"I Could Have Danced All Night" is a song from the musical My Fair Lady, with music written by Frederick Loewe and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, published in 1956. The song is sung by the musical's heroine, Eliza Doolittle, expressing her exhilaration and excitement after an impromptu dance with her tutor, Henry Higgins - in the small hours of the morning. In a counterpoint during the second of 3 rounds, two maids and the housekeeper, Mrs. Pearce, urge Eliza to go to bed, but she ignores them.

It was first performed by Julie Andrews in the original Broadway production of My Fair Lady. In the 1964 film adaptation of the musical, the song was sung by Marni Nixon, dubbing the singing voice of Audrey Hepburn, who played Eliza Doolittle. In 2004, Nixon's version finished at #17 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.

Notable recordings
Hit versions of the song were recorded by Sylvia Syms, Dinah Shore, Angélica María,  Ben E. King as an ATCO single, Frank Sinatra, Rosemary Clooney, and Jamie Cullum. It was featured in The Birdcage sung by Nathan Lane, Hank Azaria, Gene Hackman, Robin Williams and Dianne Wiest. Many actresses have also sung the song in the stage version of the musical including Martine McCutcheon, Laura Michelle Kelly, Amy Nuttall, Lisa O'Hare, and Lauren Ambrose.

Peggy Lee recorded a Cha-cha-cha version of I Could Have Danced All Night on her 1960 album Latin ala Lee!.

Andy Williams covered the song on his 1964 album The Great Songs from My Fair Lady and Other Broadway Hits.  Shirley Bassey recorded and released this song on two 1965 albums, including "Shirley Stops The Shows" released in the UK, and 'Shirley Bassey Belts The Best' released in the USA. Petula Clark recorded a version for her 1968 album The Other Man's Grass Is Always Greener.

The song was performed by Jane Powell in the 1959 NBC television special Sunday Showcase "Give My Regards to Broadway", for which a kinescope recording still exists.

In 1976, Florence Henderson performed the song on The Brady Bunch Variety Hour.

The song was performed by Jayma Mays as her character Emma Pillsbury on the FOX television show Glee in the episode "Mash-Up".

I Could Have Danced All Night was performed by young British soprano Hollie Steel during her audition on Britain's Got Talent. She later recorded the song on her debut album.

Noted Wagnerian soprano Birgit Nilsson recorded the song for the 1960 gala performance recording of Johann Strauss's operetta Die Fledermaus on the Decca/London label.  Herbert von Karajan conducted the recording of the operetta, but the conductor of this excerpt, as well as that of most of the other gala excerpts included, is not identified.

Jane Ira Bloom included the song in her 2011 album Wingwalker.

Covers and parodies
On the children's show Sesame Street, Count von Count, his wife the Countess, and her mother Mama Countess sing a song called "I Could Have Counted All Night", which spoofs "I Could Have Danced All Night".

References

External links
 , 2001 London revival
 , from Kristin Chenoweth album Coming Home
 , BBC One Over the Rainbow feat. Lauren Samuels
 , Frank Sinatra feat. Billy May & His Orchestra
 , Mantovani & His Orchestra (instrumental)

1956 songs
Songs with music by Frederick Loewe
Songs with lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner
Ella Fitzgerald songs
Andy Williams songs
Songs from My Fair Lady
Songs about dancing

I Could Have Danced All Night


Trinity Bay is the northeast portion of Galveston Bay, bordered by Chambers and Harris counties in Texas, United States. The bay, approximately  long, heads at the mouth of the Trinity River. Trinity Bay is separated from the main part of Galveston Bay by the San Jacinto River, part of the Houston Ship Channel.

Trinity Bay fronts on the vast network of Chambers County marshes and prairie land. The Trinity Basin contributes 54% of the total bay system inflow for the Galveston Bay complex. Near the head of the bay sits the town of Anahuac. Closer to the San Jacinto river lies the community of Beach City. The city of Baytown also lies near the bay although it does not actually reach its shores. Some smaller communities hug the shores of the bay as well. Much of the area near the shore is semi-rural or undeveloped, particularly the Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge which lies between Trinity Bay and East Bay, another segment of the Galveston Bay complex.

On February 23, 2019, Atlas Air Flight 3591 crashed into Trinity Bay, and all three people (two crew members and one passenger) aboard the flight were killed as a result.

References

Bays of Texas
Trinity River (Texas)
Galveston Bay Area
Bodies of water of Chambers County, Texas

Trinity Bay (Texas)


Tetris Attack is a puzzle video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy that was released in 1996. It was developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. It is the first game in the Puzzle League series. It was originally known as Panel de Pon in Japan and had different characters, but the characters were replaced with characters from Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island when the game was made in English.

Gameplay
Players clear blocks that come down by lining them up in horizontal or vertical lines of three or more blocks. The lines have to have the same kind of block. As new blocks come down, the playfield rises. If it makes it to the top, the player loses. The player can stop the playfield from rising by clearing blocks. In two-player games, clearing more than one line at once making combos causes "garbage" blocks to come down on the opponent's side of the field. Garbage blocks can be cleared by clearing lines below it.

There are several single-player modes. In Story Mode, the player plays through the game's story. The player faces against opponents in head-to-head matches. The player has to make their opponent lose by causing their playfield to make it to the top. In Endless Mode, the player plays as long as possible; with the speed becoming faster over time. In Timed Mode, the player has to score as many points as possible in two minutes. In Stage Clear, the player goes through a series of stages where they have to clear blocks below a line. In Puzzle Mode, the player goes through puzzles where they have to clear blocks in a certain amount of moves.

There are also multiplayer modes which are two-player versions of the single-player modes.

Other websites

1996 video games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Game Boy games
Yoshi games
Puzzle video games

Tetris Attack


Tobacco smoking or cigarette smoking is when a person breathes in and breathes out smoke from a cigarette using a lighter. Smoking is harmful to the lungs, and can cause many diseases such as cancer, pneumonia, and many others. When a user smokes, the chemicals from inside the cigarette damage the body, including the smoke, making the person more likely to get certain diseases.

In public areas such as arenas or police stations, smoking is usually not allowed. This is because the smoke from the cigarette goes into the air, and can be breathed in by other people. Signs have to be placed in public areas to stop people from smoking while there. If a man was smoking while walking near a police station and he didn't listen to the sign, he would have questions asked to him or be arrested by police.

Smoking can cause heart attacks, if continued for years of using tobacco or any other powders used for smoking, including marijuana. Smoking can cause mental, as well as physical health problems, such as schizophrenia, depression, mood swings and many others. If a smoker continues smoking for years, or even decades, their health will worsen. Smoking can cause coughing, or inflammation (swelling) of the throat or lungs. The alveoli are air sacs via which breathing happens, but they will become badly damaged. Once breathed in, the tobacco smoke travels down the trachea and enters the lungs. When entering the body, the smoke would damage the cilia, which are millions of small hairs that push away mucus when it enters the body. If the lungs become even more damaged, smokers may not be able to breathe on their own, and they will be put on a device to help them breathe such as a ventilator. In some cases, smoking causes the lining of the lungs to become inflamed, making the smoker unable to breathe, which leads to death.

Smoking

Tobacco smoking


The Oxford English Dictionary (or OED) is a dictionary. It is published by the Oxford University Press in England, and is the largest English dictionary.

It traces (or follows in detail) the historical development of the English language, and is a resource to writers and scholars. It describes how the language has been used.

The second edition came to 21,728 pages in 20 volumes, published in  1989. Number of main entries is 231,100 and number of main entries for out-of -date words is 47,100.

Work began on the dictionary in 1857, but it was not until 1884 that it began to be published in parts, under the name of A New English Dictionary on historical principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. In 1895, the title The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in ten bound volumes. In 1933, The Oxford English Dictionary was reprinted as twelve volumes with a one-volume supplement. More supplements came over the years until 1989, when the second edition was published. Since 2000, a third edition of the dictionary has been underway, approximately a third of which is now complete.

The first electronic version of the dictionary was done in 1988. The online version has been available since 2000, and as of April 2014 was receiving over two million hits per month. The third edition of the dictionary will probably only appear in electronic form; Nigel Portwood, chief executive of Oxford University Press, feels it unlikely that it will ever be printed.

References

Other websites

Dictionaries

Oxford English Dictionary


Processor power dissipation or processing unit power dissipation is the process in which computer processors consume electrical energy, and dissipate this energy in the form of heat due to the resistance in the electronic circuits.

Power management

Designing CPUs that perform tasks efficiently without overheating is a major consideration of nearly all CPU manufacturers to date. Historically, early CPUs implemented with vacuum tubes consumed power on the order of many kilowatts. Current CPUs in general-purpose personal computers, such as desktops and laptops, consume power in the order of tens to hundreds of watts. Some other CPU implementations use very little power; for example, the CPUs in mobile phones often use just a few watts of electricity, while some microcontrollers used in embedded systems may consume only a few milliwatts or even as little as a few microwatts.

There are a number of engineering reasons for this pattern:
 For a given CPU core, energy usage will scale up as its clock rate increases. Reducing the clock rate or undervolting usually reduces energy consumption; it is also possible to undervolt the microprocessor while keeping the clock rate the same.
 New features generally require more transistors, each of which uses power. Turning unused areas off saves energy, such as through clock gating.
 As a processor model's design matures, smaller transistors, lower-voltage structures, and design experience may reduce energy consumption.

Processor manufacturers usually release two power consumption numbers for a CPU:
 typical thermal power, which is measured under normal load (for instance, AMD's average CPU power)
 maximum thermal power, which is measured under a worst-case load

For example, the Pentium 4 2.8 GHz has a 68.4 W typical thermal power and 85 W maximum thermal power. When the CPU is idle, it will draw far less than the typical thermal power. Datasheets normally contain the thermal design power (TDP), which is the maximum amount of heat generated by the CPU, which the cooling system in a computer is required to dissipate.  Both Intel and Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) have defined TDP as the maximum heat generation for thermally significant periods, while running worst-case non-synthetic workloads; thus, TDP is not reflecting the actual maximum power of the processor.  This ensures the computer will be able to handle essentially all applications without exceeding its thermal envelope, or requiring a cooling system for the maximum theoretical power (which would cost more but in favor of extra headroom for processing power).

