Peter Behrens (14 April 1868 – 27 February 1940) was a leading German architect, graphic and industrial designer, best known for his early pioneering AEG Turbine Hall in Berlin in 1909. He had a long career, designing objects, typefaces, and important buildings in a range of styles from the 1900s to the 1930s. He was a foundation member of the German Werkbund in 1907, when he also began designing for AEG, pioneered corporate design, graphic design, producing typefaces, objects, and buildings for the company. In the next few years, he became a successful architect, a leader of the rationalist / classical German Reform Movement of the 1910s. After WW1 he turned to Brick Expressionism, designing the remarkable Hoechst Administration Building outside Frankfurt, and from the mid-1920s increasingly to New Objectivity. He was also an educator, heading the architecture school at Academy of Fine Arts Vienna from 1922 to 1936. As a well known architect he produced design across Germany, in other European countries, Russia and England. Several of the leading names of European modernism worked for him when they were starting out in the 1910s, including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius.

Biography

Behrens attended the Christianeum Hamburg from September 1877 until Easter 1882. He studied painting in his native Hamburg, as well as in Düsseldorf and Karlsruhe, from 1886 to 1889. In 1890, he married Lilly Kramer and moved to Munich. At first, he worked as a painter, illustrator and bookbinder in an artisanal fashion. He frequented the bohemian circles and was interested in subjects related to the reform of lifestyles. In 1899 Behrens accepted the invitation of the Grand Duke Ernst-Ludwig of Hesse to be the second member of his recently inaugurated Darmstadt Artists' Colony, where Behrens built his own Jugendstil style house in 1901, and fully conceived everything, from furniture to towels, paintings, pottery, etc. The building of this house is considered to be the turning point in his life, when he left the artistic circles of Munich and showed himself to be a talented architect in his very first project.

In 1903, Behrens was named director of the Kunstgewerbeschule in Düsseldorf, where he implemented successful reforms, developing new ways of teaching design. In 1907, Behrens and ten other people (Hermann Muthesius, Theodor Fischer, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Bruno Paul, Richard Riemerschmid, Fritz Schumacher, among others), plus twelve companies, gathered to create the German Werkbund. As an organization, it was clearly indebted to the principles and priorities of the Arts and Crafts movement, but tending towards the classical in architecture. Members of the Werkbund were focused on improving the overall level of taste in Germany by improving the design of everyday objects and products. This very practical aspect made it an extremely influential organization among industrialists, public policy experts, designers, investors, critics and academics. His work in the early 1900s included a series of exhibition halls and pavilions, a crematorium and some private houses, which show a new direction immediately after his own Jugendstil house, towards exploring simple, rectilinear volumes and classical sources.

In 1907, AEG (Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft) retained Behrens as artistic consultant, and his work for AEG was the first large-scale demonstration of the viability and vitality of the Werkbund's initiatives and objectives. He designed the entire corporate identity (logotype, product design, publicity, etc.) and for that he is considered the first industrial designer in history. He also designed a series of factory buildings for them at their two Berlin factory sites, most famously the 1909 AEG Turbine Factory, at the Moabit site, considered an early example of Modernism. He then went on to design four new buildings at the Humboldthain site, which showed that he was as much interested in massive, bold, classical and picturesque effects depending on the context, as expressing modernity. Since Peter Behrens was a consultant rather than an employee of AEG, he was free to work on other projects, and developed a highly successful architectural practice. In this period his growing office had many students and assistants, some who would go on become leading Modernists, including Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Adolf Meyer, Jean Kramer and Walter Gropius (later to become the first director of the Bauhaus).

Immediately after the AEG Turbine Hall, he designed a series of large office buildings in a bold monumental stripped classical form, part of the German Reform Architecture movement. His 1912 German Embassy in St Petersburg, and the Administration Building for Continental AG in Hannover, built 1912–1914 are good examples of this period.

After WW1 his work changed again, and like many German architects, he explored the themes and styles of Brick Expressionism. Between 1920 and 1924, he was responsible for the design and construction of the Technical Administration Building of Hoechst AG in Höchst, outside Frankfurt. With its soaring atrium clad in coloured bricks representing the factory's dye products, and an exterior in dark clinker bricks with clocktower and dramatic arch, it is one of the most representative examples of the style in Germany.

In 1922, he accepted an invitation to teach at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, becoming head of the architecture school, a post he kept until 1936, whilst also designing for a range of clients across Europe.

In 1926, Behrens was commissioned by the Englishman Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke to design a family home in Northampton, UK. The house named 'New Ways', a stark white walled rectangular volume (with jagged parapets), is often regarded as probably the first modernist house in Britain, and marks Behrens' turn towards the Modernism of New Objectivity.

In 1925 he was invited by his former student Mies van der Rohe, along with many of the leading German architects working in the new style, to design a residential building in Stuttgart, in the development now known as the Weissenhof. His contribution was a set of apartments in stacked cubic volumes, allowing many apartments to open to large terraces.

In 1928 Behrens won an international competition for the construction of the New Synagogue, in Zilina, Slovakia, which was restored in 2012–17 as a cultural centre. The same year he designed a renovation of the Feller-Stern department store in central Zagreb, Croatia, transforming it from Art Nouveau to a complex almost De Stijl Modernist composition. His 1931 hillside villa for the Clara Gans, daughter of Frankfurt industrialist Adolf Gans, was a similarly complex interplay of rectangular volumes, clad in stone, a fine example of New Objectivity.

In 1929, Behrens was invited to the competition for the design of buildings around a proposed radical redesign of Alexanderplatz in Berlin, and though he came second, his designs for the buildings on the south west side of the new square was preferred by the subsequent developer, and the Alexanderhaus and the Berolinahaus were built by 1932.

In 1929, Behrens, in partnership with former student Alexander Popp, was commissioned to design a new factory for the state-run Austria Tabak in Linz, which was built over a long period, due to the economic conditions, finally completed in 1935. The main building has a very long completely horizontal slightly curved facade, Behrens' most striking design in the style of New Objectivity.

In 1936 Behrens left Vienna to teach architecture at the Prussian Academy of Arts (now the Akademie der Künste) in Berlin, reportedly with the specific approval of Hitler. Behrens participated in Hitler's plans for the rebuilding of Berlin with the commission for the new headquarters of the AEG on Albert Speer's famous planned north–south axis. Speer reported that his selection of Behrens for this commission was rejected by the powerful Alfred Rosenberg, but that his decision was supported by Hitler who admired Behrens's Saint Petersburg Embassy. Behrens died in the Hotel Bristol in Berlin on 27 February 1940, while seeking refuge there from his country estate.

List of projects

1900–1901: Behrens house on Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt
 1905–1907: Villa Obenauer in Saarbrücken
 1905–1908: Eduard Müller Crematorium in Hagen-Delstern
 1906: Interior design of the state and city library in the extension of the Kunstgewerbemuseum Düsseldorf
 1908–1909: AEG Turbine hall, Berlin-Moabit
 1908–1909: Schröder house in Hagen (destroyed in World War II)
 1909–1910: Catholic Fellowship House in Neuss
 1909–1910: Villa Cuno in Hagen
1909–10: High Voltage Factory, AEG, Berlin – Humboldthain
 1910: Boathouse "Elektra" for the Berlin rowing company "Elektra" in Berlin-Oberschöneweide, founded in 1908 as a rowing club for employees and civil servants of the AEG
 1910: Exhibition hall (temporary wooden structure, named Hetzerhalle) for the German Railways with a span of 43 meters for the Brussels World Exhibition in 1910, built by the entrepreneur Otto Hetzer from Weimar
 1911: Gasworks Ost in Frankfurt am Main, Osthafen
 1911: AEG factory settlement in Hennigsdorf
 1911–1912: Mannesmann House in Düsseldorf
 1911–1912: German Embassy in Saint Petersburg
 1911–1912: House for government architect C. H. Goedecke in Hagen
 1911–1912: Wiegand house, home for the archaeologist and museum director Theodor Wiegand in Berlin-Dahlem, today the seat of the German Archaeological Institute
 1912: AEG Large Motors Factory, Berlin – Humboldthain
 1912–1914: Administration building of Continental AG in Hanover (extension 1919–1920), today the House of Economic Development
 1913: AEG Small Motors Factory, Berlin – Humboldthain
 1914: Frank & Lehmann office building in Cologne, 37 Unter Sachsenhausen
 1914–1917: Factory for the National Automobile Society (NAG) in Berlin-Oberschöneweide (later the factory for television electronics, called Peter-Behrens-Bau)
 1915: Wuhlheide forest settlement in Berlin-Karlshorst, Hegemeisterweg
 1918: Oberschöneweide settlement in Berlin (built 1919–21 to plans by others, Behrens only designed some single family houses)
 1919: Workers' and master craftsmen's settlement for Deutsche Werft AG in Hamburg-Finkenwerder
 1921–1925: Technical administration building of Hoechst AG in Frankfurt-Höchst
 1921–1925: Administration building of the Gutehoffnungshütte in Oberhausen
 1925: Tomb for Friedrich Ebert in Heidelberg, in the mountain cemetery
 1925–1926: College of St. Benedict in Salzburg
1926: 'New Ways', Northampton, UK
1927: Apartment house in the Weißenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart (lots 31 + 32)
 1928: Reconstruction of Feller-Stern department store, Ban Jelačić Square in Zagreb, Croatia
 1928–1929: U-Bahn stations, line U 8 in Berlin (Moritzplatz, Bernauer Straße, Voltastraße, designed 1912)
 1928–1930: Franz-Domes-Hof in Vienna – Margareten
 1929: Residence for Kurt Lewin in Berlin- Nikolassee, Waldsängerpfad 3
 1929–1930: Group of apartment buildings in Berlin- Westend, Bolivarallee 9
 1929–1931: Villa Gans in Kronberg im Taunus, Falkensteiner Straße 19, Hesse
 1929–1931: Synagogue in Žilina , Kuzmányho 1
 1929–1935: Tobacco factory in Linz (with Alexander Popp)
 1930–1932: Alexanderhaus and Berolinahaus at Alexanderplatz in Berlin
 1931: "Ring der Frauen" house at the German Building Exhibition in 1931 in Berlin-Charlottenburg (demolished)
 1932–1933: Hohenlanke house near Neustrelitz (planned as a separate retirement home, partially completed)
 1933–1951: Christ the King Church in Linz (with Alexander Popp, Hans Feichtlbauer and Hans Foschum)

