Sir James Clark Ross  (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer known for his explorations of the Arctic, participating in two expeditions led by his uncle John Ross, and four led by William Edward Parry, and, in particular, for his own Antarctic expedition from 1839 to 1843.

Biography

Early life
Ross was born in London, the son of George Ross and nephew of John Ross, under whom he entered the Royal Navy on 5 April 1812. Ross was an active participant in the Napoleonic Wars, being present at an action where HMS Briseis, commanded by his uncle, captured Le Petit Poucet (a French privateer) on 9 October 1812. Ross then served successively with his uncle on HMS Actaeon and HMS Driver.

Arctic exploration

Ross participated in John's unsuccessful first Arctic voyage in search of a Northwest Passage in 1818 aboard Isabella. Between 1819 and 1827 Ross took part in four Arctic expeditions under William Edward Parry, taking particular interest in magnetism and natural history. This was also where he served as midshipman with Francis Crozier, who would later become his close friend and second-in-command. From 1829 to 1833 Ross again served under his uncle on John's second Arctic voyage. It was during this trip that a small party led by James Ross (including Thomas Abernethy) located the position of the north magnetic pole on 1 June 1831, on the Boothia Peninsula in the far north of Canada, and James Ross personally planted the British flag at the pole. It was on this trip, too, that Ross charted the Beaufort Islands, later renamed Clarence Islands by his uncle. Ross then served as supernumerary-commander of HMS Victory in Portsmouth for 12 months.

On 28 October 1834 Ross was promoted to captain. In December 1835 he offered his services to the Admiralty to resupply 11 whaling ships which had become trapped in Baffin Bay. They accepted his offer, and he set sail in HMS Cove in January 1836. The crossing was difficult, and by the time he had reached the last known position of the whalers in June, all but one had managed to return home. Ross found no trace of this last vessel, William Torr, which was probably crushed in the ice in December 1835. He returned to Hull in September 1836 with all his crew in good health.

British Magnetic Survey
From 1835 to 1839, except for his voyage with Cove, he was one of the principal participants in the British Magnetic Survey, a magnetic survey of Great Britain, with Edward Sabine, John Phillips and Humphrey Lloyd. This also included some work on geomagnetic measurements in Ireland in 1834–1835, working with Sabine and Lloyd. In 1837, Ross assisted in T. C. Robinson's improvement of the dip circle during the survey; anomalous results had been discovered by Ross in 1835 in Westbourne Green. In 1838, Ross completed magnetic observations at 12 different stations throughout Ireland. The survey was completed in 1938; some supplementary measurements by Robert Were Fox were also used.

Antarctic exploration

On 8 April 1839, Ross was given orders to command an expedition to Antarctica for the purposes of 'magnetic research and geographical discovery'. Between September 1839 and September 1843, Ross commanded  on his own Antarctic expedition and charted much of the continent's coastline. Captain Francis Crozier was second-in-command of the expedition, commanding , with senior lieutenant Archibald McMurdo. Support for the expedition had been arranged by Francis Beaufort, hydrographer of the Navy and a member of several scientific societies. On the expedition was gunner Thomas Abernethy and ship's surgeon Robert McCormick, as well as Joseph Dalton Hooker, who had been invited along as assistant ship's surgeon. Erebus and Terror were bomb vessels—an unusual type of warship named after the mortar bombs they were designed to fire and constructed with extremely strong hulls, to withstand the recoil of the heavy weapons. The ships were selected for the Antarctic mission as being able to resist thick ice, as proved true in practice.

En route to the Southern Ocean, Ross established magnetic measurement stations in Saint Helena, Cape Town, and Kerguelen before arriving in Hobart in early 1840 and establishing a further permanent station with the help of governor John Franklin before waiting for summer.

Ross crossed the Antarctic Circle on 1 January 1841. Shortly after, he discovered the Ross Sea and Victoria Land, charting  of new coastline, reaching Possession Island on 12 January and Franklin Island on 27 January (which Ross named after John Franklin). He then reached Ross Island, with the volcanoes Mount Erebus and Mount Terror, which were named for the expedition's vessels. They sailed for  along the edge of the low, flat-topped ice shelf they called variously the Barrier or the Great Ice Barrier, later named the Ross Ice Shelf in his honour.

After being forced to overwinter in Tasmania, Ross returned to the Ross Sea in December 1841 before travelling east past Marie Byrd Land to the Antarctic Peninsula. The next winter, the expedition overwintered in the Falkland Islands before returning to survey the Antarctic Peninsula over the summer of 1842–1843.

Ross attempted to penetrate south at about 55° W, and explored the eastern side of what is now known as James Ross Island, discovering and naming Snow Hill Island and Seymour Island. Ross reported that Admiralty Sound appeared to him to have been blocked by glaciers at its southern end.

The expedition's main aim was to find the position of the south magnetic pole. While Ross failed to reach the pole, he was able to determine its location. The expedition also produced the first accurate magnetic maps of the Antarctic.

Ross's ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843. He was awarded the Grande Médaille d'Or des Explorations in 1843, knighted in 1844, and elected to the Royal Society in 1848.

Search for Franklin's lost expedition

On 31 January 1848, Ross was sent on one of three expeditions to find John Franklin. Franklin's second in command was Ross's close friend Francis Crozier. The other expeditions sent to find Franklin were the Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition and the expedition aboard HMS Plover and  through the Bering Strait. He was given command of , accompanied by . Because of heavy ice in Baffin Bay he only reached the northeast tip of Somerset Island where he was frozen in at Port Leopold. In the spring, he and Leopold McClintock explored the west coast of the island by sledge. He recognized Peel Sound but thought it too ice-choked for Franklin to have used it. In fact, Franklin had used it in 1846 when the extent of sea ice had been atypically low. The next summer he tried to reach Wellington Channel but was blocked by ice and returned to England. Ultimately every member of Franklin's expedition perished.

Personal life

Ross married Ann Coulman in 1843. A blue plaque marks Ross's home in Eliot Place, Blackheath, London. His closest friend was Francis Crozier, with whom he sailed many times.

He also lived in the ancient House of the Abbots of St. Albans in Buckinghamshire. In the gardens of the Abbey there is a lake with two islands, named after the ships Terror and Erebus.

Ross remained an officer in the Royal Navy for the rest of his life and was subsequently promoted several times, his final rank being Rear-Admiral of the Red awarded in August 1861.

Ross died at Aston Abbotts on 3 April 1862, five years after his wife. They are buried together in the parish churchyard of St. James the Great.

In fiction
Ross, played by British actor Richard Sutton, is a secondary character in the 2018 AMC television series The Terror, portrayed in a fictionalised version of his 1848 search for Franklin's lost expedition, as well as in the 2007 Dan Simmons novel on which the series is based. Ross is also mentioned continually by Jules Verne in his novel The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (for example, chapter XXV is entitled 'One of James Ross's foxes').

Tributes
 The Ross seal, one of the four Antarctic phocids, first described during the Ross expedition
 The James Ross Strait, Ross Bay, Ross Point, and Rossøya in the Arctic are all named after him
 , former name of Noosfera, a National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine research ship.
 The crater Ross on the Moon is named after him
 Ross's gull, a small gull, the only species in its genus, that breeds in the high arctic of northernmost North America and northeast Siberia
 Ross Dependency, Ross Island, Ross Ice Shelf and Ross Sea in the Antarctic are all named after him
 Mont Ross, the highest mountain, at a height of , in the Kerguelen Islands, is named after Ross

See also
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration
 Port-Christmas

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
19th-century explorers
1800 births
1862 deaths
Anglo-Scots
English people of Scottish descent
English polar explorers
People from the London Borough of Islington
Explorers of Antarctica
Explorers of the Arctic
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Royal Navy rear admirals
Military personnel from London

James Clark Ross


, also known as simply Symphogear, is a Japanese anime television franchise animated by Satelight. The original season aired on Tokyo MX between January and March 2012. The second season entitled Symphogear G aired between July and September 2013, The third season, Symphogear GX, aired between July and September 2015, and the fourth season, Symphogear AXZ, aired between July and September 2017. The fifth and final season, Symphogear XV, aired between July and September 2019. A manga adaptation was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Newtype Ace magazine between November 2011 and April 2013. A mobile game titled Symphogear XD UNLIMITED was released in June 2017 in Japan.

Plot
Two idols, Tsubasa Kazanari and Kanade Amō, collectively known as Zwei Wing, battle against an alien race known as Noise using armor known as Symphogear, which uses the power of music to counteract the Noise's destructive capability. However, Kanade sacrifices herself to protect a girl named Hibiki Tachibana, who ends up with a piece of Kanade's Symphogear relic, Gungnir, embedded in her chest. Two years later, Hibiki awakens the power of the Gungnir relic inside her body, gaining the same Symphogear armor that Kanade had. Using the power of song, Hibiki and her fellow Symphogear wielders must fight to protect the innocent and defeat those who would use the Noise for evil.

Characters

Symphogear Users
Collectively termed as Symphogear Adaptors, these are the main protagonist of the franchise. Each  are armed with a ruby-like  shard, which can conjure a , a hyper-advanced alchemic powered armor powered by one's , the user's harmonized melody. Symphogears, otherwise called as , has an access to an  weapon that was unique to them specifically, and multiple different forms that can be unlocked through various factors that bypass some of each gear's 301,655,722 locks, with its ultimate true form, , can only be unlocked via a large amount of Phonic Gain.

Furthermore, Symphogear users can access its , an extremely powerful attack that can normally used in critical situations, though the damage inflicted by the Superb Song is determined by the compatibility coefficients, if the coefficient of compatibility is high, less damage will be done. In some worst cases, using a Superb Song while in a critical condition, or when the effects of "LiNKER" wearing off, can lead to fatal feedback for the user, potentially killing them and/or their Symphogear in the process.

Symphogears can only be used by compatible Candidates, though some characters can bypass the synchronization requirement, either through the use of a "LiNKER" drug or by being fused with a relic.

A cheerful, rather childish but sometimes cautious schoolgirl who attends the same school as Tsubasa. Two years ago, while attending a Zwei Wing concert, she was nearly killed by the Noise, barely surviving thanks to the sacrifice of Kanade, who taught her never to accept death. During the first episode, when she becomes cornered by the Noise, she sings the same song she heard Kanade sing and ends up gaining Symphogear powers due a fragment of Kanade's armor that entered her body that day. Whenever she becomes really angry, she sometimes enters a state of frenzy. She is seen capable of using Durandal, and uses it in the final battle against Finé with the help of her friends. She was thought to be dead after destroying a large section of the moon to save Earth, along with Tsubasa and Chris, but she actually survived, along with the others.

