Arthur Rawson Ashwell (1824–1879) was a canon residentiary of Chichester and principal of the Theological College, Chichester.

Biography
Ashwell was born at Cheyne Walk, Chelsea. In 1843 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but migrated to Caius College in 1845, being elected a foundation scholar there the following year. In 1847 he graduated BA as fifteenth wrangler, and in 1848 he received holy orders, and became curate of Speldhurst, Kent. In the following year he returned to Cambridge as curate of St. Mary the Less, in order that he might study theology under the direction of Professor Blunt.

In 1851 he was appointed vice-principal of St. Mark's College, Chelsea, and in 1853, partly through the instrumentality of Canon Butler of Wantage, he was appointed by Bishop Wilberforce principal of the newly founded Oxford Diocesan Training College at Culham. Here he remained for several years, and, besides his work in the college, assisted the bishop in organising a system of diocesan inspection.

In 1862 his health compelled him to retire to lighter work, and for two years he was minister of Holy Trinity Church, Conduit Street, Hanover Square; but in 1865 he returned to his old occupation, accepting the principalship of the Training College, Durham. The fame of his success at Durham led Bishop Durnford, an entire stranger to him, to offer him in 1870 the principalship of the Theological College, Chichester, with a canonry attached, and he also held for a short time the rectory of St. Martin's (1871–75), and that of St. Andrew's (1872-5), in that city. Canon Ashwell was active in literature.

In 1864 Ashwell became editor of the Literary Churchman, which office he held for twelve years, when he became (1876) editor of the Church Quarterly Review, and a little while before his death he also resumed the editorship of the Literary Churchman. To both these periodicals he was a regular contributor. He was also a contributor to the third series of Tracts for the Christian Seasons; and he wrote occasionally for the Quarterly Review and the Monthly Packet.

Ashwell was also in great request as a preacher in his own cathedral and elsewhere. He was, moreover, a frequent reader and speaker at church congresses, and an effective conductor of mission services. It is no wonder that his constitution was impaired by this excessive work, and that he succumbed to an attack of congestion of the lungs, which prematurely cut short a most active and useful life on 23 October 1879. A window and a lectern in Chichester Cathedral perpetuate his memory in a spot of which he had been a distinguished ornament.

Ashwell achieved reputation as a writer, a preacher, and a teacher. Some of his periodical essays excited much attention. His articles upon Dr. Farrar's Life of Christ in the second number of the Church Quarterly Review, and upon the State of the Church in the July number of the Quarterly Review, 1874, excited much interest. His article on Samuel Wilberforce in the April number, 1874, of the same Review was the main cause of his being asked to write the bishop's life; and several of his educational articles attracted unusual attention. His longest consecutive work was the first volume of the Life of Bishop Wilberforce (1880).

As a preacher Ashwell was extremely acceptable, especially among the more thoughtful and educated congregations. His little volume of printed sermons, entitled God in Nature, is full of striking and original ideas, expressed tersely and incisively, and evidently with a view to arrest or even force attention.

As a trainer, first of future schoolmasters, and then of future clergy, Ashwell made his influence deeply felt. His clear, epigrammatic style was the very style to command the attention of young men. He was a very strict disciplinarian, and the kindest of friends and counsellors to all pupils who sought his aid in confidence, as many of them have testified to the present writer. Canon Ashwell was a staunch and very definite English churchman. Besides the writings already mentioned, he published 'The Schoolmaster's Studies' (1860), 'The Argument against Evening Communions' (1875), 'Lectures on the Holy Catholic Church' (1876), and 'Septuagesima Lectures' (1877), all small works.

Family
In 1854  Ashwell married Elizabeth Fixsen, of Blackheath, who survived him.

References

Sources

English Christian religious leaders
1824 births
1879 deaths
People from Chelsea, London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Principals of Chichester Theological College
19th-century English educators
English religious writers

Arthur Rawson Ashwell


Casus belli is a Latin phrase for an event or a situation that directly provokes a war. Note that the plural of the phrase is also casus belli. If this was an aggression in the sense of international law, the country is allowed to start a war in self-defence. It is common to provoke an aggressor, so as to be able to legally start a war. Examples of this are the Arrow incident that started the Second Opium War, or the Maine incident, which led the United states to annex Cuba and the Philippines from the Spanish Empire. The Iraq War was started by the US and its allies, on the pretext that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Years after the war, it turned out he didn't have any. Another example: the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the casus belli for the First World War.

Relating page
Declaration of war

Latin phrases
War

Casus belli


Yang Shangkun (3 August 1907 – 14 September 1998) was a Chinese Communist military and political leader, president of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993, and one of the Eight Elders that dominated the party after the death of Mao Zedong.

Born to a prosperous land-owning family, Yang studied politics at Shanghai University and Marxist philosophy and revolutionary tactics at Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. He went on to hold high office under both Mao Zedong and later Deng Xiaoping; from 1945 to 1965 he was Director of the General Office and from 1945 to 1956 Secretary–General of the Central Military Commission (CMC). In these positions, Yang oversaw much of the day-to-day running of government and Party affairs, both political and military, amassing a great deal of bureaucratic power by controlling things like the flow of documents, the keeping of records, and the approval and allocation of funds. Purged, arrested and imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution, he spent 12 years in prison but staged a comeback in 1978, becoming a key ally of Deng, serving as Mayor of Guangzhou (1979–81), and returning to the CMC as Secretary–General and also Vice Chairman (1981–89), before assuming the presidency.

One of the earliest supporters of Chinese economic reform, Yang justified it with references to Vladimir Lenin and the New Economic Policy. However, he strongly opposed any form of political reform, and, despite his own suffering during the Cultural Revolution, actively defended the image and record of Mao. Together with his half-brother, General Yang Baibing, Yang Shangkun effectively controlled the PLA for the entire 1980s and into the early 1990s. Despite his initial hesitation, he went on to play a leading role in crushing the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and was actually the one who planned and supervised the operations to clear the square and surrounding streets. Yang's downfall came in 1993, when he failed in his attempts to undermine the new leadership of Jiang Zemin and to retain control of the PLA, and was forced to retire by a coalition of Party elders, including Deng himself.

Early political and military activities
Yang was born to a land-owning family in Shuangjiang, Tongnan County, near the city of Chongqing in Sichuan, and studied at Chengdu Higher Normal School and its affiliated secondary school in 1920–25, and then returned to Chongqing. His older brother, Yang Yingong was one of the founding Executive Committee members of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Sichuan, and influenced Yang Shangkun's ideological orientation. After joining the Communist Youth League in 1925, and the CCP in 1926, he enrolled in Shanghai University, where he studied politics. Later in 1927 Yang traveled to the Soviet Union and enrolled at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University, where he studied Marxist theory and techniques of political organization and mobilization.

Yang was a member of a group of Chinese students who studied in Moscow and returned to China to take a leading role in the CCP, later known as the 28 Bolsheviks. The Comintern sent Yang back to China to assist and support other pro-Comintern CCP leaders, including Bo Gu, Wang Ming, and Zhang Guotao, but Yang and some of the other 28 Bolsheviks, including Ye Jianying, Wang Jiaxiang and Zhang Wentian supported Mao Zedong instead. On his return from Moscow in 1931, Yang Shangkun started his military career in the Chinese Red Army, serving as Director of the Political Department in the 1st Red Army and moving around different battle areas under the command of Zhu De and Zhou Enlai. In January 1934, he was appointed Political Commissar of the 3rd Red Army, commanded by Peng Dehuai.

Second Sino–Japanese War and Chinese Civil War
During the Second Sino–Japanese War Yang Shangkun was Deputy Secretary of the CCP North China Bureau and worked with Liu Shaoqi behind the Japanese lines. In January 1939, Yang became Secretary of the North China Bureau and worked with Zhu De and Peng Dehuai to cooperate with the military operations of the Eighth Route Army, including the Hundred Regiments Campaign. In 1941, Yang returned to Yan'an and worked as personal aide to Mao. In 1945, he became the Director of the General Office of the Party, as well as Secretary–General of the Central Military Commission, that was chaired by Mao himself. In these capacities, he was responsible for much of the day-to-day administration of the Party's military and political work, and carried out this duty with much success.

In the subsequent Chinese Civil War 1949, Yang was Commander of the "Central Security Force" protecting the Party Center, and, in his roles as Director of the General Office and Secretary–General of the CMC, played a significant role in the ultimate Communist victory and the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

People's Republic
After the founding of the PRC in October 1949 and until the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, Yang Shangkun was one of very few CCP leaders who worked closely with Mao Zedong at Zhongnanhai on a daily basis. As the Director of the General Office and Secretary–General of the CMC, he oversaw much of the actual day-to-day work of most party activities and military affairs. On the eve of the Cultural Revolution Yang was identified as a supporter of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, and was purged as a counter-revolutionary. After being ejected from the Communist Party and removed from all positions, Yang was persecuted by Red Guards, who accused Yang of planting a covert listening device to spy on Mao, the same accusation shared by Deng Xiaoping.

Yang remained in prison until Mao died and Deng Xiaoping rose to power, in 1978. After Deng gained control of the military he recalled Yang, raised him to the position of general, and gave Yang the responsibility of reforming China's army, which Deng considered as larger than necessary and engaged in too many non-military activities. Deng raised Yang to the position of Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission in order to give Yang the authority to complete these reforms (Deng was chairman). In 1982 Yang was also appointed as a full member of the Politburo.

Yang had a close friendship with Deng and shared many of Deng's long-term economic goals, but was far less enthusiastic about the agenda of political liberalization promoted by other senior leaders favored by Deng, including Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, Wan Li, and Hu Qili. Yang justified his support of economic reforms by referencing Vladimir Lenin and the New Economic Policy, and he emphasized that the Communist Party should still enjoy overall control of the economy, even in private businesses, through the system of Party committees in all enterprises. He also always defended Mao Zedong as a great and historic leader, despite his own suffering at the hands of radical Maoists.

In the early 1980s, Yang explicitly backed the efforts of a foreign China historian, Harrison Salisbury, to compile an account of the Long March by conducting extensive interviews with surviving Long March participants. The resulting book, Long March: The Untold Story, has been praised by China scholars as an excellent synthesis of first-hand oral sources. Within China, many Chinese veterans asked why it took a foreigner to produce such a book.

Presidency

In 1988, Yang was appointed President of the People's Republic of China replacing Li Xiannian. Under the conventions of the 1982 Constitution, the president's role was largely symbolic, with formal executive power wielded by the General Secretary of the Communist Party and the Premier of the State Council. In practice, party and state leaders still deferred to paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, who, however, was not all-powerful, as he still had to compromise on some policies with other party elders such as Chen Yun and Li Xiannian.

