent years, it remains a strong economic, cultural, military and political factor in the 21st century.

References

History of France


The Portland Rum Riot, also called the Maine Law Riot, and the June Riot by  Neal Dow, was a brief but violent period of civil unrest that occurred in Portland, Maine on June 2, 1855, in response to the Maine law which prohibited the sale and manufacture of alcohol in the state from 1851.

History
The Maine law of 1851 outlawed the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state of Maine, except for medicinal and mechanical purposes. In May 1855, rumors began to spread that Portland Mayor Neal Dow, an outspoken prohibitionist also known as the "Napoleon of Temperance", was keeping a large supply of alcohol in the city. As mayor, Dow had authorized a shipment of $1,600 worth of "medicinal and mechanical alcohol" that was being stored in the city vaults for distribution to pharmacists and doctors (as was authorized under the Maine law), but this detail was not widely reported. To further complicate matters, Dow and the city alderman began a vocal battle over the shipment because they had not authorized the expenditure.

Portland's large Irish immigrant population were particularly vocal critics of the Maine Law, seeing it as thinly veiled racist attack on their culture. They already disliked and distrusted Dow, and this incident made him appear to be a hypocrite. The Maine law that Dow had sponsored had a mechanism whereby any three voters could apply for a search warrant if they suspected someone was selling liquor illegally.  Three men did appear before a judge, who was compelled to issue a search warrant.

On the afternoon of June 2, a crowd began to gather outside the building where the spirits were being held. The crowd numbered about 200 by 5:00 p.m. and grew larger and more agitated as the day progressed as it became evident that the police had no immediate plans to seize or destroy the liquor.   Separate contemporary accounts place the crowd's size between 1,000 and 3,000 by evening (out of a city population of about 21,000). As the crowd became larger, rock throwing and shoving began.

Police were unable to deal with the growing mob, and Dow called out the militia. The exact details of the climax of the riot have been hotly debated. What is known is that after ordering the protesters to disperse, the militia detachment fired into the crowd on Dow's orders. One man, John Robbins, an immigrant and mate of a Maine sailing vessel from Deer Isle, was killed, and seven others were wounded.

The crowd was dispersed, but Dow was widely criticized for his heavy-handed tactics during the incident.

In a twist of irony, Dow was later prosecuted for violation of the Maine Law for improperly acquiring the alcohol.  The prosecutor was former U.S. Attorney General Nathan Clifford, and the defense attorney was later U.S. Senator and Secretary of the Treasury William P. Fessenden. Fessenden was also a member of the Maine Temperance Union. Dow was acquitted, but the event was a major contributing factor to the repeal of the Maine law in 1856.

Commemorations
The 160th anniversary of the Rum Riot was observed in a 2015 ceremony. The ceremony was held indoors because of rain.

References

1855 in Maine
19th century in Portland, Maine
Discrimination in Maine
Irish-American culture in Maine
Temperance movement in Maine
1855 riots
Riots and civil disorder in Maine
June 1855 events
Neal Dow
Political riots in the United States
19th-century political riots
1850s political events

Portland Rum Riot


Ornithology is the study of birds. A person who studies birds is called an ornithologist.

Aspects
Several aspects of ornithology differ from other disciplines, because they are easy to see and are often attractive. Many studies of birds have been done by amateurs working in a scientific manner.

History
Konrad Gesner wrote his Vogelbuch and Icones avium omnium around 1557. Later, England developed a tradition of ornithology. Francis Willughby, John Ray, Gilbert White, John Gould (who studied the birds of Australia) and Peter Scott are good examples.

What ornithologists do
Ornithologists typically trap birds for a closer look at them. This does not hurt the bird. Trapping birds can be done with in different ways, depending on the type of bird. For example, mist nets cause birds that fly into them to fall into a small pocket where the ornithologist can come back later and take a closer look.

After the bird has been caught, the ornithologist will usually inspect (take a close look at) the bird. They may also attach a small ring to the bird's leg before releasing the bird. The ring allows ornithologists to study the bird's migration patterns, how long they live, and other information about the bird's species.

References

Branches of zoology

Ornithology


Lexington State Bank (commonly known as "LSB") was a banking company based in Lexington, North Carolina. Its motto was "The Bank" and its slogans were "Beeline Banking", and "Easy as L-S-B". The bank had 29 branches across the Piedmont Triad region operating in Davidson, Stokes, Forsyth, Guilford, and Randolph counties of North Carolina. LSB Bancshares, Inc. () was the holding company for Lexington State Bank. In 2007, it merged with FNB Southeast to form NewBridge Bank.

History
LSB was founded in 1949 by Dr. J. A. Smith, a physician, founder of Lexington Hospital, Chairman of the Lexington Utilities Commission, and two-term North Carolina Representative. Shares of the company were sold to citizens of Davidson County, North Carolina who were willing to buy them. The first banking office opened in uptown Lexington's Courthouse Square on July 5, 1949, one day after Independence Day. Dr. Smith became the new bank's President and Chairman of the Board. Assets at the close of business on December 31, 1949, totaled $1,845,680.82, including loans and discounts of $799,626.92.  Liabilities included deposits of $1,602,541.59 and other liabilities of $22,201.84, capital of $150,000 and surplus of $70,937.39.

In April 1962, LSB moved its headquarters to an old hardware store at the corner of State Street and West First Street in Lexington. This new "LSB Plaza" expanded as the company grew. The holding company for LSB was created in July 1983 and in 1985 LSB opened its first 24-hour automatic teller machine (ATM) at Lexington Hospital.

