Clutter is a discontinued GObject-based graphics library for creating hardware-accelerated user interfaces. Clutter is an OpenGL-based 'interactive canvas' library and does not contain any graphical control elements. It relies upon OpenGL (1.4+) or OpenGL ES (1.1 or 2.0) for rendering,. It also supports media playback using GStreamer and 2D graphics rendering using Cairo.

Clutter was authored by OpenedHand Ltd, now part of Intel. Clutter is free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1.

In February 2022, the development team announced that the project would be discontinued. No more versions will be released and developers using Clutter are encouraged to port their applications to GTK 4 and libadwaita.

Adoption
Popular programs that adopt Clutter are GNOME Videos (a.k.a. Totem), GNOME Shell, Pitivi, Cinnamon Desktop and GNOME Ease.

Mx is a widget toolkit based on Clutter originally designed for the graphical shell of Moblin/MeeGo netbook, but evolved into an independent project.

The widget toolkits Netbook Toolkit () and Mx are based on Clutter. Often Clutter is seen analogous to GTK but this is inaccurate. Only Clutter together with Mx or Nbtk can match the extent of the GTK. This is also the reason why Clutter is required to be used along with GTK.

Clutter supports multi-touch gestures.

 Clayland is a Wayland compositor utilizing Clutter.
 Snappy is a lightweight media player based on Clutter and GStreamer.
 Pinpoint is a simple light-weight presentation program.
 GNOME Maps uses ClutterActor
 Proof of concept casual video games PillPopper (a Pac-Man clone) and HappyWombats (an Angry Birds clone) use Clutter.

GTK Scene Graph Kit (GSK) was initially released as part of GTK+ 3.90 in March 2017 and is meant for GTK-based applications that wish to replace Clutter for their UI.

Software architecture

Clutter is a scene graph-based canvas working in retained mode. Every object on the scene is usually a 2D surface inside a 3D space.

Clutter abstracts the native windowing environment behind a backend, which is also responsible for creating the main container for the scene graph; this top level container is called the stage. Items on the stage are called actors.

Instead of operating on matrices, as does OpenGL, the Clutter developer changes properties of each actor. Clutter will then notice the changes, and render the scene accordingly.

Clutter is currently being developed by OpenedHand to provide visually rich graphical user interfaces on desktop and embedded hardware. The main target are media center-like applications, small devices UIs and base drawing API for GL- and GL/ES-based UI toolkits. Clutter uses Pango for text rendering (with a special GL/GLES renderer) and GdkPixbuf for loading images into GL textures. Interaction with other GNOME platform libraries is done through multiple integration libraries, e.g.: clutter-gst (GStreamer), clutter-gtk (for embedding the stage into a GTK application), clutter-cairo (for using cairo to draw into a texture). It's API and ABI are kept stable within micro releases, but can break API during minor releases—until it reaches 1.0, then it will be API and ABI stable until the following major release.

ClutterActor
ClutterActor is the basic element of Clutter's scene graph, it encapsulates the position, size, and transformations of a node in the graph.
 A ClutterActor can receive and handle input device events, for instance pointer events and key events.
 Animation is a core concept of modern user interfaces; Clutter provides a complete and powerful animation framework that automatically tweens the actor's state without requiring direct, frame by frame manipulation from your application code.

Supported platforms
Clutter is developed for the X Window System using GLX as well as Wayland using EGL. Clutter can also use the framebuffer. As of release 0.6, native support for Mac OS X has been added. A native Microsoft Windows backend is supported since the 0.8 release and Windows pre-compiled DLLs are available, however, it is possible to build the latest DLL for Windows with MinGW and Bash shell for Windows.

Since version 1.19.4 from June 2014, Clutter's evdev input backend depends on libinput 0.4.0.

Programming language bindings
Clutter is implemented using the C programming language with a design based on the GObject object system. Bindings are available for these languages:

C++ ( Cluttermm)
Perl (Perl-Clutter)
Python (PyClutter)
Haskell ()
JavaScript (Seed and GJS)
C# (Clutter-sharp (aka Clutter#)) ?
Ruby () ?
Vala (Clutter)

Integration libraries
Clutter can be integrated with other libraries and toolkits, for instance:

 GTK applications can embed Clutter stages using a special widget.
 Clutter applications can embed GTK widgets using the 'client-side windows' feature since GTK+ 2.18.
 Clutter applications can use GStreamer to play videos directly into a Clutter texture actor.
 Clutter applications can use Cairo to draw onto a texture.
 Video Acceleration API

Example
This example will add a label on the stage (written in C).

// Retrieve the default stage, which will contain all the actors on the scene.
ClutterActor *stage = clutter_stage_get_default ();

// Create a new label, using the Sans font 32 pixels high, and with the "Hello, world" text,
// and will place it into the stage.
ClutterActor *label = clutter_text_new_with_text ("Sans 32px", "Hello, world");
clutter_container_add_actor (CLUTTER_CONTAINER (stage), label);

// Position the label at the center of the stage, taking into account the stage and the label size.
float x = (clutter_actor_get_width (stage) - clutter_actor_get_width (label)) / 2;
float y = (clutter_actor_get_height (stage) - clutter_actor_get_height (label)) / 2;
clutter_actor_set_position (label, x, y);

// Show the stage. All actors in Clutter are visible unless explicitly hidden, except for the stage;
// thus showing the stage will
// automatically display all of its visible children.
clutter_actor_show (stage);

Interface builder
Clutter can build user interfaces using a specialized JSON dialect. The entire scene graph is defined using JSON types and built at run time through the ClutterScript class.

Example
This definition will create the main window and place a label with the text Hello, world! inside it.

{
    "id": "main-stage",
    "type": "ClutterStage",
    "color": "white",
    "width": 800,
    "height": 600,
    "title": "Script demo",
    "children": [{
        "id": "hello-label",
        "type": "ClutterText",
        "x": 400,
        "y": 300,
        "text": "Hello, world!",
        "color": "black",
        "font-name": "Sans 48px"
    }],
    "signals": [{
        "name": "destroy",
        "handler": "clutter_main_quit"
    }]
}

The definition can be saved into a file or as a string, and loaded using:

ClutterScript *script = clutter_script_new ();
GError *error = NULL;
clutter_script_load_from_data (script, description, -1, &error);
if (error)
{
    g_warning ("Unable to load UI description: %s", error->message);
    g_error_free (error);
}
else
{
    GObject *stage;

    clutter_script_connect_signals (script, NULL); /* connect the signal handlers */
    stage = clutter_script_get_object (script, "main-stage"); /* get the "main-stage" object */
    clutter_actor_show (CLUTTER_ACTOR (stage));
}

Animation
Clutter allows implicit animations of every item on the canvas using special objects called behaviours: each behaviour can be applied to multiple actors, and multiple behaviours can be composed on the same actor. Behaviours handle animations implicitly: the developer specifies the initial and final states, the time (or number of frames) needed to complete the animation, the function of time to be used (linear, sine wave, exponential, etc.), and the behaviour will take care of the tweening. Clutter provides a generic base class for developers to implement custom behaviours, and various simple classes handling simple properties, like opacity, position on the Z axis (depth), position along a path, rotation, etc.

Since Clutter 1.0, it is also possible to create simple, one-off animations using the ClutterAnimation class and the clutter_actor_animate() convenience function. The clutter_actor_animate() function animates an actor properties between their current state and the specified final state.

Example
This example will scale the label from its size to a factor of 2 in 2 seconds, using a linear function of time and behaviours:

ClutterTimeline *timeline = clutter_timeline_new (2000);
ClutterAlpha *alpha = clutter_alpha_new_full (timeline, CLUTTER_LINEAR);
ClutterBehaviour *behaviour = clutter_behaviour_scale_new (alpha,
                                                           1.0, 1.0, /* initial scaling factors */
                                                           2.0, 2.0  /* final scaling factors */ );
clutter_behaviour_apply (behaviour, label);
These statements will create a timeline with a duration of 2 seconds; an alpha, binding the timeline to a linear easing mode; a behaviour, which will scale any actor to which it is applied between factor 1.0 and factor 2.0 (both horizontally and vertically). Finally, it applies the behaviour to an actor.

The equivalent code using the implicit animations API is:

clutter_actor_animate (label,          /* the actor to animate */
                       CLUTTER_LINEAR, /* the easing mode */
                       2000,           /* the duration of the animation */
                       "scale-x", 2.0, /* final horizontal scaling factor */
                       "scale-y", 2.0, /* final vertical scaling factor */
                       NULL);
This statement will create an implicit ClutterAnimation object, which will animate the provided GObject properties between their current value and the specified final value.

COGL
Cogl is a small open source software library for using 3D graphics hardware to draw pretty pictures. The API departs from the flat state machine style of OpenGL and is designed to make it easy to write orthogonal components that can render without stepping on each other's toes. Cogl currently supports OpenGL ES 1.1/2.0 and OpenGL > 1.3 (or 1.2 if you have the GL_ARB_multitexture extension), and having Gallium3D or D3D back-ends are options for the future.

libchamplain
libchamplain is a C library providing a ClutterActor to display maps. It also provides a GTK widget to display maps in GTK applications.
libchamplain is named after Samuel de Champlain, a French navigator, explorer and cartographer.

See also

 Core Animation – data visualization API used by Mac OS X 10.5 and later
 Qt Quick – a similar application framework based on Qt and QML

References

External links
 Clutter homepage

GNOME libraries
Software that uses Cairo (graphics)
GTK
Articles with example C code

Clutter (software)


The Council for Science and Technology (CST) is an advisory non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom government.  Its role is to give advice on issues that cut across government departments to the Prime Minister, the First Minister of Scotland and the First Minister for Wales.  It was established in 1993 and relaunched in 2003.  It is based in London.

The Council has 17 independent members and two co-chairs. Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell chairs meetings where advice is being developed.
Sir Patrick Vallance, the Chief Scientific Adviser and head of the Government Office for Science, chairs meetings reporting its advice to government.

The advisory functions of the CST had previously been performed by the Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development (ACARD), from 1976 to 1987, and the Advisory Council on Science and Technology (ACOST) from 1987 to 1993.

References

 "How research was commissioned and funded", The BSE Inquiry Report, vol.2 pt.1 sect.6

External links
 CST website

2003 establishments in the United Kingdom
Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy
Innovation in the United Kingdom
Non-departmental public bodies of the United Kingdom government
Science advocacy organizations
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom

Council for Science and Technology


Kalifornia is a 1993 American crime drama movie. It was released in 1993. It is about a graduate student from Pittsburgh who wants to document killers. A psychopath on parole named Early has lost his job and wants to leave California. His parole officer, however, warns him against doing so for fear of Early going back to prison. When Early begins heading to his interview, he is stopped and confronted by his landlord for not paying his rent. Early then chases the landlord violently. Juliette Lewis plays Adele Corners, Brad Pitt plays Early, David Duchovny plays Brian.