Typefaces designed by Behrens
All faces cast by the Klingspor Type Foundry.
 Behrens-Schrift (1901–7)
 Behrens-Antiqua (1907–9)
 Behrens Mediaeval (1914)

Gallery

References

Sources
 Borský, Maroš (2007). Synagogue Architecture in Slovakia: Towards Creating a Memorial Landscape of Lost Community. PhD dissertation, Hochschule für Jüdische Studien, Heidelberg. Accessed 23 November 2014.
 A. Windsor (1981): Peter Behrens: Architect and Designer, Humanities Press Intl; First US edition,
 Stanford Anderson (2002): Peter Behrens and a New Architecture for the Twentieth Century, The MIT Press,
 Peter Behrens (1990): Peter Behrens: Umbautes, Licht Prestel Pub,  (German edition)
 Kathleen James-Chakraborty (2000):  German architecture for a mass audience, Routledge,
 Ina Bahnschulte-Friebe: Künstlerkolonie Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt 1899–1914. Darmstadt: Institut Mathildenhöhe 1999,
 Georg Krawietz: "Peter Behrens im dritten Reich", Weimar 1995, VDG, Verlag und Datenbank für Geisteswissenschaften,
 Klaus J. Sembach: 1910 – Halbzeit der Moderne. Stuttgart: Hatje 1992,

External links

 Virtual gallery with Behrens designs for AEG
 The synagogue of Zilina, Slovakia designed by Peter Behrens
 Neolog Synagogue in Žilina Attached plaque: "This synagogue was built by the world famous architect Peter Behrens, in 1933–1934, on the same site as the original synagogue built in 1881.  It served as a place of Jewish worship until the arrival of fascism.  World War II tragically affected the lives of the Slovak Jews, at the time 3,600 Jewish people helped make up the 19,000 population of Žilina.  After the war, only 500 Jewish  returned.  Since the end of war, the building has been used for cultural and educational purposes by the city and as a technical college.  Jewish congregation of Žilina 1934–1996."
 The Schiedmayer grand piano from the musicroom of the House Behrens 1901

1868 births
1940 deaths
People educated at the Gymnasium Christianeum
20th-century German architects
German industrial designers
German graphic designers
German typographers and type designers
Modernist architects from Germany
Art Nouveau architects
Academic staff of the Prussian Academy of Arts
Architects from Hamburg
Peter Behrens

Peter Behrens


Koottu (Tamil:கூட்டு), often transcribed "kootu", is a lentil and vegetable stew in South Indian, particularly Tamil and Kerala cuisines. The etymology for koottu derives from the Tamil word "koottu" which means "add" or "mixture/medley" i.e. vegetable added with lentils form the dish, which is semi-solid in consistency. The dish is noted for its nutty and complex flavors and textures, likely owing to the liberal addition of lentils and coconuts. It is typically less watery than sambhar, but more so than dry stir-fries. Virundhu Sappadu (typical Tamil feast) comes with a combination of boiled rice (Choru in Tamil), sambar, rasam, curd, poriyal, koottu, appalam, pickles and banana. All koottus by default have some vegetables and lentils, but many variations of koottu exist:

 Poricha Koottu: A koottu made with urad dhal and pepper is called poricha (means "fried" in Tamil) koottu. Fried urad dhal, pepper, few red chilies, some cumin and fresh coconut are ground together. Moong dhal and the cut vegetables are cooked separately. Then, the ground paste, cooked vegetables and moong dhal are mixed and heated. Vegetables such as beans and snake gourd are common ingredients in this koottu.
 Araichivita Koottu:  A koottu which has a powdered (freshly ground) masala in it; the word araichivita in Tamil literally translates to "the one which has been ground and poured." The ground paste is a mixture of fried urid dhal, cumin seeds and coconut.
 Araichivita sambar: The chopped vegetables and toor dhal are cooked separately. Then, the ground paste, cooked vegetable and dhal are heated together. Then add the ground paste of coconut, Bengal gram, coriander, red chilies, a few pepper corns, a piece of cinnamon (optionally) - all roasted and ground. Season with mustard seeds and fenugreek seeds. Add the vegetables, including shallots (known as "Madras onions" in India), saute and then add water. Add tamarind extract, and then the ground paste and boiled dal. Served with rice.

Many other regional variations exist.

See also
 List of stews

References

External links

Indian legume dishes
South Indian cuisine
Tamil cuisine
Sri Lankan soups and stews
Vegetarian dishes of India

Koottu


The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel is a United Nations treaty that has the goal of protecting United Nations peacekeepers and other UN personnel.

Adoption
New Zealand and Ukraine proposed such a convention in 1993, and the International Law Commission drafted the convention in 1994. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution adopting the convention on 9 December 1994.

Content
Parties to the convention agree to criminalise the commission of murders or kidnappings of UN or association personnel as well as violent attacks against the equipment, official premises, private accommodation, or means of transport of such persons. Parties to the convention also agree to criminalise the attempted commission or threatened commission of such acts. "UN personnel" refers to individuals engaged or deployed by the UN Secretary-General as members of the military, police, or civilian components of a UN operation; it also includes officials of the UN specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency. "Associated personnel" includes other personnel—such as members of non-governmental organizations—assigned to act in an official capacity by UN personnel.

A central provision of the convention is the principle of aut dedere aut judicare—that a party to the treaty must either (1) prosecute a person who commits an offence against UN or associated personnel or (2) send the person to another state that requests his or her extradition for prosecution of the same crime.

The convention states that the military and police components of a UN operation—including vehicles, aircraft, and vessels—shall bear distinctive UN identification and that all UN and associated personnel shall carry appropriate identification. The treaty also states that the UN and associated personnel shall respect and abide by the domestic laws of the host state.

Ratifications and parties
By the end of 1995, the convention had been signed by 43 states and it came into force on 15 January 1999 after it had been ratified by 22 states. As of June 2016, the treaty has been ratified by 93 states, which includes 92 UN member states plus the State of Palestine. The states that signed the convention but have not yet ratified it are Haiti, Honduras, Malta, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and the United States.

Optional Protocol
On 8 December 2005, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel was adopted by the UN General Assembly. The Optional Protocol simply expands the scope of what constitutes a "UN operation" to include "delivering humanitarian, political or development assistance in peacebuilding" and "delivering emergency humanitarian assistance". The Optional Protocol was signed by 34 states, came into force on 19 August 2010, and as of June 2016 has been ratified by 30 states.

See also
Geneva Conventions and United Nations Personnel (Protocols) Act 2009

Notes

References
Ch. Bourloyannis-Vrailas, "The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 44 (1995) pp. 560–590.
E. T. Bloom, "Protecting Peacekeepers: The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel", American Journal of International Law, vol. 89 (1995) pp. 621–631.
S. J. Lepper, "The Legal Status of Military Personnel in United Nations Peace Operations: One Delegate's Analysis", Houston Journal of International Law, vol. 18 (1995–1996) pp. 359–464.
H. Llewellyn, "The Optional Protocol to the 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel", International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 55 (2006) pp. 718–728.

External links
Mahnoush H. Arsanjani, "Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel", un.org
Text of Convention.
Ratifications of Convention.
Text of Optional Protocol.
Ratifications of Optional Protocol.

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The Hesbaye (French, ), or Haspengouw (Dutch and Limburgish, ), is a traditional cultural and geophysical region in eastern Belgium. It is a loamy plateau region which forms a watershed between the Meuse and Scheldt drainage basins. It has been one of the main agricultural regions in what is now Belgium since before Roman times, and specifically named in records since the Middle Ages, when it was an important Frankish pagus or gau, called Hasbania in medieval Latin.

Location
Major parts of three Belgian provinces are dominated by the Hesbaye landscape, important for both tourism and agriculture, and by some definitions it stretches further:
The southern half of the province of Limburg, including the cities of Tongeren, Sint-Truiden, Bilzen and Borgloon.
Liège province north of the Meuse, including for example the towns of Hannut and Waremme.
Eastern Walloon Brabant including Jodoigne and Perwez.
Easternmost Flemish Brabant, including Tienen, Hoegaarden, Landen and Zoutleeuw.
Northern Namur province.

Geographically, Hesbaye borders on several similar regions of rolling hills:
The Hageland to the west is the region between the Hesbaye and Louvain, in the eastern part of the province of Flemish Brabant. Historians such as Léon Vanderkindere and Jean Baerten believe this was once considered to be part of the Hesbaye.
The Condroz lies on the opposite, southern side of the Meuse. Like the Hesbaye, this has been a fertile region since Roman times, and still has the same name as its medieval predecessor. However, for the most part it has a stonier soil, and less fertile conditions for agriculture.
To the northeast, is the Dutch-speaking Meuse () valley and "South Limburg" in the Netherlands, which are culturally and politically linked to the Dutch-speaking Hesbaye in Belgian Limburg. In the Middle Ages, much of South Limburg was in the Catholic deanery of Hasbania.
Directly east, is the Pays de Herve in Wallonia.
In contrast, to the north it borders on the flat sandy Kempen region. And over the Meuse to the southeast are the rocky hills of the Ardennes. In the west the plateau ends at the Dyle river valley, except to its south where a smaller extension of the plateau landscape stretches into Hainaut and between Brussels and Charleroi, sometimes referred to as the "plateau brabançonne".

Dry and humid Hesbaye
The Hesbaye is often divided into two divisions based on stratigraphy, with the boundary running through Sint-Truiden, Borgloon and Tongeren in Dutch-speaking southern Limburg. The northern "Humid" Hesbaye (Dutch Vochtig Haspengouw, French Hesbaye Humide) has a higher water table due to the Tongrian and Rupelian clay-containing layers near the surface, and many springs. It is by far the main fruit growing area of Belgium, as well as home to some of the most northerly vineyards in Belgium. The southern "Dry" division is somewhat more fertile and the ground water sinks more easily; in this region sugar beet, chicory, flax, rapeseed and grains (90% of which is wheat and barley) are cultivated.

Name
In the oldest Latin documents the name of the pagus (country or territory) was typically Hasbania. As demonstrated in the collection of such records given by Ulrich Nonn, this was generally given in an adjectival form such as pagus hasbaniensis. Only a small number of such records added the Germanic word gau or gouw. Verhelst (p. 245 n.45) proposed that the small number cases of medieval Latin which include the "gau" ending are un-coincidentally in or near the old deaconry of Tongeren, which he proposed to be the historical core of the Hesbaye. Therefore, he proposed, the terms Hasbania and Haspengouw can not be assumed to have identical meanings in all records, even though in modern Dutch the form with "gouw" is now the only one, while in modern French the form without is the only one.

