Cory Franklin Schneider (born March 18, 1986) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for the Vancouver Canucks, New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Schneider was selected in the first round, 26th overall, by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. Following his draft, he began a three-year tenure with the Boston College Eagles, winning two Lamoriello Trophies as Hockey East champions and making two NCAA Final appearances during his college career. Schneider turned professional with Vancouver's American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Manitoba Moose, in 2007 and was named the league's Goaltender of the Year following his second season. After three seasons with the Moose, he became the Canucks' full-time backup in 2010–11. In his first full season with the Canucks, he won the William M. Jennings Trophy with Roberto Luongo for establishing the best team goals against average (GAA) in the NHL. The following campaign, he set Canucks records for best GAA and save percentage in a single season with 1.96 and .937 marks, respectively.

At the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, Schneider was traded to the New Jersey Devils for the ninth overall selection. With the exception of the 2017–18 season, the Devils were never a successful team during Schneider's seven-year tenure, despite several strong seasons from Schneider. When the Devils qualified for the playoffs in 2017–18, Schneider's performance had already began to dramatically decline. The team bought out the remainder of his contract in 2020.

Internationally, Schneider has represented the United States at various junior levels. Early in his career, he won gold and silver medals at the 2003 U-18 Junior World Cup and 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships, respectively. He later competed in the 2005 and 2006 World Junior Championships, finishing in fourth with the United States each time. Due to his Swiss ancestry, Schneider also holds a Swiss citizenship.

Early life
Schneider was born to Susan and Richard Schneider in Marblehead, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. Schneider started training with his goalie coach, Brian Daccord, at age 15, who now owns Stop It Goaltending, a company of which currently Schneider owns a small percentage. He began playing hockey around the age of six, trying out for the same team as his older brother, Geoff. He did not become a regular goaltender until the age of 11, as the Marblehead Youth Hockey teams he played with at earlier ages rotated the position. Growing up, Schneider looked up to Mike Richter of the New York Rangers for being a successful American goaltender. Paying homage to Richter, he chose to wear the jersey number 35.

Schneider earned his secondary education at Marblehead High School in his hometown and Phillips Academy, a prep school in Andover, Massachusetts, where he graduated. In addition to hockey, he was also a varsity baseball player for two years during his time at Phillips Academy. While excelling in sports, Schneider also maintained proficiency in academics. Following his senior year, he received the school's Yale Bowl and the Boston Bruins' John Carlton Memorial Trophy, both for achievement in scholarship and athletics. While enrolled at Boston College, Schneider majored in finance in the institution's Carroll School of Management. He continued to be recognized for academic achievement, being named to two Hockey East All-Academic Teams and earning Paul Patrick Daley Student-Athlete Scholarship in 2006.

He is a member of his hometown Friends of Marblehead Hockey Hall of Fame. Inducted on August 18, 2008, he is the only born-and-raised native to be drafted into the NHL.

Due to his father's ancestry, he holds both American and Swiss citizenship.

Playing career

High school and USNTDP (2000–2004)
Schneider played with Marblehead High School in his freshman year before moving to Phillips Academy because of their more prestigious hockey team. In his senior year with the school, he was named the team captain. He posted 17 wins and 4 losses with a .960 save percentage, while leading Phillips Academy to the New England Prep School semifinals. Schneider was a two-time All-New England selection in his high school career with Phillips Academy. During his senior year, Schneider also joined the United States National Team Development Program. He appeared in 10 games with the under-18 club and two games in North American Hockey League play.

Going into the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, Schneider was the second-ranked American goaltender behind Al Montoya and seventh North American goaltender overall by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau. He was selected in the first round, 26th overall, by the Vancouver Canucks.

Boston College (2004–2007)
With the option of joining the major junior ranks in Canada or staying in the United States to play college hockey, Schneider prioritized getting an education and committed to the Boston College Eagles. He had also considered Harvard and Cornell. Boston College head coach Jerry York had considered delaying Schneider's debut for another season and have him play Junior A in the United States Hockey League. However, when forward Adam Pineault left Boston College to play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, a scholarship was made available and York decided to keep Schneider on the roster.

Schneider made 23 saves in his college debut, a 3–2 win against the University of Massachusetts Lowell River Hawks. He was then chosen as the Hockey East Defensive Player of the Week on October 19, 2004. He later notched his first college shutout against the Yale Bulldogs on January 11, 2005. The following month, he was sidelined for three weeks after tearing the medial collateral ligament of his left knee during a game against the Harvard Crimson on February 14, 2005. Splitting the goaltending duties with senior Matti Kaltiainen, he appeared in 18 games with a 1.90 goals against average (GAA) and a .916 save percentage while finishing with a record of 13 wins, 1 loss and 4 ties. He was named to the Hockey East All-Rookie Team and received Boston College's Bernie Burke Outstanding Freshman Award.

By the playoffs, York made Schneider his starting goaltender over Kaltiainen. He went on to backstop Boston College to a record-setting sixth Lamoriello Trophy in team history as Hockey East champions. He made 39 saves in a double-overtime semifinal win against the Maine Black Bears, before a 26-save performance in Boston's 3–1 final win against the New Hampshire Wildcats. He gained Hockey East Rookie of the Week accolades on March 21, 2005, for his semifinal and final wins and was named to the All-Tournament Team for his efforts. Advancing to the 2005 NCAA Tournament, Boston College lost their regional final by a 6–3 score to the North Dakota Fighting Sioux.

In Schneider's sophomore season, he posted a college career-high .929 save percentage and two team records of eight shutouts and 1,088 saves. He posted 242:19 consecutive shutout minutes in the month of January, not allowing a goal for more than 11 periods. His streak was broken on January 27, 2006, in a game against Boston University. His 1.96 GAA was first among goaltenders in conference play, earning him the Hockey East Goaltending Award (his overall GAA including inter-conference play was 2.11). He was named to the Hockey East Second All-Conference Team and was a co-recipient with teammate Chris Collins for both the Hockey East Three Stars Award and Boston College MVP. At the 2006 Beanpot, he received the Eberly Trophy as the tournament's best goaltender with a .924 save percentage. His 24 wins in 39 regular season appearances helped Boston College to a successful regular season. In the playoffs, they failed to defend their Hockey East championship, losing to the Boston University Terriers in the final. Qualifying for the 2006 NCAA Tournament, Boston College met Boston University again in the regional final. Shutting the Terriers out to advance to the Frozen Four, Schneider was named the Northeastern Regional Tournament MVP. Boston College then defeated North Dakota in the semifinal before losing the national championship to the Wisconsin Badgers 2–1.