The movie was finished in 1991. It not released until September 1993. It was released in the United States on September 8. The movie originally got an NC-17 from the MPAA, though it surrendered the rating before release.

The reviews were very positive. The money it made at the box office, however, was poor.

1993 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American road movies
American serial killer movies
Antisocial personality disorder in fiction
1990s English-language movies
American independent movies

Kalifornia


Bernard Louis Zehrfuss (Angers, 20 October 1911 – Neuilly-sur-Seine, 3 July 1996) was a French architect.

Life
He was born at Angers, into a family that had fled from the Alsace in 1870 after the Franco-Prussian War.

Zehrfuss's father was killed in the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. He attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris from the age of 18 and won its most prestigious award, the Prix de Rome in 1939 (also the year of his first major design, for the Sébastien Charléty Stadium in Paris), though the outbreak of the Second World War prevented him from taking up his stay at the Villa Medici in Rome. After a short stay in Nice, he became an assistant in Eugene Beaudouin's Marseilles workshop, then founded the Groupe d'Oppède, a short-lived artistic commune in nearby Oppède, a commune that attracted French sculptor François Stahly and the writer and artist Consuelo de Saint Exupéry.  Zehrfuss then obtained a visa for Spain and joined the Free French Forces.

In French-controlled Algeria and Tunisia from 1943 through 1953, Zehrfuss was appointed to office in the Directorate of Public Works and built many well-received housing projects, schools and hospitals.

On return to France he was made Chief Architect of Public Buildings and National Palaces and participated in two high-profile projects: the 1953 European headquarters of UNESCO, a collaboration with Marcel Breuer and Pier Luigi Nervi, and the 1958 Center of New Industries and Technologies, one of the first buildings of La Défense.  These stand among many French housing projects and embassies through the 1960s and 1970s.

In 1975 he designed the new building for the Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon. In 1983, Zehrfuss was elected a member of the Academy of Fine Arts, where he became the perpetual secretary in 1994, succeeding Marcel Landowski.

He died at Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1996.

Main works

 1939 : Stade Charléty in Paris (rebuilt in 1994 by Henri and Bruno Gaudin)
 1950–1953 : Mame printworks in Tours in collaboration with Jean Prouvé
 1950–1958 : Flins Renault Factory and the "cité Flins" nearby
 1952–1958 : UNESCO HQ in Paris in association with Marcel Breuer and Pier Luigi Nervi, then its extension (1965–1978)
 1954–1958 : the CNIT at la Défense in association with Robert Camelot and Jean de Mailly
 1959–1963 : Haut-du-Lièvre overlooking Nancy
 1960 : Clichy-sous-Bois–Montfermeil
 1960–1963 : Faculty of Sciences of the University of Tunis
 1962–1967 : flats (5 towers with 15 floors – 370 housing units) 120-126 avenue Jean-Jaurès in Pantin
 1962–1970 : French embassy in Warsaw in collaboration with Henry Bernard and Guillaume Gillet (fully renovated by Jean-Philippe Pargade in 2004)
 1967 : Garonor in Aulnay-sous-Bois
 1968 : Sandoz-France's HQ at Rueil-Malmaison
 1970 : Danish Embassy in Paris
 1972 : Siemens-France's HQ in Plaine-Saint-Denis
 1972–1975 : Gallo-Roman Museum of Lyon
 1973 : Tour Anjou at la Défense, commune of Puteaux
 1976 : Jeumont-Schneider's HQ in Puteaux
 1976 : flats on the "Procession" and "Falguière" islets in the 15th arrondissement of Paris (12000 and 387 housing units)

References

Bibliography
 Bernard Zehrfuss, De l'architecture, Des villes, Institut de France, 1994–1995
 François Chaslin, "Bernard Zehrfuss", Dictionnaire des architectes, éd. Encyclopaedia Universalis – Albin Michel, 1999, pp. 742–744
 Christine Desmoulin, Bernard Zehrfuss (1911–1996): itinéraire d'un architecte, mémoire de DEA d'histoire socio-culturelle, ed. François Loyer, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 2001
Christine Desmoulins : Bernard Zehrfuss, un architecture français (1911–1996). Une figure des Trente Glorieuses, doctoral thesis, ed. François Loyer, Spécialité : Histoire de l'Architecture, Laboratoire : LADRHAUS,École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Versailles, 2008.

1911 births
1996 deaths
People from Angers
20th-century French architects
Prix de Rome for architecture
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres

Bernard Zehrfuss


Events
 Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique by French occupying forces.
 Hopkins School is founded. (exact date uncertain)
 January 1 – colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins advance towards London in support of English Restoration. Samuel Pepys began his diary.
 February 2 – George Monck and his regiment arrive in London
 February 23 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden.
 February 27 – John Thurloe reinstated as England's secretary of State for a short time
 March 16 – The Long Parliament disbands
May 8 – The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England
 May 15 – John Thurloe arrested for high treason after English Restoration
May 23 – King Charles II of England reaches the shores of his Kingdom. On May 29 he arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration
 May 25 – Charles II of England crowned
 June 29 – John Thurloe released
 November 28 – At Gresham College, 12 men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
 Theaters opened again in England – Margaret Hughes debuts as the first female actor as Desdemona in Othello
Blaise Pascal's The Provincial Letters, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, was ordered shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
 Sweden recovers its southern provinces from Denmark.

Births
 April 16 - Hans Sloane, Irish physician
 May 2 - Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer
 May 28 - George I of Great Britain, King of Great Britain and ruler of Hanover in North Germany.
 November 12 - Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
 November 28 - Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, mother of Philip V of Spain

Deaths
 June 6 - Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter
 July 8 - Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester
 November 4 - Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange

1660


Prasutagus (died AD 60 or 61) was king of a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk, in the 1st century AD. He is best known as the husband of Boudica.

Prasutagus may have been one of the eleven kings who surrendered to Claudius following the Roman conquest in 43, or he may have been installed as king following the defeat of a rebellion of the Iceni in 47. As an ally of Rome his tribe were allowed to remain nominally independent, and to ensure this Prasutagus named the Roman emperor as co-heir to his kingdom, along with his two daughters. Tacitus says he lived a long and prosperous life, but when he died, the Romans ignored his will and took over, depriving the nobles of their lands and plundering the kingdom. Boudica was flogged and her daughters raped. Roman financiers called in their loans. All this led to the revolt of the Iceni, under the leadership of Boudica, in 60 or 61.

Coins have been found in Suffolk inscribed SVB ESVPRASTO ESICO FECIT, "under Esuprastus Esico made (this)" in Latin. Some archaeologists believe that Esuprastus was the true name of the king Tacitus calls Prasutagus, while others think he was a different person. Others interpret Esuprastus is a compound name, with "Esu-" deriving from the god Esus and meaning "lord", "master" or "honour", and "Prasto-" being an abbreviated personal name, the coin inscription thus meaning "under Lord Prasto-". It is also notable that coins of the Corieltauvi have been found inscribed with the similar names IISVPRASV and ESVPASV. The name of an earlier king of the Iceni appears on coins as SCAVO, a name which may be related to the Latin scaeva, "left", and scaevola, "left-handed". Both rulers' coins are similarly Roman in style and language and were probably issued within twenty years of each other. Chris Rudd suggests that Esuprastus, whom he identifies with Prasutagus, succeeded Scavo after the Icenian rebellion of 47.

References

External links
Iceni at Roman-Britain.co.uk

Briton monarchs
Celtic warriors
1st-century deaths
1st-century monarchs in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Iceni

Prasutagus


The Hanson Brothers are fictional characters in the 1977 movie Slap Shot. The characters are based on the Carlson brothers, who were actual hockey players.

The movie, which stars Paul Newman, was written by Nancy Dowd.  The story was based in part upon the experiences of her brother, Ned Dowd (who appears in the film as notorious hockey player Ogie Oglethorpe), when he played for the Johnstown Jets of the North American Hockey League (NAHL). In the film, the fictional Charlestown Chiefs of the fictional Federal League are fashioned on the Jets and the NAHL.

The Hanson Brothers provide several humorous moments in the film and are best remembered for:
 starting fights
 interrupting the coach in the locker room during pre-game speeches with overzealous shouting
 wearing extremely thick black-rimmed glasses
 childishly playing with toy cars and trucks in their hotel room, although the brothers range in age from 18 to 20

In the film, The Hansons are brought in by the front office as part of an inexpensive deal to be enforcers for the Charlestown Chiefs during the team's 1975–76 (and final) season. They are, in order of their numbers:

 Jack Hanson (portrayed by David Hanson) – #16 Left Wing, age 19
 Steve Hanson (portrayed by Steve Carlson) – #17 Center, age 20
 Jeff Hanson (portrayed by Jeff Carlson) – #18 Right Wing, age 18

Biography

The film used many actual players from the Johnstown Jets, with filming commencing a few weeks after the Jets ended their 1975-76 season. The original plan was for the Hanson Brothers to be played by the Jets' trio of the real-life Carlson brothersJack, Steve and Jeff Carlson. However, just prior to shooting, brother Jack was called up by the Edmonton Oilers for their run in the 1976 World Hockey Association (WHA) playoffs. In his place, Jets player Dave Hanson filled the role.

While the film's 'Hanson Brothers' were based on the real Carlson Brothers, the character of "Killer Carlson" in the film (played by professional actor Jerry Houser) is based on Dave Hanson-whose real hockey nickname was "Killer" Hanson. Thus, Dave Hanson filled in for Jack Carlson as one of the fictional Hanson Brothers - while another actor played a character modeled after Dave Hanson. Jack Carlson, the man Dave "played" in the movie, was also very well known throughout his career as an enforcer, and did pick up the real hockey nickname "Killer" Carlson.

In the movie, the Hanson Brothers speak with a typical North Central American accent, owing to their hometowns, in areas where hockey is prevalent. The United States Hockey Hall of Fame is located in Eveleth, Minnesota, only a few miles from the city of  Virginia, home of the real Carlsons. The Iron League, from which the Hansons are supposedly bought, is a reference to the Iron Range, a hockey hotbed in Northern Minnesota.