Latin continued to be use in documentation in the Belgian area into the early modern era, and it has been noted that spelling variations sometimes even included Hispania (or similar) which would usually refer to geographical area containing Spain and Portugal.

History

In Roman times, Haspengouw formed the fertile agricultural core area of the Civitas Tungrorum, containing its capital in Tongeren, and with sandy Toxandria to the north of it in the Campine, and the stony hills of the Condroz and Ardennes to the south. The Salian Franks were allowed to settle in Toxandria in the 4th century, while the more heavily populated Haspengouw remained more Romanized. Frankish power however eventually extended over neighbouring Romans. From at least the eighth century Hesbaye was an important geographical division in the Merovingian Frankish kingdom of Austrasia.

In the 8th century, Robert, who has been proposed as an ancestor of the Capetians, was described as a Duke or Count of Hasbania, implying that in his lifetime maybe it formed one large political area. In a grant of 741 some of his lands near Diest were described as being in the country of "Hasbaniensi et Mansuarinsi", the Hasbanians and the Mansuarini.

Later, Hasbania was mentioned in the division of territories between Charles the Bald and Louis the German in 870 in the Treaty of Meerssen, which specifically mentions that it had four counties at that time. Its exact boundaries are unclear but it may have stretched as far west as Leuven and the River Dyle. Judging from the ancient catholic Archdeaconry of Hesbaye, it may also have stretched to the east of the Meuse.

In the 10th century, smaller counties considered to have been within the pagus of Hesbaye included a County of Avernas (with its capital town in modern Hannut), a county which was itself called Haspinga, possibly between the rivers Jeker and the Meuse, and a county named Huste or Hufte, which might have had its seat at modern Hocht in modern Lanaken, in the extreme northeast of the area. It is possible that Vliermaal played a role in a county also, for example in Hocht, because in later times it was a court town for the County of Loon. In the west an apparently short-lived and small county named Brunengeruz was absorbed by the growing power of the westernmost county based in Louvain/Leuven.

In the early 11th century the County of Loon, with its comital seat in Borgloon first starts to appear in records. Along with Louvain, whose power indeed proceeded to expand beyond the region, these two counties proved to be lasting.

In 1040, the Emperor Henry III recognized a county called Hasbania as being under the prince-bishop Nithard of Liège. This Hasbania may have been one of the smaller counties within the Hesbaye, but it seems that the important County of Loon, which had formed out of the Counties of Avernas and Hocht, was considered to be held under it. Much later, the County of Loon was integrated it with the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Areas to the west of Loon came under the increasing power of the County of Leuven.

By the early 12th century, the County of Duras was established, west of St Truiden.

See also

 Rida (River)

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Hesbaye brabançonne et pays de Hannut
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Tatiana Rusesabagina ( Mukangamije) (born October 24, 1958) is a Rwandan who with her husband Paul Rusesabagina, survived in Hôtel des Mille Collines during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, and saved over a thousand people from being murdered. This story was used as the basis for the 2004 film Hotel Rwanda, in which Tatiana was portrayed by Sophie Okonedo, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Tatiana.

Personal life and the genocide
She was born Tatiana Mukangamije in Butare. Her parents were Tutsi and they raised her Catholic. She trained to be a nurse and moved to Ruhengeri.

In 1987, while at a wedding, she met Paul Rusesabagina. At the time, Paul was married to his wife, Esther, and he had three children, daughters Lys and Diane and son Roger. Esther and Paul soon divorced, and in 1989, Tatiana and Paul married. His ex-wife Esther is now deceased and Tatiana is stepmother to their children. They also had a son together, Tresor. She also gave birth to a daughter with Paul, that died a few days after birth. Paul and Tatiana are also the legal guardians of Anais and Karine, who are the children of Tatiana's brother Thomas and his wife Fedens, who had gone missing during
the genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda

When Tatiana was working as a nurse, she was facing discrimination because of her Tutsi ethnicity, and Paul arranged for her to be transferred to a different location in Kigali, where Paul was the manager of a hotel called the Hôtel des Mille Collines. Tatiana's mother was murdered in the genocide along with other family members and their bodies were thrown into a pit with many others. Her father paid to be killed by shooting, so that he did not have to die a more painful and horrific death. Her father had forged all of her family's identification cards to say that they were Hutu; however, the militia had other ways of tracking who was who. Two of her siblings survived the genocide.

Tatiana's family was targeted specifically because they were Tutsi, which the Hutu people were killing in mass in an attempt to make the Tutsi extinct. The conflict between these two ethnic groups goes back centuries in Rwanda. Paul's family was of mixed Hutu and Tutsi which meant he was not as much of a target as a full blood Tutsi.

Paul was initially at the hotel himself, and later had Tatiana come to the hotel for safety with the children. He tried to smuggle them out of the country hidden in a truck that would take them to the airport, but the militia figured out their plan. Tatiana was a specific target of brutal beatings because the militia knew that she was the Tutsi wife of the hotel manager, and she barely escaped death and made it back to the hotel, where she was bedridden for several days because of her injuries. The people taking shelter inside of the hotel were all saved because of Rusesabagina's careful diplomacy with the government, which included bribing them so they would not enter the hotel and harm anyone.

Once they were able to leave the hotel, Paul and Tatiana went to a refugee camp to begin looking for family. It was there that they were reunited with Tatiana's brother's two daughters, who were starving and covered in dirt when they were found.

Later life
The family escaped to Tanzania and later settled in Brussels, Belgium, where they received frequent threats. Tatiana currently lives in San Antonio, Texas, as Paul did. Paul was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 by George W. Bush, with Tatiana by his side. The family is still active as advocates for genocide survivors and for the betterment of the Tutsi people in Rwanda. They created the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation in 2005 whose mission is to "prevent future genocides and raise awareness of the need for a new truth and reconciliation process in Rwanda and the Great Lakes Region of Africa".

Portrayal in media
Tatiana was portrayed by Sophie Okonedo in the 2004 film Hotel Rwanda, who was nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Tatiana met with Okonedo before filming began to share details of her life.

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
People from Butare
Tutsi people
Rwandan Roman Catholics
People of the Rwandan genocide
Rwandan humanitarians

Tatiana Rusesabagina


RTI-126 (RTI-4229-126 or (–)-2β-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-methyl)-3β-phenyltropane) is a phenyltropane derivative which acts as a potent monoamine reuptake inhibitor and stimulant drug, and has been sold as a designer drug. It is around 5 times more potent than cocaine at inhibiting monoamine reuptake in vitro, but is relatively unselective. It binds to all three monoamine transporters, although still with some selectivity for the dopamine transporter. RTI-126 has a fast onset of effects and short duration of action, and its pharmacological profile in animals is among the closest to cocaine itself out of all the drugs in the RTI series. Its main application in scientific research has been in studies investigating the influence of pharmacokinetics on the abuse potential of stimulant drugs, with its rapid entry into the brain thought to be a key factor in producing its high propensity for development of dependence in animals.

The structurally related compound (–)-2β-(3-methyl-5-isoxazolyl)nortropane is a potent and selective agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with twice the potency of nicotine.

See also
 List of cocaine analogues

References

Oxadiazoles
Tropanes
RTI compounds
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
Stimulants

RTI-126


In linear algebra, the singular-value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix. It is the generalization of the eigendecomposition of a positive semidefinite normal matrix (for example, a symmetric matrix with positive eigenvalues) to any matrix via an extension of the polar decomposition. It has many useful applications in signal processing and statistics.

Formally, the singular value decomposition of an  complex matrix  is a factorization of the form , where  is an  complex unitary matrix,  is an  rectangular diagonal matrix with non-negative real numbers on the diagonal, and  is an  complex unitary matrix. The diagonal entries  of  are known as the singular values of . The columns of  and the columns of  are called the left-singular vectors and right-singular vectors of , respectively.

The singular-value decomposition can be computed using the following observations:

 The left-singular vectors of M are a set of orthonormal eigenvectors of MM∗.
 The right-singular vectors of M are a set of orthonormal eigenvectors of M∗M.
 The non-zero singular values of M (found on the diagonal entries of Σ) are the square roots of the non-zero eigenvalues of both M∗M and MM∗.

Linear algebra

Singular value decomposition


Rakaposhi (Räkapoşi) is a mountain in the Karakoram, in Pakistan. It is found in the Nagar Valley about 100 kilmotres north of the city of Gilgit.

Name
Rakaposhi means "shining wall" in the local language. Rakaposhi is also known as Dumani ("Mother of Mist"). It is ranked 27th highest in the world and 12th highest in Pakistan.

Nagar:
Nagar () was a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south and west, and the former princely state of Hunza to the north and east. The state capital was the town of Nagar. The area of Nagar now forms three tehsils of Hunza-Nagar District. Nagar along with Gilgit and Baltistan is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

History
Nagar was an autonomous principality in close association with neighbouring Hunza. The British gained control of both states 1889 and 1892. The British retained Nagar's status as a 'principality' until 1947 but together with Hunza it was considered a vassal of Kashmir, although never ruled directly by it. The rulers of Nagar sent annual tributes to the Kashmir Durbar until 1947, and along with the ruler of Hunza, were considered amongst the most loyal vassals of the Maharajas of Kashmir.

In 1947, the state acceded to Pakistan, but continued as semi autonomous state. In 1968 Syed Yahya Shah the first educated politician of the valley, demanded civil rights from the Mir of Nagar. When Ayub Khan's dictatorship ended in Pakistan and the democratic government of the Pakistan Peoples Party under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came into power through elections it realized the sentiments of the people against the Mir for democracy so the Government freed the prisoners of the movement and dissolved the Mirs of Hunza and Nagar and were merged into the Northern Areas in 1974.

Government
The state was governed by the hereditary rulers of the Maghlot dynasty who were styled as Mir and were assisted by a council of Wazirs or Ministers. Details for early rulers are uncertain with the first definite dates available from 1839 CE onwards. The son of the last ruler, Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan, was in 2005 Northern Areas deputy chief executive.