In the second season, it is shown that the Gungnir relic is spreading through her body, growing more with every transformation, which gives her increasingly explosive power but will eventually lead to Gungnir bursting out from inside her body and killing her. She manages to cure this thanks to the laser from Miku's gear removing hers, completely cleanse her body of Gungnir fragment thus fully disabling her transformation. In the final battle at the Frontier she manages to revive her Symphogear by using energy from Maria's Gungnir. Her past is also revealed that she was bullied due to her survival from the previous attack.

In the epilogue of the fourth season, it is revealed that Hibiki and Miku were purged from the "original sin", or more accurately the Curse of Balal, when they were hit by the ShenshouJing's negating laser. This might be the reason why Hibiki turned into a Divine Weapon when the divine power is fused within her in the near season finale.

Her Symphogear is the SG-r03', codenamed , which originally belonged to Kanade. However, since it is only a fragment, she originally possesses less armor compared to the original, though the armor itself is capable of transforming in the same manner as an Armed Gear to a limited degree. She compensates for this by specializing in powerful martial arts, using short bursts of energy and multiple pistons in its armor to power her punches or launch herself at great distances. Her Armed Gear is her hands, figuratively and literally, which materialized as numerous types of piston or jet-powered gauntlets, as well as to absorb the excess energy generated by other Symphogears' Superb Song and redirect it into a combination attack. After regaining her Symphogear through Maria's relic near the end of G, she has since having access to jet-powered gauntlets or a drill as her Armed Gear.
She is also notable that unlike the remaining gear users, she doesn't possess any significant weapons arming on her side except for her hands, which have been upgraded with powerful punching abilities.

A girl who has the power to use Symphogear armor, which uses music to fight off against aliens known as Noise. She was formerly a part of a duo known as , but her partner, Kanade, sacrificed herself fighting the Noise and she has since been fighting the Noise alone. After the death of her partner Kanade, to whom she is rather attached with after witnessing Kanade's urge to fight the noise, Tsubasa became quiet, cold and aloof. She is very reluctant to work with Hibiki, refusing to accept her as Kanade's replacement, but she and Hibiki eventually get to be good friends. She is also a rather popular pop idol, though she refuses to sing in concerts or accept proposals to release her songs internationally, viewing herself only as a weapon that sings only to fight. However, after "talking" to Kanade after singing her superb song, Tsubasa starts to open up to Hibiki, and even sings in the place where Kanade was killed, and later, accepting a contract overseas. She "dies" in the explosion of Kadingir, when she destroys it, but was revived with the Symphogear. She was thought to be dead once again after destroying a large section of the moon to save Earth, along with Hibiki and Chris, but she actually survived, along with the others. Her weapon is a katana. Officially she is granddaughter and the first heir of Fudō Kazanari (which later be the villain in XV when he and Yatsuhiro discuss about the divine power and getting it for themselves), the current head of Kazanari family, daughter of Yatsuhiro Kazanari, a high-ranking national security official, and niece of Genjūrō Kazanari, commander of Special Disaster Response Team Section Two. Biologically she is the daughter of Fudō Kazanari and younger half-sister of Yatsuhiro and Genjūrō Kazanari.
Her Symphogear is the SG-r01, codenamed  (Totsuka-no-Tsurugi), a Symphogear designed for precise close-quarters combat due to its ability to manifest blades all over the user's body. Her Armed Gear is a katana, which can increase its size to match the power needed to overpower stronger Noise.

A mysterious half-Japanese girl who works under the main villain, Finé. Chris wields the stolen , and has the ability to summon and command Noise at will through the use of a relic called "Solomon's Cane"; she also possesses a Symphogear, but refuses to use it because of her hatred of singing. Chris works with Finé in order to fulfill her wish of stopping wars by killing all those with the power and will to fight. This is because, eight years prior, Chris' parents  and  took Chris with them to South America to use music performances to help the refugees of a civil war. However, Masanori and Sonnet were killed in a terrorist bombing, and Chris herself was kidnapped and sold into sex slavery. Two years before the series, she was rescued by the UN and returned to Japan; Section Two then arranged to take her in, but Chris was instead kidnapped by Finé to be used as a tool for her plans. However, Finé ends up abandoning Chris when Chris does not live up to her expectations. Chris then sides with Hibiki and Tsubasa against Finé. Chris "dies" while trying to protect the moon from Finé's Kadingir, fulfilling her parents' dream of bringing peace to the world with her song, but Chris is later revived by the song of the Lydian students. Chris is thought to be dead once again after destroying a large section of the moon to save Earth, along with Tsubasa and Hibiki, but she manages to survive. Afterwards, Chris officially joins the Special Disaster Response Team Section Two.
Her Symphogear is the SG-r02, codenamed , a Symphogear specialized for long-ranged supportive offense. Her Armed Gear is a crossbow, but due to Chris' violent imagination, it can change into several types of guns and missiles, sometimes able to wield multiple guns and missiles all at once.

Debuting in Symphogear G. An energetic singer of Ukrainian origin, who reached the top of the American music charts about two months after her debut. Although it has a mysterious quality, her vigorous singing voice has crossed over international borders and garnered a large number of wild and enthusiastic fans throughout the world. To bring forth justice, she has risen as an enemy against all of humanity, clad in a Gungnir Symphogear that is outside of the Japanese government's control. Her weapon is a second Gungnir, with a spear similar in form to Kanade's but with different features including a powerful cannon mode. Maria initially claims to be the newest reincarnation of Finé, but this is eventually revealed to be a ruse. Like Kanade, Maria is reliant on LiNKER to maintain synchronization with her Symphogear, giving her a time limit in battle and causing her superb song to be potentially fatal. In GX she briefly uses Hibiki's Gungnir to protect her friends from the Alca-Noise, and later thanks to Elfnein she starts using Serena's relic Airgetlam.
Her Symphogear is the SG-x00, codenamed , a special Syphogear known for its versatility and adaptability. Her Armed Gear takes the form of a whip-sword that can be used in many different ways, either as a throwing knife or a combat knife, as well as a powerful railgun.

Debuting in Symphogear G. One of the mysterious Symphogear users who coordinates with Maria's team. Although she appears docile on the outside, she is actually a bold tactician that has frequently used any means necessary to meet her goals. She harbors strong feelings of distrust against Hibiki, who has been named a hero after saving the Earth from a moon fragment, and she will constantly belittle Hibiki's actions by calling her a "hypocrite". Later in the battle between her and Kirika, it is revealed that she is the true host of the reincarnated Finé. In GX, she is redeemed and regrets her actions before she personally apologizes to Hibiki.
In XV, it is revealed that prior to arriving at FIS, she was caught in a car accident that killed her parents and gave her amnesia. As a result, she does not remember her real name. Her current name was one assigned to her based on the belongings she had with her at the time.
Her Symphogear is the SG-i01, codenamed , a Syphogear designed for mobility and lethality, with her Armed Gear being the many disc blades stored in several parts of her body.

Debuting in Symphogear G. Kirika is another one of the mysterious Symphogear users. Although she has a very straightforward cheerful and cooperative personality, she harbors a shadowy past as one of the "Receptor Children" who was treated as an observation subject at a certain research facility along with Maria, Serena, Shirabe and others. The bonds between Kirika and her friends are so strong that she feels no fear from fighting against the entire world. Thought to be the true host of the reincarnated Finé when she suddenly uses Finé's powers to protect herself and Shirabe from falling debris, it is later revealed in the battle between her and Shirabe, that Shirabe is the actual host. Stressed with the loss of her assumed identity Kirika attempts suicide with Igalima out of guilt resulting in Igalima killing Shirabe by accident when moving Kirika out of the path of the attack.

In a flashback in AXZ Episode 9, back to when Kirika and Shirabe first met Kirika said she didn't remember her birthday. One episode later, after nearly killing herself with the result in a LiNKER overdose she tells Hibiki how she never knew her own birthday and how she wants everyone to be happy on them at any cost before falling unconscious.
Her character songs from G and GX mention small parts of her past. "Tegami" mentions how she probably lived in famine conditions, while "Okitegami" says that she's a bombing victim. Out of everyone, Kirika doesn't have any trace of blood family nor any memories of her past. Her history is the most unknown along with Shirabe. She often ends her sentences with Death .
 Her Symphogear is the SG-i02, codenamed , a Symphogear made to deal with multiple hordes of Noise at once. Her Armed Gear is a scythe, which can change its appearance for increased lethality.

Hibiki's best friend, who shares a dorm with her. After a Noise attack, she figures out Hibiki's secret, where they have a little trouble in their friendship, but Miku eventually joins Special Disaster Response Team Section Two to help Hibiki. In the second season, she is controlled and corrupted by Dr. Ver into becoming the user of the relic Shénshòujìng as a part of his plans to locate and unlock the Frontier. She is freed from it after Hibiki puts her in the path of her own negating laser. In XDU, Miku uses the Shenshoujing to fight Hibiki's alternate counterpart from a parallel world.
In the epilogue of the fourth season, it is revealed that Hibiki and Miku were purged from the "original sin", or more accurately the Curse of Balal, when they were hit by the Shenshoujing's negating laser.
Her Symphogear is the SG-i03, codenamed , a Symphogear made to negate relics and its powers. Her Armed Gear are several reflective mirrors she can use to fire lasers that can negate the effects of relics.

Supporting characters

Tsubasa's former partner who fought alongside her. Five years ago, when her family was killed in a Noise attack, she was given harsh medical treatment to make her body compatible with the Gungnir relic, to which she consented to, hoping to avenge them. She had since performed alongside Tsubasa, growing an appreciation for letting others hear her songs and forming the vocal duo, Zwei Wing. Two years ago, she sacrificed herself to protect Hibiki during a Noise attack, singing her superb song which destroyed them and herself. During the attack, a piece of her armor was implanted in Hibiki's body, allowing her to use the same powers. She continues to support Tsubasa in her times of need through her spirit and Tsubasa's dreams.
Her Symphogear is the SG-r03, codenamed Gungnir, which is the original incarnation of Hibiki's Symphogear, but has more armor and has an Armed Gear which is a lance.

The commander of Special Disaster Response Team Section Two. He is also Tsubasa's uncle (officially), her older half-brother (biologically), and a fan of action movies. His physical strength is strong enough to deflect Tsubasa's Symphogear and her Armed Gear alone. After the first attack by Chris, he becomes Hibiki's teacher in martial arts at her request. He blames himself for his agents not being able to find Chris when she was kidnapped by Finé two years ago, but Genjūrō and Chris make up and she willingly cooperates with Tsubasa and Hibiki under Genjūrō's supervision only. He starts to get suspicious of Ryōko's activities.

