Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana, syn. Cochlearia armoracia) is a perennial plant of the family Brassicaceae (which also includes mustard, wasabi, broccoli, cabbage, and radish). It is a root vegetable, cultivated and used worldwide as a spice and as a condiment. The species is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia.

Description
Horseradish grows up to  tall, with hairless bright green unlobed leaves up to  long that may be mistaken for docks (Rumex). It is cultivated primarily for its large, white, tapered root. The white four-petalled flowers are scented and are borne in dense panicles. Established plants may form extensive patches and may become invasive unless carefully managed.

Intact horseradish root has little aroma. When cut or grated, enzymes from within the plant cells digest sinigrin (a glucosinolate) to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil), which irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes. Once exposed to air or heat, horseradish loses its pungency, darkens in color, and develops a bitter flavor.

History
Horseradish has been cultivated since antiquity. Dioscorides listed horseradish equally as Persicon sinapi (Diosc. 2.186) or Sinapi persicum (Diosc. 2.168), which Pliny's Natural History reported as Persicon napy; Cato discusses the plant in his treatises on agriculture, and a mural in Pompeii shows the plant. Horseradish is probably the plant mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History under the name of Amoracia, and recommended by him for its medicinal qualities, and possibly the wild radish, or raphanos agrios of the Greeks. The early Renaissance herbalists Pietro Andrea Mattioli and John Gerard showed it under Raphanus. Its modern Linnaean genus Armoracia was first applied to it by Heinrich Bernhard Ruppius, in his Flora Jenensis, 1745, but Linnaeus himself called it Cochlearia armoracia.

Both roots and leaves were used as a traditional medicine during the Middle Ages. The root was used as a condiment on meats in Germany, Scandinavia, and Britain. It was introduced to North America during European colonization; both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson mention horseradish in garden accounts. Native Americans used it to stimulate the glands, stave off scurvy, and as a diaphoretic treatment for the common cold.

William Turner mentions horseradish as Red Cole in his "Herbal" (1551–1568), but not as a condiment. In The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes (1597), John Gerard describes it under the name of raphanus rusticanus, stating that it occurs wild in several parts of England. After referring to its medicinal uses, he says:

Etymology and common names
The word horseradish is attested in English from the 1590s. It combines the word horse (formerly used in a figurative sense to mean strong or coarse) and the word radish. Some sources claim that the term originates from a mispronunciation of the German word "meerrettich" as "mareradish". However, this hypothesis has been disputed, as there is no historical evidence of this term being used.

In Central and Eastern Europe, horseradish is called chren, hren and ren (in various spellings like kren) in many Slavic languages, in Austria, in parts of Germany (where the other German name Meerrettich is not used), in North-East Italy, and in Yiddish (כריין transliterated as khreyn). It is common in Ukraine (under the name of , khrin), in Belarus (under the name of , chren), in Poland (under the name of ), in the Czech Republic (), in Slovakia (), in Russia (, khren), in Hungary (), in Romania (), in Lithuania (), and in Bulgaria (under the name of ).

Cultivation

Horseradish is perennial in hardiness zones 2–9 and can be grown as an annual in other zones, although not as successfully as in zones with both a long growing season and winter temperatures cold enough to ensure plant dormancy. After the first frost in autumn kills the leaves, the root is dug and divided. The main root is harvested and one or more large offshoots of the main root are replanted to produce next year's crop. Horseradish left undisturbed in the garden spreads via underground shoots and can become invasive. Older roots left in the ground become woody, after which they are no longer culinarily useful, although older plants can be dug and re-divided to start new plants. The early season leaves can be distinctively different, asymmetric spiky, before the mature typical flat broad leaves start to be developed.

Pests and diseases
Widely introduced by accident, "cabbageworms", the larvae of Pieris rapae, the small white butterfly, are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish. The adults are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings that are commonly seen flying around plants during the day. The caterpillars are velvety green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Fully grown caterpillars are about  in length. They move sluggishly when prodded. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is an effective control strategy in home gardens.

Production

In the United States, horseradish is grown in several areas such as Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and Tule Lake, California. The most concentrated growth occurs in the Collinsville, Illinois region.

30,000 metric tonnes of horseradish are produced in Europe annually, of which Hungary produces 12,000, making it the biggest single producer.

Culinary uses

The distinctive pungent taste of horseradish is from the compound allyl isothiocyanate. Upon crushing the flesh of horseradish, the enzyme myrosinase is released and acts on the glucosinolates sinigrin and gluconasturtiin, which are precursors to the allyl isothiocyanate. The allyl isothiocyanate serves the plant as a natural defense against herbivores. Since allyl isothiocyanate is harmful to the plant itself, it is stored in the harmless form of the glucosinolate, separate from the enzyme myrosinase. When an animal chews the plant, the allyl isothiocyanate is released, repelling the animal. Allyl isothiocyanate is an unstable compound, degrading over the course of days at . Because of this instability, horseradish sauces lack the pungency of the freshly crushed roots.

Cooks may use the terms "horseradish" or "prepared horseradish" to refer to the mashed (or grated) root of the horseradish plant mixed with vinegar. Prepared horseradish is white to creamy-beige in color. It can be stored for up to 3 months under refrigeration, but eventually will darken, indicating less flavour. The leaves of the plant are edible, either cooked or raw when young, with a flavor similar but weaker than the roots.

On Passover, many Ashkenazi Jews use grated horseradish as a choice for Maror (bitter herbs) at the Passover Seder.

Horseradish sauce

Horseradish sauce made from grated horseradish root and vinegar is a common condiment in the United Kingdom, in Denmark (with sugar added) and in Poland. In the UK, it is usually served with roast beef, often as part of a traditional Sunday roast, but can be used in a number of other dishes, including sandwiches or salads. A variation of horseradish sauce, which in some cases may substitute the vinegar with other products like lemon juice or citric acid, is known in Germany as Tafelmeerrettich. Also available in the UK is Tewkesbury mustard, a blend of mustard and grated horseradish originating in medieval times and mentioned by Shakespeare (Falstaff says: "his wit's as thick as Tewkesbury Mustard" in Henry IV Part II). A similar mustard, called Krensenf or Meerrettichsenf, is common in Austria and parts of Germany. In France, sauce au raifort is used in Alsatian cuisine. In Russia, horseradish root is usually mixed with grated garlic and a small amount of tomatoes for color (Khrenovina sauce).

In the United States, the term "horseradish sauce" refers to grated horseradish combined with mayonnaise or salad dressing. In Denmark, it is mixed with whipping cream and as such used on top of traditional Danish open sandwiches with beef (boiled or steaked) slices. Prepared horseradish is a common ingredient in Bloody Mary cocktails and in cocktail sauce and is used as a sauce or sandwich spread. Horseradish cream is a mixture of horseradish and sour cream and is served au jus for a prime rib dinner.

Vegetable

In Europe, there are two varieties of chrain. "Red" chrain is mixed with red beetroot and "white" chrain contains no beetroot. Chrain is a part of Christian Easter and Jewish Passover tradition (as maror) in Eastern and Central Europe. In the Christian tradition, horseradish is eaten during Eastertide (Paschaltide) as "is a reminder of the bitterness of Jesus' suffering" on Good Friday.
 In parts of Southern Germany "kren" is a component of the traditional wedding dinner. It is served with cooked beef and a dip made from lingonberry to balance the slight hotness of the Kren.
 In Poland, a variety with red beetroot is called  or simply ćwikła.
 In Russia, a very popular ingredient for pickles (cucumbers, tomatoes, mushrooms).
 In Ashkenazi European Jewish cooking, beetroot horseradish is commonly served with gefilte fish.
 In Transylvania and other Romanian regions, red beetroot with horseradish is used as a salad served with lamb dishes at Easter called sfecla cu hrean.
 In Serbia, ren is an essential condiment with cooked meat and freshly roasted suckling pig.
 In Croatia, freshly grated horseradish (Croatian: Hren) is often eaten with boiled ham or beef.
 In Slovenia, and in the adjacent Italian regions of Friuli Venezia Giulia and nearby Italian region of Veneto, horseradish (often grated and mixed with sour cream, vinegar, hard-boiled eggs, or apples) is also a traditional Easter dish.
 In the Italian regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, and Piedmont, it is called barbaforte (strong beard) and is a traditional accompaniment to bollito misto; while in northeastern regions like Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, it is still called kren or cren. In the southern region of Basilicata it is known as rafano and used for the preparation of rafanata, a main course made of horseradish, eggs, cheese and sausage.
 Horseradish is also used as a main ingredient for soups. In Poland, horseradish soup is a common Easter Day dish.

Relation to wasabi
Outside Japan, the Japanese condiment wasabi, although traditionally prepared from the true wasabi plant (Wasabia japonica), is now usually made with horseradish due to the scarcity of the wasabi plant. The Japanese botanical name for horseradish is , or "Western wasabi". Both plants are members of the family Brassicaceae.

Nutritional content
In a 100-gram amount, prepared horseradish provides 48 calories and has high content of vitamin C with moderate content of sodium, folate and dietary fiber, while other essential nutrients are negligible in content. In a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 grams), horseradish supplies no significant nutrient content.

Horseradish contains volatile oils, notably mustard oil.

Biomedical uses
The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the plant, is used extensively in molecular biology and biochemistry primarily for its ability to amplify a weak signal and increase detectability of a target molecule. HRP has been used in decades of research to visualize under microscopy and assess non-quantitatively the permeability of capillaries, particularly those of the brain.

References

External links

Armoracia
Alsatian cuisine
Condiments
Flora of Europe
Medicinal plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Root vegetables
Spices
Vermont cuisine

Horseradish


Hidayat Inayat Khan (; 6 August 1917 – 12 September 2016) was a British-French classical composer, conductor and Representative-General of the Inayati Order.

Biography
Hidayat was born in London to Sufi Master Inayat Khan and Pirani Ameena Begum; brother of Noor Inayat Khan, Vilayat Inayat Khan and Khair-un-Nisa (Claire) Inayat Khan ; and father of Fazal Inayat-Khan, who led the Inayati Order from 1968-82. His western musical education began in Paris in 1932 at the Ecole Normale de Musique, in the violin class of Bernard Sinsheimer; the composition class of Nadia Boulanger; and the orchestra class of Diran Alexanian.  Later, he attended chamber music courses given by the Lener Quartet in Budapest.

