Philip Francis Brogan (23 March 1896 – 30 May 1983) was an Oregon journalist and author. He was a reporter, writer, and editor for the Bend Bulletin for 44 years, earning numerous awards for his work. He was also a well known historian, geologist, paleontologist, geographer, meteorologist, astronomer, and outdoorsman. He served as president of the Oregon Geographic Names Board for over twenty years. Brogan wrote East of the Cascades in 1964, an important source of information on the geology, geography, and history of Central Oregon. Brogan was given the title "Father of Oregon Speleology" by Charles V. Larson for his dedication to the study and conservation of caves, particularly Fort Rock Cave, Skeleton Cave and Lavacicle Cave. Phil Brogan Viewpoint near Lava Butte in Newberry National Volcanic Monument is named in his honor.

Early life

Brogan was born on 23 March 1896 in The Dalles, Oregon. He grew up on a stock ranch near Ashwood. As a young man, he worked on ranches in the area around Ashwood and Antelope, Oregon, and then as a sheep camp tender in the Cascade Mountains near the McKenzie Pass. Brogan served as a signalman in the United States Navy during World War I. After the war, he returned to Oregon to work on his uncle's cattle and sheep ranch. Brogan also wrote a few articles for the Antelope Herald newspaper.

In 1919, while working at a sheep camp in the western Cascades a sheep herder from a nearby camp was murdered. Brogan was called to Eugene as a witness. While in Eugene, he applied to the University of Oregon in order to take advantage of a state education program that paid veterans $25 a month for college expenses. Because he had not finished high school, Brogan was required to take a special examination. After passing the test, he entered the university as a journalism student.

To earn spending money and gain reporting experience, Brogan began writing geology related articles for the Eugene Register-Guard. He conducted his research while on field trips with geology professors from the university. After four years, Brogan left the University of Oregon without a degree. He was missing an algebra class and a military training course, which he had never been able to work into his schedule. When he finally received his bachelor's degree thirty years later, it was presented by two of Brogan's university classmates; one was governor of Oregon at the time and the other was governor of Idaho.

Journalist

After leaving the University of Oregon in 1923, Brogan got a job interview with Robert W. Sawyer, owner of the Bend Bulletin. Sawyer was looking for a science writer for the Bulletin. He liked Brogan's geology articles, but that was not enough. To test Brogan's science knowledge, Sawyer pointed out a bright star on the horizon and asked its name, Brogan replied that it was the planet Venus. Brogan was hired and spent the next 44 years as a reporter, writer, and editor for the Bulletin.

Brogan was a popular, awarding winning writer. In addition to writing for the Bulletin, he was also the Central Oregon correspondent for the Portland Oregonian and wrote a popular column in the Sunday Oregonian for many years. Over the course of his career, Brogan trained numerous young journalists including Tom McCall, who later became Oregon's governor. When Brogan retired in 1967, he was one of the best known journalists in the state.

Over the course of his career as a journalist, Brogan won numerous awards. These included the 1954 Amos Voorhies Award, that recognizes Oregon's most outstanding newspaperman; the Fraternal Order of Eagles Civic Award for public service in 1957; the Oregon Historical Society's American Heritage Award in 1963; and the Edith Knight Hill Award from the Association for Women in Communications also in 1963. That same year, Brogan received the University of Oregon Distinguished Service Award, an honor he shared with Senator Wayne Morse.

Interest in science

In 1923, Bend's official weather data were collected by the Bulletin staff at their office. As the newest member of the staff, Brogan was assigned the task of taking daily weather measurements and reporting the information to Portland. He liked the job and continued to collect Bend's official weather data for the next 47 year without missing a day, eventually moving the official weather collection site to his home. When he was out of town his wife recorded the weather data; and when both were away, a group of specially train high school students took the measurements. For his accomplishments, the National Weather Service awarded Brogan its first Thomas Jefferson Award for outstanding service in 1960.

Brogan was a member of the Oregon Geographic Names Board for many years, serving as the board's president from 1947 to 1958 and the then again from 1960 to 1968.  He was also a director for the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, director of the Oregon chapter of the American Meteorological Society, and a fellow of the Geographical Society of the Oregon Country.  In 1966, when the National Aeronautics and Space Administration brought twenty-two astronauts to Central Oregon to practice moon walking in the volcanic areas around Bend, Brogan was asked to be their outback guide.

Brogan was interested in a wide range of scientific subjects including geology, paleontology, geography, astronomy, meteorology, forestry, and the environment. By 1970, he had written an estimated four thousand articles on various scientific topics, most were related to Oregon in some way.

Legacy

Over the years, Brogan wrote thousands of articles on Central Oregon history and the area's natural environment. Bob Chandler, owner and publisher of the Bulletin, spent years trying to persuade Brogan to compile his extensive knowledge of Central Oregon into a book. Finally, Chandler order Brogan to work on his book every afternoon until it was finished. The book, East of the Cascades, was published in 1964. At least three editions of the book have been published since 1964. Today, East of the Cascades remains an important source for information on the geology, geography, and history of Central Oregon.

The United States Forest Service named Phil Brogan Viewpoint in his honor. The viewpoint in located at a high point along the Trail of the Molten Land near Lava Butte in the Newberry National Volcanic Monument south of Bend. From the viewpoint, visitors have a panoramic view of the central Cascade peaks.

In 1967, the University of Oregon established an astronomical observatory at Pine Mountain east of Bend. To recognize Brogan's contribution to astronomy, the library at Pine Mountain Observatory was named in his honor in 1970.

References

External links
Phil Brogan article on archaeological excavations at Fort Rock Cave
Lava Lands Visitor Center - Trail of the Molten Land to Phil Brogan Viewpoint

1896 births
1983 deaths
People from The Dalles, Oregon
Writers from Oregon
American meteorologists
University of Oregon alumni
Journalists from Oregon
The Oregonian people
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

Phil Brogan


Arild Hiim (born 17 August 1945 in Ringerike) is a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.

He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Buskerud in 1989, and was re-elected on one occasion. He had previously served in the position of deputy representative during the term 1985–1989.

Hiim was a member of Ringerike city council from 1971 to 1979. He then became mayor of Buskerud county, serving in 1979–1983. His successor Åse Klundelien was elected to the Parliament in 1989 as well.

References

1945 births
Living people
Conservative Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Storting
20th-century Norwegian politicians
People from Ringerike (municipality)

Arild Hiim


John Jones of Gellilyfdy (c. 1578 - c. 1658) was a Welsh lawyer, antiquary, calligrapher, manuscript collector and scribe. He is particularly significant for his copying of many historic Welsh language manuscripts which would otherwise have been lost.

Jones often styled himself as Siôn ap Wiliam ap Siôn, using the Welsh patronymic system, in his manuscripts.

Life

Like many antiquaries of the period, Jones came from a family of the minor rural gentry; he was the eldest of six sons of William Jones, whose lands were at Gellilyfdy, Ysgeifiog, Flintshire (Gellilyfdy farm still stands near the small village of Babell). He was educated in law, probably at Shrewsbury School (lodging in the present-day Plough Inn on Cornmarket), and by 1609 was engaged in the Court of the Marches at Ludlow as an attorney. By this time he had already begun to make copies of manuscripts that he located in the houses of the Welsh gentry: however, by 1611 he was in a debtor's prison in London. Jones was to spend much of his life in prison from this point, although he used his time while incarcerated to carry out much of his transcription work and did relatively little copying while at liberty.

In 1612 Jones was at Cardiff transcribing the Book of Llandaff, but by 1617 was in the Fleet Prison: he was also imprisoned at Chester and Ludlow at various times. Although he inherited the residue of his father's estate in 1622, this was to lead to a series of lawsuits in Chancery, and the remainder of his life was blighted by legal actions (either as defendant or plaintiff), debt and periodic imprisonment. During the Civil War period Jones was also imprisoned for refusing to pay taxes, complained about the privations visited on Wales by the King and Parliament, and spent a great deal of time petitioning various political figures such as Endymion Porter. Perhaps unsurprisingly given his experiences, Jones was eventually to disown the legal profession, writing from prison on such subjects as "The Judgments of good Kings on unjust Judges". Jones was recorded as being at Gellilyfdy in 1654, but was back in the Fleet by November.

Jones was a friend of the antiquary Robert Vaughan, and the latter seems to have come into the possession of Jones' manuscript collection (including the White Book of Rhydderch) on his death, although he may also have accepted at least some in payment of a debt. Edward Lhuyd, in his Archaeologia Britannica, and others relate a story that Jones and Vaughan, who were regular correspondents, had made an arrangement that the survivor of the two would inherit the other's library.

Jones' exact date of death is not known, but he was possibly still alive in 1658 and probably died in the Fleet early that year. Jones had married in 1651, and letters of administration after his death show he had three female children. His widow Elizabeth was still alive in 1662, when she was assessed for the hearth tax at Gellilyfdy.

Manuscripts

Both Jones' father and grandfather (the latter of whom had been the subject of elegies written by sixteenth-century poets Wiliam Llŷn and William Cynwal) had been manuscript collectors. His first manuscript copy was made in 1598, and he went on to make over a hundred further volumes. Later characterised as a rather indiscriminate copyist, Jones transcribed works on a vast range of subjects: in addition to his interests in law, poetry and history, he may in part have worked simply to relieve the stresses of imprisonment, as he would obsessively recopy or re-arrange existing works when no new materials were available.

Jones was not only a copyist but was also a notable calligrapher, designing many of his own capitals and tail-pieces and adopting others from Italian models. Due to the high sulphur content of the ink he used, some of his most attractive work can no longer be reproduced, as the ink has consumed the paper it was written on.

Jones also started to compile a Welsh or Welsh-Latin dictionary in 1623. This became a characteristically massive undertaking; William Owen Pughe, compiler of an important early 19th century Welsh-English dictionary, regarded Jones' Welsh vocabulary  as "the most valuable" up to that point "due to its copiousness".

References

External links
2 pages from a manuscript by Jones, later in the possession of Twm o'r Nant, from an online exhibit of the National Library of Wales.

Welsh antiquarians
Welsh lexicographers
People from Flintshire
Inmates of Fleet Prison
1570s births
1650s deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
16th-century Welsh lawyers
17th-century antiquarians
Copyists
17th-century Welsh lawyers
17th-century calligraphers
People imprisoned for debt

John Jones of Gellilyfdy


John Scott Redd (born September 10, 1944) is a retired vice admiral of the United States Navy, and afterward the first Senate-confirmed Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, serving from 2005 until 2007. According to David Martin at the CBS Evening News, "Scott Redd may be the most important person you've never heard of."  J.J. Green at Federal News Radio referred to Redd as "the man that I often call "E.F. Hutton". He is also the past President of the Naval Academy Class of 1966 and has served on the advisory boards of several non-profit organizations. An avid amateur radio operator, Redd has won twelve world championships and nine national championships.