Reign Mirs of Nagar
Unknown dates Fadl Khan
Unknown dates Daud Khan
Unknown dates Ali Dad Khan (1st time)
Unknown dates Hari Tham Khan
Unknown dates Ali Dad Khan (2nd time)
Unknown dates Kamal Khan
Unknown dates Rahim Khan I
Unknown date – 1839 Rahim Khan II
1839 – 1891 Jafar Zahid Khan (1st time)
1891 – 1892 Raja Azur Khan (acting)
1892 – 1904 Jafar Zahid Khan (2nd time)
1905 – 17 March 1940 Raja Mir Iskandar Khan
 March 1940 – 25 September 1974 Shaukat Ali Khan (1930–1976)
 September 1974 State of Nagar dissolved

Geography
The geography of Nagar was very difficult mountainous terrain, which provided a certain degree of protection against invading forces. The highest mountain was the 7,788 m (25,551 ft) Mount Rakaposhi which lay to the south of the town of Nagar. As of 2009[update], the Karakoram Highway crosses Nagar, connecting Pakistan to China via the Khunjerab Pass. The road follows the Hunza river for some distance through Nagar and into the Hunza region.

Demographics
The inhabitants of the Nagar valley is around 90,000 (AKRSP Census, 2000). Nagar is home of people of two main ethnicities – the Burushaski speakers and the Shina speakers. The older type of Broshuski is still spoken in this valley with mild modern accent.

Religion
Although the population was traditionally predominantly shia (Jafria). Following sectarian violences in January 2005, the Tanzim Ahle Sunnah wal Jama'at representing Sunnis, and the Central Anjuman-e-Imamia Northern Areas representing (Jafria) Shias signed on February 18, 2005 a six-point peace agreement arranged by Northern Areas Legislative Council (NALC) members to ensure peace in the city.

Other websites
 Rakaposhi on Summitpost.org
 A Rakaposhi web page
 Photos from Rakaposhi, by Waqas Usman

Karakoram
Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan

Rakaposhi


Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (January 30, 1912 – February 6, 1989) was an American historian and writer that wrote novels based on the military. She became extremely known first after she wrote The Guns of August (which was later reprinted as August 1914). She received a Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for that novel. She also wrote several other novels. She was born Barbara Wertheim in New York City; she died in Greenwich, Connecticut at the age of 77.

Writers from New York City
1912 births
1989 deaths

Barbara W. Tuchman


Rudolf Werthen is a Belgian violinist, conductor and teacher. He is founder and artistic director of the orchestra I Fiamminghi and was chief conductor of the symphonic orchestra of the Flemish Opera in 1989. He has taught at the Royal Conservatory of Ghent since 1975.

Werthen was born in Mechelen, Belgium and was tutored by André Gertler and Henryk Szeryng.

Awards and recognition

Queen Elisabeth Music Competition
 1971 Laureate 7th Prize Violin
 1985 Jury Violin

External links
rudolfwerthen.be official website

Belgian musicians
Belgian classical violinists
Male classical violinists
Belgian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Belgian musicians
20th-century conductors (music)
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century classical violinists
20th-century Belgian male musicians
21st-century male musicians

Rudolf Werthen


Jean Beaufret (; 22 May 1907, in Auzances7 August 1982, in Paris) was a French philosopher and Germanist tremendously influential in the reception of Martin Heidegger's work in France.

Life
After graduating from the École Normale Supérieure and completing military service Beaufret passed his agrégation de philosophie in 1933 and undertook a career teaching as a lycée philosophy instructor. His early philosophical interests were in 19th century German philosophy, particularly GWF Hegel, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Karl Marx. In the period before the Second World War, he came to know Paul Éluard, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, André Breton, and Paul Valéry. During the war, he was a prisoner and escaped. Then he became a member of the Resistance near the city of Lyon in the "Service Périclès".

Beaufret and Heidegger
In 1946, as Heidegger's continued teaching privileges came into question by the denazification committees, he made Beaufret's acquaintance. Beaufret engaged Heidegger on the development of French existentialism, and Heidegger wrote the Letter on Humanism (Brief über den Humanismus) to Beaufret in response. Beaufret took his students to visit Heidegger at Todtnauberg in 1947 following a month-long Franco-German academic exchange at Freiburg im Breisgau, while Baden-Württemberg was still under French occupation. Jean-François Lyotard, one of the group of students on the trip selected to visit Heidegger, wrote about the experience thus:

I remember a sly peasant in his Hütte, dressed in traditional costume, of sententious speech and shifty eye, apparently lacking in shame and anxiety, protected by his knowledge and flattered by his discipline. This picture was enough to prevent me from becoming a "Heideggerian." I take no pride in this. These were fugitive impressions, due no doubt to the prejudices of a young Parisian. I continued to read his work. ("Heidegger and 'the Jews': a Conference in Vienna and Freiburg", p. 137, in Political Writings)

Beaufret remained a close associate of Heidegger's, and it was through Beaufret that Heidegger became aware of Jacques Derrida's work.

He was "a legendary professor of philosophy, having trained generations of students and future professors" (D. Pettigrew and F. Raffoul, French Interpretations of Heidegger, p. 6).

Beaufret is considered the wellspring of "orthodox French Heideggerianism," which was the element of French philosophy that was most dismissive of Heidegger's involvement with National Socialism after the French publication in 1987 of Víctor Farías's Heidegger and Nazism. One reason for Beaufret's dismissal of Farías may have been the latter's revealing that Beaufret had written things that supported the Holocaust denier  Robert Faurisson.*  In a letter sent to Faurisson, Beaufret is quoted as saying:

"I believe that for my part I have traveled approximately the same path as you and have been considered suspect for having expressed the same doubts [concerning the existence of the gas chambers]. Fortunately for me, this was done orally." Also Jacques Derrida was shocked by Beaufret's anti-Semitic tirade against Emmanuel Levinas. François Fédier replied that Beaufret actually wrote this letter in 1978, long before Faurisson declared himself as a true negationist, so that he is absolutely not denying the Holocaust (this is demonstrably untrue; Faurisson had published 2 Holocaust-denying articles in 1978 already, and had claimed  The Diary of Anne Frank as a forgery the same year). Beaufret wrote the letter only because Faurisson, who was a former student of his, had been violently attacked in the street. Concerning the so-called anti-Semitic tirade, Jacques Derrida actually didn't hear it: this was reported to him by a friend, Roger Laporte, and Beaufret denied it completely.

References

Sources
 Jean Beaufret, Dialogue with Heidegger : Greek Philosophy, translated by M. Sinclair, Bloomington : Indiana University Press, 2006.
 L'Endurance de la pensée. Pour saluer Jean Beaufret, Paris : Plon, 1968.
 François Fédier, Heidegger vu de France, Lettre au professeur H. Ott, in Regarder Voir, Paris : Les Belles Lettres/ Archimbaud, 1995.
 Pierre Jacerme, "The Thoughtful Dialogue Between Martin Heidegger and Jean Beaufret : A New Way of Doing Philosophy", in David Pettigrew and François Raffoul (eds.), French Interpretations of Heidegger : An Exceptional Reception, Albany : SUNY Press, 2006.
 Frédéric de Towarnicki, À la rencontre de Heidegger. Souvenirs d'un messager de la Forêt-Noire, Paris, Gallimard, 1993.

External links
 Hommage à Jean Beaufret. François Fédier: Lycée Condorcet, 11 mai 2004
 Jean Beaufret: Dialogue with Heidegger, I
 Beaufret et le négationniste Faurisson (by F. Fédier)

1907 births
1982 deaths
People from Creuse
École Normale Supérieure alumni
French historians of philosophy
Phenomenologists
20th-century French philosophers
Analysands of Jacques Lacan
French Resistance members
Heidegger scholars
20th-century French historians
French male writers
Lycée Condorcet teachers

Jean Beaufret


Maersk Air Cargo, formerly branded as Star Air, is a Danish cargo airline and part of Danish business conglomerate Maersk. It operates a fleet of 14 Boeing 767 cargo aircraft. Several of these are on contract to United Parcel Service (UPS) and operate out of Cologne Bonn Airport, Germany & East Midlands Airport, UK.Star Air is headquartered in Dragør, Denmark, at the premises of Copenhagen Airport.

The airline was established in 1987 with the purchase of Alkair's Fokker 27 operation. Originally the airline had three Fokker F27 Friendships, which later increased to four. These were used for both passenger and cargo operations. One was involved in a fatal accident in 1988. Star Air secured a last-minute deal with UPS in 1993, allowing it to start operations out of Cologne/Bonn with Boeing 727s. Star Air became a subsidiary of now defunct Maersk Air in 1993. The Fokkers were retired in 1996—after which the airline had exclusively flown for UPS. Boeing 757s were introduced in 2001. From 2005 to 2006 the airline replaced its entire fleet, introducing the current 767s. Meanwhile, Maersk Air was sold to Sterling Airlines and ownership resumed to the Maersk Group. In 2013 the airline had a revenue of DKK 813 million and a net profit of DKK 69 million. It employed 119 pilots, 41 mechanics and 36 administrative staff.

History

Early years

The Maersk Group entered the airline industry when it established Maersk Air in 1979. Given the nature of the mother company, Maersk Air looked at the possibilities to operate the cargo segment. The airline started operation with three F27s, mounted with cargo doors for easy conversion to cargo configuration. Oriental Air Transport Services, a cargo handling company based at Kastrup, was bought in 1971. The airline aimed at buying a Boeing 747, but restrictions on freight caused these plans to be abandoned.

Until 1987 the rules in Denmark only permitted SAS to operate freight charters. The only exception was if the entire shipment had a single sender and recipient. This made filling an entire cargo plane uneconomical and resulted in Maersk abandoning its cargo plans. Maersk Air Cargo was founded in 1982, but only acted as a cargo division. Due to the regulations, it only acted as a ground handling agent for overseas airlines, the largest being Cathay Pacific.

When the deregulation took effect in 1987, the Maersk Group immediately established Star Air as a subsidiary directly under the corporation. Incorporated on 1 September 1987, it bought an existing hangar on the south sector of Copenhagen Airport. The ground facilities, an organization and an air operator's certificate was taken over through the purchase of Alkair.

Three Fokker F-27-600s were leased and converted to combi-freighters. These could be converted from freighter to passenger configuration in half an hour. Star Air originally had a mix of operations. One part was corporate charters, one was wet leasing to other airlines, one was charter and domestic operations for Maersk Air, and finally it conducted European hauls for freight companies, including FedEx, TNT and UPS.