In July 1997 Old North State Bank and LSB shareholders agreed to merge into a single company; the LSB name remained.

Merger with FNB Southeast
On February 27, 2007 Lexington State Bank announced its intention to merge with the Greensboro-based  FNB Southeast, a bank nearly equal in assets.  With the merger approved by stockholders on July 31, 2007, the new bank is the sixth largest in North Carolina. The post-merger institution, operating under the name NewBridge Bank, began public operations on November 13, 2007.  NewBridge Bank has 42 full-service banking offices, total assets of about $2 billion and total deposits of about $1.6 billion, and an increased geographic size including counties in coastal North Carolina and southern Virginia.

References

External links
 NewBridge - About NewBridge

Davidson County, North Carolina
Banks established in 1949
Banks based in North Carolina
Banks disestablished in 2007
Defunct banks of the United States
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Defunct companies based in North Carolina
2007 mergers and acquisitions

Lexington State Bank


The Man Who Wouldn't Talk is a 1940 mystery film directed by David Burton and starring Lloyd Nolan, Jean Rogers, and Richard Clarke. It is a remake of the 1929 film The Valiant which had starred Paul Muni, and was based on a play of the same name. It was Nolan's first film for Twentieth Century Fox, where he went on to be a successful star of B Movie mysteries such as the Michael Shayne series. Nolan's portrayal of the lead character was deliberately more subdued than Muni's had been, and the film was "opened up" with the addition of flashback scenes and other devices to make it less dialogue-based than the original.

Synopsis
A man shoots dead a business leader and confesses to the killing, but refuses to say anything more than providing the name Joe Monday, which is obviously an alias. His attorney joins forces with a woman claiming that she is his sister and that he is really a soldier reported missing during World War I. Still, the accused refuses to offer further information. He is tried for murder, with the case seemingly hanging on events from over twenty years earlier when the dead man and the accused had served in the same infantry company in France.

Main cast
 Lloyd Nolan as Joe Monday
 Jean Rogers as Alice Stetson
 Richard Clarke as Steve Phillips
 Onslow Stevens as Frederick Keller
 Eric Blore as Horace Parker
 Joan Valerie as Miss Norton
 Mae Marsh as Mrs. Stetson
 Paul Stanton as Attorney Cluett
 Douglas Wood as Walker
 Irving Bacon as Paul Gillis
 Lester Sharpe as Henri Picot
 Harlan Briggs as Foreman in Jury
 Elisabeth Risdon as Jury Member
 Renie Riano as Lilly Wigham

References

Bibliography
  Schlossheimer, Michael. Gunmen and Gangsters: Profiles of Nine Actors Who Portrayed Memorable Screen Tough Guys. McFarland, 2001.

External links

1940 films
Films directed by David Burton
20th Century Fox films
Remakes of American films
Sound film remakes of silent films
Films set in France
Films set in the 1910s
Films produced by Sol M. Wurtzel
1940s mystery drama films
American mystery drama films
1940 drama films
Films scored by Samuel Kaylin
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language mystery drama films

The Man Who Wouldn't Talk (1940 film)


Bollito misto (, literally "mixed boil" or "mixed boiled meat") is a classic northern Italian stew, most closely resembling the French Pot-au-feu, consisting of various tougher cuts of beef and veal, cotechino, and a whole hen or capon that are gently simmered for 2–3 hours in an aromatic vegetable broth. Bollito and its many regional variations is eaten throughout northern Italy, and is particularly popular in Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont, and Lombardy. The meat is sliced thinly and served with coarse sea salt, mostarda, salsa verde, horseradish, or chutney. The resulting broth is skimmed, strained, and used as a base for soups and risottos.

History
In Italian cuisine, bollito was prominent throughout the second millennium. In the 1800s, crown prince and from 1849 king Vittorio Emanuele II would often sneak off to the small town of Moncalvo to hunt wild game, cavort with his favorite mistress, and enjoy a convivial meal of bollito with friends. Bollito features prominently in various gastronomic texts: Antonio Latini has 38 cooking suggestions for bollito in his cookbook, Lo Scalco alla Moderna (The Modern Steward) (1694); and Maestro Martino has several recipes in his book Libro de Arte Coquinaria (The Art of Cooking), which is considered a landmark of Italian gastronomic literature.

See also

List of stews

Sources

Footnotes

References

Italian stews

Bollito misto


In social-psychology, fundamental attribution error is the phenomenon where people judge other people and themselves in a different way. The person tends to judge other people's good behavior as them having a good personality and the person also judges other people's bad behavior as them having a bad personality. The error comes from the fact that the person judges themselves on the context or situation and not on personality. This can lead people to assume others are bad people instead of them making a mistake.

An example of this error would be if we had a person, who we will name Alice. Alice is a driver. Bob goes in front of her and Alice assumes he has bad personal qualities such as being selfish, being a bad driver, or being a jerk. However there are possible explanations that are related to context instead of personal qualities. Bob could have almost missed his flight, or his wife could be giving birth at the hospital. If she goes in front of someone else, she will likely make the opposite mistake and explain her behavior as situational instead of being a personal flaw. This is still the same error because it is an attribution (placement) that is wrong.

Related pages
 Bias
 Self-esteem

References

Bias

Fundamental attribution error


Ubayy ibn Ka'b (, ) (died 649), also known as Abu Mundhir, was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a person of high esteem in the early Muslim community.