Along with their time on minor professional teams like those depicted in the film, all three of the actors playing the Hanson Brothers played in the major leagues. At the end of the film, Paul Newman's character gets a job as player-coach for a team in Minnesota for the 1976–77 season, intending to bring players from the defunct Chiefs with him; in real life, Dave Hanson, with Steve and Jack Carlson, played some games with the major league Minnesota Fighting Saints in the 1976–77 WHA season. Steve Carlson played in 225 games, in both the National Hockey League (NHL) and the WHA. Dave Hanson played in 136 games in the NHL and WHA. Jeff Carlson played 7 games in the WHA. Like their characters, both Dave Hanson and Jeff Carlson were known for a willingness to "drop the gloves". Steve Carlson did have some fights in his professional career, but was known more as a finesse player.

Jeff Carlson, Steve Carlson and Dave Hanson continue to make personal appearances as the Hanson Brothers, typically at minor league hockey games . The brothers appeared at the first Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins Alumni Game in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, on April 4, 2009. The brothers played in a charity game March 23, 2013 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada for the benefit of Autism Kingston and the International Hockey Hall of Fame. They made an appearance in Johnstown, Pennsylvania on Tuesday, September 29, 2015, as they took part in the NHL & Kraft's Hockeyville USA, at the Cambria County War Memorial Arena, where all of the home game scenes in the movie were filmed. As the winner of Hockeyville USA contest, the Cambria County War Memorial Arena received $150,000 to renovate its scoreboard, lighting, and boards.

In popular culture
The Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League employ a trio of Hanson lookalikes known as the Mullet Brothers, who sport long black hair and black-rimmed glasses. The "brothers" shovel snow out of the net area during breaks in full uniform and pads.
Extreme Championship Wrestling characters The Dudley Brothers were based on the Hanson brothers. Two members of this stable, Bubba Ray & D-Von, would later shed the comedic elements of the gimmick and go on to become the Dudley Boyz tag team.
At the June 2011 NHL Awards, the Hanson Brothers appeared in a spoof sketch based on the television series Pawn Stars, in which they try to sell the Stanley Cup to proprietor Rick Harrison at his pawn shop.
In 2015 the Hanson Brothers were inducted into the Fictitious Athlete Hall of Fame.
In addition to the original film, Slap Shot (1977), all three actors reprised their roles as the Hanson Brothers in two sequels, Slap Shot 2 (2002) and Slap Shot 3 (2008).
A trio of hockey players all named Jim in Shoresy are based on the Hanson Brothers.

References

https://history.vintagemnhockey.com/page/show/810797-carlson-brothers-

External links
 http://www.hansonbrothers.net/ - Official site for the Hanson Brothers

Comedy film characters
Fictional ice hockey players
Fictional characters from Minnesota
Fictional characters based on real people
Film characters introduced in 1977
Male characters in film

Hanson Brothers


Morton Bartlett (1909 in Chicago – 1992 in Boston) was an American freelance photographer and graphic designer who, from 1936 to 1963, devoted much of his spare time to creating and photographing a series of intricately carved lifelike plaster dolls. He never formally exhibited his work, though a small circle of friends and acquaintances was aware of its existence. Only upon his death in 1992, when the contents of his estate were purchased by New York art and antiques dealer Marion Harris, did his artistic creations become more widely known to the general public.

After cataloguing all the sculptures and photographs, and publishing FAMILY FOUND - The Lifetime Obsession of Morton Bartlett, Marion Harris exhibited the work, organized exhibits and placed his work in museums including The Metropolitan Museum in New York.

Life
Morton Bartlett was born on 20 January 1909 in Chicago, Illinois and orphaned at the age of 8. He was adopted by Mr. and Mrs. Warren Goddard Bartlett, a wealthy couple from Cohasset, Massachusetts. Morton was enrolled at Phillips Exeter Academy and later spent two years, 1928 to 1930, studying at Harvard University. After dropping out, possibly due to financial hardships brought on by the Great Depression, Bartlett struggled to earn a living. He passed through a succession of jobs, ranging from crafts magazine editor and gas station attendant to making gift cards and running a printing business. Following service in a US Army engineering unit during WWII, Bartlett took up freelance graphic design and photography, designing catalogs for M. Scharf and Co., a Boston-based toy distributor. He never married, though he may have once been engaged to a woman living across the street from him in Cohasset, Mass. where the two ran a business together during the late 1940s.

Works
In 1936, at the age of 27, Bartlett began the personal hobby that would hold his interest for the next 27 years: dollmaking. He had no formal training in sculpture, but by making use of books on anatomy and medical growth charts he was able to create, first  in clay and then cast in plaster, at least 15 half-sized likenesses of children (there may have been more but these are the only ones known to remain). Twelve of them are girls, ranging roughly in age from prepubescence to adolescence, and three are boys, of approximately eight years of age and bearing some resemblance to the artist himself. The dolls were made with detachable arms, legs and heads, allowing for a variety of different poses. They are accurately scaled, depicting his compulsive attention to detail. Bartlett took photos of the dolls in lifelike situations, either nude or wearing hand-made clothes.

Bartlett's hobby received public mention twice in his lifetime. The first came in 1957 in the 25th Anniversary Report of Harvard's 1932 graduating class, in which he wrote: "My hobby is sculpting in plaster. Its purpose is that of all proper hobbies - to let out urges that do not find expression in other channels." The second came in April 1962 when Yankee Magazine ran a two-page spread of photographs featuring nine of Bartlett's dolls dressed in costumes representing various ethnic heritages. The article, written by Michael A. Tatischeff, was titled "The Sweethearts of Mr. Bartlett".

Although untrained in art, he worked in sculpture and photography. Bartlett first began to make his dolls in 1936, the same year that Hans Bellmer's book The Doll was published in Paris. Over the following 25 years, Bartlett carved and dressed numerous sculpted dolls (about 15 have survived), and created a photographic record of them which amounts to about 200 B&W photographic prints and 17 colour slides.  He was also a collector of anatomy books.  The dolls and photographs were found after his death, and have since been shown in books and gallery exhibitions.

Bartlett made the last of his dolls in 1963. Forced to relocate from his Bay Village studio on 15 Fayette Street in Boston that he had occupied for more than a decade, he wrapped his dolls in newspaper and packed them away in custom-made wooden boxes. He moved to Boston's South End where, as far as is known, he never again worked on or photographed any of the dolls in his collection.

Bartlett is widely considered an outsider artist.

Rediscovery
In 1993, New York arts and antiques dealer Marion Harris discovered the dolls for sale at the Pier Show, a New York antiques fair, along with 200 staged B&W photos of the dolls. She purchased the entire collection and later published a catalog of Bartlett's work titled Family Found: The Lifetime Obsession of Morton Bartlett

Popular culture
His dolls inspired Jake and Dinos Chapman (the Zygotic sculptures, circa 1995). In early 2008, one of the dolls sold at auction for $110,000 U.S.

References

Bibliography
 Harris, Marion (1994). Family Found: The Lifetime Obsession of Morton Bartlett.
 Kittelmann, Udo/ Susanne Zander/ Claudia Dichter (1999). Obsession: Morton Bartlett, Eugene Von Bruenchenhein, Henry Darger, Paul Humphrey.
 Turner, R. and Klochko, D (2004). Create And Be Recognized: Photography On The Edge. Chronicle.
 Kittelmann, Udo and Claudia Dichter (2012). Morton Bartlett. Secret Universe 3.

External links
 New York Times 08.08.2007
 Morton Bartlett on Artnet
 "Substitute for Love". ArtForum, May 2000
 "Guys and Dolls". ArtForum, Sept 2003
 Morton Bartlett at Hamburger Bahnhof. secret universe III. 11 May - 14 October 2012

1909 births
1992 deaths
Outsider artists
Harvard University alumni

Morton Bartlett


3-Keto-5α-abiraterone, also known as 17-(3-pyridyl)-5α-androst-16-en-3-one, is an active metabolite of abiraterone acetate that has been found to possess androgenic activity and to stimulate prostate cancer progression. It is formed as follows: abiraterone acetate to abiraterone by esterases; abiraterone to Δ4-abiraterone by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase; and Δ4-abiraterone to 3-keto-5α-abiraterone by 5α-reductase. 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone may counteract the clinical effectiveness of abiraterone acetate, and so inhibition of its formation using the 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride is being investigated as an adjunct to abiraterone acetate in the treatment of prostate cancer.

References

Androgens and anabolic steroids
Androstanes
Human drug metabolites
Ketones
Prostate cancer
3-Pyridyl compounds

3-Keto-5α-abiraterone


Adolf Weil (7 February 1848, Heidelberg23 July 1916, Wiesbaden) was a German physician after whom Weil's disease is named.

Weil studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg, and afterwards furthered his education in Berlin and Vienna. From 1872 to 1876 he was an assistant to Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs (1819–1885) in Berlin. In 1886, he was appointed professor of special pathology and therapy at the University of Dorpat, but resigned shortly afterwards, after contracting tuberculosis of the larynx and permanently losing his voice. Later he lived and worked in Ospitaletto, San Remo and Badenweiler, relocating to Wiesbaden in 1893, where he died in 1916.

In 1913, in collaboration with Emil Abderhalden (1877–1950) he isolated an alpha-amino acid known as norleucine. Among his written works was a treatise on the auscultation of arteries and veins, Die Auscultation der Arterien und Venen (1875), and a monograph titled Handbuch und Atlas der topographischen Percussion (Handbook and atlas of topographical percussion) (1877).

Shortly after receiving news that Weil's disease was caused by a spirochete, he died of acute hemoptysis.

References

External links
 JewishEncyclopedia.com - WEIL, ADOLF: at jewishencyclopedia.com
 Adolf Weil @ Who Named It.

1848 births
1916 deaths
German pathologists
Physicians from Heidelberg
Academic staff of the University of Tartu

Adolf Weil (physician)


The Swiss Family Robinson (German: Der Schweizerische Robinson) is a novel by Johann David Wyss. It was first published in 1812. The story is about a Swiss family shipwrecked in the East Indies while on their way to Port Jackson, Australia.

History
It was written by Swiss pastor Johann David Wyss, edited by his son Johann Rudolf Wyss and illustrated by his son Johann Emmanuel Wyss. The novel was intended to teach his four sons about family values, good husbandry, the uses of the natural world and self-reliance. Wyss' attitude toward education is in line with the teachings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Many of the episodes have to do with Christian-oriented moral lessons such as frugality, husbandry, acceptance, cooperation, etc. The family includes the sons Fritz, Ernest, Jack and Franz. It also includes their mother and their father who is the main character and narrator. The adventures are presented as a series of lessons in natural history and the physical sciences. It resembles other, similar educational books for children in this period. Examples include Charlotte Turner Smith's Rural Walks: in Dialogues intended for the use of Young Persons (1795), Rambles Further: A continuation of Rural Walks (1796), A Natural History of Birds, intended chiefly for young persons (1807). But the novel differs in that it is modeled on Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, a genuine adventure story. It presents a geographically impossible array of large mammals that probably could never have existed together on a single island.