Naval career
Redd was born in Sidney, Iowa, and graduated from the United States Naval Academy in the class of 1966. A Trident Scholar, he graduated second in his class, majoring in mathematics and physics. Following graduation, he studied as a Fulbright Scholar in Uruguay and as a Burke Scholar, receiving a Master of Science degree in Operations Analysis from the Naval Postgraduate School. He also attended the Program for Senior Executives at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

During his 36 years of active duty service he commanded eight organizations at sea including a ship and Cruiser-Destroyer Group 12, an aircraft carrier battle group and served in several senior policy positions in the Pentagon. In 1995, he proposed and founded the only new U.S. Navy Fleet in half a century, serving as the first Commander, Fifth Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT) since World War II. His last assignment on active duty was as Director of Strategic Plans and Policy (DJ-5) on the Joint Staff. Redd retired from active military service in 1998.

Post-Navy career
Following his retirement from the Navy he served as CEO of NetSchools Corp., a high-tech start-up company in the education sector, headquartered in Silicon Valley and Atlanta, Georgia.

In early 2004 Redd was appointed deputy administrator and chief operating officer (COO) of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) in Baghdad, Iraq. Redd, was one of two deputy administrators reporting to L. Paul Bremer, and directed programs for the reconstruction of Iraq's infrastructure. He was also responsible for policy affecting Iraq's security programs,  including the new Iraqi Army, the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps, Iraqi Border Patrol and Facilities Protection Services.

Redd then served as Executive Director for the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, sometimes known as the WMD Intelligence Commission. The Commission's report was adopted as the President's blueprint for implementation of Intelligence Community reform.

In 2005, Redd was nominated by President George W. Bush, confirmed by the Senate, and sworn in by Vice President Richard B. Cheney as the first Director of the National Counterterrorism Center. The NCTC has two core missions; to serve as the primary organization in the U.S. Government for analysis and integration of all terrorism intelligence, and to conduct strategic operational planning (SOP) for counterterrorism activities integrating all elements of U.S. national power. As Director of NCTC, Redd was responsible for preparing the National Implementation Plan, the first U. S. Government war plan for the global war on terror.  The plan was approved by the President on June 26, 2006.

In a letter to the Intelligence Community dated 17 October 2007, Redd announced his intention to step down as Director of the NCTC, effective 10 November 2007.  He cited medical concerns and the desire to spend more time with his family as reasons for his resignation.  He subsequently underwent double knee replacement surgery.

Awards

LIFETIME SERVICE AWARDS

Presidential Award

•  National Security Medal - Presented by President George W. Bush for lifetime Service in National Security, Redd was only the 56th recipient in the award's 60-year history.  Previous recipients include the founders of the WWII Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the FBI and the CIA (2009). Redd was recognized by the President for "his more than 40 years of exceptional service to the Nation strengthening its intelligence capabilities and improving national security."

United States Naval Academy

On March 22, 2013, VADM Redd was honored as the 62nd recipient of the Naval Academy's Distinguished Graduate Award in a presentation in Alumni Hall at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis (https://vimeo.com/69115002):

.  "The Honorable John S. Redd, Class of 1966, served in the surface warfare community following graduation from the Academy. He retired as a vice admiral, having commanded eight organizations at sea, including founding the first new fleet in half a century, United States Fifth Fleet in the Middle East; served as Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq; and was selected by President George W. Bush to serve as the first Senate-confirmed director of the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC). He has served as president of his Naval Academy class, as well as on the Naval Academy Alumni Association Board of Trustees."

SELECTED PERSONAL SERVICE AWARDS

Defense Department – – Military

•  Defense Distinguished Service Medal (three awards) - Chief of Staff/Assistant to the Undersecretary of Defense for Policy (1991); Commander, Naval Forces Central Command, Combined Task Force, Mogadishu, Somalia (1995); Director, Strategic Plans and Policy (DJ-5), the Joint Staff (1998)

•  Navy Distinguished Service Medal (two awards) - Acting and Assistant Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (DCNO) for Plans, Policy and Operations (N-3/5, N-3/5B) (1994); Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) and Commander, FIFTH Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT) (1996)

•  Defense Superior Service Medal (three awards) - Military Assistant to the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy (USDP) (1986); Commander, Standing Naval Forces, Atlantic (COMSNFL) (1989); Assistant Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Plans, Policy, and Operations (N-3/5B); Military Working Group (1993)

•  Legion of Merit (two awards) - Commander, Destroyer Squadron Thirty Six (COMDESRON 36) (1988); Commander Cruiser-Destroyer Group TWELVE (CCDG-12) / Commander, EISENHOWER Battle Group (1992)

•  Meritorious Service Medal (United States) (two awards) - Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel (1980); Commanding Officer, USS KING (DDG-41) (1983)

•  Navy Commendation Medal (two awards) - USS EDWARD MCDONNELL (FF-1043) (1970); Commander, Destroyer Squadron Thirty Six (COMDESRON 36) (1986)

Intelligence Community Awards

•  National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal - Director, National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC) (Nov. 7, 2007)

Defense Department Award – Civilian

•  OSD Exceptional Public Service - Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), Baghdad, Iraq (2004)

Foreign Award

• Order of Bahrain - Commander, U. S. Naval Forces Central Command (COMUSNAVCENT) and Commander, FIFTH Fleet (COMFIFTHFLT) (1996)

Other Awards

On June 13, 2006, the Fremont County Board of Supervisors resolved to name the new bypass highway around Sidney, Iowa, the "Admiral Scott Redd Highway" in his honor. Dedication ceremonies were held on October 5, 2007..

Amateur radio
On May 16, 2008, Redd was inducted into the CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame, which honors those individuals, whether licensed hams or not, who have made significant contributions to amateur radio; and those amateurs who have made significant contributions either to amateur radio, to their professional careers or to some other aspect of life on our planet.

In August 2009, Redd "became perhaps the only person ever to win single-op world championships in all six major ham radio DX contests." said CQWW Contest Director Bob Cox, K3EST, in announcing the results, which were published in the September issue of CQ magazine. Redd, operating from Mexico as XE1IIJ in the early 1970s, won single-op world championships in the CQWW Phone Contest, the ARRL DX Phone and CW Contests and the CQ WPX Phone Contest. Thirty years later, when his professional life permitted a little more hamming time, Scott added the WPX CW crown as P41P, operating from P43P's station in Aruba, in 2002. The only prize that eluded him—until now—was the CQWW CW. To date, he has also won twelve World Championships and nine National Championships including two all-time world records in major international contests.

On May 16, 2014, CQ Magazine announced its 2014 Contest Hall of Fame inductees which included Scott Redd, K0DQ. Redd "is already a member of the CQ Amateur Radio Hall of Fame for his service to our nation as a US Navy Vice Admiral, Deputy Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq, and the first Director of the National Counterterrorism Center. Scott has always found time within his professional duties for Amateur Radio and his first love, contesting. He is one of only two people to have won the Single-Operator category of all of the world's major contests."

Redd, along with current Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer Dave Mueller, NetApp CEO Tom Georgens, retired Navy Adm. Edmund Giambastiani, the former vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was featured in the Wall Street Journal July 11, 2014, "For These Vets, Amateur Radio Remains Alive," the Boston Globe July 17, 2014, "Ham radio operators of the world face off in Westborough, and NPR Making Contact In The 'Olympics' Of Ham Radio on August 9, 2014 when he took part in the World Radiosport Team Championship 2014.

References

1944 births
Amateur radio people
American chief operating officers
American technology chief executives
Living people
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
People from Sidney, Iowa
People in counterterrorism
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
United States Naval Academy alumni
Military personnel from Iowa
United States Navy vice admirals

John Scott Redd


Dante Quinterno (Buenos Aires City, October 26, 1909Buenos Aires City, May 14, 2003) was an Argentine comics artist, agricultural producer, and prolific editorial businessman, famous for being the creator of the Patoruzú, Isidoro Cañones and Patoruzito characters.

He was born in Buenos Aires city, on October 26, 1909, son of Martín Quinterno and Laura Raffo. His paternal grandfather was originally from Piamonte, and emigrated to Argentina to be an Agricultural producer and a fruit seller.

In 1924 he began sending his drawings to several Buenos Aires newspapers and in 1925 he published his first comic Panitruco, in El Suplemento. Later on he wrote Andanzas y desventuras de Manolo Quaranta (1926); Don Fermín (later renamed Don Fierro, 1926), and Un porteño optimista (later named Las aventuras de Don Gil Contento, 1927), for different newspapers. In the latter he introduced in 1928 a new character Curugua-Curuguagüigua, which was later renamed Patoruzú. Along with Patoruzú came other supporting characters as Isidoro Cañones and the young Patoruzú (Patoruzito), which later on became their own main character in their own publications. Since 1936, Patoruzú became an independent publication, which at its zenith sold 300,000 copies. In that same year, he founded Dante Quinterno Publishing (Editorial Dante Quinterno). Other books followed: "Libro de Oro de Patoruzú" (1937,annual comic book), Dinamica Rural" (1950,agricultural magazine),"Pepín Cascarón(1960), Patoruzito (1945, with the collaboration of Eduardo Ferro, José Luis Salinas and Alberto Breccia), Andanzas de Patoruzú (1956), Correrías de Patoruzito (1958) and Locuras de Isidoro (1968).

Quinterno also started a career as animator, and on November 20, 1942 opened a 15-minute animated colour short, Upa en apuros at the Ambassador cinema in Buenos Aires. At the 1943 Argentine Film Critics Association Awards, Quinterno won the  Special Prize for this film.

In the 1990s he moved away from the comics world, becoming a businessman, but he continue exploiting his characters with his own publishing and licensee companies; Editorial Universo S.A. and Los Tehuelches S.A.. Married Rosa Schiaffino in 1938, they had three children: Dante, Walter and Mónica. He died in Buenos Aires on May 14, 2003, and is buried at La Recoleta Cemetery.

References

External links
 Dante Quinterno, in Patoruzu-Web
 Dante Quinterno, in Siempre Historietas
 In memoriam, in tebeosfera.com

1909 births
2003 deaths
Argentine comics artists
Argentine comics writers
Argentine comic strip cartoonists
Argentine people of Italian descent
People from Buenos Aires Province
Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery

Dante Quinterno


In Macroeconomics, the liquidity preference is the demand to hold cash as risk-free wealth. This is also known as Cash preference.  The idea was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936).