Yang's role during the Tiananmen protests of 1989 caused a fundamental shift in China's political structure. Yang was at first sympathetic to the students and sided with General Secretary Zhao Ziyang in supporting them. As the Vice Chairman and Secretary-General of the Central Military Commission, he even praised Zhao's position by claiming that Zhao "Ziyang's notion of pacifying the student movement through democracy and law is good and seems quite workable right now." Zhao's position was contested by Premier Li Peng and Party elder Li Xiannian, who wanted to use force to suppress the student demonstrations and engaged in an internal power struggle with Zhao to convince other senior leaders of their position.

After the hardliners gained the upper hand, Yang changed his position and supported the use of force to suppress student protestors. In May 1989 Yang appeared on Chinese television, where he denounced the student demonstrations as "anarchy" and defended the imposition of martial law on several areas of Beijing affected by the protests. Yang then mobilized and planned the suppression of the demonstrators, an operation in which several hundred protesters were killed on 4 June and subsequent days. Yang's nephew, Yang Jianhua, commanded the highly disciplined 27th Group Army, which was brought into Beijing from Hebei to suppress the demonstrators.

Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, Yang Shangkun was hugely influential within the People's Liberation Army. Yang and his younger half-brother, Yang Baibing, purged China's military of any officers who had not sufficiently supported the government's violent crackdown on students. Yang then began an organized attempt to fill as many senior military positions as possible with his supporters, generating an attitude of resentment among other military elders, who accused Yang of attempting to dominate the army and possibly challenge Deng's authority by developing a "Yang family clique". When Yang resisted the rise of Jiang Zemin (who had been the Party secretary of Shanghai), whom Deng began to groom to succeed him as paramount leader, party elders, including Deng himself forced Yang to retire in 1993, along with some of his family.

Later life
According to Voice of America, before Yang Shangkun died in 1998, he allegedly told army doctor Jiang Yanyong that the crackdown on 4 June had been the most serious mistake committed by Li Peng and the Communist Party in its history, a mistake that Yang believed he could not correct, but which he believed would eventually be corrected.

Yang died on 14 September 1998, aged 91. His official obituary described him as "a great proletarian revolutionary, a statesman, a military strategist, a staunch Marxist, an outstanding leader of the party, the state, and the people's army."

Personal life
In 1929, he married Li Bozhao, a woman who participated in the Long March alongside Yang. They had three sons.

See also
 Politics of the People's Republic of China

References

Citations

Sources

 Domes, Jurgen. Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image, London: C. Hurst & Company. 1985. .
 Eckholm, Erik. "Yang Shangkun, 91, Ex-China Chief, Dies". The New York Times. 15 September 1998. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
 Teiwes, Frederick C. "Peng Dehuai and Mao Zedong". The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs. University of Chicago Press. No. 16, July 1986. pp. 81–98. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
 Xinhua. "The Glorious, Militant Life of Yang Shangkun" The People's Daily. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

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1907 births
1998 deaths
People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing
Mayors of Guangzhou
Presidents of the People's Republic of China
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Academic staff of Beijing Foreign Studies University
Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni
20th-century Chinese politicians
Members of the 13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
Directors of the General Office of the Chinese Communist Party
20th-century presidents in Asia

Yang Shangkun


Learning music by ear is learning to play a piece of music by listening to other people playing it and then trying to play it oneself.  In some musical traditions there is no written music and everybody plays by ear all the time.  Folk music is traditionally learned by listening to other musicians and copying them.  This is how music is passed from one generation to another.

Most people in the Western musical tradition learn pieces and songs by reading music, but it is good to try to play music by ear sometimes.  It can be a very useful skill.

The Suzuki method of learning instruments started in Japan but is now used in many countries.  It teaches young children to play an instrument (usually the violin) by ear.

Music education
Musical performance techniques

Learning music by ear


A phlog, also called an rlog, is a type of daybook, similar to a blog, that runs off a Gopher protocol server. These phlogs are typically hosted from home servers running some sort of UNIX operating system, because a user account on the server is usually required to update the content. There are quite a few phlogs floating around gopherspace but the vast majority are not updated regularly.

Phlogs usually arranged as a directory structure with the title or date of each entry, has a separate folder for archives. It is possible to have a few sentences under each link to a blog entry as a summary, or to host the phlog as one single text or HTML file; however, HTML files cannot be read by some pure gopher clients.

Most phlogs are maintained by hand as a series of text files. Open source software exists to convert posts from a WordPress blog into plain text files that can be accessed using the gopher protocol.

The word "phlog" is derived from "blog" but with the "ph" from "gopher" instead of the "b" from "web" and appears to have been coined by Jeff Woodall on April 22, 2003.

Gopherlog
A phlog can also be known as a gopherlog. The first known usage of the term "gopherlog" was by George Hotelling as an April Fool's Day joke on April 1, 2005.

References

External links
Down the gopher hole
Floodgap Gopher-HTTP gateway
SDF Gopher (gopher link), web proxy link
Port70 Phlog (used to be Hactar.net) (gopher link)
SDF gopher club Phlogs on the SDF Public Access UNIX System

Blogs
Gopher (protocol)
Home servers

Phlog


Henri-François Riesener (19 October 1767, in Paris – 7 February 1828, in Paris) was a French portrait painter and miniaturist. He was the son of German-born cabinet-maker Jean-Henri Riesener (1743–1806) and the father of the Romantic painter Léon Riesener (1808–1878).

Life

First studying under François-André Vincent then Jacques-Louis David, he finally left David's studio to join the army at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, fighting in Italy and Egypt. On his return to France, Riesener began working as a portraitist and miniaturist. His works were featured at the Paris Salon, where he exhibited portraits of Eugène de Beauharnais, général de brigade Michel Ordener, Madame Sallandrouze, the comte de Cessac and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, among others. Riesener also painted the singers of the Opéra-Comique, and produced a portrait of his cousin André-Antoine Ravrio, a famous sculptor in bronze at Napoleon's court, which is now on show in the Musée du Louvre. He made 50 copies of his original portrait of Napoleon I, drawn during a dinner. In 1807, he married Félicité Longrois, 'dame d'annonce' (lady in waiting) to empress Josephine.

Later, he accepted commissions from British patrons. Once the British army left Paris, however, there were few commissions available, so he moved to Russia in 1815, leaving his wife and his son Léon behind in Paris. He remained in Russia and Poland for seven years, staying in Moscow (1816–1823), Saint Petersburg and Warsaw. He painted all the celebrities there and collaborated with Sewbach on an equestrian portrait of Alexander I of Russia. He returned to Paris in 1823, and in the five years before his death in 1828, managed to give his son Léon his first lessons in drawing and gain him a position in Antoine-Jean Gros's studio, as well as gain his nephew, Eugène Delacroix, a place in the studio of Pierre-Narcisse Guérin.

Main works
 Portrait of the painter Maurice Quays (1797–1799), 45x56 cm, musée du Louvre
 Madame Riesener and her sister Madame Longroy (1802), 46x61 cm.
 Portrait of André-Antoine Ravrio (1812), 117x90 cm, musée du Louvre
 Portrait of Joséphina Fridrix (1813), 115x88 cm, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
 Portrait of Peotr Lachinov,(1816–1821), 68,5x56 cm, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
 Portrait of S. P. Apraksina (1818), 175x120 cm, Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg
 Portrait of la princesse Dolgoroukaya, 125x96,8 cm, Pushkin Museum, Moscow
 Portrait of a Lady (1818), Hood Museum of Art, New Hampshire
 Mother and daughter (1816–1823), 65x54 cm, Sinebrychoffin Taidemuseo, Helsinki
 Portrait of Louise-Rosalie Dugazon, famous singer at the Opéra-Comique, musée Carnavalet

Gallery

Bibliography

  Geneviève Viallefond, Le Peintre Léon Riesener, Èditions Albert Morancé, 1955
  Les Trois Riesener, catalogue of an exhibition at the Galerie des Beaux-Arts, Paris, 1954

1767 births
1828 deaths
French portrait painters
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French painters
French people of German descent
Painters from Paris
19th-century French male artists
18th-century French male artists

Henri-François Riesener


Léon Joseph Florentin Bonnat (20 June 1833 – 8 September 1922) was a French painter, Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur, art collector and professor at the Ecole des Beaux Arts.

Early life
Bonnat was born in Bayonne, but from 1846 to 1853 he lived in Madrid, where his father owned a bookshop. While tending his father's shop, he copied engravings of works by the Old Masters, developing a passion for drawing. In Madrid he received his artistic training under Madrazo.
He later worked in Paris, where he became known as a leading portraitist, never without a commission. His many portraits show the influence of Velázquez, Jusepe de Ribera and other Spanish masters, as well as Titian and Van Dyke, whose works he studied in the Prado, which placed him at the forefront of painting in France in the 1850s, opposing neoclassicism and academicism. Following the period in Spain, Bonnat worked the studios of the history painters Paul Delaroche and Leon Cogniet (1854) in Paris. Despite repeated attempts, he failed to win the prix de Rome, finally receiving only a second prize. However, a scholarship from his native Bayonne and support from the Personnaz family allowed him to spend three years in Rome (1858–60) independently where he and Antonin Personnaz became lifetime friends. During his stay in Rome, he also became friends with Edgar Degas, Gustave Moreau, Jean-Jacques Henner and the sculptor Henri Chapu.

Career
Bonnat won a medal of honour in Paris in 1869, going on to become one of the leading artists of his day. Bonnat went on to win the Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur and became a professor at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in 1882.  Bonnat was quite popular with American students in Paris. In addition to his native French, he spoke Spanish and Italian and knew English well, to the relief of many monolingual Americans. In May 1905 he succeeded Paul Dubois as director of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Julius Kaplan characterised Bonnat as "a liberal teacher who stressed simplicity in art above high academic finish, as well as overall effect rather than detail." Bonnat's emphasis on overall effect on the one hand, and rigorous drawing on the other, put him in a middle position with respect to the Impressionists and academic painters like his friend Jean-Léon Gérôme. In 1917, Bonnat was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Corresponding member.

Paintings

Bonnat's vivid portraits of contemporary celebrities are his most characteristic works, but his most important works are arguably his powerful religious paintings, such as his Christ on the Cross (now in the collection of the Musée du Petit Palais in Paris, but not currently on display), Job (in the Musée Bonnat), St Vincent Taking the Place of Two Galley Slaves (at the church of Saint-Nicholas des Champs in Paris), and the large Martyrdom of St Denis for the Pantheon in Paris. However, he received few commissions for religious and historical paintings, and most of his output consists of portraits. He also produced genre paintings of Italian peasants, and a small number of Orientalist scenes.