By 1990 the airline was operating four F-27s and had a revenue of DKK 66 million. But with increased competition, the airline made a loss of DKK 10 million in 1991. To cut costs the operations were transferred to a new legal entity, Star Air I/S, which was then placed under Maersk Air. Lack of sufficient cargo volumes resulted in Star Air carrying out passenger flights as well, on wet lease basis.

In 1991 UPS announced a tender to find a European partner. They did not themselves hold the rights to fly intra-European flights and needed a European airline to fly services out of the hub at Cologne Bonn Airport. The two main contenders were Star Air and Sterling Airways, another Danish airline. Sterling had two main advantages: they already operated the Boeing 727 and they were approved by the Federal Aviation Administration. The latter would allow them to operate aircraft which were owned by UPS and registered in the United States.

Sterling fell into financial distress in 1993 and months before the contract was to take effect its credits were cut off. UPS backed out of the deal and instead approached Star Air. An agreement was signed on 22 October 1993, with services commencing ten days later. This could be done because Star Air turned to Sterling employees who had been working on the preparations. People who had been employed by Sterling were instead hired by Star Air, giving them access to pilots, engineers and administrators. The initial contract involved flights to Milan, Rome, Zaragoza and Porto. The operations were gradually expanded and soon the airline was operating four 727s.

The same year Star Air started the process of retiring the Fokkers. Falling prices for smaller cargo aircraft made this part of the operation unprofitable. At the same time a closer integration with Maersk Air was carried out, in which the two companies received a common administration, operations center and navigational division. The Fokker F27s were retired in 1996 and since Star Air has solely flown for UPS. Star Air had a revenue of DKK 82 million in 1997, which rose to DKK 159 million in 2002. Its profits in this period varied between DKK 12 and 20 million.

A total of eight 727s entered service with Star Air; seven were of the larger -200 series and one, introduced in 1996, of the smaller -100 series. Two aircraft were taken into service in 1993, one more in 1994, two more in 1996, one more in 1997 and the last in 2001.

Development since the 2000s
Four Boeing 757-200s were introduced in 2001 and 2002, and the number of 727s cut to four.

After signing a new contract with a duration until 2015, Star Air carried out a full fleet replacement in 2005 and 2006. All the 727s and 757s were returned and instead eleven Boeing 767-200s were leased. This gave a major hike in revenue, increasing from DKK 106 million in 2004 to DKK 653 million in 2007. Profits increased from DKK 7 to 58 million. Maersk Air was sold to Sterling Airlines in 2005. Star Air was kept out of the deal and instead it made a subsidiary directly under the Maersk Group. It was also given the responsibility for operating the Maersk Group's corporate jet, a Canadair Challenger 600. Star Air took delivery of a Boeing 767-300 in 2014.

Operations
Star Air operates scheduled cargo flights on behalf of UPS Airlines out of its base at Cologne Bonn Airport as well as further freight operations on behalf of its parent Maersk and other customers on a charter basis.

Star Air also operates scheduled cargo flights on behalf of Royal Mail & UPS from East Midlands Airport to destinations across the United Kingdom & Europe such as Edinburgh Airport & Belfast Aldergrove.

Fleet

Current fleet
As of April 2023, the Maersk Air Cargo fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Former fleet

Accidents and incidents
 Star Air's only hull-loss accident took place on 26 May 1988. The Fokker F-27 OY-APE flew from Copenhagen to Billund, where it loaded cargo and continued onwards to Hannover Airport and Nuremberg Airport. The cargo was improperly distributed so that the aircraft became aft-heavy. Although the captain was aware of this situation, he did not relay the information to the first officer, who was the pilot flying. He therefore failed to correlate for this during the landing at Hannover, having the flaps set incorrectly. When the first officer power up for a go-around, the load shifted, the aircraft pitched up and the aircraft crashed. Both pilots were killed.

References

Bibliography

External links

Official website

Airlines of Denmark
Cargo airlines
Airlines established in 1987
1987 establishments in Denmark
Dragor
Maersk
Maersk Air
United Parcel Service

Maersk Air Cargo


Trademark share is a company's share of registered and unregistered trade marks in a particular industry or market segment.  It is a key metric and one of many useful tools, when appropriately used, to understand how well positioned a company is to gain some competitive advantage (e.g. more profit or revenue, better ROI on ad campaigns, defend or increase market share) within an industry or market segment.

References

 "Trademarks in Social Gaming - A Key Indicator of Success for Game Developers (Part I)" , Feb 28, 2010

Trademark law

Trademark share


Radical America was a left-wing political  magazine in the United States established in 1967. The magazine was founded by Paul Buhle and Mari Jo Buhle, activists in Students for a Democratic Society and served during its first few years of existence as an unofficial theoretical journal of that organization. During the 1970s and 1980s, the magazine changed to take on more of an academic Marxist flavor. With contributions from academics dwindling during the decade of the 1990s, the magazine was terminated in 1999.

Publication history

Establishment
Radical America was founded by members of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1967. The initial editors were Paul Buhle and Mari Jo Buhle in their graduate school days, operating in Madison, Wisconsin.  In the first few years, it served as the "unofficial journal of SDS." Dan Georgakas wrote that its importance lay in that it "was on the scholarly cutting edge of a social movement that often has been accused of lacking intellectual substance.

Initially, subscriptions were sold at a discount rate to national SDS members. The Buhles relocated to the Boston, Massachusetts area, and brought the journal with them.  By the time of the Boston move the journal was independent from the SDS.

Content

The journal, published in Somerville, Massachusetts, focused on topical issues of concern to the left and society at large, such as women's liberation, working class radicalism and busing. Beginning in 1970, each issue had a dedicated focus upon one issue. Mainly, during the 1970s, the journal evolved in a direction concerned with New Left issues, rather than traditional, Old Left concern with strengthening ties with trade unions.  It was particularly active in the 1970s, as authors related the experiences of feminist and autonomous work-place activists.

Circulation

According to the publication's published annual "Statement of Ownership, Management and Circulation" required by the Post Office Department, the average press run of Radical America for the twelve months ending in October 1982 was 4,100, with an average mail subscription of about 2,330. Bulk sales and sales through vendors accounted for another 1,270 copies, according to the 1982 report by editor John P. Demeter.

Demise

By the 1980s the journal branched to addressing gay issues and rock music. During the late 1980s, article contributions dwindled as academics left the journal.

Footnotes

Further reading

 Paul Buhle (ed.), History and the New Left: Madison, Wisconsin, 1950-1970. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990.
 James Green (ed.), Workers' Struggles, Past and Present: A "Radical America" Reader. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.

External links
 "Radical America, 1967-1999." Brown University Library Center for Digital Archives.
 "Radical America: Digital Edition," Brown University Library Center for Digital Archives. —Large run of issues in pdf format.
 "The Search for a Useable Past: An Interview with Paul Buhle on Radical America", Viewpoint Magazine, March 2, 2015..

1967 establishments in Wisconsin
1999 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Alternative magazines
Defunct political magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1967
Magazines disestablished in 1999
Marxist magazines
Magazines published in Massachusetts
Magazines published in Wisconsin
New Left

Radical America


Jack Purvis (13 July 1937 – 21 November 1997) was a British film actor. Purvis had dwarfism, and at  was mainly cast in roles requiring actors of short stature. He appeared in three of director Terry Gilliam's early fantasy films, with significant roles in Time Bandits and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen.

For twenty years until 1991, Purvis performed as part of a musical comedy double-act with Kenny Baker, billed as the "Mini-Tones". Purvis played the trumpet to Baker's mouth-organ and vibraphone.
The duo would attend auditions for Star Wars in 1976, where Baker was instantly cast as R2-D2. At that time the duo had reached the final on the talent show Opportunity Knocks, and were reluctant to put the Mini-Tones work on hold. After some negotiation, Purvis was also hired to appear in the film, and would go on to play a different alien creature in each film of the original trilogy.

In 1991, Purvis became quadriplegic after his neck was broken in a car repair accident. This and the 1990 death of David Rappaport led to Terry Gilliam's indefinitely shelving an intended sequel to Time Bandits, where both actors played titular roles.

Purvis died in November 1997 at the age of 60.

Filmography

Film

References

External links

1937 births
1997 deaths
20th-century English male actors
Actors with dwarfism
English male film actors
Male actors from London
People with tetraplegia

Jack Purvis (actor)


The northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga consisted of a series of battles between American revolutionaries and British forces, from 1778 to 1782 during the American Revolutionary War. It is characterized by two primary areas of activity.  The first set of activities was based around the British base of operations in New York City, where each side made probes and counterprobes against the other's positions that sometimes resulted in notable actions. The second was essentially a frontier war in Upstate New York and rural northern Pennsylvania that was largely fought by state militia companies and some Indian allies on the American side, and Loyalist companies supported by Indians, British Indian agents, and occasionally British regulars. The notable exception to significant Continental Army participation on the frontier was the 1779 Sullivan Expedition, in which General John Sullivan led an army expedition that drove the Iroquois out of New York. The warfare amongst the splinters of the Iroquois Six Nations were particularly brutal, turning much of the Indian population into refugees.

The only other notable actions occurred in New England. A combined American-French attempt was made to drive the British out of Newport, Rhode Island. The Battle of Rhode Island ended badly when the French fleet abandoned the effort; the failure did some damage to American–French relations. In 1779, the British established a base on the Penobscot River in the District of Maine with the intent of establishing a Loyalist presence there.  The state of Massachusetts responded with the amphibious Penobscot Expedition, which ended in complete disaster.

The British continued a process of raiding the New England coastal communities. One such raid led to a skirmish at Freetown, Massachusetts, while others descended on Massachusetts and Connecticut coastal communities. In the 1781 Battle of Groton Heights, the British were led by Connecticut native Benedict Arnold, who did substantial damage to the town.

British strategy after Saratoga
After Lieutenant General John Burgoyne surrendered his army following the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 France entered the war, recognizing the United States and entering into a military alliance. France dispatched a fleet and army across the Atlantic to aid the Americans fighting for independence, in addition to pursuing military operations in the Caribbean and the East Indies.  France also applied pressure on Spain to enter the war; although this did not happen until 1779, Spanish actions in other theaters further stretched British military resources.