Biography
Ubayy was born in Medina (then known as Yathrib), into the tribe of the Banu Khazraj. He was one of the first to accept Islam and pledge allegiance to Muhammad at al-Aqabah before the migration to Medina, becoming one of the Ansar. He joined the second pledge at al-Aqabah. Later, he participated in the battle of Badr and other following engagements.

He acted as a scribe for Muhammad, writing letters for him. Ubayy was one of the few who put the Qur'anic Surahs into writing and had a Mushaf of his own. Following Muhammad's death, he was one of the twenty-five Hafiz, people who knew the Qur'an completely by heart.

He was part of the consultative group (mushawarah) to which the caliph Abu Bakr referred many problems. It included Umar, Uthman, Ali, Abd-al-Rahman ibn Awf, Muadh ibn Jabal, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, and Zayd ibn Thabit.

Umar later consulted the same group when he was caliph. Specifically for fatwas (legal judgments) he referred to Ali ibn Abi Talib, Uthman, Ubayy, and Zayd ibn Thabit.

Ubayy died in the year 649 CE (30 AH), during the caliphate of Uthman.

See also
Ubay (name)
Ka'b (name)

References

Ansar (Islam)
Sahabah hadith narrators
649 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Khazrajite people

Ubayy ibn Ka'b


George Smith Patton, Jr. (also George Smith Patton III) (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a U.S. Army officer.  He was in the army from 1909 until he died in 1945.  He was in charge of many soldiers and he worked to defeat Nazi Germany during World War 2 in Europe. He was sent to the North African Campaign in 1942 after the United States led by Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Nazi Germany after the Japanese Empire attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 because Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party supported Japanese Emperor Hirohito after  Hermann Göring the Luftwaffe Commander and Erich Raeder the Admiral of the Kriegsmarine urged Hitler to declare war on America . George Smith Patton was also involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily,Allied invasion of Italy and D Day in 1944 one of the biggest Battles fighting against the Nazis during World War 2 .

Patton was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. Patton was married to Beatrice Banning Ayer from 1910 until his death in 1945. They had a son. Patton died on December 21, 1945 after a car crash in Heidelberg, Germany, aged 60. He was later buried at American Cemetery and Memorial in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. In the movie  Patton (1970 Film) was portrayed by George S Scot .

References

1885 births
1945 deaths
Military people from California
Road accident deaths
Purple Heart recipients
Companions of the Bath

Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
American generals

George S. Patton


The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a science fiction comedy series by Douglas Adams. It started out as a radio show series for the BBC Radio 4 in 1978.

Between 1979 - 1992, Adams wrote a series of five books.

In 1980, a second radio series was broadcast.

In 1981, it was made into a television series.

In 2004, the third radio series was broadcast.

In 2005, it was made into a movie, and the fourth and fifth radio series were broadcast. A CD was released following the final episode transmission of each radio series.

It has also been a computer game, and several stage plays and comic books. Douglas Adams also suggested he would write a sixth book but he died before he could complete it, so Eoin Colfer wrote the sixth book in the series.

In 2018, the sixth radio series, the Hexagonal Phase, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4.
It featured Professor Stephen Hawking introducing himself as the voice of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Mk II by saying: "I have been quite popular in my time. Some even read my books".

Books
The six books in the Hitchhiker's Guide series are:
 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
 Life, the Universe and Everything
 So Long, and Thanks for all the Fish
 Mostly Harmless
 And Another Thing

Synopsis
The radio, book, TV and movie versions differ from each other. The same basic plot is used but they sometimes contradict each other.  This is due to Adams rewriting the story for each new medium.
In all versions, the story follows the adventures of Arthur Dent. He is an Englishman. His house is being bulldozed to make way for a bypass. At the same time the Earth is being demolished by the Vogons to make way for an intergalactic bypass. The vogons are a race of unpleasant and bureaucratic aliens.

Dent's friend, Ford Prefect, is an alien. He is a researcher for the eponymous guidebook. He rescues Dent from Earth's destruction.

Zaphod Beeblebrox is Ford's eccentric semi-cousin. Beeblebrox is the Galactic President. He has stolen the Heart of Gold, a spacecraft equipped with the Infinite Improbability Drive. The depressed robot Marvin the Paranoid Android and Trillian are crew members.
Trillian was known as Tricia McMillan, a woman Arthur once met at a party in Islington. Beeblebrox saved her from Earth's destruction. She is the only other human survivor.

Arthur learns that the Earth was actually a giant supercomputer. It was created by another supercomputer, Deep Thought. Deep Thought had been built to give the answer to the "Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything".  It gave the answer as "42". The creators of Deep Thought were disappointed and Deep Thought was then instructed to design the Earth supercomputer to determine what the question actually is.

The Earth was destroyed by the Vogons just before its calculations were due to complete. Arthur becomes the target of the descendants of the Deep Thought creators, believing his mind must hold the Question. With his friends' help, Arthur escapes and they decide to have lunch at The Restaurant at the End of the Universe. They have more adventures.

References

Science fiction
Media franchises

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy


Jimma, also known as Jima in Italian Gimma is a city found on the southwest of Ethiopia and is also the largest city found in southwestern Ethiopia. The population of Jimma was 159,009 as of the 2005 census. Jimma is found in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The city also has a university named Jimma University and an airport.

Other websites
Archive of the Jimma website

Cities in Ethiopia

Jimma


Dutton Speedwords is a  made-up language written by Reginald John Garfield Dutton. The idea of Dutton Speedwords is to make frequent words short, and very frequent words very short. Dutton Speedwords can be used as a second language for international communications. Dutton Speedwords is also a shorthand writing system – this means you can use it to write quickly.