Head scientist of Special Disaster Response Team Section Two and creator of the Symphogear. She has the ability to form powerful force-fields. She tends to sexually harass Hibiki and shows inappropriate interest in her. Her loyalties are somehow questionable, as she concerns herself more over the Symphogears and related relic experiments. Ryōko is revealed to be in actuality the main antagonist, Finé, who had possessed Ryōko's body and erased her consciousness long ago, for Finé's ultimate goal of using the power of Kadingir (Sumerian name of Babylon) to destroy the moon and bring about chaos on Earth.

One of the agents of Special Disaster Response Team Section Two and Tsubasa's manager during her shows. He is an experienced veteran fighter, who is able to fight without having a gear. This allows him to help the girls in some part, though his role is mostly supportive rather than taking direct combat.

She works in Special Disaster Response Team Section Two and is always in the underground part of the school.

He works in Special Disaster Response Team Section Two and is always in the underground part of the school.

Debuting in Symphogear G. Maria's younger sister who successfully became a Symphogear user and displays unparalleled talent. With her calm and gentle personality, she feels hesitant to use her gear's power for the purpose of fighting. Her tender singing voice soothes Maria's soul, and her smile has become the very foundation of Maria's determination. Five years ago, she sacrificed herself by singing her superb song to seal the Nephilim that was rampaging to protect Maria, Nastassja and the other scientists.

Debuting in Symphogear G. Commonly referred to as  or  by Maria, Kirika, and Shirabe. A Russian heretical engineer who supports the operations of Maria's team. After the events of the "Lunar Attack", one segment of information regarding the sacred relics was released to the public, however the knowledge that Nastassja holds is far greater than that. Although she looks upon Maria's team with kind eyes, in order to help them achieve their difficult mission she intentionally treats them very strictly. She uses a wheelchair.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. A girl from the world of alchemy who bears a resemblance to Carol. She comes before the other Symphogear users to provide them with a means of combating the Alca-Noise. From the end of GX onwards, she works with S.O.N.G as their mechanic.

Minor characters

Hibiki and Miku's classmate and friend. An anime-lover, a running gag involves her proclaiming how life is similar to an anime.

Another one of Hibiki and Miku's classmates and friends. Calls Hibiki, Miku, and Chris by the nicknames "Bikki", "Hina", and "Kinechri", respectively.

Another one of Hibiki and Miku's classmates and friends. Calls her friends by their last names.

, ,

Debuting in Symphogear G. Classmates of Chris, who attempt to befriend her despite her attempts at avoiding them. Komichi is the girl with long brown hair and a yellow headband; Yuki is the girl with long dark-green hair in a high ponytail; and Otome is the girl with short brown hair and glasses.

, ,

Debuting in Symphogear G. Classmates of Tsubasa. Ayumu is the girl with short brown hair and a willow's peak; Tōko is the girl with short blonde hair held back with a white headband; and Ako is the girl with bangs and short dark-brown hair that curls outwards.

Owner of Flower

A woman who runs the okonomiyaki shop named "Flower", which Hibiki, Miku, and other classmates from Lydian visit frequently. Her real name is unknown.

The head of the music company "Metro Music", who supports Tsubasa and her music performances.

The Minister of Defence, who supports Special Disaster Response Team Section Two. He is assassinated by the American government on the order of Finé so that she, as Ryoko in disguise, can get a new Minister of Defence elected who will unintentionally further the construction of Kadingir, as Hiroki was against Finé's plans to do so.

Debuting in Symphogear G. The Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is often caught up in dealing with the complexities of current world affairs, but his main duty is to protect the Japanese government's national interest and the black art crystallized technology of the Symphogear system. Although he is often seen as having a rude personality, he is the only man that understands Genjūrō, and is generally a person who cooperates with the Special Disaster Response Team Section Two's operations.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. Hibiki's father, who abandoned the family following the fall-out of the Zwei Wing concert tragedy. He reappears during Carol's attack to attempt to make amends with Hibiki and become part of the family again.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. Tsubasa's father (in fact, biological half-brother) and Genjūrō's brother. A government agent who carries out actions on the line between legal and illegal, he is the one who allowed Maria to transfer to SONG upon her request. Though Yatsuhiro treats his daughter, Tsubasa, coldly and calls her a "stained tool of the Kazanari clan", he truly cares about Tsubasa and only pushes her away in an attempt to allow her to follow her dreams as an idol. He dies in XV after shielding Tsubasa from a bullet fired by Fudō.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. Tsubasa's grandfather (in fact, biological father) and the father of Genjūrō and Yatsuhiro. Wishing for a pure-blooded heir to the Kazanari clan, Fudō impregnated Yatsuhiro's wife to give birth to Tsubasa.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. A woman from Val Verde who was a friend of Chris' mother and father, helping the Yukine family to realize their dream of bringing peace to the world with songs. Chris looked up to Sonia and thought of her as an older sister. However, due to Sonia's carelessness, terrorists were able to sneak a bomb into the camp the Yukine family resided in, killing both Chris' parents. Chris and Sonia were separated in the confusion; though Sonia managed to survive harm, Chris was captured by the terrorists and sold into slavery. Chris and Sonia meet again nine years later when SONG intervenes in Val Verde due to reports of Alca-Noise.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. Sonia's little brother, who played soccer. He and his village were enslaved, but after he is rescued by Hibiki during a conflict with the Alca-Noise, is able to request the help of Hibiki, Tsubasa, and Chris to free his village. However, Stephan's leg is grabbed by an Alca-Noise, and Chris is forced to shoot it off to stop Stephan from disintegrating entirely.

Antagonists

A mysterious woman responsible for Chris' attacks on Special Disaster Response Team Section Two. Finé wants to kidnap Hibiki in order to experiment on her fusion with Gungnir, as well as take the relics gathered by Section Two for her plans. Finé works with the American government to secure the relics and funding needed for her goals, and was the one who caused the Zwei Wing concert tragedy and stole the Nehushtan Armor two years prior to the series. Finé is convinced that only pain can unite human hearts, and uses this as a reason for whenever she sexually abuses or tortures Chris for punishment or entertainment. After Chris fails to live up to her expectations, Finé abandons her and takes the Nehushtan Armor for her own use. Finé's ultimate goal is to use the ion particle cannon, Kadingir, to destroy the moon, freeing humanity of the Curse of Balal, while also causing chaos via gravitational disturbances so that humanity will bow down in fear to her.

Finé is an ancient priestess who had served God and in time came to love Enki, though the true nature of this love is ambiguous. She built the Tower of Babel in an attempt to reach him, but her efforts were confounded when he threw down the tower and inflicted the Curse of Balal upon humanity. Undeterred, Finé sealed her soul in her genes so that her consciousness would awaken whenever one of her descendants would be exposed to the Aufwachen (awakening in German) wavelength given off by the relics. Due to this reason, she is essentially immortal, capable of resurrection so as long her DNA is passed down. Finé claims she was responsible for the paradigm shifts that had changed humanity throughout history, working through the bodies of her descendants. Finé works through Ryōko's body over the course of season one, until it is destroyed in the finale. Finé's consciousness then goes to Shirabe, but when Shirabe takes the hit which Kirika meant to commit suicide with, Finé takes the blow instead, and her soul dies protecting Shirabe.

In Symphogear GX, it is revealed by Carol that Finé was the one who began the practice of alchemy and songs as a means of uniting the world after the collapse of the Tower of Babel. In Symphogear AXZ, it is further revealed that the Bavarian Illuminati in fact founded the practice of alchemy using heretical technology leftover by Finé, but Finé defeated them in order to monopolize the technology for her own means.

Debuting in Symphogear G. Commonly referred to as . A researcher who was transferred from the USA's sacred relic research institution and works together with Special Disaster Response Team Section Two to analyze the Sakurai Theory, though this was quickly revealed as a ruse to secure Solomon's Cane. As an expert on biochemistry, he has demonstrated an aptitude for research involving the bonding of living organisms to sacred relics. Deeply ambitious, Ver is fascinated with the Symphogears and their users, and developed a more advanced form of the LiNKER drug that allows sync ratios to be raised by force along with a counteragent. He is also visibly insane, prone to sudden and extreme outbursts of emotion despite his normally calm demeanor. It's later revealed that he planned to make the moon crash to Earth so he can repopulate humanity himself. After the destruction of the Nephilim, he's imprisoned despite his desire of dying a hero and later on sentence to death.

In GX, is revealed he was imprisoned in the Undersea Dragon Palace because of the merging of his left arm with the Nephilim cells and saved Carol before she was defeated. He helps Carol power up the Chateau de Tiffauges, and she stabs him once his purpose is fulfilled. He helps Maria, Shirabe and Kirika deactivate the Chateau and ends up sacrificing himself to protect them from the destruction of the castle.

His surname was named after the legendary Gaul chieftain who led a failed anti-Roman uprising, Vercingetorix.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. A girl from a world of alchemy who seeks to destroy the world in order to avenge the death of her father. She is focused on destroying all the miracles in the world, particularly Hibiki. She has access to her own relic and can obtain an adult form in combat by sacrificing all her memories. After being defeated by Hibiki, Chris, and Tsubasa, she commits suicide in order to avoid being captured. It is later revealed that she has been resurrected following the destruction of Galie and Micha and that she has a connection to Elfnein, which allows her to use her senses. She planned for the destruction of the Autoscorers using the Ignite modes to power up the Chateau de Tiffauges and by disturbing the ley lines, she intended to use the Chateau to destroy the world and obtain all its knowledge. When Elfnein said that her father didn't want her to destroy the world, she admits that she's right, but also that she's too resentful toward the world to stop. When the Chateau de Tiffauges is destroyed, she refuses to surrender and uses all her memories to create a giant mechanical lion (based on Gregar from Mega Man Battle Network 6) to fight the heroines, only to be defeated when Hibiki combines the power of all their relics to destroy the Mechalion. She survived the battle but at the cost of all of her memories. After reconciling with the dying Elfnein, Carol and Elfnein merge into a single being so both can live at the same time, but at the great cost of erasing Carol's soul in the process. She returns in XV to help Elfnein save Miku, as well as to help the gear users (save for Hibiki) to fight Shem-Ha by providing phonic gain required to unlock the X-Drive for them. Later, she also tried to stop Shem-Ha while the gear users are in the Lunar Ruins but was defeated. After they return to Earth, she joins them for the final battle against Shem-Ha.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. One of the four Autoscorers Carol has under her command. Phara has incredible flexibility and wields a pair of swords. Her elemental affiliation is with Wind. She is destroyed by Tsubasa using her Ignite Module.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. An Autoscorer who uses coins to perform high speed projectile attacks. She also has a "little sister" Autoscorer who is capable of incredible destruction (which was later revealed that she has two bodies). Her elemental affiliation is with Earth. She is destroyed by Chris using her Ignite Module.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. An Autoscorer who can manipulate water to create illusions or form ice attacks. Her elemental affiliation is with Ice. She is destroyed by Maria using her Ignite Module.