The writers Émile Zola and Théophile Gautier were among Bonnat's supporters. Gautier hailed him as "the antithesis of Bouguereau," because of the stark naturalism and lack of surface finish that characterize Bonnat's work. Bonnat is an academic painter. He was a member of the Institute, one of the only 14 painters who had administrative power over the Academy des Beaux Arts and thereby the Ecole des Beaux Arts.  He had friends and connections among the independent artists of his time as well, such as Edgar Degas, whom he met during his stay in Rome and who painted two portraits of Bonnat, and Édouard Manet, who shared his predilection for Spanish painting. He taught together with Pierre Puvis de Chavannes in the private atelier he ran before becoming professor at the École. He supported Auguste Rodin's candidacy for the Institut, and defended Gustave Courbet's submissions to the salon.

Teacher
As a teacher he encouraged freedom of expression and execution. He recommended traveling to Madrid to visit the Prado Museum, and introduced in Paris the tendency paint in the Spanish way, which influenced the evolution of French painting.

Some of Bonnat's more notable students include: John Singer Sargent, Stanhope Forbes, Gustave Caillebotte, Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke, Gustaf Cederström, Laurits Tuxen, P. S. Krøyer, Suzor-Coté, Robert Harris, Alfred Philippe Roll, Georges Braque, Thomas Eakins, Raoul Dufy, Jean Béraud, Franklin Brownell, Marius Vasselon, Hubert-Denis Etcheverry, Fred Barnard, Louis Béroud, Paul de la Boulaye, Aloysius O'Kelly, Erik Werenskiold, Graciano Mendilaharzu, Edvard Munch, Alphonse Osbert, Henry Siddons Mowbray, Francis Petrus Paulus, Charles Sprague Pearce, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Hyakutake Kaneyuki, Nils Forsberg, Walter Tyndale, Émile-Louis Foubert, and Harry Watrous.

Later years

In his last years he made his painting evolve, from the influence of seventeenth-century painters and Goya, towards a more modern freedom of execution, scratching the brush and using the spatula, as well as a more colorful color gamut, as can be seen in his Self-portrait of the Prado Museum.
In a gesture of gratitude for the help he had been provided in his youth and with the assistance of Antonin Personnaz, Bonnat built a museum in his native city of Bayonne, the Musée Bonnat. Most of the works in the museum are from the personal collections of Bonnat and Personnaz of works of art, amassed over a lifetime of travelling around Europe. It includes an exceptionally fine collection of Old Master drawings from Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to Ingres and Géricault. Bonnat died on 8 September 1922 at Monchy-Saint-Éloi, and was buried at the Cimitiére Saint-Etienne, Bayonne.

Personal life
Bonnat never married, and lived for much of his life with his mother and sister in the Place Vintimille (renamed Place Adolphe-Max in 1940).

Honours
 1904: Member of the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium.

Criticisms
"We wonder why Velázquez's infant has fake shoulders and why the head doesn't join properly...And how good it looks. While a head by Bonnat joins actual shoulders...And how bad it looks!"
– Paul Gauguin (from Ramblings of a Wannabe Painter Publication 2017, David Zwirner Books)

Gallery

See also

Musée Bonnat

References

Footnotes

1833 births
1922 deaths
People from Bayonne
19th-century French painters
19th-century French male artists
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French portrait painters
Academic art
Prix de Rome for painting
Academic staff of the École des Beaux-Arts
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)

Léon Bonnat


Ashanti Region nyɛla din be Ghana regions pia ni ayobu la puuni. Di tinzuɣu n-nyɛ Kumasi. Ashanti region biɛla Nyɔŋni yaɣili ka nyɛ din pahi buta zaŋ chaŋ tingbani galisim polo Ghana regions puuni. Di maali tingbani din paai kilomita 24,389 km2 buyi zuɣu.

Shikuru Polo

Senior high schools Din Beni
 Dadease Senior High School, Dadease
 Akomadan Senior High School, Akomadan
 Dompoase Senior High School, Dompoasi
 Afia Kobi Ampem Girls (Royal AKAGSHS)
 Adanwomase SENIOR High School (ADASS)
 Agogo State College, Agogo Asante-Akyem
 Agona SDA Senior High School, Agona
 Anglican Senior High School, Kumasi
 Asanteman School (Real Assas)
 Bankoman Senior High School, Banko
 Osei Tutu Senior High School (OT)
 Bekwai SDA Senior High School
 Ghana Armed Forces Secondary Technical School, Kumasi
 Beposo Senior High School, Beposo
 Collins Secondary Commercial School, Agog o Asante-Akyem
 Effiduase Senior High School, Effiduase
 Ejisuman Senior High School, Ejisu
 Ejuraman Senior High School, Ejura
 Fomena T.I. Ahmadiyya Senior High School, Adansi Fomena
 Jachie-Pramso Senior High School (Formerly MIGHTY JAPASS)
 Komfo Anokye Senior High School, Wiamoase
 Kumasi Academy, Asokore-Mampong, Kumasi
 Kumasi Girls' Senior High School
 Kumasi Wesley Girls High School
 Kumasi High School
 Obuasi Secondary Technical School (O.S.T.S)
 Wesley Senior High School (WEHIS), Bekwai
 Adventist Senior High School (ADASS), Bantama
 Ofoase Kokoben Senior High School (OFKOSS)
 Adventist Girls Senior High School (ADGISS), Ntonso
 Opoku Ware Secondary School, Kumasi.
 St. Louis Senior High School, Oduom
 Nkawie Secondary Technical School.
 Oppong Memorial Senior High School.
 Osei Kyeretwie Senior High School, Kumasi.
 Prempeh College, Kumasi.
 Prince of Peace Girls Senior High School, South Suntreso, Kumasi.
 Simms Senior High School, Fawoade
 Bonwire Senior High Tech. School.
 St Joseph Senior High School (Ehuren)
 St. Monica's Senior High School, Mampong
 Amaniampong Senior High School, Mampong
 T.I. Ahmadiyya Senior High School, Kumasi
 T.I. Ahmadiyya Girls' Senior High School, Asokore
 Jacobu Senior High School, Jacobu
 Juaben Senior High School, Juaben
 Yaa Asantewaa Girls' Senior High School, Tanoso
 Kumasi Senior High Technical School (K.S.T.S),
 Tepa Senior High School, Tepa. (GREAT TESS).
 Mabang Senior High School, Mabang.
•Aduman Senior High School,(Admass) Aduman
 Dwamena Akenten Senior High School,(DASS) Offinso

Universiities Din Beni
 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi
 Ghana Baptist University College, Kumasi
 Spiritan University College, Ejisu
 Garden City University College, Kenyasi, Kumasi
 Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (formerly Kumasi Campus of University of Education, Winneba)
 National Institute Of Information Technology, Kumasi Campus NIIT.
 Kumasi Technical University, K-Poly
 IPMC, Kumasi Campus
 Akrokerri College of Education
 St. Monica's College of Education, Mampong
 Christian Service University College, Odeneho Kwadaso
 Wesley College of Education
 St. Louis College of Education
 Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (formerly Mampong Campus of University of Education, Winneba)
 Mampong Technical College of Education (MAMTECH)
 S.D.A. College of Education, Agona

Kundivihira

Ghana Region nima
Ghana
Lahabaya zaa

Ashanti Region


The InterRail pass is a train pass, anerly open tae residenters (meenimum 6 month) o Europe, that allous unleemitit traivel for a defined period o time, cep on special trains sic as heich-speed trains an some nicht trains. Residenters o ither kintras can coff the seemilar Eurail pass.

The fare structur is different frae that afore 1 Aprile 2007.

Global Pass
The Global Pass is, cep for the kintra that the traiveler bides in, habile in aw European kintras that taks pairt: Austrick, Belgium, Bosnie an Herzegovinae, Bulgarie, Croatie, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Fraunce, Germany, Great Breetain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonie, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norrowey, Poland, Portugal, Romanie, Serbie, Slovakie, Slovenie, Spain, Swisserland, Swaden, Turkey.

It isna habile in the kintra that the traiveler bides in, an no on railweys in Albanie, Belarus, Estonie, Latvie, Lithuanie, Moldovae, Roushie an Ukraine. There arena railweys in Andorrae, Cyprus, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Iceland, Malta or San Marino. L'Hospitalet-Près-l'Andorre in Fraunce is the ewest railwey station for Andorrae. Rimini in Italy is the ewest station for San Marino.

One-Country Pass
The 'One-Country Pass' (Ae-Kintra Pass) is available for ilkane o the follaein kintras, cep the traiveler's hame kintra:

Kintras wi price level 1 (heichest):
Fraunce, Germany, Great Breetain, Ireland, Norrowey, Swaden
Kintras wi price level 2:
Austrick, Benelux, Finland, Greece Plus, Italy, Spain, Swisserland, Turkey
Kintras wi price level 3:
Croatie, Denmark, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Romanie
Kintras wi price level 4:
Bosnie an Herzegovinae, Bulgarie, Czech Republic, Macedonie, Serbie, Slovakie, Slovenie
There arna sindry passes for Belgium, Luxembourg, an the Netherlands, insteid there is ane for the hail o  Benelux (price level 2). It is available for residents in Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands an aw, but for thaim it is anerly valid in the twa kintras that arna thair hame kintra.
The "Greece Plus" ticket includes ferry transpose atween Greece an Italy.
Bosnie an Herzegovina an Montenegro daesna tak pairt in the Inter Rail One-Country Pass offer.

The One-Country Pass haes replaced the Eurodomino pass.

Rail transport in Europe

InterRail


In cryptography, black-bag cryptanalysis is a euphemism for the acquisition of cryptographic secrets via burglary, or other covert means – rather than mathematical or technical cryptanalytic attack. The term refers to the black bag of equipment that a burglar would carry or a black bag operation.

As with rubber-hose cryptanalysis, this is technically not a form of cryptanalysis; the term is used sardonically. However, given the free availability of very high strength cryptographic systems, this type of attack is a much more serious threat to most users than mathematical attacks because it is often much easier to attempt to circumvent cryptographic systems (e.g. steal the password) than to attack them directly.

Regardless of the technique used, such methods are intended to capture highly sensitive information e.g. cryptographic keys, key-rings, passwords or unencrypted plaintext. The required information is usually copied without removing or destroying it, so capture often takes place without the victim realizing it has occurred.

