The Combat of Schöngrabern was a relatively minor rearguard action fought by Austrian V Korps and supporting elements of the Kaiserlich-königliche Hauptarmee under Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen against elements of the French IV Corps of the Armée d'Allemagne, under the command of Claude Legrand.

The brief combat ended in favour of the French but Reuss did manage to delay the French sufficiently in order to prevent them from getting to the battle of Znaim on 10 July.

Context
Following Johann von Klenau's successful Austrian rearguard action at Hollabrunn the day before, Austrian Prince Reuss, commander of V Korps, to which several additional units were attached for a total of 27,000 men and 32 cannons, took position near Schöngrabern. Reuss's orders were to form a rearguard and delay the enemy before him, preventing them from arriving at Znaim, where the main Austrian force was massed and combat was set to begin. Opposite to Reuss lay the vanguard of the Marshal André Masséna's IV Corps, under the overall command of General Legrand. Legrand's command was 11,000 men and 24 cannons strong and included the 1st division of IV Corps and the Corps cavalry. Masséna's orders were to push on towards Haugsdorf and then head to Znaim where General Auguste de Marmont's XI Corps had made contact with the enemy's main force.

Battle
Masséna sent his cavalry, as well as Legrand's and Claude Carra Saint-Cyr's infantry divisions towards Haugsdorf, while leaving Jean Boudet's division at Stockerau and Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor's division in between. Executing his orders, Legrand moved forward but, towards 09:00, encountered staunch opposition towards Schöngrabern, a village in front of which Reuss had left a rearguard of 6,000. It took Legrand some time before he was able to take the position, with the Austrians leading a superb fighting retreat. Losses following this battle are unknown but it is clear that Masséna's march to Znaim had been delayed, as towards 20:00, he had to stop at Jetzlsdorf, with the divisions of Legrand, Carra Saint-Cyr and his cavalry after these troops had been fighting and then marching all day. The delaying action at Schöngrabern meant that Masséna was only able to arrive to the battle of Znaim on 11 July. However, Reuss also had difficulties in containing Masséna and was himself only able to arrive at Znaim late on the evening of 10 July. Masséna and Reuss would face each other again on 11 July, at the battle of Znaim.

Notes

References

External links

Conflicts in 1809
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles involving Austria
Battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition
1809 in the Austrian Empire
Battles involving France
1809 in France
July 1809 events
Austrian Empire–France relations

Combat of Schöngrabern


St. Lawrence Island is an island found in the Bering Sea, west of the U.S. State Alaska. The island has an area of 4,640 square kilometers, and is 140 km long, and 35 km wide. The island is part of Alaska, although it is closer to Russia. The island is a one of the last above water parts of the ancient landmass known as Beringia. It is the sixth largest island in the United States, and is the 113th largest island in the world. In 2010, 1,292 people lived on the island, most of which live in the two main villages of Savoonga and Gambell.

History
The island is thought to have been home to several old natives, mostly by the Siberian Yupik around 2,500 years ago.

In 1878, a famine hit the island, causing over 1,000 people to die, and many others to leave.

During the Cold War, a P2V Neptune by the US Navy were shot down by the Soviet with two fighter planes, forcing it to fly down to Gambell Airport, where the plane crashed. None of the 11 onboard were killed, but 7 were injured.

Transportation
The island has two main airports, one at Gambell and another at Savoonga. There is another old airport at the east end of the island, which used to be a part of an old military base. The island can be travelled to by boat as well.

Sources

Geography of North America
Islands of Alaska

St. Lawrence Island


The Duroc pig is an older breed of domestic pig. The breed was developed in the United States and formed the basis for many mixed-breed commercial hogs. Duroc pigs are reddish-brown and golden yellow, large-framed, medium length, and muscular, with partially-drooping ears. They tend to be one of the least aggressive of all swine breeds raised for meat.

Origins and history
The breed, one of several red pig strains which developed around 1800 in New England, originated in Africa. One theory is that the pigs were imported from the Guinea coast of Africa at the time of the slave trade. Another suggestion is that the red color came from the Berkshire pig from Britain, a breed that is now black, but at that time was rusty brown. Another influence on the breed may have been four shoats from Spain and Portugal that were imported around 1837, but it is unclear whether these formed part of the breed's ancestry.

The breed is said to have been named for a stallion belonging to Harry Kelsey in New York state (1820s) or that "the breed was named after a race horse and he in turn was named after Napoleon's Aide, Gen. Christoph Duroc ...."

The modern Duroc originated circa 1850 from crosses of the Jersey Red and New York's older Duroc. The breed started being used in shows around the 1950s. Durocs are predominantly kept for their meat, and are appreciated for their hardiness and quick but thorough muscle growth.

The first pig to have its genome sequenced was a female Duroc named T.J. Tabasco.

Characteristics
Originally, the Duroc was a very large pig, but not as large as was the Jersey Red. Today, it is a medium-sized breed with a moderately long body and a slightly dished face. The ears are drooping and not held erect. The color is often an orangish-brown, but ranges from a light-golden shade to a deep mahogany-red. The weight of a mature boar is about 882 pounds, and the sow is about 772 pounds.

References

External links
 Duroc profile and eligibility requirements for the National Swine Registry

Pig breeds originating in the United States

Duroc pig


Ellis R. Kerley (September 1, 1924 – September 3, 1998) was an American anthropologist, and pioneer in the field of Forensic anthropology, which is a field of expertise particularly useful to criminal investigators and for the identification of human remains for humanitarian purposes. Best known for his work in age dating of specimens, Kerley also made humanitarian contributions by identifying the remains of repatriated American soldiers from the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

Kerley published 40 papers during his lifetime and is considered by most to be a founding father of the science of Forensic anthropology. Kerley managed to take what was once considered a speculative field and transform it into a highly respected and scientifically accepted discipline. Kerley is most famous for his work in the identification of the remains of Josef Mengele, the former Nazi surgeon known as the "Butcher of Auschwitz".

Kerley served in the U.S. Army during World War II and later worked for the Army and the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Kerley earned his B.A. from the University of Kentucky and his Masters and Phd. from the University of Michigan. Kerley was employed during the 1950s with the U.S. Army American Graves Registration Service identifying the remains of deceased soldiers from World War II and the Korean War.

During the 1960s Kerley developed what is now known in the field of Forensic anthropology as the "Kerley Method". This method examines thin cross sections of human remains, specifically long bones such as the femur and humerus and investigates areas of altered bone. As a human skeleton grows and matures during a lifetime, a condition similar to osteoporosis occurs naturally. Cells replacing decaying bone matter actually eat away at existing bone, creating fragments which increase with age. Counting the number of these fragments in a cross section shows a corresponding increase of the fragments with an increase in the age of the person. The bone replacement ceases upon a person's death. Kerley's published work on the matter in 1965, was based on the study of 126 specimens whose ages were already known by the Smithsonian Institution. In all but 11 specimens, the Kerley Method identified the remains within a margin of plus or minus 4.6 years. The subjects studied by Kerley ranged in age from 5 to 95. By the 1970s, the method was considered a standard in the field of Forensic anthropology for determination of age, and over 40 age determinations had been made, to even badly burned and disfigured remains with similar results.

In 1987 Kerley became the Forensic Anthropology Consultant and Scientific Director of the United States Army Central Identification Laboratory in Hawaii, where he oversaw the identification of repatriated Vietnam War remains. Kerley also contributed to hair analysis as it pertains to race, age, sex and cause of death. Child abuse studies were also a field of expertise to Kerley by examining post mortem remains and identifying successive bodily injury which shows differing degrees of healing. From 1990 to 1991, he served as President of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Kerley worked on identifying the remains of victims of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, the mass suicide remains from Jonestown, northwestern Guyana, the 1985 MOVE bombing in West Philadelphia, and the House investigations of the John F. Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald assassinations. Prior to his death, Kerley was heavily involved in the identification of repatriated American soldiers from the Vietnam War. Kerley held a full Professorship at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2000, the Ellis Kerley Foundation was formed in Kerley's honor to continue to advance the field of Forensic anthropology.

References

1924 births
1998 deaths
Forensic anthropologists
University of Michigan alumni
20th-century American anthropologists

Ellis R. Kerley


Beau Hoopman (born October 1, 1980) is an American rower.

Collegiate career
A member of his high school's golf team, Hoopman joined the rowing team at the University of Wisconsin as a walk-on in the fall of 1999. He won the Eastern Sprints both as a member of Wisconsin's freshman eight in 2000, and in the varsity eight in 2002, the latter being Wisconsin's first victory in the event since the inaugural Eastern Sprints in 1946. He was named to the University of Wisconsin-Madison Athletic Hall of Fame in 2014.

International career
Hoopman first competed internationally for the United States in 2001, winning a silver medal at the World Under 23 Rowing Championships in Ottensheim, Austria. He was also a member of the gold medal eight at the 2002 Under 23 championships in Genoa, Italy, and placed 12th in the Men's 4- at the 2002 world championships, his first appearance as a member of the senior national team.

In 2004 Hoopman  was part of the Olympic gold medal-winning Men's 8+ team at the Athens Olympic Games, which also set the M8+ 2000m World Record during a qualifying heat. He was also a member of the bronze medal-winning Men's 8+ team in the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.

Personal life
Hometown: Plymouth, Wisconsin
Current Residence: Madison, WI
High School: Plymouth High School
Undergraduate Education: University of Wisconsin, Biological Aspects of Conservation, 2003
Began Rowing: 2000 - University of Wisconsin
Club Affiliation: USRowing Training Center
Training Location: Princeton, New Jersey
Current Coaches: Mike Teti
Years on National Team: Seven - 2001–02, Under 23; 2003, Pan American Games; 2002–07, Senior
Event (s): Sweep

References

Sportspeople from Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in rowing
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in rowing
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
1980 births
Living people
American male rowers
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States
World Rowing Championships medalists for the United States
Rowers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Wisconsin Badgers rowers

Beau Hoopman


The  () is the military police branch of the Malaysian Army. Referred to as the "Redcaps" like their British counterpart or, more popularly, known as "MPs", the  keep discipline within the Army ranks and ensure security at Malaysian Army installations.

History
At the end of World War II, Malaya was in a precarious situation. The civil police was in tatters and the two battalions of the Malay Regiment has been disbanded by the Japanese when Singapore fell in 1942 and not to be reformed until 1948. When British sent Forces to Malaya at the end of World War II, Military Police units of the Indian Army played a  major role in assisting the civil authorities enforcing peace and order in Malaya.