In many applications, the CPU and other components are idle much of the time, so idle power contributes significantly to overall system power usage.  When the CPU uses power management features to reduce energy use, other components, such as the motherboard and chipset, take up a larger proportion of the computer's energy. In applications where the computer is often heavily loaded, such as scientific computing, performance per watt (how much computing the CPU does per unit of energy) becomes more significant.

CPUs typically use a significant portion of the power consumed by the computer. Other major uses include fast video cards, which contain graphics processing units, and power supplies. In laptops, the LCD's backlight also uses a significant portion of overall power. While energy-saving features have been instituted in personal computers for when they are idle, the overall consumption of today's high-performance CPUs is considerable. This is in strong contrast with the much lower energy consumption of CPUs designed for low-power devices.

Sources
There are several factors contributing to the CPU power consumption; they include dynamic power consumption, short-circuit power consumption, and power loss due to transistor leakage currents:

The dynamic power consumption originates from the activity of logic gates inside a CPU. When the logic gates toggle, energy is flowing as the capacitors inside them are charged and discharged. The dynamic power consumed by a CPU is approximately proportional to the CPU frequency, and to the square of the CPU voltage:

where  is the switched load capacitance,  is frequency,  is voltage.

When logic gates toggle, some transistors inside may change states. As this takes a finite amount of time, it may happen that for a very brief amount of time some transistors are conducting simultaneously. A direct path between the source and ground then results in some short-circuit power loss (). The magnitude of this power is dependent on the logic gate, and is rather complex to model on a macro level.

Power consumption due to leakage power () emanates at a micro-level in transistors. Small amounts of currents are always flowing between the differently doped parts of the transistor. The magnitude of these currents depend on the state of the transistor, its dimensions, physical properties and sometimes temperature. The total amount of leakage currents tends to inflate for increasing temperature and decreasing transistor sizes.

Both dynamic and short-circuit power consumption are dependent on the clock frequency, while the leakage current is dependent on the CPU supply voltage.  It has been shown that the energy consumption of a program shows convex energy behavior, meaning that there exists an optimal CPU frequency at which energy consumption is minimal for the work done.

Reduction
Power consumption can be reduced in several ways, including the following:
 Voltage reduction dual-voltage CPUs, dynamic voltage scaling, undervolting, etc.
 Frequency reduction underclocking, dynamic frequency scaling, etc.
 Capacitance reduction increasingly integrated circuits that replace PCB traces between two chips with relatively lower-capacitance on-chip metal interconnect between two sections of a single integrated chip; low-κ dielectric, etc.
 Power gating techniques such as clock gating and globally asynchronous locally synchronous, which can be thought of as reducing the capacitance switched on each clock tick, or can be thought of as locally reducing the clock frequency in some sections of the chip.
 Various techniques to reduce the switching activity number of transitions the CPU drives into off-chip data buses, such as non-multiplexed address bus, bus encoding such as Gray code addressing, or value cache encoding such as power protocol. Sometimes an "activity factor" (A) is put into the above equation to reflect activity.
 Sacrificing transistor density for higher frequencies.
 Layering heat-conduction zones within the CPU framework ("Christmassing the Gate").
 Recycling at least some of that energy stored in the capacitors (rather than dissipating it as heat in transistors) adiabatic circuit, energy recovery logic, etc.
 Optimizing machine code - by implementing compiler optimizations that schedules clusters of instructions using common components, the CPU power used to run an application can be significantly reduced.

Clock frequencies and multi-core chip designs
Historically, processor manufacturers consistently delivered increases in clock rates and instruction-level parallelism, so that single-threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification.  More recently, in order to manage CPU power dissipation, processor makers favor multi-core chip designs, thus software needs to be written in a multi-threaded or multi-process manner to take full advantage of such hardware.  Many multi-threaded development paradigms introduce overhead, and will not see a linear increase in speed when compared to the number of processors.  This is particularly true while accessing shared or dependent resources, due to lock contention.  This effect becomes more noticeable as the number of processors increases.

Recently, IBM has been exploring ways to distribute computing power more efficiently by mimicking the distributional properties of the human brain.

Processor overheating
Processors can be damaged from overheating, but vendors protect processors with operational safeguards such as throttling and automatic shutdown. When a core exceeds the set throttle temperature, processors can reduce power to maintain a safe temperature level and if the processor is unable to maintain a safe operating temperature through throttling actions, it will automatically shut down to prevent permanent damage.

See also

 Autonomous peripheral operation
 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
 Glitch removal
 Green computing
 IT energy management
 List of CPU power dissipation figures
 Low-power electronics
 Moore's law
 Overclocking
 Performance per watt
 Power analysis
 Dissipation
 PowerTOP

References

Further reading

 http://developer.intel.com/design/itanium2/documentation.htm#datasheets
 http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm
 http://www.intel.com/design/mobile/datashts/24297301.pdf
 http://www.intel.com/design/intarch/prodbref/27331106.pdf
 http://www.via.com.tw/en/products/processors/c7-d/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090216190358/http://mbsg.intel.com/mbsg/glossary.aspx
 http://download.intel.com/design/Xeon/datashts/25213506.pdf
 http://www.intel.com/Assets/en_US/PDF/datasheet/313079.pdf, page 12
 http://support.amd.com/us/Processor_TechDocs/43374.pdf, pages 10 and 80.

External links
 CPU Reference for all vendors. Process node, die size, speed, power, instruction set, etc.
 Processor Electrical Specifications
 SizingLounge online calculation tool for server energy costs
 For specification on Intel processors
 Making x86 Run Cool, 2001-04-15, by Paul DeMone

Central processing unit
Electric power

Processor power dissipation


Mary Boland (born Marie Anne Boland; January 28, 1882 – June 23, 1965) was an American stage and film actress.

Early years
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Boland was the daughter of repertory actor William Augustus Boland, and his wife Mary Cecilia Hatton. She had an older sister named Sara. The family later moved to Detroit.

Boland went to school at the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Detroit. By age fifteen she had left school and was performing on stage.

In 1901, she began acting on stage with a local stock theater company.

Career
She debuted on Broadway in 1907 in the play The Ranger with Dustin Farnum and had appeared in eleven Broadway productions, notably with John Drew, becoming his "leading lady in New York and on the road." She made her silent film debut for Triangle Studios in 1915. She entertained soldiers in France during World War I and then returned to America. After appearing in nine movies, she left filmmaking in 1920, returning to the stage and appearing in several Broadway productions, including The Torch-Bearers (1922). She became famous as a comedian.

Boland's greatest success on the stage in the 1920s was the comedy The Cradle Snatchers (1925–26), in which she, Edna May Oliver, and Margaret Dale, having been abandoned by their husbands, take on young lovers. Roy Liebman notes this play helped establish the persona that would be associated with her for the rest of her career. Boland's paramour was Humphrey Bogart in one of his first roles. She had previously performed with Bogart in the 1923 comedy Meet the Wife at the Klaw Theatre as Gertrude Lennox.

After an eleven-year absence, in 1931, she returned to Hollywood under contract to Paramount Pictures. She achieved far greater film success with her second try, becoming one of the most popular character actresses of the 1930s, always playing major roles in her films and often starring, notably in a series of comedies opposite Charles Ruggles.

Boland appeared in numerous films, including Ruggles of Red Gap, The Big Broadcast of 1936, Danger - Love at Work, Nothing but Trouble, and Julia Misbehaves. She is likely best remembered for her portrayals of Countess DeLave in The Women (1939) and Mrs. Bennet in Pride and Prejudice (1940).

For the remainder of her career, Boland combined films and, later, television productions, with appearances on stage, including starring in the 1935 Cole Porter musical Jubilee and appearing in the play "One Fine Day" with Charlie Ruggles in 1948. Her last Broadway appearance was in 1954 at the age of seventy-two. That play, Lullaby, was unsuccessful. Her last acting was in the 1955 television adaptation of The Women recreating her film role.

Personal life and death
Boland never married nor had children. On June 23, 1965, she died of a heart attack at her home in New York. She was interred in the Great Mausoleum, Sanctuary of Vespers in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Boland was a practicing Roman Catholic and a Republican who supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election.

Recognition
For her contribution to the film industry, Boland has a motion pictures star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6150 Hollywood Boulevard.

Filmography

Silent
The Edge of the Abyss (1915) - Alma Clayton
The Price of Happiness (1916) - Bertha Miller
The Stepping Stone (1916) - Mary Beresford
Mountain Dew (1917) - Lily Bud Raines
A Woman's Experience (1918, Extant; Library of Congress) - Agnes Roydant
The Prodigal Wife (1918) - Marion Farnham
The Perfect Lover (1919) - Mrs. Whitney
His Temporary Wife (1920) - Verna Devore

Sound

Secrets of a Secretary (1931) - Mrs. Merritt
Personal Maid (1931) - Mrs. Otis Gary
The Night of June 13 (1932) - Mazie Strawn
Evenings for Sale (1932) - Jenny Kent
If I Had a Million (1932) - Mrs. Peabody
Mama Loves Papa (1933) - Jessie Todd
Three-Cornered Moon (1933) - Mrs. Nellie Rimplegar
The Solitaire Man (1933) - Mrs. Hopkins
Four Frightened People (1934) - Mrs. Mardick
Six of a Kind (1934) - Flora Whinney
Melody in Spring (1934) - Mary Blodgett
Stingaree (1934) - Mrs. Clarkson
Here Comes the Groom (1934) - Mrs. Widden
Down to Their Last Yacht (1934) - Queen of Malakamokalu, 'Queenie'
The Pursuit of Happiness (1934) - Comfort Kirkland
Ruggles of Red Gap (1935) - Effie Floud
People Will Talk (1935) - Clarice Wilton
Two for Tonight (1935) - Mrs. Smythe
The Big Broadcast of 1936 (1935) - Mrs. Sealingsworth
Early to Bed (1936) - Tessie Weeks
A Son Comes Home (1936) - Mary Grady
Wives Never Know (1936) - Marcia Bigelow
College Holiday (1936) - Carola P. Gaye
Marry the Girl (1937) - Ollie Radway
Danger – Love at Work (1937) - Mrs. Alice Pemberton
There Goes the Groom (1937) - Mrs. Russell
Mama Runs Wild (1937) - Alice Summers
Little Tough Guys in Society (1938) - Mrs. Berry
Artists and Models Abroad (1938) - Mrs. Isabel Channing
Boy Trouble (1939) - Sybil Fitch
The Magnificent Fraud (1939) - Mme. Geraldine Genet
Night Work (1939) - Sybil Fitch
The Women (1939) - The Countess De Lave - Flora
He Married His Wife (1940) - Ethel
New Moon (1940) - Valerie de Rossac
Pride and Prejudice (1940) - Mrs. Bennet
Hit Parade of 1941 (1940) - Emily Potter
One Night in the Tropics (1940) - Aunt Kitty Marblehead
In Our Time (1944) - Mrs. Bromley
Nothing but Trouble (1944) - Mrs. Hawkley
Forever Yours (1945) - Aunt Mary
Julia Misbehaves (1948) - Ma Ghenoccio
Guilty Bystander (1950) - Smitty