Macroeconomics

Liquidity preference


Clayton James Cosgrove (born 31 October 1969) is a New Zealand politeecian, an umwhile member o the kintra's pairlament in Wellington, representin the Labour Pairty.  He is a consteetuency member unner the proportional representation seestem, representin Waimakariri.

1969 births
Livin fowk
New Zealand fowk o Erse strynd
New Zealand Labour Pairty MPs
Members o the Cabinet o New Zealand
Varsity o Canterbury alumni
Members o the New Zealand Hoose o Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Christchurch electorates
Fowk associatit wi the 2011 Christchurch yirdquauk
New Zealand leet MPs
21st-century New Zealand politeecians

Clayton Cosgrove


El Cementerio de Cristóbal Colón, also called La Necrópolis de Cristóbal Colón, was founded in 1876 in the Vedado neighbourhood of Havana, Cuba to replace the Espada Cemetery in the Barrio de San Lázaro.  Named for Christopher Columbus, the cemetery is noted for its many elaborately sculpted memorials. It is estimated the cemetery has more than 500 major mausoleums. Before the Espada Cemetery and the Colon Cemetery were built, interments took place in crypts at the various churches throughout Havana, for example, at the Havana Cathedral or Church Crypts in Havana Vieja.

Overview
The Colon Cemetery is one of the most important cemeteries in the world and is generally held to be one of the most important in Latin America in historical and architectural terms, second only to La Recoleta in Buenos Aires. Prior to the opening of the Colon Cemetery, Havana's dead were laid to rest in the crypts of local churches and then, beginning in 1806, at Havana's newly opened Espada Cemetery located in the Barrio de San Lazaro and near the cove of Juan Guillen close to the San Lázaro Leper Hospital and the Casa de Beneficencia. When locals realized there would be a need for a larger space for their community for the deceased (due to a cholera outbreak in 1868), planning began for the Colon Cemetery.

The Colón is a Catholic cemetery and has elaborate monuments, tombs and statues by 19th and 20th century artists. Plots were assigned according to social class, and soon became a means for patrician families to display their wealth and power with ever more elaborate tombs and mausoleums. The north main entrance is marked by a gateway decorated with biblical reliefs and topped by a marble sculpture by José Vilalta Saavedra: Faith, Hope and Charity. Some of the most important and elaborate tombs lie between the main gate and the Capilla Central. The Monumento a los Bomberos (Firemen's Monument) built by Spanish sculptor Agustín Querol and architect Julio M Zapata, commemorates the twenty eight firemen who died when a hardware shop in La Habana Vieja caught fire in 1890

In front of the main entrance, at the axes of the principal avenues Avenida Cristobal Colón, Obispo Espada, and Obispo Fray Jacinto, stands the Central Chapel modelled on Il Duomo in Florence is the octagonal Capilla Central (central chapel), the Capilla del Amor (Chapel of Love), built by Juan Pedro Baró for his wife Catalina Laza. On every side rectangular streets lead geometrically to the cemetery's 50 hectares. The area of the cemetery is defined by rank and social status of the dead with distinct areas: priests, soldiers, brotherhoods, the wealthy, the poor, infants, victims of epidemics, pagans and the condemned. The best preserved and grandest tombs stand on or near the central avenues and their axes.

With more than 800,000 graves and 1 million interments, space in the Colon Cemetery is currently at a premium and as such after three years remains are removed from their tombs, boxed and placed in a storage building.

Yet, for all its elegance and grandeur, the Colon Cemetery conceals as much as it displays. Empty tombs and desecrated family chapels disfigure the stately march of family memorials even in the most prominent of the avenues, and away from the central cross-streets are in ruin. Many of these are the tombs of exiled families, whose problems with caring for their dead have been complicated by residency outside of Cuba since the Revolution of 1959.

History
María Argelia Vizcaino writes: "The first stone was placed on October 30, 1871 and before its extension completed in 1934, it had a capacity of 504,458 square meters. Rectangular in shape as a Roman-Byzantine-style Roman camp, with sidewalks, streets and listed roads, facilitating access to the visitor, (which in republican times was provided with a free map). Enrique Martínez y Martínez tells us in «Cuba Arquitectura y Urbanismo»: "It was the most remarkable religious construction that was made in the city during the nineteenth century".

The square located on the central street between the chapel and the huge doorway was called Christopher Columbus, because it was planned to erect a
monument to the Discoverer next to the remains, which ironically never happened of the Cathedral of Havana, being the first bust
erected throughout the continent (1828) and the only one that exists in the whole world with a beard. So the cemetery dedicated to the great
Admiral, full of famous sculptures lacks one by which he was given his name."

Design

The Cementerio Colón measures 620 by 800 meters (50 hectares, 122.5 acres). Designed by the Galician architect Calixto Arellano de Loira y Cardoso, a graduate of Madrid's Royal Academy of Arts of San Fernando, who became the Colón's first resident when he died and before his work was completed. It was built between 1871 and 1886, on former farmland. Laid out in a grid similar to El Vedado by numbered and lettered streets it becomes an urban microcosm of the city. The cemetery contains works by some of the most distinguished Cuban artists of the 19th and 20th centuries, such as Miguel Melero, José Vilalta de Saavedra, Rene Portocarrero, Rita longa, Eugenio Batista, Max Sorges Recio, Juan José Sicre, and others.

The design follows the custom of laying out the plan with five crosses formed by perpendicularly intersecting streets. The two main avenues give rise to the central cross, each of the four resulting spaces, called barracks, is subdivided in turn by two other streets that intersect at right angles. Five squares are formed at the intersections, the main one of which is the Central Chapel, with an octagonal floor plan and surrounded by portals, a Loire project completed with modifications by Francisco Marcotegui.

The cemetery is laid out roughly on a north–south axis, parallel to the last stretch of the Almendares River, and against the street grid of Vedado. It is on the north axis, thus its main streets are on the four cardinal points of the compass. Symbolized by a Greek cross, it represents the four directions of the earth and the spread of the gospel to all directions as well as the four platonic elements. We find Greek crosses against a yellow background along the perimeter fence enclosing the cemetery, as well as part of the design diagram of the cemetery, which employs several Greek crosses at different scales thus forming an architectural tapestry. The main avenues, Avenida Cristobal Colón, Obispo Espada, and Obispo Fray Jacinto, at six hundred by eight hundred meters, is the first cross at the scale of the city (red cross-areal photo).

Entrance

Calixto Arellano de Loira y Cardoso was also the designer of the main portal, of Romanesque inspiration. It is 21.66 meters high, 34.40 meters in length, and 2.50 meters in thickness, executed with variations by Eugenio Rayneri Sorrentino  for and eventually crowned, by José Vilalta Saavedra, by the sculptural group Fe. Esperanza y Caridad (Faith, Hope and Charity). The first stone for its construction was placed on October 30, 1871, since 1868 burials have been carried out.

Interments
The Colon Cemetery has a monument to the firefighters who lost their lives in the great fire of May 17, 1890.

As baseball is a leading sport in Cuba, the cemetery has two monuments to baseball players from the Cuban League. The first was erected in 1942 and the second in 1951 for members of the Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame.

In February 1898, the recovered bodies of sailors who died on the United States Navy battleship Maine were interred in the Colon Cemetery. In December 1899 the bodies were disinterred and brought back to the United States for burial at Arlington National Cemetery.

Also buried here are three British Commonwealth servicemen who are commemorated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission; a Canadian Army officer of World War I, and a Royal Engineers officer and Royal Canadian Navy seaman of World War II. The remains of the casualties are located in the mausoleum of the Anglo-American Welfare Association, with the names inscribed on the central memorial which also forms the entrance to the underground ossuary.

Notable interments
 Alicia Alonso (1920–2019) prima ballerina assoluta.
 Beatriz Allende (1943–1977), Chilean socialist politician, revolutionary and surgeon
 Santiago Álvarez (1919–1998), filmmaker
 Manuel Arteaga y Betancourt (1879–1963), Roman Catholic Cardinal
 Manuel Ascunce Domenech (1945-1961), Cuban teacher
 Alberto Azoy (?–1952), baseball manager
 Beatriz Azurduy Palacios (1952–2003), filmmaker
 Hubert de Blanck (1856–1932), composer
 William Lee Brent (1931–2006), Black Panther Party member
 José Raúl Capablanca (1888–1942), world chess champion, nicknamed the "Mozart of Chess" and "The Human Chess Machine".
 Federico Capdevila (1845–1898), officer of the Spanish army who in 1871 defended Cuban students of medicine in court
 Alejo Carpentier (1904–1980), writer and musicologist
 Julián Castillo (1880–1948), baseball player
 Juan Chabás (1910–1954), author
 Eduardo Chibás (1907–1951), politician
 Ibrahim Ferrer (1927–2005), singer
 Rosita Fornés (1923–2020) singer, actress, vedette
 Candelaria Figueredo (1852–1914), patriot in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain
 Carlos Finlay (1833–1915), physician and researcher
 María Teresa Freyre de Andrade (1896–1975), librarian
 José Miguel Gómez (1858–1921), president of Cuba
 Máximo Gómez (1836–1905), Dominican military hero
 Rubén González (1919–2003), pianist
 Nicolás Guillén (1902–1989), poet
 Nicolás Guillén Landrián (1938–2003), filmmaker and painter
 Tomás Gutiérrez Alea (1928–1996), filmmaker
 Harrison E. Havens (1837–1916), United States Congressman
 Alberto Korda (1928–2001), photographer
 Pío Leyva (1917–2006), singer
 José Lezama Lima (1910–1976), Cuban writer and poet
 Dulce María Loynaz (1902–1997), poet, novelist
 Dolf Luque (1890–1957), Major League Baseball starting pitcher
 Armando Marsans (1887–1960), Major League Baseball outfielder
 Rubén Martínez Villena (1899–1934), Cuban writer and revolutionary leader
 Mary McCarthy Gomez Cueto (1900–2009), Havana socialite, musician, impresario, and Roman Catholic philanthropist
 José de la Caridad Méndez (1887–1928), Negro leagues pitcher, nickname Black Diamond. Member Baseball Hall of Fame. Cooperstown.
 Laura Meneses (1894–1973), Peruvian intellectual, spouse of Puerto Rican Nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos with whom she led the struggle for Puerto Rican independence, and Cuban Revolution activist
 Angel D'Meza (1877–1954), Cuban League Baseball Player
  Rita Montaner (1900–1958), singer, actress, pianist, vedette
 William Alexander Morgan (1928–1961), American adventurer
 Pelayo Cuervo Navarro (1901–1957). Presidential Palace Attack, Havana
 Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, (1936–2019), Roman Catholic Cardinal
 Fernando Ortiz (1881–1969), ethnomusicologist
  Agustin Parla Orduña (1877–1946), aviator, member of  Early Birds of Aviation
 German Pinelli (1907–1996), journalist, actor
 Chano Pozo (1915–1948), musician, pioneer of Afro-Cuban jazz
 Juan Ríus Rivera (1848–1924), Puerto Rican military hero
 Guillermo Rubalcaba (1927–2015), pianist and bandleader
 Eligio Sardiñas Montalvo (1910–1988), word boxing champion, nickname Kid Chocolate.
 Dr. Francisco Taquechel (1869–1955), notable doctor, founder (1898) and director of the Farmacia Taquechel, Old Havana
 Cristóbal Torriente  (1893–1938),  Negro leagues, nickname Babe Ruth of Cuba. Member Baseball Hall of Fame. Cooperstown.
 Lola Rodríguez de Tió (1848–1924), Puerto Rican poet
 Alberto Yarini (1882–1910), notable illegitimate businessman