Methods
In addition to burglary, the covert means might include the installation of keystroke logging or trojan horse software or hardware installed on (or near to) target computers or ancillary devices. It is even possible to monitor the electromagnetic emissions of computer displays or keyboards from a distance of 20 metres (or more), and thereby decode what has been typed. This could be done by surveillance technicians, or via some form of bug concealed somewhere in the room. Although sophisticated technology is often used, black bag cryptanalysis can also be as simple as the process of copying a password which someone has unwisely written down on a piece of paper and left inside their desk drawer.

The case of United States v. Scarfo highlighted one instance in which FBI agents using a sneak and peek warrant placed a keystroke logger on an alleged criminal gang leader.

See also

References

External links
Jurat Blockchain

Theft
Euphemisms
Espionage techniques
Cryptographic attacks

Black-bag cryptanalysis


Steven Bayme is an essayist  and author. In 1997 he was National Director of Jewish Communal Affairs at the American Jewish Committee, and holds the rank of Adjunct Professor at the Wurzweiler School of Social Work, Yeshiva University.  Bayme is a graduate of the Maimonides School and of the College of Yeshiva University (1971).

Additionally, Bayme serves on the faculty of the Wexner Heritage Foundation, and has served frequently as a judge for the National Jewish Book Awards. The Jewish-American newspaper The Forward has included him three times on its annual list of top 50 Jewish leaders who "make a difference."

Bayme earned a bachelor's degree in history from Yeshiva University and a doctorate in Jewish history from Columbia University. He has lectured throughout the United States and has taught at Yeshiva University, Jewish Theological Seminary, Hebrew Union College and Queens College. He is a visiting associate professor of history at the Jewish Theological Seminary.

Works
 American Jewry and Judaism in the Twentieth Century, prepared by Steven Bayme & Gary Rubin (1980)
 Poor Among Us: Jewish Tradition and Social Policy''', Steven Bayme (1986)
 Spotlight on the Family: Public Policy and Private Responsibility, Steven Bayme (1988)
 Facing the Future: Essays on Contemporary Jewish Life: In Memory of Yehuda Rosenman, ed. Steven Bayme (1989)
 Rebuilding the Nest: A New Commitment to the American Family, eds. David Blankenhorn, Steven Bayme, & Jean Bethke Elshtain (1990)
 The Jewish Family and Jewish Continuity, by Steven Bayme & Gladys Rosen (1994)
 Understanding Jewish History: Texts and Commentary, ed. Steven Bayme (1997)
 Re-examining Intermarriage: Trends, Textures, and Strategies: Report of a New Study, Bruce A.Phillips, preface by Steven Bayme & David M. Gordis (1997)
 Jewish Arguments and Counter-Arguments: Essays and Addresses'', by Steven Bayme (2002)
 More available online: Steven Bayme on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive @ NYU Wagner.

External links
Steven Bayme bio at the American Jewish Committee website
 by Steven Bayme

Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion faculty
Historians of Jews and Judaism
Living people
Jewish American writers
Maimonides School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Yeshiva University alumni
21st-century American Jews
American Jewish Committee

Steven Bayme


Benjamin Woodbridge (1622–1684) was an English clergyman and controversialist, Harvard College's first-ever graduate, and participant in the Savoy Conference.

Life
He was the son of John Woodbridge V (1582–1637), rector of Stanton Fitzwarren, Wiltshire, and his wife Sarah (1593–1663), daughter of Robert Parker. He matriculated from Magdalen Hall, Oxford, on 9 November 1638, and went in 1639 to New England, where his elder brother, John Woodbridge, had migrated in 1634 in company with his uncle, Thomas Parker and cousin James Noyes.

Benjamin was the first graduate of Harvard College, commencing B.A. in 1642. Returning to England, he re-entered Magdalen Hall, and proceeded M.A. on 10 November 1648. At that time he had already been doing duty as a minister in Salisbury, and on 18 May had been appointed rector of Newbury, Berkshire, where he had success with presbyterians. In 1652 he attempted to refute two ministers of Salisbury, Thomas Warren and William Eyre, in a sermon on Justification by Faith, which was published and commended by Richard Baxter. Eyre responded, Baxter upheld his own and Woodbridge's views and Woodbridge himself issued a reply.

Woodbridge was one of the assistants for the ejection of scandalous ministers in 1654. In 1657 the trustees for the maintenance of ministers granted an assistant for him at Newbury. At the Restoration he was made one of the king's chaplains and had the canonry of Windsor offered him, but he hesitated and it was given to another. He was one of the commissioners at the Savoy conference in 1661, but was silenced by the Act of Uniformity 1662. Subsequently he preached in private in Newbury, but was frequently disturbed and imprisoned. Eventually he consented to conform and take holy orders from John Earle, bishop of Salisbury, at Oxford in October 1665. But regretting his inconsistency he returned to his quiet preaching in Newbury until the indulgence of March 1675 enabled him to act with fuller publicity.

On the allegations of the Popish Plot in 1678 he was encouraged to greater efforts, and preached a place of worship every Sunday at Highclere in Hampshire. In 1683 he retired to Englefield in Berkshire, where he died 1 November 1684, and was buried in Newbury on the 4th.

Works
Woodbridge published in 1648, under the pseudonym "Filodexter Transilvanus", Church Members set in Joynt, or a Discovery of the Unwarrantable and Disorderly Practice of Private Christians, in usurping the Peculiar Office and Work of Christ's own Pastours, namely Publick Preaching. The book was written in reply to a treatise entitled Preaching without Ordination, published the previous year by Edmund Chillenden. Woodbridge's book was republished in 1656 and in 1657. He also published in London 1601 a work by James Noyes (who had married his mother's sister), entitled Moses and Aaron; or the Rights of the Church and State. Woodbridge wrote some verses, inscribed on the tomb of John Cotton of Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1652), which possibly gave Benjamin Franklin a hint for his epitaph upon himself, based on comparison with a book and a new edition. Woodbridge, in words Franklin could have seen in Cotton Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana, wrote that Cotton was:

A Living Breathing Bible; Tables where
Both Covenants, at Large, engraven were;
Gospel and Law, in's Heart, had Each its Column;
His Head an Index to the Sacred Volume;
His very Name a Title-Page; and next,
His Life a Commentary on the Text.
O, What a Monument of Glorious Worth,
When, in a New Edition, he comes forth,
Without Errata's, may we think he'l be
In Leaves and Covers of Eternity!

Notes

References

1622 births
1684 deaths
English Presbyterian ministers of the Interregnum (England)
Participants in the Savoy Conference
Ejected English ministers of 1662
Harvard College alumni
Alumni of Magdalen Hall, Oxford

Benjamin Woodbridge


Pamela Lyndon Travers  (; born Helen Lyndon Goff; 9 August 1899 – 23 April 1996) was an Australian-British writer who spent most of her career in England. She is best known for the Mary Poppins series of books, which feature the eponymous magical nanny.

Goff was born in Maryborough, Queensland, and grew up in the Australian bush before being sent to boarding school in Sydney. Her writing was first published when she was a teenager, and she also worked briefly as a professional Shakespearean actress. Upon immigrating to England at the age of 25, she took the name "Pamela Lyndon Travers" and adopted the pen name P. L. Travers in 1933 while writing the first of eight Mary Poppins books.

Travers travelled to New York City during World War II while working for the British Ministry of Information. At that time, Walt Disney contacted her about selling to Walt Disney Productions the rights for a film adaptation of Mary Poppins. After years of contact, which included visits to Travers at her home in London, Walt Disney obtained the rights and the film Mary Poppins premiered in 1964.

In 2004, a stage musical adaptation of the books and the film opened in the West End; it premiered on Broadway in 2006. A film based on Disney's efforts to persuade Travers to sell him the Mary Poppins film rights was released in 2013, Saving Mr. Banks, in which Travers is portrayed by Emma Thompson. In a 2018 sequel to the original film, Mary Poppins Returns, Poppins, played by Emily Blunt, returns to help the Banks family once again.

Early life
Helen Lyndon Goff, also known as Lyndon, was born on 9 August 1899 in Maryborough, Queensland, Australia, at her family's home. Her mother, Margaret Agnes Goff (née Morehead), was Australian and the niece of Boyd Dunlop Morehead, Premier of Queensland from 1888 to 1890. Her father, Travers Robert Goff, was unsuccessful as a bank manager owing to his alcoholism, and was eventually demoted to the position of bank clerk. The two had been married on 9 November 1898, nine months before Helen was born. The name Helen came from a maternal great-grandmother and great-aunt. Although she was born in Australia, Goff considered herself Irish and later expressed the sentiment that her birth had been "misplaced".

As a baby she visited her great aunt Ellie in Sydney for the first time; Ellie would figure prominently in her early life, as Goff often stayed with her. Goff lived a simple life as a child, given a penny a week by her parents as well as occasional other gifts. Her mother was known for giving Goff maxims and instructions and she loved "the memory of her father" and his stories of life in Ireland. Goff was also an avid reader, later stating that she could read at three years old, and particularly enjoying fairy tales.

The family lived in a large home in Maryborough until Lyndon was three years old, when they relocated to Brisbane in 1902. Goff recalled an idealized version of her childhood in Maryborough as an adult. In Brisbane Goff's sister was born. In mid-1905 Goff went to spend time with Ellie in Sydney. Later that year, Lyndon returned and the family moved to Allora, Queensland. In part because Goff was often left alone as a child by parents who were "caught up in their own importance", she developed a "form of self-sufficiency and [...had an] idiosyncratic form of fantasy life", according to her biographer Valerie Lawson, often pretending to be a mother henat times for hours. Goff also wrote poetry, which her family paid little attention to. In 1906 Lyndon attended the Allora Public School. Travers Goff died at home in January 1907. Lyndon would struggle to come to terms with this fact for the next six years.

Following her father's death, Goff, along with her mother and sisters, moved to Bowral, New South Wales, in 1907, and she attended the local branch of the Sydney Church of England Grammar School.  She boarded at the now-defunct Normanhurst School in Ashfield, a suburb of Sydney, from 1912. At Normanhurst, she began to love theatre. In 1914 she published an article in the Normanhurst School Magazine, her first, and later that year directed a school concert. The following year, Goff played the role of Bottom in a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream. She became a prefect and sought to have a successful career as an actress. Goff's first employment was at the Australian Gas Light Company as a cashier. Between 1918 and 1924 she resided at 40 Pembroke Street, Ashfield. In 1920 Goff appeared in her first pantomime. The following year she was hired to work in a Shakespearean Company run by Allan Wilkie based in Sydney.