References

External links

allmovie/bio

New York Public Library collection of Mary Boland photographs.
Boland and costars from The Women
Mary on the cover of The Theater magazine in the 1910 play Smith costarring John Drew
Mary Boland along with several other actors on Orson Welles's Radio Almanac 1944
young beautiful Mary Boland
1918 passport photo
portrait gallery(University of Washington, Sayre)
brief article on Mary Boland as a Laurel & Hardy player
 Mary Boland: Broadway Photographs(Univ. of South Carolina)
Mary on the cover of The Theatre Jan. 1913(archived)

1882 births
1965 deaths
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
American stage actresses
Actresses from Philadelphia
20th-century American actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Paramount Pictures contract players
American television actresses
American Roman Catholics
Pennsylvania Republicans
California Republicans
New York (state) Republicans
Actresses from Pennsylvania

Mary Boland


Colesevelam is a bile acid sequestrant administered orally. It was developed by GelTex Pharmaceuticals and later acquired by Genzyme. It is marketed in the U.S. by Daiichi Sankyo under the brand name Welchol and elsewhere by Genzyme as Cholestagel. In Canada, it is marketed by Valeant as Lodalis.

Clinical use
Colesevelam is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to reduce elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with primary hyperlipidemia as monotherapy and to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, including in combination with a statin.  The expanded use of colesevelam in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus is an example of drug repositioning.

Colesevelam is one of the bile-acid sequestrants, which along with niacin and the statins, are the three main types of cholesterol-lowering agents. The statins are considered the first-line agents. This is because of the larger body of evidence supporting statins' ability to prevent cardiovascular disease, as well as the prominent side effects from the other two types, including bloating and constipation (bile-acid sequestrants) and skin flushing (niacin). These side effects often lead to low patient compliance.

Colesevelam can be used instead of cholestyramine in symptomatic chronic diarrhea due to bile salt malabsorption (bile acid diarrhea), which can be a primary condition, or secondary to Crohn's disease or the postcholecystectomy syndrome.

Constituents
Colesevelam is a modified polyallylamine.  It is made by crosslinking polyallylamine with epichlorohydrin, and then modifying it with  and (6-bromohexyl)trimethylammonium bromide.  The bromide ions are then replaced with chloride ions when the material is washed.

The constituents of the polymer colesevelam shown as subunits that do not exist per se in the final product are:

N-prop-2-enyldecan-1-amine; trimethyl-[6-(prop-2-enylamino)hexyl]azanium; prop-2-en-1-amine; 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane; hydrogen chloride; chloride.

Mechanism of action
Colesevelam is part of a class of drugs known as bile acid sequestrants. Colesevelam hydrochloride, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in Welchol, is a non-absorbed, lipid-lowering polymer that binds bile acids in the intestine, impeding their reabsorption. As the bile acid pool becomes depleted, the hepatic enzyme, cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase, is upregulated, which increases the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids. This causes an increased demand for cholesterol in the liver cells, resulting in the dual effect of increasing transcription and activity of the cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase, and increasing the number of hepatic LDL receptors. These compensatory effects result in increased clearance of LDL-C from the blood, resulting in decreased serum LDL-C levels. Serum TG levels may increase or remain unchanged.

It is not yet known how Colesevelam works to help control blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. However, it is clear that the drug works within the digestive tract, since it is not absorbed into the rest of the body.

Cholesterol
Since Colesevelam can lower total and LDL cholesterol levels (along with raising HDL), taking it may decrease one's risk of developing certain health problems in the future.

Previous clinical research studies indicate individuals taking 3,800 mg to 4,500 mg of Colesevelam daily were able to:
 Reduce LDL cholesterol by 15 to 18 percent.
 Reduce total cholesterol by 7 to 10 percent.
 Raise HDL cholesterol by 3 percent.

The combination of Colesevelam with a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (known more commonly as a statin) can further lower cholesterol levels.

Side effects
In controlled clinical studies involving approximately 1,400 patients, the following adverse reactions have been reported in patients treated with colesevelam. When reporting to the very common (≥ 1 / 10), common (≥ 1 / 100, 51/10), uncommon (≥ 1 / 1000, 51/100), rare (≥ 1/10.000, 51/1000) and distinction very rarely (51/10.000), including individual cases:
 Investigations Common: serum triglyceride increased; Uncommon: serum transaminase increases
 Nervous system disorders Common: headache
 Gastrointestinal disorders Very Common: flatulence, constipation; Common: vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, stool abnormalities, nausea
 Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Uncommon: myalgia
The background incidence of flatulence and diarrhea was the same in patients in controlled clinical trials, and higher in the placebo group. Only constipation and dyspepsia were shown to occur in a higher percentage of patients who received Cholestagel, compared to the placebo group. Side effects were generally mild or moderate in severity.  In the application of colesevelam in combination with statins, no unexpected frequent side effects occurred.

References

External links

Hepatology
Bile acid sequestrants
Daiichi Sankyo

Colesevelam


Nieuwezijds Kapel (Dutch - New Side's Chapel), or Heilige Stede (Dutch - holy site) or Chapel of the Heilige Stede refers to a site in Amsterdam that includes shops and a Dutch Reformed church built in 1908 on the site of a church once called the Heilige Stede, originally built in the 15th century to replace a chapel that burned in a city fire of 1452. That original chapel had been built in 1347 as a result of the miracle of Amsterdam (15 March 1345), located on the Kalverstraat where this miracle with the eucharistic host occurred.

History

In the beeldenstorm of 1566 the chapel was severely damaged, and after the Alteratie, the chapel came into Protestant hands, when it was renamed the Nieuwezijds Chapel by them.  The yearly procession that until then had taken place by the Catholics, was forbidden. In 1881, this tradition was reinstated as the Stille Omgang.

The building was deconstructed in 1908, after the Protestant church fathers decided to consolidate the space and sell off the surrounding land to generate income. At that period the Catholic Church was enjoying a surge in popularity and the Protestants were determined not to "give them back their church grounds". The various sections of the old church outside the part left for the modern chapel, were stripped of useful materials, to prevent them ever being used again for Catholic worship, and the ground was sold for the construction of shops, so that the Catholics could never have it back.  The miracle church's function had already long been taken over by the Roman Catholic schuilkerk at the Amsterdam Beguinage. Despite these measures, the site still has many parts of the old church intact, and the cultural history of the entire site is important for the city of Amsterdam.

Parts of the chapel are still to be found in the Enge Kapelsteeg and on the roof of the schuilkerk De Papegaai in the Kalverstraat.  A few fragments of the chapel came to be on the Frankendael in the Watergraafsmeer.  On the Rokin was erected the Mirakelkolom (miracle column), though this was disassembled and raised for the construction of the North-south line of the Amsterdam Metro. The entire site is considered a Rijksmonument, except for certain parts of the interior such as the modern organ.

References

External links
  Website on the het Gezelschap of the Stille Omgang
  The Miracle of Amsterdam on amsterdam.nl
  Nieuwezijds Kapel (Heilige Stede), (1347, 1908/12) on bma.amsterdam.nl
  Amsterdam, Holy Sacrament ('Sacrament of the Miracle')

Buildings and structures completed in 1347
Churches completed in 1908
Churches in Amsterdam
Chapels in the Netherlands
Rijksmonuments in Amsterdam
20th-century religious buildings and structures in the Netherlands

Heilige Stede


Ussé is a castle in the Indre-et-Loire département, in France. The stronghold at the edge of the Chinon forest overlooking the Indre Valley was first fortified in the eleventh century by the Norman seigneur of Ussé, Gueldin de Saumur, who surrounded the fort with a palisade on a high terrace. The site passed to the Comte de Blois, who rebuilt it in stone.

In the fifteenth century, the ruined castle of Ussé was purchased by Jean V de Bueil, a captain-general of Charles VII who became seigneur of Ussé in 1431 and began rebuilding it in the 1440s; his son Antoine de Bueil married in 1462 Jeanne de Valois, the biological daughter of Charles VII and Agnès Sorel, who brought as dowry 40000 golden écus. Antoine was heavily in debt and in 1455, sold the château to Jacques d'Espinay, son of a chamberlain to the Duke of Brittany and himself chamberlain to the king; Espinay built the chapel, completed by his son Charles in 1612, in which the Flamboyant Gothic style is mixed with new Renaissance motifs, and began the process of rebuilding the fifteenth-century château that resulted in the sixteenth-seventeenth century aspect of the structure to be seen today.

In the seventeenth century Louis I de Valentinay, comptroller of the royal household, demolished the north range of buildings in order to open the interior court to the views over the parterre terrace, to a design ascribed to André Le Nôtre. Valentinay's son-in-law was the military engineer Vauban, who visited Ussé on numerous occasions.

Charles Perrault, author of the versions of several of the most famous fairy tales known today, often visited the castle and was a guest there. He had the castle of Ussé in mind when writing "The Sleeping Beauty".

Later, the castle passed to the Rohan. In 1802 Ussé was purchased by the duc de Duras; as early as March 1813, low-key meetings were held at Ussé among a group of Bourbon loyalists, who met to sound out the possibilities of a Bourbon Restoration: such men as Trémouille,  duc de Fitzjames, the prince de Polignac, Ferrand, Montmorency and the duc de  Rochefoucault attended. Here later François-René de Chateaubriand worked on his Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe as the guest of duchesse Claire de Duras.

In 1885 the comtesse de la Rochejaquelein bequeathed Ussé to her great-nephew, the comte de Blacas. Today the château belongs to his descendant Casimir de Blacas d' Aulps the 7th Duke of Blacas.