Gallery

Notes

References

External links
 Digital Photographic Archive of Historic Havana
 Panoramic photo of the Colon Cemetery
 Mapa del cementerio Colon
 Colón Cemetery
 Necropolis Cristobal Colon
 Why you should visit Colón Cemetery in Havana?
 The Secret Behind the Colón Cemetery in Havana

Religious buildings and structures in Havana
Cemeteries in Cuba
Museums in Havana
Buildings and structures in Havana
Tourist attractions in Havana
Architecture in Havana

Colon Cemetery, Havana


The Order of Aftab (Persian: نشان آفتاب trans. Neshan-e Aftab), also known as the Order of the Sun, was a decoration founded by Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar, the Shah of Iran, in February 1873, before his first visit to various European states. The order came in two classes, the first class restricted to female sovereigns or consorts of reigning rulers and the second class to princesses and ladies of high rank, and those deserving of special recognition or signs of conspicuous appreciation by the Shah. In 1967 during the reign of the Pahlavi dynasty the statues of the order had changed, there changes included the name to the Order of Aryamehr, the insignia and the eligibility of receiving the order.

First Class insignia

The insignia of the first class consists of a breast star, sash, and sash badge. The badge is a round disk in platinum, bearing a full-face image of a female sun (aftab), fully enameled in natural colours and surrounded by a narrow raised band of platinum. The platinum band garlanded by a wide circlet completely encrusted in eighteen diamonds, edged by a further narrow raised band in platinum. Around the top half of the platinum band, a sunburst arranged in a fan-like design of seventeen separate rays, eight with tips shaped like Gothic arches and nine swallows tails, all completely encrusted in diamonds. Attached to the uppermost ray of the sunburst, a tie-ring encrusted in brilliants.

The breast star of the first class is very similar to the badge, but larger, and consists of a sunburst with thirty-two separate rays, all encrusted in diamonds and completely surrounding the central disk with its wide platinum band and circlet of diamonds.

Recipients of the first class wore the badge suspended from a grand cordon of pink moiré, edged with narrow border stripes of green, pink, and green. The sash draped over the left shoulder and across the breast, with the badge resting below the right hip.

Second Class insignia
The insignia of the second class also consists of breast star, sash and sash badge. The badge is similar to the first class but in enamel and brilliants, instead of diamonds. Unlike the first class, the breast star of the second class is a closer copy of the badge, but with pendant diamonds from the two horizontal lower arms. The sunburst is semicircular with seventeen rays, surrounding only the top half of the central disk with its wide platinum band and circlet of diamonds.

Recipients of the second class wore the badge suspended from the same grand cordon, and in the same manner, as those of the first class.

Replacement
By the fall of the Qajar dynasty and in the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi, this order was replaced by the Order of Khorshid (another Persian word for 'Sun') in 1939.

References

Civil awards and decorations of Iran
Orders of chivalry for women
1873 establishments in Iran

Order of Aftab


East Pakistan was part of Pakistan. Between 1955 and 1971, Pakistan was made of West Pakistan (which is now simply called Pakistan) and East Pakistan, which is now known as Bangladesh. In 1971, there was the Bangladesh Liberation War, where East and West Pakistan fought each other. India also took part in the war, on the side of East Pakistan.

History of Pakistan
History of Bangladesh

East Pakistan


Alexander Wilkin (December 1, 1819 – July 14, 1864) was a soldier during the Mexican–American War and the American Civil War. Wilkin also played a role in the development of the Minnesota Territory, having been its second territorial secretary from 1851 till 1853. In 1861, he was deployed in the Civil War, where he would die at the Battle of Tupelo.

Life
Wilkin was born on December 1, 1819, in Goshen, New York. His father Samuel J. Wilkin as well as his grandfather James W. Wilkin were politicians. Alexander studied law at Yale and became an attorney. In 1847, he joined the Tenth United States Army and became a captain. The army was deployed to Northern Mexico. Wilkin saw little action during his deployment, but gained a reputation as a serious soldier, and a man not to trifle with. However, on January 20, 1848, he shot and killed Joshua W. Collett in a duel. Despite his later regrets, he quoted that he "never felt cooler in his life".

On March 6, 1848, he resigned his post and moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota Territory, in 1849. Two years later, President Millard Fillmore gave him the office of territorial secretary of the Minnesota Territory. The office was given to him presumably as a political favor (Wilkin was a Whig), and he served the office until 1853. While living in St. Paul, Wilkin invested in land, railroads, and newspapers. He worked as a lawyer and insurance agent. He also created the St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the forerunner of what would become Travelers Insurance.

When the Civil War began in April 1861, he was elected head of the "Pioneer Guard", the name of a St. Paul-based militia unit. On July 21, 1861, Wilkin fought in the ill-fated Battle of Bull Run, in which the Union forces were defeated. For his bravery during the battle Wilkin was made a captain in the regular army. Before he could report, he received a promotion to major with the 2nd Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. This new regiment, based in Lebanon, Kentucky, fought in the Battle of Mill Springs on January 18, 1862. When Wilkin's regiment was asked to intervene in a siege in Corinth, Mississippi, where he served with General Tecumseh Sherman. Shortly afterward, the 9th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment elected him colonel, and on December 26, 1862, he commanded nearly 250 soldiers at the execution of 38 Dakota men in Mankato, Minnesota. He then established his headquarters as well as a military training school in St. Peter.

In October 1863, the Ninth Minnesota were sent to Missouri. The following May, the regiment marched to Memphis, Tennessee, and raised an army tasked with eliminating the threat that Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry was posing to the area. On June 10, 1864, Wilkin fought at the Battle of Brice's Crossroads which earned him praise for his bravery despite the Confederate victory. On July 14, 1864, he would face the battle that would come to be his last. Another expeditionary force decided to operate against Forrest. This force, operated by Wilkin, headed to Tupelo, Mississippi, where he was shot to death while speaking to another soldier. Initially he was buried near where he fell, but his family recovered his remains and buried them in Goshen, where he had been born. His father, Samuel Wilkin, outlived him by 20 months before dying in 1866. In 1868, Wilkin County, Minnesota, was formed as a way to honor the leader. A statue of him was erected in the state capitol in 1910.

References

1819 births
1864 deaths
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
People of Minnesota in the American Civil War
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
Politicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
People from Goshen, New York
Yale Law School alumni
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Minnesota lawyers
New York (state) lawyers
Minnesota Whigs
19th-century American politicians
New York (state) Whigs
Minnesota Territory officials
Union Army colonels
United States politicians killed during the Civil War
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American lawyers

Alexander Wilkin


Paramilitary describes forces which are organised as military forces, but are not part of the Armed Forces. Examples of such forces are police forces guarding the borders of a country. There are paramilitary groups that are official (run by a country), and others that are not.

The name comes from Greek para (which means beside) and Latin miles (which means soldier).

Military compared to paramilitary

Though a paramilitary is not a military force, it is usually equivalent to a military's light infantry force in terms of intensity, firepower, and organizational structure. Paramilitary forces and organisations use "military" equipment, skills, tactics etc that are compatable with the civilian sector (IE: Urban environments etc). During peacetime, Paramilitary professions are usually found in areas such as high profile non-military sites such as laboratories, nuclear power plants, industrial explosive factories, seaports, airports, borders and government sites such as embassies, palaces, political summits etc tasked with roles of VIP protection, anti-terrorism etc. A paramilitary may also commonly fall under the command of a military, even despite not being part of the military or play an assisting role for the military in times of war.

Paramilitary forces can also include private military company missions.

Quasi-military compared to Paramilitary
Although similar, a quasi-military organisation has more near-identical to military aspects (i.e., militia, mercenary, insurgency, guerrilla, terrorist, rebel, drug cartel, private army, etc.) whereas a paramilitary is its own (i.e., internal security, SWAT, coast guard, border guard, etc.).

Examples of Paramilitary Organizations

Law Enforcement
 Police departments of many countries are organized in a manner similar to military forces.
 SWAT teams of some American police departments: trained to handle high-risk situations that regular police officers are not as qualified to handle such as hostage rescue, counter-terrorism missions, and arresting particularly dangerous criminals.

Government Agencies
 Special Activities Center of the Central Intelligence Agency: a unit of the CIA whose missions often require a great deal of secrecy and carefulness. Most members of this unit are recruited from special forces units from all over the United States military. Their main mission is to collect intelligence on countries hostile to the United States; most CIA operatives killed in the line of duty have been members of the Special Activities Division.

Political
 The SS and SA of Nazi Germany: the SS was the successor to the SA, but for the most part, both groups handled the same responsibilities. They were originally bodyguards to Adolf Hitler, but as the war heated up, they were assigned to oversee concentration camps as guards and administrators. While not an official part of Germany's military, the SS had an armed branch that was trained as a regular military unit.

References

Military occupations

Paramilitary


The Yale Journal of Law and Feminism is a law review published biannually by Yale Law School. It was established in 1987 to provide a forum for "women's experiences as they have been structured, affected, controlled, discussed, and ignored by the law." The journal publishes articles, inter alia, on reproductive freedom, the concerns of women of color, judicial prosecution of prostitutes, criticism of judicial deference to the military, and the feminization of poverty.

External links

Yale Law School
American law journals
Biannual journals
Academic journals established in 1987
English-language journals

Yale Journal of Law and Feminism


Memorials to the Missing is a radio play from the BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play strand on the establishment of the Imperial War Graves Commission, first broadcast early in 2008 and repeated on 30 October the same year. It was written by Stephen Wyatt and directed by Martin Jenkins. It won the 2008 Tinniswood Award for Best Original Radio Drama Script at the Sony Radio Academy Awards.