The method was made up by Reginald John Garfield Dutton (1886-1970) in 1922. It was first published in 1935. It was called International Symbolic Script. A year later, it was called Speedwords. It was changed in 1946 and 1951.

It has two uses; to be a language and to be used for writing quickly. Dutton hoped that this would mean more people would learn it because they could use it for two reasons.

The books that Dutton wrote about Speedwords are not printed anymore. But Speedwords is now being used by more people because they find it is good for working online. For example, it makes it faster to type an email.

Another way of writing quickly is Pitman's shorthand. This uses special symbols instead of letters. Speedwords uses Roman letters. This makes it easier to learn. It also means it can be typed using a normal keyboard. Each word means only one thing. This means you do not need to use different forms of the same word.

The words used in Speedwords are the same as the words used in many other languages. The words are like short versions of the writer's own language.

Other websites

 overview of Speedwords by Richard K Harrison 1994

Constructed languages

Dutton's Speedwords


Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din (1870 in Lahore – Dicember 28, 1932 in Lahore), a lawyer bi profession, wis a member o the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement an the author o numerous publications  about Islam and the Ahmadiyya movement.

Life
Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din wis born in Punjab, Indie, an received his education at the famous Forman Christian College, Lahore. His grandfaither, Abdur Rashid, a famous poet, wis at ane time chief Muslim Judge o Lahore durin the Sikh period. In 1893 he joined the Ahmadiyya Movement an became a close associate o Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Foonder o the Ahmadiyya movement. He served the Movement an the Foonder in various leadin capacities. Through Ghulam Ahmad's teachin an influence, the Khwaja wis inspired tae become a successful lecturer, orator an missionary o Islam, an gave pouerful lectures afore lairge multi-faith audiences in mony kintras.

In 1912 he proceedit tae Ingland an laid the foondation o the "Woking Muslim Mission an Literary Trust"  as well as The Islamic Review.

Frae 1912 till his daith, he devotit his life tae the propagation o Islam. Besides visitin Ingland several times for lengthy periods, he an aa toured ither kintras in Europe, Asie an Africae, includin his hame kintra o Indie, deliverin lectures on Islam. He performed his seicont Hajj in the company o Lord Headley, the famous Breetish Muslim convert an the Khwaja's close friend an associate.

Literary Wirk
Belaw is a partial leet o Inglis books bi Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din, which can be read online:

(Urdu books by Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din are also accessible online.)

 Al-Islam
 Ethics of War
 The Existence of God
 Five Pillars of Islam
 God and His Attributes
 The Great Revolution
 The Holy Quran and the Bible
 Introduction to the Study of the Holy Quran
 Islam and Christianity
 Islam and Civilisation
 Islam & Other Religions
 Islam to East and West
 Jesus — An Ideal of Godhead and Humanity
 Muhammad the Most Successful Prophet
 Mysticism in Islam
 The Problem of Human Evolution
 The Quran a Miracle
 A Running Commentary on the Holy Quran
 The Sources of Christianity
 The Status of Women in World Religions and Civilisations
 The Strength of Islam
 Study for an Atheist
 Study of Islam
 Sufeism in Islam
 Unity of the Human Race
 The Vicegerent of God on Earth
 Woman from Judaism to Islam
 Worship and Sacrificialism

References

External links

 An Interview with Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din Sahib - His Missionary Work in England , Special to the "Rangoon Mail", Islamic Review, October, 1920 (Vol. 8, No. 10) pp. 362–366

Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
Islamic studies scholars
Indian Ahmadis
1870 births
1932 daiths

Khwaja Kamal-ud-Din


The Room is a puzzle video game developed by Fireproof Games. The game was originally developed for the iOS platform and released in 12 September 2012. The Android version debuted as part of a Humble Bundle in March 2013 and was subsequently released on Google Play. A free expansion for the title was released in August 2013. An enhanced version of the game was released for Microsoft Windows in July 2014, and for the Nintendo Switch in October 2018.

At the time of The Rooms creation, Fireproof had been providing art assets for other publishers, and The Room reflects the studio's first attempt to make their own game, but with limited finances, focused on a mobile title with the goal of taking advantage of the platform's unique interface aspects. The Room presents the player with a series of strange puzzle boxes that feature a number of physical mechanisms. The player is challenged to figure out how to open each one – typically by undoing a series of locks – to access another puzzle box within it. The game uses a variety of motions enabled by mobile device touchscreens to simulate actions in real life, such as looking around the device, turning keys, and activating switches. Through the game, a story involving the research of an unnamed person into the fifth classical element, "null," which is described in notes found through the various box puzzles.

The Room has received positive reception, and the iOS version received several awards. The game has sold more than 6.5 million copies. Fireproof Games have since released four sequels to The Room, with total collective sales of 11.5 million by 2016.

Gameplay

The Room is a three-dimensional puzzle game. The game has a minimal story, in which the player is told by letters of a mysterious box in a room in a house; as the player solves the puzzles around the box, more notes from the same author – one who previously had solved the mystery of the box – are found, describing the box's use of an ethereal material called "Null", as well as showing the author slowly descending into madness.

On starting the game, the player is presented with the first of four puzzle boxes. The first box is offered as a tutorial to the game's controls, which demonstrate how to move around the box and interact with the features of the box. The player has a small inventory for items like keys found in compartments in the box. A key inventory element is a special lens that, in-game, allows the player to see things made from the Null element that compose parts of the box. The lens can generally be equipped at any time to see these secrets, often requiring the player to manipulate the view to align secrets into a coherent symbol. The goal is to fully unlock each puzzle box, extracting a smaller but increasingly complex box within it.