Famed for its picturesque aspect, Ussé was the subject of a French railroad poster issued by the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans in the 1920s and was one of several that inspired Walt Disney in the creation of many of the Disney Castles.

Ussé was classified as a monument historique in 1931 by the French Ministry of Culture.

See also
List of castles in France

Notes

External links

Château d'Ussé website
Château d'Ussé
Un entretien avec le propriétaire du Château d'Ussé Stanislas de Blacas (en anglais)

Châteaux of the Loire Valley
Châteaux in Indre-et-Loire
Gardens in Indre-et-Loire
Historic house museums in Centre-Val de Loire
Museums in Indre-et-Loire
Monuments historiques of Indre-et-Loire

Château d'Ussé


MiniGLX is a specification for an application programming interface which facilitates OpenGL rendering on systems without windowing systems, e.g. Linux without an X Window System or embedded systems without a windowing system. The interface is a subset of the GLX interface, plus a minimal set of Xlib-like functions.

Programs written for Mini GLX can run unchanged on systems with the X Window System and the GLX extension. The intention is to allow flexibility for prototyping and testing.

MiniGLX is currently implemented within the Mesa 3D project that provides a means to use the Direct Rendering Infrastructure when the X Window System is not used. In essence it provides functions that mimic those of X, so that programs written using MiniGLX should be compilable as X Window programs. MiniGLX renders directly to the framebuffer device or through accelerated DRI drivers. MiniGLX allows only one window (which fills the whole framebuffer) to exist.

If the existing source code were extended, MiniGLX could be used by GPGPU applications, using the power of graphics card processors for general, non-graphical tasks, as long as no other driver uses the graphics card. Nvidia has already integrated support for using the graphics processing unit on Nvidia cards for application programming into its proprietary 3D graphic driver.

See also

 Graphics hardware and FOSS
 MiniGL

External links

Application programming interfaces
Graphics libraries
OpenGL

MiniGLX


Geta mey refer tae:

Publius Septimius Geta (AD 189–211), a Roman emperor
Geta, Åland, a municipality in Finland
Getå, a minor locality in Swaden
Geta, woreda in Ethiopie
Geta, Nepal
Geta (fuitwear), a teep o Japanese footwear
The geta symbol 〓, namit for its resemblance tae the geta shae; see Japanese typographic seembols
Geta, a 1982 science-fiction novel bi Donald Kingsbury which haes the alternative title Courtship Rite

Roman surname
Geta wis the faimily name o several distinguished Romans:
Gaius Vitorius Hosidius Geta, grandson o Gnaeus Hosidius Geta
Gnaeus Hosidius Geta (ca. AD 20 – after 95), a Roman senator
Hosidius Geta, a playwright, possibly identical wi Gnaeus Hosidius Geta
Lucius Lusius Geta (fl. AD 54), a govrenor o Egyp
Publius Septimius Geta (disambiguation)

Geta


Roland Blum (born 12 July 1945 in Les Pennes-Mirabeau) is a French conservative politician and member of the National Assembly of France. He belongs to the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).

Life and career
A former student of the Institut d'études politiques d'Aix-en-Provence (science political school), he was elected deputy on 16 June 2002 in the Bouches-du-Rhône. He was the first French deputy to interpellate the government on the subject of Muhammad al-Durrah, a child killed in the Palestinian territories and filmed and commented by Charles Enderlin of France 2 TV, claiming it was a fake. The investigation has shown that such was not the case, and France 2 has deposed a complaint against X (equivalent to John Doe) on charges of defamation.

Following the request from Greens deputies Noël Mamère, Martine Billard and Yves Cochet on September 10, 2003, for the constitution of a Parliamentary Commission on the "role of France in the support of military regimes in Latin America from 1973 to 1984" before the Foreign Affairs Commission of the National Assembly, presided by Édouard Balladur (UMP), a request made following the investigations carried on by journalist Marie-Monique Robin, Roland Blum was nominated as responsible of the Commission. However, he refused to hear Marie-Monique Robin, and published in December 2003 a 12 pages report qualified by Robin as the summum of bad faith. It claimed that no military cooperation agreement had been signed between France and Argentina, despite the agreement found by Robin in the Quai d'Orsay, which showed that French veterans of the Algerian War were in mission in Buenos Aires from 1959 to 1981.

References

See also
Union for a Popular Movement (UMP, as of 2007 headed by Nicolas Sarkozy)

1945 births
Living people
People from Bouches-du-Rhône
Republican Party (France) politicians
Liberal Democracy (France) politicians
Union for French Democracy politicians
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
Sciences Po Aix alumni
Deputies of the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 12th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic

Roland Blum


The neusis is a geometric construction method that was used by ancient Greek mathematicians. At that time, people did not have good rules to measure distances. They did not know algebra. So, they studied geometry by moving fixed length sticks around on a piece of paper.

Geometric construction
The neusis construction (from Greek νεῦσις from νεύειν neuein "incline towards"; plural: νεύσεις neuseis) fits a line element of given length (a) in between two given lines (l and m), in such a way that the line element, or its extension, passes through a given point P. That is, one end of the line element has to lie on l, the other end on m, while the line element is "inclined" towards P.

A neusis construction might be performed by means of a 'Neusis Ruler': a marked ruler that is rotatable around the point P (this may be done by putting a pin into the point P and then pressing the ruler against the pin). In the figure, one end of the ruler is marked with a yellow eye with crosshairs: this is the origin of the scale division on the ruler. A second marking on the ruler (the blue eye) indicates the distance a from the origin. The yellow eye is moved along line l, until the blue eye coincides with line m. The position of the line element thus found is shown in the figure as a dark blue bar.

Point P is called the pole of the neusis, line l the directrix, or guiding line, and line m the catch line. Length a is called the diastema (διάστημα; Greek for "distance").

Use of the neusis
Neuseis have been important because they sometimes provide a means to solve geometric problems that are not solvable by means of compass and straightedge alone. Examples are the trisection of any angle in three equal parts, or the construction of a regular heptagon. Mathematicians such as Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC) freely used neuseis. Slowly, the Greeks stopped using it.

Decline in use
T. L. Heath, the historian of mathematics, thought that the Greek mathematician Oenopides (ca. 440 BC) was the first to put compass and straightedge constructions above neuseis. Hippocrates of Chios (ca. 430 BC) may have spread the idea that mathematicians should avoid neuseis whenever possible. He came from the same island as Oenopides, and who was—as far as we know—the first to write a systematically ordered geometry textbook. One hundred years after him, Euclid also said bad things about neuseis in his very influential textbook, The Elements.

The next attack on the neusis came when, from the fourth century BC, Plato's idealism gained ground. Under its influence, a hierarchy of three classes of geometrical constructions was developed. Descending from the "abstract and noble" to the "mechanical and earthly", the three groups were:
 constructions with straight lines and circles only (compass and straightedge);
 constructions that in addition to this use conic sections (ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas);
 constructions that needed yet other means of construction, for example neuseis.

In the end, the Greek mathematicians thought that using a neusis was acceptable only when the two other, higher groups of constructions did not offer a solution. Neusis became a kind of last resort that was invoked only when all other, more respectable, methods had failed. Using neusis where other construction methods might have been used, was branded by the late Greek mathematician Pappus of Alexandria (ca. 325 AD) as "a not inconsiderable error".

Related pages
Angle trisection
Doubling the cube
Squaring the circle

References
R. Boeker, 'Neusis', in: Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, G. Wissowa red. (1894–), Supplement 9 (1962) 415–461.–In German. The most comprehensive survey; however, the author sometimes has rather curious opinions.
T. L. Heath, A history of Greek Mathematics (2 volumes; Oxford 1921).
H. G. Zeuthen, Die Lehre von den Kegelschnitten im Altertum [= The Theory of Conic Sections in Antiquity] (Copenhagen 1886; reprinted Hildesheim 1966).

Other websites
MathWorld page
Angle Trisection by Paper Folding

Geometry

Neusis construction


Anthony Rolfe Johnson, CBE (born 5 November 1940; died 21 July 2010) was an English operatic tenor.  He was especially famous for singing the music of Monteverdi, Mozart and Benjamin Britten.  He sang many of the operatic roles which Britten had written for Peter Pears to sing.

Life

Anthony Rolfe Johnson was born in Tackley in Oxfordshire.  When he was a child he enjoyed singing, but did not think of taking it up as a career.  He started to work in farm management.  Then, in his late twenties, he decided to study singing at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He started his singing career by singing in operas in the chorus and in small roles at the Glyndebourne Festival between 1972 and 1976. His first big operatic part was Vaudémont in Tchaikovsky's Iolanthe in 1973 with the English Opera Group.  Then he sang the part of Albert Herring in Britten's opera.

In 1978, he joined English National Opera.  He sang several roles in Mozart and Monteverdi operas, then he sang the Male Chorus (a solo part) in Britten's The Rape of Lucretia and Aschenbach in Death in Venice.  Later he sang the title role in Peter Grimes.   He sang in opera houses all over the world, including including the English National Opera, Royal Opera House, La Monnaie in Brussels, La Scala, Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Vienna State Opera, and the Paris Opera.

Rolfe Johnson sang other music besides operas.  He sang in several oratorios, and he sang the role of Evangelist in J. S. Bach's St John Passion and St Matthew Passion, as well as in Britten's War Requiem.  He also sang on the concert platform, and he gave recitals of Lieder.  He helped find a group called "The Songmakers' Almanac" who sang classical songs. .

He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992.

He died of Alzheimer's disease on 21 July 2010.

References
"Anthony Rolfe Johnson" – obituary in The Independent, 29 July 2010 viewspaper p. 9

1940 births
2010 deaths
British tenors
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English opera singers

Anthony Rolfe Johnson


The Coton de Tuléar is a breed of small dog named for the city of Tuléar (also known as Toliara) in Madagascar. This breed is thought to have originated from a group of small white dogs that swam across the Malagasy channel following a shipwreck. Known for its cotton-like coat, the Coton de Tuléar typically grows to no more than , and are white, sometimes with grey, tan, black, or tri-colored markings. The Coton de Tuléar Day is celebrated on November 26th.