On 4 December 1950, during the early years of the Malayan Emergency, 9 Malay Regiment soldiers were chosen to form Malay Regiment Military Police Section and perform Provost duties within the regiment. They were stationed at Kem Segenting  at Port Dickson.

On 12 November 1953, the Malay Regiment Military Police (enlarged from the previously one section strength) was transferred to the British Royal Military Police administration and transferred to Taiping, Perak, and the Military Police Company was formed, under the command of Captain Thomas Michael Dillon-White. Apart from performing provost duties, the Military Police Company assisted civil authorities in keeping public order.

The Military Police Company moved to Kuala Lumpur on 29 March 1957 and underwent a name change to the Federation Military Police. And in July 1957, the company was moved to Fort Imphal in Kuala Lumpur. With the formation of Malaysia, the unit was called the Malaysian Military Police Corps. The corps was bestowed the royal "DiRaja" title on 7 June 1997, by Tuanku Jaafar Tunku Abdul Rahman, then Yang di-Pertuan Agong, henceforth bearing the DiRaja title in its name.

Role

The peacetime role of the Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja is to support and assist the Malaysian Army in training for war, and maintain discipline amongst military personnel.

In war, the Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja provides tactical military police support to the Army in all phases of operations, enforcement of military law and codes of conduct, crime prevention and controlling the flow of refugees and displaced persons.

Organisation and units
The Military Police Directorate at the Markas Tentera Darat (Army Headquarters) oversee development and co-ordinate activities of Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja. The Provost Marshal of the Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja is a Brig. Jeneral.

On 1 January 1981, there were four Regiments in the Kor Polis Tentera, with one Regiment an organic component to each of the Infantry divisions in the Malaysian Army. A Military Police Company is attached to each of the three Brigades of the Division.
 4 Regiments, one Military Police Regiment for each of the 4 Infantry Divisions.
 Military Police Company attached to each Brigade
 Independent Military Police Companies

Pusat Latihan Polis Tentera (PULAPOT)
The Pusat Latihan Polis Tentera (Military Police Training Centre) is located at Jalan Genting Klang, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur near to the main campus of Tunku Abdul Rahman College in the west and Wardieburn Camp, an army camp in the south. This is the Central Military Police Training Centre where soldiers are trained in military policing and military law. The MP school is responsible to train each military personnel in military police provost duty, investigation, martial arts and traffic duty.

Wira Merah
The Wira Merah (Red Heroes) is a popular motorcycle acrobatic stunt and demonstration team of the Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja, famed for their show at military tattoos in Malaysia.  The team was formed in 1963 at Kem Imphal in Kuala Lumpur to display their exceptional riding skills at the military tattoo during the 1963 National Day celebrations. The team was founded by Pegawai Waran I Sabdin Othman and Pegawai Waran I Ungku Hakim Ungku Mohamad and used 350cc BSA motorcycles.

The military shows were suspended between 1964 and 1966 due to the Indonesian Confrontation, but were resumed in 1967, when the Wira Merah team was reactivated under the command of Second Lieutenant Clifford Baptist for a display at the 10th National Day celebration at Stadium Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur.

The team has 40 members and holds about 48 shows a year, each of 30 to 40 minutes long. The act involves various acrobatic stunt on motorcycles including piling on 30 riders on one motorcycle. The Evel Knievel-styled jump is the highlight of the Wira Merah show, involving a jump over human or vehicular obstacles. The jump record is over 17 to 18 Proton Iswara cars.

The team presently uses a total of 29 motorcycles, including 12 Moto Guzzis, 6 BSA, 5 Modenas Jaguh, 2 Trial Bikes, 2 Aprilias and 2 Suzukis.

References

External links

  Buletin Army.Net  "Kor Polis Tentera Diraja - Unggul dan Disegani"

Malaysia Army corps and regiments
Malaysia
Military units and formations established in 1953

Kor Polis Tentera DiRaja (Malaysia)


José Ramón Fernández Álvarez (November 4, 1923 – January 6, 2019) was a Cuban Communist leader who was a vice-president of the Council of Ministers.

Pre-Revolution life
Fernández Alvarez was born in Santiago de Cuba,  where he studied his first and second education. In 1947 he graduated from the Cadet School of Cuba and also from the Artillery School as well as from other courses of the General Staff in Cuba and at Fort Sill in the USA.

From March 10, 1952, he took part in different conspiracy activities and movements against Fulgencio Batista's tyranny with different military and political groups, until 1956 when he was caught when the conspiracy movement called "Los puros" was discovered. He was judged and sentenced to prison at Presidio Modelo on the Isla de Pinos (Isle of Pines) until the Castro brothers' victory over Batista on January 1, 1959.

Cuban Revolution and beyond
From 1959, as a member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, Fernández took part in  various mobilizations, both productive as well as for the defense of the country. He also carried out other tasks of the Cuban Revolution both in Cuba and abroad.

At the time of the Bay of Pigs Invasion on 17 April 1961, he was director of militia training and based at Managua near Havana. He was sometimes referred to as 'El Gallego' like his colleague Manuel Piñeiro. Before dawn that day, Fidel Castro ordered him to command the many battalions of militia and regular army troops engaged in fighting the invading forces of Brigade 2506. Late on 19 April 1961, he was among Cuban government forces who finally broke through to Playa Giron and forced the surrender and dispersal of invading troops.

He was promoted to the rank of Capitan in 1959, to Commandant in 1961 and to Brigade General of the reserve in 1966. He graduated from the Higher War School in 1964. From 1959 on he was in charge of different responsibilities and positions, among which there were; Director of the Cadet School of the Rebel Army; Chief of the Direction of Combat Preparation of the General Staff of FAR (initials for Revolutionary Armed Forces in Spanish) until 1968; Deputy Minister of FAR until 1970; First Deputy Minister of Education until 1972; Minister of Education from 1972 until 1990 and vice-president of the Council of Ministers from 1978 to March 2012.

Political life
He represented the Cuban government at the investiture of presidents in several Latin American countries and at other governmental events. He was a member of the executive committee of the Pan American Sports Organization.

Fernández Álvarez took part in the seven Congresses of the Cuban Communist Party and beginning in 1975 was a member of the Central Committee.

At the third congress of the Cuban Communist Party, he was elected as a Substitute Member of the Political Bureau. Fernandez was a deputy to the National Assembly from 1976 until his death and a Member of the Council of State from 1981 until 1993.

Other organizational roles
Fernández chaired the Organizing Committee of the XIV Central American and Caribbean Games, held in Havana in 1982, and the Organizing Committee of the XI Pan American Games in Havana in 1991. He was also the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the VI Athletics World Cup that took place in Havana in 1992. From 1997 until 2018 he was the President of the Cuban Olympic Committee.

He was the chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Scientific–Academic Conference "Giron, 40 years later", which took place in March 2001 and of the International Conference "The Missile Crisis, a political vision 40 years later" in October 2002. Fernandez was Emeritus Professor of the Pedagogical Higher Institute "Enrique José Varona".

Acknowledgements
In recognition of his work he was awarded several medals, among them the title of Hero of the Republic of Cuba.

Notes

References
Fernandez, Jose Ramon. 2001. Bay of Pigs: Washington's First Military Defeat in the Americas. Pathfinder
Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. 1999. Bay of Pigs and the CIA. Ocean Press Melbourne.
Thomas, Hugh. 1971, 1986. The Cuban Revolution. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. London. (Shortened version of Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom, includes all history 1952–1970)
Wyden, Peter. 1979. Bay of Pigs - The Untold Story. Simon and Schuster. New York.

External links
CubaNow Magazine

See also

Cuban Revolution
Cuban Missile Crisis

1923 births
2019 deaths
People from Santiago de Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba politicians
Cuban revolutionaries
Cuban soldiers
Members of the National Assembly of People's Power
People of the Cuban Revolution
Cuban people of Asturian descent

José Ramón Fernández


Nature Detectives is an online phenology research and education project for 4–18-year-olds in the UK. It is run by the Woodland Trust, as part of the UK Phenology Network.

Participants record the dates they see seasonal events, such as leafing, flowering, bird migration, nesting or fruit ripening in their own recording form on the website. The data they collect is fed into the UKPN national database, which has over 11,000 contributors and now contains over one million records.

The project monitors the activity of birds, insects, amphibians, grasses, fungi, flowers and trees, all of which are being affected by climate change. There is also information on phenology, climate change and "doing your bit for the environment".

Schools, youth groups, families and individuals all take part, and it is proving a great way to involve children in the natural world and teach them about plants and wildlife and environmental issues.

External links
Nature Detectives
UK Phenology Network
The Woodland Trust

Climate change programs
Conservation in the United Kingdom
Chronobiology

Nature Detectives


The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African, is a book that was first published in 1789. It is the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano. The book describes Equiano's life in slavery. It records his efforts to be free by studying the Bible. The book goes on to tell about his gaining his freedom and his success in business. It was published in 1789 in Great Britain to inform the British public what the life of slaves was like.

1780s books
1789 works
British autobiographies


A keychain is a small chain made from metal or plastic. It is used to keep small items like keys connected to a keyring. Some keychains are used to connect keyring and belt of a person. Some people who always use keys in their jobs are, security guards, prison officers, and retail store managers.

Tools

Keychain


Walter Atlee Edwards (November 8, 1886 – January 15, 1928) was a Lieutenant-Commander in the United States Navy and a recipient of America's highest military decoration – the Medal of Honor.

Biography
Walter Atlee Edwards was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 8, 1886. He entered the United States Naval Academy in 1906, graduated in June 1910 and was commissioned with the rank of Ensign in 1912. During the four years following graduation, Edwards served in the battleship , cruisers  and , and destroyers  and . For most of 1914-1916 he was stationed at Pensacola, Florida, receiving instruction in aviation, but also helped with the outfitting of the new destroyer  during this time.

Edwards was an officer of the destroyers  and  from October 1916 until October 1917. He then became Aide for Aviation on the staff of Vice Admiral William S. Sims, Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Operating in European Waters, holding that position for the rest of World War I and into the first months of peace. In April 1919, Lieutenant Commander Edwards began brief duty with the Bureau of Navigation, in Washington, D.C., before taking up his new position as Aide to the Commandant of the Naval War College, in Newport, Rhode Island. For a year, beginning in May 1921, he was Commanding Officer of the destroyers  and . Between June 1922 and September 1923, Edwards commanded the destroyer , a tour marked by the December 16, 1922 rescue of nearly 500 survivors from the burning French transport Vinh-Long. For his heroism on that occasion he was awarded the Medal of Honor, as well as receiving the Legion of Honor from the French government and the Distinguished Service Order from the King of England.