Debuting in Symphogear GX. A combat-type Autoscorer who has a violent and psychotic personality, possessing claws and rocket-powered hair. Her elemental affiliation is with Fire. She is destroyed by Shirabe and Kirika in a combined attack with both of them using their Ignite Modules.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. An alchemist from the Bavarian Illuminati. A female beauty who dresses like a man. Having achieved mastery of alchemy through which a state of perfection can be obtained, Saint-Germain created for herself a perfect body which can live eternally. She now strives to create the power of God so she can free humanity from oppression. She has existed for at least four hundred years. Saint-Germain was born the daughter of a sex slave, and was abandoned by her father, with her mother later dying of sickness and malnutrition; this on top of her own abuses and molestations is why Saint-Germain wishes to free humanity from oppression. In the near finale of AXZ, joined by Cagliostro and Prelati, they use their lapis philosophorum's perfect purification to not only nullify the nuclear missile that was launched by America, but also turn its explosion into the Divine Power. However, it comes at a great price as their move destroys their bodies and turning into energy.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. An alchemist from the Bavarian Illuminati. She used to be a man who was a swindler known for his endless lies, before being granted a perfect body by Saint-Germain. Cagliostro has since sworn to never lie about her feelings.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. An alchemist from the Bavarian Illuminati. She used to be a man who indulged in luxury and pleasure, before being granted a perfect body by Saint-Germain, following his defeat at her hands. Prelati has since sworn to become an earnest researcher, but sometimes lets her preference for fun get in the way of her work.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. An Autoscorer from the Bavarian Illuminati. She was created by Adam to observe the motions of the planets and record them as star maps.

Debuting in Symphogear AXZ. An alchemist who is the founder of the Bavarian Illuminati. He is an individual whose lineage is shrouded in mystery. He was an Automaton created by the Custodians, but was rejected due to his fatal flaw, being a perfected and complete creature. Adam's ultimate goal was to take the Divine Power for himself to ensure that he would surpass the Custodians before they even get to Earth. However, with his plans failed and the Symphogears overpowering him, he's forced to reveal his true form: A giant Automaton demon. He is destroyed when Hibiki uses the power of Chrysopoeia, with the help of the spirits of the alchemists.

Debuting in Symphogear XV. She is the leader of the Bavarian Illuminati remnants known as Noble Red after Adam's death in AXZ. Her name references the Villa Diodati.

Debuting in Symphogear XV. She is a failed experiment by the Bavarian Illuminati to produce a vampire of legend. Her name references Carmilla.

Debuting in Symphogear XV. She was an experimental subject of the Bavarian Illuminati implanted with bestial DNA. Her name references the Beast of Gévaudan.

Debuting in Symphogear XV.

Media

On November 20, 2022, it was announced at the end of the "Symphogear Live 2020→2022" concert that a new project in the Symphogear franchise was being developed, to be released at an unannounced date.

Manga
A manga accompaniment to the series, illustrated by Dan Yoshii, was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's NewType Ace magazine between November 2011 and April 2013.

Anime

The anime, produced by Satelight and Encourage Films, began airing in Japan on Tokyo MX between January 6, 2012, and March 30, 2012. Funimation Entertainment (now known as Crunchyroll) licensed the series for North America and simulcast the series on Nico Nico. The opening theme was "Synchrogazer" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme was "Meteor Light" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Minami Takayama, and Yuka Iguchi used throughout the season. Discotek Media released this season on subtitled Blu-ray Disc in North America on October 27, 2020.

On September 5, 2012, Thomas Romain, an animator on the series, wrote on Twitter "for the ones who liked Symphogear, there will be good news soon!", later revealing on October 6, 2012, that production on a second season has begun. The second season, titled Senki Zesshō Symphogear G, aired between July 4, 2013, and September 26, 2013. The opening theme for the second season was "Vitalization" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme was "Next Destination" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple new character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Yōko Hikasa, Yoshino Nanjō, Ai Kayano, and Yuka Iguchi used throughout the season. Discotek Media released this season on subtitled Blu-ray Disc in North America on January 26, 2021.

A third season, titled Senki Zessho Symphogear GX, aired in Japan between July 4, 2015, and September 25, 2015, and was simulcast by Chernin-owned Crunchyroll. Crunchyroll also began streaming the first season from September 2, 2015, followed by Symphogear G on September 18, 2015. The opening theme for the third season was "Exterminate" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme was "Rebirth-day" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple new character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Yōko Hikasa, Yoshino Nanjō, Ai Kayano, Yuka Iguchi, and Inori Minase used throughout the season.

A fourth and fifth season were announced on February 28, 2016, at the Symphogear Live 2016 event in Japan, and are currently in production. The fourth season, titled Symphogear AXZ (pronounced "axis"), began airing between July 1, 2017, and September 30, 2017. The opening theme is "Testament" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme is "Futurism" performed by Ayahi Takagaki, with multiple new character and insert songs performed by Aoi Yūki, Nana Mizuki, Ayahi Takagaki, Yōko Hikasa, Yoshino Nanjō, Ai Kayano, Minako Kotobuki, Shōta Aoi, and Rina Hidaka.

The fifth  and final season, titled Symphogear XV, was originally scheduled to premiere in April 2019, but the airdate was pushed back to July 2019 in order to further refine the anime before its release. The fifth season aired between July 6, 2019, and September 28, 2019. The opening theme is "Metanoia" performed by Nana Mizuki, and the ending theme is "Lasting Song" performed by Ayahi Takagaki. Medialink licensed the fifth and final season in South and Southeast Asia and streaming this anime in their YouTube channel.

The Zwei Wing duo, Tsubasa and Kanade, made a paper cameo in Genshiken Second Season episode KOIBANA3, created by Manabu Kuchiki for a cosplay idea.

Video games
Characters from Symphogear appear in Super Heroine Chronicle, a role-playing game developed by Namco Bandai Games for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita and released in Japan on February 6, 2014.

A smartphone game, Senki Zesshō Symphogear XD Unlimited, developed by Bushiroad, was released on June 26, 2017. An English version of the smartphone game was released by Pokelabo Games on February 14, 2020. However, quite possibly due to mismanagement and the likely lack of a large playerbase needed to maintain the game in the long run, the English version was shut down on July 31 of the same year, with all information about it purged from all official sites.

Reception
In the 2019 Anime UK News Readers' Choice Awards, Symphogear XV won the category for "Best TV Anime". Symphogear won the category for "Most Wanted Anime License", and was runner-up for the category of "Most Wanted Manga License". Hibiki and Miku were runner-up for the category of "Best Couple".

Notes

References

External links

Action anime and manga
Anime with original screenplays
Discotek Media
Encourage Films
Funimation
Medialink
Kadokawa Shoten manga
LGBT in anime and manga
Magical girl anime and manga
Music in anime and manga
Satelight
Shōnen manga
Tokyo MX original programming

Symphogear


Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta (modern Tulul ul Aqar (Telul al-Aqr) in Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq) was a new cult center for Ashur and perhaps a new capital city founded by the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (about 1243–1207 BC) just north of Assur. Its name meant "Port Tukulti-Ninurta".

History
Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta was a totally new foundation about  north of Assur, which was the old capital of the Assyrian empire. Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta was placed on the eastern bank of the river Tigris. The walled area of the town was about 800 by 800 meters in size. In the middle there was a wall dividing the city into a western and eastern part. In the western part, near to the river, a temple was excavated for the Assyrian main deity, Ashur. The temple complex, measuring about 53 by 90 meters had a zikkurat on its western side. In the zikkurat was found a text identifying the temple as the temple of Ashur and also providing an identification of the city (the city was already before the excavations known from other texts). From further texts it is known that the cult image of the god was moved from Assur to this temple.

North of the temple stood the royal palace. The palace was placed on a platform, originally about 18m high. All remains of the palace building on the platform are lost, although many wall paintings were found. They show that the palace was richly decorated. Next to the palace a second, badly preserved palace building was found. Perhaps this was the entrance for a bigger palace complex, incorporating both palaces.

The city was largely abandoned after the death of king Tukulti-Ninurta I with minor occupation continuing through the Neo-Assyrian period. The cult image of Ashur was brought back to Assur.

Archaeology

Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta was first excavated from 1913 to 1914 by a German team from the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft (German Oriental Company) led by Walter Bachmann which was working at the same time at Assur. The finds are now in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, in the British Museum and in Istanbul. Bachmann did not publish his results and his field notes were lost. A full excavation report appeared only in 1985

Work at the site was resumed in 1986 with a survey by a team from the German Research Foundation led by R. Dittman. A season of excavation was conducted in 1989.
 The survey showed that the site, which was thought to cover only 62 hectares, actually extended out to at least 240 hectares.

See also
Cities of the ancient Near East
Short chronology timeline

Notes

References
 Tilman Eickhoff: Kār Tukulti Ninurta: Eine mittelassyrische Kult- und Residenzstadt. Deutsche Orientgesellschaft Berlin: Mann, 1985.
Liane Jakob-Rost, Inschriften auf kleineren Tongefäßen aus Assur und Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta, Forschungen und Berichte, Bd. 31, pp. 55–65, 1991
Deller, K., et al., "Two New Royal Inscriptions Dealing with Construction Work in Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta," BagM, vol. 25, pp. 459–472, Taf. 13-17, 1994
R. Dittmann, Assur and Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta, American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 96, pp. 307–312, 1992

External links
Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft site web page (german)

Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
1913 archaeological discoveries
Ancient Assyrian cities
Archaeological sites in Iraq
Saladin Governorate
Former populated places in Iraq
Middle Assyrian Empire
2nd millennium BC in Assyria

Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta


Mamie Van Doren (born Joan Lucille Olander; February 6, 1931) is an American actress, singer, and sex symbol. She is perhaps best known for the rock 'n' roll, juvenile delinquency exploitation film Untamed Youth (1957).

Early life
Van Doren was born on February 6, 1931, in Rowena, South Dakota, the daughter of Warner Carl Olander and Lucille Harriet Bennett. She is of three-quarters Swedish ancestry; the remainder is mixed English and German. In 1939, the family moved to Sioux City, Iowa, and then to Los Angeles during May 1942.