In 1942, Hidayat Inayat-Khan became Professor of music at the Lycée Musical de Dieulefit, France, and later, in the Netherlands, joined the orchestra of Haarlem as violinist.  He followed the courses of orchestra conducting by Toon Verhey.  In 1952, Hidayat Inayat-Khan conducted the orchestra of 's-Hertogenbosch for the worldwide broadcasting of his Po'me en Fa for orchestra and piano and in the same year, founded his first chamber music orchestra ensemble. Performance highlights in Hidayat Inayat-Khan's professional life include the playing, on 4 May 1957, of his Zikar Symphony at Salle Pleyel, Paris, conducted by Georges Prêtre, in a Pasdeloup concert.  On the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi's centenary, on 21 November 1969, the Gandhi Symphony was played in a special concert organised by UNESCO in the Netherlands.  This was repeated in 1971 during a broadcasting of "The Voice of America", as well as on the United Nations Radio in the USA and was later recorded by the US Armed Forces Radio Stations in a worldwide Carmen Dragon show. On 15 October 1971, the Virginia Symphonic Poem was played in honour of the Bicentennial of America. On Bavarian Radio La Monotonia was played in a Composer's Portrait in 1972 and The Message Symphony was played in 1977.

On 15–16 February 2002, the Suite Symphonic and La Monotonia, Op. 7 for Orchestra were performed by the Symphonisches Orchester München-Andechs with Andreas Pascal Heinzmann conducting in Munich, Germany. On 5 May 2007, the Royal Legend Symphonic Poem (op. 46) will receive its world premiere in Munich. It will be performed by the Zorneding-Baldham Orchestra with Andreas Pascal Heinzmann conducting. He has composed numerous works, among them Concerto for strings Op 38, Quartet for Strings Op. 45, Poem in F, and a number of choral pieces including Chanson Exotique, Awake for Morning, and a collection of Sufi hymns. He is a founding member of the European Composers' Union, and his music has frequently been broadcast internationally. Besides his symphonic works Hidayat Inayat-Khan has written choral compositions, Sufi songs and hymns as well as chamber music. Many of his compositions are now available on CD. His research in music could be described as a cross-point between eastern monophony and western polyphony; respecting western harmonic structures while also expressing the inspiring flavour of eastern ragas. In 1988, he assumed the role of Representative-General of the Inayati Order and Pir-o-Murshid of its Inner School.

Music
Nous vous invitons à la Prière and other compositions and Sufi songs of Hidayat Inayat-Khan – smaller compositions for voice, instrument, quartet. Mirasound Classics 399277 Holland 1997 ASIN: B0002NBLQC
Symphonic Works. Hidayat Inayat-Khan. "Sound of Light", Banff, Canada 1999 Double CD, total time 108 min. ASIN: B000LE1A04
Message from the Heart. Hidayat Inayat-Khan – extracts from his symphonic works, Oreade Music 2000, Haarlem. ORS 59622. CD total time 52:16 ASIN: B00004U0Y3
Suite Symphonique Op. 7 by Hidayat Inayat-Khan – Live in Munich 2002. Symphonisches Orchester München-Andechs – Conductor Andreas Pascal Heinzmann (also in the concert: Symphonie Nr. 1 C.Moll von J. Brahms)
Monotonia. Mystery. Hidayat Inayat-Khan. CJ Music 2003. Novosibirsk (Russia) CD, total time 68:30
Ballet Rituel Op. 17 Hidayat Inayat-Khan – Live 19. Juli 2003 in München. Symphonisches Orchester München-Andechs – Conductor Andreas Pascal Heinzmann (also in the concert: Rhapsodie von Rachmaninov, Symphonie Nr. 2 D-Dur von J. Brahms)
 The Singing Zikar of Hazrat Inayat Khan composed by Inayat Khan, arranged by Hidayat Inayat Khan, performed and published by Jelaluddin Gary Sill (CD) (1987)

Books
 Sufi Teachings: Lectures from Lake O'Hara by Hidayat Inayat-Khan.  Publisher: Ekstasis Editions (15 August 1996), 120 pages,
 The Inner School: Esoteric Sufi Teachings by Hidayat Inayat-Khan. Publisher: Ekstasis Editions (15 August 1997)  Google Books
 Reflections on the Art of Personality by Hidayat Inayat-Khan. 128 pages Publisher: Ekstasis Editions (25 December 2001)  Google Books
 Once Upon a Time. Early Days Stories About My Beloved Father and Mother by Hidayat Inayat-Khan. 2002
 Reflections on Philosophy, Psychology and Mysticism: Contemplations on Sufi Teachings by Hidayat Inayat-Khan. Ekstasis Editions (2003) 96 pages,  Google Books
 Reflections on Inner Sufi Teachings by Hidayat Inayat-Khan. Ekstasis Editions (2006) 120 pages,  Google Books
 Reflections on Spiritual Liberty by Hidayat Inayat-Khan. Ekstasis Editions (15 October 2007) 122 pages,
 Spiritual Liberty by Hidayat Inayat-Khan. Readworthy Publications (1 April 2011) 180 pages
 Sufi Message of Unity of Religious Ideals Readworthy Publications (3 April 2012) 102 pages

in German language:

 Eine Fackel in der Dunkelheit von Hidayat Inayat-Khan  Heilbronn Verlag (1997)
 Geistige Freiheit von Hidayat Inayat-Khan. Petama Project Verlag, 185 pages,
 Es war einmal ... von Hidayat Inayat-Khan. Heilbronn Verlag (1998) 88 pages,

in Greek language:

 Η εσωτερική σχολή (i esoteriki scholi) by Hidayat Inayat Khan. Kyveli (2005)
 Το βιβλίο της υγείας (To vivlio tis ygeias). Pyrinos Kosmos (1997)
 I dimiourgiki fysi ton doniseon kai i dynami tou logou. Publisher: Pyrinos Kosmos (1994)

in French language:

 Le Sentier du Souvenir: Enseignements sur le Zikar Chanté de Hazrat Inayat Khan. "Petama" 2009.

in Russian language:

 Sufi Teachings: Pir-o-Murshid Hidayat Inayat-Khan ("Учение Суфиев Пир-о-Муршида Хадайят Инайят Хана") Publisher: Novosibirsk (2002), 148 pages.

Video
 Hidayat Inayat Khan's "La Monotonia", choreography by Peter Leung of the Het Nationale Ballet, and danced by Maria Sascha Khan, and Wieslaw Dudek (Staatsballett Berlin). 2007
 Hidayat Inayat Khan – Interview for television program "Chai Time" (Vancouver)
 Hidayat Inayat Khan Monotonia from Concerto for strings op 48. Novosibirsk. 13 September 2010. Novosibirsk String Quintet: Oganes Girunian, violin; Alexander Kasheev, violin; Ilya Tarasenko, viola; Stanislav Ovchinnikov, cello; Viktor Murashov, contrabass.

Audio books
The Wisdom of the Sufis: A Dialogue Between Hidayat Inayat-Khan and Deepak Chopra, (Dialogues at the Chopra Center for Well Being) (Audio Cassette) Hay House Audio Books (February 2000)

Notes

External links
 Website. Biography, scores and recordings.
 The Music of Hidayat Inayat-Khan (scores in PDF format)
 composers-classical-music.com

1917 births
2016 deaths
English violinists
English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
English composers
20th-century French male violinists
British male violinists
French conductors (music)
French male conductors (music)
French composers
French male composers
French music educators
English Sufis
French Sufis
Ināyati Sufis
Sufi music
Modern Sufi music
British emigrants to France
English people of Indian descent
English people of American descent
Musicians from London
People from Bloomsbury
People from Suresnes
École Normale de Musique de Paris alumni

Hidayat Inayat Khan


Meyer Kupferman (July 3, 1926 – November 26, 2003) was an American composer and clarinetist.

Life

Meyer Kupferman was born in New York City to Jewish parents. A self-taught composer, Kupferman first gained attention in the late 1940s when his early opera "In A Garden" was premiered at the Tanglewood and Edinburgh Festivals. From 1951 to 1993 he was on the faculty of Sarah Lawrence College. He also served as Chairman of the Music Department for five terms.

Kupferman began music at the age of five on violin. As an adult he claimed little memory of his violin instruction, but at age 10 he began to play the clarinet. He taught himself piano and studied music theory at The High School of Music & Art in New York City, subsequently attending Queens College in New York.

As a young man Kupferman played jazz in bars and clubs on Coney Island, and arranged for big bands. In 1951 he was hired as Professor of Composition and Chamber Music at Sarah Lawrence College, a position he held until 1994. In the 1950s he began to experiment with twelve-tone row techniques, and in 1961 devised his "Infinities Row," consisting of the group of notes of G–F–A–B–B–D–F–E–C–E–A–C, which would become the only tone row he used subsequently in his major works. In 1990 he published Atonal Jazz.

Much of Kupferman's music contains large gestures and short dramatic hooks which are a critical to his compositional technique (his "gestalt form"). His works are eclectic syntheses of disparate elements. Their extremes of contrast, and outrageousness were reflections of his personal life.

Kupferman resided in Rhinebeck, New York, where he and his wife Pei-Fen welcomed members of the community. On the day before Thanksgiving, November 26, 2003, he died of heart failure.

Filmography

 Blast of Silence (1961)

Notes

References
 Esko, Gary, A Talk with Meyer Kupferman, interview, http://www.jamesarts.com/internationalcomposer/kupferman.html.
 Kraft, Leo, on New Music Connoisseur, .
 Phillips, Robert, "Meyer Kupferman's Compositions with Classical Guitar" Soundboard vol. xxvii, nos. 3&4, Winter/Spring 2001, 7-14.
 Sadie, S. (ed.) (1980) The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, [vol. # 10].

External links

 Meyer Kupferman Web Site
 Soundspells Web Site (Kupferman's publisher)
A Talk with Meyer Kupferman
Meyer Kupferman on "New music Connoisseur
SAI-national.org
Interview with Meyer Kupferman, December 9, 1991

20th-century classical composers
Twelve-tone and serial composers
American male classical composers
Jewish American classical composers
American classical composers
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Musicians from New York City
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
1926 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

Meyer Kupferman


Twann-Tüscherz or Douanne-Daucher in French is a municipality in the Biel/Bienne administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2010 the municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

History

Twann is first mentioned in 1185 as Duana and again in 1225 as Tuanna.  Tüscherz is first mentioned around 1230 as Tusschiers and in 1267 as Tuschers while Alfermée was first mentioned in 1276 Alphermme.

Twann

Just outside the Twann railway station is a large and well preserved neolithic lakeside settlement.  It was discovered in the mid 19th century and in 1974-76 about 10% of the total site was excavated.  Almost 20 different village existed at the site between 3838 and 2976 BC.  The longest a single village was inhabited was only 24 years.  The small huts () were only temporary and most had to be repaired after less than four years and replaced after sixteen.  The huts stood in serried ranks either longitudinally or transversely oriented to the lake.  The hut floors had a layer of peat to keep them dry and a clay hearth in the center.  The residents used hoes, sticks and simple plows to raise grain which was eaten as a porridge or bread.  They raised domestic cattle, sheep and goats constantly and hunted animals, mostly red deer, as needed.  They often fished in the lake.  They wore clothes made of woven flax and bark fibers.  An incised ceramic vessel shows trade links to Valais and a rock crystal shows that they traded with other alpine villages.  About half of their flint tools came from local flint sources, while the rest of the flint came from distant regions including, southern Germany, the southern Rhone Valley and Champagne.  One copper knife blade was also discovered at the site.