Plot
It is centred on a fictional address given by Ware at the opening of the Thiepval Memorial, with flashbacks to his Red Cross work at the start of the war and his struggles against fierce opposition ever since to have war casualties buried where they fell under uniform headstones with no distinction of faith or rank. It is also interspersed with actuality recordings of present-day visitors to CWGC graves and with the voices of the soldiers commemorated 'haunting' Ware telling their own stories.

Cast
 Fabian Ware - Anton Lesser
 Edwin Lutyens, inspired by his wife's theosophy, designer of the Thiepval Memorial and the altar design for memorials to the missing and Ware's main supporter - Michael Maloney
 Gen Sir Nevil Macready - Keith Drinkel
 Lady Florence Cecil, wife of Lord William Cecil - Theresa Gallagher
 Alice/nurse - Sophie Roberts
 Soldiers - Karl Davies, Alex Wyndham, Ben Crowe

Other minor characters included Herbert Baker (Lutyens' initial opponent, going on to suggest the standard IWGC Cross of Sacrifice to Christianise the cemeteries), Charles Aitken (another architect who recommended a memorial institution rather than spending on war graves) and William Burdett-Coutts (MP for Westminster), whilst 'offstage' characters included Rudyard Kipling.

The text of the play is published and available via Amazon
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Memorials-Missing-Stephen-Wyatt/dp/0955686814/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1349966084&sr=1-1

External links
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/arts/afternoon_play.shtml

Commonwealth War Graves Commission
2008 audio plays
Plays about World War I

Memorials to the Missing


Philipp von Foltz (11 May 1805 – 5 August 1877) was a German history painter.

Biography
He was born in Bingen am Rhein. His father, Ludwig, a painter of some note, gave him his first art lessons. In 1825, he went to Munich, where he was accepted at the Academy of Fine Arts and studied with Peter von Cornelius. Soon, he was allowed to assist Cornelius with his frescoes at the Glyptothek and the Hofgarten.

Later, he assisted Wilhelm Lindenschmit the Elder at the new Royal Palace, creating murals based on the ballads of Friedrich Schiller. At this time, he also began to create a series of oil paintings on historical subjects; notably one of King Otto saying farewell on his way to Greece.

In 1835, he took a study trip to Rome, where he created his monumental painting "Des Sängers Fluch" (The Singer's Curse), based on the poem by Ludwig Uhland. Upon his return, he was appointed a Professor at the Academy by King Maximilian II of Bavaria. In thanks, he created two monumental canvases for the Maximilianeum.

Between 1865 and 1875, he served as Director of the Royal Gallery, but was harshly criticized for his methods of restoration, which employed questionable chemical processes developed by Max von Pettenkofer, as well as the overpainting of some canvases. Despite this, he was elevated to the nobility in 1869.

His paintings are historically precise, but are now considered to be rather conservative and academic.

Foltz died in Munich in 1877.

Sources

External links

19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
1805 births
1877 deaths
History painters
People from Bingen am Rhein

Philipp Foltz


Paul Cheesbrough is a British Media Executive and is Chief Technology Officer of Rupert Murdoch's Fox Corporation. He has responsibility for all the Technology in the company and also focussed on the separation of News Corporation into two separate businesses in 2013 and works for Robert Thomson after initially working directly for Murdoch.

On 31 October 2016, it was announced that Cheesbrough would be joining 21st Century Fox as Chief Technology Officer from 1 December 2016, remaining in New York.

Prior to joining News Corp, he was Chief Information Officer of News International, the UK subsidiary of News Corporation.

Cheesbrough started his career at IBM before moving to the BBC's commercial operation, BBC Worldwide. He then spent four years at the BBC as Digital Media Controller. He is widely credited for the driving corporation's digital education portfolio and the transition to digital.

In 2007, Cheesbrough joined the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph as Chief Information Officer. He remained in that role for three years transforming the company's digital portfolio before joining News International in 2010.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British media executives
News UK
Chief technology officers
Chief information officers

Paul Cheesbrough


was a Japanese chemist and one of the pioneers in electrochemistry.  Together with his mentor and colleague, Czech chemist and inventor Jaroslav Heyrovský, he developed the first polarograph, a type of electrochemical analyzing machine, and co-authored the paper which introduced the machine and the name "polarograph". This machine was important because it automated the measurement of I-V curves (current-voltage curves) of solutions, which when done by hand could take over an hour for each test.

Biography
After graduating from Department of Agricultural Chemistry at the Imperial University of Tokyo in 1920, Shikata gravitated towards electrochemistry and did further study at the Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, also in Tokyo.  He was able to study chemistry in Berlin under Professor Isidor Traube.  While in Germany he learned of Jaroslav Heyrovský's research in electrochemistry, and joined his team in 1923.  Shikata and Heyrovský built their first polarograph in 1924.

After being made Professor, Masuzo held the chair of Professor of Wood Chemistry in the Agricultural Chemistry department at Kyoto University and was chair from the first establishment in 1927 of Kyoto University's Chemical Research Institute.

During World War II he was dispatched to Manchukuo in Japanese-occupied China.  When he returned in 1954, he was made Professor at Nagoya University and he stayed there until he retired in 1959.

While living his retirement in Nagoya, he fell ill and went back to Kyoto, where he died of an apoplectic, or hemorrhagic, stroke.

References

External links
 Eugenii Kat's page at Hebrew University

1895 births
1964 deaths
Laureates of the Imperial Prize
Academic staff of Nagoya University
Riken personnel

Masuzo Shikata


Alfred Bryan Bonds (November 3, 1913 – September 7, 1989) was a public servant, educator, and college administrator. He served as the fifth president of Baldwin-Wallace College (now Baldwin Wallace University) in Berea, Ohio, from 1955 to 1981. He succeeded Rev. John Lowden Knight. A building bears his name on the BW campus and serves as the universities' administration building.

Early childhood and education
Alfred Bryan Bonds was born November 3, 1913, in Monroe County, Arkansas. Bonds began his education at Henderson State College, where he earned his A.B in 1935. He then earned a M.A. in English from Louisiana State University in 1936. Post graduate work continued at Louisiana State University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1940. His married his wife, Georgianna.

Career
Bonds began his career as assistant to the Dean while at Louisiana State, and a research project coordinator at Tulane University. Bonds served in World War II, first as an administrator under the War Manpower Commission before enlisting. Bonds served in the U.S. Navy as a Lieutenant (s.g) until and 1946.

Political appointments and career
Bonds served in several White House political appointments under the administration of President Harry S. Truman, including Assistant Executive Secretary of the President's Commission on Higher Education, Chief of Reeducation and Training under the Department of Labor, Education Consultant to UNESCO, and training director of the Atomic Energy Commission.

Beyond this, Bonds served as the State Commissioner of Education for Arkansas and as Dwight D. Eisenhower's Chief of the U.S. Educational Mission to Egypt. Bonds accepted the position of President of Baldwin-Wallace College from Cairo, in 1955. He succeeded Rev. John Lowden Knight.

Baldwin–Wallace College

Bonds was a strong administrator and fundraiser. Bonds oversaw the construction over a dozen buildings at Baldwin–Wallace and a doubling of the college's enrollment.  In 1957, Dr. Bonds initiated a 15-year development program for Baldwin-Wallace, which resulted in increasing student enrollment by 85 per cent and added Ritter Library (1958), five residence halls (Findley, North, Hamilton Apartments, Ernsthausen hall-1961, Heritage Hall-1960's), the science complex (Wiker Hall 1960's), the Health Center, Finnie Stadium, the College Union (1965), the Art and Drama Center (Kliest 1972), the Jacob Kamm School of Business building and the Administration building that was named after him. Bonds oversaw the construction of fifteen buildings during his time at BW during his 26-year tenure.

During the presidency of Alfred Bryan Bonds, the Alumni Wall (located behind North hall) was created, and still used today to recognize Alumni who have contributed to the development of the campus.

Lastly, Bonds's contributions to Baldwin-Wallace included designing the campus in the colonial style of architecture, and commissioning friend Felix de Weldon to adorn the student union in bas-relief sculptures. Bonds served with Weldon in WWII.

In 1972, during his 17th year as president of Baldwin-Wallace College, Dr. Alfred Bryan Bonds, Jr. was named Berea's Outstanding Citizen of the Year. Upon retirement, Bonds sat on numerous hospital and library boards around the greater Cleveland area. Dr. Bonds is listed in "Who's Who in America," "Who's Who in the World" and in "Notable Americans" as well. Bonds received accolades during his entire life, including four honorary doctorates from Ohio Wesleyan University, Mount Union College, Cleveland–Marshall College of Law, and Baldwin-Wallace College

Bonds Hall

Bonds hall is the administration building on the BW campus and is home to Career Services, the Cashiers office, Financial Aid, Registration & Record and the president's office.

References

External links

 Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace History: Alfred B. Bonds

Sources
Clary, Norman J. Baldwin-Wallace College. Cradles of Conscience. Ed. John William Oliver, Jr. Kent State University Press, 2003. 39-51

1913 births
1989 deaths
Henderson State University alumni
Louisiana State University alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Tulane University faculty
People from Monroe County, Arkansas
Presidents of Baldwin Wallace University
United States Navy officers
20th-century American academics

Alfred Bryan Bonds


Donald Kenneth Woods (February 5, 1928 – June 12, 2012) was an American meteorologist and cartoonist. He was the first television weatherman in Oklahoma to hold a degree in meteorology.  He started his Oklahoma career in 1954 on KTUL, the ABC affiliate television station originally licensed to Muskogee and to Tulsa after 1957.  He used a cartoon character called Gusty during his weather forecasts every night, drawing on-air, with a reference to recent weather as the focus of his simple line-drawn character.

Woods used Gusty to demonstrate how to be weather smart during thunderstorm and tornado activity. At various times, Gusty would also be drawn swimming, fishing, water skiing, or playing American football. Gusty was a responsible individual — raking leaves in the fall, mowing the grass in the summer, or sometimes just relaxing with a good book.

Every night during the weather forecast, Woods would announce a winner for that night's original Gusty. The Gusty drawings became one of the longest promotions for KTUL, lasting from the mid-1950s until Woods's retirement in 1989. Gusty drawings are installed in Tulsa's Gilcrease Museum and the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C.  The Gusty character also became a fixture at KTUL's sister station KATV in Little Rock, Arkansas, where beginning in 1972 Gusty was drawn by station weathermen Vic Shedler, Ron Sherman, Tom McBee, and Chuck Gaidica.

Woods's work was part of a 2010 exhibition on Oklahoma cartoonists at the Oklahoma History Center.

Woods has received numerous local, state, and national awards and recognitions. Woods taught at Tulsa Community College for a time. In April 2005, Gusty was named Oklahoma's state cartoon.

On June 12, 2012, Woods died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 84.