Career
Goff had her first role in the troupe as Anne Page in a March 1921 performance of The Merry Wives of Windsor. She decided to go by the stage name of "Pamela Lyndon Travers", taking Travers from her father's name and Pamela because she thought it a "pretty" name that "flowed" with Travers. Travers toured New South Wales beginning in early 1921 and returned to Wilkie's troupe in Sydney by April 1922. That month, in a review of her performance as Titania in A Midsummer Night's Dream, a critic for Frank Morton's Triad wrote that her performance was 'all too human'.

The troupe travelled to New Zealand, where Travers met and fell in love with a journalist for  The Sun. The journalist took one of Travers' poems to his editor and it was published in the Sun. Even after she left New Zealand Travers continued to submit works to the Sun, eventually having her own column called "Pamela Passes: the Sun's Sydney Letter". Travers also had work accepted and published by publications including the Shakespeare Quarterly, Vision, and The Green Room. She was told to not make a career out of journalism and turned to poetry. The Triad published "Mother Song", one of her poems, in March 1922, under the name "Pamela Young Travers". The Bulletin published Travers' poem, "Keening", on March 20, 1923, and she became a frequent contributor. In May 1923 she found employment at the Triad, where she was given the discretion to fill at least four pages of a women's sectiontitled "A Woman Hits Back"every issue. Travers wrote poetry, journalism, and prose for her section; Lawson notes that "erotic verse and coquetry" figured prominently. She published a book of poetry, Bitter Sweet.

In England

On 9 February 1924, Travers left Australia for England, settling in London. She only revisited Australia once, in the 1960s. For four years she wrote poetry for the Irish Statesman, beginning while in Ireland in 1925 when Travers met the poet George William Russell (who wrote under the name "Æ") who, as editor of the Statesman, accepted some of her poems for publication. Through Russell, whose kindness towards younger writers was legendary, Travers met W. B. Yeats, Oliver St. John Gogarty and other Irish poets who fostered her interest in and knowledge of world mythology.

After visiting Fontainebleau in France, Travers met George Ivanovich Gurdjieff, an occultist, of whom she became a "disciple". Around the same time she was taught by Carl Gustav Jung in Switzerland. In 1931, she moved with her friend Madge Burnand from their rented flat in London to a thatched cottage in Sussex. There, in the winter of 1933, she began to write Mary Poppins. During the 1930s, Travers reviewed drama for The New English Weekly and published the book Moscow Excursion (1934). Mary Poppins was published that year with great success. Many sequels followed.

During the Second World War, Travers worked for the British Ministry of Information, spending five years in the US, publishing I Go by Sea, I Go by Land in 1941. At the invitation of her friend John Collier, the US Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Travers spent two summers living among the Navajo, Hopi and Pueblo peoples, studying their mythology and folklore. Travers moved back to England at the end of the war, where she continued writing. She moved into 50 Smith Street, Chelsea, London, which is commemorated with an English Heritage blue plaque. She returned to the US in 1965 and became writer-in-residence at Radcliffe College from 1965 to 1966 and at Smith College in 1966 and lecturing at Scripps College in 1970. She published various works and edited Parabola: the Magazine of Myth and Tradition from 1976 to her death.

Mary Poppins
As early as 1926, Travers published a short story, "Mary Poppins and the Match Man", which introduced the nanny character of Mary Poppins and Bert the street artist. Published in London in 1934, Mary Poppins, the children's book, was Travers's first literary success. Seven sequels followed, the last in 1988, when Travers was 89.

While appearing as a guest on BBC Radio 4's radio programme Desert Island Discs in May 1977, Travers revealed that the name "M. Poppins" originated from childhood stories that she contrived for her sisters, and that she was still in possession of a book from that era with this name inscribed within. Travers's great aunt, Helen Morehead, who lived in Woollahra, Sydney, and used to say "Spit spot, into bed," is a likely inspiration for the character.

Disney version

The musical film adaptation Mary Poppins was released by Walt Disney Pictures in 1964. Primarily based on the original 1934 novel of the same name, it also lifted elements from the 1935 sequel Mary Poppins Comes Back. The novels were loved by Disney's daughters when they were children, and Disney spent 20 years trying to purchase the film rights to Mary Poppins, which included visits to Travers at her home in London. In 1961, Travers arrived in Los Angeles on a flight from London, her first-class ticket having been paid for by Disney, and finally agreed to sell the rights, in no small part because she was financially in dire straits. Travers was an adviser in the production, but she disapproved of the Poppins character in its Disney version; with harsher aspects diluted, she felt ambivalent about the music and she so hated the use of animation that she ruled out any further adaptations of the series. She received no invitation to the film's star-studded première until she "embarrassed a Disney executive into extending one". At the after-party, she said loudly, "Well. The first thing that has to go is the animation sequence." Disney replied, "Pamela, the ship has sailed".

Travers so disliked the Disney adaptation and the way she felt she had been treated during the production that when producer Cameron Mackintosh approached her years later about making the British stage musical, she acquiesced only on conditions that British writers alone and no one from the original film production were to be directly involved. That specifically excluded the Sherman Brothers from writing additional songs for the production. However, original songs and other aspects from the 1964 film were allowed to be incorporated into the production. Those points were even stipulated in her last will and testament.

In a 1977 interview on the BBC radio programme Desert Island Discs, Travers remarked about the film, "I've seen it once or twice, and I've learned to live with it. It's glamorous and it's a good film on its own level, but I don't think it is very like my books."

Later films
The 2013 motion picture Saving Mr. Banks is a dramatised retelling of both the working process during the planning of Mary Poppins and of Travers's early life, drawing parallels with Mary Poppins and that of the author's childhood. The movie stars Emma Thompson as  and Tom Hanks as Walt Disney.

In 2018, 54 years after the release of the original Mary Poppins film, a sequel was released titled Mary Poppins Returns, with Emily Blunt starring as Mary Poppins. The film is set 25 years after the events of the first film, in which Mary Poppins returns to help Jane and Michael one year after a family tragedy.

Personal life
Travers was reluctant to share details about her personal life, saying she "most identified with Anonymous as a writer" and asked whether "biographies are of any use at all". Patricia Demers was allowed to interview her in 1988 but not to ask about her personal life.

Travers never married. Though she had numerous fleeting relationships with men throughout her life, she lived for more than a decade with Madge Burnand, daughter of Sir Francis Burnand, a playwright and the former editor of Punch. They shared a London flat from 1927 to 1934, then moved to Pound Cottage near Mayfield, East Sussex, where Travers published the first of the Mary Poppins books. Their relationship, in the words of one biographer, was "intense", but equally ambiguous.

At the age of 40, two years after moving out on her own, Travers adopted a baby boy from Ireland whom she named Camillus Travers. He was the grandchild of Joseph Hone, the first biographer of George Moore and W. B. Yeats, who was raising his seven grandchildren with his wife. Camillus was unaware of his true parentage or the existence of any siblings until the age of 17, when Anthony Hone, his twin brother, came to London and knocked on the door of Travers's house at 50 Smith Street, Chelsea. He had been drinking and demanded to see his brother. Travers refused and threatened to call the police. Anthony left but, soon after, following an argument with Travers, Camillus went looking for his brother and found him in a pub on King's Road. Anthony had been fostered and raised by the family of the essayist Hubert Butler in Ireland. Through Camillus, Travers had three grandchildren.

Travers was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1977 New Year Honours. She died in London on 23 April 1996 at the age of 96. Although Travers never fully accepted the way the Disney film version of Mary Poppins had portrayed her nanny figure, the film did make her rich. Her estate was valued for probate in September 1996 at £2,044,708.

Travers crater
In 2018, a crater on the planet Mercury was named in her honour.

Works

Books

 Mary Poppins, London: Gerald Howe, 1934
 Mary Poppins Comes Back, London: L. Dickson & Thompson Ltd., 1935
 I Go By Sea, I Go By Land, London: Peter Davies, 1941
 Aunt Sass, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941
 Ah Wong, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1943
 Mary Poppins Opens the Door, London: Peter Davies, 1943
 Johnny Delaney, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1944
 Mary Poppins in the Park, London: Peter Davies, 1952
 Gingerbread Shop, 1952 (an adapted version of the "Mrs. Corry" chapter from Mary Poppins)
 Mr. Wigg's Birthday Party, 1952 (an adapted version of the "Laughing Gas" chapter from Mary Poppins)
 The Magic Compass, 1953 (an adapted version of the "Bad Tuesday" chapter from Mary Poppins)
 Mary Poppins From A to Z, London: Collins, 1963
 The Fox at the Manger, London: Collins, 1963
 Friend Monkey, London: Collins, 1972
 Mary Poppins in the Kitchen, New York & London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975
 Two Pairs of Shoes, New York: Viking Press, 1980
 Mary Poppins in Cherry Tree Lane, London: Collins, 1982
 Mary Poppins and the House Next Door, London: Collins. 1988.

Collections

 Stories, 1952

Non-fiction

 Moscow Excursion, New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1934
 George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff, Toronto: Traditional Studies Press, 1973
 About the Sleeping Beauty, London: Collins, 1975
 What the Bee Knows: Reflections on Myth, Symbol and Story, New Paltz: Codhill Press, 1989

Manuscript and pictorial sources

 P. L. Travers - papers, ca. 1899–1988, 4.5 metres of textual material (28 boxes) - manuscript, typescript, and printed Clippings, Photographs, Objects, Drawings, State Library of New South Wales, MLMSS 5341, MLOH 62
 P. L. Travers - further papers, 1901–1991, Textual Records, Graphic Materials, Clippings, Photographs, Drawings, 2 boxes - 0.26 Meters, State Library of New South Wales MLMSS 5341 ADD-ON 2130
 P. L. Travers, four diaries, 1948–1953, Camillus Travers is the son of P. L. Travers, author of Mary Poppins. He gave these notebooks to his mother as a boy and they were used by her for recording his schooldays and their holidays spent together, as well as other events over this period, State Library of New South Wales MLMSS 7956
 Family and personal photographs collected by P.L. Travers, ca. 1891–1980, 1 portfolio (51 black and white, sepia, col. photographs, 2 photograph albums, 1 hand coloured lithograph, 17 coloured transparencies) various sizes, State Library of New South Wales PX*D 334

References

Citations

 .