In early 1946, Van Doren began working as an usher at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood. The following year, she had a bit part on an early television series. She sang with Ted Fio Rito's band and entered several beauty contests. At age 17, she eloped to Santa Barbara, California, with Jack Newman, but because of his abusive nature the marriage was quickly dissolved. In the summer of 1949, at age 18, she won the titles Miss Eight Ball and Miss Palm Springs. She was engaged to heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey, but broke the engagement upon signing a contract with Universal Studios.

Producer Howard Hughes discovered Van Doren when she was crowned Miss Palm Springs. The pair dated for several years. Hughes launched her career by placing her in several RKO films.

Career

In 1950, Hughes provided Van Doren with a bit part in Jet Pilot at RKO Radio Pictures, which was her film debut. Her line of dialogue consisted of one word, "Look!" and she appears uncredited in the film. Though production of the movie was from 1949 to 1953 (delays by Hughes), it was not released until 1957. The following year, 1951, she posed for pin-up girl artist Alberto Vargas.

Van Doren did a few more bit parts in movies at RKO, including His Kind of Woman (1951) starring Robert Mitchum, Jane Russell and Vincent Price. About her appearance in this movie, Van Doren said "If you blinked you would miss me. I look barely old enough to drive."

Van Doren then began working on the stage. She was a showgirl in New York City in Monte Proser's nightclub version of Billion Dollar Baby. Songwriter Jimmy McHugh discovered her for his musicals, then decided she was too good for the chorus line and should have dramatic training. She studied with Ben Bard and Bliss-Hayden. While appearing in the role of Marie in a showcase production of Come Back, Little Sheba, Van Doren was seen by Phil Benjamin, a casting director at Universal International.

On January 20, 1953, Van Doren signed a contract with Universal Studios. They had big plans for her, hoping she would bring the same kind of success that 20th Century Fox had with Marilyn Monroe. Van Doren, whose signing day coincided with the inauguration of President Eisenhower, was given the first name Mamie for Ike's wife, Mamie Eisenhower. Other Van Dorens, who were unrelated to Mamie, were a prominent and noted family of American intellectuals; these Van Dorens included two Pulitzer Prize-winning brothers, Carl (biographer) and Mark (poet), and Mark's wife Dorothy, an academic and historian.

Universal first cast Van Doren in a minor role as a singer in Forbidden, starring Tony Curtis. Interested in Van Doren's allure, Universal then cast her in The All American (1953), (also starring Tony Curtis), playing her first major role as Susie Ward, a wayward girl who is the man-trap at a campus beer joint. In Yankee Pasha (1954), starring Jeff Chandler and Rhonda Fleming, she played a slave girl in a supporting role. In 1955, she had a supporting role in the musical Ain't Misbehavin' and starred in the crime-drama Running Wild. Van Doren turned down a Broadway role in the play Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? and was replaced by newcomer Jayne Mansfield.

In 1956, Van Doren appeared opposite an uncredited and unknown Clint Eastwood in Star in the Dust. Though Van Doren garnered prominent billing alongside John Agar and Richard Boone, she appears rather briefly, as the daughter of a ranch owner. By this time, Van Doren had grown tired of Universal, which was casting her in non-breakthrough roles. Van Doren began accepting bigger and better roles in better movies from other studios.

Van Doren went on to star in several bad girl movies that later became cult films. She also appeared in some of the first movies to feature rock 'n' roll music and became identified with this rebellious style, and she made some rock records. One of her rock 'n' roll films, Untamed Youth, later was featured in the 1990 Mystery Science Theater 3000 episode "Untamed Youth".

Some of Van Doren's more noteworthy movies include Teacher's Pet (1958) at Paramount Pictures, Born Reckless (1958) at Warner Brothers, High School Confidential (1958), and The Beat Generation (1959), the latter two at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. But Van Doren was just as well known for her provocative roles. She was in prison for Girls Town (1959), which provoked censors with a shower scene where audiences could see Van Doren's naked back. As Eve in The Private Lives of Adam and Eve (1960) she wore only fig leaves, and in other films, like The Beautiful Legs of Sabrina (1959), Sex Kittens Go to College (1960), and Vice Raid (1960) audiences understood the nature of the films from the titles.

Many of Van Doren's film roles showcased her ample curves, and her onscreen wardrobe usually consisted of tight sweaters, low-cut blouses, form-fitting dresses, and daring (for the era) swimsuits, but she and such other blonde bombshell contemporaries as Jayne Mansfield, Cleo Moore, Sheree North, Anita Ekberg, Barbara Lang, Joi Lansing, Greta Thyssen, and Barbara Nichols did not attain the same level of superstar status as Marilyn Monroe. Marilyn, Mamie, and Mansfield were known as "The Three M's". But by comparison, where Monroe succeeded in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and Mansfield had big success replacing Van Doren in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, Universal stuck Van Doren with Francis the Talking Mule in Francis Joins the WACS (1954).

After Universal Studios chose not to renew her contract in 1959, Van Doren became a free agent and struggled to find work. Some of her later movies were foreign and independent productions, which did little to keep her image in the public's eye. Many of the productions were low-budget B movies with some having gained a cult following for their high camp value.

The first of these later films was Sex Kittens Go to College (1960), which co-starred Tuesday Weld. Following the completion of the Argentine film The Blonde from Buenos Aires (1961), Van Doren took time off from her career. She came back in The Candidate (1964), soon followed by Freddy in the Wild West, both of which were low-budget films that left little impact. In 1964, Tommy Noonan convinced Van Doren to appear in 3 Nuts in Search of a Bolt. Van Doren had turned down Noonan's previous offer to star opposite Jayne Mansfield in Promises! Promises!, and was replaced with Marie McDonald. In 3 Nuts in Search of a Bolt, Mamie did a beer-bath scene but is not seen nude. She posed for Playboy to promote the film.

Van Doren next appeared in The Las Vegas Hillbillys (1966) released by Woolner Brothers. This film co-starred Mansfield; this was the only time two of "The Three M's" appeared together in a film. A sequel was titled Hillbillys in a Haunted House, but Van Doren turned this role down, and was replaced by Joi Lansing. She then appeared in The Navy vs. the Night Monsters (1966), a science fiction movie. In 1967, she appeared in You've Got to Be Smart, and starred in the science fiction film Voyage to the Planet of Prehistoric Women (1968), the following year, directed by Peter Bogdanovich.

Van Doren also developed a nightclub act and did live theater. She performed in stage productions of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and Dames at Sea at the Drury Lane Theater in Chicago as well as appeared in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? and The Tender Trap at the Arlington Park Theater. In the 1970s, Van Doren performed a nightclub act in Las Vegas.

In 1970, Van Doren had a supporting role in the western comedy The Arizona Kid. In 1975, she starred in the film That Girl From Boston, adapted from a Robert Rimmer novel, but the film was never released. Since then, Van Doren has appeared only in cameos in low-budget films. Van Doren's last film appearance was a role in the direct-to-video drama  The American Tetralogy  (2013).

Van Doren's guest appearances on television include Jukebox Jury, What's My Line, The Bob Cummings Show, The Jack Benny Show, Fantasy Island, Burke's Law, Vega$ and L.A. Law.

Van Doren released Playing the Field (1987), her autobiography, which brought much attention and proved to be her biggest media splash in over 25 years. She has consistently denied in interviews ever having breast implants. In 2006, Mamie posed for photographs for Vanity Fair with Pamela Anderson as part of its annual Hollywood issue.

In an interview with Fox News in February 2020, Van Doren announced that she was working on a follow-up to her autobiography. She remarked that "...a lot has happened between 1987 and 2020. So now I'm writing about what it's like getting older and appreciating life a little more as you go along, as well as getting smarter as you get older. There's so much to write about."

The title of her follow-up book was announced in December 2021 as "China & Me: Wind Flapping, Feather Pulling, and Love on the Wing", a memoir about her pet parrot China. Van Doren describes the story as "a look behind the curtain into my everyday life. It's often funny, but, like so many things in life, it has its moments of sadness. Over the decades I've integrated a wild animal into a human household, played matchmaker to find him a mate, and cared for his offspring. I'm blessed to have had China as companion, confessor, and straight man all these years; and he's still with me today." The book was published in September 2022.

In an interview with Closer in January 2021, she also reflected on the #MeToo movement, 'I've thought a lot about that. There are some things I would question, but I've also always been behind any woman with a problem because I have had plenty of them myself. [In my time] if I wanted to go to bed with someone, I'd go to bed with them, but I never did it for a movie. [A predator] would know that he was in for a fight if he ever came around me. [It would be] nails out, kicking and screaming.'

Personal life

Van Doren has been married five times. In 1949, she married sportswear manufacturer Jack Newman; she divorced him later that same year. Her second marriage was to bandleader, composer and actor Ray Anthony whom she married in 1955. They had one son, Perry Ray Anthony, born March 18, 1956. The couple divorced in 1961. When Van Doren's early 1960s, highly publicized, on-again off-again engagement to baseball player Bo Belinsky ended in 1964, she married baseball player Lee Meyers in 1966. They divorced in 1968. Her fourth marriage was to businessman Ross McClintock in 1972. They met while working on President Nixon's re-election campaign; the marriage was annulled in 1973. Since 1979, she has been married to Thomas Dixon, an actor and dentist.

In her autobiography, Van Doren acknowledged that she had numerous affairs with celebrities, including Clark Gable, Howard Hughes, Burt Reynolds, Jack Dempsey, Steve McQueen, Clint Eastwood, Johnny Rivers, Robert Evans, Eddie Fisher, Warren Beatty, Tony Curtis, Steve Cochran, and Joe Namath. Claiming fidelity to each lover, she said "I don't wear panties anymore – this startles the Hollywood wolves so much they don't know what to pull at, so they leave me alone."

Van Doren was never a Playboy Playmate, but she posed twice for the magazine in 1964 to promote her movie 3 Nuts in Search of a Bolt (1964). By this point in her career, her figure measured 38DD-26-36 (self-described in 1997). She said "I don't even want to say double-D because they're even bigger than that."

In 1964, Van Doren was a guest at the Whisky a Go Go on the Sunset Strip in West Hollywood, California when The Beatles were at the club visiting with Jayne Mansfield, and an inebriated George Harrison accidentally threw his drink on her when trying to throw it on some bothersome journalists. During the Vietnam War, she did tours for U.S. troops in Vietnam for three months in 1968, and again in 1970. In addition to USO shows, she visited hospitals, including the wards of amputees and burn victims.