Over the years there have been many versions of the story with episodes added, changed, or deleted. Perhaps the best-known English version is by William H. G. Kingston, first published in 1879. It is based on Isabelle de Montolieu's 1813 French adaptation and 1824 continuation (from chapter 37) Le Robinson suisse, ou, Journal d'un père de famille, naufragé avec ses enfants in which were added further adventures of Fritz, Franz, Ernest, and Jack. Other English editions that claim to include the whole of the Wyss-Montolieu narrative are by W. H. Davenport Adams (1869–1910) and Mrs H. B. Paull (1879).

Although movie and TV adaptations typically name the family "Robinson", it is not a Swiss name. The "Robinson" of the title refers to Robinson Crusoe. The German name translates as the Swiss Robinson, and identifies the novel as belonging to the Robinsonade genre, rather than as a story about a family named Robinson.

Other adaptations
The novels in one form or another have also been adapted numerous times, sometimes changing location and/or time period:

Book sequels
 Willis the pilot: a sequel to The Swiss family Robinson; or, Adventures of an emigrant family wrecked on an unknown coast of the Pacific Ocean (1858) has been attributed to Johann Wyss or to Johanna Spyri, author of Heidi.
 Second Fatherland (Seconde Patrie, 1900), by Jules Verne takes up the story at the point where Wyss's tale left off. It has also been published in two volumes, Their Island Home and Castaways of the Flag.
  Return to Robinson Island (2015), by TJ Hoisington, Based on the original 1812 Swiss Family Robinson novel.

Film versions
 Al-Ṭurfa al-Šahiyya fī aḫbār al-ʿAʾila al-Swīsiyya, Arabic translation (c. 1900)
 Swiss Family Robinson (1940 film)
 Swiss Cheese Family Robinson (Mighty Mouse episode, 1947)
 Swiss Family Robinson (1960 Walt Disney film)
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1976)
 The Adventures of Swiss Family Robinson (1998)

Television series
 English Family Robinson (1957)
 Lost in Space (1965-1968) - science fiction adaptation in which the Robinsons are a family of explorers whose spacecraft goes off course. Identical concept to, but not based upon, the Space Family Robinson comic book listed below.
 Swiss Family Robinson (1974) — Canadian series starring Chris Wiggins
 Swiss Family Robinson (1975) — American series starring Martin Milner
 The Swiss Family Robinson: Flone of the Mysterious Island—(1981) anime series.
 The Adventures of Swiss Family Robinson (1998) — New Zealand series starring Richard Thomas

Made for TV movies
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1958)
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1973)
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1973)
 The Swiss Family Robinson (1975)
 Beverly Hills Family Robinson (1998)
 The New Swiss Family Robinson (1998) — Starring Jane Seymour, James Keach, and David Carradine
 Stranded (2002)

Comic book series
 Space Family Robinson (1962 to 1984) - science fiction adaptation

Stage adaptations
 Swiss Family Robinson written by Jerry Montoya and performed at B Street Theatre in Sacramento, California in 2009.

Computer adventure game
 Swiss Family Robinson (computer game) created in 1984 by Tom Snyder Productions for the Apple II and Commodore 64, published under the Windham Classics label.  The player takes the role of Fritz, the eldest brother.

Parody
 The New Swiss Family Robinson by Owen Wister (1882).

Related pages
 Robinson Crusoe
 Castaway
 The Coral Island
 Lost in Space

References

Other websites
 The Swiss Family Robinson; GoodReads

1810s books

The Swiss Family Robinson


Evelyn Erika Handler (née Sass; May 5, 1933 – December 23, 2011) served from 1980 to 1983 as the University of New Hampshire's fourteenth, and first female, President. Handler was the first woman in the country to be named president of a publicly supported land grant university. She was credited with bringing in $15 million in federal grants for a science and engineering research center.

In 1983, Handler was inaugurated as President of Brandeis University, where she was also the first woman to hold that position. Notable achievements during her tenure include the initiation of The Volen National Center for Complex Systems, the strengthening of life sciences at Brandeis, admission to the Association of American Universities, and founding membership in the University Athletic Association. After leaving Brandeis in 1991, Handler was a research fellow and associate of the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University, and a senior fellow at The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. From 1994 to 1997, she served as California Academy of Sciences' executive director and CEO.

Earlier in her career, she was Dean of Sciences and Mathematics, and professor of biological sciences at Hunter College, where she had earned her undergraduate degree. Dr. Handler earned M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from New York University, and a J.D. from Franklin Pierce Law Center. Her scholarly work includes many publications on myelogenous leukemia.

Handler was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. Additionally, she was elected to the Board of Governors of the New York Academy of Sciences in 1979, and served as a director of the Student Loan Corporation (Stamford, CT). She held honorary degrees from the University of Pittsburgh, Rivier College and Hunter College. She was killed when as a pedestrian, she was struck by a motorist on December 23, 2011.

University of New Hampshire built a residence hall named SERC Hall A In 2007, on October 11, 2013, this hall was renamed to Handler Hall in her honor.

References

External links

University of New Hampshire: Office of the President
Full list of University Presidents (including interim Presidents) , University of New Hampshire Library
"Guide to the Evelyn E. Handler Papers, 1980-1983", University of New Hampshire Library
Forbes profile
Lingua Franca article and interview with Handler about Brandeis presidency
"Evelyn E. Handler, 5th president of Brandeis, killed in automobile accident". Brandeis University. December 26, 2011.

1933 births
2011 deaths
American women chief executives
Presidents of Brandeis University
Presidents of the University of New Hampshire
People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
Harvard University staff
Hunter College alumni
Hunter College faculty
Hunter College High School alumni
New York University alumni
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Pedestrian road incident deaths
Road incident deaths in New Hampshire
Women heads of universities and colleges

Evelyn Handler


Billy the Kid's Gun Justice is a 1940 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield for Producers Releasing Corporation, and 3rd in PRC's Billy the Kid series.

Plot
Billy the Kid (Bob Steele) and his friends Jeff (Carleton Young) and Fuzzy (Al St. John) are ambushed in a cabin. When Jeff is wounded during their getaway, they decide to hide out at Jeff's uncle's ranch in Little Bend Valley. While traveling to the ranch, they see henchmen Ed (Charles King) and Buck (Rex Lease) accosting Ann Roberts (Louise Currie) and throwing her goods from her wagon. After Billy chases them off, Ann tells him that she and her father Tom (Forrest Taylor) had recently purchased a ranch and that someone is trying to run them off their land. Traveling with Ann to protect her, they learn that the ranch she and her father had purchased was the one owned by Jeff's uncle, but that they failed to purchase the water rights. Discovering that other ranchers in the area had also purchased lands without water rights, Billy also learns that land baron Cobb Allen (Al Ferguson) had maliciously dammed the only free water stream in the area in order to force the group of ranchers to purchase water rights, or default on their loans. Billy and Jeff fight Allen's henchmen at the barricade, and after subduing them they return the water flow to its original channel.

Cast
 Bob Steele as Billy the Kid
 Al St. John as Fuzzy Jones
 Louise Currie as Ann Roberts
 Carleton Young as Jeff Blanchard
 Charles King as Henchman Ed Baker
 Rex Lease as Henchman Buck
 Kenne Duncan as Henchman Bragg
 Forrest Taylor as Tom Roberts
 Ted Adams as 2nd Sheriff
 Al Ferguson as Cobb Allen
 Karl Hackett as Attorney Martin
 Edward Peil Sr. as Dave Barlow
 Julian Rivero as Carlos
 Blanca Vischer as Juanita

Reception

See also
The "Billy the Kid" films starring Bob Steele:
 Billy the Kid Outlawed (1940)
 Billy the Kid in Texas (1940)
 Billy the Kid's Gun Justice (1940)
 Billy the Kid's Range War (1941)
 Billy the Kid's Fighting Pals (1941)
 Billy the Kid in Santa Fe (1941)

References

External links

1940 films
1940 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Billy the Kid (film series)
Films directed by Sam Newfield
1940s English-language films
1940s American films

Billy the Kid's Gun Justice


A sportsperson, also known as sportsmen or sportswomen, is a person who is involved in sports.  It may mean someone who is known for the promotion of sport or athletic activities.

A sportsperson can be a man or a woman who is person trained to compete or interested in a sport involving physical strength, speed or endurance.  A sportsman is a player  in a sport; but the term also means someone who plays sport in a way that shows respect and fairness towards the opposing player or team.

The term sportsman can also be used to describe a former competitor who continues to promote the sport in later years.  For example, Tsunekazu Takeda is a sportsman who competed in two Summer Olympic Games and who was the President of the Japanese Olympic Committee before he was elected to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 2012.

Sportspeople may be professionals or amateurs.    Sportsmen and sportswomen often have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise accompanied by a strict dietary regimen, but term is also used more broadly.  For example, Hou Yifan was honored in 2011 as the best sportsperson of the year in a non-Olympic event.

The term athlete may be used as a synonym for sportspeople in general, but the word  has strong connotations of people who compete in team sports, as contrasted with other sporting types such as horse riding and driving. For example, a fisherman may be called a sportsman, but not an athlete.  In British English (as well as other variants in the Commonwealth) athlete can also have a more specific meaning of people who compete in traditional athletics (track and field) events.

Olympic games
The term "World's Greatest Athlete" was first to describe the sportsman Jim Thorpe in the 1912 Summer Olympics at Stockholm in Sweden. Thorpe won the gold medal in the decathlon.  When King Gustav V of Sweden awarded Thorpe, he said, "You, sir, are the greatest athlete in the world."

The title of "World's Greatest Athlete" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. These competitions require an sportsman to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.

Related pages
 Olympic games
 Arjuna Award
 Sportsmanship

References

Sportsperson


Moshé Pinchas Feldenkrais (, May 6, 1904 – July 1, 1984) was a Ukrainian-Israeli engineer and physicist, known as the founder of the Feldenkrais Method, a system of physical exercise that aims to improve human functioning by increasing self-awareness through movement.

Feldenkrais' theory is that "thought, feeling, perception and movement are closely interrelated and influence each other."