Development
Fireproof Games is a British development firm born out from six developers that had been working at Criterion Games on the Burnout racing series; together they decided to quit to form their own small team to provide outsourceable artwork to other developers. Their work was included in both LittleBigPlanet games, DJ Hero, and other racing titles like Split/Second and Blur. They desired to get into developing their own game around 2012, but at that time, they found the costs of developing for a console or personal computer title were too high, and opted to go into mobile gaming which was cheaper to develop for; they also recognized that many mobile games developed by teams with experience in consoles and computers did not make great mobile games, often simply porting or cloning existing titles, and set out to prove that it was possible to make a good mobile game, something that "fit for this piece of hardware, for this audience", according to Fireproof Games cofounder Barry Meade. With The Room, the goal was "to make the best iOS game we could, not just try to make a big console game for iOS", according to Meade. They wanted to emphasise the use of the touchscreen of mobile devices in its own unique way, similar to the success of Cut the Rope and Angry Birds. At the same time, they wanted to create a game that would be immersive for the player, and had devised the appropriate touch controls to provide tactile responses that worked alongside their art and music assets to help towards this.

Fireproof hired a programmer in January 2012 to create their own title, The Room; during its development, the game only took two of Fireproof's team, the rest of the company continuing to work on other outsourcing jobs. The game was developed in the Unity game engine, mostly due to its very low costs, a financial limitation Fireproof had at the time. Total development costs for the initial iPad version were estimated to be . They early on hit on the idea of Asian puzzle boxes, which may have had hundreds of steps to be performed to open while having a degree of art and beauty in their creation. Meade compared this to an early successful mobile title, Zen Bound, which, while it was a simple game without any challenge, "was really pleasant and beautiful to look at", according to Meade. Initially planning on calling the game Puzzle Box, they crafted a playable demonstration within a few weeks of the idea, and then built out from there. To achieve the tactile nature they wanted for the game, they made sure to include a physics engine so that all the moving parts of each puzzle had some type of weight, as Meade felt that simulated physical responses to direct touchscreen controls, "you've automatically wiped out this massive barrier to entry that people have", in contrast to using a game pad or controller.

The game was initially created for Apple's iPad (compatible with iPad 2 upwards) and released in September 2012. Fireproof also ported the game to work on the Apple iPhone 4s and newer models; however, at the time of its release, there was no way to indicate to users of the Apple App Store that the game would not work on the iPhone 4. For this reason, they created a free-to-play version, The Room Pocket on 3 December 2012, which included the first puzzle of The Room and the option to buy the rest of the game so that they would not draw ire of iPhone 4 users. Meade said that as of 2018 The Room Pocket had more sales than The Room.

An Android version of The Room was created for mobile devices as part of the Humble Mobile Bundle which was released on 26 March 2013. A free expansion to The Room was released in August 2013 which updated the game with a new level and links the end of the first game to the sequel. Fireproof developed a Microsoft Windows version that was released on 28 July 2014, providing support for mouse controls. The Windows version was only planned once they had found the game successful on mobile, and it had to be rebuilt from the ground up, requiring a larger team, about half of their 14-person staff at the time, with a risk of how popular this version would be.

A version of The Room was released for the Nintendo Switch on 18 October 2018 with publishing support of Team17, making its console debut. The game supports the same touchscreen controls from the mobile game, but uses the Switch's Joy-Con for playing the game in television mode. The Switch version includes improved graphics and the original game's DLC.

Reception

The Room was met with "generally favorable reviews" for the iOS and Nintendo Switch, and "mixed or average" for PC, according to Metacritic.

Sales
Fireproof Games broke even on the first week of release for the iPad version, allowing them to plan for the expansions and sequels, and to start to consider other projects. As of March 2013, The Room on iPad has sold over 1.4 million copies and near its initial release, ranked as one of the top-selling games on several iOS lists. The free pocket version has been downloaded over 2.4 million times. By October 2016, The Room has sold more than 6.5 million units, and collectively, the three games in the series have sold more than 11.5 million copies.

Awards
Upon its release The Room was featured as Apple's Editors choice across the world, going on to receive the coveted "Apple iPad Game of the Year 2012" and the BAFTA for best British video game. It won the following awards:

Sequels
The Room was followed by several sequels: The Room Two, was released on iTunes on 12 December 2013 and on Steam.

In 2014, Fireproof Games announced a third title, The Room Three which was released for mobile platforms in November 2015 and on Steam.

A fourth game, The Room: Old Sins, was released on 25 January 2018. It was released on Steam on 11 February 2021.

A spin-off title, The Room VR: A Dark Matter was released exclusively for VR platforms on 26 March 2020.

References

External links

2012 video games
Android (operating system) games
IOS games
Nintendo Switch games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Single-player video games
Team17 games
British Academy Games Award for British Game winners

The Room (video game)


Max Marchand (24 November 1888, Amsterdam – 1957, Baarn) was a Dutch chess master.

During World War I, he played only in the neutral Netherlands and Denmark. In 1915, he took second in Amsterdam, won in Scheveningen, and took second in Rotterdam. In 1916, he tied for second-fourth, behind Paul Johner, in Copenhagen (the ninth Nordic Chess Championship), and won in Amsterdam. In 1917, he took third in Scheveningen. In 1918, he won in Amsterdam, shared first in Arnheim, took third in 's Hertogenbosch, and tied for fifth-sixth in Scheveningen (Rudolf Loman won).