In his third season with Boston College, Schneider recorded a college career-high 29 wins in 42 games, along with a 2.15 GAA and .925 save percentage. He led the Eagles to their second Lamoirello Trophy in three years, defeating New Hampshire by a 5–2 score in the final. He made his second consecutive appearance in the NCAA final, but lost to the Michigan State Spartans. Following his third college season, Schneider chose to forgo his senior year to turn professional. He left Boston College with a career record of 65 wins, 25 losses and 7 ties in 97 games, as well as a college career mark of 15 shutouts.

Vancouver Canucks (2008–2013)

Schneider signed an entry-level contract with the Vancouver Canucks on July 3, 2007. He was regarded as the Canucks' third-string goalie behind Roberto Luongo and the newly acquired backup Curtis Sanford. Following his first NHL training camp, he was assigned to the Canucks' minor league affiliate, the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL). After a shaky start to the 2007–08 season (3–7–0 record, 3.69 GAA and .872 save percentage in 11 games), he was privately called out by head coach Scott Arniel in mid-December after being pulled the previous game. In recalling the meeting, Schneider has commented that "[Arniel] was one of the first guys to...tell me I wasn't good enough, something that I hadn't really heard a lot growing up. Sometimes it's something you need to hear." From that point on, he emerged as Manitoba's starting goalie over fellow Canucks prospect Drew MacIntyre, and was named the AHL Rookie of the Month for March. He finished the season with a 21–12–2 record, 2.28 GAA and .916 save percentage. Although the Moose were eliminated in the first round by the Syracuse Crunch, Schneider had an impressive playoffs, recording a 1.92 GAA and .938 save percentage over six games.

Going into training camp for the 2008–09 season, Schneider was expected to compete for the Canucks' backup position with Sanford, who had been re-signed in the off-season. He was assigned to the Moose for a second consecutive season where he continued as the minor league team's starting goalie. He received his first NHL call-up from Manitoba on November 22, 2008, following an injury to Luongo. At the time of his call-up, he was leading the AHL in both wins and GAA in addition to establishing a team record with 10 straight wins. After sitting on the bench as Sanford's backup for two games, Schneider made his first NHL appearance and start on November 29 against the Calgary Flames, making 28 saves in a 3–1 loss. He subsequently recorded his first NHL win in a 16-save, 2–1 victory against the Minnesota Wild on December 5. After appearing in eight games for the Canucks, goaltender Jason LaBarbera was acquired in a trade from the Los Angeles Kings and Schneider was sent back to the Moose on January 5, 2009.

During his time in Vancouver, Schneider had been named AHL Goalie of the Month for November. Upon returning to Manitoba, he extended his record-setting win streak to 13 games. He was also chosen as the starting goalie for PlanetUSA for the 2009 AHL All-Star Classic. He was named Top Goaltender in the Skills Competition, then helped PlanetUSA to a 15–11 win over the Canadian All-Stars. Near the end of the season, he was chosen as AHL Player of the Week on March 30, 2009, after allowing five goals in three starts. He completed the campaign with team records of 28 wins, 2.04 GAA and .928 save percentage. Additionally the league-leader in GAA and save percentage, Schneider was awarded the Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award as AHL goaltender of the year. He also received the Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award as the goaltender on the team with the lowest goals against. His award-winning campaign helped the Moose to the best regular season record in the league. In the proceeding 2009 playoffs, Schneider backstopped the Moose to the Calder Cup Finals, losing the championship in six games to the Hershey Bears. He finished the playoffs with a 2.15 GAA and .922 save percentage in 22 games.

In September 2009, Vancouver re-signed Luongo to a 12-year extension. As such, it was widely speculated that Schneider would inevitably be traded. Despite his success in the AHL, his chances of competing for a starting position with the Canucks were seen as unlikely by the media due to Luongo's prominence on the team. Regardless, he publicly maintained he was unfazed by his position on the Canucks' depth chart and that he was focused on competing with the newly acquired Andrew Raycroft for the Canucks' backup position in 2009–10. Schneider was, however, sent back to the Moose out of training camp.

Less than a month into the season, Schneider received his second NHL call-up with the Canucks to back up Raycroft after Luongo was sidelined with a rib fracture on October 28, 2009. He remained with the Canucks for nearly two weeks, earning one start against the Dallas Stars on November 6, stopping 45 shots in a 2–1 loss. He was returned to the Moose on November 10.

Despite being the reigning goaltender of the year in the AHL and having a comparable season in 2009–10, Schneider was not named to PlanetUSA for the 2010 AHL All-Star Game. The non-selection drew public criticism from Moose head coach Arniel. Amidst a mediocre season as a team, Schneider posted a 2.51 GAA and .919 save percentage and topped his previous team record of wins in a season with 35 in 60 games. During the campaign, he also surpassed Alex Auld on the franchise's all-time wins and games played list, finishing with 84 and 136, respectively. Manitoba qualified for the 2010 playoffs with the final and eighth seed in the Western Conference. Matching up against the Hamilton Bulldogs in the opening round, they were eliminated in six games. Schneider recorded a 3.12 GAA and .905 save percentage in the losing effort.

On June 2, 2010, Schneider signed a two-year, $1.8 million contract extension with the Vancouver Canucks. Assistant general manager Laurence Gilman asserted that the new deal should establish him as Luongo's backup and garner more exposure to potentially facilitate a trade to another NHL team. He made his first start of the 2010–11 season on October 18, 2010, against the Carolina Hurricanes. He stopped 32 shots in a 5–1 win, marking his first NHL victory since December 14, 2008. Later in the season, he recorded his first NHL shutout, stopping 26 shots in a 3–0 win against the Anaheim Ducks on March 6, 2011. Nearing the end of the regular season, the Canucks were leading the league in team GAA, putting Luongo and Schneider in contention for the William M. Jennings Trophy. However, with a week remaining in the regular season, Schneider was two appearances short of the 25-game minimum to qualify for the Jennings (had he not reached the requirement, Luongo would have been awarded the trophy by himself). While head coach Alain Vigneault initially dismissed the notion of playing Schneider for the sole purpose of sharing the award with Luongo, he sent Schneider in relief of Luongo with 28 seconds remaining in the third-last game of the season, a 2–0 loss to the Edmonton Oilers for Schneider's 24th appearance. Two games later – the Canucks' last contest of the regular season – Schneider was given the start against the Calgary Flames. Needing to allow seven goals or fewer to secure the Jennings, he helped Vancouver to a 3–2 overtime win. It marked the first time in the trophy's history that it was awarded to Canucks goaltenders. Luongo and Schneider's combined GAA of 2.20 was 0.10 better than the Boston Bruins' second-place goaltending tandem of Tim Thomas and Tuukka Rask. Schneider completed his NHL rookie season with a 2.23 GAA and .929 save percentage in 25 games (22 starts), as well as a 16-4-2 record. His GAA tied for fourth in the league, while his save percentage ranked third and set a single-season Canucks record.