References

External links
Don Woods' web page
Online booklet featuring Gusty
Short journal from the Oklahoma legislature about Gusty

American television meteorologists
Deaths from cancer in Oklahoma
Artists from Tulsa, Oklahoma
1928 births
2012 deaths

Don Woods (meteorologist)


Halal (حلال, halāl, halaal) is an Islamic Arabic term meaning "permissible". The opposite is "haram", which means "forbidden".

Muslims have strict rules of what they can and cannot eat:
 Animals need to be killed in a special way. The animal must be slaughtered by a Muslim man, and the slaughter must be humane. (The animal should be slaughtered by hand so that all the blood could be drained from the slaughtered {dead} animal before they can eat the animal. It is called "Zabihah Halal" in Arabic language meaning "Permissible Slaughter".)
 Muslims cannot consume carcass animals even the animal slaughtered by knife not in its neck called Mari' and wajadan. Hunting animals can be eaten, but in a special manner.
 Muslims must not eat pork. "He has only forbidden you what dies of itself, and blood, and flesh of swine, and that over which any other (name) than (that of) Allah has been invoked; but whoever is driven to necessity, not desiring, nor exceeding the limit, no sin shall be upon him; surely Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." (Quran 2:173)
 According to the Shafi'i, Maliki and Hanbali branches of Islam, all fish and shellfish would be halal. All sea food is allowed to Muslims.
 They should not drink alcohol or consume other intoxicating substances in the wrong way (for example, narcotics). All substances that takes away the minds - with no medical purpose- are forbidden.
 Some sources even argue caffeine, like alcohol and drugs, to be haram, which is the full opposite of halal.

References

Food and drink
Islamic law

Halal


Caesarius of Nazianzus (Greek: Καισάριος ό Ναζιανζήνος; c. 331 – 368) was a prominent physician and politician. He is best known as the younger brother of Gregory of Nazianzus. He is recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox and the Catholic Church.

Biography
The younger son of Gregory the Elder, bishop of Nazianzus, and his wife, Nonna, Caesarius was born at the family villa of Arianzus, near Nazianzus. He probably studied at Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia in preparation for the elite schools of Alexandria in Egypt. His favourite studies there were geometry, astronomy and especially medicine. In the last-named science, he surpassed all his fellow students.

About 355 he came to the imperial capital Constantinople, and had already acquired a great reputation for his medical skill, when his brother Gregory, homeward bound from Athens, appeared there about 358. Caesarius sacrificed a remunerative and honourable post to return home with Gregory. The capital soon proved to be too great an attraction for him, and he eventually became an eminent physician at the Byzantine court of Constantius II and, much to the regret of his family, at that of Julian the Apostate. Julian failed in his efforts to win him over to briefly restored Paganism. Caesarius, more appreciative of his faith than of imperial favour, ultimately left the court, but returned to Constantinople after Julian's death in 363.

Under the Emperor Valens Caesarius became quaestor of Bithynia, a position which included treasury and tax collection responsibilities. After escaping from the earthquake which shook Nicaea (11 October, 368),  his brother wrote to him, pleading for him to leave his political position and withdraw to a religious life. However, Caesarius was suddenly killed by the widespread plague which followed the earthquake, shortly after having received baptism, which he, like many others at the period, had deferred until late in life. After his death, his very considerable estate was rapidly pillaged by servants and creditors. His brother Gregory insisted that what remained of the estate be distributed to the poor and to surviving relatives. His remains were interred at Nazianzus, where his brother pronounced the funeral oration in the presence of his parents. In the oration, "On His Brother: St. Caesarius", Gregory portrays his brother as a model Christian and ascetic, providing the main source for the details of his life and setting the groundwork for his eventual canonization.

Biographer John McGuckin maintains that, while Caesarius and his brother Gregory were very close, they were very different characters. While Gregory pursued a religious life, his vivacious, outgoing brother was at home in the world of Byzantine politics. The two were complementary figures; Gregory relied on his brother to guide him through trouble, while Caesarius encouraged his brother's literary and rhetorical interests.

The assertion that this Caesarius was the same as that Caesarius, Prefect of Constantinople, who in 365 was thrown into the prison by Procopius, rests on an assumption made by Jacques Godefroy (1587-1652), the editor of the Theodosian Code (Lyon, 1665), and not on any solid historical ground.

The four  Dialogues of one hundred and ninety-seven questions and answers which were traditionally ascribed to Caesarius and are to be found in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, XXXVIII, 851–1190, can hardly be from his pen, owing to their nature, contents and anachronisms. They are generally looked upon as spurious.

In fiction
Caesarius was the main character in a historical novel Gods and Legions, by Michael Curtis Ford (2002). The novel, which tells the story of the rise and fall of Julian the Apostate, is narrated by Caesarius who is, according to the story, his closest companion.

Notes

References
 McGuckin, John A. St. Gregory of Nazianzus: An Intellectual Biography. Crestwood, NY: 2001, St. Vladimir's Seminar Press.
 Migne, J.P. (General Editor). Cursus Completus Patrologiae Graecae. 167 volumes. Paris: 1857–1866.

 369 deaths
Byzantine saints
Saints from Roman Anatolia
4th-century Romans
4th-century Christian saints

Caesarius of Nazianzus


Zyklon B was the trade name of a pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s. It contains hydrogen cyanide as well as other chemicals.

The product was used in Nazi Germany in gas chambers to kill Jews as part of the Holocaust, such as at Auschwitz and other extermination camps.

Hydrogen cyanide, present in Zyklon B,  is a poisonous gas that interferes with respiration in cells. The cyanide ion stops the cell from making ATP by binding into a protein involved in the reaction.

History
Hydrogen cyanide had been discovered in the late 18th century and was usually used in California for the fumigation of citrus trees. In 1919, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH (Degesch) was founded in Germany. This was a state-controlled group to investigate military uses of the chemical. The new product was marketed as a pesticide, Zyklon, but was soon banned as being similar to a mixture used in World War I as a weapon.

Zyklon B was recreated by Degesch, after Degesch came under new management, and eventually after achieving a patent, Walter Heerdt was named as its inventor.

It was used at U.S Customs facilities along the Mexican border to fumigate the clothes of border crossers.

References

Chemical warfare
The Holocaust
Pesticides

Zyklon B


The Pinsk Marshes (), also known as the Pripet Marshes (), the Polesie Marshes, and the Rokitno Marshes, are a vast natural region of wetlands in Polesia, along the forested basin of the Pripyat River and its tributaries from Brest to the west, Mogilev in the northeast, and Kyiv to the southeast. Most of the region is in Belarus, and part is in Ukraine. It is one of the largest wetland areas in Europe.

Overview
The Pinsk Marshes mostly lie within the Polesian Lowland, hence Polesie Marshes (Woodland Marshes), and occupy most of the southern part of Belarus and the north-west of Ukraine. They cover roughly  surrounding the sandy lowlands of the dense network of rivers and rivulets forming on both sides of the Pripyat River, one of the main tributaries of the Dnieper. Dense woods are interspersed with numerous marshes, moors, ponds and streams extending  west to east and  north to south. The marshes undergo substantial changes in size during the year, with melting snows in springtime and autumn rainfall causing extensive flooding as the river overflows.

Flora
The Pinsk swamps are home to 827 species of vascular plants, of which 18 are listed as endangered in the Red Book of Belarus.
For the Pinsk swamps' typical alternation of open sedge-reed spaces with almost impenetrable shrub thickets. During the spring flood the swamps are almost completely covered with water, so the local population often has to cross through them in boats. On dry "islands" there are areas of deciduous or pine forests.

Fauna

The Pinsk swamps are home to thousands of birds from different biotopes of the Earth (Europe, Asia, Africa, Mediterranean), some of which come to nest here during migrations, and also swamps are a wintering area for many species of migratory birds nesting in parts of Northern Europe, such as Scandinavia, Finland, the Baltic states and Russia.
Of the 246 species of birds which has been observed on this territory, 66 species are listed in the Red Book of Belarus. The park nestles a significant number of species that are globally threatened with extinction: Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) (just 2-3 pairs have been observed), Greater spotted eagle  (Aquila clanga) (4-6 pairs), Corn crake (Crex crex), Great snipe (Gallinago media). The presence of so many birds of national and international significance underscores the importance of this territory for the conservation of biodiversity of Polesie, Belarus and Europe as a whole.

History

Historically, for most of the year, the marshes were virtually impassable to major military forces, which influenced strategic planning of all military operations in the region.
Like most other wetlands in Europe, the Pinsk Marshes were once seen as an unhealthy area and a focus of sickness. Land reclamation projects of the eastern part of the wetlands were started in 1872 and by the late 19th century drainage of the marshes recovered 1.5 million hectares of wetlands for use as pasture and farmland.

First and Second World War
At the start of World War I, the marshes separated the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army from the XII corps; the few roads that traversed the region were narrow and largely unimproved. That
left a wide gap, and the Third Army Corps of the Imperial Russian Army poured in before the Austro-Hungarian Second Army's transfer from Serbia was complete. The Russians soon captured the valuable railhead at Lemberg (now Lviv), then in the far east of Austria-Hungary (now part of the western Ukraine), as a result. Throughout the rest of the war, the wetlands remained one of the principal geographic obstacles of the Eastern Front.

The marshes divided the central and southern theatres of operation during World War II, and they served as a hideout for both Soviet and Polish partisans. At one stage during the war, the German administration planned to drain the marshes, 'cleanse' them of their 'degenerate' inhabitants and repopulate the area with German colonists. Konrad Meyer was the leader in command of the 'Pripet plan'. Hitler scuttled the project late in 1941, as he believed that it might entail Dust Bowl conditions.

In 1942, after an uprising, approximately 1,000 Jews escaped from the Łachwa Ghetto, of whom about 600 were able to take refuge in the Pinsk Marshes.

Known as Pripjet-Sümpfe by the Germans, the wetlands were dreaded by the Wehrmacht troops. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Third Reich armies skirted the wetlands, passing through the north or south of it. However, after the debacle of the Eastern Front in 1944, many retreating units such as the 7th, 35th, 134th and 292nd Infantry Divisions had to cut across the marshy areas. They often needed to build tracks with logs, over which they could pull light loads in horse-drawn vehicles.

Proposed drainage in the 1950s
There was a plan to drain the wetlands during 1952, when the area of the marshes was under Soviet administration.

Chernobyl nuclear disaster
In 1986, the region became world-famous because of the Chernobyl disaster; however, the Pripet Marshes should not be confused with the ghost city of Pripyat; the area within which the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is located. It is approximately  east-southeast of the geographic centre of the Pinsk Marshes area.