In 1980, Van Doren was referenced in the controversial Canadian Top 20 hit "High School Confidential" by the popular 1980s Canadian new wave band Rough Trade.

Mamie had a website from the late 90s to the early 2010s, when it shut down due to an error. / In recent years, Van Doren has made use of Twitter. Mamie had a theater section, where she would post various movies, such as the Stark Naked Series often showing her big breasts. She also showed many nude and semi-nude images taken by Julie Strain. Van Doren started her own blog on which she regularly writes about a very diverse array of topics. As of July 2023 she is still posting to her blog.
 She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7057 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2005, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her.

Film appearances

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links

 Official website (archived)

 Bombshells away, at Salon, Karen Abbott, July 19, 2000.
 Mamie Van Doren interview by Sandra Bernhard

1931 births
Living people
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Female models from South Dakota
American women singers
American bloggers
Jubilee Records artists
American people of Swedish descent
People from Minnehaha County, South Dakota
Musicians from Newport Beach, California
Actresses from South Dakota
Actresses from Newport Beach, California
American women bloggers
Writers from South Dakota
21st-century American actresses

Mamie Van Doren


"Papa Don't Preach" is a pop single from Madonna. The song deals with abortion and pregnancy. The song was on her third studio album True Blue. It was also on her album The Immaculate Collection.

"Papa Don't Preach" was released in June 1986. It was #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks.

1986 songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Pop songs

Papa Don't Preach


The Benner House is located on Mill Street in the village of Rhinebeck, New York, United States, just off U.S. Route 9. It was built by a German immigrant, Johannes Benner, in the 1730s. It is the oldest house in the Village of Rhinebeck.

It is a rare example of a one-room-plan stone house in the Hudson Valley built to German traditions, rather than Dutch. It is the sole house with that floor plan remaining in Rhinebeck. In 1987 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Building

It is located at the oblique intersection of Mill Road and Route 9 on the southern fringe of the village. The northern (rear) facade is oriented diagonally to Mill Street, making it prominently visible to southbound traffic leaving Rhinebeck on the highway. Its lot is mostly wooded, with an open area to allow a view of the road and the valley from the front. A modern frame garage is at the northwest corner of the lot. It was built in 1938. It is not considered a contributing resource to the Register listing.

It is a -story rectangular home with a gabled roof. An asymmetrically placed Dutch door is located in the south (front) facade, with flared stone lintels like the windows nearby. It is behind a shed-roofed porch with a shallow-arched frieze and square columns that spans the entire facade. On the north is a gabled frame wing with a more moderately pitched roof, exposing the two attic windows above it on the main block.

History

Johannes Benner/Bender emigrated to the Hudson Valley from Upper Bavaria with his parents and brother sometime in the early 18th century. Local tradition holds that he, or a member of his family, built the house around 1740, although no records have been found confirming this. Johannes Benner leased the land from Henry Beekman. It is further believed that the first meetings of the local Methodist church were held in the house half a century later, in 1791–92. The earliest deed known shows the house owned by an S.S. Myers in 1797.

By 1850, locally prominent landowners the Livingston family owned the house, using it as a support building for their nearby Grasmere estate. At one time it was believed to be a writing school. In 1874, Ann O' Brien purchased the house. She died in 1900, and the property passed to her son, Civil War Veteran, Thomas O' Brien. In 1946, Thomas O' Brien died. The property then passed to his two daughters, Ann Gregory and Mary Sullivan. It later passed through several other owners into the late 20th century.

The October 26, 1929, edition of the Rhinebeck Gazette describes bins found in the top story or garret of the house. These were traditionally used to store grain out of the reach of pilfering Indians. However, there are more practical reasons that local grain was stored in the garret of the house. It was more secure from rodents in the barn and would have been a dryer atmosphere, because even when heat was not required, a fire for cooking was always burning in the fireplace.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhinebeck, New York

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
U.S. Route 9
Houses completed in the 18th century
Houses in Rhinebeck, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Dutchess County, New York

Benner House


J. Alexander (25 July 1939 – 2 April 2019), known professionally as Mahendran, was an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor, known for his work in the Tamil film industry. Mahendran is regarded as one of the greatest film makers of Tamil cinema and has influenced several filmmakers of the generations that followed.

Mahendran entered the film industry as a screenwriter, writing scripts for nearly 26 films. He made an immediate impact with his first directional venture Mullum Malarum (1978). Mahendran's next film Uthiripookkal, based on a short story written by Pudumaipithan, firmly established him as an important filmmaker in Tamil cinema. His Nenjathai Killathe won three National Film Awards including the award for the best regional film.

He has also acted in films during the latter part of his film career, including Kamaraj (2004), Theri (2016), Nimir (2018) and Petta (2019).

Biography
Mahendran was born on 25 July 1939 to Joseph Chelliah, a teacher and Manonmani. Mahendran did his schooling in Ilayangudi and completed his intermediate at American College, Madurai. Later he joined Alagappa Government Arts College to do a Bachelor of Arts in Economics. During his college days, he was very active in stage plays. It was during that time when M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) was invited as the chief guest for the college day during which Mahendran gave a speech that directly criticized the commercial elements that existed in cinema. Impressed by his speech M.G.R. praised Mahendran and said that he could become a good critic. After completing his degree, he went to Madras to study law. Seven months after joining the course he had to discontinue due to financial concerns. He then decided to go back to Ilayangud. However, on the insistence of Karaikudi Kannappa Valliappan he joined Inamuzhakkam, a periodical as a journalist. It was during this time he met M.G.R. again and he was asked to write the screenplay of Ponniyin Selvan after the former decided to make a film based on the story. The idea of developing the screenplay into a film got delayed, and M.G.R. asked Mahendran to write a story for his drama troupe. Mahendran wrote a script titled Anaadhaigal. M.G.R. decided to make a film based in the play. He named the film Vaazhve Vaa and acted in the lead role alongside Savitri. The project got shelved after three days of shooting. Soon M.G.R. acted in a film called Kaanchi Thalaivan and he recommended Mahendran to the director to make him an assistant.

Mahendran made his breakthrough as a screenwriter for the film Naam Moovar in 1966. After the success of the film he got more offers from the same banner and worked in films like Sabaash Thambi and Panakkara Pillai, both released in the subsequent years. He also wrote the script for Nirakudam starring Sivaji Ganesan. He announced that he was working on a new film in 2014 starring newcomers, for which Ilaiyaraaja would score music. He also worked as an actor in the films Kamaraj (2004), Theri (2016), and Nimir (2018).

Mahendran died on 2 April 2019, at the age of 79.

Awards

Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil – Mullum Malarum (1978)
Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil – Uthiripookkal (1979)
National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil – Nenjathai Killathe (1980)
IIFA Utsavam Best actor for Performance in a negative role – Theri (2016)

Filmography

References

External links

1939 births
2019 deaths
Film directors from Tamil Nadu
Indian Tamil people
Tamil film directors
Filmfare Awards South winners
People from Sivaganga district
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Tamil screenwriters
Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights

Mahendran (filmmaker)


Xesús Lorenzo Varela Vázquez (August 10, 1917 in Havana – November 25, 1978 in Madrid) was a Galician poet.

Life
Varela was born in a boat, while his parents, emigrants from Galicia, were going to Havana, Cuba. Some people consider it to be a kind of prophecy, as Varela lived in exile for most of his life.

Varela returned to Galicia and grew up in Lugo. He was an active member of the Federación de Mocedades Galeguistas (Federation of Galician Youth).

In 1934 Varela moved to Madrid, where he contacted with the group PAN (Poetas Andantes y Navegantes, literally Walking and Sailing Poets — note that the abbreviation makes reference to Pan, a Greek god, and is also the Spanish and Galician word for bread) and with Misións Pedagóxicas (Pedagogic Missions). He also joined the Communist Party of Spain (Partido Comunista de España or PCE).

After the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), Varela left Spain, exiling himself first in France and then, in May 1939, in Mexico. He moved to Buenos Aires in 1941, where he made contact with other exiled Galicians and emigrants from Galicia. He would publish most of his poetry, in the Galician language, while in Argentina.

In May 1976, after the death of caudillo Francisco Franco, Varela decided to return to Spain. He finally settled in Madrid, where he lived until his death two years later.

The Día das Letras Galegas ("Galician Literature Day") was dedicated to him in 2005.

Works
 Catro poemas galegos pra catro grabados, 1944
 Lonxe, 1954
 Federico García Lorca. Canciones y Poemas. Selection of poems by García Lorca read by Lorenzo Varela. Recording by Discos Qualiton QH-2000/2001
 Poesías, 1979
 Poesía galega, 1990

1917 births
1978 deaths
Writers from Havana
Galician diaspora
Galician poets
Cuban people of Galician descent
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Argentina
Spanish expatriates in Argentina
Spanish expatriates in Uruguay
Galician-language writers
20th-century Spanish poets
Spanish male poets
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in France
Exiles of the Spanish Civil War in Mexico
20th-century Spanish male writers

Lorenzo Varela


The Silk Express is a 1933 American pre-Code drama film directed by Ray Enright and written by Houston Branch and Ben Markson. The film, starring Neil Hamilton, Sheila Terry, Arthur Byron, Guy Kibbee, Dudley Digges and Arthur Hohl, was released by Warner Bros. on June 10, 1933.

Plot
Donald Kilgore is determined to take a shipment of silk from Seattle to New York City by rail to break a monopoly set up by gangster Wallace Myton. Also aboard the train are Professor Axel Nyberg and his daughter Paula. He is paralyzed (except for the use of his eyes) and needs an operation in New York urgently to save his life. Myton has agents planted on the train to make sure the silk does not arrive in time.

When Kilgore's secretary is found murdered in a sealed railroad car, Detective McDuff sees a chance to finally make a name for himself and insists the train remain where it is until he solves the crime. Kilgore, however, has him knocked out, and the train proceeds at a record-setting pace. Then Clark, the conductor, is also killed. Professor Nyberg has seen something and knows who the killer is; he is finally able, by blinking once for "no" and twice for "yes", to let the others know. Before he can reveal the murderer's identity, the train enters a tunnel. In the darkness, the criminal tries to silence him, but Kilgore spots some movement in the unlit compartment and saves the professor's life. The killer and his accomplice draw their guns, but "tramp" Rusty Griffith turns out to be a Lloyd's of London undercover investigator and bluffs them into surrendering their weapons. The train arrives at its destination in time.