The other prehistoric sites include a Roman cremation grave in Rogget, early medieval finds in Gaicht and a burial ground in Gauchete.

The settlement of Rogget northeast of Wingreis was first mentioned in 1235.  During the 14th century it was abandoned, probably due to a massive rock slide.

During the Middle Ages Twann was the capital of the Herrschaft of the Lords of Twann.  In 1250, however, their line died out and it was inherited by the Baron de Diesse.  Shortly thereafter it went to the Vaumarcus family and then the Bolligen family.  The Bolligens held Twann until 1422 when they sold it to the Bernese Schultheiss Rudolf Hofmeister.  He established it as a Twingrecht or lower jurisdiction with a judge in 1426.  Rights over parts of the village were held by a number of different nobles, but by 1470 the right to hold a court in Twann was split between Bern and the Prince-Bishopric of Basel.

The village church of St. Martin was first mentioned in 1228 and belonged to the diocese of Lausanne.  The first church was built in the 9th or 10th century.  This building was replaced in the 13th century and again in the 15th century.  The current appearance of the church comes from Abraham Dünz the Elder's renovation in 1666-67.  In 1237 Kuno von Twann gave the right to appoint the village priest to the Münchenbuchsee Commandery.  During the Reformation, the Commandery was dissolved and in 1528 control over the church went to Bern.

The local economy was based on viticulture, fishing and animal husbandry.  Weekly markets allowed the residents to buy any grain that they needed.  Many of the vineyards were owned by Bernese nobles or by Engelberg Abbey, Münchenbuchsee Commandery and Fraubrunnen Abbey.  After the Reformation, the monastery vineyards were acquired by Bern and leased out to local farmers.  In Wingreis, the Rebhaus Thormanngut, a vineyard manor house, was built in the 16th century for Bernese patricians.

For most of the history of Twann, the main transportation mode was by ship.  The first road that connected Twann to Biel was built in 1835-38.  About twenty years later it was followed by the Biel-Neuchatel railway line in 1858-60.  The expansion of the railway and the highway, in 1969-78, separated the village completely from the lake.  While viticulture is still important to the village, tourism, a shipyard and a construction company are also important parts of the local economy.  In 1977-80 a vacation village was built on the Twannberg.  It was sold and converted into a hotel in 2009.

Tüscherz-Alfermée
Tüscherz and Alfermée were part of the lands of the Counts of Neuchatel-Nidau, until 1388 when the counts died out and the land was acquired by Bern.  Originally it was part of the parish of Sutz which was located on the opposite side of the lake.  The priest at Sutz allowed the Mass to be read in the chapel above Tüscherz.  After the Protestant Reformation the chapel was closed, but it remained part of the Sutz parish until the parish was dissolved in 1876.  Tüscherz and Alfermée then became part of the parish of Twann.  In 2010 the parishes of Twann / Tüscherz-Alfermée and Ligerz merged to become the Pilgerweg Bielersee parish.

Viticulture and fishing dominated the villages, because there was little land for growing grain.  Some of the residents even rented fields across the lake in Sutz.  Many of the vineyards were owned by monasteries, hospitals and lower nobility or burghers of Bern, Biel and Nidau.  Several vineyard estates were owned by St. Urban's Abbey, including the Schünen estate which was bought in 1256 and later abandoned and the Convalet estate which was owned by the Abbey until 1848.  In the 18th century it was expanded into a large manor house but it was demolished in 1859.  The Biel/Bienne road (built in 1838), the Biel/Bienne-Neuchatel railroad (built 1860) and the A5 motorway (1973) isolate the villages from the lake.  The lower village of Alfermée was built on land won from the lake after the Jura water correction in 1868-91 but was demolished in 1969 to clear land for the motorway.  Until 1973 the primary school was located in the municipality, then it relocated to Twann.  The vineyards are still an important industry, though now about two-thirds of the working population commute to Biel/Bienne for work.

Geography

Twann-Tüscherz has an area of .  As of 2012, a total of  or 24.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while  or 64.8% is forested.   The rest of the municipality is  or 8.0% is settled (buildings or roads),  or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and  or 2.8% is unproductive land.

During the same year, housing and buildings made up 3.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.9%.  All of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests.  Of the agricultural land, 9.3% is used for growing crops and 9.1% is pasturage, while 5.5% is used for orchards or vine crops.  All the water in the municipality is in lakes.

It is located on the northern shore of Lake Biel and is made up of the villages of Twann, Wingreis, Tüscherz and Alfermée along with part of the village of Kleintwann, the settlements of Gaicht () and Twannberg () on a terrace in the Jura mountains and St. Peters Island (Sankt Petersinsel) in the lake.

Demographics

Twann-Tüscherz has a population () of .  , 8.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of -1.8%.  Migration accounted for -1.7%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.4%.

Most of the population () speaks German (87%) as their first language, French is the second most common (6.9%) and Italian is the third (0.6%).

, the population was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.  The population was made up of 511 Swiss men (44.9% of the population) and 50 (4.4%) non-Swiss men.  There were 531 Swiss women (46.6%) and 4 (0.4%) non-Swiss women.

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 24.2%.

, there were 198 households that consist of only one person and 13 households with five or more people.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.5 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 3.6%.  In 2011, single family homes made up 54.0% of the total housing in the municipality.

Historic Population
The historical population is given in the following chart:

World heritage site
It is home to the Twann Bahnhof prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Twann Bahnhof is one of the best dated prehistoric lakeside settlements.  The wooden piles have been dendrochronologically dated to 3838-3768 BC, 3702-3698 BC, 3662 BC, 3649-3631 BC, 3622-3607 BC, 3596-3573 BC, 3563-3532 BC, 3405-3391 BC, 3176-3166 BC and 3093-3074 BC.  The site was discovered in the mid-1870s during digging of a well.  One large scale excavation was carried out in 1974-76, while test borings in 1984-87 indicated that some of the archeological layers extend far into the lake.  The total site is estimated to cover , but only  were excavated in 1974-76.  The underwater portion of the site has not been explored.  A few years after the excavation the results of the studies were published in a 20 volume collection, which is considered the definitive reference on the neolithic development in western Switzerland.

Heritage sites of national significance

The Former Clunic Priory at St. Peter's Island, the former Thormanngut building and the Fraubrunnen house are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.  The villages of Tüscherz and Twann and the hamlet of Wingreis are all part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 25.7% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SPS (21.4%), the BDP Party (17.7%) and the FDP (14.8%).  In the federal election, a total of 493 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 53.6%.

Economy
, Twann-Tüscherz had an unemployment rate of 1.76%.  , there were a total of 422 people employed in the municipality.  Of these, there were 132 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 50 businesses involved in this sector.  51 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 16 businesses in this sector.  239 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 39 businesses in this sector.  Of the working population, 17.9% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.4% used a private car.

In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Twann-Tüscherz making 150,000 CHF was 12%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 17.6%.  For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.

Religion

In 2000 about 67.8% of the population belonged to a Protestant church, 14.8% were Roman Catholic and 11.2% had no religious affiliation.

Education
In Twann-Tüscherz about 53% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 26.4% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).

The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school.  This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude.  Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.

During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 137 students attending classes in Twann-Tüscherz.  There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 20 students in the municipality.  Of the kindergarten students, 15.0% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 15.0% have a different mother language than the classroom language.  The municipality had 4 primary classes and 72 students.  Of the primary students, 8.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 8.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language.  During the same year, there were 3 lower secondary classes with a total of 45 students.

References

External links

Municipalities of the canton of Bern
Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern

Twann-Tüscherz


A self bow or simple bow is a bow made from a single piece of wood. Extra material such as horn nocks on the ends, or built-up handles, would normally be accepted as part of a self bow. Some modern authorities would also accept a bow spliced together in the handle from two pieces of wood.

Comparison with composite bows
An effective self bow can be made from widely available local material in most inhabited parts of the world, with limited tools whose functions include chopping, shaving, and scraping. A day of work may be needed, starting with a seasoned stave; a composite bow requires a week's work, and could possibly take up to several years, starting with a much greater range of materials and skills. Self bows must be approximately the height of the archer if they are to allow a long draw, and they are less efficient in the specialized art of flight archery.  Well-designed composite bows of high draw-weight give higher arrow velocity, and the bow itself is shorter. However, the hide glue that holds a composite bow together absorbs water and will dissolve if soaked; the wood of self bows is less sensitive to humidity.

At the weights more usual for modern amateurs, the greater density of horn and sinew compared to wood usually cancels any advantage of composite construction. For most practical non-mounted archery purposes, self bows can perform as well as composite; "the initial velocity is about the same for all types of bow… within certain limits"

History
In many parts of the world including much of Africa, the Americas, northern Europe, and Southern Asia, the great majority of traditional bows are self bows. The first bow artifacts, the Stellmoor and Holmegaard artifacts of Northern Europe, are self bows. The Stellmoor bow was made from the heartwood of a Scots pine while the oldest Holmegaard bows were carved from small-diameter elms. In primitive flight archery competitions, bows inspired by the design of the Holmegaard bows perform very well because of their light, non-bending tips.

Selecting wood
In most inhabited areas, common timbers can be made into high-quality self bows. The pieces must be long enough (approximately the height of the archer), and the grain must be sufficiently straight. Denser timbers normally store energy better and can be made into narrower bows with less effort – high-quality yew allows for particularly narrow self bows, such as the traditional European version of the longbow. The Eastern Woodlands tribes of North America used hickory, tribes in parts of the Midwestern United States osage orange, Native Americans of the west coast used short, wide, recurved bows made of American Pacific yew, Brazilian rainforest tribes used palm wood, and many others. In Europe and North America, common woods such as maple, ash, elm, and oak make excellent flat bows, and are far easier to obtain than good-quality yew.

The fibres on the back of a self bow must be, so far as possible, continuous. This may be achieved by using the outer, under-bark surface of the tree as the back of the bow (convenient with most white woods), or by the painstaking process of removing outer growth rings (often used with yew and osage orange), or by making or following a cut or split surface which happens to have continuous grain (a usual approach if starting with commercially sawn wood).

The density of timber correlates well with its ability to store energy as it is bent. Denser timbers can make narrower bows. The same design for less dense timbers results in the bow taking excessive set-string follow, or even breaking. However, equally effective bows may be made from less dense timber by making them wider near the centre. The mass of equivalent bows is closely similar whatever the density of wood; approximately the same mass of wood is required whatever the density of the timber.