Description

Appearance
Multiple registries with differing standards describe the Coton de Tuléar, but it generally has very soft voluptuous hair (as opposed to fur), comparable to a cotton ball (hence its name in French, coton meaning cotton), a prominent black nose, large expressive eyes (usually covered by bangs), and somewhat short legs. The Coton de Tuléar's tail should curl over its back.

Coat and color

The Coton de Tuléar has a medium-to-long, fluffy, cotton-like coat that is considered hair rather than fur. It is a non-shedding breed with low dander and is considered hypoallergenic. When it is a puppy, it may shed its puppy coat. Like the poodles, Maltese or the Havanese, this breed has very low allergic effects. Matted hair is common for this breed and should be removed through daily brushing and combing. Grooming the Coton de Tuléar can be quite a challenge.

The Coton de Tuléar comes in three accepted colors: white (sometimes with tan markings; all white is preferred by show breeders); black and white; and tricolor. However, the tan and white may become all white, the blacks will often fade to grey or white, and fur will most likely change throughout puppyhood. The breed even has a fade gene that causes the colors, which are very dark when a puppy, to fade and turn white at the base of the hair as it lengthens; that is why the Champagne or Champagne Teddy Bear Coton eventually turns white when the adult hair comes in.) The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard specifies that the Coton's coat should be white but may also have tan or "lemon" color on their ears and body. The coat, however, must be primarily white with no black hair. The US-based Coton de Tuléar Club of America allows for three different but equally favorable colorings: white, black-and-white, and tri-color, including "honey bear". White is described as nearly all white, sometimes with tan or champagne coloring on the ears, face, or back. Black-and-white is defined as pure white with prominent black patches on the head and body (no white-to-black ratio is specified or favored). Tri-color is described as mostly white with some brown markings and dustings of black on the body and head. A honey bear tri-color has light brown with black tips that gradually fades to an off-white or lemon color. The tri-color loses the most color of any of the color varieties, usually becoming mostly white with possibly some champagne markings and a dusting of black hairs on the ears and/or body.

Size
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard gives the Coton's weight as  for males and  for females. The Coton's height (including tolerance) is  tall for males and  for females.

The Coton de Tuléar Club of America standard specifies the weight as no more than , with the average being between . The standard height is , except for the rare Tall Coton, which is  tall. The long-limbed Tall Coton shows up in all three color varieties and can be born to a litter with normal-sized parents that carry the appropriate genes.

Detailed description
The nose is black in colour in the Coton de Tuléar Club of America standard. However, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard, which also favors a black nose, states that brown is tolerable as well. A pink or partly pink nose is not accepted in either standard. The standard advocates that the lips should preferably be tight and of the same colour as the nose, specifically black in the Coton de Tuléar Club of America standard. A Coton de Tuléar's teeth can be either in a scissor bite or pincer bite. Its eyes are normally round, dark in colour, and wide-set. Traditionally, the expression is lively, intelligent, bright, and merry. Typically, the Coton de Tuléar's ears are triangular and set high. The leather of the ear is often thin, and the neck is strong, favoured to be without a dewlap, and slightly arched.

The chest is typically well developed and reaches to (FCI-Standard N° 283 / 04. 02. 2000 / GB) the elbows. A Coton de Tuléar's feet are small and arched, and its back is normally strong and slightly arched. The pads of the feet are usually black. The body is of moderate length and typically has a moderate tuck-up. Traditionally, the loin is muscular and not overly long. The hind legs are normally strong and straight. The hind feet are similar to the front feet. Throughout history, the dewclaws have been removed; however, many would now oppose this arguably unnecessary and cruel procedure. The tail is traditionally low-set and tapering, carried over the back when in motion or excited, but relaxed otherwise.

Temperament
The Coton is a playful, affectionate, intelligent breed. Although generally quiet, it can become very vocal—grunting, barking, and making other noises when having fun. Cotons are known to have a habit of jumping up and walking on their hind legs to please people. Most Cotons love meeting new people and are very curious about new situations. Cotons are easy to train as they are very eager to please. Cotons love to swim, run, and play. They adapt well to any kind of living environment. A common trait of the Coton de Tuléar behaviour is to come alive in the evening.

Care
The Coton has a coat that requires brushing and combing almost daily and bathing about once per week to maintain its beauty. Cotons love swimming; owners who have pools are recommended to let their Cotons play in the pool with supervision. Like poodles, they do not "shed", meaning they don't drop hair on furniture, carpeting, etc. They do lose hair; their coat's texture causes the shed hair to be trapped in the coat. If not brushed and combed daily, this breed's fur will mat up quickly and may require shaving. Cotons need a walk every day for exercise but will appreciate a play session as often as possible and have the endurance to go on a long hike. Cotons love to play with other dogs, and they are great with kids.

Health

The Coton is, in general, a healthy breed. However, there are still some health issues as there are in all breeds. The most serious issues are heart problems, liver shunts, back (disc) problems, and eye problems. Luckily, these are still relatively uncommon in the breed. The small gene pool of this breed is owing to its near extinction. Due to inbreeding by disreputable breeders, there is an increased incidence of disease. The smaller the gene pool, the more likely a breed is to have genetic abnormalities.

The Coton de Tuléar has few health issues compared to many other breeds due to being rather generic in type. It is a fairly rare breed and is just now being accepted and recognized by the AKC as of 2012. The fact that this is a breed being revived from extinction means that the Coton de Tuléar is rather expensive to purchase, and prices may reach $1,800.00-$3,500 per dog. The average life span of a Coton de Tuléar is 14 to 19 years.

History

The Coton de Tuléar developed on the island of Madagascar and is still the island's national dog. It is believed that the Tenerife dog was brought to Madagascar and mated with a dog on the island, creating an unexpected result. The Coton's ancestors were possibly brought to Madagascar in the 16th and 17th centuries aboard pirate ships. Madagascar was a haven for pirates, and pirate graveyards can still be seen there. Pirates established a base on St. Mary's Island, Madagascar and some of them took Malagasy wives. Whether the dogs were brought along to control rats on the ships, as companions for long voyages, or were confiscated from other ships as booty, no one knows. Tuléar is a port now also known as Toliara. The Coton is of the Bichon dog type, linked most closely to the Bichon Tenerife and the Tenerife Terrier. There have been many stories circulating about the history of the Coton in recent years, most of them untrue. The Coton de Tuléar was never feral on Madagascar. It did not hunt wild boar or crocodiles, as its size, strength, and demeanor can disprove easily. It was a companion dog of the Merina (the ruling tribe) in Madagascar. It has a very little prey drive and is not a hunting dog.

The cottony coat may be the result of a single gene mutation. This small, friendly dog caught the fancy of the Malagasy royalty, and they became the only people allowed to keep Cotons. When Dr. Robert Jay Russell encountered the breed in Madagascar in 1973 and brought the first ones to America, he coined the phrase the Royal Dog of Madagascar, and the name stuck. They were also imported occasionally into France by returning French colonists but were not officially imported to Europe until the 1970s.  In 1974, Madagascar released a stamp with the image of the Coton, affirming their status as the nation's "royal dog".
The Coton de Tuléar was first formally recognised as a breed by the Societe Centrale Canine (the French national kennel club) in 1970 and was accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, which published the breed standard in 1972. The Coton de Tuléar is recognised internationally through the Fédération Cynologique Internationale and by major kennel clubs (The Kennel Club (UK) in the Toy Group, and the United Kennel Club (US) in the Companion Group), using standards-based upon the Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard. The breed is not recognised by the New Zealand Kennel Club or the Australian Kennel Union. It also may be recognised in the English-speaking world by any of the very large numbers of minor registries, clubs, and internet-based dog registry businesses.

In the United States, another standard for the Coton de Tuléar was developed based upon the breed in Madagascar in 1974 by a biologist, Dr. Robert Jay Russell. Russell established the Coton de Tuléar Club of America in 1976 and was opposed to American Kennel Club recognition. The Coton de Tuléar entered the American Kennel Club Foundation Stock Service (their first step in breed recognition) in 1996 and became a fully recognized breed on July 1, 2014. The American Kennel Club Parent Club for the breed in the United States of America Coton de Tuléar Club.

See also
 Dogs portal
 List of dog breeds
 Bichon
 Rare breed (dog)

References

External links

FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in Africa
Companion dogs
Toy dogs
Rare dog breeds
Bichon

Coton de Tulear


Ahmet Üzümcü (born August 30, 1951) is a Turkish career diplomat, who previously served as the Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).

He graduated from Foreign Relations Department of the Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University.

Üzümcü was consul at the Consulate General in Aleppo, Syria, and ambassador to Israel from July 28, 1999, to June 30, 2002. Between 2002 and 2004, he served as the Permanent Representative of Turkey to NATO. Üzümcü was appointed Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations Office at Geneva in 2006, serving at this post until 2010. In 2008, he became chair of the Conference on Disarmament.

Üzümcü received an Honorary Doctorate for Lifetime Achievements in Arms Control and Disarmament from the Geneva School of Diplomacy in 2010 prior to taking up his position at the OPCW.

In 2013, during Ahmet Üzümcü's mandate as Director-General, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the OPCW.

Ahmet Üzümcü is married to Işıl Üzümcü.
In 2016 he inaugurated the academic year of the master's course in International Affairs and Development – Peace Studies at  Paris Dauphine University.

In 2019, he was appointed Honorary Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG), for services to international diplomacy and the rule of law.

He is a Senior Network Member at the European Leadership Network (ELN).

References

1951 births
People from Armutlu, Yalova
Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences alumni
20th-century Turkish diplomats
Ambassadors of Turkey to Israel
Permanent Representatives of Turkey to NATO
Permanent Representatives of Turkey to the United Nations
Directors-general of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Living people
Honorary Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
21st-century Turkish diplomats

Ahmet Üzümcü


John McIntyre  (20 May 1916 – 15 December 2005) was a Scottish minister and theologian. He was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1982/83 and Chaplain to the Queen in Scotland from 1990 to 1996.

Biography
McIntyre was born in Glasgow on 20 May 1916 into a working-class family; he was the son of a carpenter. He was educated at Bathgate Academy and the University of Edinburgh (MA in Mental Philosophy First-class honours 1938, BD with Distinction).

He was ordained as a minister in the Church of Scotland in 1941 and worked in Glen Orchy and Inishail as locum tenens (1941–43) and in Fenwick as minister (1943–45).