See also
Pripyatsky National Park
Geography of Belarus
Geography of Ukraine

References

External links
 Science team plunges into Pripyat Marshes - Kyiv Post

Marshes of Belarus
Marshes of Ukraine
Marshes
Natural regions of Europe
Belarus–Ukraine border

Pinsk Marshes


5 Seconds of Summer (abbreviated 5SOS) is a pop-rock band from Quakers Hill, a Western suburb of Sydney, Australia. The band has 4 members: Calum Hood (bass guitar, vocals), Michael Clifford (guitar, vocals), Luke Hemmings (lead vocals, guitar), and Ashton Irwin (drums, vocals). Luke, Calum, and Michael all attended Norwest Christian College in Riverstone, NSW. Ashton, however, attended Richmond High School in Richmond, NSW. Michael came up with the name '5 Seconds of Summer'. Calum writes most of their music and they often sing about love or according to Ashton, life. The band have talked about being heavily influenced by famous rock bands such as Green Day, All Time Low, Blink-182, and Nirvana. In an interview, they stated that their music was "Basically the love child of all their favorite bands". They have also said that their hero is Billie Joe Armstrong, the lead singer of Green Day. They supported Hot Chelle Rae on their 2012 "Whatever" tour. They toured with One Direction for their TMH and WWA tours and gained international fame. They now have their own tour "Rock Out With Your Socks Out" (ROWYSO). Their second headline tour started in February 2016, "Sounds Live Feels Live" (SLFL). The band has released four albums, 5 Seconds of Summer, Sounds Good Feel Good, Youngblood and Calm, in that order.

Career
5 Seconds of Summer started out with Luke Hemming making covers on YouTube and, then he invited Calum and Michael to the band as well, where they were quickly getting recognition. Later on, they were in need of a drummer which led them to Ashton Irwin on Facebook from a mutual friend, and they officially became a band on December 3 ,2011. Louis Tomlinson and Niall Horan from One Direction later directed their attention toward them. Over the years 5SOS released EP's like Somewhere New (2012), Unplugged (2012), Don't Stop (2014), Good Girls (2014), Amnesia (2014), and She's Kinda Hot (2015). They proceeded to release their first album "5 Seconds of Summer" on June 27, 2014 which got recognition from fans worldwide and resulted in their first headlining tour "Rock Out With Your Socks Out". Their second album "Sounds Good Feels Good" was released on October 23, 2015, followed by their second headlining world tour "Sounds Live Feels Live". The band released their 3rd album, Youngblood, on the 15th June, 2018, after returning from their 3-year hiatus. Since then, the band has featured on The Chainsmokers' single "Who Do You Love", and joined The Chainsmokers on their tour, World War Joy. They went on the No Shame tour and will be featuring the famous rock band, All Time Low. The band has just finished their latest album. It's called 5SOS5 and features songs like Bad Omens(2022), Easy For You To Say (2022) and Me, Myself And I (2022). They are also going on their 12th headlining tour to promote the record, playing in counrties like Argentina, Portugal, and the United States.

Sources

5 Seconds of Summer


The Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) is an intergovernmental financial institution established within the framework of the United Nations. It is a vestige of the proposed New International Economic Order. The CFC finances commodity development projects in developing states.

The CFC was established in 1989. It was set up by a 1980 multilateral treaty known as the Agreement establishing the Common Fund for Commodities. As of June 2017, there are 110 parties to the Agreement and thus to the CFC. This total includes 101 UN member states plus 9 intergovernmental organizations: the Andean Community, the African Union, the Caribbean Community, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, the East African Community, the European Union, the Economic Community of West African States, the Southern African Development Community and the West African Economic and Monetary Union. Members that have joined but then withdrawn from the CFC include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Turkey, and the Eurasian Economic Community.  The United States of America has not been a member of the fund.

References

External links
 Common Fund for Commodities

International trade organizations
United Nations organizations based in Europe
United Nations General Assembly observers
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Intergovernmental organizations

Common Fund for Commodities


Jean-Bernard Restout (22 February 1732 – 18 July 1797) was a French painter.

Life

Restout was born and died in Paris.  A son of Jean II Restout and like him a member of the Académie de Rouen, he won the Prix de Rome in 1758 and was aggregated to the Académie royale on his return from Italy in 1765, then received into it in 1769. However, he refused to conform to its rules led to a quarrel.

He frequently exhibited at the Salon de Paris from 1767 to 1791. On the French Revolution, he was president of the Commune des Arts which campaigned, with its founder David, for the suppression of the Académie.

Made guardian of the Garde-Meuble royal by Roland during the Revolution, this favour nearly cost him his life during the Reign of Terror when Roland and his friends were implicated in the theft from the Garde-Meuble. Suspected, he was imprisoned and only released after the 9 Thermidor coup d'etat (27 July 1794) that deposed Robespierre.

Bibliography

 Galerie française ou Portraits des hommes et des femmes célébres qui ont paru en France, Paris, Herrissant le Fils, 1771
 Anatole Granges de Surgères, Artistes français des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (1681-1787), Paris, Charavay, 1893

References

External links
 Jean-Bernard Restout on Artcyclopedia

18th-century French painters
French male painters
People of the French Revolution
Prix de Rome for painting
1732 births
1797 deaths
18th-century French male artists

Jean-Bernard Restout


is a Japanese consumer electronics company headquartered in Daitō, Osaka. Apart from producing its own branded electronic products, it is also an OEM providing assembled televisions and video players/recorders to major corporations such as Sharp, Toshiba, Denon, and others. Funai supplies inkjet printer hardware technology to Dell and Lexmark, and produces printers under the Kodak name.

Its United States-based subsidiary Funai Corporation, Inc., based in Torrance, California, markets Funai products in the US, along with Funai-licensed brands including Philips, Magnavox, Emerson Radio, and Sanyo. Funai is the main supplier of electronics to Walmart and Sam's Club stores in the US, with production output in excess of 2 million flat-panel televisions during the summertime per year for Black Friday sale.

History
Funai was founded by Tetsuro Funai, the son of a sewing machine manufacturer. During the 1950s before the company was formed, Funai produced sewing machines and was one of the first Japanese makers to enter the United States retail market. Then, the introduction of transistor technology had begun to change the face of the electronics market. The Funai company was formed, Tetsuro Funai became CEO for 47 years and a US dollar billionaire, and the first actual products produced were the transistor radios.

In 1980, Funai launched a sales and manufacturing subsidiary in Germany. Funai also developed the Compact Video Cassette (CVC) format in the same year, a joint development with Technicolor, trying to compete with VHS and Betamax. Sales were poor and not well-received due to ongoing VHS vs. Beta war, and the CVC format was abandoned a few years later.

Funai introduced an arcade laserdisc video game, Interstellar, at Tokyo's Amusement Machine Show (AM Show) in September 1983. It demonstrated the use of pre-rendered 3D computer graphics. The game made its North American debut at the Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) show in October 1983.

Funai began to see rising sales of the VHS format, so in 1984, Funai released its first VHS video cassette player (VP-1000) for the worldwide market, while ordering all transport chassis mechanisms from Shintom for quick and efficient production. VHS format quickly became more popular and won the war against Beta format, due to Funai's unique on-time delivery for supplying rental VHS players for the porn-film industry and viewers. By 1990, Funai became the largest 2-head mono VHS video cassette recorder (VCR) manufacturer in Japan.

In 1991, a U.S. sales subsidiary was established in New Jersey, and it began to sell cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions. In 1992, Funai canceled its contract from Shintom, due to the rising cost of VCR chassis mechanism and the expensive Japanese labor, and decided to build its own lower-cost chassis mechanism instead overseas. This creative move dramatically boosted up profits and reduced VCR prices down fast. Funai developed a new, permanent strategy in 1993 by opening two new state-of-the-art factories in China, which transferred all VHS VCRs production out from Japan. By 1997, Funai became the first manufacturer to sell a new VHS VCR below $100 for the North American market, while the Philips Magnavox brand they produced for was the best-seller. Quickly, Tetsuro Funai, the founder, became Japan's first US dollar billionaire electronic CEO. Later, the DVD technology was formed, and by 2001, Funai sold its first DVD player for less than $100.  By then, Funai's U.S. subsidiary had relocated to Torrance, California.  Today, Funai is one of the world's largest producers of DVD players, and is now one of the major suppliers of electronics to Wal-Mart on Black Friday.

In 2008, CEO and founder Tetsuro Funai retired and stepped down from CEO to become chairman. Philips signed a seven-year contract with Funai to license, sell, and distribute Philips- and Magnavox-branded televisions in North America. In 2013, Funai acquired the option to buy the rest of Philips' consumer electronics operations and a license to globally market Philips branded consumer electronics. But that purchase was terminated by Philips because of what Philips saw as breach of contract.

Lexmark
Funai has made inkjet hardware for  Lexmark International, Inc since 1997. In August 2012, Lexmark announced that it would be ceasing production of its inkjet printer line. In April 2013, Funai announced that it had signed an agreement to acquire Lexmark's inkjet-related technology and assets for approximately $100 million (approximately ¥ 9.5 billion).

Funai acquired more than 1,500 inkjet patents, Lexmark's inkjet-related research and development assets and tools, all outstanding shares and the manufacturing facility of Lexmark International (Philippines), Inc., and other inkjet-related technologies and assets. Through this transaction, Funai acquired the capabilities to develop, manufacture and sell inkjet hardware as well as inkjet supplies.

VHS videotape

The decline of VHS videotape began with the introduction to market of the DVD format in 1997. Funai continued to manufacture VHS tape recorders into the early part of the 21st century, mostly under the Emerson, Magnavox, and Sanyo brands in China and North America. In July 2016, Funai ceased production of VHS equipment, the last known company in the world to do so, after poor sales of its last VCR/DVD player combos.

See also
TP Vision acquired Philips branded TVs in some countries.

References

External links

 Funai Corporation USA

Companies based in Osaka Prefecture
Electronics companies established in 1961
Computer printer companies
Consumer electronics brands
Display technology companies
Electronics companies of Japan
Japanese brands
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
1961 establishments in Japan

Funai


Astola Island, also known as  () or 'Island of the Seven Hills', is an uninhabited island in the Arabian Sea. It is part of Pakistan, about 25 km south of Pakistan's nearest coastline and 39 km southeast of the fishing port of Pasni. Astola is Pakistan's largest offshore island and the only major island in the northern Arabian Sea. It is about  large. Administratively, the island is part of the Pasni subdistrict of Gwadar District in Balochistan province.

Islands of Pakistan
Uninhabited islands
Gwadar District

Astola Island


Tom Hugh Morey (15 August 1935 – 14 October 2021), also known by the moniker Y, was a musician, engineer, surfboard shaper, and surfer responsible for several technological innovations that have heavily influenced modern developments in surfing equipment design.