These strategic changes forced the British to shift their attention away from North America, moving troops, ships and resources to defend the West Indies, India and other colonial possessions, as well as guarding against the threat of a French invasion of Great Britain itself.  In North America, the British withdrew from Philadelphia in 1778, and made New York City the headquarters for the North American theater of war.  They then embarked on a southern strategy, in which they sought to gain control over the colonies of Georgia, North and South Carolina, and Virginia, where they believed Loyalist sentiment to be strong.  This activity formed the bulk of military activity in North America for the remainder of the war, but actions and forays occurred from British strongholds in Quebec, New York, Rhode Island, and Nova Scotia.

Following their consolidation after the Saratoga disaster, the British began recruiting American Loyalists and Native allies in great numbers to make up for their lack of army troops, and dispatched them on what were essentially raiding expeditions against Patriot settlements on the frontiers.  Using their naval supremacy the British also launched raids and amphibious actions against the New England coastline.

American strategy after Saratoga
American military strategy widened to some extent following entry of France into the war.  The states were still dominated by the larger British army, which kept the Continental Army on the defensive outside Philadelphia and New York.  The British began withdrawing from Philadelphia early in 1778, and the arrival of a French fleet off Philadelphia in July increased prospects for offensive action.  While these large-scale actions occupied the army, militia and settlers on the northern and west frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania had to contend with incursions by Indians and Loyalists organized by the British out of posts in Quebec.

Skirmishes around New York

Each side made probes or diversionary movements designed to keep the other side on edge and uncertain of its intentions.  General Clinton sent troops to "clean out that nest of Rebel Pirates" at Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey. In the Battle of Chestnut Neck on October 6, 1778 the British destroyed some American supplies, and on the 15th surprised Pulaski's Legion in the Little Egg Harbor massacre.  Apparently as a diversion to draw attention away from that raid, Clinton also sent troops into northern New Jersey.  During those movements, 12 companies of British light infantry led by Charles Grey surprised and slaughtered a sleeping company of American dragoons in the Baylor Massacre on September 27.

In May 1779 Clinton captured the outpost at Stony Point, New York, which guarded one side of a major crossing point on the Hudson River.  When he weakened this force to provide troops for William Tryon's coastal raids, Washington devised an attack to regain the position. In the Battle of Stony Point on July 16, the fort was stormed and captured by Anthony Wayne's light infantry. Clinton later withdrew his forces back to New York as part of the planning for the invasion of the southern states.  Later in 1779, Light Horse Harry Lee led American troops in a surprise raid on Paulus Hook in present-day Jersey City, New Jersey that weakened British control of northern New Jersey.

In early 1780, a British attack against an American outpost in Westchester County, New York resulted in about 50 American casualties and 75 captured in the Battle of Young's House.  The last notable action in the New York area was an attempt by the British to regain control of northern New Jersey in June by attacking the main Continental Army camp at Morristown.  The first British-Hessian thrust by Wilhelm von Knyphausen was blocked at the Battle of Connecticut Farms on June 7. A second offensive by Knyphausen on June 23 was halted in the Battle of Springfield after stiff fighting when Nathanael Greene appeared on the scene with 2,000 troops. This put an end to British ambitions in New Jersey.

On 21 July, Wayne with two Pennsylvania brigades and four cannons attacked a loyalist blockhouse at Bulls Ferry, New Jersey. In the Battle of Bull's Ferry, the 70 Tories endured an artillery barrage and repelled all American attacks, inflicting 15 killed and 49 wounded while suffering only 21 casualties.

Coastal actions

The northern coast did not see a great deal of military action after 1777, although the British executed a series of raids against the coastal communities of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and there was occasional skirmishing.

The arrival off New York of a French fleet in July 1778 caused a flurry of activity.  Major General John Sullivan had earlier been sent to Rhode Island to organize an attack on British-occupied Newport.  The British raided his supply caches, as well as destroying military defenses and significantly damaging several communities on Mount Hope Bay.  Sullivan's efforts became part of the first major attempt at Franco-American cooperation after the idea of an attack on New York was rejected.  Marred by bad weather and poor communication, French troops arrived but were not used, and the Americans, while in retreat after a brief failed siege effort at Newport, fought an inconclusive battle with British forces in the Battle of Rhode Island.  General Clinton marshalled troops from New York intending to support the New York garrison, but he arrived off Newport after the Americans had been driven off.  Clinton instead ordered these troops on a raid (also led by General Grey) against New Bedford, Massachusetts and Martha's Vineyard in September.  He also ordered a series of raids on the Connecticut coast led by William Tryon in 1779.  The most devastating raid was against New London in 1781, led by turncoat British General Benedict Arnold.

In the summer of 1778 British military planners in London began to develop plans for a new Loyalist settlement in Penobscot Bay.  An expedition was organized in early 1779, and on May 30, a fleet carrying troops and supplies left Halifax, Nova Scotia.  Arriving about two weeks later, the British established a series of fortifications on the east side of the bay.  The State of Massachusetts organized an expedition to drive the British out with minimal support from the Continental Congress.  This expedition ended in disaster, with the entire fleet destroyed and nearly half the expedition's men killed, captured, or wounded.  It was the worst defeat of an American naval force until the 20th century.  Failure of the expedition was attributed to a lack of well-defined command between the land and naval components, and Commodore Dudley Saltonstall's unwillingness to engage the British fleet that arrived in relief.

Frontier war

Expanded Native American role
In the aftermath of the Saratoga campaign, a frontier war emerged.  Before Burgoyne's campaign, Quebec's Governor Guy Carleton had previously restricted their use in Quebec territory (which at that time encompassed the Iroquois lands that are now western New York, Ohio, and northwestern Pennsylvania).  Carleton was, however, ordered by Secretary of State Lord Sackville (who harbored an intense political and personal hatred for Carleton, and had denied him the command given to Burgoyne) to expand recruitment.  This Carleton did, encouraging and funding John Butler at Fort Niagara for the purpose.  Some of these recruits joined Burgoyne, while others joined Barry St. Leger on his equally unsuccessful Siege of Fort Stanwix in August 1777.  The bloody Battle of Oriskany, fought mainly between Native Americans on the British side and Tryon County militia accompanied by some Oneidas, exposed fractures within the Iroquois Confederacy and marked the start of a bloody intra-Iroquois civil war.

Although there were still tribal interests that wanted to remain neutral, vocal advocates of war, including the Mohawk leader Joseph Brant, and the continued persuasion of John Butler (which included many presents and the use of liquor to weakening Native resolve), convinced many of the Iroquois, particularly the Senecas and Cayugas to take up arms for the British.  These forces were principally led by war chiefs leaders Cornplanter and Sayenqueraghta, although Brant led a contingent of Mohawks and a small force of Loyalists known as Brant's Volunteers.  Brant's recruitment of Loyalists sometimes put him at odds with the Butlers, who were also recruiting Loyalists for their ranger companies.

Raiding in the valleys, 1778
These forces engaged in destructive raids on outlying settlements of New York and Pennsylvania in the Mohawk, Susquehanna, Delaware, and upper Hudson River valleys, known as the Burning of the Valleys. These raids aimed to destroy farms and crops and disrupt the flow of supplies to the American forces. These operations were primarily under the leadership of John Butler, his son Walter, or under the direction of one of the war chiefs.  They were supplied by the British in Quebec and sympathetic Loyalist and Indian communities.  These raids sometimes crossed into the territory of present-day Vermont, territory that was formally claimed by New York but had recently proclaimed independence from New York after many years of dispute.  The frontier settlers organized militia to defend themselves, and were supported by a few Continental Army Regiments based at Fort Schuyler, Cherry Valley, and the Wyoming Valley (now part of Pennsylvania but then disputed between that state and Connecticut).  These defenses were largely ineffective at preventing the raiders from acting, but communities were sometimes warned of impending attacks by friendly Oneidas, most of whom sided with the Americans.

In 1778, Brant recruited a mixed force of Loyalists and Iroquois, and started his frontier raids with an attack on Cobleskill, New York in May 1778, and the Senecas operated in the Susquehanna River valley, driving settlers out of present-day Lycoming County, Pennsylvania in a series of actions that became known as the Big Runaway.  The Butlers and Senecas joined forces in early July to attack the Wyoming Valley.  Although Brant was not present, atrocities claimed to have been committed there contributed to his reputation as a "monster", and the Seneca were outraged at false accusations that they had committed atrocities.

Brant joined forces with some of Butler's Rangers to attack German Flatts in early September.  New York authorities responded to Brant's activities by destroying the Indian towns of Unadilla and Onaquaga in October; those towns had been used by Brant and the Butlers as bases of operation.  Brant, the Butlers and some Senecas joined forces to take revenge by participating in a major attack on Cherry Valley in early November in which as many as 30 non-combatants were slaughtered in the aftermath.  British forces from the Montreal area led by Major Christopher Carleton raided communities in the upper Hudson River valley in October.

Sullivan expedition, 1779
The brutal frontier warfare led to calls in the Continental Congress for the army to take an active role.  In 1779, Washington sent General John Sullivan on a punitive expedition to suppress Indian attacks.  Sullivan and his troops systematically destroyed evacuated Iroquois villages, successfully driving the Iroquois north into Quebec.  In the only major action in that expedition, Sullivan's forces defeated those of the Butlers and Brant in the Battle of Newtown.  Brant led raids that specifically targeted the villages of the Oneida and the Tuscarora, who also supported the American cause.  This destruction of Indian villages on both sides effectively depopulated much of the Iroquois territory as the survivors of the raids became refugees, but Sullivan's expedition failed in its objective of stopping or reducing the frequency of frontier attacks. In April, a few months prior to the Sullivan Expedition, American Colonel Van Schaick led an expedition of over 500 soldiers against the Onondagas, destroying several villages.

Raiding continues

The Butlers continued to attack New York frontier areas while Brant became more active on the western front.  In early April 1782, Anne Hupp defended the fort of Miller's Blockhouse against a Shawnee Indian attack, for over 24 hours in 1782 while eight months pregnant, after her husband was murdered and scalped.

Even after preliminary peace was agreed in 1782, Brant tried to continue the war, but was forced to abandon the effort when the British stopped supplying him.

References

External links

 Bibliography of Operations in the Norther Theater compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History

New York (state) in the American Revolution
New Jersey in the American Revolution
Connecticut in the American Revolution
Massachusetts in the American Revolution
Maine in the American Revolution
Rhode Island in the American Revolution
Resistance to the British Empire
Battles involving the Iroquois
Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War

Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga


Bernard L. Krause (born December 8, 1938) is an American musician and soundscape ecologist. In 1968, he founded Wild Sanctuary, an organization dedicated to the recording and archiving of natural soundscapes. Krause is an author, a bio-acoustician, a speaker, and natural sound artist who coined the terms geophony, biophony, and anthropophony.