Life
Moshé Pinchas Feldenkrais was born in 1904 to a Ukrainian Jewish family in the Russian Empire city of Slavuta (now in Ukraine) and grew up in the Russian Empire city of Baranovichi (now in Belarus). In 1918, he immigrated to The British Mandate of Palestine. He worked as a laborer and obtained his high school diploma from Gymnasia Herzliya in 1925.  After graduation, he worked as a cartographer for the British survey office and began to study self-defense, including Ju-Jitsu. He suffered a soccer injury in 1929 that was aggravated during World War II, prompting him to develop his own method of healing.

During the 1930s, Feldenkrais lived in France, where he earned his engineering degree from the École Spéciale des Travaux Publics. Later he earned his Doctor of Science in Physics at the University of Paris, where Marie Curie was one of his teachers.

He worked as a research assistant to nuclear chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Frédéric Joliot-Curie at the Radium Institute. In September 1933, he met Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo in Paris. Kano encouraged him to study judo under Mikinosuke Kawaishi. Feldenkrais became a close friend of Kano and corresponded with him regularly. In 1936, he earned a black belt in judo, and later gained his 2nd degree black belt in 1938. He was a co-founding member of the Ju-Jitsu Club de France, one of the oldest Judo clubs in Europe, which still exists today.  Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie and Bertrand Goldschmidt took Judo lessons from Feldenkrais during their time together at the institute.

On the eve of the Nazi invasion of France in 1940, Feldenkrais fled to Britain with a jar of heavy water and a sheaf of research material, with instructions to deliver them to the British Admiralty War Office. Until 1946, he was a science officer in the Admiralty working on anti-submarine weaponry in Fairlie, Scotland.  His work on improving sonar led to several patents. He also taught self-defense techniques to his fellow servicemen.  On slippery submarine decks, he re-aggravated an old soccer knee injury. Refusing an operation, he was prompted to intently explore and develop self-rehabilitation and awareness techniques by self-observation, which he later developed as his method.  His discoveries led him to begin sharing with others (including colleague J. D. Bernal) through lectures, experimental classes, and one-on-one work with a few.

After leaving the Admiralty, Feldenkrais lived and worked in private industry in London. His self-rehabilitation enabled him to continue his judo practice. From his position on the International Judo Committee, he began to study judo scientifically, incorporating the knowledge that he had gained by self-rehabilitation. In 1949, he published the first book on his method, Body and Mature Behavior: A Study of Anxiety, Sex, Gravitation and Learning. He studied the work of Gurdjieff, F. Matthias Alexander, Elsa Gindler and William Bates. He also traveled to Switzerland to study with Heinrich Jacoby.

In 1951, he returned to Israel. In 1954, after directing the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Department of Electronics for several years, he settled in Tel Aviv and began to teach his method full-time.  In 1957, he met Mia Segal, who became his assistant and worked with him for thirty years. He also became the personal trainer of  David Ben-Gurion, the Prime Minister of Israel, whom he taught to stand on his head in a yoga pose.

Throughout the 1960s, 1970s and in 1980 he presented his method in Europe and in North America (including an Awareness Through Movement program for human potential trainers at Esalen Institute in 1972). He trained the first group of 13 teachers in the method from 1969 to 1971 in Tel Aviv. Over the course of four summers, from 1975 to 1978, he trained 65 teachers in San Francisco at Lone Mountain College under the auspices of the Humanistic Psychology Institute. In 1980, 235 students began his summer teacher-training course at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts. After becoming ill in the fall of 1981, after teaching two of the planned four summers, he stopped teaching publicly.

Feldenkrais Method

The Feldenkrais Method is intended to teach better posture and improve quality of life, by means of instruction and gentle manipulation of the body.

In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of alternative therapies that sought to determine if any were suitable for being covered by health insurance; the Feldenkrais Method was one of 17 therapies evaluated for which no clear evidence of effectiveness was found. The report notes that there is "a paucity of evidence regarding the effectiveness of Feldenkrais for the improvement of health outcomes for any clinical condition".

References

External links
Some History from the Australian Feldenkrais Center

Israeli educational theorists
New Age writers
Israeli spiritual writers
20th-century Israeli Jews
Jews from the Russian Empire
Ukrainian Jews
Immigrants to Mandatory Palestine
University of Paris alumni
University of San Francisco faculty
Israeli male judoka
Israeli jujutsuka
1904 births
1984 deaths
People from Slavuta
People from Volhynian Governorate
Somatic therapists
Jewish Ukrainian social scientists
Jewish Ukrainian scientists
Burials at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery
Mandatory Palestine expatriates in France

Moshé Feldenkrais


Mile High Comics is an online retailer and a chain of three Colorado comic book stores founded by Chuck Rozanski in 1969 from his parents' basement in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

History
In 1969, when Chuck Rozanski was 13, he began working out of his parents' Colorado basement, selling back issues of comic books by running mail order ads in the magazine Rocket's Blast Comicollector. The following year, he began promoting comics as the youngest seller ever to exhibit at the Colorado Springs Antiques Market. In 1971, he co-founded the Colorado Springs Comics Club. The following year, he attended his first national comics convention, Multicon in Oklahoma City, where he sold US$1,800 in comics in three days. It was this point that he realized comics retailing could be a career.

Rozanski opened his first store in Boulder, Colorado in 1974 with $800 in cash and 10,000 comics. By 1977, he had expanded to four stores in the greater Denver area. In December of that year, he purchased the Edgar Church Collection, the largest and highest-quality Golden Age comics collection ever discovered. The cache had been preserved due to the unvarying 60-degree temperature and minimal humidity, and consisted of 16,000 comic books dating from 1937 to 1955, including the first Superman comic and the first Marvel Comic. The purchase of the Church Collection helped Mile High Comics expand its influence nationally, and helped bring a geometric rise to the price of rare comic books, which became a legitimate investment. Rozanski once sold a batch of comics from the Church Collection and used the profits to put a down payment on a 22,000 square-foot warehouse.

In 1977, Mile High Comics consisted of three locations.

In 1979 Rozanski purchased Richard Alf Comics' mail order division, with which he gained systems and methods for greatly expanding his mail order sales.

In 1980, Rozanski purchased a double-page ad in mainstream Marvel comics, listing prices for back issues he had for sale. This ad, which was the first of its kind, was a departure from the general practice of the time because of its inclusion of prices, which Rozanski explains was a way to educate non-collectors as to the value of their collections. The ad affirmed that back issues were a valid commodity for the collector's market, and led not only to a boom for Mile High Comics, but to the entire back-issue market. Mile High Comics frequently placed ads in Marvel comics in the 1980s listing back issues of comic books that could be purchased through the mail. By 1987 the company was generating $3.5 million a year in sales.

In 1993 Rozanski opened the first comics mega-store in Denver, which measured 11,000 square feet. The company eventually expanded to eight stores, and grew to become one of the most successful comics specialty shops in the United States. One of Mile High's employees, David Vinson, was hired by DC Comics in 1994 as a manager of distributor relations.

In July 2014 Rozanski announced Mile High Comics would likely end its four-decade long history of appearances at the San Diego Comic-Con, due to the proliferation of convention-exclusive variants offered by publishers and toy manufacturers to convention attendees, many of whom Rozanski criticized for attending the convention solely to acquire those exclusives in order to resell them at a higher prices on eBay. Rozanski further criticized publishers for denying these exclusives to retailers, which Rozanksi estimates cost Mile High Comics $10,000 of losses at the convention. Rozanski said that Mile High would continue its presence at other conventions such as Denver Comic Con, where Mile High's hourly sales were double those at San Diego, despite the fact that the Denver convention yielded half the attendance of San Diego. In 2017 Mile High comics announced their end of appearing at San Diego Comic-Con due to constant increase of costs and awful management of the comic con.

As of 2019, with the closing of its Lakewood store, Mile High Comics has one remaining physical location, the Jason Street Mega Store in Denver.

References

External links

Comics retailers
Independent bookstores of the United States
Retail companies established in 1969
1969 establishments in Colorado
Privately held companies based in Colorado
1969 in comics

Mile High Comics


Gameshow Marathon is an American television program which aired on CBS from May 31, 2006 to June 29, 2006. Six celebrity contestants competed in a tournament with classic game shows. The game shows that were played included The Price is Right, Match Game, and Family Feud. Ricki Lake was the host of the show. Contestants in the show included Kathy Najimy and Leslie Nielsen.

2000s American television series
CBS network shows
Television game shows
English-language television programs

Gameshow Marathon


A calculator is a machine which allows people to do math operations more easily. For example, most calculators will add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Some also do square roots, and more complex calculators can help with calculus and draw function graphs. Calculators are found everywhere. A smartphone or other computer can also act as a calculator.

Some calculators, like the abacus, will work without electricity. Others, like the electronic calculator, use batteries. Some calculators are simple, and can only add, subtract, multiply and divide, and sometimes take square roots. Scientific calculators can do many other things, such as use exponents (or powers or indices) and trigonometry functions.

A printing calculator can print its results.

Pocket calculator

A pocket calculator is a small calculator that helps people do arithmetic. It is so small that it can be put in a pocket. Its most common use is for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.  Many pocket calculators are powered by solar cells. They are commonly seen in schools and businesses and can be used quickly and efficiently for simple mathematical problems. Other names are 'miniature calculator' or 'mini calculator'.

Scientific calculator
A scientific calculator can do more things. It can often use exponents (or powers or indices), pi, trigonometric ratios, and the order of operations. Scientific calculators can also use bigger numbers. They tend to cost more than pocket calculators. Many are also programmable. The user can make a program directly with the calculator, or transfer one from a computer.

Related pages
 Graphing calculator
 Abacus

Other websites

Mathematical tools

Calculator


Johanna "Hannah" Arendt (14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German-born political philosopher.

Early life
She was born in Hanover in western Germany but grew up largely in Königsberg in East Prussia. She studied at the University of Marburg under philosopher Martin Heidegger and at the University of Heidelberg under philosopher Karl Jaspers. Because of her Jewish background she fled from Nazi Germany in the 1930s, and settled in the United States in 1941 (she became an American citizen in 1950).

Career
Arendt was also active as a journalist and a university professor. She didn't like to be called philosopher, and also didn't like the term political philosophy. In 1959, she was the first woman to teach at Princeton University.

Between 1963 and 1967 she taught at University of Chicago, and from 1975 at The New School, in New York.

Arendt is best known for two major works that had a large impact: The first one is the book The Origins of Totalitarianism (published in 1951), which was a study of the Nazi and Stalin regimes. The second major work, The Human Condition (published in 1958), was a philosophical book on the human nature and human activities throughout Western history. Over the years, she published several influential essays on topics such as revolution, freedom, authority, tradition and the modern age.