Cast
Neil Hamilton as Donald Kilgore
Sheila Terry as Paula Nyberg
Arthur Byron as Conductor Clark
Guy Kibbee as Railway Detective McDuff
Dudley Digges as Professor Axel Nyberg
Arthur Hohl as Wallace Myton
Allen Jenkins as Robert 'Rusty' Griffith
Harold Huber as Train Guard Craft
G. Pat Collins as Train Guard Harry Burns
Robert Barrat as Mr. Calhoun, Attorney
Vernon Steele as Dr. Harold Rolph
Ivan Simpson as Johnson
 William H. Strauss as Merchant

Reception
Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times praised Enright's direction, characterizing the film as "neatly measured and nicely balanced", as well as the cast's acting.

References

External links

1933 films
1933 crime drama films
American crime drama films
1930s English-language films
Films directed by Ray Enright
Films set on trains
Warner Bros. films
American black-and-white films
1930s American films
Films scored by Bernhard Kaun

The Silk Express


Just Married is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Meghna Gulzar and starring Fardeen Khan, Esha Deol in lead roles along with Satish Shah, Kirron Kher and Mukul Dev in supporting roles.

Plot
Abhay Sachdeva and Ritika Khanna are young, modern Indian professionals. They briefly meet at a wedding, and individually make their dislike for arranged marriages known, since they do not understand the concept of marrying a stranger. Unbeknownst to them, their parents meet at the same wedding and compare their horoscopes, which begins the process of arranging a match. Even though they each have strong objections, the couple eventually give in to their parents' wishes and get married. The newlyweds then embark on a honeymoon trip to Ooty. The trip is part of a romantic getaway package where they will be sharing a lodge with other couples.

The first people they meet are Mr and Mrs Chaturvedi, an elderly couple celebrating their anniversary. They constantly bicker and argue, but actually love each other deeply. Abhay and Ritika then meet Shoaib and Anaiya, another newlywed couple. Anaiya is Shoaib's sister's best friend and has always had feelings for him, but Shoaib is unable to think of Anaiya as anything but a childhood friend. Strolling in the forest, the pair meet Rishab and Anu, a couple who are head over heels in love with each other and have come to Ooty on their yearly holiday. They have the perfect romance and the other couples envy them and their amazing relationship. Later, Ritika tries to prolong dinner to avoid spending time alone with Abhay. That night she can not bring herself to consummate the marriage, and after Abhay falls asleep she decides to sleep on the sofa. The next day, the group prepares to go on an outing organised by the lodge management. There they meet A.K. and Sarah, who have arrived late due to delayed trains. A.K. is an explorer who has been out of the country for a long time, and Sarah is his long-term, half-Indian girlfriend. A.K. has proposed many times but Sarah does not see the need for marriage.

The couples spend the day exploring the lake and surrounding town. Later, at a celebratory dinner organised for Mr and Mrs Chaturvedi's fortieth anniversary, the group gets better acquainted by sharing the stories of how each couple met. That night Abhay separates the beds in their room so Ritika does not feel uncomfortable any longer. He explains to her that they need to work on their relationship for it to grow; she is still reluctant but her attitude begins to soften. The next day the pair spend time alone, visiting tourist attractions and getting to know each other. The romantic, happy mood is broken that night when Abhay tries to be intimate with Ritika and she lashes out at him, causing an argument. Their relationship is strained but she puts on a show for the other couples, who all believe that they are adjusting to their arranged marriage well. A few days later, a frustrated Abhay expresses his conflicted feelings towards love and marriage, and Mr Chaturvedi gives the men some advice. Meanwhile, the women give Sarah a traditional Indian makeover as a surprise for A.K. He proposes and she accepts, and the other couples plan them a celebration.

At the party Shoaib is finally able to see Anaiya as his wife, and they decide to have dinner alone together. Sarah notices the tension between Abhay and Ritika and advises Ritika to work things out before the issue escalates. The celebrations are cut short when an employee informs Rishab that his wife has called to speak to him, and the group realizes that Anu and Rishab are having an affair. An emotional Anu decides to leave Rishab and the lodge that night. The next day, the group departs from the lodge as the trip comes to an end. The bus has an accident and hangs off the edge of a cliff. Abhay makes a plan to get all the passengers off the bus, but a scared Mr and Mrs Chaturvedi refuse to leave. Ritika gets on board again to convince them to get off, and the frightening situation brings her closer to Abhay.

As everyone else waits for alternative transport, Abhay and Ritika decide to start afresh, and walk towards the direction of the lodge to begin their honeymoon once again.

Cast
 Fardeen Khan as Abhay Sachdeva
 Esha Deol as Ritika Khanna Sachdeva (Ritu)
 Bikram Saluja as Rishabh
 Perizaad Zorabian as Ananya 'Anu'
 Eijaz Khan as Deepak, Abhay's friend
 Anita Hassanandani as Amrita, Ritika's friend
 Kirron Kher as Shobha Chaturvedi
 Satish Shah as Mr. Chaturvedi
 Raj Zutshi as Arjun Kohli/A.K.
 Tarina Patel as Sarah
 Mukul Dev as Shoaib Mirza
 Sadiya Siddiqui as Anaiya Mirza
 Lubna Salim as Nandini Sachdeva, Abhay's sister
 Kiran Karmarkar as Rohit, Abhay's brother-in-law

Music

References

External links

2007 films
2000s Hindi-language films
Films shot in Ooty
Films featuring songs by Pritam
Films about marriage
Films about Indian weddings

Just Married (2007 film)


The Oldsmobile Profile was a 2000 concept car built by Oldsmobile. The Profile was a compact crossover SUV, with rear sliding doors and 5 seats. The Profile came with a supercharged 3.5 L V6 engine with 250 horsepower, all-wheel drive, and traction control. The gear selector was a dash-mounted rotary knob, freeing up the console for storage. The transmission could be shifted manually by using steering wheel-mounted buttons. A "smart card" keyless ignition system performed all personal driver adjustments including seat, radio, mirror and steering wheel when activated by the driver. Along with many other innovative features, was hands-free phone communication, Internet, on-board vehicle diagnostics and a DVD entertainment system with headrest displays for rear seat passengers.

References

Profile
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Compact sport utility vehicles
Crossover sport utility vehicles

Oldsmobile Profile


Aberlady Bay in East Lothian, Scotland lies between Aberlady and Gullane.

In 1952, Aberlady Bay became the UK's first Local Nature Reserve (LNR) and is served by the East Lothian Council Rangers.

The Scottish Ornithologists' Club has Waterston House as its headquarters at Aberlady, with panoramic views of the bay.

Aberlady Bay is part of the John Muir Way, a long distance footpath from Fisherrow (Musselburgh) to Dunglass. It is also the East Lothian Section of the transnational North Sea Trail, a path network connecting seven countries and 26 areas.

Wrecks

The wrecks of eight historic (19th or early 20th century) fishing vessels at Kilspindie have been designated as maritime scheduled ancient monuments.

Two wrecks of XT-craft, training versions of the X craft, can be seen. In 1946, the craft were towed to the bay, then moored to a concrete block and used for target practice by aircraft of the Royal Air Force. The wrecks of the submarines lie much closer to the low-water mark than the high-water mark, and tides in the bay rise very quickly.

See also
John Muir Way
Protection of Wrecks Act
List of places in East Lothian
List of bays of the British Isles

External links

Maritime and Coastguard Agency website information on protected wrecks
Tides for Fidra, an island off the coast of North Berwick - these give a rough indication of tides in Aberlady Bay

Bays of Scotland
Protected Wrecks of Scotland
Protected areas of East Lothian
Nature reserves in Scotland
Landforms of East Lothian
Birdwatching sites in Scotland

Aberlady Bay


Nic Jones (born Nicolas Paul Jones; 9 January 1947) is an English singer, songwriter and musician. Regarded as a prominent figure of the British folk revival, he has recorded five solo albums and collaborated with various musicians.

Biography
Nic Jones was born on 9 January 1947 in Orpington, Kent, England, where his father owned a newsagent's shop. The family moved to Brentwood in Essex when he was two, and he later attended Brentwood School. He first learned to play guitar as a young teenager and early musical influences included such artists as The Shadows, Duane Eddy, Chet Atkins, Wes Montgomery and Ray Charles. His interest in folk music was aroused by an old school friend, Nigel Paterson who was a member of a folk band called The Halliard. When the members of the group decided to turn professional, one of them left to pursue a different career and Jones was invited to take his place. Whilst playing with The Halliard, Jones learned to play the fiddle and also how to research and arrange traditional material. The group toured the UK between 1964 and 1968, eventually splitting up when two of the members decided to pursue careers outside the folk music business.

In 1968, Jones married Julia Seymour and they eventually had three children together – Daniel (deceased), Helen and Joe. The couple settled in Chelmsford and Jones decided to pursue a career as a solo folk artist. He started playing professional gigs in 1969, and in 1970 released his first album, Ballads and Songs for Trailer Records. Between 1971 and 1980, Jones recorded four more solo albums – three more for Trailer Records and his last, Penguin Eggs, for Topic. Apart from Jones' trademark vocals, fingerstyle guitar and fiddle, the records also introduced guest instrumentalists playing piano, harmonium, bodhran, melodeon and recorders.

During his career, Jones was much in demand as a session musician and he guested on albums by leading UK artists such as June Tabor, Shirley Collins, Barbara Dickson, Richard Thompson and many others. Jones joined fellow folk singers Jon Raven and Tony Rose for the 1973 trio album Songs of a Changing World. Also alongside Tony Rose, as well as Pete Coe and Chris Coe, Jones was a member of short-lived folk group, Bandoggs; one eponymously titled album was released in 1978.

On 28 February 1982, (age 35), Jones was involved in a serious road traffic accident. Returning home by car after a gig at Glossop Folk Club, on the road between Peterborough and March in Cambridgeshire, Jones, tired, inadvertently drove into a lorry pulling out of Whittlesea brickworks. He suffered serious injuries, including many broken bones and brain damage, and required intensive care treatment and hospitalisation for a total of eight months. His injuries left him with permanent physical co-ordination problems, unable to play the guitar as well as before, and no longer able to play the fiddle at all. The accident effectively ended his career as a touring and recording professional musician.

Jones now lives in Devon and continues to play guitar and write songs for his own pleasure and enjoys playing chess. His wife Julia set up the record label Mollie Music which has issued four albums of re-mastered live recordings from Jones's early career.

The accompanying book to the Topic Records 70 year anniversary boxed set Three Score and Ten lists Penguin Eggs as one of the classic albums. with "the Humpbacked Whale" from the album as the first track on the first CD in the set and "Clyde Water" from Game Set Match as track seven on the seventh CD.