Biography
Krause was born in Detroit, Michigan. From 1957, he worked as a recording engineer and producer in Ann Arbor while an undergraduate student. Krause joined The Weavers in 1963, occupying the tenor position originated by co-founder Pete Seeger until they disbanded in early 1964.

Electronic music
Krause moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to study electronic music at Mills College. During this period Krause met Paul Beaver and together they formed Beaver & Krause. They also served as the Moog company's sales representatives on the U.S. West Coast. As such, they were able to exploit the growing fascination in the new synthesizer sounds among rock and pop musicians, an interest that was partly influenced by these artists' consumption of hallucinogenic drugs, and the increasingly generous advances they received from their record companies. In June 1967, Beaver & Krause set up a stall at the Monterey Pop Festival, where they introduced the Moog III to the musicians and attendees at the festival.

The team played Moog synthesizer on the Monkees' song "Star Collector" (1967), one of the first pop group recordings to feature synthesizer. In 1967 they released The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music. It was the first West Coast recording to utilize Dolby A301 (without meters) noise reduction as an inherent part of their production. Beaver & Krause, individually or as a team, went on to sell Moog IIIs to musicians and perform on their recordings with the instrument. In November 1968 Krause was asked by George Harrison to demonstrate the synthesizer after performing on a session for Apple artist Jackie Lomax in Los Angeles. According to Krause, without his knowledge, permission, or compensation, Harrison made a recording of the demonstration and issued an unauthorized version as "No Time Or Space" on his Electronic Sound album the following year. Because of their studio work in Hollywood, New York City, and London, Beaver & Krause are credited with helping to introduce the synthesizer to pop music and film.

Soundscape recording
Since 1979, Krause has concentrated on the recording and archiving of wild natural soundscapes from around the world. These recordings – works of art and science commissioned primarily by museums, aquaria, and zoos for their dioramas and sound installations worldwide – have been mixed into ambient tracks for numerous feature films, and downloadable field recording albums from the world's rare habitats. In 1981, he earned his PhD in Creative Sound Arts, with an internship in marine bioacoustics from Union Institute and University.

In 1985 Krause, with colleague, Diana Reiss, helped lure Humphrey the Whale, a migrating male humpback that had wandered into Sacramento River Delta and apparently got lost, back to the Pacific Ocean. As scientific co-directors of the operation, they used recordings of humpbacks feeding, recorded by two graduate students from the University of Hawaii, recordings that Krause modified to eliminate extraneous noise and add different characteristics to the audio tracks so that the whale would not habituate to the one audio short example that was provided by the students' graduate professor.

Krause's 1988 CD album, Gorillas in the Mix (Rykodisc), is composed entirely from sampled animal sounds, played from sampling keyboards.

Working in the field of soundscape ecology, a sub-category of ecoacoustics, Krause introduced a number of terms and concepts into the discipline to further define the sources of sound within the soundscape. They include geophony, the first sounds heard on earth consisting of non-biological natural sounds such as the effect of wind in trees or grasses, waves at the ocean or lakeshore, or movement of the earth. The second acoustic source is called biophony, the collective signature produced at one time by all sound-producing organisms in a given habitat. The third, and last of these elements is referred to as anthropophony, or human-generated acoustic signatures. In the final category, some sources represent controlled sound, such as music, theatre, or language. While a large percentage consists of incoherent or chaotic sound, referred to as noise. The first and last terms were implemented along with his late colleague, Stuart Gage, Professor Emeritus, Michigan State University.

Krause was invited to present a TED Global talk at the 2013 Edinburgh conference and the keynote talk at the first conference of the International Society of Ecoacoustics (ISE), a worldwide organization, meeting in Paris in June, 2014.

In July 2014, the Cheltenham Music Festival premiered "The Great Animal Orchestra: Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes," a collaboration with friend and colleague, Richard Blackford, former Balliol College Oxford Composer-in-Residence. Performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and conducted by Martyn Brabbins, the theme is based on Krause's 2012 book of the same title. The work integrates natural soundscapes into the orchestral textures of a major symphonic piece. The symphony was recorded and released on CD by Nimbus Records in September 2014.

On April 3, 2015, Krause and Blackford premiered the score for their first ballet, "Biophony", performed by Alonzo King LINES Ballet at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco.  His most recent two books, published by Yale University Press, are titled Voices of the Wild: Animal Songs, Human Din, and the Call to Save Natural Soundscapes, and "Wild Soundscapes: Discovering the Voice of the Natural World". In September, 2021, "The Power of Tranquility in a Very Noisy World,"

On July 1, 2016, the Fondation Cartier pour l'art contemporain in Paris opened the first major natural soundscape exhibit in a contemporary art museum. Based on his book, "The Great Animal Orchestra," the sound sculpture serves as an early retrospective of Krause's work and includes many examples of his collection along with supporting graphic and visual media. The visual elements were generated by the London-based organization, United Visual Artists (UVA). The exhibit ran until 7 January 2017 and opened as part of a larger Fondation Cartier collection at the Seoul (S. Korea) Museum of Art in May, 2017.The Great Animal Orchestra art piece has subsequently been shown at Shanghai's Power Station of Art, 2018, and at the 180 The Strand Gallery, London in 2019. In the fall of 2021, the exhibit was featured at the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Massachusetts. In the spring of 2022, the work opened at the 23rd Biennale in Sydney, Australia, and also Lille, France at the same time. Its West Coast premiere occurred in June, 2023 at San Francisco's Exploratorium.

Personal life

Krause and his wife, Katherine, live in Sonoma, California.

The Krauses' home, with his archives, equipment, and all of their personal possessions were destroyed in a wildfire on 11 October 2017. His audio recordings, though, were backed up off-site.

Discography
 1967 Beaver & Krause – The Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music (Nonesuch Records) (Revised and repackaged with new material by Bernie Krause in 1980)
 1968 Beaver & Krause – Ragnarok – Electronic Funk (Limelight Records)
 1970 Beaver & Krause – In a Wild Sanctuary (Warner Bros. Records)
 1971 Beaver & Krause – Gandharva (featuring Mike Bloomfield, Ray Brown, Gerry Mulligan, Gail Laughton, Ronnie Montrose, Howard Roberts, Bud Shank and others) (Warner Bros. Records)
 1972 Beaver & Krause – All Good Men (Warner Bros. Records)
 1975 Bernie Krause – Citadels of Mystery (Takoma Records/Chrysalis Records)
 1981 Bernard Krause – The New Nonesuch Guide to Electronic Music (Nonesuch)
 1986 Bernie Krause – Equator (The Nature Company)
 1987 Bernie Krause – Nature (The Nature Company)
 1988 Bernie Krause – Distant Thunder (The Nature Company)
 1988 Bernie Krause – Mountain Stream (The Nature Company)
 1988 Bernie Krause – Gentle Ocean (The Nature Company)
 1988 Bernie Krause – Morning Songbirds (The Nature Company)
 1988 Bernie Krause – Sounds of a Summer's Evening (The Nature Company)
 1988 Bernie Krause – Jungle Shoes/Fish Wrap (CD Single, Rykodisc)
 1988 Bernie Krause & Human Remains – Gorillas in the Mix (Rykodisc)
 1989 Bernie Krause & Philip Aaberg – Meridian (The Nature Company)
 1989 Bernie Krause – Tropical Jungle (The Nature Company)
 1989 Bernie Krause – Gorilla (Wild Sanctuary)
 1990 Bernie Krause – Natural Voices/African Song Cycle (Wild Sanctuary)
 1990 Bernie Krause – Green Meadow Stream (North Sound)
 1990 Bernie Krause – Woodland Journey (Wild Sanctuary)
 1990 Bernie Krause – Dawn at Trout Lake (North Sound)
 1990 Bernie Krause – Amazon Days Amazon Nights (North Sound)
 1991 Bernie Krause – Ocean Wonders (North Sound)
 1991 Bernie Krause – Tropical Thunder: A Rainstorm in Borneo (Wild Sanctuary)
 1991 Ruth Happel with Bernie Krause – Loons of Echo Pond (Wild Sanctuary)
 1991 Bernie Krause, Bob Dorough, Janis Lawrence & Jeff Kohler – Wild Times at the Water Hole (Creatures 'n' Kids)
 1991 Bernie Krause - Arctic Summer
 1993 Bernie Krause - Songs of the Whales & Dolphins (The Nature Company)
 1994 Bernie Krause – Mata Atlantica: A Rare Brazilian Rain Forest (North Sound)
 1994 Bernie Krause & Ruth Happel – Desert Solitudes (North Sound)
 1994 Bernie Krause – Ocean Dreams (North Sound)
 1994 Bernie Krause – Midsummer Nights (North Sound)
 1994 Bernie Krause – Nature's Lullabyes: Ocean/Rain/Stream (Wild Sanctuary)
 1994 Bernie Krause – African Adventures (North Sound)
 1994 Bernie Krause & Philip Aaberg – A Wild Christmas (Wild Sanctuary)
 1994 Bernie Krause – Whales, Wolves & Eagles of Glacier Bay (North Sound)
 1995 Bernie Krause & Louis Sarno –  Bayaka (Ellipsis Arts)
 1995 Bernie Krause & Rodney Franklin – Rhythms of Africa (Miramar Records)
 1995 Bernie Krause & Rodney Franklin – Ocean Odyssey (Miramar Records)
 1995 Bernie Krause & Rodney Franklin – Rain Forest Dreams (Miramar Records)
 1996 Bernie Krause - Notes from the Wild (bonus disc with the book of the same title)
 1998 Bernie Krause – Kalimantaan: Heaven Before Time (Miramar Records)
 1998 Bernie Krause – Zimbabwe: Gardens of Eden (Miramar Records)
 2002 Bernie Krause – African Safari: Zimbabwe (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Alpine Meadow (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Autumn Day in Yellowstone (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Carolina Woods (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Costa Rica: Hidden Treasures (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Galapagos (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause & Lang Elliott – Prairie Winds (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause & Jack Hines – Sequoia High Country (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Sonoma Valley Sunrise (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Spring in Corkscrew Swamp (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Sumatra Days, Sumatra Nights (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause – Winds Across the Tundra (Wild Sanctuary)
 2002 Bernie Krause - Wild Soundscapes (bonus disc with book of the same title)
 2005 Country Joe McDonald with Bernie Krause - Natural Imperfections (Rag Baby 1037)
 2006 Bernie Krause, Kevin Colver & Martin Stewart – Voice of the Arctic Refuge (Wild Sanctuary)
 2014 Bernie Krause and Richard Blackford - The Great Animal Orchestra: Symphony for Orchestra and Wild Soundscapes, Nimbus Records

Honours

Chevalier de l'order des Arts et des Lettres, July, 2022.