Further reading

 Cesare Catà, La sapienza segreta di Pamela L. Travers, saggio introduttivo a La sapienza segreta delle api, Liberilibri, Macerata, 2019

 , 12 vol.; reprinted in International Gurdjieff Review 3.1 (Fall 1999), In Memoriam: An Introduction to Gurdjieff

External links

 .

1899 births
1996 deaths
Australian women children's writers
Australian women novelists
Australian fantasy writers
Australian women poets
Australian stage actresses
British children's writers
British fantasy writers
English women novelists
British women children's writers
English women poets
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Maryborough, Queensland
People from Bowral
Writers from London
Writers from Queensland
Mary Poppins
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English women writers
Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Australian people of Irish descent
20th-century Australian novelists
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
Students of George Gurdjieff

P. L. Travers


Habibollah Hedayat (دکتر حبیب الله هدایت) (2013–1917), known as the father of modern nutrition sciences of Iran, is the founder of the National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI) and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science (FNFS) in Iran.  His pioneering work in nutrition sciences over the past 50 years, inspired by humanistic values and views, has been recognized by the Iranian academic community, industry and governmental organizations, as well as international food and nutrition authorities.

Early life and education
Habibollah Hedayat was born in the city of Shahreza (previously Ghomsheh) near Esfahan, Iran in 1917.  His early education was completed in Shahreza, and he received his high school diploma in Esfahan.  Hedayat was then admitted to Tehran University Medical School in 1936 where he finished his medical education with honors in 1941.  Upon finishing his medical internship in Tehran's Women's Hospital, he performed his military service for one year in the Iranian Army Health Services and then departed for France in 1948 to attend medical school at the University of Paris.  He completed his thesis under Professor Varangot at the Port-Royal Paris Hospital where he received his OB/GYN specialty diploma.  While studying courses in his specialization of gynecology, he also took general hygiene and workers' medicine courses in the evenings with the hope of establishing a hygiene research institute back in Iran.

Career and Services
Upon returning from France to Iran in 1951, Hedayat and his colleagues established the Hafez specialty clinic in Tehran which remained open until 1953.  After long discussions with the then Minister of Health, Jahanshah Saleh, Hedayat obtained approval for a research project on Iran's workers' health.  As part of this research project, Hedayat observed malnourished Iranian girls weaving carpets in Kerman in poor working conditions and this caused an internal revolution in him.  He decided to focus on "nutrition" as the vital factor in the health and wellbeing of the Iranian people – a subject not taken seriously by the medical community at the time.

Since neither he, nor his colleagues in Iran, had formally studied or specialized in the field of nutrition, Hedayat decided to study nutrition sciences overseas under Professor Colin B.S. Platt (professor of nutrition and president of Human Research Centre) at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London) as well as the Medical Research Council.  Hedayat's master thesis in nutrition was entitled: "A Study of Nutrition in Persia, Including a Laboratory Investigation of the Nutritive Value of Typical Dietaries."

Upon his second return to Iran in 1961, Hedayat was appointed director general of Health Affairs for the Tehran province.  It was during this period in his career that he established the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science of Iran (INFSI).  The initiative started with modestly sized classes, few laboratories, and a library at the Firouzgar hospital in Tehran.  The name of the institute was later changed to National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI).

It was during the establishment of INFSI that Hedayat became acquainted with his long-time colleague and friend, Shahab Vaez Zadeh.  These two scientists pledged to work together to make the INFSI, a vital necessity for Iran, into a success.

The institute, in collaboration with the nutrition section at the Embassy of France under the auspices of Professor Trémolières, organized seminars and conferences and granted scholarships to students interested in the field.  The institute was to soon find international fame.  United Nations entities such as Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF started supporting the institute.  These organizations provided 28 academic scholarships for staff and students.  Hedayat was invited to a UNICEF conference in New York, where Sir Herbert Broadley, the former acting director-general of FAO and UNICEF's representative in Great Britain, indicated that establishment of the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science in Iran had inspired several other Middle Eastern countries to follow suit and establish similar institutes in their respective countries.  As an integral part of the institute, Iran's College of Nutrition Sciences and Food Chemistry was established.  Additionally, a rural research center was established in Gorg-Tapeh, a rural area in Varamin, near Tehran.  Later, in cooperation with Abdolrahim Emami, who had been sent by Hedayat to London to receive his specialty under supervision of Prof. Platt, a branch of the Nutrition Institute was established at the Esfahan University in Esfahan, Iran.  In 1970, the Iranian Diabetes Society was also established with Hedayat as a founding member and chairman of the board.

Scientific Works
Hedayat is author or co-author of six books, thirty-three academic papers, over fifty research reports on food and nutrition, and over one hundred presentations at national and international conferences (in Persian, English, and French).  He was the founder and editor-in-chief of the Nutrition Journal published in Persian by NNFTRI.  He was also a member of the editorial board of Ecology of Food and Nutrition published in English in London, Washington, and Tokyo.  One of his major scientific achievements was overseeing the evaluation of the nutritional status and needs of the Iranian people conducted by survey teams in 30 different urban, rural, tribal and industrial locations.  The result of this survey (published in Persian and English) which was reported to FAO, was considered as the most reputable nutritional survey in the third world and used as a reference for developing countries.  Hedayat also managed research projects on Favism and Endemic Goiter in Iran.

Honors and awards
Hedayat's pioneering work in nutrition sciences over the past 50 years, inspired by his humanistic values and views, has been recognized by the Iranian academic community, industry and governmental organizations as well as international food and nutrition authorities. A significant number of Iran's current leaders in nutrition and food sciences are alumni of the college he established, the College of Nutrition Sciences and Food Chemistry.  In 2005, Hedayat was elected as a member of the distinguished faculty of the College of Food Technology of Scientific Research Unit, part of Islamic Azad University.  In 2006, Dr. Hedayat (together with Shahab Vaez-Zadeh) was officially recognized for his pioneering work in nutrition and food science by all sectors of the Iranian society including Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani, former president and chairman the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran.  Dr. Hedayat's lasting legacy is manifested by the "Dr. Hedayat Award", the highest award in Iran bestowed annually by the Iranian Food Science and Technology Association (chairman: Seyed Mohammad Hosseini) to the most achieved Iranian persons or institutions in the field of nutrition and food science.  In 2008, dozens of his former students gathered together with him in Los Angeles to celebrate with him his myriad lifetime achievements.

Family life
Hedayat has three sons.  Iraj Roland, M.S. in Computer Sciences from University of Uppsala/Sweden, worked as an engineer at Ericsson before running his own business as a specialist in the design of computer networks, especially for the healthcare sector.  He lives in Stockholm, Sweden.  Parviz Jean-Pierre, M.A. in economics from University of Heidelberg/Germany, worked at the investment and private banking for twelve years (Dominick & Dominick Inc., Prudential-Bache International Ltd. and Dresdner Bank AG) before functioning as a member of the management/executive board and COO at Hansa Group AG/Germany.  He is currently managing director at HEDCO e.K., an international trading and consulting company in Düsseldorf, Germany.  Dariush Christian, Ph.D. in electrical engineering from University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis/France, a specialist in electronic physics, worked as an R & D Engineer at Texas Instruments France (Villeneuve-Loubet), ATMEL France (Rousset), and is now functioning as head of Fraunhofer ENAS Department Advanced System Engineering – Paderborn/Germany.

References & Citations

Iranian nutritionists
Iranian obstetricians and gynaecologists
20th-century Iranian inventors
1917 births
2013 deaths
Iranian expatriates in France
University of Paris alumni

Habibollah Hedayat


Joseph Beaumont (13 March 1616 – 23 November 1699) was an English clergyman, academic and poet.

Life
John was the son of John Beaumont and Sarah Clarke, and he born in Hadleigh, Suffolk, on 13 March 1616. He was educated at Hadleigh grammar school, and proceeded to Cambridge in 1631, where he was admitted as a pensioner to Peterhouse, Cambridge. He took his degree of B.A. in 1634, and became a fellow of his college in 1636, the master then being John Cosin. Richard Crashaw, the poet, had now passed from Pembroke College to Peterhouse, and in 1638 he and Beaumont received their degree of M.A. together

In 1644 he was one of the royalist fellows ejected from Cambridge, and he retired to Hadleigh, where he sat down to write his epic poem of Psyche. Beaumont fared particularly well during the Commonwealth. From 1643 he held the rectory of Kelshall in Hertfordshire, as non-resident, and in 1646 he added to this, or exchanged it for, the living of Elm-cum-Emneth in Cambridgeshire. He was appointed in the same year to a canonry of Ely.

In 1650 he became domestic chaplain to Matthew Wren, bishop of Ely, and held various other sinecures. The wealthy ward of the bishop, a Mistress Brownrigg, Elizabeth (baptised 13 January 1623 at Sproughton), the bishop's step-daughter, fell in love with him, and they were married from Ely House in 1650. Beaumont and his wife resided for the next ten years at Tatingston Place, in Suffolk. During this period he wrote most of his minor poems.

At the Restoration of 1660 Beaumont was made Doctor of Divinity and one of the king's chaplains. Early in 1661 he went down to Ely to reside, at the bishop's request, but Mistress Beaumont caught the fen fever, and died on 31 May 1662. She was buried in Ely Cathedral. During his wife's fatal illness Beaumont was appointed master of Jesus College, Cambridge, in succession to John Pearson; and he moved to Cambridge with his six young children, only one of whom lived to manhood. He restored Jesus Chapel at his own expense; then on 24 April 1663 he was admitted master of Peterhouse.

His long controversy with Henry More, the Cambridge Platonist, dates from 1665. In 1674 he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity, and delivered a course of lectures on Romans and Colossians, which he forbade his executors to publish. A collective evaluation of the soteriological lectures that he gave and the theological lectures that he moderated reveal his promotion of English-Arminianism at Cambridge, which was already established by his predecessor Peter Gunning. In 1689 he was appointed to meet the leaders of nonconformity as one of the commissioners of comprehension. He preached before the university on 5 November 1699, died on 23 November, and was buried in the college chapel of Peterhouse.

Works
Psyche, taking him eleven months to write, was published early in 1648. The allegorical poem represents the soul led by divine grace and her guardian angel through the various temptations and assaults of life into her eternal felicity; it is written in a six-line heroic stanza, and contains, in its abridged form, 30,000 lines. In 1702 Charles Beaumont, the only surviving son, brought out a new edition, entirely revised, and enlarged by the addition of four fresh cantos.