In 1946 he was appointed Hunter Baillie Professor of Theology at St. Andrew's College, Sydney, Australia. He remained at the college until 1956, having been appointed Principal in 1950. He was elected Honorary Fellow in 1990. He gained a PhD in Theology from the University of Edinburgh in 1953. In 1956 he was appointed Professor of Divinity in the University of Edinburgh, having declined the offer of a position at Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York. He held the chair until 1986. He was in addition Principal of New College and Dean of the Faculty of Divinity (1968–74) and acting Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the university (1973–74 and again in 1979). He was first senior warden of Pollock Halls of Residence, where the refectory is now named in his honour.

In 1971 he was interim minister of the High Kirk of Edinburgh. He was Dean of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle from 1974 until 1989, Extra Chaplain to the Queen in Scotland 1974–75, Chaplain 1975–86, and Extra Chaplain again 1986–2005. He was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order by HM The Queen in 1985.

In 1982 he succeeded Very Rev Andrew Beveridge Doig as the Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. From 1983 until 1987 he was convenor of the Church of Scotland Board of Education.

In 1986 he was honoured with a Festschrift, Religious imagination, ed. James P. Mackey (Edinburgh University Press, 1986). Having taken the substantive degree of Doctor of Letters at Edinburgh, he was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Edinburgh (Doctor honoris causa), University of Glasgow (Doctor of Divinity), and the College of Wooster (Doctor of Humane Letters). He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1977. He was a Member of Council 1979–86 and Vice-President 1983–86.

He retired in 1996 and died at The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh on 15 December 2005.

Publications

The shape of Christology: studies in the doctrine of the person of Christ (2nd edn, Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998; 1st edn, London: SCM, 1966)
The shape of pneumatology: studies in the doctrine of the Holy Spirit (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1997)
The shape of soteriology: studies in the doctrine of the death of Christ (T&T Clark, 1992)
Faith theology, and imagination (Edinburgh: Handsel Press, 1987)
Prophet of penitence: our contemporary ancestor (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 1972)
The availability of Christ (Edinburgh: Scottish Church Society, 1962)
On the love of God (London: Collins, 1962)
The Christian doctrine of history (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1957; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1957)
St. Anselm and his critics: a re-interpretation of the Cur Deus homo (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1954)

The Shape of Soteriology was recently studied in Eamonn Mulcahy, The Cause of Our Salvation: Soteriological Causality according to some Modern British Theologians, 1988–98 (Tesi Gregoriana Serie Teologia 140, Rome: Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 2007), alongside Colin Gunton, The Actuality of Atonement: a Study of Metaphor, Rationality and the Christian Tradition  (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988), Vernon White, Atonement and Incarnation: an essay in Universalism and Particularity (Cambridge University Press, 1991), and Paul Fiddes, Past Event and Present Salvation: the Christian Idea of Atonement (London: Darton, Longman, & Todd, 1989).

References

External links
David Fergusson, 'The Very Rev Professor John McIntyre' (Obituary) The Independent (21 January 2006)
'Very Rev Prof John McIntyre' (Obituary), Telegraph.co.uk (22 December 2005)
'Very Rev. Prof. John McIntyre', The Gazetteer for Scotland
David Fergusson, 'Very Rev Professor John McIntyre' (Royal Society of Edinburgh obituary)
'The Very Rev Professor John McIntyre' (Obituary) The Times (30 December 2005)
New College Bulletin: 160 Years
Photograph, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland website

20th-century Scottish theologians
1916 births
2005 deaths
Scottish philosophers
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Philosophers of religion
20th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Divinity
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Academic staff of the University of Sydney
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Deans of the Thistle
People educated at Bathgate Academy
Ministers of St Giles' Cathedral
20th-century British philosophers
21st-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland

John McIntyre (theologian)


Claude Bernard (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist. He has been called "one of the greatest of all men of science". He was one of the first to suggest blind experiments to get scientific observations more free of bias. He was the first to define the term milieu interieur, which is now known as homeostasis, a later term coined by Walter Cannon.

Bernard made animal experimentation a part of the standard scientific method. He famously wrote in 1865 that "the science of life is a superb and dazzlingly lit hall which may be reached only by passing through a long and ghastly kitchen".

He was born in 1813 in Saint-Julien near Villefranche-sur-Saône. He wrote comedies and other plays. When he was 21 he went to Paris with his play and went to a critic. But the critic suggested for him to study medicine instead of literature.

In 1845 Bernard married Françoise Marie (Fanny) Martin for her money. Her money helped him in his experiments, but she was firmly against his methods, and founded the first French society for anti-vivisectionists. When he died Bernard was given a public funeral. This was something which had never been given by France to a man of science before.

References

Other websites

1813 births
1878 deaths
Physiology
French scientists

Claude Bernard


Ronald George Douglas (December 10, 1938 – February 27, 2018) was an American mathematician, best known for his work on operator theory and operator algebras.

Education and career
Douglas was born in Osgood, Indiana.  He was an undergraduate at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and received his Ph.D. in 1962 from Louisiana State University as a student of Pasquale Porcelli.  He was at the University of Michigan until 1969, when he moved to the State University of New York at Stony Brook.  Beginning in 1986 he moved into university administration, eventually becoming Vice Provost at Stony Brook in 1990, and Provost at Texas A&M University from 1996 until 2002.  At the time of his death, he was Distinguished Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Texas A&M.  He is survived by three children, including Michael R. Douglas, a noted string theorist.

Research
Among his best-known contributions to science is a 1977 paper with Lawrence G. Brown and Peter A. Fillmore (BDF theory), which introduced techniques from algebraic topology into the theory of operator algebras.  This work was an important precursor to noncommutative geometry as later developed by Alain Connes among others. In addition to BDF theory, two other influential theories bear his names: Douglas algebra and Cowen-Douglas operators. In recent decades, he was a prominent advocator of multivariable operator theory. His coauthored book with Vern Paulsen "Hilbert modules over function algebras" introduced an analytic framework for studying commuting operator tuples. Douglas-Arveson conjecture is a well-known unsolved problem in this field.

Douglas directed 23 Ph.D students, some of whom became renowned mathematicians, and his book Banach Algebra Techniques in Operator Theory in the series Graduate Texts in Mathematics is one of the classics in operator theory.

Honors and awards
In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

See also
Douglas' lemma

References

 Brown, L. G.; Douglas, R. G.; Fillmore, P. A., "Extensions of  C*-algebras and K-homology", Annals of Mathematics (2) 105 (1977), no. 2, 265–324.

External links
His page at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

1938 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Texas A&M University faculty
University of Michigan faculty
Stony Brook University faculty
Louisiana State University alumni
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Illinois Institute of Technology alumni
People from Ripley County, Indiana
Operator theorists

Ronald G. Douglas


Morton Patrick Traylor (April 6, 1918 – April 28, 1996) was an American fine artist, designer, serigrapher and founder of the Virginia Art Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Biography
Born in Petersburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1918, Morton Traylor lived in Los Angeles most of his life. After graduating from Eagle Rock High School, he entered Los Angeles City College, where his formal art training began.

In 1964, he established the Virginia Art Institute in Charlottesville, Virginia.

Morton Traylor's artwork can be found in museums and private collections around the world including the Georgia Museum of Art and The British Museum.

Professional life
 National Features Syndicate, New York, New York
 McNaught Syndicate, St. Louis, Missouri.
 Whitman Publishing Co. (Dell Comics) Beverley Hills, California
 Northrop Aviation Co. Commercial Art Dept., Hawthorne, California
 Art Director, "TRYOUT", Big Bear Lake, California
 Owned and Operated Advertising Co., San Bernardino, California
 President of Inter-Mountain Concert Society, California
 Director of Lex Advertising Co., Charlottesville, Virginia
 Owned and Operated Virginia Art & Advertising, Crozet, Virginia
 Founder/Director of Virginia Art Institute, Charlottesville, Virginia

Awards and honors
 President of Kappa Tau Sigma, Honorary Art Society (1939)
 LACC Summer Scholarship to Chouinard Art Institute through Latham Contest (1939)
 Annual Scholarship to Chouinard through National competition  (1940)
 Graduated from LACC as one of six Honor Students Continuing Scholarship to Chouinard Art Institute  (1941)
 First Prize (Drawing) 3rd National Veterans' Exhibition, Long Beach, California (1949)
 First Prize (Drawing) 5th Annual, Alley Gallery, Charlottesville, Virginia  (1964)
 First Prize (Print) Contemporary Southern Art Festival, Charlottesville, Virginia (1964)
 Hon. Mention, Southern Art Festival, Atlanta Georgia (1964)

National and group exhibitions
 Municipal Art Commission, City Han, Los Angeles, California (1946)
 Solon de L'Art Libre, Modern Museum of Art, Paris, France (1947)
 First Annual Veterans' Exhibition, L. A. Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California (1946)
 City Show at Greek Theatre, Los Angeles, California. (1946–47)
 National Orange Show, San Bernardino, California  (1949–50)
 Los Angeles Art Association, Los Angeles, California (1949–51)
 Print Club, Albany, New York National Serigraph Society, New York City, N. Y. (1949)
 Oakland Art Gallery, Oakland, California San Francisco Museum of Art, California (1949)
 Arizona State Fair, Phoenix Arizona Modern Institute of Art, Beverly Hills, California (1949)
 First Annual Exhibition, Santa Paula, California (1949)
 Los Angeles Annual, County Museum, Los Angeles, California (1950–55)
 Los Angeles County Fair, Pomona, California (1950)
 Western Drawing Institute Show, Jepson's Gallery, Los Angeles, California (1950–51)
 Pennell Exhibition, Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. (1950)
 Laguna National Print Exhibition, Laguna Beach, California (1950)
 California State Fair, Sacramento, California (1949–50)
 Landau Gallery Group Show, LaCieniga Blvd., Los Angeles, California (1951)

Publications
 Newspaper "Paris Montparnasse" Paris, France (1947)
 Art News Magazine, December (1950)
 Newspaper "Times" Los Angeles, California (1949)
 "Sacramento Bee" Sacramento, California (1954)
 Les Archives Historiques D'Art Contemporain De La Biennale De Venise (1954)
 Prints of California Artists, Crest of Hollywood, California (1954)
 The News-Review Roseburg, Oregon (1986)

Artists from Los Angeles
Painters from Virginia
People from Petersburg, Virginia
Los Angeles City College alumni
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
1918 births
1996 deaths
Chouinard Art Institute alumni
20th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American printmakers
20th-century American male artists

Morton Traylor


Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump (October 31, 1841 - November 25, 1919) was an American entertainer. She was the wife of Charles S. Stratton (aka General Tom Thumb), the star attraction of P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York City.