Schneider made his NHL playoff debut in Game 4 of the opening round against the Chicago Blackhawks. With the Canucks down 6–1, Luongo was pulled in favour of Schneider in the third period. Schneider allowed one goal on seven shots, as the Blackhawks went on to win the game 7–2. After Luongo was pulled again in Game 5, Schneider was chosen to start for Game 6. Schneider allowed three goals on 20 shots; he left the game in the third period after suffering cramps during a failed attempt to stop a penalty shot from Michael Frolík. The Canucks went on to lose the contest 4–3 in overtime, but won the following Game 7 with Luongo in net to advance to the second round. The Canucks would advance to the Stanley Cup Finals against the Boston Bruins. Schneider made an appearance in Game 6, replacing Luongo in the first period after he gave up three goals. Schneider allowed two goals in relief for the remainder of the game as the Canucks went on to lose the contest. With Schneider on the bench, Vancouver then lost Game 7 at home.

Remaining as Luongo's backup for the start of the 2011–12 season, Schneider's playing time was expanded when Luongo suffered an injury in mid-November 2011. Despite Luongo's return to the lineup after missing two games, Schneider continued to earn starts due to his performance. On November 28, he was named the NHL's Second Star of the Week after recording three wins in as many contests, a span that included back-to-back shutouts (on November 23 against the Colorado Avalanche and November 25 against the Phoenix Coyotes). Schneider finished his second full NHL season with improved numbers. Of the 33 games he played, he started 28 and compiled 20 wins and 9 losses. His 1.96 GAA and .937 save percentage over 33 games ranked third and second in the NHL, respectively, while also setting Canucks team records. His GAA topped the 2.11 mark Luongo had set in 2010–11, while his save percentage bettered the .929 he had achieved, also in the previous season. The latter team record also ranked as the fourth-best ever recorded in the NHL.

During the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs, Schneider supplanted Luongo as the team's playoff goalie. After Vancouver lost their first two games against the eighth-seeded Los Angeles Kings in the opening round, Vigneault started Schneider. Despite losing game three, Schneider started for the remainder of the series, which Los Angeles won four-games-to-one. In three games, he recorded a 1.31 GAA and .960 save percentage. Vigneault's decision led many in the media to believe that Schneider would retain the role the following season, while Luongo would be traded. Although Luongo's contract included a no-trade clause, he told reporters following the Canucks' defeat to the Kings that he would waive it if the team asked him to. During the off season, Schneider and the Canucks agreed to a three-year, $12 million contract.

During the 2012–13 NHL lockout, Schneider played with Swiss team HC Ambrì-Piotta of National League A. He played in eight games and recorded a .914 save percentage. Returning to Vancouver as NHL play resumed, Schneider appeared in 30 games for the Canucks and posted a 17–9–4 record and was one of five goaltenders to tie for the NHL lead with five shutouts. He appeared in two playoff games, both losses, as the Canucks were swept out of the first round by the San Jose Sharks.

New Jersey Devils (2013–2020)
The Canucks spent a full year attempting to trade Luongo and his contract before conceding no team was willing to meet their demands. Instead, they agreed to trade Schneider to the New Jersey Devils. The deal, completed on June 30 at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft, saw the ninth overall selection, which was used to select future Canucks' captain Bo Horvat, sent to Vancouver. Schneider described the trade as "shocking", adding that after several seasons of expecting to be traded, he had finally begun to believe he would stay in Vancouver. He played his first game against the Pittsburgh Penguins, a 3–0 loss. Schneider split goaltending duties with veteran Martin Brodeur during the 2013–14 season, with Schneider earning extra starts due to his performance.

On July 9, 2014, Schneider signed a seven-year, $42 million contract extension with the Devils. Brodeur opted not to re-sign with New Jersey, leaving Schneider as the Devils' starting goaltender.

In 2014–15, Schneider posted a .925 save percentage (the sixth best in the NHL) and a 2.26 GAA. Despite Schneider's success, the Devils missed the playoffs for the third consecutive season. The team won only one of their final 11 games of the season.

Schneider continued to put up elite numbers for the Devils in the 2015–16 season, including a 2.15 GAA and a .924 save percentage. The Devils missed the playoffs for a fourth consecutive season.

In the 2016–17 season, Schneider put up a .908 save percentage, had a GAA of 2.82, and finished the season with 2 shutouts and a 20–27–11 record. The Devils finished last in the Eastern Conference and missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive season by 25 points.

The Devils' fortunes finally started to turn around in the 2017–18 season, with the team putting up their best start in franchise history, going 9–2–0 in their first 11 games. They also successfully returned to the Stanley Cup playoffs. Despite performing well in the first half, a groin injury during a game on January 23 sidelined Schneider, backup Keith Kinkaid played well down the stretch and as Schneider struggled to regain his form, Kinkaid was in goal when the Devils 2018 playoff campaign began against the Tampa Bay Lightning. However, after Kinkaid posted a 5.87 GAA and a save percentage of .804, Schneider replaced Kinkaid late into Game 2 and started Games 3, 4 and 5. This also marked Schneider's first playoff appearance since 2013, and the first overall with the Devils. Here Schneider again posted elite numbers with a 1.78 GAA and a .950 save percentage. However, the Devils would lose the series to the Lightning in five games.

During the off-season, Schneider underwent hip surgery to repair torn cartilage which forced him to miss the opening of the 2018–19 season. He returned to the Devils lineup on October 29, 2018.

The 2018–19 season was eventful as Schneider registered his first win since December 27, 2017.

On November 18, 2019, as a result of Schneider's struggling performance in the season, he was placed on waivers for the purpose of assigning him to New Jersey's AHL affiliate, the Binghamton Devils. He cleared waivers the next day and was assigned to the Binghamton Devils. On October 8, 2020, after seven seasons with the Devils organization it was announced that Schneider was placed on unconditional waivers for the purpose of buying out the remaining two years of his contract with the club.

New York Islanders (2021–2023)
On January 14, 2021, Schneider was signed to a reported one-year, $700,000 contract with the New York Islanders. On September 21, 2021, Schneider was re-signed by the Islanders. On September 21, 2022, he was re-signed to a one-year contract by the Islanders.

Schneider announced his retirement on September 26, 2023, after spending the 2022–23 season with New York's AHL affiliate, the Bridgeport Islanders.

International play

Schneider competed for the United States at the 2003 U-18 Junior World Cup, held in Břeclav, Czech Republic, and Piešťany, Slovakia. He helped the club go undefeated in five games, en route to the country's first gold medal in the history of the tournament. Sharing goaltending duties with Ian Keserich over the course of the tournament, Schneider was given the start for the gold medal game against Russia, turning aside 32 shots for the 3–2 win.