Biography
Morey was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1935. By 1944, he was living in Laguna Beach, California, and was avidly developing his talent for drumming. He became a professional musician in the 1950s. He was an avid performer of jazz. While surfing as a hobby he attended the University of Southern California and graduated with a B.A. in mathematics in 1957. He married Jolly Givens in 1958 and worked for Douglas Aircraft, as a process engineer in composites. After Douglas, he worked a series of jobs involving composite materials and processes, which he applied to his surf-related inventions. He left the corporate world for good in 1964, moved to Ventura and started a series of companies that served the surfing market. Morey also sponsored surfing competitions such as The Tom Morey Invitational. Morey's marriage produced two daughters, Michelle (deceased) and Melinda (artist and surfer) before ending in divorce in the late 1960s.

Morey was an adherent of the Bahá'í Faith from 1970 after he came across a 'unity feast' at a Kauai beach, where "whites, blacks and Hawaiians, mixed cordially".  "After a couple of months of attending informal meetings on Bahá'í teachings - I realized this was something very important not to toy with; rather to become immersed in." "I withdrew immediately from alcohol, drugs and sexual promiscuity." Morey attributed inspiration for invention of the Boogie board (on 7 July 1971) to a particular Baha'i prayer he kept coming across which included the passage "confer upon me thoughts which may change this world into a rose garden." He founded the company Morey Boogie shortly thereafter. Morey later married Marchia Nichols, now Marchia Morey, known as the "mother of bodyboarding", who bore them four sons: Sol, Moon, Sky, and Matteson.

Morey sold Morey Boogie in 1977 and lived in Hawaii for a decade, working as a consultant by day, jazz musician by night. By 1977, he was producing 80,000 bodyboards per year. In 1985, the Moreys moved to Bainbridge Island, Washington, where Morey worked as an engineer for the Boeing Corporation. In 1992 he returned to southern California where he reentered the surf scene, consulting on the Wham-O Boogie®Board and with the new company Morey Bodyboards. Morey ended consulting in January 1999 founding his own company again - TomMorey.com - and changed his name to Y.

From 1999 to 2007, Morey focused on developing new, soft-surfboard technology. He handmade these boards in a small workshop in Carlsbad, California. His most famous of these was the Swizzle, a parabolic-shaped longboard design. Morey marketed and sold the boards under the name Surfboards by Y.

In late-2007, Morey joined forces with Catch Surf of San Clemente, California, to bring his new technology to the masses. His revolutionary new surfboard technology fused the safety and durability of soft surfboards with the performance of a hard surfboard.

Morey died on 14 October 2021 at the age of 86.

Musician
Morey honed his talent as a drummer and ukulele player from his early youth, working professionally by the age of 12. Subsequently he performed professionally with musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie, Stu Williamson, Bud Shank and Conte Candoli. He was an original member of the 'Sons of the Beach' ukulele 1948, then, over the years founded several other bands: 'Four Eyed Five' in 1950, the 'Tom Morey Quartet' in 1954, and URANIUM in 1969. He joined 'Brotherhood' at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel in 1983, and played at Salt Creek Grill in Dana Point, California with his most recent ensemble, Laguna Jazz Quartet. He also played in with Dene Davidson's Cool Jazz quintet, with Keith Bishop on saxophone, Joey Carano on guitar, Davidson on electric bass, Leonard Thompson on keyboards, and Morey on drums.

Surfing
In 1946, at the age of 11, Morey came in second in the Green Valley Lake Paddle board Championships. He began board surfing in 1952. In April 1955 he wake-surfed (no towrope) behind an ocean-going yacht.

From 1955 to 1963, Morey was a sponsored surfer for Dave Godart Surfboards, then Dave Sweet, Con, Velzy Jacobs, and finally Dewey Weber. In 1964 he began setting up businesses providing surf boards and inventing technologies for surf boards:
 1954 - created the first "concave nose pocket"
 1955 - invented something he called the "Wing Tip," a Coaund Lift nose.
 1964 - created the first polypropylene fin and first commercial interchangeable fin system.
 1965 - used resin-impregnated corrigated cardboard to make a "paper surfboard" for which there was a television commercial and an August 1966, full color, two page advertisement in Reader's Digest.
 1965 - created the Tom Morey Invitational Nose Riding Championships, first professional surfing contest held at Ventura Point.
 1971 - invented the bodyboard, called in those days a Boogie Board after Morey's love of music.
 1974–1976 - engineered the essence of today's "soft board" manufacturing technology.

Morey left commercial surfboarding interests in the late 1970s and returned to them in the 1990s.

References

External links

 Tom Morey's Surfboards by Y and Catch Surf
 TomMorey.com

 Tom Morey bio on surfline.com
 Comments of Mike Doyle 1
 HI Surf Advisory Tom Morey
 Industry News  The Birth Of The Bodyboard Industry: The Tom Morey Story
 Vagabond.com Response to the "What is killing Bodyboarding?" series by Tom Morey
 A Malibu Surf Dog Barks
 LATimes.com Stoking the masses Once upon a time, folks rode waves on surfboards or air mattresses. Then Tom Morey put an iron to a hunk of foam.
 Tom Morey = The Mad Scientist of Wave Riding
 The Hey Day.com Sultan of surf, baron of boogie

1935 births
2021 deaths
American inventors
American surfers
American Bahá'ís
Bodyboarders
University of Southern California alumni
Converts to the Bahá'í Faith
20th-century Bahá'ís
21st-century Bahá'ís

Tom Morey


Drunken Monkey Form or Drunken Monkey Pole Form of Kung Fu is a fictional Chinese martial art, a variation of the Monkey Style.

This style is different from Zui Quan (Drunken Fist), as the practitioner is imitating gestures of an intoxicated monkey, rather than a human fighter.

Drunken Monkey does not begin with drunken-like gestures, but rather the drunken aspect enters the forms in the middle-section when the practitioner plays the movements of a monkey drinking stolen wine.

The Drunken Monkey style is visually completely different when compared to Zui Quan and is shorter in sequence. This style, however, is considered more artistically beautiful, acrobatic and agile compared to Zui Quan. This does not necessarily mean that it is more or less effective in actual combat.

Contrary to claims in movies, actually being drunk does not improve drunken monkey or drunken fist. It is based on the concept of imitating being drunk; actually being drunk is not required and may impair one's speed and ability to perform complex movements.

Description and techniques
The form is short and simple, consisting of a few dozen or so movements. Much of the moves are performed at a low ground level, with rolling, tumbling and falling techniques. There are also many unusual grappling and blocking techniques. The higher level attacks include eye pokes and throat hits, as well as blocks and punches (with punching being exceptional, as monkeys generally do not attack with their fists). There are also many middle attacks such as kicks aimed to the stomach area, and lower attacks to the lower abdomen, groin and legs.
The "Monkey-Hands" Technique: Relaxed hand strikes with the palm facing downward and fingers drooping towards the ground, used to deflect hand strikes and kicks, and also to strike with the fingers towards the throat and eyes.
The "Monkey-Claws" Technique: This attack is basically a strike with the palm facing forward and hitting with the fingers and striking downward, like any animal's clawing motion. It is used to hit the face and eyes, and can also be used to grapple the opponent's wrist.
Low Kicks and Ground Kicks: There are many kicks in Drunken Monkey, primarily aimed at the lower portions of the body (legs, groin, abdomen) and executed from a low position or from lying on the ground.

Origin
The inspiration for Drunken Monkey was given by its founder, Kou-Sze in honor of "Sūn Wùkōng" from the story "Journey to the West", written in the Ming Dynasty by Wu Cheng'en. In the story, the Monkey King stole all the peaches of  the "spiritual peach tree" of the Heavenly King Mother and drank all the wine reserved for fairies and immortals who were invited to the birthday party of the Heavenly King. The Heavenly King became enraged and the Monkey King made a mess of the Heavenly Palace after fighting and defeating all of the Heavens' warriors. The Monkey King had to be finally subdued by Buddha Yu-lei.

In media
 The English dub of Jackie Chan's Drunken Master II (1994) (AKA The Legend of Drunken Master (2000) (U.S.)) incorrectly references the Drunken Monkey style whenever Wong Fei-hung is about to perform some acrobatic kicks. The original dialogue actually references the immortals Li Tieguai and Zhang Gualao of the Daoist style of Drunken Fist. The former is a cripple with a powerful right leg and the latter is known for his swift double-kicks. All eight immortals are also referenced in the original Drunken Master (1978).
 The main character (Chia-Liang Liu) in Feng hou (1979) AKA Mad Monkey Kung-Fu  is a master of Lau Family Hung Gar kung fu which has its own variation of Monkey Boxing inclusive of the Drunken monkey technique
 A more recent film featuring a drunken monkey style is Chui ma lau (2002) AKA Drunken Monkey  In this movie Chia-Liang Liu is also one of the lead characters and again the technique on display is a variation of the Lau Family Hung Gar system.
 The movie Chu long ma liu (1979)  also features the Monkey styles including Drunken
 A similar attack style appears in Escape From Monkey Island.
 In the Dragon Ball series (episode 26): Kame-Sen'nin (Master Roshi) uses the technique drunken boxing on Goku in the finals of The World Martial Arts Tournament. As a reaction to this, Goku uses a new technique called the crazy monkey technique.

References

Further reading
 Leung, Ting Dr. Drunken Monkey Kung Fu – (1998) Leung Ting Company, Hong Kong ()

Chinese martial arts

Drunken Monkey


Nos attendentes is the incipit designating a Papal bull apparently issued in January 1217 by Pope Honorius III. Its genuineness has been suspected. If genuine, it is the second of the two bulls that established the Dominican Order (for the first, see Religiosam vitam). In it, the Pope describes the brothers of the order as pugiles fidei et vera mundi lumina: "fighters for the faith and true lights of the world".

The original bull was kept at the convent of Prouille, Saint Dominic's first foundation, and it was from this source that the Latin text was published in 1504 by Albert de Castillo. Later editions derive from this one. The documents of the convent were scattered during the French Revolution; the original was then lost. The convent's cartulary containing a 17th-century transcript was recovered, but was not shown to enquirers.

References

Bibliography
Albert de Castillo, Privilegia maiora et principaliora. Venice: apud Lazarum de Soardis, 1504.
M. Bihl in Archivum Franciscanum historicum vol. 27 (1934) pp. 262-263.
Pierre Mandonnet, M.-H. Vicaire, Saint Dominique: l'idée, l'homme et l'oeuvre (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1938) vol. 1 p. 55 note 50.

Dominican Order
1217 works
13th-century papal bulls
Documents of Pope Honorius III

Nos attendentes