The overall length of bending wood must be about 2.3 times the draw length. Narrow bows (known as "longbows") can bend in the handle. Wider bows (known as "flatbows") must be narrow in the handle if they are to be practical, but the handle must be made thicker so as not to bend, and the complete bow will therefore tend to be longer.

Self bows may be of any side-view profile; moderate recurving can often be achieved with heat and force.

See also
 Longbow
 Crossbow
 Cable-backed bow
 Compound bow
 Laminated bow
 Recurve bow

References

Further reading

 The Traditional Bowyer's Bible Volume 1. The Lyons Press 1992.
 The Traditional Bowyer's Bible Volume 2. The Lyons Press 1992.
 The Traditional Bowyer's Bible Volume 3. The Lyons Press 1994.
 The Traditional Bowyer's Bible Volume 4. The Lyons Press 2008.
 How to build a Self Bow Video Series

Bows (archery)

de:Bogen (Waffe)#Primitivbogen

Self bow


Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos or Dragaš Palaeologus (, Kōnstantînos Dragásēs Palaiológos; 8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453)  was the last Byzantine emperor, started in 1449 until he died in the Fall of Constantinople. His death became the end of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) of the Roman Empire, founded by Augustus almost 1,500 years earlier.

History

Constantine was the fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of Serbian ruler Konstantin Dejanović. His early life is unknown, but from the 1420s onward, he is shown to be a skilled general. Based on his career, Constantine have been a soldier. He was trusted and liked by his older brother, Emperor John VIII Palaiologos. Constantine and John fended off an attack on the Morea (the Peloponnese) by Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus, and in 1428 Constantine became Despot of the Morea and ruled the province together with his older brother Theodore and his younger brother Thomas. Together, they ruled to almost the entire Peloponnese for the first time since the Fourth Crusade more than two hundred years before and rebuilt the ancient Hexamilion wall, which defended the peninsula from outside attacks. Although ultimately unsuccessful, Constantine personally led a campaign into Central Greece and Thessaly in 1444–1446, attempting to extend Byzantine rule into Greece once more.

In 1448, John VIII died without children, and as his favored successor, Constantine was proclaimed emperor on 6 January 1449. Constantine's brief reign would see the emperor grapple with three primary concerns. First, there was the issue of an heir, as Constantine was also childless. Despite attempts by Constantine's friend and confidant George Sphrantzes to find him a wife, Constantine ultimately died unmarried. The second concern was the religious disunity within what little remained of his empire. Constantine and his predecessor John VIII both believed a union between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches was needed to secure military aid from Catholic Europe, but much of the Byzantine populace opposed the idea. Finally, the most important concern was the growing Ottoman Empire, which by 1449 completely surrounded Constantinople. In April 1453, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II laid siege to Constantinople with an army perhaps numbering as many as 80,000 men. Even though the city's defenders may have numbered less than a tenth of the sultan's army, Constantine considered the idea of abandoning Constantinople unthinkable. The emperor stayed to defend the city and on 29 May, Constantinople fell. Constantine died the same day. Although no reliable eyewitness accounts of his death survived, most historical accounts agree that the emperor led a last charge against the Ottomans and died fighting.

Constantine was the last Christian ruler of Constantinople. He became known in later Greek folklore as the Marble Emperor (, romanized: Marmaromenos Vasileus, lit. 'Emperor/King turned into Marble'), reflecting a popular legend which endured for centuries that Constantine had not actually died, but had been rescued by an angel and turned into marble, hidden beneath the Golden Gate of Constantinople awaiting a call from God to be restored to life and reconquer both the city and the old empire.

After he died, The monarchy actually did not finish until 1512, and the last person to hold the title Roman Emperor was Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor.

1405 births
1453 deaths
Byzantine emperors

Constantine XI Palaiologos


In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, amphoras were used to transport liquids or grain. Amphores had two handles, used for carrying. Amphoras existed in different sizes, between 5 litres and 50 litres. They were made of clay, or metal.  Cargo ships for liquids were full of amphorae.

Most of the amphoras that now exist were made in old times  of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. However, many were made long before then. Some amphoras date from as far back as 4500 BCE.  Some varieties have been found in ancient China.

References

Ancient Rome
Ancient Greek pottery

Amphora


Roy Thomas Virgin (born 26 August 1939) is a former English cricketer who played for Somerset and Northamptonshire County Cricket Clubs.

A right-handed opening batsman, Virgin had a mostly solid but unspectacular career in first-class cricket, except for two individual seasons, one for each of his two counties, during which he looked as good as any opening batsman in county cricket and was mentioned as a possible Test player.

Virgin played first for Somerset in 1957 and was a regular as an opening batsman in 1960, when he scored 1,453 runs at a respectable average of 25 runs per innings. He reappeared in 1963 after National Service and was a regular in the Somerset side for the rest of the 1960s, usually scoring his 1,000 runs a season, but only once averaging more than 30 runs an innings.

But then, suddenly, in 1970, Virgin's batting moved into a different league. Revealing a wider range of shots than before, he scored fast and prolifically, with 2,223 runs at an average of 47 in the season, including seven centuries. He was talked of as a possible England opener and was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in the 1971 edition of the almanack. The 1971 season was another successful year for Virgin, but in 1972 his runmaking fell away badly, and he left Somerset at the end of the season.

The parting was not amicable. Virgin had to wait half a season before he could make his County Championship debut in 1973 for Northamptonshire and then he had limited success. But in 1974, he had a second season of high achievement: 1,936 runs at an average of almost 57 runs per innings meant that he was fifth in the national averages. Again, he was talked of as a potential England player; but again he was not selected.

Virgin was appointed captain of Northamptonshire in 1975, but resigned in August, saying that the captaincy was affecting his batting. He barely made his 1,000 runs that season, but recovered to average 34 in the 1976 season. Batting with Peter Willey he scored 145 in a fourth wicket stand of 370 against Somerset at Northampton, which remains the county record for a fourth wicket partnership. But after a less successful season in 1977 he retired to take up a business appointment.

Early in his career, Virgin occasionally acted as wicketkeeper in first-class matches, and he continued to do so occasionally in one-day matches throughout his career. More often, he was a reliable catcher in the slips and his 42 catches for Somerset in 1966 remains the county record.

Virgin married Margaret Ann Thresher in 1960 and had three children.

1939 births
Living people
English cricketers
Somerset cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Northamptonshire cricket captains
Combined Services cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Cricketers from Taunton
Western Province cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
T. N. Pearce's XI cricketers

Roy Virgin


United World College of South East Asia (UWCSEA) is an independent school in Singapore. It is branch of an international school called United World College. UWCSEA has two campuses that are based in Singapore, one on Dover Road at the Mid-West of the city and one at Tampines Avenue in the Tampines District. UWCSEA is a kindergarten, elementary, middle and high school. Many famous people like Akihiko Hoshide, who has gone into space, have graduated from UWCSEA.

Schools in Singapore

United World College of South East Asia


Wes King (born January 20, 1966) is an American contemporary Christian singer, songwriter, photographer, and musician. He is perhaps best known for his 1993 album The Robe. His demo material, a cassette tape named "Lonely Poet", is sung by other artists, such as Kim Hill. He briefly attended Covenant College outside of Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the late 1980s. He also led worship at Christian youth retreat camps.

Background
After picking up the guitar at the age of 14, Wes wrote his first songs two years later; after studying the Bible at Covenant College, he relocated to Franklin, Tennessee. Wes signed with Reunion Records and recorded his first solo LP The Ultimate Underlying No Denying Motivation in 1990. After issuing Sticks and Stones a year later, King resurfaced in 1993 with The Robe. 1995's Common Creed was his biggest hit to date, notching three CHR chart-toppers -- "Life Is Precious," "The Love of Christ" and the title cut. In 1997, King issued A Room Full of Stories, his most acclaimed effort yet followed by What Matters Most in 2000 which was released on Word Artisan.

In 2005 Wes was diagnosed with Lymphoma and underwent many months of extremely difficult treatments and years of side-effects. Wes is now cancer free and is feeling well enough to spend time in his studio again.

Wes King's song "Good to Be Alive" is a song of celebration and thankfulness for the life the Lord has given him. Other free downloadable singles include, "Point to the Light", "My Dear Mother" (written as a dedication to his close mother who passed just months before), and "The Robe" (remixed/mash-up as "The Robe / Come as You Are" by Masaki).

Collaborations
King has collaborated with other artists on numerous occasions, most notably with artist Phil Keaggy on Invention (Keaggy, Dente & King).  Credits include:

 1989, "Talk About Life", composer, acoustic guitar Kim Hill
 1989, "Revival", composer David Mullen
 1991, "Brave Heart", arranger Kim Hill
 1992, "Angels of Mercy", composer Susan Ashton
 1993, "Orphans and Angels", background vocals, Julie Miller
 1993, "Matter of Time", background vocals, Nina Åström
 1994, "Walk On", composer, Susan Ashton
 1995, "Testimony", composer, Kim Hill
 1996, "Brother to Brother", guest artist, guitar, acoustic guitar, Michael Card
 1997, "Invention", bouzouki, composer, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, mandolin, vocals, background vocals, Phil Keaggy
 1998, "The Loving Kind", composer, guest artist, guitar, vocals, Cindy Morgan
 1999, "This Is Your Time", composer, guest artist, Michael W. Smith
 2001, "Worship", choir/chorus, composer, acoustic guitar, Michael W. Smith
 2002, "Woven in Time", composer, guest artist, classical guitar, Steve Green
 2002, "Worship Again", composer, Michael W. Smith
 2003, "Signatures", bass guitar, John Michael Talbot
 2004, "Healing Rain", composer, Michael W. Smith
 2004, "Beyond the Gates", composer, Cans
 2007, "It's a Wonderful Christmas", lyricist, Michael W. Smith
 2007, "Grounded", composer, Justin Adams
 2008, "It's Christmas", composer, Mandisa
 2010, "Who I Am", guitar, Carmen Liana
 2014, "The Spirit of Christmas", composer, Michael W. Smith
 2014, "Sovereign", acoustic guitar, Michael W. Smith

Photography
 2009, "Ceremony to the Sunset", photographer, Yawning Sons

Discography
1987: Lonely Poet (demo)
1990: The Ultimate Underlying No Denying Motivation (Reunion Records)
1991: Sticks and Stones  (Reunion Records)
1993: The Robe (Reunion Records)
1995: Common Creed (Reunion Records)
1997: A Room Full of Stories (Sparrow Records)
2001: What Matters Most (Word Records)

With Phil Keaggy and Scott Dente
 1997: Invention (Sparrow Records)

Credited
 1989: Charm Is Deceitful and Snake in the Grass (Kim Hill) on Talk About Life (Reunion Records)

Tributes
2005: Life Is Precious: A Wes King Tribute

References

External links

Living people
American performers of Christian music
Christian music songwriters
Calvinist and Reformed writers
1966 births
People from Barrow County, Georgia

Wes King


The Suda or Souda () is a massive 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world. It is an encyclopedic dictionary, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries. The derivation is probably from the Byzantine Greek word souda, meaning 'fortress' or 'stronghold'.