Schneider next appeared for the United States at the 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships in Minsk, Belarus. He recorded the third-best GAA (1.71) and second-best save percentage (.929) of the tournament en route to a silver medal. The United States were defeated in the gold medal game by Russia 3–2. He was later named the David Peterson Goalie of the Year by USA Hockey, having led them to two medals in the 2003–04 season.

In August 2004, Schneider participated in the U.S. National Junior Team Evaluation Camp in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Several months later, he debuted at the under-20 level at the 2005 World Junior Championships, hosted by the United States in Grand Forks and Thief River Falls, Minnesota. Playing backup to Al Montoya, he was given the start for a preliminary game against Belarus. After just over a period of play, he was pulled for allowing three goals on eight shots. The United States lost the game 5–3 in Schneider's only tournament appearance. After losing to Russia 7–2 in the semifinal, the United States lost the bronze medal game 3–2 to the Czech Republic in overtime.

After attending the U.S.'s summer evaluation camp for a second straight year in Lake Placid, New York, Schneider was given the starting position for the 2006 World Junior Championships in British Columbia, Canada. He was named the United States' player of the game in their third match of the preliminary round, a 2–2 tie against Switzerland; Schneider made 22 saves. He earned his second player of the game selection in the quarterfinal, stopping 30 shots in a 2–1 win against the Czech Republic. The United States were then eliminated in the semifinal by Russia before losing the bronze medal game to Finland. He appeared in six games total with a 2.67 GAA and .912 save percentage, fifth among tournament goaltenders.

Schneider's first experience with the men's senior team came in 2007 when he was among the first eighteen players named to the United States' team for the 2007 IIHF World Championship in Russia. Despite being named to the team, Schneider did not play in any games, instead serving as the team's third goaltender behind John Grahame and Jason Bacashihua.

On April 19, 2019, Schneider was selected to represent Team USA at the 2019 IIHF World Championship, held in Bratislava and Kosice, Slovakia.

Playing style
Schneider plays in the butterfly style of goaltending, dropping to his knees with his skates pointing outwards and his pads meeting in the middle in order to cover the bottom portion of the net. He honed the style with goaltending consultant Brian Daccord, beginning at the age of 15. After joining the Canucks as a backup in 2010–11, Schneider began working with the team goaltending coach Roland Melanson, who encouraged him to play shallower in his crease. Schneider adopted the style which required him to be more athletic on first shots, but better prepared him for rebounds and cross-crease plays. Schneider's strengths are his size and athleticism. His coach with the Moose, Scott Arniel, has also heralded his ability to get into position ahead of time, anticipating plays.

Personal life
Schneider and his wife Jill have a son and a daughter. The family resides in Short Hills, New Jersey.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and achievements

High school

College

AHL

International

NHL

Records

Boston College
 Single-season shutouts: 8 (2005–06)
 Single-season saves: 1,088 (2005–06)
 All-time shutouts: 15 (2004–2007)

Manitoba Moose
 Consecutive wins: 13 (2008–09)
 Single-season GAA: 2.04 (2008–09)
 Single-season save percentage: .928 (2008–09)
 Single-season wins: 35 (2009–10)
 Career wins: 84 (2007–10)
 Career games played: 136 (2007–2010)

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
American men's ice hockey goaltenders
American people of Swiss-German descent
HC Ambrì-Piotta players
Binghamton Devils players
Boston College Eagles men's ice hockey players
Bridgeport Islanders players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
Manitoba Moose players
Marblehead High School alumni
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
New Jersey Devils players
New York Islanders players
Sportspeople from Marblehead, Massachusetts
People from Millburn, New Jersey
Phillips Academy alumni
Sportspeople from Essex County, New Jersey
Ice hockey people from Essex County, Massachusetts
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players
William M. Jennings Trophy winners

Cory Schneider


Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove the most loosely attached electron from an atom. The atom is not connected to any other atoms. The chemical elements to the left of the periodic table have a much lower ionization energy. The ones to the right have a much higher ionization energy. The chemical elements down the periodic table have a much lower ionization energy (due to electrons being farther away from the atom with increasing atomic radius). The ionization energy increases as each electron is removed.

Ionization energies are dependent upon the atomic radius. Since going from right to left on the periodic table, the atomic radius increases, and the ionization energy increases from left to right in the periods and up the groups. Exceptions to this trend is observed for alkaline earth metals (group 2) and nitrogen group elements (group 15). Typically, group 2 elements have ionization energy greater than group 13 elements and group 15 elements have greater ionization energy than group 16 elements. Groups 2 and 15 have completely and half-filled electronic configuration respectively, thus, it requires more energy to remove an electron from completely filled orbitals than incompletely filled orbitals.

Alkali metals (IA group) have small ionization energies, especially when compared to halogens or VII A group. In addition to the radius (distance between nucleus and the electrons in outermost orbital), the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron(s) you're looking at in the outermost shell have an effect on the ionization energy as well. This effect, where the full positive charge of the nucleus is not felt by outer electrons due to the negative charges of inner electrons partially canceling out the positive charge, is called shielding. The more electrons shielding the outer electron shell from the nucleus, the less energy required to expel an electron from said atom. The higher the shielding effect the lower the ionization energy. It is because of the shielding effect that the ionization energy decreases from top to bottom within a group. From this trend, Cesium is said to have the lowest ionization energy and Fluorine is said to have the highest ionization energy (with the exception of Helium and Neon).

1st, 2nd, and 3rd Ionization Energies
The first ionization energy is the energy required to take away an electron from a neutral atom and the second ionization energy is the energy required to take away an electron from an atom with a +1 charge and so on. Each succeeding ionization energy is larger than the preceding energy.

The Effects of Electron Shells on Ionization Energy
Electron orbitals are separated into various shells which have strong impacts on the ionization energies of the various electrons. For instance, let us look at aluminum. Aluminum is the first element of its period with electrons in the 3p shell. This makes the first ionization energy comparably low to the other elements in the same period, because it only has to get rid of one electron to make a stable 3s shell, the new valence electron shell. However, once you've moved past the first ionization energy into the second ionization energy, there is a large jump in the amount of energy required to expel another electron. This is because you now are trying to take an electron from a fairly stable and full 3s electron shell.

Chemistry

Ionization energy


The San Luis Rey River is a river in the southern part of the U.S. state of California. It begins in the Cleveland National Forest, near a mountain called Palomar Mountain, in several forks. It flows south into a reservoir, called Lake Henshaw. It then turns west and flows to its mouth at the Pacific Ocean. Altogether, it is about  long. Its watershed covers an area of 562 square miles. The lower part of the river is polluted, but the water in the upper part of the river can be used for drinking water.