On 5 August 2010, after an absence of 28 years, Jones made a return to the stage. He appeared at an event dedicated to his music at Sidmouth Folk Week. Jones sang three songs with one of his former bands Bandoggs, and commented that he would "consider performing again – but wanted to sing his own songs." In 2012, Jones (with musicians Joseph Jones – Nic's son – and Belinda O'Hooley) performed his first solo concerts for 30 years at the Warwick, Cambridge, Wadebridge and Towersey folk festivals. On 22 September 2012, Jones was presented with The Gold Badge of the English Folk Dance & Song Society, at a special concert at Cecil Sharp House, London. It is the highest honour the E.F.D.S.S. can confer on a musician. On 30 January 2013, Jones was named Folk Singer of the Year at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards. On 23 August 2013, the Nic Jones Trio (comprising him, Joseph Jones and Belinda O'Hooley) performed on the opening night of that year's Shrewsbury Folk Festival, in the course of which it was announced from the stage that it was to be their final performance.

Guitar style
Jones developed an intricate, rhythmically complex finger picking and strumming guitar style. He started off playing in standard guitar tuning (EADGBE) but then gravitated towards a variety of open tunings after hearing the recordings of Martin Carthy, whom he acknowledges as an important influence. These included tunings such as the well-known DADGAD, but also variants of Bb, C and G major/minor/modal tunings heard on such tracks as for "Canada-I-O" (Bb F Bb F Bb C) and similarly but with a capo for "Billy Don't You Weep For Me". Jones was also influenced by classical and flamenco guitar playing.

Early in his career he played a small-bodied Epiphone acoustic guitar. He then played a Fylde Oberon acoustic guitar before moving on to a Fylde Orsino, which better suited his style. He used a plastic thumb pick and "bare" fingers. Jones plucked the strings with some force causing the strings to lift up and rebound against the fretboard – accounting for the "spitting", slapping sound characteristic of Jones' guitar accompaniments. Another important feature was a regular percussive sound made by striking downwards with the middle and ring fingers of the right hand on damped bass strings close to or above the bridge of the guitar. This is akin to the technique used by banjo players called frailing. This can be heard to good effect on such Jones tracks as "Ten Thousand Miles" (on The Noah's Ark Trap, 1977) and "Master Kilby" (on From the Devil to a Stranger, 1978). Jones also used selective string damping to achieve other percussive effects such as on "Billy Don't You Weep For Me" (on From the Devil to a Stranger).

A feature of his later, mature guitar style is the introduction of subtle counterpoint lines that complement the lead vocals. This can be heard on such songs as "Miles Weatherhill", "The Golden Glove", and "Courting is a Pleasure".

Discography
Jones's first four albums were originally released on vinyl on the Trailer Records label. Currently only the first two are available on CD. Legal wrangles continue to impede Jones's full back-catalogue from being re-released.

In 2001, Penguin Eggs was voted to second place in the "Best Folk Album of all Time" by listeners of the Mike Harding show on BBC Radio 2. The opening track on this album, "Canadee-I-O," was also recorded by Bob Dylan and included on his 1992 album Good as I Been to You. Some critics, such as FRoots editor Ian A. Anderson, have accused Dylan of stealing Jones's arrangements for this song, without credit or offer of royalties. Many historians find this ironic due to the fact that Nic himself stole songs from Harry Robertson, renamed them, recorded them and released them and offered no credit or royalties.

Solo
Studio albums:
Ballads and Songs (1970)
Nic Jones (1971)
The Noah's Ark Trap (1977)
From the Devil to a Stranger (1978)
Penguin Eggs (1980)

Remastered live albums:
In Search of Nic Jones (1998)
Unearthed (2001)
Game Set Match (2006)

With The Halliard
 It's The Irish in Me – The Halliard (1967)
 The Halliard and Jon Raven (1967)
 Broadside Songs (2005 – the Halliard songs from and Jon Raven, plus 10 more)
 The Last Goodnight! (2005 – long-lost recording from 1968, plus three more)

With Bandoggs
 Bandoggs (1978)

With Maddy Prior and June Tabor
 Silly Sisters (1976)

Jones has also sung, and played guitar and fiddle, on recordings by many other folk artists.

In 1999, John Wesley Harding released a tribute album entitled Trad Arr Jones.

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
English folk singers
English folk guitarists
English male guitarists
Fingerstyle guitarists
English folk musicians
English fiddlers
British male violinists
People from Orpington
Musicians from Kent
21st-century violinists
21st-century British male musicians
The Albion Band members
Topic Records artists

Nic Jones


"Hey Jude" is a song by English pop-rock group The Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney. It started as "Hey Jules", a song McCartney wrote for John Lennon's son, Julian, during his parents' divorce.

"Hey Jude" was released in August 1968. It is over seven minutes in length. At the time, this was the longest single ever to top British music charts.

The song is well known for it's sing-a-long ending. Paul McCartney leads a large crowd in song, they are singing together. What they are singing is a simple melody with very simple lyrics over and over. This part of the song has just three words. First the sound "na" is repeated many times, and then come the words "hey Jude." In English, "na" has no meaning, it is just a sound to sing with your voice.

1968 songs
Rock songs
The Beatles songs
Wilson Pickett songs
José Feliciano songs

Hey Jude


Jacques-Christophe Naudot ( – 25 November 1762) was a French composer, type-setter, and flautist. Little is known of his early life. He was married in 1719. Most of his compositions were published in Paris between 1726 and 1740. The poet Denesle (-) wrote a book called . It was dedicated to Naudot, Michel Blavet and Lucas, and was published in 1739.

As of 1737 Naudot was a member of the Masonic lodges Sainte-Geneviève and Coustos-Villeroy in Paris.  Along with three of his Masonic brethren, he was briefly jailed in the prison of For-l'Évêque during the anti-Masonic persecutions of 1740. Naudot dedicated several of his works to the Count of Clermont who became the grand master of the Masonic lodge in 1743.

The composer Joseph Boismortier was counted among his friends. Naudot's most widely available work is his concerto op.  XVII,5, originally written for Danguy l'aîné (a Parisian hurdy-gurdy virtuoso). His other works include "Babioles" (baubles, trifles, toys) published about 1750. These are duets, described as being suitable for  (hurdy-gurdies) and  (bagpipes). The word "babiole" has not caught on in music circles, and later composers preferred the word Divertimento.

Compositions
Sonata in D, op. 1, no. 3/ no. 4
6 Flute Concertos, op. 6
Caprice, op. 7
Trio op. 8 for Flute, Violin, Oboe and Recorder
Babioles op. 10 for Flute, Violin, Oboe and Recorder
6 Flute Concertos, op. 11
Concerto in D Major, op. 17, no. 2
Concerto in G, op. 17, no. 5

References
Biography
List of Masonic composers

External links

1690s births
Year of birth uncertain
1762 deaths
French classical flautists
French male classical composers
French Baroque composers
French music educators
18th-century male musicians
18th-century French musicians

Jacques-Christophe Naudot


System of a Down (SoaD) is an American hivy metal baund frae Glendale, Californie, foondit in 1992. The baund wis foondit whan Soil (wi American guitarist Daron Malakian an Lebanese sangster Serj Tankian) spleetit up. Thay gaithert wi Lebanese drummer Andi Khachaturian an Armenian bassist Shavo Odadjian. Efter, Andi left an John Dolmayan becam the new drum player. System of a Down haes fower CDs: System of a Down, Toxicity, Mezmerize an Hypnotize.

American hivy metal muisical groups

System of a Down


James Sinclair (1811 – March 26, 1856) was a trader and explorer with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). He twice led large parties of settlers from the Red River Colony to the Columbia River valley. These were both authorized by the HBC as a part of grandiose plans to strengthen British claims in the Oregon boundary dispute.

Early life
James Sinclair was born in 1811 in Rupert's Land. His mother was a Cree woman named Nahovway, his father was William Sinclair, a HBC factor from Eastaquoy in Harray, and his brother was William Sinclair, Jr. He was educated in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh.

Red River colonists

James Sinclair was appointed by Duncan Finlayson to guide the settler families to Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River. Most of the families were Métis, headed by men who were capable hunters and well-suited to living off the land. They were hired by the Pugets Sound Agricultural Company (PSAC) to settle at company stations in modern Washington state as agriculturalists or pastoralists. In June 1841, the party left Fort Garry with 23 families consisting of 121 people. They followed the Red River north, crossing Lake Winnipeg and traveled in the Saskatchewan River system to Fort Edmonton.

From there they were guided by Maskepetoon, a chief of the Wetaskiwin Cree. Maskepetoon would stay with the party until they reached Fort Vancouver, where he sailed home on board the Beaver. Going through Lake Minnewanka, they eventually reached where the Spray and Bow rivers meet. Following the course of the Spray River valley, the intrepid British colonists then trekked along a tributary, Whiteman's Creek. From here they crossed the Great Divide of the Rocky Mountains, by a new route which became known as Whiteman's Pass.

From the summit, they traveled southwest down the Cross River to its junction with the Kootenay River. They entered the upper Columbia River basin via Sinclair Pass, near present-day Radium Hot Springs. From there they journeyed south-west down to Lake Pend'Oreille, then on to an old fort known as Spokane House, then to Fort Colvile and finally to Fort Vancouver.

When they arrived at Fort Vancouver, they numbered 21 families of 116 people. Fourteen of them were relocated to Fort Nisqually, while the remaining seven families were sent to Fort Cowlitz. Despite such efforts, Britain eventually ceded all claims to land south of the 49th parallel (except the southern tip of Vancouver Island and surrounding Gulf Islands) to the United States by the Oregon Treaty in 1846, as resolution to the Oregon boundary dispute.

Later life
Sinclair returned to the Red River Colony. He then traveled to St. Louis, then California and finally back to Oregon Territory. He also traveled to London where he petitioned Parliament on the rights of Métis for a free fur trade, which angered Governor Simpson. He and Governor Simpson eventually overcame their animosity, and Sinclair rejoined the Hudson's Bay Company.

In 1854, Sinclair led a second large group of Red River settlers on a secret journey to Fort Nez Percés. He had been promised 200 head of cattle by the HBC for doing so. Upon reaching the Rockies he followed the Kananaskis River south and made a difficult crossing following the Elk River into the Columbia-Kootenay. He died in an Indian attack at the Cascades settlement on the Columbia, March 26, 1856.

Legacy
Mount Sinclair, Sinclair Pass, and Sinclair Canyon in the Canadian Rockies are named for him.

External links
 Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
 "Sinclair Expedition 1841"

References

Bibliography

Hudson's Bay Company people
Oregon Country
Pre-Confederation British Columbia people
Pre-Confederation Manitoba people
Canadian fur traders
1811 births
1856 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Canadian Métis people

James Sinclair (fur trader)