In 1961, she attended the trial of Nazi criminal Adolf Eichmann in Israel and wrote thereafter Eichmann in Jerusalem in 1963. In this book she launches the idea which she calls "the banality of evil": a person accused of terrible crimes did not perform these atrocities because of an immoral conviction but as an everyday person who 'did just his job'.

Hannah Arendt died at the age of 69 in her hometown New York City.

References

1906 births
1975 deaths
American agnostics
American essayists
American historians
20th-century American philosophers
American political scientists
American sociologists
Columbia University faculty
Columnists
Continental philosophers
Cultural critics
German essayists
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Hannah Arendt


Hobyo (,  ) is an auncient harbor ceety in the Mudug region o Somalie. Hobyo literally means "here, water", an the plentiful fresh watter tae be haed frae the wells in an aroond the toun (a rarity in this pairt o the warld) haes been the drivin force ahint Hobyo's auncient status as a favorite port-o-caw for sailors.

Hobyo's Origins (12t century tae 15t century)
Hobyo's history began as a place for sailors an caravans tae get fresh watter, sicweys its name. It ae became a toun o importance when the Muslim pilgrims departin for Mecca on thair Hajj an the sea captains who wad tak them thare began favorin the toun as a pynt o departure acause o its fresh watter. This sea an land traffeck suin led tae Hobyo becomin somethin o a commercial center. Opone, the ance-great entrepot, which haed been the centre o commerce, began its decline intae obscurity.

The increasin importance an rapid dounset o mair soothrenlie ceeties sic as Mogadishu further boostit the prosperity o Hobyo, as mair an mair ships made thair wey doun the Somali coast an stopped in Hobyo tae tred an replenish thair watter.

Hobyo in the Medieval Warld (15t century tae 17t century)
Hobyo wis the commercial centre o the Ajuuraan State, based in Qalafo (locatit in the present-day Ogaden). Commercial goods harvestit alang the Shabelle River (especially aroond the agricultural centers o Harardheere an El-Dheer) wur brocht tae Hobyo for tred. The Ajuuraan rulers collectit thair tribute frae the toun in the form o sorghum (durra).

Hobyo's Ajuuraan rulers wur allies wi an occasionally owerlords o the Mogadishu Sultanate, an tred atween Hobyo an the Benadir coast flourished for some time. Sae vital wis Hobyo tae the prosperity o the Ajuuraan State that when the Hiraab (a lineage o closely relatit Hawiye clans) successfully revoltit against the Ajuuraan an establisht an independent Hiraab Imamate, which includit Hobyo, the Ajuran's might dwindled rapidly. This wis no the ae fragmentation o the Ajuuraan State, as the Warsengali an aa broke away tae form thair awn sultanate in the north, an the Majerteen Sultanate shook off centuries o Ajuuraan hegemony. The Ajuuraan remained in thair pouer base in Qalafo, but wur a shadow o thair umwhile selves.

Hobyo in the Colonial Era (1th century tae 20t century)

A Majerteen pretender tae the throne, Yusuf Ali Keenadid, who haed been exiled tae Arabia bi sultan Boqor Isman Mahamud efter a failed coup d'etat, returned frae Arabie an invadit Hobyo wi an airmy o mercenaries frae Hadramut in 1878. Efter conquerin Hobyo frae the Hiraab Imamate, he established himsel as the Sultan o Hobyo.

The Hiraab Imam haed acome too involved in the politics an conflicts wi ither Hawiye clans, wi the Sultan o Oman an wi the Portuguese, which haed drawn his attention sooth tae Mogadishu, an little resistance tae Yusuf Ali Keenadid coud be mustered.

The rest o the Hiraab Imamate wis rapidly snapt up bi the Italians, tho the Imam remained a pouerful force due tae his influence ower Hiraab communities, an plays an important pairt in politics right up tae the present day.

The fowk in an aroond Hobyo grew mainly sorghum an beans as thair staple foods, supplementin this wi herds o caumels, cattle, gaits an sheep. Livestock, hides an skin, aromatic woods an raisins wur the primary exports, while rice, ither fuidstuffs an claes wur importit.  Merchants luikin for exotic goods came tae Hobyo tae buy textiles, precious metals an pairls.

Modern Hobyo (20t century tae the present day)
Wi the defeat o the Sultanate o Hobyo at the haunds o Fascist Italy 50 years later, Hobyo wis annexed intae Italian East Africae.

Efter its annexation bi Italy, Hobyo's lifeblood, the tred routes that haed passed throu the toun for 10 centuries, moved permanently sooth tae Mogadishu.  The toun never recovered.  The majority o the populace, who haed been involved in said mercantile activities, follaet the tred doun tae Mogadishu, establishin the link atween thir ceeties that haes existit tae this day, an the toun haes played nae major role in ony o the ensuin conflicts wi Ethiopia aither as pairt o Italian East Africae or independent Somalie.  The governments o baith hae actively encouraged the toun's decline in fact, as thay increasingly centralized Hobyo's historical roles athin Mogadishu.  Hobyo is a shadow o its umwhile importance an wealth.

Hobyo wis captured bi the Islamic Court Union (ICU) on August 16, 2006, efter several days negotiation wi leadin figures in the toun. ICU armed pickup trucks ("technicals") surroondit the toun several days afore, an sent in delegates tae negotiate Hobyo's surrender.  The ceety wis apparently taken athoot firin a shot, as the unnamed warlord o Hobyo haed fled days earlier upon hearin o the ICU's approach.

The ICU haed taken the toun in an unsuccessful attempt tae end piracy on the Benadir Coast, an Hobyo wis the last remainin major port sooth o Puntland.

Hobyo chose tae jyne the newly formed Galmudug State as an alternative tae annexation bi the ICU, creautin a buffer atween the ICU an Puntland, but wi the rise in conflict atween Galmudug an the ICU, ICU forces teuk the ceety again on November 1.

Hobyo's present status is clear, as the clans Saad is pouerful aroond Hobyo controllin Hobyo, broke away frae the ICU juist afore the Ethiopian offensive tae the coast. At the moment, Contralling Ahlusunna WalJaaca as thay ar Contrallars o Galmudug State.

Hobyo is an aa involved in piracy, servin as a location for pirates tae anchor hijacked ships, sic as the MV Faina, while demandin ransoms.

See an aa
Galmudug

References

Populatit places in Somalie
History o Africae
History o Somalie
Piracy in Somalie
Populatit coastal places in Somalie

Hobyo


Anne Hartley Gilbert (October 21, 1821December 2, 1904) professionally billed as Mrs. G. H. Gilbert was a British actress.

She was born Anne Jane Hartley at Rochdale, Lancashire, England.  At fifteen she was a pupil at the ballet school connected with Her Majesty's Theatre, in the Haymarket, conducted by Paul Taglioni, and became a dancer. Her first conspicuous appearance on stage was made as a dancer, in the Norwich theatrical circuit, England, in 1845. In 1846 she married George H. Gilbert (d. 1866), a performer in the theatre company of which she was a member. Together they filled many engagements in English theatres, moving to America in 1849.

Her first 15 years in America were spent in inland cities such as Chicago, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. Mrs Gilbert's first success in a speaking part was in 1857 as Wichavenda in John Brougham's Po-ca-hon-tas.

One of the most brilliant and decisive successes of her professional life was gained at the Broadway Theatre where, on 5 August 1867, Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Florence presented Thomas William Robertson's comedy Caste, for the first time in America.  On leaving the Broadway she went to Daly's Fifth Avenue Theatre on Twenty-fourth Street with Robertson's comedy of Play. The cast included E. L. Davenport, George Holland, William Davidge, J. L. Polk, Agnes Ethel, and George Clarke.  Mrs. Gilbert played Mrs. Kinpeck. For many years she played opposite James Lewis as his "wife", or playing old women's parts, in which she had no equal.

After Mr. Daly's death in 1899 she came under Charles Frohman's management and later became a member of Annie Russell's company.  On October 24, 1904, at the New Lyceum Theatre, Mrs. Gilbert made her first appearance as a star, being then in the eighty-second year of her age, in a play, by Clyde Fitch, called Granny with a young Marie Doro in one of her earliest roles.  Granny was announced as her farewell role and she read a special poem composed by Fitch at the end of each performance.  Her final New York appearance occurred at the Lyceum on November 12, 1904. She acted for fifty-four years (after five years as a dancer), and she remained in active employment to the last.  Mrs Gilbert was uniquely respected and popular, both with audiences and behind the footlights. She performed last on December 1 three days after Granny opened in Chicago, and died there on the following day from a brain hemorrhage.

References

Bibliography
 Brown, Thomas Allston, A History of the New York Stage from the Earliest Performances in 1732 to 1901, Vol. I, New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1903.
 Brown, Thomas Allston, A History of the New York Stage from the Earliest Performances in 1732 to 1901, Vol. II, New York: Dodd Mead & Co., 1903.
 Gilbert, Anne Hartley, ed. by Charlotte M. Martin, The Stage Reminiscences of Mrs. Gilbert, New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1901.
 Mantle, Burns, and Garrison P. Sherwood, eds., The Best Plays of 1899-1909, Philadelphia: The Blakiston Company, 1944.]

External links

1821 births
1904 deaths
English stage actresses
19th-century British actresses
British stage actresses
English female dancers
British expatriate actresses in the United States
Actors from Rochdale
19th-century English actresses
19th-century English people

Anne Hartley Gilbert


The Endangered Wolf Center is a non-profit wildlife facility in Eureka, Missouri, United States, near St. Louis that is dedicated to preserving and reintroducing to the wild critically endangered species of wolves. It is certified by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). Visitors can tour the facility by making a reservation.

The center was founded in 1971 by renowned naturalist Marlin Perkins and his wife Carol, who saw that wolves around the world were in danger of becoming extinct. Its mission is to preserve and protect Mexican wolves, red wolves, and other wild canid species, with purpose and passion, through carefully managed breeding, reintroduction and inspiring education programs. Animals born at the facility have been reintroduced to North Carolina (red wolves) and Arizona and New Mexico (Mexican wolves). The center's research focuses on reproductive, behavioral and nutritional needs for the species housed there. The Endangered Wolf Center is a founding member of the AZA's Mexican Wolf and Red Wolf Species Survival Plans. As of August 2016, the center had six species of endangered canids: Mexican wolves, red wolves, maned wolves, African painted dogs, fennec foxes and swift foxes. It had more than 20 Mexican gray wolves, more than any other managed breeding facility. (Only 97 Mexican wolves were known to exist in the wild as of 2015.) The center serves as the cornerstone of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's program to preserve Mexican wolves and reintroduce them to the wild.