A life of Joseph Beaumont was written by John Gee of Peterhouse, who affixed it to the collection of Beaumont's poems which he first edited at Cambridge in 1749; further information was published by Hugh Pigot in his History of Hadleigh in 1860. The complete poems of Beaumont, in English and Latin, were first edited, in two quarto vols., privately printed, by A. B. Grosart in 1880, with a memoir in which some additions are made to the information preserved by Gee.

Beaumont prefixed a copy of Latin verses to the Muse Juridicae of William Hawkins in 1634, and published in 1665, at Cambridge, Some Observations upon the Apologie of Dr. Henry More. An artist of some pretension, he adorned the altar of Peterhouse Chapel with scripture scenes which have now disappeared.

References

Attribution

External links

1616 births
1699 deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Arminian ministers
Arminian writers
English male poets
Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Cambridge)
Masters of Jesus College, Cambridge
Masters of Peterhouse, Cambridge

Joseph Beaumont


The Harrovian is a weekly newspaper published by Harrow School during term time "as an organ of record, and a forum for comment, debate and expression of individual opinion within the school". All articles are published anonymously, except for letters which are signed. The Harrovian is printed on cream paper and is usually 8 A4 sides long (including photos).

Articles are written on any topic. There are comment articles on current affairs, reports on school trips, society meetings, and concerts amongst other things as well as the results of school matches. The only regular column is 'Here and There' which reports on achievements of Old Harrovians, staff weddings/babies, and other notable events. However, other columns come and go. For example, the scientific column 'The Strutt' (after John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh OH), satire columns such as the current 'Spyglass' column, recipe columns ('Two Fat Ladies') and university advice.

The Harrovian has been published under various guises and titles since 1828. Previous titles include The Tyro or The Record. Almost all have survived in bound versions, though the earliest are simple Latin or Greek translations. At times through its history there have also been supplements, notably the War Supplements informing of the situation of Old Harrovians.

Other periodicals published by Harrow School are Goulash (a satire magazine), The Harrow Record (a twice-yearly roundup), Harrow Notes (an illustrated magazine) 10 Miles to London (creative writing, etc. by boys). However, the current creative writing weekly, which is published in collaboration with other schools in the Harrow Family is called the Harrow Family Creative Writing Anthology.

Each year the editors appoint the replacements for the next year's editing team. Current editors include Arturo Saville, Henry Ridley, Andrew Arthur, Vincent Song, and Robert Young.

Former Editors of The Harrovian include writer and historian Simon Sebag-Montefiore, Richard Curtis, Dylan Winward and journalist and biographer Jasper Rees.

References

External links
Harrovian Online

Student newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Harrow School
Newspapers established in 1828

The Harrovian


Harvard Business Review (HBR) is a general management magazine  published by Harvard Business Publishing, a not-for-profit, independent corporation that is an affiliate of Harvard Business School. HBR is published six times a year and is headquartered in Brighton, Massachusetts.

HBR covers a wide range of topics that are relevant to various industries, management functions, and geographic locations. These include leadership, negotiation, strategy, operations, marketing, and finance.

Harvard Business Review has published articles by Clayton Christensen, Peter F. Drucker, Justin Fox, Michael E. Porter, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, John Hagel III, Thomas H. Davenport, Gary Hamel, C. K. Prahalad, Vijay Govindarajan, Robert S. Kaplan, Rita Gunther McGrath and others. Several management concepts and business terms were first given prominence in HBR.

Harvard Business Reviews worldwide English-language circulation is 250,000. HBR licenses its content for publication in nine international editions.

[[File:Cover_hbr_italia_july_2023.jpg|thumb|Cover of HBR Italia]]

Background
Early daysHarvard Business Review began in 1922 as a magazine for Harvard Business School. Founded under the auspices of Dean Wallace Donham, HBR was meant to be more than just a typical school publication. "The paper [HBR] is intended to be the highest type of business journal that we can make it, and for use by the student and the business man. It is not a school paper," Donham wrote. Initially, HBRs focus was on macroeconomic trends, as well as on important developments within specific industries.

Following World War II, HBR emphasized the cutting-edge management techniques that were developed in large corporations, like General Motors, during that time period. Over the next three decades, the magazine continued to refine its focus on general management issues that affect business leaders, billing itself as the "magazine for decision makers". Prominent articles published during this period include "Marketing Myopia" by Theodore Levitt and "Barriers and Gateways to Communication" by Carl R. Rogers and Fritz J. Roethlisberger.

1980s through 2009
In the 1980s, Theodore Levitt became the editor of Harvard Business Review and changed the magazine to make it more accessible to general audiences. Articles were shortened and the scope of the magazine was expanded to include a wider range of topics. In 1994, Harvard Business School formed Harvard Business Publishing (HBP) as an independent entity.

In 2002, a management and editorial staff shakeup occurred at the publication after the revelation of an affair between editor-in-chief Suzy Wetlaufer and former General Electric CEO Jack Welch. The two met while Wetlaufer was interviewing Welch while researching an article for the research-based magazine. Two senior Harvard Business Review editors left complaining the affair initiated during Wetlaufer's work with Welch for an article had broken ethical standards and cited an unfair office climate. Shortly after the resignations, Wetlaufer resigned on March 8, 2002 amid further rebuke by remaining staff.  Three months later, the publisher, Penelope Muse Abernathy, was also forced out.

Between 2006 and 2008, HBP went through several reorganizations but finally settled into the three market-facing groups that exist today: Higher Education, which distributes cases, articles, and book chapters for business education materials; Corporate Learning, which provides standardized on-line and tailored off-line leadership development courses; and Harvard Business Review Group, which publishes Harvard Business Review magazine and its web counterpart (HBR.org), and publishes books (Harvard Business Review Press).

Redesign
In 2009, HBR brought on Adi Ignatius, the former deputy managing editor of Time magazine, to be its editor-in-chief. Ignatius oversees all editorial operations for Harvard Business Review Group. At the time that Ignatius was hired, the United States was going through an economic recession, but HBR was not covering the topic. "The world was desperate for new approaches. Business-as-usual was not a credible response," Ignatius has recalled. During this period the frequency of HBR switched from ten times per year to six times per year.

As a result, Ignatius realigned HBR's focus and goals to make sure that it "delivers information in the zeitgeist that our readers are living in." HBR continues to emphasize research-based, academic pieces that would help readers improve their companies and further their careers, but it broadened its audience and improved reach and impact by including more contemporary topics.

As part of the redesigned magazine, Ignatius also led the charge to integrate the print and digital divisions more closely, and gave each edition of HBR a distinct theme and personality, as opposed to being a collection of academically superlative, yet mostly unrelated articles.HBR won the 2020 Webby Award for Business Blog/Website in the category Web.

McKinsey Awards

Since 1959, the magazine's annual McKinsey Award has recognized the two most significant Harvard Business Review'' articles published each year, as determined by a group of highly independent judges. Past winners have included Peter F. Drucker, who was honored seven times; Clayton M. Christensen; Theodore Levitt; Michael Porter; Rosabeth Moss Kanter; John Hagel III; and C. K. Prahalad.

References

External links

 HBR Global Editions
HBR Magazine
HBR Case Study Solutions

1922 establishments in Massachusetts
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Business magazines published in the United States
Harvard Business Publishing magazines
Magazines established in 1922
Magazines published in Massachusetts
Ten times annually magazines

Harvard Business Review


Colonel Yahya Kanu (born in Magburaka, Tonkolili District, Sierra Leone, died 29 December 1992) Kanu was a loyalist to president Joseph Saidu Momoh.  He was first reported by Reuters to have led the coup, but that same day he went onto the BBC's Focus on Africa to deny that role, claiming instead that he was attempting to negotiate with the mutineers.  He was imprisoned by Valentine Strasser, who eventually took power in the coup.  Kanu was later executed by Valentine Strasser, Solomon Musa, Maada Bio and Idriss Kamara on a beach near Freetown, after being accused of organizing a counter-coup with All People's Congress supporter Bambay Kamara.  The pair were at the time interred in the Pademba Road jail in Freetown.

The British-trained Kanu had won a reputation as one of the most dynamic battlefront commanders during the war that broke out when Revolutionary United Front rebels of Foday Sankoh crossed into Sierra Leone in 1991 from part of Liberia under the control of the Liberian rebel leader Charles Taylor. After the rebels approached the eastern Sierra Leone city of Kenema in mid-1991, they were pushed back by Kanu's Cobra battalion with the help of Liberian irregular forces, mostly refugees from Samuel Doe's army, who went on to become a component of ULIMO. The combined force quickly routed the rebels from the towns of Gandorhun and Zimmi before reaching the Mano River Bridge crossing into Liberia. These gains were lost later in the war as control of towns frequently changed hands, something that battlefront soldiers often blamed on a lack of resources from Freetown. This was a major factor contributing to the 1992 coup.

References

Year of birth missing
1992 deaths
Sierra Leonean politicians
Leaders who took power by coup
Temne people
Sierra Leonean military personnel
People from Tonkolili District

Yahya Kanu


Nebsemi was an ancient Egyptian queen consort, a wife of Pharaoh Thutmose III of the 18th Dynasty.

A fragment of a granite statue of hers was found in Thutmose's Theban mortuary temple. It is about 80 cm high and 30 cm wide, and portrays the queen in a sitting position. Its style is reminiscent of 12th Dynasty statues, but since nothing else of that period was found in the temple, it was dated to the 18th dynasty. Nebsemi's name is not known from other sources, but judging from the statue's size she was an important person during the time when the temple was built. Her name is followed by the epithet maa kheru, "true of voice", indicating that she was already dead when the statue was made.

Her titles were: "King's Wife" (ḥmt-nỉswt), "King's Beloved Wife" (ḥmt-nỉswt mrỉỉ.t=f ).

Sources

15th-century BC Egyptian women
Queens consort of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
Wives of Thutmose III

Nebsemi


Flight is a 2012 drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It stars Denzel Washington, Kelly Reilly, Melissa Leo, Don Cheadle, and John Goodman. It got positive reviews. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four out of four stars. It was released on November 2, 2012. It was nominated for two Academy Awards.

Release dates

2012 drama movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis

Flight (movie)


Shide is a small settlement on the Isle of Wight, some of which is considered to be in the Newport conurbation.

Shide Hill House, which was demolished in the 1970s, was situated with its back towards St. George's Lane and Pan Chalk Pit with the reception rooms looking westwards across the Blackwater Road, river and railway to the open fields on the other side of the valley. It was the home and workplace of John Milne (1850–1913), inventor of the horizontal pendulum seismograph after he retired from the Imperial College of Engineering in Tokyo, Japan. Still left today is the Gatehouse to the estate at the bottom of St George's Lane and the Domestic Quarters, now known as Milne House, which were attached to the original building going up the lane. The Observatory, housed in the stable block, was dismantled and moved to Oxford in 1919 when Tone Milne returned to Japan and the estate was sold for development.  However, the Laboratory Block still exists and is the building facing into the fields towards Blackwater.