Nearby rivers

North along coast
 Santa Margarita River

South along coast
 San Diego River

Rivers of California
San Diego County, California

San Luis Rey River


Zvi Sobolofsky is a rosh yeshiva at Yeshiva University in New York City.

Rabbi Sobolofsky studied at Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh and Yeshiva University; graduating in 1987, he was named valedictorian of the Mazer Yeshiva Program.  He then attended the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS), finishing in 1990 and graduated from the Azrieli Graduate School of Jewish Education and Administration in 1996.

He was appointed Rosh Yeshiva in the spring of 2002 and began teaching Talmud at Yeshiva University and its affiliated RIETS in the fall of that year. His shiur has gained much popularity in its short existence, and is currently one of the most popular shiurim in the Yeshiva. Some credit this popularity to his ability to blend the teaching styles of his two teachers, Rabbi Mordechai Willig and Rabbi Hershel Schachter. Rabbi Willig is known for his focus towards practical understanding and Rabbi Schachter is known for his ability to present topics in the Talmud in a broader context. Rabbi Sobolofsky blends these two styles to form a unique package that many students find most rewarding.
In addition to his role as Rosh Yeshiva in RIETS, Rabbi Sobolofsky also serves as the spiritual leader of Congregation Ohr HaTorah in Bergenfield, New Jersey, where he is a resident. His synagogue has attracted many Orthodox Jews to the community. Rabbi Sobolofsky also lectures at the Bergen County Beis Medrash Program (BCBM) housed at Congregation Bnai Yeshurun in Teaneck, New Jersey.

Prior to his appointment as Rosh Yeshiva, Rabbi Sobolofsky was a fellow of the Gruss Kollel Elyon and then went on to teach in Yeshiva University's Stone Beis Medrash Program (SBMP) for seven years.

During the summer months, Rabbi Sobolofsky served as Rosh Kollel for the Beis Medrash Program at Camp Morasha. In the summer 2008, he joined Roshei Yeshiva, Rabbi Hershel Schachter and Rabbi Mayer Twersky at the NCSY Kollel in Israel.

Published works
Rabbi Sobolofsky is the author of a sefer, Reishis Koach, on Maseches Bechoros, as well as a book published by YU Press about the laws of Niddah.
He is also a regular contributor to TorahWeb, where he has published many articles on the Weekly Torah Portion and Yomim Tovim.

References

External links
 TorahWeb articles and audio/video shiurim
 Shiurim by Rabbi Zvi Sobolofsky

Living people
People from Bergenfield, New Jersey
Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary semikhah recipients
Yeshiva University rosh yeshivas
Modern Orthodox rabbis
American Orthodox rabbis
Year of birth missing (living people)

Zvi Sobolofsky


The Ramsey theory is named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank Ramsey (19031930). It is a branch of mathematics that studies the conditions under which order must appear.

Examples
A typical result in Ramsey theory starts with some mathematical structure that
is then cut into pieces. How big must the original structure be, so that at least one of the pieces has a given interesting property? This idea can be defined as partition regularity.

For example, consider a complete graph of order n; that is, there are n vertices and each vertex is connected to every other vertex by an edge. A complete graph of order 3 is called a triangle.  Now colour every edge red or blue. How large must n be in order to ensure that there is either a blue triangle or a red triangle? It turns out that the answer is 6.

Another way to express this result is as follows: at any party with at least six people, there are three people who are either (a) mutual acquaintances (each one knows the other two) or (b) mutual strangers (each one does not know either of the other two).

Ramsey theory is now a complete branch of mathematics.

Notes

Graph  theory

Ramsey theory


Tomort, or Tomurty (), is the highest peak in the Karlik Mountains, a far eastern subrange of the Tien Shan mountain range in Xinjiang, China. While not of great absolute elevation among Chinese peaks, it is well-separated from higher terrain, and hence is ranked 70th by topographic prominence.

Tomort was reconnoitered or attempted in 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2004, by Chinese and Japanese parties. Its first, and to date only, ascent was in 2005, by a small group from the Alpine Club of the National Defense Academy of Japan, led by Isao Fukura. They described the summit as a "table-top ice-snow plateau, with glaciers several kilometers long descending on all sides," which was reached by "a crevassed glacier and a 50 degree snow/ice face."

See also
 List of Ultras of Central Asia

References

External links

Mountains of Xinjiang
Four-thousanders of the Tian Shan

Tomort


The Battle of Lonato was fought on 3 and 4 August 1796 between the French Army of Italy under General Napoleon Bonaparte and a corps-sized Austrian column led by Lieutenant General Peter Quasdanovich. A week of hard-fought actions that began on 29 July and ended on 4 August resulted in the retreat of Quasdanovich's badly mauled force. The elimination of Quasdanovich's threat allowed Bonaparte to concentrate against and defeat the main Austrian army at the Battle of Castiglione on 5 August. Lonato del Garda is located near the SP 668 highway and the Brescia-Padua section of Autostrada A4 to the southwest of Lake Garda.

On 29 July, the Austrians advanced out of the Alps to capture the towns of Gavardo and Salò on the west side of Lake Garda. The Austrians followed up this success by surprising and seizing the French base at Brescia on 30 July. An Austrian brigade captured Lonato del Garda on the 31st but was ejected from the town by a French counterattack after tough fighting. Also on the 31st, a French division briefly recaptured Salò, rescued a small band of compatriots, and fell back. This series of combats and other battles east of Lake Garda compelled Bonaparte to raise the siege of Mantua.

Leaving only one division to observe the main Austrian army to the east, Bonaparte assembled overwhelming force and recaptured Brescia on 1 August. Quasdanovich regrouped around Gavardo on 2 August, while ordering an attack by several columns for the next day. On 3 August, one of the Austrian columns defeated a French brigade and captured Lonato for the second time. However, the French also attacked that day, capturing Salò and nearly taking Gavardo. With most of the Austrian forces placed on the defensive, Bonaparte massed against the solitary brigade in Lonato and crushed it. This disaster caused Quasdanovich to order a retreat on 4 August. In a final calamity, one withdrawing Austrian column was cut off and captured.

Background
At the end of July an Austrian army set out from Trento with the purpose of relieving the besieged fortress of Mantua. While the main army under Field Marshal Dagobert von Wurmser drove south down the upper Adige River valley to the east of Lake Garda, the Right Column under Quasdanovich struck on the west side of Lake Garda. This 18,000-strong corps consisted of four mixed (cavalry and infantry) brigades led by General-Majors Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz, Heinrich XV, Prince of Reuss-Plauen, Joseph Ocskay von Ocsko, and Johann Rudolph Sporck. The Right Column also included two advanced guards, led by Obersts (colonels) Franz Joseph, Marquis de Lusignan and Johann von Klenau.