In 1923–1924, Lieutenant Commander Edwards was stationed at the Bureau of Navigation. He was then Gunnery Officer on the armored cruiser  and, in August 1927, took command of the destroyer . Hospitalized in Washington, D.C., in December 1927, Lieutenant Commander Walter A. Edwards died there on January 15, 1928. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.

Namesake
The destroyer  was named in honor of Lieutenant Commander Edwards.

Medal of Honor citation
Lieutenant Commander Edwards' official Medal of Honor citation is as follows:
For heroism in rescuing 482 men, women and children from the French military transport Vinh-Long, destroyed by fire in the Sea of Marmora, Turkey, on 16 December 1922. Lieutenant Commander Edwards, commanding the U.S.S. Bainbridge, placed his vessel alongside the bow of the transport and, in spite of several violent explosions which occurred on the burning vessel, maintained his ship in that position until all who were alive were taken on board. Of a total of 495 on board, 482 were rescued by his coolness, judgement and professional skill, which were combined with a degree of heroism that must reflect new glory on the United States Navy.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime

References

External links

1886 births
1928 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
United States Naval Academy alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Philadelphia

Walter Atlee Edwards


The Cathedral Church of the Dormition of the Mother of God and St. Andrew (Greek: Καθεδρικός Ναός της Κοιμήσεως της Θεοτόκου και Αποστόλου Ανδρέα) is a Greek Orthodox cathedral on Summer Hill Terrace in Birmingham, England, dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos and St Andreas. In 1958 the first Greek Orthodox Church in Birmingham was inaugurated. Regular liturgies began in Birmingham conducted by the first permanent priest, Father Nicodemos Anagnostou.

The building was formerly a Catholic Apostolic church. It was designed in 1873 by J.A. Chatwin, who worked on many of Birmingham's churches, including St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham. It is a brick Gothic revival church in the Early English style. It has a wide rectangular nave, an apse at each end and passage aisles through the buttresses. The interior consists of heavy brick arches on stout columns and clerestory windows between clustered wall shafts supporting a high arched roof. The west end has a tall archway set in a diapered brick wall leading into a baptistery. Some of the decoration was by Gibbs and Canning of Tamworth. Renovations have taken place since circa 2000. The priest is Protopresbyter Kosmas Pavlidis.

The cathedral also has a Greek school for children and adults who wish to learn the Greek language and culture. There is more information below in the section Apostolos Andreas Greek School.

History
By the beginning of the twentieth century, there were Greek Orthodox communities and churches in Manchester, Liverpool and Cardiff, as well as in London. In Birmingham, the foundations for a Greek Orthodox church started immediately after the end of the Second World War. From the beginning of the century, large numbers of Greek Cypriots began to emigrate to Britain in search of a better quality of life. They came mainly to the large cities where it was easier to find work.

By 1947, there were enough Greek Orthodox people in Birmingham, and the then Archbishop of Thyateira began sending a priest once a month to conduct the liturgy in a church hall next to a Protestant church in Pershore Road. On the remaining Sundays of the month, the Greek Orthodox residents of the Birmingham area would go to churches in London and Manchester to follow the liturgy.

The congregations grew steadily over the next few years, and in 1951 more regular weekly Sunday liturgies began at the Anglican Church of Saint James in Edgbaston. The Orthodox liturgy would begin after the end of the Protestant service, It was during this period that the first Greek school was opened. Lessons would be conducted in a room over the cafe of Mr Andreas Constantinou.

The Archbishop of Thyateira, Virvos, advised the small community to start organising itself so that more funds could be raised. Mr Andreas Constantinou was one of the first Cypriot inhabitants of Birmingham, and his cafe was a popular meeting place with many of the Greeks of the city. A friend of his father in law had recently arrived from Cyprus. His name was John Efstathiades.

Mr Efstathiades had been a warden of his village church in Cyprus for many years, and he was in a position to help. Even though he was in his 70s, Mr Efstathiades together with Andreas Constantinou, George Sergiou, Christos Christophorides, George Apeches, Michael Angelides, Michael Epifaniou and others began working hard to secure a permanent building for a Greek Orthodox church in Birmingham. They approached all the Greek inhabitants of the area for help so that the most essential church artefacts, such as icons, an Iconostasis and a Holy Bible, could be bought.

They also went to the Protestant Bishop of Birmingham, the Very Rev. Brian Green for help. The Bishop informed them of four empty churches in and around the city, and the most suitable was the church at Arthur Place near the centre of the city.

So in 1958 the first Greek Orthodox Church in Birmingham was inaugurated. The church was devoted to the Dormition of the Virgin Mary and Saint Andrew. Regular liturgies began in Birmingham conducted by the first permanent priest, Father Nicodemos Anagnostou.

Consecration as a Cathedral
On 14 December 1980 Irineos of Patara Birmingham, assistant of the Archdiocese of Great Britain and Thyateira, who had served as Archimandrite in the Church, was ordained as bishop. The ordination was presided over by Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain (Ecumenical Patriarchate) in concelebration with Metropolitan Anthony Bloom and Bishops Gregorios of Tropaion, Chrysostomos of Kyanea and Christophoros of Telmissos.

As the seat of the new bishop, the church was subsequently consecrated as The Cathedral of The Dormition of The Theotokos and St. Andreas.

Bishop Irinaios died  on 19 December 2009.  He is buried at Oropos Monastery near Athens, where he spent his final years following his retirement.

Apostolos Andreas Greek School
The Apostolos Andreas Greek School in Birmingham was founded in 1958. It was initially housed in a traditional Greek coffee shop (kafeneio) owned by Andreas and Margarita Konstantinou in Lozells. Later on, the school moved to the premises of the church of The Dormition of the Theotokos & Apostolos Andreas. In the early 60s, the number of students increased significantly due to the influx of Cypriot immigrant families.  The rooms of a British school in the area were rented out so that over 260 students could be accommodated.

For about the next 40 years, the school was housed in various British schools in the City of Birmingham and in rooms behind the church, used temporarily. On 23 November 2002 the inauguration of the new building took place in the presence of Archbishop Grigorios. Since then, the school has been housed next to the church, in its own separate premises.

A great number of important people and teachers have joined the school over the years. One of the most pre-eminent was Bishop Irinaios, who served for over 30 years and also became the school's Headmaster.

But the most important figure in our school and in its history was Mr. Christophoros Cartoudis, who taught at our school since 1961. He was the Headmaster, teaching the grandchildren of his students! In recognition for his contribution to the School and the Greek Language, Mr. Cartoudis was awarded the British Empire Medal in the Birthday Honours of 2014 by Her Majesty The Queen.

In 1995 our school became an examination centre, hosting students from various schools every year.

For the past 10 years, the Cypriot Ministry of Education has been appointing teachers to Greek Schools throughout the UK through the Cyprus Educational Mission (C.E.M). Our school's Deputies appointed by the CEM were Maria Genari, Gianna Andreou, Christina Christodoulou, Mattheos Venetsanos, and Panagiota Magou, the current Headteacher.

The school is also a member of the National Resource Centre for Supplementary Education (NRCSE).

As years go by, the school's educational vision and values remain the same; teaching the students about the Greek language, history, religion, and culture to help them take pride in themselves and their roots.

Gallery

See also
St Philip's (Church of England)
St Chad's (Catholic)
Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain

References

Pevsner Architectural Guides - Birmingham, Andy Foster, 2005,
Birmingham (City Building Series), Douglas Hickman, 1970, Studio Vista Limited

External links
Official website

1873 establishments in England
Churches completed in 1873
19th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Greek Orthodox cathedrals in England
Grade II listed churches in Birmingham
Grade II listed cathedrals
19th-century churches in the United Kingdom
Dormition of the Mother of God
Gothic Revival church buildings in England

Birmingham Orthodox Cathedral


Transit buses (also city buses, town buses or public buses) are public transport vehicles that transport  people for short and medium distances, especially within the same city. Public transit buses often use large or multiple exit and entry doors to make boarding and exiting easier, and have minimal to moderate luggage spaces (or none at all), and air conditioner/heating for passengers and drivers.

Pull chains or cords are also used on public buses. Fares are usually paid with cash, tickets or certain credit/debit cards. Many people prefer using public buses, instead of driving their own automobile for many reasons (such as not able or willing to drive).

Buses

Transit bus


Joseph Philip Fuchs (April 26, 1899 or 1900 – March 14, 1997) was one of the most important American violinists and teachers of the 20th century, and the brother of Lillian Fuchs.

Born in New York, he graduated in 1918 from the Institute of Musical Art in New York where he studied with Franz Kneisel. In 1926 he was appointed concertmaster of the Cleveland Orchestra, but resigned in 1940 to pursue a solo career. After a successful New York début in 1943, he became co-founder of the Musicians' Guild, a chamber music organization which he directed there until 1956.

He toured extensively in Europe, appearing at the 1953 and 1954 Prades festivals, and in South America, the USSR, Israel and Japan; he also played as a soloist with every important orchestra in the USA.  Joseph Fuchs performed a series of recitals with pianist Artur Balsam in 1956 for the Peabody Mason Concert series in Boston.

A Ford Foundation grant in 1960 enabled him to commission Walter Piston's Second Violin Concerto, the première of which he gave that year in Pittsburgh. Fuchs also gave the first performances of concertos by Lopatnikoff (1944–5), Ben Weber (1954) and Mario Peragallo (1955); of Martinů's Madrigaly for violin and viola, dedicated to Fuchs and his sister Lillian (1947); of the revised version of Vaughan Williams's Violin Sonata, with Artur Balsam (1969); and of the posthumous American première of Martinů's Sonata for two violins and piano (1974).

Fuchs became a violin professor at the Juilliard School of Music in 1946, and in 1971 he received the Artist Teacher's Award from the American String Teachers' Association.

Fuchs died in Manhattan in 1997.

He played the "Cádiz Stradivarius" violin of 1722. His style of playing was vigorous and large-scaled, with a masterful technique and a rich, warm tone. A clear example of all this may be heard in his recording of Stravinsky's Duo Concertant (Decca, with Leo Smit).