The center offers daytime tours and evening wolf howls. Reservations are required.

The Endangered Wolf Center is an independent 501c(3) non-profit and receives no federal or state support. Its programs are supported solely by members, donors and visitors.
The center is on the grounds of Washington University in St. Louis' Tyson Research Center. It is located off Interstate 44,  west of Interstate 270 and about  southwest of St. Louis. The Endangered Wolf Center originally was named the Wild Canid Survival and Research Center.

Notes

External links

Non-profit organizations based in Missouri
Buildings and structures in St. Louis County, Missouri
Education in St. Louis County, Missouri
Tourist attractions in St. Louis County, Missouri
Dog parks in the United States
Animal sanctuaries
Wolf organizations
Wolf parks
Zoos in Missouri
501(c)(3) organizations
Animal charities based in the United States
Wildlife sanctuaries of the United States

Endangered Wolf Center


Baltic Paganism are different religions and mythologies that people had in Baltic countries before Christianity and that some people still have. All of those religions have their own features but also between these religions many things are similar. Baltic pagans just like Scandinavian and Finnish pagans believes that greatest god is a male god of sky and thunder. He has a hammer or axe that makes lightning. This belief is very old. In the Stone Age, Corded Ware culture already had this kind of a god and that his weapon was a boat shaped stone axe. Corded Ware culture lived in a large area and many features of Nordic and Baltic people are derived from it.

Paganism
Baltic states

Baltic paganism


Karla Mercedes Álvarez Báez  (15 October 1972 – 15 November 2013) was a Mexican actress. She was best known for her roles including Maria Mercedes and Alma Rebelde and as a contestant for Big Brother VIP in 2003.

Álvarez was born on 15 October 1972 in Mexico City, Mexico. She was married to Alexis Ayala until they divorced. On 15 November 2013, Álvarez was found dead at her apartment in Mexico City due to respiratory failure. She was rumored to have suffered from alcoholism and allegedly had an eating disorder.

References

Other websites

1972 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Actors from Mexico City

Karla Álvarez


Ann S. Moore (born May 29, 1950) is a former chairman and chief executive officer of Time Inc. until the fall of 2010. She became the company's first female CEO when she was appointed to the position in July 2002.

Biography
Moore was a 1971 graduate of Vanderbilt University, where she received a B.A. in political science, and in 1978 she received an MBA from Harvard Business School.

She began her career at Time in 1978 as a financial analyst.  She became the publisher of Sports Illustrated for Kids in 1989 and publisher of People Magazine in 1991.  She was named People's president in 1993.  In 2001 she became vice-president of Time, Inc.  She is a member of the board of directors of Avon Products, Inc. and she has been on the Fortune Magazine's 50 Most Powerful Women in American Business ten times. She also was listed among the 100 Most Powerful Women by Forbes.

Early life
In 1971 Moore graduated with a degree in mathematics from Vanderbilt University in Nashville and then worked in bookselling in Boston. In 1978 she graduated with an MBA from Harvard Business School, where as one of only a handful of female MBA graduates she received 13 job offers. Moore was an avid magazine reader, and her ambition was to work in magazine publishing; she consequently accepted the lowest-paid job she had been offered, that of financial analyst at Time.

In her early years at Time, Moore gained experience in circulation and marketing. An avid sports fan, her first executive role was as media manager of Sports Illustrated in 1979. Two years later she was appointed assistant circulation director of Fortune before moving on to become the circulation director of Money and then of Discover . Moore returned to Sports Illustrated as general manager in 1984, becoming the magazine's associate publisher four years later.

Moore's ability to take a Time title to new readers was first demonstrated in 1989 when she was appointed founding publisher of Sports Illustrated for Kids . Drawing upon her existing client network, Moore paved the way for the new title by preselling advertising pages. She also established an unusually close working relationship between the magazine's editorial section and its marketing and circulation divisions. The founding editor
of Sports Illustrated for Kids John Papanek later praised Moore's business model in which the metaphorical "church" and "state" were integrated in a highly effective manner.

Expanded description
Moore joined Time following her MBA. Her leadership potential showed early on in her career and she flew up the corporate ladder through a succession of key positions. In 1991, Moore became publisher, and later president, of People. Here she oversaw the launches of Australian Who weekly, In Style, People en Español, and Real Simple, giving Time a competitive edge in the women's magazine arena for the first time. Later, as executive vice-president, she ran the business and development operations for consumer magazines includingTime and People, while managing the company's consumer marketing division. She was nominated CEO in 2002. A major mission then was to take Time into the digital age, a project which has enjoyed increasing success. In 2007, digital traffic growth hit 72 percent; in 2008, despite an economic downturn, revenue for People.com rose 51 percent; and Time, Inc.'s US website has grown to be among the 20 largest online media properties.

Marriage and children
Daughter of Monty Sommovigo and Bea (maiden name unknown); married Donovan Moore (private wealth manager for Bessemer Trust); children: one.

Expansion of People
In 1991 Moore became the publisher of People , a title appealing primarily to women, and two years later became the magazine's president. Moore believed that the very successful publication could grow larger still if marketed more specifically to readers interested in women's fashion and popular journalism. In an interview with Advertising Age in 2001 Moore referred to Time's "inability to understand you could make money marketing to women" (June 4, 2001). Until the 1990s Time published mainly financial and sporting magazines and marketed its titles almost entirely to an educated male readership.

Moore added beauty and fashion sections to People and changed its format from black-and-white to color. She also increased the proportion of advertising pages and changed the magazine's issue day from Monday to Friday so as to coincide with weekend shopping trips. Although the new direction in which Moore was taking the magazine met with a cautious response from Time senior management, her innovations proved successful. From 1991 People surpassed Time's traditional leader, Time magazine, in advertising revenue; by 2001 the gap had become considerable, with People earning $723.7 million to Time 's $666 million. In 2002 People earned one-third of Time's total revenues.

As president of People Moore established a pattern of successful magazine launches that further showed her all-around strengths in both the marketing and editorial aspects of magazine publishing. Along with spin-offs such as the Australian version of People , entitled WHO , Moore created four highly successful magazines at biyearly intervals between 1994 and 2000: In Style, People en Español, Teen People, and Real Simple.

In Style , launched in 1994, was the first magazine of its kind to include fashion, celebrity lifestyles, and shelter (interior design, architecture, and gardening) content. In Style reflected Moore's belief, expressed in a Brandweek interview in 1999, that "runway fashion didn't work and it was celebrities who were the trend spotters in America" (March 8, 1999). The new title drew cautious responses from both Moore's higherups at Time and sponsors but, as with the revamped People , was immediately successful with readers. By 2000 In Style was Time's 15th-biggest-selling title, with a circulation of 1.4 million.

In 1998 Moore was appointed president of the People group; in March 2001 she acquired responsibility for Time's Parenting group. Three months later she was appointed vice president to Time while still overseeing both the People and Parenting groups. Moore was appointed to the role of CEO and chairwoman of Time in July 2002, soon after the merger between Time Warner and AOL.

Published works
Publisher of People.

Launched Sports Illustrated for Kids.

Awards
Matrix Award, Women in Communications, 1994; 50 Most Powerful Women in American Business, Fortune , 1998–2003; Civic Leadership Award, AOL Time Warner, 2003.

References

External links

American publishing chief executives
Harvard Business School alumni
Living people
Vanderbilt University alumni
American women chief executives
1950 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
American media executives
American chairpersons of corporations

Ann S. Moore


Alvin Langdon Coburn (June 11, 1882 – November 23, 1966) was an early 20th-century photographer who became a key figure in the development of American pictorialism. He became the first major photographer to emphasize the visual potential of elevated viewpoints and later made some of the first completely abstract photographs.

Life

Childhood (1882–1899)
Coburn was born on June 11, 1882, at 134 East Springfield Street in Boston, Massachusetts, to a middle-class family. His father, who had established the successful firm of Coburn & Whitman Shirts, died when Alvin was seven. After that he was raised solely by his mother, Fannie,  who remained the primary influence in his early life, even though she remarried when he was a teenager. In his autobiography, Coburn wrote: "My mother was a remarkable woman of very strong character who tried to dominate my life…It was a battle royal all the days of our life together."

In 1890, the family visited his maternal uncles in Los Angeles, and they gave him a 4 x 5 Kodak camera. He immediately fell in love with the camera, and within a few years he had developed a remarkable talent for both visual composition and technical proficiency in the darkroom. When he was 16 years old, in 1898, he met his cousin F. Holland Day, who was already an internationally known photographer with considerable influence. Day recognized Coburn's talent and both mentored him and encouraged him to take up photography as a career.

At the end of 1899, his mother and he moved to London, where they met up with Day. Day had been invited by the Royal Photographic Society to select prints from the best American photographers for an exhibition in London. He brought more than a hundred photographs with him, including nine by Coburn – who at this time was only 17 years old. With the help of his cousin Coburn's career took a giant first step.

Rise to fame (1900–1905)

Coburn's prints at the Royal Photographic Society attracted the attention of another important photographer, Frederick H. Evans. Evans was one of the founders of the Linked Ring, an association of artistic photographers that was considered at that time to be the highest authority for photographic aesthetics. In the summer of 1900 Coburn was invited to exhibit with them, which elevated him to the ranks of some of the most elite photographers of the day.

In 1901 Coburn lived in Paris for a few months so he could study with photographer Edward Steichen and Robert Demachy. He and his mother then toured France, Switzerland and Germany for the remainder of the year.

When they returned to America in 1902, Coburn began studying with famed photographer Gertrude Käsebier in New York. He opened a photography studio on Fifth Avenue but spent much of his time that year studying with Arthur Wesley Dow at his School of Art in Massachusetts. At the same time, his mother continued to promote her son whenever she could. Stieglitz once told an interviewer, "Fannie Coburn devoted much energy trying to convince both Day and me that Alvin was a greater photographer than Steichen."

The following year Coburn was elected as an Associate of The Linked Ring, making him one of the youngest members of that group and one of only a few Americans to be so honored. In May he was given his first one-man show at the Camera Club of New York, and in July Stieglitz published one of his gravures in Camera Work, No. 3.

In 1904 Coburn returned to London with a commission from The Metropolitan Magazine to photograph England's leading artists and writers, including G. K. Chesterton, George Meredith, and H. G. Wells.  During this trip he visited renowned pictorialist J. Craig Annan in Edinburgh and made studies of motifs photographed by pioneering photographers Hill and Adamson. Six more of his images were published in Camera Work, No. 6 (April 1904). In 1905 he photographed American artist Leon Dabo.