Early years
Warren was born in Middleborough, Massachusetts to James Bump and his wife. She stopped growing at age 10. In adulthood, Warren stood 32 inches tall, weighed 30 pounds, and was perfectly formed in every way.

She had seven siblings. Her sister "Minnie" was even smaller than she. Lavinia claimed descent from William the Conqueror and five Mayflower Pilgrims.

In her middle teens, Warren briefly taught school in Middleborough, then began appearing as an exhibit in a relative's "floating palace of curiosities" on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

P. T. Barnum and the American Museum
American showman P. T. Barnum heard of Warren in 1862. He invited her and her parents to visit him in his Bridgeport, Connecticut home. They did so, and Barnum found Warren, "a most refined and intelligent young lady, well educated, and an accomplished, beautiful and perfectly developed woman in miniature."

He hired her for his American Museum in New York City. She lived quietly in the home of one of his daughters in New York while he made arrangements for her debut. He assembled "a very splendid wardrobe" for Warren and provided her with "costly jewelry". She made her debut and created a sensation with the public.

Unfortunately, she was exhibited with Commodore Nutt, another little person several years her junior. He fell in love with her. She however did not reciprocate his feelings, and considered him nothing more than a "nice little boy".

Barnum gave Warren a ring, which did not fit properly, so he told her that she might give the ring to Nutt while he provided her with another. She gave the ring to Nutt, and he regarded it as a love token. Warren was in great distress. She did not want to offend Nutt by repelling his attentions, but she did not want to encourage him either.

General Tom Thumb
Barnum offered her $1,000 a week to exhibit herself at his Museum. She accepted and was an instant hit. The press adored her. She rivaled Stratton in popularity, and earned $3,000 a day for the Museum.

Marriage
Warren met Stratton in 1861. They were married in Grace Episcopal Church, New York City, on February 10, 1863. Two thousand people attended their wedding, including the most celebrated persons of the day.

Their "round the world" honeymoon included meetings with the Lincolns in Washington, D.C., and Queen Victoria in London. Barnum manufactured a hoax of the couple becoming parents (fueled with photographs), but Warren was, in fact, unable to bear children.

Later years and death
The couple travelled widely. They returned to Barnum's employ in 1881. Thumb died in 1884, leaving his wife penniless and depressed.  On April 6, 1885, Lavinia married Count Primo Magri, an Italian miniature person who had come to America seeking his fortune.

The couple toured, then exhibited themselves at Lilliputia (aka Midget City) on Coney Island. She met United States President William Howard Taft in 1911. She once boasted that she had met Lincoln and every president after him. Lavinia died in Middleborough in 1919.

Notes

References
 Bogdan, Robert. 1988 (hbk)/1990 (pbk). Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. University of Chicago Press.
 Hartzman, Marc. 2006.  American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. Penguin. pp. 97-98.
 Hornberger, Francine. 2005. Carny Folk: The World's Weirdest Sideshow Acts. Citadel Press. pp. 19-25.

Other websites
 Lavinia Warren's Autobiography, 1906

1841 births
1919 deaths
Entertainers from Massachusetts
American circus performers
19th-century American sideshow performers
Barnum's American Museum attractions
People with dwarfism

Lavinia Warren


A diamond grinding cup wheel is a metal-bonded diamond tool with diamond segments welded or cold-pressed on a steel (or other metal, such as aluminum) wheel body, which usually looks like a cup. Diamond grinding cup wheels are usually mounted on concrete grinders to grind abrasive building materials like concrete, granite and marble.

Use

There are various styles and specifications of diamond grinding cup wheels to fit various application requirements. The ones with many big diamond segments can undertake heavy workloads, for example, grinding concrete and stone, while those with small or sparse diamond segments are normally used for fast removal of paints, wallpapers, glues, epoxy and other surface coatings.

Just like other metal-bonded diamond tools, the diamond segments on diamond grinding cup wheels can have different bonds, different diamond grits, different diamond quality and different diamond concentrations to fit different uses. For example, if the material to be ground is hard, the bond should be softer, and if the material is relatively soft, the bond should be harder.

Diamond grinding cup wheels are used in different-roughness grindings. For coarse grinding, the bond should be softer and the diamonds' quality should be higher, because in this case the diamonds become blunt more easily. The diamond grit should be bigger, normally from 35 grit to 50 grit. For this is coarse grinding and big grit can improve working efficiency. The diamond concentration can be lower.

For fine grinding (sometimes  called "polishing"), the bond should be harder and the diamonds' quality can be lower, as in this case the diamonds can last longer and a hard bond can also help the precision of the process. The diamond grit is normally between 80 grit and 120 grit, depending on the grinding requirements. The diamond concentration should be higher.

After being ground, the material can be further polished with resin-bonded diamond polishing pads of different diamond grits.

Manufacturing methods

There are two common methods to manufacture diamond grinding cup wheels: hot pressing and cold pressing.

The hot pressing method is to directly sinter the diamond segments in molds under a certain pressure in the dedicated sintering press machine, and then fix or connect the diamond segments onto the grinding wheel's body via high-frequency welding, laser welding or mechanical mosaic method.

The cold pressing method is to first press the working layer (containing diamonds) and the transitive layer (not containing diamonds) of the diamond segments to their forms directly on the grinding wheel's body, and let the segments connect with the wheel's body via teeth, slots or other manners. Then, put the grinding wheels into sintering furnaces to sinter without press.

References

See also
 Polished concrete
 Grinding wheel

Cutting tools
Grinding and lapping

Diamond grinding cup wheel


A Legal Cashier is a specialized type of bookkeeper for law firms responsible for the accounting and finance functions of a solicitor's practice such as recording day-to-day financial transactions and ensuring compliance with the Solicitors' Accounts Rules. The term "Legal Cashier" is in common use within the legal profession in England and Wales,

Solicitors' Accounts Rules

Depending on the category of legal work being carried out, solicitors regularly handle client monies, and due to the risk of fraud or money laundering, they must adhere to a strict Solicitors' Code of Conduct and comply with the Solicitors' Accounts Rules.

Although there is no legal requirement for a Legal Cashier to have received formal training in England and Wales, the Solicitors Accounts Rules 1998 state that "the person who maintains the books of account must have a full knowledge of the rules and the accounting requirements of solicitors' firms".

Qualifications

The Institute of Legal Finance & Management (ILFM)  (formed in 1978 as The Institute of Legal Cashiers) provide a formal qualification, The ILFM Diploma, to "provide a sound comprehensive and practical knowledge of the maintenance of solicitor's internal financial records, to meet compliance requirements". Candidates who pass receive a Certificate but must complete two years experience in the accounts department of a law firm before they can get associate membership or use the designatory letters.

In 2007, the University of Chester accredited an employer based training program, "Professional Certificate in Legal Account Management" which provides a foundation degree course combining academic study with workplace learning. However, this is only available to employees of Quill Pinpoint, the employer associated with the scheme.

See also

Law Society of England and Wales
Solicitors Regulation Authority
List of largest UK law firms
List of car accident law firms

References

Legal professions
Accountancy occupations

Legal cashier


Fraggle Rock is a British/American/Canadian children's live action puppet television series. It was created by Jim Henson. Fraggle Rock is about a society of Muppet creatures called Fraggles. It was shown from 1983–1987. Down at Fraggle Rock (Down in Fraggle Rock) is an opening and ending song. In 1993 versions of some episodes, at the end of some scenes of some episodes and some episodes, the 1993 Fraggle Rock "Stay tuned" screen/logo plastered/replaced the 1982–1987 Fraggle Rock ending credits and at the end of 1993 versions of some episodes, 1993 Fraggle Rock ending credits replace/plastered 1982–1987 Fraggle Rock ending credits. The intro was shortened on The Hub in 2010–2013, and Hub Network in 2013–2014 and Discovery Family since 2014. In the cartoonish/animated intro, the Roland D-50 patch "Piano-Fifty" was heard. In some versions of the theme, the Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Electric Bass 1" was heard in 1983–1987. It got cartoonish/animated in season 6 (1987).

Fraggle Rock was co-produced by British television company Television South (TVS), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, U.S. pay television service Home Box Office and Henson Associates. Unlike Sesame Street, it was intended from the start to be an international production. Henson described the Fraggle Rock series as "a high-energy, raucous musical romp. It's a lot of silliness. It's wonderful." While the program proved accessible to audiences of all ages, it used the fantasy creatures as examples to deal with serious issues. These included prejudice, spirituality, personal identity, the environment, and social conflict.

Fraggle Rock features many original songs.

Characters

The Workshop/Lighthouse
The Fraggles call the human world "outer space" and humans "silly creatures from outer space."
Doc/The Captain is the only human character in the story.  In the American version, he is an old man who lives in a workshop.  In the British version, he is an old man who lives in a lighthouse.
Sprocket is Doc's/the Captain's dog.  He is a puppet.

Fraggles
Gobo is a male Fraggle who wants to be an explorer.  He is named after the cover for a lens cap.
Mokey is a female Fraggle who likes art, history and spiritual things.
Red is a female Fraggle with an aggressive personality who likes to organize swim meets and other events.
Boober is a male Fraggle who likes to do laundry and keep things clean.  He is afraid of germs and many other things.
Wembley is a male Fraggle who has trouble making decisions.
Traveling Matt is Gobo's uncle who went out into "outer space," the human world, to explore.  He sends Gobo post cards describing the things he sees.  He watches humans, which Fraggles call "silly creatures" and often misunderstands the things they do.  He is named after a special effect called "traveling matte."

Doozers
Doozers are people smaller than Fraggles.  Doozers have green skin and small eyes.  They almost always wear hard hats.  They spend most of their time building clear structures using cranes and other construction tools. The Fraggles like to eat these structures.
Cottar Pin is a young Doozer who makes friends with the Fraggles.