References

Sources
J. Creighton: Discopaedia of the Violin, 1889–1971 (Toronto, 1974), 226ff
D. Rooney and R.D. Lawrence: 'Joseph Fuchs', The Strad, xcix (1988), 896–904
M. Campbell: Obituary, The Independent (18 March 1997)

External links
Joseph Fuchs, 97, a Violinist and Teacher Obituary in The New York Times, March 17, 1997
, WNCN-FM, 19-Feb-1982

American classical violinists
Male classical violinists
American male violinists
Jewish American classical musicians
Year of birth uncertain
1997 deaths
Juilliard School faculty
20th-century classical violinists
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American Jews
20th-century American violinists
Musicians from New York City

Joseph Fuchs


Niall Garve O'Donnell (; 1569 – 1626) was an Irish chieftain, alternately an ally of and rebel against English rule in Ireland. He is best known for siding with the English against his kinsman Hugh Roe O'Donnell during the Nine Years' War in the 1590s.

Overview
He was the son of Conn O'Donnell, the son of Calvagh O'Donnell the ruler of the lordship of Tyrconnell. Amongst his brothers were Hugh Boy, Donal and Conn. Niall Garbh was incensed at the elevation of his cousin Hugh Roe (Red Hugh) to the chieftainship in 1592, was further alienated when the latter deprived him of his castle of Lifford, and a bitter feud between the two O'Donnells was the result.

While Red Hugh O'Donnell was engaged in the Nine Years' War against the English, Niall Garve exploited the political situation to his own advantage. Niall Garve made terms with the English government, to whom he rendered valuable service both against the O'Neills and against his cousin, enabling an English force to land at Derry under Sir Henry Docwra: Docwra for a time regarded Niall as an invaluable ally. But in 1601 he quarrelled with the Lord Deputy of Ireland, who, though willing to establish Niall Garve in the lordship of Tyrconnell, would not permit him to enforce his supremacy over Sir Cahir O'Doherty in Inishowen. Nonetheless the same year he led an Anglo-Irish force that captured Donegal. It was then laid siege to by the rebels, but Niall Garve oversaw a successful defence.

After the departure of Hugh Roe from Ireland in 1602, Niall Garve tried to seize the chieftainship, and was "inaugurated" as the 25th O'Donnell in 1603, but without the full required support of the derbfine (electoral kinship group). This was repudiated by Hugh Roe's surviving family, and especially by his younger brother Rory. To find a solution, Niall Garve, and Hugh Roe's brother Rory went to London in 1603, where the privy council endeavoured to arrange the family quarrel.

As a result, King James I of England granted some lands to Niall Garve, but raised Rory to the peerage as Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, and also granted him the territorial Lordship of Tyrconnell.

Niall Garve was later accused of turning against the Crown. When Sir Cahir O'Doherty launched an uprising by burning Derry in 1608, Niall Garve was charged with complicity in the ensuing O'Doherty's Rebellion. He and his son Neachtain were sent to the Tower of London, where they remained until their deaths.

Family
Niall Garve had married his cousin Nuala, sister of Hugh Roe and Rory O'Donnell. When Rory fled with Hugh O'Neill the Earl of Tyrone to Rome in 1607  (see the Flight of the Earls), Nuala, who had left her husband when he joined the English against her brother, accompanied him, taking with her, her daughter Grania. She was the subject of an Irish poem, of which an English version was written by James Mangan from a prose translation by Eugene O'Curry.

A bhean fuair faill ar an bhfeart
Thruaigh liom a bhfaghthaoi d'éisdeacht
Dá mbeath fian Gaoidheal ad ghar
Do bhiadh gud chaoineadh cognamh…

'O woman that hast found the tomb unguarded,
pitiful to me the number thou findest to listen;
were the soldiery of the Gaels at thy side there would be help with thy keening.

External links
 Gaelic Book Collections, nls.uk; accessed 5 October 2015.

References

1569 births
1626 deaths
Irish lords
People from County Donegal
16th-century Irish people
17th-century Irish people
People of the Nine Years' War (Ireland)
People of O'Doherty's rebellion
People of Elizabethan Ireland
Niall
Prisoners in the Tower of London

Niall Garve O'Donnell


The A271 road is a main road through East Sussex, England. It runs east–west from the A2100 in Battle to the A22 and A267 at Horsebridge near Hailsham.

The road starts at a roundabout in Battle. It continues through the suburbs into some wooded countryside and later on the road comes to a junction with the A269. The bendy road continues through Boreham Street and Windmill Hill.
It then enters Herstmonceux, coming out of the village down a hill it then comes up to Magham Down. The road then enters Hailsham meeting the A295 and the B2104 and then goes into Lower Horsebridge meeting the A22.

The eastern end of this road was renumbered sometime after 1980 – originally the eastern end of the A271 was at Ninfield where it met the A269 which went to Battle via Catsfield (now the B2204). The current route of the A271 follows what was the B2204 and A269.

References

Transport in East Sussex

A271 road


An oligosaccharide is a polymer of a few different simple sugars. Oligosacchardides are carbohydrates. When they are hydrolized, oligosaccharides give 3 to 10 monosaccharides.

Oligosacharides are formed when 3 to 10 monosaccharide units combine with each other by the loss of water molecules, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic linkage. Conversely hydrolysis of an oligosaccharide in water in the presence of an acid or enzyme yields 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides which consist of two monosaccharides units are called as disaccharide. Oligosaccharides containing 3 monosaccharides are called trisaccharides.

Carbohydrates

Oligosaccharide


VM is an abbreviation that may stand for:

VM Corporation, a manufacturer of audio equipment
VM Motori, a manufacturer of engines
VM (operating system), IBM's virtual machine operating system
VM (nerve agent) (NATO designation), a chemical weapon agent
Veronica Mars, a TV series
Viaggio Air (IATA airline designator VG)
Vietnam (FIPS 10-4 and NATO obsolete country code VM)
Virgin Media, a major cable provider in the United Kingdom.
Virgin Mobile, a mobile phone service, a division of Virgin Media
Virtual machine
Virtual memory
Virtuti Militari
Voicemail
Voynich manuscript
 When used in an aircraft squadron callsign it denotes fixed wing aircraft in the United States Marine Corp.
It is also the extension for Apache Velocity files.
Variola major, smallpox
Vasthy Mompoint, a Broadway actress
Väike-Maarja, Estonia
Virgin Media
Vermont

VM (disambiguation)


Antelope Valley College (AVC) is a public community college in Lancaster, California. It is part of the California Community College system. It is operated by the Antelope Valley Community College District, with a primary service area of  covering portions of Los Angeles and Kern counties. Instruction is offered at several sites, including Palmdale and Lancaster, and through online and instructional television courses.

The college offers Associate in Arts and Associate in Science degrees in 71 fields as well as certificate programs in 59 vocational areas.

The main campus in Lancaster hosts the satellite location of California State University, Bakersfield-Antelope Valley (CSUB-AV), where students can obtain bachelor's and master's degrees in select subjects.

History

The institution began classes on September 10, 1929, as a department of Antelope Valley High School in Lancaster. It was established as Antelope Valley Junior College, providing the first two years of a college education for those living in what was then a remote, rural area. The name was later modified to Antelope Valley College to reflect it comprehensive nature. The average daily attendance at the college was 13 during the 1929–30 school year.

There was little growth in enrollment at the college during the depression years that followed. Alfalfa farmers in Antelope Valley were hard hit during the 1930s, and the smallest junior college in California suffered serious financial difficulties. Teachers took a 20 percent cut in salaries, which ranged from a state-mandated minimum of $1,350 a year to a $1,595 maximum.

Average daily attendance (ADA) at the college reached 100 by 1939, but with World War II, attendance plummeted. Attendance reached a low of 13 during the war, the same ADA as the year the school was founded.

There were pressures to close the junior college, but trustees and staff held out until veterans returned from the war. Enrollment grew steadily during the postwar years, partly because of the GI Bill of Rights and partly because Antelope Valley began developing an aircraft industry.

In 1959, groundbreaking was held for a new college campus on  at Avenue K and 30th Street West, designed by the architect Henry L. Gogerty (1894-1990).

The college campus has expanded to approximately  through land purchases.

Academics

Antelope Valley College has grown to a student population of approximately 16,000. It is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges.

Among the many programs offered through the college are an associate degree program in registered nursing approved by the Board of Registered Nursing, an airframe and powerplant technician program certified by the Federal Aviation Administration, and a lower division engineering program that co-ordinates with an engineering degree program offered locally through California State University, Long Beach. Other programs include aircraft fabrication and assembly (including composite materials), computer graphics, respiratory therapy, Firefighter I Academy and wildland fire technology.

In conjunction with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, the Lancaster campus hosts the Sheriff's Training Academy, which meets the requirements of the Peace Officer Standards and Training for training members of the sheriff's department and other law enforcement agencies.

The community college district is governed by a locally elected Board of Trustees consisting of five members serving four-year terms, plus a student trustee elected annually by members of the student body.

Palmdale campus
The college maintains a temporary leased site in the City of Palmdale, which serves nearly 2,000 students. Plans call for creation of a full campus on  of land in southern Palmdale on 25th Street East, south of Avenue S. College officials are working toward a sustainable enrollment of 1,000 full-time equivalent students to qualify Palmdale for center status—a key step in developing a permanent campus. Officials in April 2009 expressed their intent to submit an initial project proposal for a campus to the state in June 2010.

Athletics
The college's athletic teams are known as the Marauders. The college currently fields eight men's and eight women's varsity teams. It competes as a member of the California Community College Athletic Association (CCCAA) in the Western State Conference (WSC) for all sports except football, which competes in Southern California Football Association (SCFA).

Notable alumni
Kevin Appier, former MLB pitcher
Jim Bruske, former MLB pitcher
Brodus Clay, former WWE wrestler
DeAndra Cobb, former running back
Dave Cox, California State Senator, 1st District
Kevin Curtis, founder and chief technology officer, InPhase Technologies
Dewayne Dedmon, professional basketball player
Greg Floyd Jr., professional basketball player
Steve Knight, U.S. Congressman, California 25th District
Tony Reed, former running back
James Richards, former Canadian Football League offensive guard
Isaiah Rider, former professional basketball player
Kay Ryan, Poet Laureate, Library of Congress, July 2008 – 2010
Jim Slaton, former Milwaukee Brewers pitcher
Hunter Sharp, former professional football player

References

External links

California Community Colleges
Education in Palmdale, California
Two-year colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1929
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
College
Buildings and structures in Lancaster, California
Education in Lancaster, California
1929 establishments in California

Antelope Valley College


Muttonbird Island Nature Reserve is a nature reserve off the shore of Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia, on the southern boundary of the Solitary Islands Marine Park. It is linked to the mainland by a causeway, which acts as the northern breakwater for the harbour. With over 5,500 breeding pairs, it is a major breeding ground for wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus), known locally as muttonbirds, which migrate annually to the Philippines but return to breed on the island.