The Suda is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense. It explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of its period. There is nothing especially important about this aspect of the work. It is the articles on literary history that are valuable. These entries supply details and quotations from authors whose works are otherwise lost.

This lexicon represents a convenient work of reference for persons who played a part in political, ecclesiastical, and literary history in the East down to the tenth century. The chief source for this is the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912–959), and for Roman history the excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century).

The work deals with biblical as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian. A prefatory note gives a list of dictionaries from which the lexical portion was compiled, together with the names of their authors. The work is uncritical, and probably much added to, and the value of the articles is very unequal. Nevertheless, it contains much information on ancient history and life.

The Souda has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the Kitab al-Fehrest of Ibn al-Nadim.

Organization
The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations.  The letters follow phonetically, in order of sound (of course in the pronunciation of the tenth century, which is similar to that of modern Greek). The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but in some modern editions the work is rearranged alphabetically.

Other websites
Suda On Line .

References

Sources

Byzantine Empire
Encyclopedias
10th-century works

Suda


Russell Glyn Ballard (born 31 October 1945) is an English singer, musician and songwriter.

Originally rising to prominence as the lead singer and guitarist of the band Argent, Ballard became a prolific songwriter and producer by the late 1970s. His compositions "New York Groove", "You Can Do Magic", "Since You Been Gone", "I Surrender", "Liar", "Winning", "I Know There's Something Going On", "Can't Shake Loose", "So You Win Again" and "God Gave Rock and Roll to You" became hits for other artists during the 1970s and 1980s.  He also scored several minor hits under his own name in the early and mid-1980s.

Early life
Ballard was born in Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, England.

Career
Ballard was initially a guitarist, joining Buster Meikle & The Day Breakers in 1961 together with his older brother Roy and their friend the drummer Bob Henrit. After a stint with The Roulettes, backing Adam Faith, he then went on to join Unit 4 + 2 in 1967, before becoming the lead singer and guitarist of Argent (along with Henrit, who joined as drummer), writing their hit "God Gave Rock and Roll to You", which would later be covered by both Petra and KISS.  Ballard is most well known as the vocalist on Argent's smash "Hold Your Head Up".  In 1972, Ballard performed on Colin Blunstone's album Ennismore, which was produced by Chris White. Ballard also wrote the hit single "I Don't Believe in Miracles", which featured on that album.

Songwriting
He left Argent in 1974 and pursued a solo and songwriting career. He wrote such hits as Three Dog Night's "Liar" (originally recorded by Argent), Hot Chocolate's 1977 UK chart topper "So You Win Again", and Rainbow's 1979 hit "Since You Been Gone". Head East had also recorded the song in 1978 for its self-titled album, and before that it was included in Ballard's 1976 solo album Winning. Ballard also wrote Rainbow's 1981 song "I Surrender", which charted at number 3 in the UK.

Ballard also wrote and performed on Roger Daltrey's first two solo albums, Daltrey (1973) and Ride a Rock Horse (1975). Daltrey recorded some other Russ Ballard originals for his McVicar soundtrack, and his albums Under a Raging Moon and Can't Wait to See the Movie. Ballard undertook a tour with Roger Daltrey in 1985, playing guitar and singing one of his own songs.

British pop band Hello recorded Ballard's "New York Groove" in 1975, reaching No. 7 in Germany and No. 9 in the UK.
"New York Groove" would also be recorded three years later by Ace Frehley, who turned the tune into a stateside hit.

Ballard also wrote the No. 17, 1981 hit for Santana, called "Winning", which appeared on their album entitled Zebop! and had previously been released by Ballard himself on his second solo album.  To promote the Winning album he toured Europe and the US in October and November 1976, working with the John Stanley Media Management Company and a four-piece band, performing at large theatre venues in Europe and medium-sized clubs such as The Bottom Line in New York and the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles.

Ballard wrote and produced "You Can Do Magic" for the group America on its 1982 album View from the Ground. The single climbed to No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in October 1982, and helped resurrect the band's career. The following year, America brought in Ballard to produce their follow-up album, Your Move. One of its tracks, "The Border", which was co-written by Ballard with Dewey Bunnell, reached No. 33 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Ballard wrote ABBA singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad's 1982 solo hit: "I Know There's Something Going On" (which was produced by Phil Collins, and also featured Collins on drums). The track reached No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100. He also penned "Can't Shake Loose" for fellow ABBA former member Agnetha Fältskog, which peaked at No. 29 in the same listings.

Returning to a harder rock vein, Ballard wrote "I Did It For Love," which became the last Billboard Hot 100 hit for Night Ranger, appearing on their 1988 Man in Motion album.  In 1991 the song he co-wrote with John Waite and Jonathan Cain, "So This Is Eden", appeared on Bad English's album, Backlash.

Ballard has also written and produced for Elkie Brooks, and in 2005 acting as a talent scout, he "discovered" Lauren Harris.

Solo recordings

As a solo artist, Ballard charted once on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, when "On the Rebound" reached No. 58 in 1980. The song was featured on his solo album for Epic, entitled Barnet Dogs, which reached number 187 on the Billboard 200.  English rock band Uriah Heep covered "On the Rebound" in 1982 on their album Abominog.

Another notable solo hit, "Voices" – from his second self-titled album (1984) – was featured in the Miami Vice episode "Calderone's Return: Part 2 – Calderone's Demise", which aired on 26 October 1984. The song was a brief hit on rock radio stations, peaking at No. 15 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.  However, "Voices" stalled below the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 110. Another song from the same album, "In the Night" was featured in the episode "Calderone's Return: Part 1 – The Hit List". The show also featured "Your Time Is Gonna Come" by Ballard later in its run.

"The Fire Still Burns", the title track of his 1985 album matched the placement of the previous year's "Voices", peaking at No. 15 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

Ballard and Kiss
In addition to Kiss covering  "God Gave Rock and Roll to You", retitled as "God Gave Rock 'n' Roll to You II":
 Kiss drummer Peter Criss recorded Ballard's "Let Me Rock You" and "Some Kinda Hurricane" on his 1982 Let Me Rock You album.
 Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley covered "New York Groove" on his self-titled solo album in 1978. Frehley's version reached No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and has been a regular staple of Kiss live performances, during tours in which Frehley has taken part.
 During his non-Kiss years, Frehley also recorded a cover of the Ballard song "Into the Night", for his 1987 Frehley's Comet album.

Ballard songs recorded by other acts
"Can't Shake Loose", recorded by Agnetha Fältskog.
"Cast The Spirit", recorded by America (1983)
"Can't We Talk It Over", recorded by Leslie McKeown (1981/1982)
"Cuckoo" (As "Are You Cuckoo?"), recorded by Bay City Rollers.
"Dancer", recorded by Rare Earth (A Brand New World - 2008)
"Dream On", recorded by King Kobra (Thrill of a Lifetime - 1986).
"Feels Like the Real Thing", recorded by Stormbringer (Stormbringer - 1983).
"First Heartbreak", recorded by Ian Lloyd (Love Stealer - 1979).
"Free Me", recorded by Roger Daltrey (Soundtrack album of McVicar – 1980).
"God Gave Rock 'n' Roll to You", recorded by Argent, Petra, and Kiss.
"Heartbreaker", recorded by Olivia Newton-John (''Let Me Be There (Non-American Pressing)'' - 1973).
"Hearts of Fire", recorded by Roger Daltrey (on his album Can't Wait to See the Movie).
"I Did It For Love", recorded by Night Ranger (Man In Motion - 1988).
"I Don't Believe in Miracles", recorded by Colin Blunstone.
"I Know There's Something Going On", recorded by Frida.
"I Surrender", recorded by Head East, Rainbow, Cherie & Marie Currie, At Vance, and Stratovarius.
"I Will Be There", recorded by Gogmagog.
"I'm Confessing", recorded by Alan Longmuir (Single A-side, 1977).
"I'm the One Who Loves You", recorded by A II Z (Single A-side, 1981).
"Into the Night", recorded by Frehley's Comet. (Frehley's Comet - 1987)
"Is Anybody There", recorded by E. F. Band (Deep Cut – 1982).
"Is My Love In Vain", recorded by  Nick Simper's Fandango(Future Times - 1980).
"Jody", recorded by America.
"Juliet", recorded by Girl (Killing Time – 1997).
"Just a Dream Away", recorded by Roger Daltrey (Soundtrack album of McVicar – 1980).
"Just Another Day", recorded by Phoenix, Nick Simper's Fandango(Slipstreaming - 1979).
"Let It Rock", recorded by Hello (1977).
"Let Me Rock You", recorded by Peter Criss (Let Me Rock You - 1982).
"Liar", recorded by Argent, Three Dog Night, Graham Bonnet and Rick Medlocke & Blackfoot.
"Livin' in Suspicion", recorded by the Graham Bonnet Band (Meanwhile, Back in the Garage – 2018)
"Lost City", recorded by The Shadows (Sound of the Shadows – 1965)
"Love Is a Game", recorded by Girl and E. F. Band.
"My Time Is Gonna Come", recorded by Roger Daltrey (Soundtrack album of McVicar – 1980).
"New York Groove", recorded by Hello, Ace Frehley and Sweet.
"No More the Fool", recorded by Elkie Brooks.
"Nowhere to Run", recorded by Santana
"On the Rebound", recorded by Uriah Heep (Abominog – 1982).
"Panic Attack", recorded by Bert Heerink (Better Yet – 2009).
"Prove It", recorded by Rare Earth (A Brand New World - 2008)
"Riding with the Angels", recorded by Samson, Heretic, and Bruce Dickinson.
"S.O.S.", recorded by Graham Bonnet (Line-Up - 1981).
"Since You Been Gone", recorded by Clout, Cherie & Marie Currie, Head East, Rainbow, Alcatrazz, Impellitteri, Crash Kelly, and Brian May.
"So You Win Again", recorded by Hot Chocolate and South African band Copperfield.
"Some Kinda Hurricane", recorded by Peter Criss (Let Me Rock You - 1982).
"Someday We'll Be Together", recorded by The Pointer Sisters (1981)
"Star Studded Sham", recorded by Hello (1976)
"The Mirror Lies", recorded by Graham Bonnet (My Kingdom Come double single - 2015)
"Tonight", recorded by Tokyo Blade (Tokyo Blade - 1983)
"Voices", recorded by Karen Kamon (1987)
"Winning", recorded by Nona Hendryx and later Santana.
"You Can Do Magic", recorded by America.