The Isle of Wight County Cricket Ground is just south of Shide.

There is a cycleway between Shide and Merstone, and public transport is provided by Southern Vectis buses on route 2, 3 and 38.

Shide railway station was opened in 1875 and closed in 1956.

Shide Quarry

Shide Quarry, located to the east of the village was quarried for chalk during the first half of 20th Century. The prominent west-facing slope is a major landmark on Newport's skyline. The site is now a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Local Nature Reserve owned by the Isle of Wight Council. It is open to the public. The site was notified in 1971 for its biological features which show all stages of succession from bare chalk rock to Ash woodland. It is one of 41 SSSIs on the Isle of Wight.

References

Natural England citation sheet

The following books both contain information on Shide, Shide Hill House and Professor John 'Earthquake' Milne between 1895 and 1919.   John Milne - the father of modern seismology - A L K D Herbert-Gustar and P A Nott published 1980 and John Milne - the man who measured the shaking earth - Paul Kabrna published 2007

External links
 Celebrating Professor John Milne - information on the famous Isle of Wight Seismologist and the Shide Earthquake Observatory

My Visit to the Isle of Wight, Brian J. Mitchell, including a description of plaque honouring John Milne and photograph of monument.

Populated places on the Isle of Wight
Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight
Newport, Isle of Wight

Shide, Isle of Wight


Charles I. Krause (December 11, 1911 – July 17, 2002) was an American labor union organizer and local executive.

One of the first 1,000 men recruited to join the nascent United Auto Workers (UAW) in 1935 by John L. Lewis, then-president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), Krause participated in the famed sit-down strike at a General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan in 1936. Like many other Americans, Krause served as a clandestine FBI informant on communist activity in the UAW during World War II, a secret only revealed to his family and other close associates decades later. So influential did he become within the union hierarchy that the Ford Motor Company allegedly offered him a position in upper management in exchange for his renunciation of the union, which Krause rejected.

After moving to Los Angeles with his family in 1946, Krause became active in California politics, helping to consolidate the union voting bloc that proved vital to the electoral success of Democratic politicians throughout the state. He actively lobbied Sacramento for worker-friendly legislation, enjoying a particularly strong rapport with Jesse Unruh. He served two separate stints as president of UAW Local 923 located in Pico Rivera, California before retiring in 1973.

Krause died in 2002 of complications from Alzheimer's disease, having spent his final years in relative obscurity.

American trade union leaders
1911 births
2002 deaths

Charles I. Krause


From Reverence to Rape: The Treatment of Women in the Movies is a 1974 book (revised and reissued in 1987 and 2016) by feminist film critic Molly Haskell (born 1939).  It was one of the first books to chronicle women's images in film. Along with Marjorie Rosen's Popcorn Venus and Joan Mellen's Women and Their Sexuality in the New Film, it typifies the first feminist expeditions into film history and criticism, adopting the "image of woman" approach. Haskell compared the portrayal of women on-screen to real life women off-screen to determine if the representation of women in Hollywood cinema was accurate. Later developments in feminist film theory have partially rejected Haskell's and Rosen's approach as rudimentary.

"The Woman's Film"

One particularly influential chapter in From Reverence to Rape discusses the genre of the "woman's film". As Haskell points out, woman's film could be a compensation for "all the dominated universes from which she has been excluded: the gangster film, the Western, the war film, the policier, the rodeo film, the adventure film." A woman's film is also more self-pitying in comparison to the male adventure film which Raymond Durgnat calls the "male weepies." The man's film abstracts the times before settling down, when men were battling nature or the enemy. Marriage becomes the killjoy. "All the excitement of life occurs outside of marriage.  At a soap opera level, which Haskell considers the lowest level, a woman's film "fills a masturbatory need, it is soft-core emotional porn for the frustrated housewife."  These "weepies" are focused on "self-pity and tears, to accept, rather than reject".

Woman's film characters
Three types of women characters appear in the woman's film, according to Haskell:
The Extraordinary woman
For example, characters played by Katharine Hepburn and Bette Davis.
These women portray strong, powerful figures.
The Ordinary woman
These women are common, passive, and often a victim.
They are precursors to soap opera characters.
The Ordinary who becomes extraordinary woman.
The victims who rise, or endure.

Woman's film themes
Haskell contends, "The domestic and the romantic are entwined, one redeeming the other, in the theme of self-sacrifice, which is the mainstay and oceanic force, high tide and low ebb, of the woman's film".

Sacrifice:
A woman must sacrifice herself for her children.
Her children for their own welfare.
Marriage for her lover.
Her lover for marriage or for his own welfare.
Her career for love.
Love for her career.

In the 1930s and 1940s most films end tragically.

Affliction:
Women holds a secret. An illness or disease.
Martyrdom is proportionate to guilt.
Choice:
Normally two suitors.
Commonly the male is only curable by "her."  The man is a clergyman or confirmed bachelor.
Competition:
The heroine must do battle with the woman whose (husband, fiance, lover) she loves.

References

1974 non-fiction books
Books about film
Books about rape
Women in film

From Reverence to Rape


033 or Zero Three Three is a 2010 Bengali film directed by Birsa Dasgupta in a directorial debut and produced by Moxie Entertainments. It stars Rudranil Ghosh and Parambrato Chattopadhyay.

033 is the STD code for Kolkata city, and the story is based on the theme of increasing youth migration outside Kolkata for career opportunities.

Cast
 Parambrato Chattopadhyay as Som, lead guitarist
 Swastika Mukherjee as Mrinalini, NRI
 Mumtaz Sorcar as Ria, vocalist
 Sabyasachi Chakraborty as Santiago
 Dhruv Mukherjee as Voodoo, drummer
 Rudranil Ghosh as Rudra, keyboardist
 Saheb Chatterjee
 Madhabi Mukherjee

Soundtrack
The soundtrack's music director is Chandrabindoo (band) and the lyrics are penned by Srijato.

References

External links

2010s Bengali-language films
2010 comedy-drama films
Films set in Kolkata
Indian comedy-drama films
2010 directorial debut films
2010 films
Bengali-language Indian films
Films directed by Birsa Dasgupta

033


The Shreveport Journal was an American newspaper originally published  by H. P. Benton in Shreveport and Bossier City in northwestern Louisiana. In operation from at least 1897, it ceased publication in 1991.

History
The name The Journal was adopted on February 17, 1897. Previously the publication had been known for several years as The Judge. William E. Hamilton, another of several early owners, obtained the newspaper about 1900 and held it until 1911, when it was acquired by the Journal Publishing Company, with A. J. Frantz as the president and Douglas F. Attaway Sr. as secretary. By 1918, Attaway had acquired controlling interest; in 1925, he became the president and publisher. Upon the senior Attaway's death in 1957, his son, Douglas F. Attaway Jr., succeeded his father as both the president and publisher. Attaway graduated with a journalism degree from the University of Missouri in Columbia. From 1966 to 1979, he was also the chairman of the board of KSLA-TV, the CBS affiliate established in 1954 and the first television outlet in Shreveport. Attaway sold KSLA to Viacom. He was also a former chairman of the board of Newspaper Production Company and the Attaway Newspaper Group, Inc.

In 1972, Attaway wrote an article on a total eclipse, the phenomenon in which the moon totally blocks the rays of the sun, which occurred on July 10 of that year. Attaway and his long-term photo editor, Jack Barham, journeyed to New York City to observe the two-minute eclipse, having found their desirable spot of view under the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.

In 1974, Attaway recruited Stanley R. Tiner from the rival Shreveport Times to become the editor of The Journal. A Webster Parish native reared in Shreveport, Tiner graduated with a journalism degree from Louisiana Tech University. In 1976, Attaway sold The Journal to the Shreveport industrialist and philanthropist Charles T. Beaird, who had served in the late 1950s as a Republican for one term on the former Caddo Parish Police Jury. Tiner and Beaird moved the editorial position of The Journal to the political left, whereas it had been clearly conservative and earlier segregationist under Attaway and a previous editor, George Shannon.

The Times and The Journal once shared a building at 222 Lake Street, although they were separately owned and editorially independent. The Times remains at the Lake Street location, but has moved operations to an adjacent building in recent years.

Closure in 1991
On January 29, 1991, Beaird announced that The Journal would terminate its daily operations two months later on March 30. The publication had steadily lost circulation and hence critical advertising revenues during the preceding decade. Readership dropped from a peak of nearly 40,000 to barely 16,000. "There just comes a time when it becomes uneconomical to go on. It was a very tough, sad decision," Beaird said.

Though The Journal had closed as a daily paper in 1991, Beaird contracted an agreement with The Times to carry on its op-ed page called "Journal Page", which permitted continuing editorial comment approved by Beaird and managed by his editor, Jim Montgomery (1945–2013), also a native of Webster Parish. The "Journal Page" finally ended its run on December 31, 1999.

Under Beaird, The Journal won several important prizes, including the Robert F. Kennedy Award for Coverage of the Disadvantaged by the National Conference of Christians and Jews, the Mass Media Gold Medallion for stories on African American history, and the Scripps-Howard National Journalism Awards for Editorial Writing. "Journal Page" was a finalist in 1994 for a Pulitzer Prize in Editorial Writing for a series on decriminalization of narcotics. Years later in 2006, Stanley Tiner's staff at The Sun Herald in Biloxi-Gulfport, Mississippi, won a Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its reporting of Hurricane Katrina the previous year.

Notable people

In addition to the aforementioned George Shannon, Stanley Tiner, and Jack Barham, other notable Journal staffers include:

Craig Flournoy, reporter in the 1970s, later won a Pulitzer Prize at The Dallas Morning News; currently a journalism professor at the University of Cincinnati
Bill Keith, former city editor, later Shreveport Times investigative reporter, and member of the Louisiana State Senate
Robert Mann, reporter (early 1980s); currently holds the Douglas Manship Chair of Journalism at LSU in Baton Rouge; inductee of the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
Rupert Peyton, city editor of The Journal from 1925 to 1940; former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives; strongly anti-Long politician

See also

References

Defunct newspapers published in Louisiana
Newspapers published in Louisiana
Newspapers established in 1897
Publications disestablished in 1991
Caddo Parish, Louisiana
Mass media in Shreveport, Louisiana

Shreveport Journal