Gorgs
Gorgs are people much bigger than Fraggles.  They call their house "the castle" and the rest of their land "the universe." The show never says whether they really are rulers or whether they are poor farmers who like to pretend they are rulers.
The Emperor of the Universe
The Empress of the Universe
Junior, the Emperor and Empress' son. Junior likes to catch Fraggles when they cross the Gorg's lands to reach the Trash Heap.
Trash Heap is a talking pile of rubbish.  The Fraggles think of her as an oracle and ask her for advice and help.

References

1983 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
1983 British television series debuts
1980s Canadian television series
American children's television series
British children's television series
Canadian children's television series
English-language television programs

Fraggle Rock


Leopold Poetsch was a German antiSemitic professor and a high school teacher of Adolf Hitler who influenced the future leader's later views.

Poetsch came from the southern German border area. There, political fights between Slavs and ethnic Germans angered him and made him one who was for the Pan-German movement. He started to teach in Maribor, Slovenia and later moved to Linz, Austria to teach history.

Hitler was very interested in what Poetsch said. Poetsch hated the Habsburgs and argued that all ethnic Germans should be united by a single government. He said that the Aryan race was stronger, in better health, and more fit to rule than all other people. Poetsch said that Jews and Slavs were what he called "inferior races". (This view was held a lot in Germany after World War I.)

Hitler began reading an anti-Semitic newspaper in his area. In his later years, Hitler spoke of Poetsch as a "great man." As dictator of Germany, Hitler tried to get all German-speaking people together and persecuted Slavs, Jews, Gypsies, and others. Hitler later tried to kill them all in the "Final Solution."

References
Shirer, William L. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon & Schuster, 1990. ISBN 0-671-72868-7

German academics
1853 births
1952 deaths

Leopold Poetsch


Joshua Alabi (born 1 March 1958) is a Ghanaian academic and politician, who served as the first Vice-Chancellor of the University of Professional Studies, Accra (UPSA) from 2012 to 2016. He previously served as the Rector of the same institution from 2009 to 2012 and Pro-Rector from 2005 to 2008. In Ghanaian politics, Alabi was the National Democratic Congress (NDC) Member of Parliament for the Krowor Constituency in the Greater Accra from 1997 to 2001 and Minister of State for the Greater Accra and the Northern Regions respectively from 1997 to 2001.

Alabi is a member of the National Democratic Congress and led the party's reorganization in the Greater Accra region in 2001 after the party lost the 2000 elections to the opposition. After the reorganization, he became the first former Minister of the party to contest and won as the Regional Chairman of the NDC in the Greater Accra Region from 2001 to 2005.

Early life and education
A native of the Ga ethnic group from Nungua, Alabi was born was born on 1 March 1958 in Accra. His father was an auto mechanic and farmer and his mother was a trader. He had his primary and middle school education at the St. John's Preparatory School (now St. John's Grammar School) in Achimota, a suburb of Accra, from 1965 to 1971. He then proceeded to the Tamale Secondary School for his high school education where he obtained the Ordinary and Advanced-Level Certificates from 1971 to 1976.

Alabi completed his professional training in Accountancy and Marketing at the then Institute of Professional Studies (IPS) from 1976 to 1980. He later went to Europe for two master's degrees; one in Industrial Economics (MSc) from the Moscow Institute of National Economy, Plekhanov (now Russian Economics University) in 1986 and an MSc in International Marketing from Strathclyde University in Glasgow Scotland where he awarded the Mushod Abiola Prize for Excellence in Marketing in 1992.

He is an associate professor of marketing at the UPSA, a member of the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM), Ghana, a Fellow of the Ghana Institute of Taxation and a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Bankers, Ghana.

Academic career
After completing his professional training at the IPS, Alabi took up a teaching appointment at the Northern School of Business in Tamale from 1980 to 1981 before leaving for the Soviet Union to pursue his academic degrees. Prior to his appointment as Vice-Chancellor, Alabi spent over twenty years of his life as a Lecturer from 1987 to 2005. During the period he became the Head of the Marketing Department in 1989, to the Dean of the Management Faculty from 2003 to 2005. He was promoted to the rank of Senior Lecturer by the university in 2001, and associate professor in 2008 by the university's Governing Council, after meeting the criteria for promotions set by the university's Appointments and Promotions Board. He got promoted to the position of Pro-Rector from 2005 to 2008, and to Rector from 2008 to 2012.

At the institutional level, Alabi has served on a number of Committees including: the Governing Council of the UPSA, the Statutes Committee, Finance Committee, Academic Board, Executive Committee, Planning and Resource Committee, and the Budget Committee. He has Chaired other Committees including, the Development Committee, Publications Committee, Research and Conference Committee and the Library Committee.

Political life

As a Member of Parliament
Alabi was elected by the people of the Krowor Constituency in the Greater Accra region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress (NDC) as their Member of Parliament from 1997 to 2001. While in Parliament, Alabi also served as a member of the Business Committee of Parliament (1997 to 2001); and a member of the Parliamentary select Committee on Food and Agriculture (1997 to 2001).

As a Minister of State
He was appointed by the then President of the Republic of Ghana, His Excellency Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings as the Greater Accra Regional Minister, he was subsequently moved to Northern Region to serve as Regional Minister and then again moved back to the Creater Accra Region, this happened between 1997 and 2001. He presided over the Regional Security Councils for the Greater Accra and Northern Regions respectively as chairman from 1997 to 2001.

When the NDC lost the 2000 elections, Alabi was appointed as the chairman for the Greater Accra Regional Reorganization Committee. Soon after, he got elected as the Greater Accra Regional Chairman of the NDC from 2001 to 2005. He also became the Campaign Coordinator for the Prof. John Atta Mills campaign in 2004.

While a student in Europe, Alabi was the Ambassador for Ghanaian students, holding the positions of NUGS President Europe from 1985 to 1986, NUGS President USSR for two terms, from 1983 to 1985, and NUGS Moscow Vice-president from 1982 to 1983. As NUGS, President, Alabi led "The Medicines for Health Project" and in 1984 he mobilized and delivered a volume of medicines to then Head of State, Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings for the people of Ghana during the heightened period of the recession in the early 1980s.

Sports administration
In the field of sports, Alabi was the General Secretary for the Ghana League Clubs Association (GHALCA) from 1994 to 1997. He was also a Member of the Ghana Football Association's management board (GFA) and Coordinator of the Ghana Black Stars Management Committee from 1994 to 1997.

Personal life
Alabi is a Christian. He married Goski B. Alabi, who is also academic and a professor of Quality Management and Leadership. They have two children.

Other professional activities
Alabi has also served on a number of corporate boards during his career. He was the chairman for the board of trustees for the Social Security and National Insurance Trust for nearly four years (2013 to 2016), providing strategic direction to the Trust and its subsidiary investments. He was also the chairman of the board of directors for the HFC Bank for about two years (2014 to 2016). He was the Chairman of the Governing Council of the Accra Polytechnic for five years from 2009 to 2014. He has been the Chairman of the Ghana Book Development Council from 2009 to 2017. Alabi was also a member of the Ghana National Commission for UNESCO as well as Chairman of the Social Science Committee of the UNESCO Commission of Ghana, from 2009 to 2014.

Alabi was a Member of the Group of Experts of the executive board of UNESCO (Paris) in 2011, a Member of the executive committee and chaired the West Africa Region of the International Association of University Presidents from 2011 to 2016.

He has managed a number of international and national projects. He is the Founder and board chairman of the Consumer Advocacy Center (CAC) Ghana, an Affiliate Member of the Consumers International, (CI) and a member of the Federation of Consumer Organization in 115 countries.

Honours and awards
On 29 October 2016, The President of the Republic of Ghana, His Excellency John Dramani Mahama awarded Alabi the "Officer of the Order of the Volta" honour.

In July 2015, Alabi received an award from the Chartered Institute of Bankers (CIB) in recognition of his leadership and transformation of the IPS to a fully-fledged University, and for his performance in the banking and finance landscape.

He was also named as the Africa Vice-Chancellor of the Year 2013 by the All-Africa Students Union. Additionally, Alabi was awarded by the National Union of Ghana Students, (NUGS) for his contribution to education in Ghana.

Alabi was awarded Ghana's Marketing Man of the Year 2012, by the Chartered Institute of Marketing Ghana (CIMG).

He was also named Ghana's Most Influential Public Sector Leader for the year 2012, by IMANI Centre for Policy and Education Ghana, a policy Think Tank, for his quiet, sturdy and inspirational leadership, resulting in the transformation of the then IPS.

References

1958 births
Ghanaian MPs 1997–2001
Living people
Politicians from Accra
Academics from Accra
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Vice-Chancellors of universities in Ghana
Ga-Adangbe people
People from Greater Accra Region
Government ministers of Ghana
National Democratic Congress (Ghana) politicians
University of Professional Studies alumni
Tamale Senior High School alumni

Joshua Alabi


The STU-II (Standard Telephone Unit II) is a secure telephone developed by the U.S. National Security Agency. It permitted up to six users to have secure communications, on a time-shared (e.g.: rotating) basis.   It was made by ITT Defense Communications, Nutley, New Jersey.  An OEM partner was Northern Telecom.

According to information on display in 2005 at the NSA's National Cryptologic Museum, the STU-II was in use from the 1980s to the present. It uses the linear predictive coding algorithm LPC-10 at 2.4 kilobits/second to digitize voice,  and the "Key Distribution Center" (KDC) for key management. The display also stated that the STU-II B is the standard narrow band secure telephone.

STU-II replaced the STU-I, KY-3 and the Navajo I. The last was a secure telephone in a briefcase, of which 110 were built in the 1980s for use by senior government officials when traveling. The Navaho I  also used LPC-10.

Some 10 000 STU-II units were produced.

External links
 Delusion.org - National Cryptologic Museum pictures
 Pictures of president Reagan using a STU-II phone

See also
 STU-III
 SCIP

National Security Agency encryption devices
Secure communication
Secure telephones

STU-II


Cape Morris Jesup is the northernmost point of mainland Greenland.

In 1892 when Robert Peary reached the cape he said that it was the northernmost point of land. Later it was discovered that Kaffeklubben Island was slightly north of Cape Morris Jesup. Cape Morris Jesup was named after Morris Ketchum Jesup, an American philanthropist.

Other websites
Great Circle Calculator

Geography of Greenland
Capes

Cape Morris Jesup