Bibliography
 "Using ecoacoustic methods to survey the impacts of climate change on biodiversity", Bernie Krause, Almo Farina, Biological Conservation, 195 (2016) 245–254, Jan. 2016
 "The Niche Hypothesis: New Thoughts on Creature Vocalizations and the Relationship Between Natural Sound and Music" WFAE Newsletter, June, 1993
 Notes From the Wild: The Nature Recording Expeditions of Bernie Krause with companion CD (Ellipsis Arts, 1996, )
 Into A Wild Sanctuary: A Life in Music & Natural Sound with companion CD (Heyday Books, 1998, )
 Wild Soundscapes: Discovering the Voice of the Natural World with companion CD (Yale University Press, 2016, )
 "Anatomy of a Soundscape: Evolving Perspectives," J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 56, No. 1/2, 2008 January/February
 The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places, Little Brown, published March 2012 ().
 "Voices of the Wild: Animal Songs, Human Din, and the Call to Save Natural Soundscapes," (Yale University Press, 2015, )
 "Soundscape Ecology: The Science of Sound in the Landscape," Bryan C. Pijanowski, Luis J. Villanueva-Rivera, Sarah L. Dumyahn, Almo Farina, Bernie L. Krause, Brian M. Napoletano, Stuart H. Gage, and Nadia Pieretti, www.biosciencemag.org March 2011 / Vol. 61 No. 3 BioScience, 203-216, (ISSN 0006-3568 print, ISSN 1525-3244 online)
 Krause, Bernie, Gage, Stuart H., Joo Wooyeong, "Measuring and interpreting the temporal variability in the soundscape at four places in Sequoia National Park," Landscape Ecology, ISSN 0921-2973, Landscape Ecol, DOI 10.1007/s10980-011-9639-6
 Krause, Bernie, "Bioacoustics: Habitat ambience and ecological balance," (Whole Earth Review, No. 57, Winter, 1987, )

References

External links
 Bernie Krause biography at Wild Sanctuary

 "The voice of the natural world" (TEDGlobal 2013)
Bernie Krause Interview for NAMM Oral History Program (2010)
 Krause sound art exhibition, Paris, (2016)

American electronic musicians
American non-fiction environmental writers
Folk musicians from Michigan
Soundscape ecology
The Weavers members
Union Institute & University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
1938 births
Living people
Singers from Detroit
American sound artists

Bernie Krause


Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida (February 18, 1916 – August 2, 2013) was a Brazilian geologist considered to be one of the top Brazilians concerned with the study. Almeida did the central works to understand the South American geology.  He is the son of the first Brazilian generation of geologists who did the pioneering papers of the continent's geology. Marques de Almeida is a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

Born in Rio de Janeiro in 1916,  his parents were the lawyer Gerson de Almeida and Nair Marques de Almeida. He did his primary and secondary studies at the Gymnasium of São Bento in São Paulo state in which he spent most of his life. Finished junior high school did tender for the Polytechnic School of São Paulo, where he graduated in Civil Engineering in 1938. Had much influence on his future career Professor Dr. Luiz Flores de Moraes Rego, Professor of Mineralogy, Petrography and geology of this school. To finish the school year in which he attended a Chair, Professor Moraes Rego invited him to join as a student-assistant at the Institute for Technological Research. When graduating from became Assistant Professor Moraes Rego, prematurely deceased.

Remained at the Polytechnic School for 35 years, having made tender for Free-Teaching in 1957, with a thesis on the Geology and Petrology of the Archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, the Chair ruled when the professor Dr. Octavio Barbosa. With this dismissal, took the chair, which made for tender in 1962, with a thesis on the Trindade Island. Until 1969 been in part-time, which allowed him to join the National Department of Mineral Production for the contest in which he made 1956, having been dismissed in 1969 to take a full-time integral to teaching and research (RDIDP). He retired in 1994. In 1974 he was hired by the Institute of Geosciences, University of São Paulo, under RDIDP.

In 1978 he left the University and joined the Technological Research Institute of São Paulo, from where ends walking away. He graduated from this institute between 1985 and 1990, which appointed by the Institute of Geosciences, State University of Campinas. During such a long life traveled almost all over the country, having published 176 scientific papers and book chapters in Brazil and abroad, dealing with various topics of Geosciences. It was one of the founders of the Brazilian Society of Geology and the first chief editor of the Journal of Geology. Held various positions scientific-technical and administrative and participated numerous conferences and other scientific national and international meetings.

Among the awards received are: Biography in Who's Who in the World of Marquis Who's Who Inc., Chicago (1971-1972), Vice-President of Géologique Société de France (1971); Medal Jose Bonifacio - Society Brazilian Geology (1964), Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit Scientific - President of the Republic of Brazil (1995), Doctor Honoris Causa State University of Campinas (1991), Medal of Merit Council Federal Engineering and Architecture (1995).

Awards
 Medal of the Patriarch - Mayor of Santos - 1961
 Medalha José Bonifácio - Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia - 1964
 Medal Jose Bonifacio - Brazilian Society of Geology - 1964
 Medalha do Mérito - Conselho Federal de Engenharia, Arquitetura e Agronomia - 1994
 Medal of Merit - Federal Council of Engineering, Architecture and Agronomy - 1994

Honours
 Mineral Order of Merit - National Department of Mineral Production - 1984
 Doutor honoris causa - Universidade Estadual de Campinas - 1991 Doctor honoris causa - University of Alberta - 1991
 Título de Cidadão Mato-grossense - Assembléia Legislativa do Estado da Guanabara - 1996
 Evidence of Citizen-Mato Grosso - Legislative Assembly of the state of Guanabara - 1996

See also
 Aziz Ab'Saber, another Brazilian important geologist

References

1916 births
2013 deaths
People from Rio de Janeiro (city)
20th-century Brazilian geologists
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)

Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida


Wan Laiming (; 18 January 1900 – 7 October 1997) was born in Nanjing, Qing dynasty.  He was one of the Wan brothers who pioneered the Chinese animation industry, and is commonly considered as China's first animator.  As the director of the Shanghai Animation Film Studio, he would raise the standard to International level before other historical events affected the industry.

Early history
Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan were twin brothers.  They were the first ones to experiment with primitive film technology adapted from the United States and other parts of the world, and were often inspired by foreign cartoons that made it to Shanghai.  In 1919 they worked in the fine art departments at Shanghai Commercial Press. They were exposed to early technologies like zoetrope with galloping horses that animate on rotation.  Other cinema techniques like zoetrope projection principles were being studied.

In the early 1920s on a summer evening, the brothers were squeezed into a small attic.  They used a thick book and drew pictures of a cat and mouse. They bent the corners in such a way that it animated the cat catching the mouse.  The brothers would spend their days testing and experimenting.

Achievements
In 1922 they made the first cartoon short Shuzhendong Chinese Typewriter which was a commercial used for the Commercial Press.  At the time one of their first technological challenge was to make the background expose.  Their technique caused grease that prevented them from seeing anything but simple lines in the background.

In 1924 they were invited to the Great Wall Film Company () to try and animate a film under studio terms.  Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan were then recognized as China's animation pioneers when they successfully produced the first animation short Uproar in the Studio running 10 to 12 minutes long in black and white.  By 1932 one of the Wan brothers, Wan Dihuan, would voluntarily leave the Great Wall Film company for his own photography studio.  By 1935 the Wan Brothers would launch the first animation with sound titled The Camel's Dance.

In 1938 the remaining 3 Wan Brothers moved from Shanghai to Wuhan.  Later Wan Dihuan went back to Chongqing to launch anti-Japanese animation campaigns.  Wan Laiming was also at the Chinese anti-Japanese National Film association as part of the leftist movement.  From here they would combine war songs into animations to produce propaganda materials for the Second Sino-Japanese War.

In 1939 the brothers were inspired by the American production Snow White.  They would set the standard in attempting to create a film of equal quality for the nation's honor.  By 1940 the brothers would be part of the Xinhua Film Company animation department since it was the only remaining production company left during the Japanese occupancy period.  The manager of the company Zhang Shankun wanted to invest in profitable films, and he later found how much animation expenses were and wanted to give up.  He sought additional investments, but insisted the production would take too much time. Wan Laiming guaranteed that they would not lose money.  Though at the time the city was considered a "Solitary Island" since it was semi-occupied by Japanese forces as part of the Second Sino-Japanese War.  Princess Iron Fan, the first Chinese animation of notable length, would be complete and shown as a proud achievement to some of the remaining people who haven't left the city.
Wan Guchan wanted to draw a plan for the next project Havoc in Heaven.   As the Japanese occupation was increasing, Hsinhua comic department has already been forced to close.  As a result, the investors withdrew their money and nothing got started.  Time would past and the Shanghai Animation Film Studio would be established in 1950.

In 1954 Wan Laiming went to Hong Kong and returned to Shanghai by autumn of the same year.  He then served as the director of the Shanghai Animation Film Studio.  Two years later in 1956, Wan Laiming would create the first animation in color Why is the Crow Black-Coated.

It became a reality in 1961 when Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan finally had the opportunity to work on the 1st part of the animation film Havoc in Heaven.  By 1964 all 4 Wan brothers were collaborating for the last part of the film.  The movie would win International awards officially putting China on the map in terms of a nation capable of producing high quality animation films.

Unfortunately by 1966 Mao Zedong would start the Cultural Revolution.  The animation industry would take a nose dive as many artists were affected in the industry. It was then that China's golden era of animated film would end.

Death
On 7 October 1997 Wan Laiming died in Shanghai.  He was buried at () and a statue of him was erected in honour of his achievements in the industry.

Filmography

References

External links
 Memorial
 China Movie DB

1900 births
1997 deaths
Chinese animated film directors
Film directors from Jiangsu
20th-century Chinese inventors
Cinema pioneers
Artists from Nanjing
Film directors from Shanghai
Chinese twins

Wan Laiming