Solo discography

Studio albums

Live albums
Book of Love Tour Live 2007 (CD) (10 April 2020), Russell Ballard Ltd.

Singles
All songs written by Ballard.

Charting singles
"On the Rebound" (1980) - No. 58 on Billboard Hot 100
"Voices" (1984) - No. 110 on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles / No. 15 Top Tracks (Mainstream Rock Tracks)
"The Fire Still Burns" (1985) - No. 105 on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles / No. 15 Top Rock Tracks (Mainstream Rock Tracks)

Portrait
In 1984, Mary Turner produced a 15-minute portrait of Russ Ballard as a record with the title "A Portrait Of An Artist By Mary Turner".

Timeline

See also
 List of songs recorded written and produced by Russ Ballard
 List of lead vocalists

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
English male songwriters
People from Waltham Cross
Argent (band) members
Epic Records artists
Musicians from Hertfordshire
English male guitarists

Russ Ballard


The third USS Fox (Torpedo Boat No. 13/TB-13), was launched 4 July 1898 by Wolff and Zwicker, Portland, Oregon.; sponsored by Miss V. Patterson; and commissioned 8 July 1899.

Based at Mare Island Navy Yard, the pioneer group of torpedo boats, which included Fox, cruised during 1900 only in the immediate area, conducting trials of engines and equipment, and in general, developing their type both in terms of construction and equipment, and tactics. Between 1901 and 1906, Fox was in the yard for installation of torpedo-firing circuits and other work designed to enhance her capabilities. After 2 years in reserve, she was recommissioned 23 March 1908, and based at San Diego for intensive training operations with the Pacific Fleet.

Out of commission between 7 January 1909 and 17 October 1910, when she was commissioned in reserve, Fox returned to full commission between 1 November 1910 and 5 July 1913, although for much of 1911 and 1912 she lay in reserve. While active, she continued her training and experimental operations out of San Diego. From 1913 to 1916, Fox was on loan to the Washington State Naval Militia, based at Aberdeen, Washington. She was sold 27 October 1916. In 1919 her owners planned on converting her into a trawler.

References

Technical data from

External links

Torpedo boats of the United States Navy
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1898 ships

USS Fox (TB-13)


The Ghats are two mountain ranges at the eastern and western edges of the Deccan Plateau in southern India. The Ghats are separated from the coasts of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal by fairly level coastal land.

The Eastern Ghats are broken into several hill masses that are unlike each other and have a northeast-southwest trend along the Bay of Bengal. The Western Ghats are steep on the seaward side but gently sloping on the side of the Deccan plateau.

Source
Ghats; Encyclopædia Britannica

Mountain ranges of India

Ghats


Perfect information has different definitions depending on the field.

In economics, the term perfect information refers to an element of competition in a market which is perfect and idealized. This is commonly known as perfect competition.

In the mathematical branch of game theory, a perfect information game uses perfect information if all the actions taken in the game are known, and the state of the game's materials is available to all players. Perfect information is a type of common knowledge. Perfect information relates to the materials of the game, and to the rules of the game.

It follows that imperfect information is when elements of the game (materials or rules) are not equally available to all participants.

Perfect information games do not require that each player has a working memory of past positions but that merely they have had the opportunity to view such past actions.

Examples

In a game of chess or go, the pieces and the rules are known, but the implications of the position are not. This identifies chess as a perfect information game. In competitive card games like bridge and poker, the cards held by opponents are not known, or only partly known. They are not perfect information games.

Mathematics

Perfect information


Henry Octavius Coxe (20 September 1811 in Bucklebury, Berkshire, England – 8 July 1881 in Oxford) was an English librarian and scholar.

The eighth son of Rev. Richard Coxe and Susan Smith, he was educated at Westminster School and Worcester College, Oxford. Immediately on taking his degree in 1833, he began work in the manuscript department of the British Museum, became in 1838 sub-librarian of the Bodleian Library in Oxford, and in 1860 succeeded Dr. Bulkeley Bandinel as head librarian, an office he held until his death in 1881.

Having proved himself an able palaeographer, he was sent out by the British government under Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston to inspect the libraries in the monasteries of the Levant in 1857. He discovered some valuable manuscripts, but the monks were too wise to part with their treasures. One valuable result of his travels was the detection of the forgery attempted by Constantine Simonides. He was the author of various catalogues, and under his direction that of the Bodleian, in more than 720 volumes, was completed. He published Rogri de Wendover Chronica, 5 vols (1841–44); the Black Prince, an historical poem written in French by Chandos Herald (1842); and Report on the Greek Manuscripts yet remaining in the Libraries of the Levant (1858).

He was not only an accurate librarian but an active and hardworking clergyman, and was for the last twenty-five years of his life in charge of the parish of Wytham, near Oxford. He was likewise honorary fellow of Worcester and Corpus Christi.

In 1839 he married Charlotte Esther, daughter of Tomkyns Hilgrove Turner, and fathered five children, of whom Susan Esther (1842–1894) married John Wordsworth, future Bishop of Salisbury.

References

1811 births
1881 deaths
Bodley's Librarians
English librarians
English palaeographers
People from Bucklebury
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
People educated at Westminster School, London

Henry Coxe


Zbyněk Zajíc of Hazmburk or of Hasenburg (; c. 1376 – 28 September 1411) was a Czech nobleman, and an important representative of the Roman Catholic Church in the Crown of Bohemia. He was the 5th Archbishop of Prague 1403–1411, succeeding Olbram of Škvorec.

While he was initially a supporter of Czech religious reformer Jan Hus, but later strongly opposed his views and reformatory effort.

Life and career
Zbyněk Zajíc came from the influential Czech noble house of Zajíc of Hazmburk. He was born in 1376 (some say 1375) as the oldest son of Vilém Zajíc of Hazmburk and Anna of Slavětín and Libochovice. He had five brothers and four sisters. Between 1395 and 1400 he possessed a sixth of the Hazmburk Castle.

Zbyněk was a knight, capable leader, and military adviser to the Bohemian King Wenceslaus IV. Originally at the court of Wenceslaus, he then moved to position as provost at Mělník, in 1390 (at the age of 15). He was a military leader, as he led, on the King's orders, the expansion into Bavaria.

He was also a typical representative of the corrupt establishment in the Catholic Church. Although he wasn't a priest and was without serious education, thanks to his noble origin he became the provost in Mělník in 1390 (at the age of 15). He later became the canon (priest) of Vyšehrad in 1400, and finally the Archbishop of Prague in November 1402 (at age twenty-six).

Originally Zbyněk respected well educated Jan Hus, tolerating and protecting him in his reforming endeavour despite the complaining clergy. In 1403 he became the Archbishop. At that time he required Hus to report to him "absences or deviations of law". This allowed Hus and others among Wycliffe's sympathizers to spread reformed ideas. At the beginning of 1409 Archbishop Zbyněk entered into conflict with King Wenceslaus concerning the council in Pisa. While the king approved of the council and the newly elected Antipope Alexander V, Archbishop Zbyněk remained loyal to Pope Gregory XII. When Wenceslaus had refused to recognise any of the three existing popes (at the time) and wished to await the outcome of the council at Pisa, Zbyněk had put an interdict () on "all who obeyed the king", meaning Bohemia in general.

Under pressure from the pope and the clergy, Zbyněk required the books of Wycliffe and others to be condemned. In September 1409 he acknowledged antipope Alexander V and, with papal blessing, he ordered the heretical works burned, and proclaimed an interdict against Hus. King then condemned Wycliffe as well and forbade preaching outside of churches, including those held by Hus at Betlémská kaple. On 16 July 1410 Zbyněk ordered that the confiscated works of Wycliffe be burned, at his court in Prague. Thereafter he had to flee to save his life from an angry mob. University students were singing satirical songs such as: "Zbyněk Bishop "Alphabet" burnt the books, without knowing what they are about" (Zbyněk biskup abeceda spálil knihy, a nevěda, co je v nich napsáno), ridiculing the archbishop's illiteracy.

King Wenceslaus required him to end the interdict and replace the destroyed books; Zbyněk refused and so the king stopped his income. Zbyněk Zajíc refused to give in and repeated the interdict, which led Wenceslaus to confiscate all the church treasures. After the intervention of Emperor Sigismund, the younger brother of Wenceslaus, the archbishop restored his former relationship to the King. Still, Zbyněk Zajíc did not feel safe in Prague and so he planned to travel to the Kingdom of Hungary. On the way he fell ill and died in Prešpurk, today's Bratislava.

Only after ending of the Hussite Wars his remains could be translated and buried (1436) at the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague.

References

1376 births
1411 deaths
People from Bratislava
15th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bohemia
Roman Catholic archbishops of Prague
Czech expatriates in Hungary
Medieval Bohemian nobility

Zbyněk Zajíc of Hazmburk


The War of the Spanish Succession was fought from 1701 to 1714 over who would be the next king of Spain after Charles II had died childless. France wanted the new king to be Philip of Anjou, a grandson of its own king, Louis XIV, as Charles had stated in his will. However, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and other states in Europe opposed that because they wanted to prevent France from becoming more powerful.

The war was fought mostly in Europe, but there were battles also in the West Indies, South America and North America. In North America, the war is called Queen Anne's War since the queen of Great Britain was Queen Anne.

The war ended by Philip of Anjou winning. Britain and its allies finally accepted him to become the next king of Spain, called Philip V, but he had to gave up his right to be king of France. Also, Austria got most of Spanish Italy, and Britain got Spanish Menorca and Gibraltar.

1700s in Europe
Wars involving Europe
18th-century conflicts
1710s in Europe

War of the Spanish Succession


Spyder is an American Colorado-based manufacturer of luxury, high end skiing & snowsports apparel.

History
David Jacobs, Spyder's founder and chairman was born in Montreal, Canada, and began skiing at age 13. At 21, he won the Quebec Kandahar, and from 1957 through 1961 was a member of the Canadian National Ski Team. In 1957 he captured the title of Canadian Downhill Ski Champion, and was the top-ranked member of the Canadian FIS Team the following season. He was the first full-time head coach and program administrator for the Canadian National Ski Team from 1964 to 1966.

In 1978, while Jacobs' sons were in the ski race circuit, he noted that there was only one brand of race sweaters available. He believed he could make a better product and sell it to the close-knit race community. This business, named David L Jacobs, Incorporated, began as a small mail order business in his Boulder, Colorado kitchen.