Bonaparte did not believe that major Austrian forces were capable of operating in the mountains west of Lake Garda. Consequently, only General of Division Pierre Francois Sauret's 4,500-man division defended the area, with garrisons in Salò on the western shore of the lake, Gavardo on the Chiese River west of Salò, and Desenzano del Garda at the southwestern corner of the lake. The French held Brescia with only three companies of infantry.

Operations
See Castiglione 1796 Campaign Order of Battle for a detailed list of French and Austrian units.

West of Lake Garda

On 29 July, Ott's brigade attacked Salò while Ocskay's brigade moved against Gavardo. General of Brigade Jean-Baptiste Dominique Rusca was warned by a village curate of Austrian descent, but chose to disregard the information. Consequently, the Austrians took Sauret's division by surprise. The French general withdrew to Desenzano after a stiff fight in which 500 Frenchmen and two cannons were captured. At Salò, General of Brigade Jean Joseph Guieu and 400 men took refuge in the Palazzo Martinengo where they were blockaded by Ocskay's soldiers.

Receiving a report that Brescia lay open to attack, Klenau advanced in the night with two squadrons of the Wurmser Hussar Regiment # 30, one battalion of DeVins Infantry Regiment (IR) # 37, and one company of the Mahony Jägers. The next morning, under cover of fog, he seized the city in a coup de main. The Austrians captured 600–700 able-bodied soldiers plus 2,000 more in the hospital. Among the prisoners were Colonels Jean Lannes, Joachim Murat and François Étienne de Kellermann. Quasdanovich soon arrived at Brescia with the brigades of Reuss and Sporck. At the same time, Ott's brigade advanced south from Salò and Gavardo to reach Ponte San Marco, where the Brescia-Verona highway crosses the Chiese just west of Lonato. Ocskay's troops besieged the French soldiers trapped in Salò. That night, Bonaparte determined to give up the siege of Mantua and concentrate his main strength against Quasdanovich while subsidiary forces held Wurmser at bay.

"First" Battle of Lonato
On 31 July Ott's brigade at San Marco advanced to the east on Lonato. The Austrian general led two battalions of the Kheul Infantry Regiment Nr. 10, four companies of the Johann Jellacic Infantry Regiment Nr. 53, two companies of the Liccaner Grenz Infantry Regiment Nr. 60, and one squadron of the Erdödy Hussar Regiment Nr. 11. The initial attack flushed part of General of Division Hyacinthe Francois Joseph Despinoy's division out of Lonato. As the Hussars chased the fugitives to the east, they were repulsed by two waiting French artillery batteries. General of Division André Masséna with General of Brigade Claude Dallemagne's brigade and Despinoy with Generals of Brigade Nicolas Bertin's and Jean Cervoni's brigades then counterattacked the town. In a tough four-hour fight, the French drove Ott's outnumbered soldiers out of Lonato and pushed them back to San Marco.

Leaving Oberst-Leutnant Anton Vogel and two battalions to hold Brescia, Quasdanovich advanced with Reuss, Sporck, Klenau, and Lusignan from Brescia to the southeast. He reached Montichiari, south of Lonato, in mid-morning and spent most of the day there. That evening, he returned to San Marco to join Ott, leaving Klenau in Montichiari. Also on 31 July, Sauret marched to Salò and defeated Ocskay in a pitched battle. The Austrians retreated to Gavardo. Having rescued Guieu and his men, Sauret returned to Desenzano, where he rendezvoused with Masséna and Despinoy.

1 and 2 August
On 1 August, Bonaparte assembled 12,000 men under Generals of Division Pierre Augereau and Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine and moved northwest from Goito toward Brescia, pushing Klenau's weak force before him. Shaken by his setbacks at Lonato and Salò, Quasdanovich ordered all of his troops north to Gavardo. Bonaparte recaptured Brescia without opposition, and was soon joined there by Masséna and Despinoy. Klenau moved northeast toward Gavardo to join Quasdanovich. Vogel retreated to Caino in the mountains.

On 2 August, Quasdanovich regrouped at Gavardo and sent Ocskay's brigade to reoccupy Salò. With Brescia now secure, Bonaparte ordered Masséna to San Marco, while Augereau and Kilmaine marched back to Montichiari. Despinoy held Rezzato and Brescia where he was joined by a demi-brigade from Milan. Bonaparte directed Guieu, who replaced the injured Sauret, to march from Lonato to retake Salò the next day. Forces under Despinoy from Brescia and Dallemagne from Lonato were sent to attack Gavardo.

Battle: 3 August

Lonato
During the night, Ocskay at Salò started south along the lake road. Guieu marched north on an obscure lane, completely missing Ocskay, who reached Lonato's outskirts via Desenzano. Keeping Sporck's brigade to hold Gavardo, Quasdanovich sent Ott and Reuss south on 3 August.

Ocskay's brigade attacked Lonato at dawn, defeated BG Jean Pijon's brigade, and captured its commander. Masséna, whose division lay between San Marco and Lonato, counterattacked the Austrians from the west at mid-day. Bonaparte directed the battle. Assaulted by the brigades of Pijon (now led by Colonel Jean-Andoche Junot) on the north, BG Claude Victor and BG Antoine Rampon in the center, and BG Jean Lorcet on the south, Ocskay's outnumbered men were driven from Lonato and pursued toward Desenzano. But Junot's men, plus the Guides and the 15th Dragoons, captured Desenzano first, freeing 150 French prisoners from Pijon's morning fight. Hemmed in by his enemies, Ocskay surrendered with the rump of his brigade. The rest scattered across the countryside. During the fighting in Desenzano, Junot suffered severe saber cuts on his head from Austrian cavalrymen.

Paitone
Moving from Rezzato, Despinoy attacked Ott piecemeal and was repulsed. After some fighting, the French general withdrew toward Brescia. Doggedly, Dallemagne moved around Ott's east flank and even reached Gavardo twice, but each time the Austrians drove him back. Dallemagne retreated to Brescia, where he reported sick. Casualties and other details of these fights are unknown. Because of the French attacks, Ott did not advance farther south than Paitone, south of Gavardo. At some time during the day, Klenau reinforced Ott. Reuss was sent cross-country to establish contact with Ocskay.

Desenzano
With his brigade of 1,800 men, Reuss soon appeared at Desenzano, recaptured the town, and rescued a number of prisoners from Ocskay's command. After learning the fate of Ocskay's brigade and finding that Massena's victorious division was closing in on him, Reuss beat a hasty retreat back to Gavardo, harassed by the French. He lost a number of prisoners on his retreat. Others were rescued by Major Gustave Maelcamp's small Austrian flotilla on the lake.