After the war, he won the fourth Dutch Chess Championship at The Hague 1919. In that year, he also shared 1st with Richard Réti in Amsterdam, took ninth in Hastings (José Raúl Capablanca won), tied for third-fourth in Scheveningen, won in Amsterdam, and tied for second-third in Amsterdam. In 1920, he won and tied for second-third, behind George Alan Thomas, in Bromley, took fifth (Réti won) and fourth in Amsterdam (Quadrangular, Max Euwe won), took fourth in Göteborg (P. Johner won), and took fourth in Scheveningen. His last appearance at the top level was on board 5 in the match Germany v. Netherlands, 1922, where he lost both games against Carl Ahues.

References

External links
 Max Marchand at 365Chess.com

1888 births
1957 deaths
Dutch chess players
Jewish Dutch sportspeople
Jewish chess players
Sportspeople from Amsterdam

Max Marchand


The M1934/39 helmet was the primary combat helmet used by the Greek Armed Forces during the Second World War.  Greece purchased these helmets from Italy prior to the conflict as a replacement for their World War I-era Adrian helmets and refitted them with locally manufactured liners.

Background
The M1934/39 was initially produced and tested in Italy as a possible replacement for the Italian military's Adrian helmets. The helmet did not meet their standards however, and they were sold to Greece as bare shells just before the outbreak of World War II. Once the Greeks received the M1934/39's they painted them green and added their own liners and chin straps. These liners were made from leather and featured seven 'tongues'. One of the 'tongues' was marked with a crown and the words ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΣ ΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ("Greek Army"). Due to the sudden onset of hostilities between Greece and Italy, Greece did not receive the total number of helmets ordered and as a result, was unable to equip their entire army with the M1934/39.

World War II and beyond
After Italian and German forces overran Greece in 1941 (see Battle of Greece) many captured M1934/39's were reissued to occupying troops and used within the country until the end of the war. Once hostilities ceased in 1945 however, Greek authorities refitted a large number of these helmets with British-style leather liners and put them back into service with various police units until the 1960s.

Gallery

References

External links

 Greek M1934/39 helmet at www.warrelics.eu
 Greek M1934/39 helmet at www.militariarg.com
 Greek M1934/39 helmet at www.nyc-techwriters.com

Combat helmets of Italy
Hellenic Army
World War II military equipment of Greece
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s

Greek M1934/39 helmet


Events
 Timur ascends throne of Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan)..
 Hongwu (also known as Zhu Yuanzhang) establishes the Ming Dynasty in China after the disintegration the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
 Work begins on the current Great Wall of China.
 Emperor Chōkei accedes to the throne of Japan
 Ramesuan succeeds Ramathibodi I as ruler of Ayutthaya (now southern Thailand).
 Mikhail Aleksandrovich becomes the sole ruler of Tver (now in eastern Russia) after the death of co-ruler and rival Mikhailovich of Kashin.
 Moscow attacks Tver. Tver makes a counter-attack with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
 The King of Norway sends the last Royal Ship from Norway to the Greenland Eastern Settlement. This event is part of both the Norse colonization of the Americas and of the History of Greenland.

Births
 February 14 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1437)
 December 3 – King Charles VI of France (died 1422)
 Pope Martin V (died 1431)
 Thomas Occleve, English poet (died 1450)
 Robert Merchant, French painter (Born June)

Deaths
 October 7 – Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III of England (born 1338)
 Andrea Orcagna, Italian painter, sculptor, and architect
 Ibn-i-Yamin the 'Persian Puritan', poet
 Ramathibodi I, ruler of Ayutthaya

1368


Augusto de Lima is a Brazilian municipality located in the northeast of the state of Minas Gerais. Its population  was 4,851 living in a total area of 1,250 km². The city belongs to the statistical mesoregion of Central Mineira and to the statistical microregion of Curvelo.  It became a municipality in 1963.

Augusto de Lima is located at an elevation of 700 metres on highway BR-135 between Curvelo and Montes Claros.  The nearest major population centre is Curvelo.  The town began with the building of the railroad from Belo Horizonte to Montes Claros in 1910. The name is derived from the name of a writer and politician.  See Augusto de Lima.

The distance to Curvelo is 112 km; and the distance to the state capital, Belo Horizonte, is 240 km.   Neighboring  municipalities are:   Buenópolis, Diamantina, Monjolos, Corinto and Lassance.

The main economic activities are services and agriculture.  The GDP in 2005 was R$39 million, with 24 million from services, 2 million from industry, and 10 million from agriculture.  There were 354 rural producers on 14,000 hectares of land.  Only 8 farms had tractors (2006).  Approximately 800 persons were dependent on agriculture.  The main crops were mangoes, sugarcane, beans, and corn.  There were 27,000 head of cattle (2006).  There was 1 bank (2007) and 666 automobiles (366 motorcycles), giving a ratio of 14 inhabitants per automobile.

There were 3 health clinics in 2005.  Patients with more serious health conditions are transported to Bocaiúva, Montes Claros or Curvelo.  Educational needs were met by 16 primary schools, 2 middle schools, and 9 pre-primary schools.

Municipal Human Development Index: 0.690 (2000)
State ranking: 642 out of 853 municipalities
National ranking: 3,319 out of 5,138 municipalities
Literacy rate: 77%
Life expectancy: 65 (average of males and females)

In 2000 the per capita income of R$149.00 was well below the state and national average of R$276.00 and R$297.00 respectively.