Coburn remained in London throughout 1905 and much of 1906, taking both portraits and landscapes around England. He photographed Henry James for The Century magazine and returned to Edinburgh for a series he intended to be visualizations of Robert Louis Stevenson's Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes.

Symbolist period (1906–1912)
The years 1906–07 were some of the most prolific and important for Coburn. He began 1906 by having one-man shows at the Royal Photographic Society (accompanied by a catalog with a preface by George Bernard Shaw) and at the Liverpool Amateur Photographic Association. In July five more gravures were published in Camera Work (No. 15). At the same time he began to study photogravure printing at the London County Council School of Photo-Engraving.  It was during this time that Coburn made one of his most famous portraits, that of George Bernard Shaw posing nude as Rodin's The Thinker.

In the summer he cruised round the Mediterranean and traveled to Paris, Rome and Venice in the fall while working on frontispieces for an American edition of Henry James' novels. While in Paris he saw Steichen's Autochrome color photographs and learned the process from him.

By 1907 Coburn was so well established in his career that Shaw called him "the greatest photographer in the world," although he was only 24 years old at the time. He continued his success by having a one-man show at Stieglitz's prestigious Little Galleries of the Photo-Secession in New York and by organizing an international exhibition of photography at the New English Art Galleries in London.  At the request of American art collector Charles Lang Freer, Coburn briefly returned to the U.S. so he could photograph Freer's large collection of oriental art and Whistler prints. Coburn became captivated with the "exotic" style of the oriental artists, and it began to have an influence in both his thinking and his photography.

In January 1908, twelve more of Coburn's photographs were published in Camera Work (No. 21). In the same issue there was an anonymous article that leveled some harsh words at him:

Coburn has been a favored child throughout his career… No other photographer has been so extensively exploited nor so generally eulogized. He enjoys it all; is amused at the conflicting opinions about him and his work, and, like all strong individuals, is conscious that he knows best what he wants and what he is driving at. Being talked about is his only recreation.

The author was probably Stieglitz, who sometimes delighted in both promoting and castigating a photographer, especially if he felt the person was becoming too conceited. The criticism did not seem to have a long-term effect on their relationship, as both continued to be close colleagues for many years.

In the spring Coburn had another one-man show, this time at the Goupil Galleries in New York. Soon afterwards he wrote to Stieglitz: "Printing almost entirely in gray now... think it a reaction from the autochromes.…" In the summer he visited Dublin, where he made portraits of W. B. Yeats and George Moore. He continued his travels that year with trips to Bavaria and Holland.

The same year, H. G. Wells contacted him to consider a collaboration edition of The Door in the Wall and Other Stories. A few years later, an edition of 600 copies, 60 of them signed by the author and the photographer, eventually appeared; this edition was first reissued in 2018 by the Folio Society.

The next year Stieglitz gave Coburn his second one-man exhibition at his gallery, which by then had come to be known simply as "291".  Another sign of Coburn's prominence at that time was that Stieglitz had only given two shows to one other photographer – Edward Steichen. Back in London, Coburn bought a new home with a large studio area where he set up two printing presses. He proceeded to use the skills he had learned at the County Council School to publish a book of his own photographs called London.

Coburn returned to America in 1910, exhibiting 26 prints at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York. He began traveling extensively in the U.S. for the next year, going to Arizona to photograph the Grand Canyon and to California to take photos in Yosemite National Park. He came back to New York in 1912 and took a series of new photos which he published in his book New York. It was during this period that he made some of his most famous photographs from elevated viewpoints, including his best known image The Octopus.

While in New York he met and married Edith Wightman Clement of Boston on October 11, 1912. In November Coburn and his wife returned to England, and after twenty-three transatlantic crossings he never again returned to the United States.

Explorations (1913–1923)
Coburn continued to build his fame by publishing what would become his most famous book, Men of Mark, in 1913. The book featured 33 gravure prints of important European and American authors, artists and statesmen, including Henri Matisse, Henry James, Auguste Rodin, Mark Twain, Theodore Roosevelt and Yeats. In the preface to the book, he says:

To make satisfactory photographs of persons it is necessary for me to like them, to admire them, or at least to be interested in them. It is rather curious and difficult to exactly explain, but if I dislike my subject it is sure to come out in the resulting portrait . I had thought of using 'Men of Genius' as the title for this book, but Arnold Bennett objected seriously, saying, very modestly, that he did not consider himself a man of genius, but merely a working author, and absolutely refusing to join the throng unless I changed it, so I told him that if he would give me a better one I would use it. 'Men of Mark' is his alternative.

In 1915 Coburn organized the exhibition Old Masters of Photography, shown at the Royal Photographic Society in London and at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in the U.S. The show included many historical prints from Coburn's own collection.

The following year two pivotal events occurred in his life. He met George Davison, a fellow photographer and a philanthropist who was involved in Theosophy and Freemasonry. This started Coburn on a path of studying mysticism, metaphysical ideals and Druidism. He met Ezra Pound, who introduced him to the short-lived Vorticism movement in Britain. Its new visual aesthetics intrigued Coburn and, provoked by his growing spiritual quest, he began to re-examine his photographic style. He responded by making a bold and distinctive portrait of Pound, showing three overlapping images of differing sizes. Within a brief period he moved from this semi-representative image to a series of abstract images that are among the first completely non-representative photographs ever made.

To make these images Coburn invented a kaleidoscope-like instrument with three mirrors clamped together, which when fitted over the lens of the camera would reflect and fracture the image. Pound called this instrument a "Vortoscope" and the resulting photographs "Vortographs". He made only about 18 different Vortographs, taken over a period of just one month, yet they remain among the most striking images in early 20th-century photography.

In 1917 he had a show of Vortographs and paintings at the Camera Club in London. He had recently started painting, in what Ezra Pound called Post-Impressionist style, and the combination of "second-rate" paintings along with his highly unusual photographs received mixed reviews. Stieglitz in particular did not like the change in Coburn's imagery, and he rejected several prints for a show he was putting together.

On June 18, 1919, he was initiated into Mawddach Masonic Lodge No.1988 in Barmouth and was a member until he resigned on September 28, 1961. Coburn became increasingly involved with the Freemasons, achieving the title of Royal Arch Mason. He also joined the Societas Rosicruciana and delved further into metaphysical studies. Eventually he would devote most of his life to these studies, foregoing photography as his primary interest.

In 1922 Coburn briefly returned to his roots when he published More Men of Mark, a second book of portraits he had taken more than 10 years earlier. This volume included previously unpublished photographs of subjects who included Pound, Thomas Hardy, Frank Harris, Joseph Conrad, Israel Zangwill and Edmund Dulac.

Spiritual devotion (1923–1930)
In 1923 Coburn met a man who would become a major influence on him for the rest of his life. The man was one of the leaders of the Universal Order, a small comparative religious group, previously called the Order of Ancient Wisdom, and which under the name Hermetic Truth Society organized public lectures and produced the quarterly Shrine of Wisdom magazine. The identity of the man – described as being great and good in every way – was known to Coburn, but it has been kept from anyone outside of the Order due to the Society's strict doctrine of anonymity. There was something about him, however, that struck a chord with Coburn, and "Coburn's solidity as a citizen and the falling-away of all mundane ambition thereafter was due to his direct influence."

Throughout the 1920s and '30s Coburn became fully committed to the beliefs of the Universal Order, which are described in The Shrine of Wisdom magazine as being devoted to "Synthetic Philosophy, Religion and Mysticism". His deep interest in mysticism, and especially freemasonry, was to occupy the greatest part of the remainder of his life. Coburn did much research into the history of freemasonry, as well as on aspects of the occult and mysticism. He presented numerous lectures based on his findings to Masonic gatherings, travelling extensively throughout England and Wales. He also took a particular interest in the ceremonial rituals and rites performed, and in their origins and symbolism.

In 1927 Coburn was made an honorary Ovate of the Welsh Gorsedd, or Council of Druids, and he took the Welsh name "Maby-y-Trioedd" (Son of the Triads).

In 1928 his mother died. She had been a major influence on him for much of his life, and her death was yet one more sign that his new devotion to religious interests was the right course for him.

Later life (1931–1966)

By 1930 Coburn had lost almost all interest in photography. He decided that his past was of little use to him now, and over the summer he destroyed nearly 15,000 glass and film negatives – nearly his entire life's output. This same year he donated his extensive collection of contemporary and historical photographs to the Royal Photographic Society.

A year later he wrote his last letter to Stieglitz, and from then on he made only a few new photographs. Ironically, just when he was making an almost complete break from photography Coburn was elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society.

After living in England for more than 20 years, Coburn finally became a British subject in 1932.

In 1945 he moved from his house in Harlech, North Wales to Rhos-on-Sea, Colwyn Bay, on the north coast of Wales. He lived there the rest of his life.

His wife Edith died on October 11, 1957, their 45th wedding anniversary.

Alvin Coburn died in his home in North Wales on November 23, 1966, at the age of 84.

Gallery

References

Further reading
Ralph F. Bogardus, Pictures and texts: Henry James, A.L. Coburn, and new ways of seeing in literary culture, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1984 [1974], .
Alvin Langdon Coburn, Alvin Langdon Coburn, Photographer, An Autobiography, New York: Dover Publications, 1978, .
Joseph Firebaugh, "Coburn, Henry James's photographer" American Quarterly, 7, 3, autumn 1955, 213–233.
Michel Frizot, Alvin Langdon Coburn, Arles: Actes Sud, 2004, .
Desmond B. Kraege, " 'After all, there is no place like London': un livre de photographies urbaines d'Alvin Langdon Coburn" in Utopie et réalité de l'urbanisme: La Chaux-de-Fonds, Chandigarh, Brasilia, dir. K. Imesch, Gollion, Infolio, 2014, 97–122, .
Mike Weaver, "Alvin Langdon Coburn: Symbolist photographer, 1882–1966" Aperture, 104, autumn 1986.

External links

The official National Media Museum print website  containing many Alvin Langdon Coburn prints
National Portrait Gallery - works by Coburn
Alvin Langdon Coburn Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

American portrait photographers
Pictorialists
1882 births
1966 deaths
Photographers from Massachusetts
Artists from Boston
American emigrants to England
20th-century American photographers
American emigrants to Wales
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
20th-century British photographers
British portrait photographers
People from Harlech
People from Conwy County Borough

Alvin Langdon Coburn