References

External links
 Muttonbird Island Nature Reserve at the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service site

Islands of New South Wales
Coffs Harbour
Mid North Coast

Muttonbird Island Nature Reserve


La Encyclopedia of Religion è un'opera enciclopedica, in lingua inglese, riservata ai temi inerenti allo studio delle religioni, pubblicata dalla casa editrice statunitense Macmillan References Usa, appartenente al gruppo editoriale Thomson Gale, a sua volta proprietà della Thomson Corporation.

Nella sua seconda edizione e ultima edizione, pubblicata nel 2005, consta CLXVI + 10735 pagine, suddivise in 15 volumi.

Alla sua predisposizione hanno collaborato oltre duemila accademici, esperti e specializzati sullo studio delle religioni, di tutto il mondo, per oltre 3.500 voci.

La prima edizione della Encyclopedia of Religion fu pubblicata nel 1987 sotto la direzione di Mircea Eliade, il famoso storico delle religioni rumeno responsabile dell' "History of Religions program" alla University of Chicago.

La  Encyclopedia of Religion è la prima pubblicazione di livello accademico e internazionale dopo la Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics curata da James Hastings, a cui collaborarono numerosi studiosi, e pubblicata tra il 1906 e il 1926.

Componenti comitato editoriale e consulenti editoriali della 2ª edizione
Responsabile editoriale: Lindsay Jones, Associate Professor, Department of Comparative Studies, Ohio State University.
Componenti del comitato editoriale:
David Carrasco, Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of Latin America, Divinity School and Department of Anthropology, Harvard University;
Giovanni Casadio, Professor of History of Religions, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità, Università degli Studi di Salerno;
Wendy Doniger, Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service Professor of the History of Religions, University of Chicago;
Gary L. Ebersole, Professor of History and Religious Studies, and Director, UMKC Center for Religious Studies, University of Missouri—Kansas City;
Janet Gyatso, Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies, The Divinity School, Harvard University;
Charles Hallisey, Associate Professor, Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Program in Religious Studies, University of Wisconsin—Madison;
Charles H. Long, Professor of History of Religions, Emeritus, and Former Director of Research Center for Black Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara;
Mary N. Macdonald,  Professor, History of Religions, Le Moyne College (Syracuse, New York);
Dale B. Martin,  Professor of Religious Studies, and Chair, Department of Religious Studies, Yale University;
Azim Nanji, Professor and Director, The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London; Jacob Olupona,  Professor, African American and African Studies Program, University of California, Davis;
Michael Swartz, Professor of Hebrew and Religious Studies, Ohio State University;
Inés Talamantez, Associate Professor, Religious Studies Department, University of California, Santa Barbara.
 Consulenti editoriali:
 Gregory D. Alles, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, McDaniel College: "Study of Religion";
 Sigma Ankrava, Professor, Department of Literary and Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, University of Latvia: "Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion";
 Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding and Liberal Studies Program, Georgetown University: "Art and Religion";
 Diane Bell, Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies, George Washington University: "Australian Indigenous Religions";
 Kees W. Bolle, Professor Emeritus of History, University of California, Los Angeles, and Fellow, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences: "History of Religions";
 Mark Csíkszentmihályi, Associate Professor in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literature and the Program in Religious Studies, University of Wisconsin – Madison: "Chinese Religions"
 Richard A. Gardner, Faculty of Comparative Culture, Sophia University: "Humor and Religion";
 John A. Grimm, Professor of Religion, Bucknell University and Co-Coordinator, Harvard Forum on Religion and Ecology: "Ecology and Religion";
 Joseph Harris, Francis Lee Higginson Professor of English Literature and Professor of Folklore, Harvard University: "Germanic Religions";
 Ursula King, Professor Emerita, Senior Research Fellow and Associate Member of the Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Bristol, England, and Professorial Research Associate, Centre for Gender and Religions Research, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London: "Gender and Religion";
  David Morgan, Duesenberg Professor of Christianity and the Arts, and Professor of Humanities and Art History, Valparaiso University: "Color Inserts and Essays";
  Joseph N. Nagy,  Professor, Department of English, University of California, Los Angeles: "Celtic Religion";
 Matthew Ojo, Obafemi Awolowo University: "African Religions";
  Juha Pentikäinen, Professor of Comparative Religion, The University of Helsinki, Member of Academia Scientiarum Fennica: "Finland Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions";
  Ted Peters, Professor of Systematic Theology, Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences at the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California: "Science and Religion";
  Frank E. Reynolds, Professor of the History of Religions and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity School and the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, Emeritus, University of Chicago:  "History of Religions";
  Gonzalo Rubio, Assistant Professor, Department of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies and Department of History and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania State University: "Ancient Near Eastern Religions";
  Susan Sered, Director of Research, Religion, Health and Healing Initiative, Center for the Study of World Religions, Harvard University, and Senior Research Associate, Center for Women's Health and Human Rights, Suffolk University: "Healing, Medicine, and Religion";
 Lawrence E. Sullivan, Professor, Department of Theology, University of Notre Dame: "History of Religions";
 Winnifred Fallers Sullivan, Dean of Students and Senior Lecturer in the Anthropology and Sociology of Religion, University of Chicago: "Law and Religion";
 Tod Swanson, Associate Professor of Religious Studies, and Director, Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University: "South American Religions";
 Mary Evelyn Tucker, Professor of Religion, Bucknell University, Founder and Coordinator, Harvard Forum on Religion and Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard Yenching Institute, Research Associate, Harvard Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies:  "Ecology and Religion";
 Hugh B. Urban, Associate Professor, Department of Comparative Studies, Ohio State University: "Politics and Religion";
 Catherine Wessinger, Professor of the History of Religions and Women's Studies, Loyola University New Orleans: "New Religious Movements";
 Robert A. Yelle, Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Toronto: "Law and Religion" ;
 Eric Ziolkowski, Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious Studies, Lafayette College: "Literature and Religion".

Enciclopedie in inglese
Studio delle religioni

Encyclopedia of Religion


Grace Ross Cadell (25 October, 1855 – 19 Februar, 1918) wis in the first group o weemen tae study medicine in Scotland an tae qualifee. She wis, alangsyd Elsie Inglis, ane o the first entrants tae the Embro Schuill o Medicine fer Women, set up bi Sophia Jex-Blake in 1886. Her determination an chairacter war shawn bi her staundin up tae Jex-Blake ower a discipleenary maiter, bein deified frae the schuil an suin Jex-Blake an her schuil efter, successfu-like. Her career as a Scots pioneer physician, surgeon wis devotit mainly tae the care o weemen an bairns. She turnt intae an acteeve suffragette an wis weel kent fur public acts o defeein the cause o women's suffrage. She wis staunin oot in providin medical care an gien a place o haund fur ither suffragettes, some o thaim war pit intae her care direct frae episodes o force feedin in prison. Her hame turnt intae weel kent as a girth fur suffragettes.

Early life an eddication
Grace Cadell wis born on 25 October 1855, the auldest o fower dauchters o George Philip Cadell o Carriden, Bo'ness, thit wis superintendent o the local coalwirks, an his wife Martina Duncanson Fleming.

In 1887, wi her sister 'Ina', Martha Georgina Cadell, Grace turnt intae ane o the students in the first o the students tak intae the Edinburgh Schuil o Medicine fur Weemen thit haed been estaiblisht bi Sophia Jex-Blake in 1886. The lecturs war gien in the schuil's premeeses in Surgeons' Square an clinical teachin at Leith Hospital. Jex-Blake wis regairdit bi her students as strict, an her rules needit the students tae lea' Leith Hospital bi 5pm. On 8 Juin 1888 Grace an Martha Cadell, alang wi Elizabeth Christie an Ida Balfour stayed in the hospital efter this ooir tae follae a patient wi head injury. Whan Jex-Blake fund oot aboot this breach o her rules she expelled Grace an Martha Cadell frae the School.

Thair respone wis tae bring on an action fur daimidges against Jex-Blake an the Schuil. The sisters claimt £500 in daimidges, an the court fund it in thair favour, gien ilka wyin wios gien £50 in daimidges in Julie 1890. The ensuin publicity wis a muckle setback fur Jex-Blake an her Schuil. Elsie Inglis, anither student fae the schuil, haednae been happy wi the haundlin o the maiter an lea'ed the Schuil in 1889. Wi the help fae her faither John Inglis, a keen supporter o medical education fur weemen, she estaiblisht the  Edinburgh College o Medicine fur Weemen in Chammers Street. Inglis an the Cadell sisters became students at the College. The Cadell sisters did guid academic-like wi Martha winnin the medal fur midwifery an Grace won the medal fur medical jurisprudence.

Grace Cadell qualifee'd in 1891 efter passin the examins fur the 'Triple Qualification' o LRCPE, LRCSE an LFPSG (awtho like mony of her peers she chose tae abbreviate this tae LRCP&SEd). This quality haed been set up wi the three Scots Medical Royal Colleges to allou fowk thit coudnae enter universitie tae dae exams alike tae the yins duin bi universitie students. This slloued her name tae git ontae the Medical Registrate an alloued her tae practise as a doctor. Weemen didnae graduate in medicine frae a Scots University until 1894.

Career

Medical career
Jex-Blake haed estaiblisht the Embro Hospital fur Weemen and Bairns, at Bruntsfield, this wad later on become Bruntsfield Hospital. This haed an halely female staff an the newly qualifee'd Cadell wis appyntit as surgical resident.

In 1899, whan Elsie Inglis stairtit up the Medical Women's Club ( Medical Weemen's Club), set up wi the prime aim tae stairt a hospital fur weemen, Grace Cadell wis a weel-kent memmer o the club an served on the medical committee o the hospital efterwids, thit wis apppent at 11 George Square. In 1904 she jynt the staff o The Hospice, on the Ryal Mile, a hospital fur weemen an bairns thit haed been set up bi Elsie Inglis. She specialised in obstetrics an gynaecology and in 1911 she teuk ower directorship o the hale clinic. She later on became registrar at the New Hospital for Women in Lunnon.