After the successful introduction of race sweaters, Jacobs added ski pants to the catalog offering. One of the earliest creations was a navy blue racing pant with yellow striped pads extending from the knee to the hip. His son Billy mentioned that skiers were calling them "spider" pants, due to their spider leg-like appearance. Jacobs recognized this as an opportunity to have a powerful, lasting name and logo associated with his products, and renamed the company. A passionate sports car fan, he borrowed the spelling with a "y" from the Ferrari Spyder. The early mail order catalogs included race pants, padded sweaters, Vuarnet sunglasses, bent downhill poles and other racing accessories. For two years, Spyder operated out of Jacobs' kitchen. At the end of two years, sales were in the six figures and his kitchen was too crowded.

To finance an expansion in 1980, Jacobs sold the brand to Boulder-based Hanson Industries, a ski boot manufacturer. Eighteen months later, he bought Spyder back before Hanson went bankrupt.

In 1994 Jacobs was granted a patent on SpeedWyre, a technology that enhanced race suit performance. A "trip wire" formed by a narrow seam on the surface of the legs and arms streamlined the surrounding air flow, significantly reducing wind drag by up to 40% in laboratory tests. US Ski Team members wearing Spyder suits enhanced with SPEEDWYRE captured gold, bronze and fifth place in world championships over the next two years, including two World Downhill Championships by Hilary Lindh and Picabo Street.  The FIS banned SpeedWyre in 1997, claiming that it gave skiers an unfair advantage.

Spyder is an official supplier to the US Ski Team, a relationship begun in 1989. The Canadian Alpine Ski Team has been outfitted by Spyder since 2002, and the Jamaica Ski Team since 2009.

Olympic podiums gave the brand worldwide presence. Diann Roffe-Steinrotter and Hillary Lindh scored silver in Albertville in 1992. In the 1994 Lillehammer Games, Tommy Moe, Picabo Street, and Roffe-Steinrotter each won gold; Moe and Street also won silver. Bode Miller took home two silver medals from Salt Lake City in 2002. At the 2006 Games in Turin, the Austrian and US Alpine teams collectively captured 16 medals, while Canadian Jennifer Heil won a gold in moguls.

In the late-nineties, a new genre of skiing formed, named Freeski. In 1998 introduced the Kreitler line, eponymous for pro skier Kent Kreitler. That collection became Venom, an apparel collection targeting features, functions, and fashion inherent to the mountain-based, adrenaline-driven freeski lifestyle.

Spyder is the largest ski-specialty brand in the world. In 2004, Apax Partners, a global private equity group, acquired Spyder. Jacobs continued to direct the company as chairman of the board. Jake, his eldest son who penned the trademark spiderwebs, serves on Spyder's board of directors.

The company acquired Cloudveil Mountain Works in 2008.  Founded in 1997, Cloudveil manufactures apparel for the outdoor, snowsports, fly fishing and casual apparel markets.

In August 2013 Authentic Brands Group acquired Spyder and licensed it to Li & Fung.

On 29 July 2021, Spyder's parent GBG USA commences voluntary Chapter 11 proceedings and is putting its apparel and footwear brands up for sale with help from a $16 million bankruptcy loan.

References

External links

Clothing companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Boulder, Colorado
Authentic Brands Group
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2021

Spyder (ski apparel brand)


Cracker Jack is a brand of snack food that is made of molasses-flavored candy-coated popcorn and peanuts. The food is packaged with a prize of very minor value inside. Some food historians consider Cracker Jack the first junk food. An early version of Cracker Jack was sold at the first Chicago World's Fair in 1893. In 1896, the first lot of Cracker Jack was made.  A taster remarked, "That's crackerjack!" (meaning "of excellent quality"). It became the product name.

References

Snack foods

Cracker Jack


Curley is a 1947 American comedy film produced by Hal Roach and Robert F. McGowan as a re-imagining of their Our Gang series. The film was one of Roach's "streamlined" features of the 1940s, running 53 minutes and was designed as a b-movie. Like most of Roach's latter-day output, Curley was shot in Cinecolor.

Bernard Carr was the film's director, and the film released to theatres on August 23, 1947, by United Artists. It stars Larry Olsen, Frances Rafferty, Billy Gray, and Renee Beard, younger brother of original Our Gang cast member Matthew "Stymie" Beard. The plot of the film centers on a group of schoolchildren, led by Curley (Olsen), playing pranks on their teacher, Miss Johnson (Rafferty).

Our Gang was known for its integrated cast of black and white children, and Curley followed suit. The Memphis, Tennessee Censor Board banned Curley for showing black and white children in school together and playing together. Lloyd Binford, head of the censor board, gave this rationale to Roach's distributor, United Artists: "[The board] was unable to approve your 'Curley' picture with the little Negroes as the south does not permit Negroes in white schools nor recognize social equality between the races, even in children".

When Hal Roach sold Our Gang to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1938, he was contractually bound not to produce any more children's comedies. When Roach decided that he wanted to produce Curley, he got MGM's permission by giving up his right to buy back the name Our Gang. Curley and its sequel, Who Killed Doc Robbin, performed mildly at the box office.

Plot summary
The very much appreciated young woman who was the previous teacher in Lakeview elementary school got married, and a substitute is appointed. School rascal William "Curley" Benson gather his classmates to make plans to get rid of their new teacher. They strongly suspect the substitute teacher to be half-mad eccentric, middle-aged Miss Johnson.

The county supervisor, Miss Payne, visits Miss Johnson and finds out that the new teacher is actually Miss Johnson's niece Mildred, a pretty young woman who was a physical training instructor in the WAVES during the war. Miss Payne has her doubts about Mildred's capability to control a class like the one at Lakeview and warns Mildred. Miss Payne believes that Mildred might be too young and inexperienced to handle the spirited children.

On the morning of the first day of school Mildred encounters the unsuspecting Curley on the way to school and offers him a ride. Not knowing that he is talking to his teacher, he tells her about the pranks that he and his friends are going to play on "Pigglepuss", their new teacher. Curley even tells her about putting his pet frog, Croakey, on the teacher's chair.

Curley also manages to disclose the school kids' hope that Miss Johnson will quit immediately, so that they can spend the whole day fishing. At school, Curley loads his "rocketship" car powered by skyrockets. He positions the car so as to aim at an exhaust tube through a classroom window and also fills it with extra rockets and smoke bombs. When Curley takes his seat in the classroom, he discovers that his new teacher is the wonderful kindhearted Mildred. During that first day she teaches the children a lesson of humility by making each one a victim of his own prank, and Curley, who is also humiliated, flees the scene before his prank is about to happen.

The schoolroom is duly filled with thick black smoke, Curley is blamed, but it turns out he is chasing the rocketship toy car, and not driving it. The car has been hijacked by "Dis" and "Dat", who are two mischievous children. They drive the car carelessly and wildly across the fields and, ultimately into a haystack, taking the stack with them, continuing the frightful journey. Miss Payne appears on the scene, and frightened by the moving haystack, she crashes her car while trying to avoid it. Miss Payne angrily cries out her disappointment with Mildred for her inability to discipline the children. Meanwhile, Mildred has brought the children on a picnic with her aunt. She teaches them baseball, football and boxing and offers the children lessons after school, but only if they earn good grades in their classes. Mildred is engaged in a boxing fight with the big Hank, a tough student, when the enraged Miss Payne arrives in order scrutinize her performance.

Curley comes back from his hiding to help, but he mistakenly think Hank is beating up his teacher. He attacks the surprised Hank and manages to send Hank flying into a lake. Curley is forced to leave the picnic in shame. The other are grateful for their substitute teacher and thank Miss Payne for Mildred. Mildred gets an explanation of the previous events, and that when the classroom filled with smoke, Curley was chasing his "rocketship", not driving it, thus not responsible for the prank. Mildred finally finds Curley hiding and crying, afraid he will be expelled. He is also afraid that Mildred will be fired. Mildred reassures him with cake and ice cream, that such a thing won't happen, and tops off with picking up Croakey the frog.

Cast
 Larry Olsen as 	William Benson aka Curley
 Frances Rafferty as 	Mildred Johnson
 Eilene Janssen as 	Betty
 Dale Belding as 	Speck
 Peter Miles as 	Dudley aka Dud
 Ardda Lynwood as 	Ardda Benson
 Kathleen Howard as 	Aunt Martha
 Edna Holland as 	Miss Payne

References

External links

1947 films
1940s English-language films
1947 comedy films
Films about educators
Cinecolor films
Films scored by Heinz Roemheld
American comedy films
1940s American films
United Artists films

Curley (film)


Creek Street is a historic area of Ketchikan, Alaska.  The street is actually a boardwalk mounted in stilts on a high slope on the east side of Ketchikan Creek, east of the city's downtown. Creek Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

Description and history
Creek Street is infamous as being Ketchikan's red light district, roughly between 1903 and 1954, and some of its attractions are commemorations of this past.  Its origins lie in a 1903 city ordinance banishing brothels from the city center to the "Indian Town" area on the east side of the creek, and it operated until the brothels were outlawed and shut down in 1954.  Numerous houses of prostitution sprang up on this difficult terrain, supported by wooden stilts.  Famous among them is The Star, which was one of the largest of these businesses, and Dolly's House, which is now a museum.  Winding into the hills above Creek Street is Married Man's Way, a trail used by patrons of the brothels to escape raids.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska

References

External links

 Creek Street Photo Gallery

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Historical red-light districts in the United States
Ketchikan, Alaska
National Register of Historic Places in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska

Creek Street (Ketchikan, Alaska)


Dominicus Custos (1560–1612) was a Flemish artist, printer and copperplate engraver, who worked in the service of Emperor Rudolph II in Prague.

Dominicus was born in Antwerp, the son of Pieter Balten, and settled in Augsburg as the second husband of the widow of Bartholomäus Kilian (1548–1588), a goldsmith from Silesia and the father of Wolfgang and Lukas Kilian; they were trained by Dominicus in the art of engraving after their father's death. Dominicus was the father of David Custodis, also an Augsburg engraver.

Custos and the humanist Marcus Henning collaborated in producing the work "Tirolensium principum comitum" which appeared in 1599 and depicted 28 Counts of Tyrol from Albert IV (1190–1253) to Rudolf II (1552–1612). Custos was responsible for the engravings while Henning took care of the text and eulogies. (see The Spanish Hall at Schloss Ambras)

Between 1602 and 1604 he published the "Atrium heroicum" in four parts. This was a collection of 171 engraved portraits of rulers, nobles, statesmen, dignitaries, celebrities, military leaders and important businessmen of the 16th century, and was the equivalent of a modern Who's Who. Custos' stepsons, Wolfgang and Lukas assisted in the work, and later his three own sons contributed. Portraits from his previous collections "Fuggerorum et Fuggerarum Imagine" (1593) and "Tirolensium principum comitum Eicon" (1599) were included. The wide geographical coverage of his work is noteworthy – many European and even some eastern countries are represented. The work, with a few exceptions, is completely dominated by male notables. The Latin inscriptions were again penned by Marcus Henning of Augsburg, since Custos had little proficiency in the language.