Salò
Meanwhile, Guieu reached Salò, found it unoccupied, and turned west to menace Gavardo. The French soon came upon and captured Quasdanovich's artillery park. But Sporck counterattacked and recaptured the guns. The day ended with Sporck holding the heights west of Salò while the French controlled the town. That evening, Quasdanovich ordered Ott to join him on the heights. Reuss turned up with his brigade during the night with the tidings of Ocskay's disaster. A council of war determined to retreat. Having heard nothing from Wurmser, Quasdanovich hoped to rejoin his colleague by marching around the north end of Lake Garda.

Castiglione
On the morning of 3 August, Wurmser's 4,000-man advance guard under GM Anton Lipthay lay eight kilometers to the south of Lonato near Castiglione delle Stiviere. The Austrian commander planned to move to Quasdanovich's help, but the French pre-empted him. Augereau launched an enveloping attack on Lipthay with 11,000 soldiers. Despite being greatly outnumbered, Lipthay put up a terrific fight, giving ground only grudgingly. He was, however, forced to abandon Castiglione and fall back southeast toward Solferino. Lipthay's stubborn defense allowed Wurmser time to concentrate his forces. GM Anton Schübirz marched to the sound of the guns and counterattacked Augereau's left flank near Solferino. FML Paul Davidovich formed his division in support. By the end of the day, Wurmser had the bulk of his 20,000 soldiers on hand. French losses are not known, but BG Martial Beyrand was killed, BG Jean Robert was wounded, and "great losses had been suffered by both sides." The Austrians lost about 1,000 casualties, including GM Franz Nicoletti wounded.

Battle: 4 August
Quasdanovich issued orders to retreat north toward Lake Idro at 2:00am. In the confusion, one Austrian column found itself cut off from the rest of the corps and made a desperate march to the southeast to reach Wurmser. The Austrians marched into Lonato early in the morning, nearly capturing Bonaparte. Napoleon was at Lonato with only 1200 French against 3,000 Austrians. Napoleon informed the Austrian officer that his "whole army" was present, and that "if in eight minutes his division had not laid down its arms, [he] would not spare a man." Napoleon supported this ruse by issuing orders to his aide-de-camp Berthier about grenadier and artillery units that Berthier knew were entirely bogus. Oberst Knorr surrendered one battalion each of De Vins IR # 37 and Erbach IR # 42, a total of 2,000 men and 3 cannons. The Austrians only discovered once they had surrendered and been disarmed that there were no French forces nearby, and that they could have captured Napoleon with ease. Bonaparte sent Guieu to observe the Austrian withdrawal.

Results
In the battles on 3 and 4 August, the Austrians lost 23 cannons and at least 5,000 killed, wounded and captured. French losses were at least 2,000. More importantly, Quasdanovich's defeat allowed Bonaparte to mass over 30,000 men against Wurmser's 25,000, resulting in a French victory in the Battle of Castiglione on 5 August. This defeat forced Wurmser to withdraw to Trento and abandon the campaign.

See also
 Siege of Mantua (1796–1797)

References

Footnotes

Citations
 Boycott-Brown, Martin. The Road to Rivoli. London: Cassell & Co., 2001. .
 Chandler, David. Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1979. .
 Chandler, David. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Macmillan, 1966.

 Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998. .

External links
 The Battles of Lonato by Bernhard Voykowitsch

Battles of the War of the First Coalition
Battles involving Austria
Battles involving Italy
Battles in Lombardy
Conflicts in 1796
1796 in the Habsburg monarchy
1796 in France

Battle of Lonato


John Paul "Jack" Garrity (April 1, 1926 – August 31, 2015) was an American ice hockey player.  Garrity was a member of the American 1948 Winter Olympics team.  He was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986.

Career
Jack Garrity was one of Massachusetts' most outstanding hockey players in high school, college, the Olympics and at the senior hockey level.  Jack skated on greater Boston rinks for over 60 years and in addition to his playing, coached high school hockey for 10 years, refereed high school and NCAA college games for 20 years and taught at hockey camps until he was 70.  He also designed and published one of America's first hockey scorebooks, which was widely used by local schools during the 1950s and 1960s.

With his older brother Bill, Jack started his hockey career in Medford playing on the ponds with Jack, Bill and Joe Riley. He then starred at Medford High School, where he led the Mustangs to two GBI Hockey League and Massachusetts High School Hockey State Championship titles in the Boston Garden in 1943 and 1944.  At Medford, Jack was the captain, high scorer, All League, and All Scholastic.

After graduating from high school, Jack joined the Army Air Corps and then returned to the rink after WW II ended. He first played for the Needham Rockets and then was selected as one of just three non-college players, along with Jack Kirrane, to play for the 1948 Olympic Team, which narrowly missed the bronze medal in Saint Moritz, Switzerland.

Following the Olympics, he entered Boston University in 1949, where he proceeded to smash the BU hockey and NCAA record books, while graduating from the four-year program in only 3 years.  As freshmen were not permitted to play on the varsity at that time, Jack only played two seasons of varsity hockey at BU. However, during his sophomore year Jack broke the NCAA single season scoring record with 51 goals and 33 assists for 84 points, as he led BU to the NCAA final before bowing to Colorado College.  The next year, he co-captained BU and recorded 57 points on the way to another NCAA Final Four, but the team lost out in the semi-finals to Michigan. In each of his two years on the BU varsity he earned 1st Team All American honors, as well as 1st Team NCAA Hockey Tournament awards.

Almost 60 years later, Jack still holds four BU hockey records: single season goals (51); single season points (84); single game goals (7); and single game points (9).  Jack's 51-goal season still ranks eighth in NCAA history, and his 85-career goals rank sixth on the all-time BU hockey list, even though he played one-to-two years less than all other record holders. Chris Drury, BU's career leading goal scorer recorded 113 goals over four seasons. With these hockey records, it is no wonder why Jack's image is so prominently displayed on the walls of Agganis Arena at Boston University.

Upon graduation, Jack became a teacher and the athletic director at the newly established Archbishop Williams High School in Braintree, where he taught for the next 11 years.  At the same time, Jack continued playing hockey for the Boston Olympics in the Eastern Hockey League and the Worcester Warriors, while coaching hockey at Medford High School, where one of his best players was Bill Monbouquette, who later became a stand-out pitcher for the Red Sox.

Jack went on to coach almost every sport at Archbishop Williams, except basketball, and founded the hockey team in 1954.  In those early years, only a few guys actually knew how to stand up on skates, but practices on Whitman's Pond in Weymouth and early morning practices at the Boston Arena slowly began to pay off, and many of his players went on to become outstanding college hockey players.  One of the players he started, Jack Leetch, later became an All American at BC, and his son, Brian, captained the 1988 US Olympic Team and later the New York Rangers.