The highest ranking municipality in Minas Gerais in 2000 was Poços de Caldas with 0.841, while the lowest was Setubinha with 0.568.  Nationally the highest was São Caetano do Sul in São Paulo with 0.919, while the lowest was Setubinha.  In more recent statistics (considering 5,507 municipalities) Manari in the state of Pernambuco has the lowest rating in the country—0,467—putting it in last place.

References

See also
 List of municipalities in Minas Gerais

Municipalities in Minas Gerais

Augusto de Lima, Minas Gerais


In mathematics, a perfect power is a natural number that is a product of equal natural factors, or, in other words, an integer that can be expressed as a square or a higher integer power of another integer greater than one. More formally, n is a perfect power if there exist natural numbers m > 1, and k > 1 such that mk = n. In this case, n may be called a perfect kth power. If k = 2 or k = 3, then n is called a perfect square or perfect cube, respectively. Sometimes 0 and 1 are also considered perfect powers (0k = 0 for any k > 0, 1k = 1 for any k).

Examples and sums
A sequence of perfect powers can be generated by iterating through the possible values for m and k. The first few ascending perfect powers in numerical order (showing duplicate powers) are :

The sum of the reciprocals of the perfect powers (including duplicates such as 34 and 92, both of which equal 81) is 1:

which can be proved as follows:

The first perfect powers without duplicates are:
(sometimes 0 and 1), 4, 8, 9, 16, 25, 27, 32, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 125, 128, 144, 169, 196, 216, 225, 243, 256, 289, 324, 343, 361, 400, 441, 484, 512, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1000, 1024, ...

The sum of the reciprocals of the perfect powers p without duplicates is:

where μ(k) is the Möbius function and ζ(k) is the Riemann zeta function.

According to Euler, Goldbach showed (in a now-lost letter) that the sum of  over the set of perfect powers p, excluding 1 and excluding duplicates, is 1:

This is sometimes known as the Goldbach–Euler theorem.

Detecting perfect powers
Detecting whether or not a given natural number n is a perfect power may be accomplished in many different ways, with varying levels of complexity. One of the simplest such methods is to consider all possible values for k across each of the divisors of n, up to . So if the divisors of  are  then one of the values  must be equal to n if n is indeed a perfect power.

This method can immediately be simplified by instead considering only prime values of k. This is because if  for a composite  where p is prime, then this can simply be rewritten as . Because of this result, the minimal value of k must necessarily be prime.

If the full factorization of n is known, say  where the  are distinct primes, then n is a perfect power if and only if  where gcd denotes the greatest common divisor. As an example, consider n = 296·360·724. Since gcd(96, 60, 24) = 12, n is a perfect 12th power (and a perfect 6th power, 4th power, cube and square, since 6, 4, 3 and 2 divide 12).

Gaps between perfect powers
In 2002 Romanian mathematician Preda Mihăilescu proved that the only pair of consecutive perfect powers is 23 = 8 and 32 = 9, thus proving Catalan's conjecture.

Pillai's conjecture states that for any given positive integer k there are only a finite number of pairs of perfect powers whose difference is k. This is an unsolved problem.

See also
 Prime power

References

External links
Lluís Bibiloni, Pelegrí Viader, and Jaume Paradís, On a Series of Goldbach and Euler, 2004 (Pdf)

Number theory
Integer sequences

Perfect power


Objectivity in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested. That means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them. In other words, if scientist A claims something, scientist B must be able to check whether A is right.

The evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it. The "in principle" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results. But elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.

Some science does need a proper scientific education. To some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form. That means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books. Most awards of the Nobel Prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.

It is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it. Specialist communicators often do this on television or the web. 150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like Faraday and Darwin. Now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.

Objectivity in measurement
To avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as "green", "hot", "large", "considerable", and "negligible", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use "hard", "objective" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results.

Literature
 Dawkins, Richard 2003. A Devil's Chaplain: selected essays. Phoenix.
 Kuhn, Thomas 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, 3rd ed. 1996.
 Porter, Theodore M. 1995. Trust in Numbers: the pursuit of objectivity in science and public life. Princeton University Press.
 Restivo, Sal 1994. Science, Society, and Values: toward a sociology of objectivity. Lehigh University Press.
 Sokal, Alan & Bricmont, Jean 1997. Intellectual Impostures: postmodern philosophers' abuse of science. Profile Books 2003.

Science

Objectivity (science)


The Academy of Sciences of Lisbon  () is Portugal's national academy dedicated to the advancement of sciences and learning, with the goal of promoting academic progress and prosperity in Portugal. It is one of Portugal's most prestigious scientific authorities and the official regulator of the Portuguese language in Portugal, through its Class of Letters.

History

The academy was founded on 24 December 1779 in Lisbon, Portugal, by João Carlos de Bragança, Duke de Lafões, who served as the academy's first President, and José Correia da Serra, who served as its first secretary-general. Domenico Vandelli was among its mentors and early organizers.

The academy received royal patronage under Queen Maria I of Portugal in 1783, bestowing the title of Royal Academy of Sciences (Real Academia das Ciências) unto the institution.

The seat of the academy in Lisbon has been located in the Bairro Alto district of Lisbon since 1834.

Organization
The academy has two classes: the Class of Sciences and the Class of Letters, and each has 30 full members and 60 corresponding members distributed in six sections. It also has a number of foreign members.

The academy was one of the first national members of the International Council for Science, is one of two Portuguese members of the European Science Foundation and is the Portuguese partner of the European Science Exchange Programme of The Royal Society (United Kingdom).