In 1605 he published a collection of engraved portraits of scholars, Clarissimorum aliquot litteris, ingenio, fama virorum effigies (Augsburg, Christophorus Mangus, 1605).

Custos also produced "Armamentarium Heroicum", a collection of 125 engravings after drawings by Giovanni Battista Fontana, and showing the arms collection of Archduke Ferdinand of Tyrol who had started an arms museum in Ambras Palace near Innsbruck. The plates are accompanied by biographical text on the original owners of the armour and written by the Archduke's secretary, Jacob Schrenck von Notzing.

Custos died in Augsburg. His sons Raphael, David and Jacob Custos continued his workshop.

References

Sources
Die Elogien der Ambraser Fürstenbildnisse: Die Kupferstiche des Dominicus Custos (1599) : Leben und Werk ihres Autors Marcus Henning (Commentationes Aenipontanae) – Walter Dietl, Universitätsverlag Wagner (2000)
Cranach – Drusse – F.W.H. Hollstein (Menno Hertzberger, Amsterdam 1959)

External links

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
Digitized Edition of Atrium heroicum from 1602 at  E-rara.ch

1560 births
1612 deaths
16th-century engravers
17th-century engravers
Flemish engravers
Kilian family

Dominicus Custos


A bushranger was a  thief who lived in the Australian bush. Bushrangers often stole expensive things from banks or coaches. There were more than 2000 bushrangers during Australia's past. Most were simply criminals and thieves. A few bushrangers became famous and were seen as heroes. They are part of a long history that has men such as Robin Hood and Dick Turpin in England, or Jesse James and Billy the Kid in the US.

History
The word "bushranger" was first used in Australia in 1805. It described three men who had stopped a cart near Sydney. Then, the word was used for criminals who attacked people on the roads or in the bush (the Australian countryside away from towns).

The first bushrangers were escaped convicts.  One of the last bushrangers was Ned Kelly who was captured in 1880.

1788 to 1840s: Criminals who escaped
Criminals who escaped stole things from farms far away and people walking on the roads. Sometimes they sold the stolen things to other free settlers.

John "Black" Caesar was the first bushranger. He ran away from Sydney Cove many times before he was shot dead in 1796.

Bold Jack Donahue appeared in newspapers around 1827 for bushranging on the road between Sydney and Windsor. In the 1830s he was seen as the worst bushranger in the colony. Leading a gang of escaped criminals, Donahue became an important person in Australian folklore as the Wild Colonial Boy.

Bushranging happened all over Australia, but Van Diemen's Land (later known as Tasmania) produced the most violent and serious bushrangers. Hundreds of criminals were at large in the bush, farms were given up, and the army was brought in to try and capture the bushrangers. Indigenous Australian bushranger Musquito led attacks on settlers.

1850s: gold rush era
The bushrangers were busiest during the Gold Rush years of the 1850s and 1860s. Gold can be easily carried and also it can easily be turned into cash. The goldfields were in remote places and there were not very many police to guard the gold.

George Melville was killed by hanging in front of many people for stealing from the McIvor gold escort near Castlemaine in 1853.

1860s to 1870s
Bushranging numbers grew in New South Wales with the rise of the colonial-born sons of poor, often ex-convict farmers, who wanted a more exciting life than mining or farming.

Much of the bushranging in these years was in the Lachlan Valley, around Forbes, Yass and Cowra.

Frank Gardiner, John Gilbert and Ben Hall led the most notorious gangs of the period. Other active bushrangers included Dan Morgan, based around the Murray River, and Captain Thunderbolt, killed outside Uralla, New South Wales.

1880s to 1900s
The increasing push of settlement, increased police efficiency, better rail transport and communications, such as telegraphy, made it increasingly difficult for bushrangers to evade capture.

Among the last bushrangers was the Kelly Gang led by Ned Kelly, who were captured at Glenrowan, Victoria in 1880, two years after they were outlawed.

In 1900 the Governor Brothers scared many people in the north of New South Wales.

Public perception
In Australia, bushrangers often attract public sympathy.

Entertainment
In the same way that outlaws feature in many movies of the American western genre, bushrangers regularly feature in Australian literature, movie, music and television. These include:

Jack Donahue was the first bushranger to have inspired bush ballads.
Robbery Under Arms,  a novel by Thomas Alexander Browne (writing as Rolf Boldrewood) was published in serial form in the Sydney Mail from 1882 to 1883. It is an early description of the life and acts of fictional bushrangers. It has been the basis of several movies and a television series.
Ned Kelly was the subject of the world's first feature-length movie, The Story of the Kelly Gang, released in 1906. In the 1970 release Ned Kelly, Kelly was played by Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones. Kelly has been the subject of many more movies, television series, written fiction and music.
Dan "Mad Dog" Morgan was the subject of a feature movie, Mad Dog Morgan (1976), starring Dennis Hopper.
Ben Hall and his gang were the subject of several Australian folk songs, including "Streets of Forbes".

Famous bushrangers

Some bushrangers became famous as a result of their activities.  They include:

Joe Byrne
Martin Cash
John Dunn
Ben Hall
Frank Gardiner
John Gilbert
Steve Hart
Dan Kelly
Ned Kelly
Moondyne Joe whose real name was Joseph Bolitho Johns
John O'Meally
Harry Power
Captain Moonlight whose real name was Andrew George Scott
Captain Thunderbolt whose real name was Frederick Ward
Michael Howe
Charles Russell known as the "Black Douglas."

References

History of Australia
Crime
Bushrangers

Bushranger


Alfred Percy "Tich" Freeman (17 May 1888 – 28 January 1965) was an English first-class cricketer. A leg spin bowler for Kent County Cricket Club and England, he is the only man to take 300 wickets in an English season, and is the second most prolific wicket-taker in first-class cricket history.

Career
Freeman's common name comes from his short stature, standing at  tall. However, his stocky build and strong fingers gave him great bowling stamina, and he hated being taken off. His height gave his deliveries a low trajectory that was difficult for batsmen to reach on the full toss.  This meant batsmen who did not play with a straight bat, or who lacked good footwork, rarely lasted long against him.   Freeman relied chiefly on a leg-break that pitched on middle-and-leg, so that batsmen had to play at it, and a top-spinner that was notoriously difficult to detect and brought him hundreds of wickets; the googly he used sparingly. His bowling grip was somewhat unorthodox for a leg spinner: being such a small man with small hands, he gripped the ball between thumb, middle and index fingers rather than the orthodox leg break grip between the palm, index finger and ring finger.

Freeman, two of whose brothers played for Essex, played club cricket during the early 1910s and was engaged by Kent in 1914. After success with the Second Eleven, he was picked for the county side regularly late in the season, but World War I then halted county cricket for several years. Figures of 7 for 25 against Warwickshire showed Freeman's promise, and when cricket resumed in 1919 he developed rapidly. He took 60 wickets in a short season in 1919, 102 in 1920, 166 in 1921 and 194 in 1922. He was named a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1923 and took 17 for 67 on a rain-affected pitch against Sussex in 1922.

In 1924, Freeman's bowling for the Players (6 for 52 in the first innings) against the Gentlemen earned him a place in the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) tour to Australia. However, owing to the rock-hard pitches and the superb footwork of Australia's batsmen, Freeman proved expensive in the two Tests in which he was selected. Freeman continued to dominate Kent's bowling in the following three years, but was only modestly successful against South Africa in 1927–1928.

1928 was Freeman's most successful year: he set his record of 304 first-class wickets, including 22 wickets in three Tests against the West Indies (and also took 9 for 104 against them for Kent). In 1929 Freeman took 22 wickets in two Tests against South Africa, but their batsmen's mastery over him in the Fifth Test, when he did not take a wicket in 49 overs and conceded 169 runs, meant that this Test was his last. Yet, between 1930 and 1933 Kent so depended upon Freeman's bowling that he took 951 County Championship wickets–over 55 percent of Kent's total–for only 15.21 runs each. Among his best performances in these years were:

 17 for 92 against Warwickshire at Folkestone in 1932
 16 for 82 against Northamptonshire at Tunbridge Wells in 1932
 16 for 94 (10 for 53 in first innings) against Essex at Southend in 1930
 15 for 94 against Somerset at Canterbury in 1931
 15 for 122 against Middlesex at Lord's in 1933
 15 for 142 against Essex at Gravesend in 1931
 15 for 144 against Leicestershire at Maidstone in 1931
 10 for 79 in an innings against Lancashire at Manchester in 1931
 9 for 50 against Derbyshire at Ilkeston in 1930 (match figures of 12 for 210)

Freeman even did well against the 1930 Australians, taking 5 for 78, but he was never selected for a home Ashes Test. He averaged as little as 11 runs per wicket against Leicestershire, but more than 26 against the strong Surrey batting line-ups.

In 1934 and 1935, although he was still the leading wicket-taker in England, Freeman fell away gradually. His average rose from around 15 to over 21 runs per wicket, and he was rarely as successful as before when the ground helped him or against weak batting; however, his work rate still earned him many wickets. In early 1936, Freeman was again strong, and he took 70 wickets in the first fourteen matches.  But his performance deteriorated thereafter, with only 33 wickets in the next fourteen games, so that Kent did not engage him for 1937. Freeman played for Walsall in the Birmingham And District League for a few years after that. He was granted life membership of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1949. After retirement Freeman opened a chain of sports retail shops in partnership with his old Kent teammate Jack Hubble. He christened his retirement cottage "Dunbowlin'".

Records
The many bowling records he holds include:
 Taking 1673 wickets in six consecutive seasons from 1928 to 1933–in each of these seasons he took over 250 wickets, something no other bowler has done even once since 1901.
 Ten wickets in an innings on three occasions (1929, 1930 and 1931).
 Seventeen wickets in a match twice, in 1922. and 1932
 The three highest totals of balls bowled in a season in 1928, 1930 and 1933.
 Ten or more wickets in a match on 140 occasions, more than 50% ahead of his nearest rival Charlie Parker.
 48.6% of his 3776 first-class wickets were taken without assistance (either bowled, caught and bowled, leg before wicket, or hit wicket).
 Second only to Wilfred Rhodes in his aggregate of first-class wickets, Freeman accumulated his in little more than half as many matches (Freeman took 3,776 wickets in 592 matches, Rhodes 4,204 in 1,110). He is just second to Wilfred Rhodes for taking the most wickets in all forms of cricket (List A, first-class, T20).
 He holds the record for taking the most five wicket hauls in all first-class matches (across all formats he is leading the top position even though he has gone on to play only first-class matches) (386 fifers).

Notes

References

External links

1888 births
1965 deaths
England Test cricketers
English cricketers
Kent cricketers
Players cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
People from Bearsted
Sportspeople from Lewisham
Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team cricketers

Tich Freeman