Suffrage acteevities
On 9 October 1909, Cadell wis ane o the mony suffragettes on the public procession in Embro demandin Votes fur Weemen, local named the "Gude Cause".

An acteeve suffragette she wis preses o the Leith brainch o the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU;  Weemin's Social an Poleetical Uinion) in 1907 afore jynin the newly makit Women's Freedom League (WFL;  Weemen's Freedom League). In 1912, efter refuisin tae pey taxes as a protest, her furniture wis taen awa an publicly selt at the Mercat Cross on the Ryal Mile. She turnt the gaitherin intae a suffrage meetin. Durin the Scottish Suffrage Campaign o 1913-14 (thit involved attacks on speceefic biggins) she wis medical advisor tae fowk on hunger strike in prison.

Unner the Cat and Mouse Act 1913, aften, thit meant prisoners war pit intae her personal care tae rekivver. Ethel Moorhead wis infamously pit intae her care follaein force-feedin at Calton Jail, same wi baith Edith Hudson and Arabella Scott.

In anither act o rebellion Grace refuised tae stamp the insurance cairds o her five servants an wis gien a fine o £50 bi Lord Salvesen in the Glesgae Heich Coort. The trial made the newspapers acause o fellae-suffragettes flingin aipples at the judge (but hittin ane o the jurors), at the sentencin o ither suffragettes fur fire-raisin. Grace peyed her fine wi a sackfu o copper coins as a wey tae faurer defy thaim.

Her hoose at 145 Leith Wawk  wis a reset fur suffragettes. It stuid juist north o Smiths Place but wis brocht doun tae mak a printworks (Allander Hoose). She niver mairriet but durin the course o the First World War she adoptit fower bairns.
In Julie 1914 she attendit the trial at Embro Shirra Coort o Maude Edwards, this wis chairged wi slashin the portrait o King George V on display at the Ryal Scots Academy. Edwards was fund guilty bi Shirra Maconochie an sentenced tae three month in Perth Prison (Perth bein haurder fur her suffragette freends in Embro tae attend or tae be a scunner). Grace haed tae be remuived bi force bi three constables durin the trial fur causin an affray but wasnae arrestit.

Deith an legacy

She dee'd at Mosspark Hoose, on the Rumbling Bridge road at Yetts o'Muckhart, on 19 February 1918. Hounaiver, she wisnae buried in the local kirkyard at Muckhart but wis buried wi her parents an sisters in Morningside Cemetery.

In her will, she left ower £50,000 alang wi property an muivable assets, a muckle sum at the time. This was left pairtly tae charity, tae remeenin faimilie an pairtly tae her fower taen bairns, ainly ane o thaim, Grace Emmeline Cadell, teuk her seicont name. The ithers war Margaret Frances Clare Sydney, George Bell, an Maurice Philip Shaw. Grace Emmeline wis clearly named efter Emmeline Pankhurst an is thoucht tae hiv been taen in as a new-born frae a young quine at the Magdalene Hoose in Embro, whaur girls no marriet wad hiv thair bairns tak awa an made tae wirk in workhoose condeetions as "punishment" fur becomin biggen. The ither three (aulder bairns) are thocht tae hiv been frae Dean Orphanage on the wast o the ceetie. The will gied aw o'aim £150 per annum fur the lave o thair lives, aroond four or five times the average yearly salary at the time.

In 2009, a re-enactment o the sale o Grace Cadell's furniture wis haudit at the Mercat Cross in Ebro. The re-enactment wis staged bi actors o the Citadel Arts Group tae prmuive thair play What Women want ( Whit weemin want) thit representit suffrage events in Scotland an featurt Grace Cadell's story.

Personal life
Her niece Isobel Cadell (1890–1971) mairriet Harry MacDonald Simson, cousin o the eminent physician Sir Henry Simson, hissel a cousin o Elsie Inglis, makin Elsie her second cousin.

References

Scots feminists
Fowk associatit wi Edinburgh
19t-century Scots medical doctors
Politics o Scotland
Scots cultur
1918 daiths
1855 births

Grace Cadell


In Christianity, the spiritual gifts are gifts given to Christians. Each Christian has his or her own gift (or gifts). They are talked about in the New Testament, mainly in First Corinthians 12, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. Some believe that they only worked in early Christianity.

Christian theology

Spiritual gift


Kenan Eyüp Şahin, (commonly known as Kenan Sahin) is a Turkish-born American scientist and entrepreneur. He is the founder, President and the Chief Technology Officer of TIAX LLC in Lexington, Massachusetts. He is also the founder and CEO of CAMX Power which formerly was a division of TIAX LLC and in May 2014, became a separate company.

Early life and education
He was born in Aydın, Turkey. His father, Eyüp Şahin, was an industrialist and a member of the Turkish parliament. He completed elementary school in Aydın, graduated from Robert Academy (middle school) in Istanbul, Turkey. He started high school at Robert College but completed it at Inglewood High School in California. He then started his college studies at Robert College (now the Boğaziçi University) and then transferred to MIT as a junior to finish his BS. He completed his PhD at the MIT School of Industrial Management.

Business career
The early years of Dr. Sahin's entrepreneurial career overlapped with the final years of his academic career which began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and continued at MIT with interleaved periods at Robert College of Istanbul (now the Boğaziçi University) Harvard University, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He has global patents and numerous academic publications.

In 1982, Dr. Sahin founded Kenan Systems with a $1,000 personal investment, as part of his outreach activities while at MIT. The company grew to become a world leader in telecommunications software, creating nearly 1,000 professional jobs. Dr. Sahin was named the Ernst & Young New England Entrepreneur of the Year in 1998.

In 1999, Dr. Sahin sold Kenan Systems to Lucent Technologies/Bell Laboratories for $1.5 billion in a stock swap when the Lucent stock was trading at $50 a share. Subsequent to the sale, accepting a two-year offer from Lucent/Bell Labs, he became Vice President of Software Technology at Bell Labs, a member of the managing group of Bell Labs and then the President of Lucent's Software Products Group, managing 4,500 people. The same year he made a major unrestricted gift to MIT, the largest ever until then, which MIT allocated to its School of Humanities and Social Science, also endowing the Dean of the same school.

Dr. Sahin left Lucent/Bell Labs in early 2001 to return to Boston and later to start TIAX LLC. He significantly expanded TIAX in early 2002 by acquiring assets and hiring staff from the Technology and Innovation unit of Arthur D. Little, Inc. which had come to an end.

In 2003, the World Economic Forum named Dr. Sahin one of its 40 Technology Pioneers. He received the New England Business and Technology's first "Circle of Excellence" award in 2004. In 2006, he was given the Golden Door Award by the International Institute of Boston in recognition of his achievements as both an entrepreneur and an academic. In 2007, TIAX was recognized as one of the Global Growth companies by the World Economic Forum, and Dr. Sahin was invited to Davos-East held in Dalian, China to address Innovation. In 2010, he was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor and this recognition was entered into the US Congressional records. In 2015, he was given an honorary doctorate in engineering by Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, Turkey.

TIAX
Using its laboratories, scientists, engineers and technicians, and links to innovation sources, TIAX selects and matures early stage technologies primarily in energy into innovative, de-risked, IP-based and market-ready proto-products for service-supported licensing, sale or joint. CAMX Power is one major result of the TIAX model. Its flagship product CAM-7, one of the most advanced cathode materials for lithium-ion battery applications in the automotive and high-end portable electronics markets has been licensed for scaled up production by one of the largest chemical/material companies.

Board memberships
He serves on the Board of MIT (life member), Council of Competitiveness Executive Committee, the Board of Robert College of Istanbul and the Board of Overseers of the Boston Symphony Orchestra ( Emeritus). He served on the Board Argonne National Laboratory, National Electrical Manufacturers Association Board in Washington, DC, on the MIT Energy Initiative Advisory Board, on the Boards of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, AFS Intercultural Programs, and as a team member for the Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress.

Personal life
Dr. Sahin currently resides in Massachusetts.

References

External links
 Dr. Kenan Sahin Honored
 Kenan Sahin Playlist Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler  radio show May 12, 2004
 $75 million Kenan Sahin Fund announced for humanities, arts, and social sciences at MIT
 SECOND ACTS: Taking R&D projects and running them to market is a TIAX specialty

1941 births
Living people
Turkish businesspeople
Turkish social scientists
Turkish business theorists
Turkish emigrants to the United States
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Robert College alumni
Harvard University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
University of Massachusetts Amherst faculty

Kenan Sahin


Danda Naata or Danda Jatra ()is one of the most important traditional dance festivals organized in different parts of South Odisha and particularly in the Ganjam District, the heartland of ancient Kalinga Empire. The Danda Naata festival is being held in the month of Chaitra of every year. As per Ram Prasad Tripathy's article, it is an ancient festival of the Kalinga kingdom and still alive in and around the ancient Kalinga capital Sampa or Samapa i.e modern day Jaugada of Ganjam district. The Participants of Danda are called Danduas (also known as Bhoktas) and they pray Goddesses Kali and Shiva during this 13-, 18- or 21-day Danda period.

Danda begins on an auspicious day before the Chaitra Sankranti  or Meru Parba with traditional worship and fasting. The total number of days for the festival is 13, 18 or 21 days. Only male persons take part in this festival. The participants are known as the 'Bhoktas'. All the `Bhoktas` or 'Danduas'  lead a very pious life for all these days during the festival and they avoid eating meat, fish or cohabiting during this period.

It is believed that the present day Danda Naata is a part of the ancient Chaitra Yatra festivals being celebrated every year at Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha. The Kalinga Emperors organised this Chaitra festival for their Ista devi, Tara Tarini. As per folk lore, during ancient period after 20 days of Danda practice the Danduas  must assemble near Tara Tarini Shakti/Tantra Peetha (which is Ista devi of the Great Kalinga rulers) and with some hard rituals culminate their Danda on the last day.

This practice continued for many years and Chaitra Yatra which is still celebrated at Tara Tarini Shakti Peetha in the month of Chaitra, is also another part of that old tradition. But later this Danda Naata spread to different parts of Utkala and Koshala. Now the old tradition was changed. Danda Naata groups increased abnormally and the Danduas culminating their Danda in their own villages or locality instead of Tara Tarini Shakti/Tantra Peetha.