Gallery

See also
Lisbon Academy of Sciences, Class of Letters
Culture of Portugal
Science and technology in Portugal

References

External links

1779 establishments in Portugal
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Members of the International Council for Science
Portugal
Portugal
Academy of Sciences
Portuguese language academies
Academy of Sciences
Scientific organizations established in 1779
Members of the International Science Council

Lisbon Academy of Sciences


The Irish Singles Chart is the Republic of Ireland's music industry standard singles popularity chart issued weekly by the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) and compiled on their behalf by the Official Charts Company. Chart rankings are based on sales, which are compiled through over-the-counter retail data captured electronically each day from retailers' EPOS systems. All major record shops, digital retailers and streaming services contribute to the chart, accounting for over 95% of the market. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by the Irish Recorded Music Association on Friday at noon. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the previous Thursday (i.e., the day before issue). The singles chart was first published on 1 October 1962, and covered the top ten singles of the previous week by record label shipments.

History
The charts were first broadcast on RTÉ on 1 October 1962. Before this charts had been printed in the Evening Herald newspaper, but it is debated as to whether they are official or not. Up until 1972 the Irish Chart was based on telephone sales received from record retailers based on over the counter sales to the public. The compilers of the chart changed several times and in January 1972 the chart changed to one based on sales from manufacturers to retailers. From October 1975 to February 1977 the chart was compiled from votes from readers in the Evening Herald newspaper. There was a separate Irish and International artists chart for a time during this period. From 1977 the chart once again became based on sales from retailers to the public but during the early 1980s this again changed and was once more based on sales from manufacturers to retailers. RTÉ 2fm broadcasts the top 30 of the chart every Friday night from 8pm to 10pm.

In 1992, the singles chart became based on consumer sales after IFPI and the Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) granted a contract to Gallup, a market research company. Gallup installed Epson PX-4 devices in sixty record stores to collect singles sales data. In 1996, Chart-Track was formed as a result of a management buy-out from Gallup. Also in 1996, with the development of technology, EPOS systems were installed in multiple music retail stores. The EPOS systems allowed for the collection of more accurate sales information. Chart-Track collects data daily from major record stores such as HMV and Tower Records, as well as over forty Independent retailers. In total, data from over four-hundred and ninety stores are collected each week. The singles chart is compiled over seven days and released every Friday at noon by the IRMA, while Midweek Charts are produced daily, but only released to IRMA members.

It was announced that from 1 July 2006, downloads would be counted in the charts. They would also feature in their own chart in addition to being counted for the overall chart. Data was initially collected from iTunes, Vodafone, eircom, Sony Connect, Wippit and Bleep.com. Although IRMA estimated the size of the download market to amount to only 14% of the total market in 2006, this has increased in more recent years.

In 2014, the Irish charts first included music streaming data and in 2018, music video streaming data was included for the first time.

Chart achievements
All information is from 1962 to the present and does not include charts printed in the Evening Herald newspaper.

First Irish artist to debut at number one
Dickie Rock & the Miami Showband with "Every Step of the Way" (1965)

Artists with the most number one hits

Source:

Songs with the most weeks at number one

Note: Songs denoted with an asterisk (*) spent non-consecutive weeks at number one.

Source:

Acts to occupy the top two positions
Lady Gaga — "Just Dance" and "Poker Face" (two weeks in February 2009).
Pharrell Williams — "Get Lucky" (with Daft Punk) and "Blurred Lines" (with Robin Thicke & T.I.) (one week in May 2013); "Blurred Lines" and "Get Lucky" (six weeks in May and June 2013).
Justin Bieber
"Sorry" and "Love Yourself" (one week in December 2015); "Love Yourself" and  "Sorry" (seven weeks in December 2015 and January 2016).
"Cold Water" (with MØ & Major Lazer) and "Let Me Love You" (with DJ Snake) (two weeks in August 2016).
"Despacito" (with Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee) and "I'm the One" (with DJ Khaled, Lil Wayne, Quavo & Chance the Rapper) (five weeks in May and June 2017).
Ed Sheeran
"Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill" (seven weeks in January, February and March 2017): "Galway Girl" and "Shape of You" (two weeks in March 2017); "Shape of You" and "Galway Girl" (five weeks in March and April 2017).
"Perfect" and "River" (with Eminem) (four non-consecutive weeks in December 2017 and January 2018).
Ariana Grande — "Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored" and "7 Rings" (one week in February 2019); "7 Rings" and "Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored" (one week in February 2019).
Dermot Kennedy — "Giants" and "Paradise" (four weeks in December 2020).
Taylor Swift - "Anti-Hero" and "Lavender Haze" (one week in October 2022)

In addition, in the fifth and seventh week that Justin Bieber was at #1 and #2 with "Love Yourself" and "Sorry", "What Do You Mean" was at #3. For the sixth week that Ed Sheeran was at #1 and #2 with "Galway Girl" and "Shape of You", he also occupied #3 to #16 with the remaining tracks from "÷". In the second week, "Castle on the Hill", "Nancy Mulligan" and "New Man" occupied #3, #4 and #5 respectively and "Castle on the Hill" remained at #3 for the third week.

Artists with the most top fifty hits

See also
List of artists who reached number one in Ireland
List of songs that reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart

References

External links
Current Irish Singles Chart (top 100 positions)
Official Irish Singles Chart (top 50 positions)

Singles Chart

pt:Irish Recorded Music Association#Irish Charts

Irish Singles Chart