Etymology
Danda has various meanings, but there are two main meanings of the word
 Club, Rod, Pole, Stick, Staff, Sceptre
 Punishment, Chastisement

The term Naata comes from the word Natya, which gives many different denotations of music, dance and drama. The term Jatra means theatre.

Folktale of the origin of the word danda
Lord Ganesh was being taught a dance by his father, Lord Shiva. It was a religious dance called Tandava Nritya. In the process of learning the dance, Lord Shiva kicked the stage he was on, and made a sound that sounded like the word "Dan". Then a piece of brass material broke off the chain Lord Shiva wore around his ankle and fell on a percussion instrument known as Mardala. The brass material hitting the Mardala made a very loud "Da" noise. Those two sounds were put together to form the word Danda. Danda came to be associated with dance because of that episode.

Danda Naata Ceremony
Danda Naata is an Indian dance festival that originated in the Ganjam district of Odisha. Danda Naata is a form of a religious festival that has theatrical and dance components. The dance is done mainly to worship Lord Shiva, the God of destruction of the Hindu mythology. There are other Gods and Goddesses that are worshiped by the spiritual dance also, such as Krishna Ganesh, Kali, and Durga amongst others. The low caste Hindus and the high caste, such as the Brahmins, all participated in the Danda Naata. The dance along with the accompanying events is performed over the course of three months March, April, and May. Some events are performed in March – April, the month of Chaitra, and other events are performed in April – May, the month of Vaishakha.

People commit self- inflicted wounds to worship Lord Shiva because the philosophy of ancient Hindu says that for a person to be great, one has to have self-control over one's body (Kaya), mind (Mana), and speech (Vakya).

So in order to achieve greatness, a lot of punishments, Danda, to the individual must be undergone, so this event is known as Danda Naata.

Dance component of the religious festival
Danda Naata consists of multiple dances. People start Danda by fasting, having a single meal a day made up of rice and dal, and worshipping their Lord before the actual dances occur.
This dance consists of a series of dances which are performed one after another by the male members belonging to the Scheduled Castes and other backward castes. In this dance the Ghasis provide the music with the help of Dhol and Mahuri. The dance has a rich repertory. Parva dance is the first item of the repertory. The Prabhakar and the Prabhakariani, dressed in multi coloured dress, dance in the beginning. The dancer places a piece of cloth on his shoulders and holds the ends of the same in front with both the hands. He moves his hands forward and backward, right and left, to the rhythm of the dance. A semi-circular plate, made of bamboo sticks and covered with coloured and decorated cloth with ornamental border, is tied to the back of the Prabhkar. The Prabhakar wears multi coloured skirt and jacket. The Prabhakariani, a male in female role, dresses himself in sari and kanchala (blouse). The Prabhakariani holds apiece of coloured handkerchief in his hand. After the Parava dance is over the Hara –Parvati dance begins. Then a group dance of Fakir and Fakiriani is performed. The dances of Savara  and Savarani, Chadeya and Chadouni, are performed one after another. Then the party performs a leela based on a story from the Ramayana or the Mahabharata or from any other Puran through songs and dances . Patarasaura and Patarasaurani perform their dance at the end of the leela. The last, but not the least, is the Binakar who closes the performance with his most significant songs and dances. Then males that belong to backward and scheduled castes perform the Parava dance. In the Parava dance, the Prabhakar, male acting as a male, and the Prabhakariani, a male acting as a female, begin the dance in multi – colored clothing. A piece of cloth is placed on the shoulders of dancers. The cloth is held with both hands and the dancers move the cloth backwards and forwards and side to side according to the rhythm of the dance. Then immediately following that dance the Hara – Parvati is performed.

After those dances are performed, a host of other dances are performed. The Fakir and Fakiriani, a group dance, is performed first. Then the Savara and Savarani are performed with the Chadeya and Chadouni dances being performed directly after. Then everyone gets involved in the festivities by performing a leela through songs and dances, which is based on a story from various Purans. After the leela, the Patarasaura and Patarasaurani perform their  traditional dance. Lastly, the Binakar ends the events through dances and songs.

The roles of the dancers
The various dances of the Danda Naata have various themes behind them. Each of the roles in the dances sing a different tune. Some songs are based on historical stories, while others have a more comical approach. Some groups use a question/answer approach. The groups that use that approach have one role, male or female role, ask questions, while the other role give answers to those replies. Although the songs can be performed through multiple approaches, all the songs have the same style, folk and Odissi.

Music
The music of the Danda Naata is different for different dances . The songs are of different tunes for different characters. The songs are mainly devotional and mostly based on stories from the epics. Humorous songs are sometimes sung by the dancers . sometimes they put questions in songs and their counterpart give the reply in songs. The songs are of folk and Odissi style. The dance originated from tribal dances, but has been much influenced by the Yatra and Pala performance of the state. Danda Naata is being gradually modernized in respect of music, dance, costume, style  and make up. It is thereby losing its original simplicity and traditional characteristics.

References

Festivals in Odisha

Hindu festivals

March observances
April observances
Dance festivals in India

Danda Nata


John Francis Bray (26 June 1809 – 1 February 1897) was a radical, chartist, writer on socialist economics, and activist in both Britain and his native America in the 19th century. He was hailed in later life as the "Benjamin Franklin" of American labor.

Life
John Bray was born in Washington, D.C., while his father was performing with a theatrical company based in the city. Bray's father had been born into a Yorkshire family of farmers and clothiers around Huddersfield. In 1822 they moved back to the West Riding, to Leeds. But their initial plans were stymied when his father died shortly after their return. Young John was then lodged with a relative and was apprenticed into the printing trade around the West Riding. He moved back to Leeds in 1832 and worked on a local paper and became involved in the working class movement in Leeds, including the Chartist Movement, then growing in Leeds around Feargus O'Connor's Northern Star. He also helped to found the Leeds Working Men's Association in 1837 and became its first treasurer. He delivered a number of lectures to the membership from which his first pamphlet Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy was drawn.

Following the repression of the first wave of the Chartist Movement in the wake of the abortive uprising attempts of 1839 and the economic depression of 1841-1842, Bray returned to the US in 1842 and became a printer in Detroit. He later moved to Pontiac, Michigan, where he began a family and later moved from printing into farming on a nearby farm. During the 1850s and 1860s he was active in the Democratic and working class movement locally and throughout the midwest. He wrote articles and lectured around the midwest opposing a range of social ills from Spiritualism to the Civil War and slavery. He supported the Socialist Labor Party and joined the Knights of Labor. As an old man he helped to shape the politics of the Populist Party of the 1890s.

Ideas and influence
Bray's pamphlet Labour's Wrongs and Labour's Remedy is quoted at length by Karl Marx in his 1847 attack on Proudhon, The Poverty of Philosophy. In it Marx uses him to show the unoriginality of Proudhon's mutualist proposals. Indeed, Bray's economics are those that have somewhat controversially (see Noel Thompson reference) been ascribed to the Ricardian socialists. In short a belief that the source of employers profits is an unequal exchange with employees in which the latter is not paid the full value of their labor. The remedy then is based on creating a society of equal exchange between producers at fair value. Bray's ideas in this sense are in the tradition of market socialism.

According to French Socialist Paul Lafargue, who calls "Labour's Wrongs, and Labour's Remedy" "his remarkable work", Bray had called for the establishing of "equitable labour exchanges", not "as a solution of the social problem" but "only [as] a means of smoothing over the transition from the capitalist to the communist régime". In this he was echoing Marx's own comments on Bray in his polemic against Proudhon almost word for word. Several were started in 1840 -- "in London, Sheffield, Leeds and other towns", but "after absorbing vast capital, had gone bankrupt under scandalous circumstances."

Bibliography
 Bray, John Francis, Labour's wrongs and labour's remedy, Leeds, England (1839).
 Bray, John Francis, Government and society considered in relation to first principles, (1842)
 Bray, John Francis, A Voyage from Utopia to Several Unknown Regions of the World, (written 1842; published posthumously)
 Bray, John Francis, The coming age devoted to the fraternisation and advancement of mankind through religious, political and social reforms. No. 1 Spiritualism founded on a fallacy, (1855)
 Bray, John Francis, No. 2 The origin of mundane and human energies unfavourable to spiritualism, (1855)
 Bray, John Francis, American destiny what shall it be? Republican or Cossack? An argument addressed to the people of the late Union North and South, (1864)
 Bray, John Francis, God and man a unity and all mankind a unity; a basis for a new dispensation social and religious, (1879)

References

 Bronstein, Jamie, John Francis Bray: Transatlantic Radical
 Thompson, Noel W., The People's Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis, 1816-1834, London (1989).
 Marx, Karl, "The Poverty of Philosophy", New York(1963).

External links
 Chartists in Leeds - home of the Northern Star and civic Chartism
 Catalogue of the papers of John Francis Bray held at LSE Archives

See also
Chartism
Market socialism
Mutualism
Owenism
Ricardian socialism

1809 births
1897 deaths
19th-century American economists
American abolitionists
American male non-fiction writers
Chartists
People from Washington, D.C.
American trade union leaders
Socialist economists

John Francis Bray


The Indiana Theatre is a multiple use performing arts venue located at 140 W. Washington Street in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was built as a movie palace and ballroom in 1927 and today is the home of the Indiana Repertory Theatre. It was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1979.  It is located in the Washington Street-Monument Circle Historic District.

Description
The building is six stories and is of concrete frame construction. The front of the building is sheathed in white terra cotta. The main feature of the facade is the curving triangular arch with churrigueresque framing that fills the central bay above the marquee. The original marquee is still in place. The basement originally contained bowling alleys and billiard rooms. Upper floors were divided between office space and theater space. The interior included an entrance lobby, -story main lobby and a 3,200-seat auditorium. The auditorium was distinguished by elaborate plaster ornamentation based on Spanish Baroque motifs. The building is topped by the Indiana Roof Ballroom, a large atmospheric ballroom decorated to resemble a square surrounded by buildings with a stage at one end. The ballroom has an elliptical dome with sky effects. The theater is a major example of the American motion picture palace. The building was restored and the auditorium was extensively remodeled in 1979–80 to accommodate the needs of the Indiana Repertory Theatre.

References

Further reading
 Historic American Buildings Survey in Indiana, edited by Thomas M. Slade, page 43

External links

 Information about Building - http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=indianarepertorystreetatre-indianapolis-in-usa
Indiana Theatre from Indianapolis, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary

Movie palaces
Cinemas and movie theaters in Indiana
Historic American Buildings Survey in Indiana
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Indiana
Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Event venues established in 1927
Buildings and structures in Indianapolis
National Register of Historic Places in Indianapolis
1927 establishments in Indiana

Indiana Theatre (Indianapolis)


José Ramón Montero is a professor of Political Science at the Autonomous University of Madrid and at the Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales, Juan March Institute, Madrid. He obtained his Ph.D. in Law at the Universidad de Santiago, and has taught at the Universities of Granada, Santiago, Zaragoza, Cádiz and Complutense de Madrid.

He has been visiting fellow at the Universities of Harvard, California in Berkeley and Ohio State University, Secretary and Dean of the School of Law at the Universidad of Cádiz, and Deputy Director of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. He has been a member of the Standing Committee for the Social Sciences, European Science Foundation, and is currently a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the European Social Survey and of the Academia Europaea. He has also been Director of the Economics and Social Science Programme, Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, chairman of the Departamento de Ciencia Política y Relaciones Internacionales (UAM), and member of the Editorial Committee of the Revista Española de Ciencia Política. He has published extensively on electoral behaviour, political parties, and political culture.

Among his publications are La CEDA: el catolicismo social y político en la II República (1977), El control parlamentario (1985, with Joaquín G. Morillo); El régimen electoral (1996, with Richard Gunther et al.), and Democracy in Modern Spain (2004, with R. Gunther and Joan Botella); and has co-edited with Juan J. Linz, Crisis y cambio: electores y partidos en la España de los años ochenta (1986); with Ricardo Chueca, Elecciones autonómicas en Aragón (1995); with R. Gunther and J. J. Linz, Political parties: old concepts and new challenges (2002), and with Mariano Torcal, Political disaffection in contemporary democracies (2006).

References

Academic staff of the National Autonomous University of Mexico
Academic staff of the University of Cádiz
Harvard University staff
University of California, Berkeley staff
Ohio State University faculty
Spanish political scientists
Members of Academia Europaea
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

José Ramón Montero


Sergeant Major Edwin Bezar (18 February 1838 – 6 February 1936) was an English soldier and author who fought in the Crimean War, counterinsurgency in the Aden Settlement and the New Zealand Wars.  At his death in 1936 aged 97 he was the last surviving soldier of the 57th Regiment that had fought in the New Zealand Wars; he may have been the war's last surviving combatant but this is impossible to confirm due to incomplete records.  In retirement he was an active public servant for the New Zealand Defence Department, including organising the first Maori Rifle Corps of Volunteers in the 1870s. He was a prolific correspondent and wrote an account of his experiences in the New Zealand Wars.

Early life

Edwin Bezar was born at Corsham, Wiltshire, England on 18 February 1838. Little is known of his childhood but he later claimed to have met the pioneer photographer Fox Talbot.  Lacock Abbey, near Bezar's birthplace, was the setting for Fox Talbot's historic images of the 1840s.

Crimean War

Bezar's older brother Zachariah joined the army and was sent with the 57th Regiment to the Crimean War. Edwin, eager to follow him, enlisted aged 16 into the 62nd Regiment at Chippenham on 29 January 1855 and arrived in the Crimea on 10 February 1856.  He soon made contact with his brother, now a corporal and a veteran of the Battles of Balaklava and Inkerman, and transferred into the 57th Regiment on 6 March. All fighting had by now finished and Bezar was among the working parties employed on reinterring the dead and erecting cemetery walls.

Aden

In September 1857, news came of civil unrest in the Aden Settlement.  Two companies of the 57th, one of which was Bezar's, were detached at once and arrived off Aden on 13 October. The 57th Regiment was involved in frequent skirmishes with the local population while posted there from 1857 to 1860.  Bezar and the Aden companies embarked for India in March 1860, to re-join the rest of the regiment then stationed at Puna, Gujarat.

New Zealand Wars

In 1860, further unrest in New Zealand prompted the 57th Regiment to be sent there as reinforcements.  Bezar's ship entered Auckland harbour on 21 January 1861.  Promoted to Sergeant in August, Edwin Bezar fought in the Second Taranaki War and saw a considerable amount of action between 1863 and 1866.

Bezar was particularly proud of the part he played in the capture of the young Maori leader Hori Teira at Poutoko Redoubt, New Plymouth on 25 May 1863. He later met Hori Teira in Molesworth Street, Wellington in 1908, some 45 years later, and they discussed the incident cordially, Hori Teira presenting his side of the incident to Bezar.  Bezar was at the Battle of Katikara on 4 June 1863; the capture of the Kaitake Pa on 11 March 1864 and Kakeramea Pa on 13 March 1865; and the battle of Otapawa Pa on 13 January 1866. When Captain Lloyd's detachment of the 57th in Kakaramea was attacked and that officer killed on 1 October 1865, Sergeant Bezar commanded the relief party from New Plymouth.

His obituary reports his being present at the Battle of "Kaierau" or Kairau, but this is inaccurate because the battle took place on 29 December 1860, pre-dating the 57th Regiment's arrival in New Zealand by a month.  It states, "nine of the regiment were killed" and so is probably confused with Wairau, the Maori ambush of 4 May 1863 that preceded Hori Teira's capture.

Bezar had been a Sergeant for nearly five years when he was made Colour Sergeant on 15 May 1866. In 1866 the 57th Regiment was recalled to England.  On 25 May 1867, Edwin Bezar was "discharged with gratuity" at Auckland, having married and decided to settle in New Zealand.

Later life

Bezar was appointed sergeant major with the Wanganui District Militia in September, 1868. He was employed by the New Zealand Defence Department for nearly 25 years. During that time he was responsible for establishing the first School Cadet force in New Zealand, in 1872; invented a new system of target musketry for training; and organised the first Maori Rifle Corps of Volunteers.  In 1891 Bezar published his memoirs of the New Zealand Wars. In 1892 he retired to Wellington, where he lived at 19 Rintoul Street, becoming a respected local figure. Bezar was often presented to dignitaries on official visits to New Zealand including Governor-General Viscount Jellicoe in 1920 and H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, Colonel-in-Chief of the Middlesex Regiment in 1922, and he was given a signed photograph of the latter meeting.

He was a prolific correspondent with the Middlesex Regiment's Journal and his letters and reminiscences were published there over many years.  He was an interviewee of the author James Cowan for the writer's two-volume account of the New Zealand Wars.

He died in Wellington Hospital on 6 February 1936, twelve days short of his 98th birthday. He is buried at Karori Cemetery, Wellington.

His New Zealand Medal 1845–66 was acquired at auction by the National Army Museum, London in 2002 in "extremely fine" condition for £1200.

Further reading

E. Bezar (Sgt. Major), Some reminiscences of the 'die hards' (57th West Middlesex Regiment), Mills, Dick & Co., Dunedin, 1891

James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars and the Pioneering Period, Vols I & II, Government Printer, Wellington, NZ, 1922

Early Wellington, Compiled by Louis E. Ward, Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd 1928.  Pages 334–337.

References

1838 births
1936 deaths
People of the New Zealand Wars
New Zealand military personnel
British military personnel of the New Zealand Wars

Edwin Bezar


Cranes are a British dream pop band. Their most well known song is perhaps "Shining Road". They formed in 1985 in Portsmouth, England. The band's founding members were singer Alison Shaw, her brother Jim Shaw and guitarist Kevin Dunford. Dunford left the band in 1990. He was replaced by Mark Francombe who had such diverse musical influences as Velvet Underground, Can and Thobbing Gristle. He also liked building experimental electronic devices to alter his guitar-sound as well as wearing experimental hair. In 1989 their 6-track EP Self Non Self was released by Bite Back. A further guitarist, Matt Cope, was recruited. In 1990 they released an EP called Inescapable. It was their first release on the record label Dedicated. Later in 1990 they released another EP, Espero. 1991 saw the release of Tomorrows Tears followed by Adoration.

Their first album, Wings of Joy, was released in 1991. It reached number fifty-two in the UK Album Chart. In 1992 they opened 90 shows for The Cure on the U.S. and European legs of their "Wish" world tour. During a break from this tour their second album Forever was written and recorded and was released in 1993. It got to number forty in the UK. The single "Jewel" reached number twenty-nine in the UK Singles Chart. It was a collaboration with The Cure and became Cranes best-selling single.

Their third album Loved was released in 1994. Three singles were released from the album: "Lilies", "Shining Road", and "Beautiful Friend". In 1996 Cranes released 10,000 copies of La Tragédie d'Oreste et Électre. This album, based on a Jean-Paul Satre work, Shaw recites entirely in French. The next year Population 4 was released. It was their last album on Dedicated.

In 1997 the band broke up. In 2000 they reformed. They released Future Songs in 2001. In 2002 they performed before The Cure at Hyde Park. They released an EP called Submarine. Only 2000 copies of it were made. There were eight songs on it. All of them were remixes. In 2004 Particles and Waves was released. Cranes performed as the opening act for The Cure at the Move Festival. In 2007 Cherry Red Records released Wings of Joy again. Seven extra songs were on it. In 2008 they released an album called Cranes on their record label Dadaphonic. Pitchfork gave it a score of 7.2 out of 10. In 2009 Loved was released again by Cherry Red Records. There were seven extra songs on it.

References

Musical groups established in 1989
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups

Cranes (band)


Professor James Weirick is an Australian academic who was the Director of the Master of Urban Development and Design (MUDD) program at the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.

Professor Weirick is well known as a world authority on Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin, the architects who won the international competition to design the masterplan for Australia's capital, Canberra.

Prior to joining UNSW in 1991, Weirick was Head of Landscape Architecture at RMIT University (1988–91). He held academic positions at RMIT from 1987 to 1993. He was a lecturer in Landscape Architecture at Canberra College of Advanced Education (1982–1986). He has had various consultancies in Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra. Weirick holds a Master of Landscape Architecture from Harvard University.

References
 James Weirick on ABC Compass program
 Article on Griffin Society website citing Weirick
 Australian Government National Capital Development Authority website Advisory Panel
 James Weirick adding to protesters voice about Sydney's oldest public open space on the ABC

Selected publications
 Walker, M., Kabos, A. and Weirick, J. (1994) Building for nature : Walter Burley Griffin and Castlecrag, Castlecrag, N.S.W. : Walter Burley Griffin Society  ()

External links
 Staff webpage at UNSW

Harvard Graduate School of Design alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic staff of RMIT University

James Weirick