Over the next 12 years, while he was coaching and refereeing high school and college games, Jack continued to play stand-out senior amateur hockey for the Brockton Wetzels and the Rockland Estes, both of which won National Senior AHAUS titles in 1959 and 1960, with Jack being the leading scorer. In 1960, in preparation for the Squaw Valley Olympics, Jack was playing on a line with Bill and Bob Cleary, but unfortunately had to drop off the team for financial reasons, when he could not get a 3-month (teaching and coaching) leave of absence from Archbishop Williams.  Nevertheless, Jack cheered his friends and teammates on to their great Gold Medal victory from in front of his black and white television in Weymouth.

Ironically, at Archbishop Williams Jack became better known as a successful football coach, leading the school to a number of undefeated seasons and championships.  He then continued coaching at Quincy High School.  As a result of his football coaching success, Jack was inducted into the Massachusetts Football Coaches Association Hall of Fame in 1998.

But hockey was always Jack's passion, and he was inducted into the BU Hall of Fame in 1959 and the US Hockey Hall of Fame in 1986.  Even as he became older and gave up coaching and refereeing, he still taught hundreds of greater Boston hockey players, including future Olympics Dave Silk and Jackie O'Callahan, at numerous hockey schools. And yes, even as he got older, he still kept playing hockey for local teams such as the Moby Dicks, which won the 65-years-and-older Snoopy Tournament in Santa Rosa, California.  Jack played hockey until he was 78 years old and when asked why he stopped, he said, "It is time to hang up your skates when guys start catching you from behind."

However, despite all of his success on the ice, it was only in 2009, at 83 years of age that Jack finally saw his beloved BU finally win an NCAA Championship in Washington, DC, when Jackie Parker invited him up from Florida to attend the tournament and address the Terrier team at their pre-tournament team dinner.  BU thrilled him with an unforgettable 4-to-3 overtime win over Miami University (Ohio), by scoring 2 goals in the last 53 seconds.  It was one of Jack's happiest hockey moments and he had a great time celebrating with all of the Terriers after the game.

Although hockey consumed Jack's life, with strong support of his number one hockey fan from Medford High School and late wife of more than 60 years, Jean, they were able to raise six children: five sons who played hockey in the Boston area, and a daughter who was the chief cheerleader in those days before Title IX. In 1972, Jack and Jean took all of the kids out of school and during his one-year sabbatical from school, drove a Volkswagen van more than 20,000 miles from Europe across the Sahara Desert through the heart of Africa to South Africa and then back up the east coast and through the Middle East. Later, over a period of 10 years he continued to travel extensively throughout Asia, in India, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, Japan and Korea, while visiting family and friends.

He died in Brookline, Massachusetts on August 31, 2015, after a long illness at the age of 89.

Awards and honors

References

External links

 United States Hockey Hall of Fame bio

1926 births
2015 deaths
American men's ice hockey forwards
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Boston Olympics players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
Ice hockey players at the 1948 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for the United States
People from Woburn, Massachusetts
United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey players

Jack Garrity


The Musée d'Art Dentaire Pierre Fauchard is a museum of dental history located in the 16th arrondissement at the Académie Nationale de Chirurgie Dentaire, 22 Rue Émile Ménier, Paris, France. It is open Wednesday afternoons by appointment. The nearest métro and RER stations are Porte Dauphine, Avenue Foch, and Victor Hugo.

The museum dates to 1879, when Parisian dentists began to organize a dental school; with it the Musée d'Art Dentaire was established to display old techniques and tools. By 1892, its collection contained around 300 items. In 1937, the museum was renamed the Musée Pierre Fauchard to honor Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761), sometimes called the father of modern dentistry. Since 2003, its collections have been maintained by the Musée de l'Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris.

Today the museum contains over 1,000 items relating to the history of dentistry, including instruments and dental chairs from the seventeenth century to nineteenth century, about 350 items for the cleaning and extraction of teeth, about 200 dental prosthetics, as well as etchings, paintings from the seventeenth century Dutch School, and a library of about 500 antique books including an original edition of Fauchard's "Le Chirurgien Dentiste", published 1728. One item of particular note is the magnificent Charles X case, manufactured in the United States in the middle of the 19th century, which contains a total of 130 instruments for the maintenance and extraction of teeth.

See also
 List of museums in Paris

External links
 Musée d'Art Dentaire Pierre Fauchard
 Musée de l'Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris
 Paris.org entry
 Places in France entry

References

 Richard A. Kozal, "Pierre Fauchard Academy Museum of Dental History", Journal of the History of Dentistry, vol 53 (issue 3), November 2005, pages 119–20.

Art dentaire pierrefauchard, Musee
Buildings and structures in the 16th arrondissement of Paris
Medical museums in France
Dental museums
History of science museums

Musée d'Art Dentaire Pierre Fauchard


Multifocal techniques are used in electroretinogram and visual evoked potential recordings to separate the responses originating from the stimulation of different locations in the visual field (and thus different retinal locations).

The concept is as follows: Each visual field location is stimulated with a stimulus sequence that is uncorrelated to the sequences used for the other locations. All visual field locations are stimulated in parallel with their individual stimulus sequence. The retinal or cortical activity, which is a mixture of the responses from all visual field locations, is recorded with usual electroretinographic or visual evoked potential methods, respectively. Due to the independence of the stimulus sequences, the responses for each visual field location can be extracted using mathematical algorithms.

Mutifocal techniques, in particular the multifocal ERG, are used in the diagnosis of ophthalmological diseases. The multifocal technique was developed in the early 1990s in the laboratory of Erich Sutter at the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute

References

Diagnostic ophthalmology

Multifocal technique


Labyrinthodont is a term which was used for fossil amphibia. Although it is no longer a formal term in taxonomy, it is still useful as an evolutionary grade, a kind of catch-all term. Labyrinth mean a maze and dont means tooth.

Labyrinthodonts are often called Temnospondyls.
The Labyrinthodontia is not a clade, because it is not monophyletic. It has been replaced in the classification by more correct terms.

The labyrithodonts were some of the dominant animals from the Devonian to the Lower Triassic (about 390 to 210 million years ago). The group is an evolutionary grade (a polyphyletic or paraphyletic group) of species which look rather similar.

The name describes the pattern of infolding of the dentine and enamel of the teeth, which often fossilise. They are also have a heavily armoured skull roof (so they also have an even older name "Stegocephalia"), and complex vertebrae.

Characteristics

The labyrinthodonts flourished for more than 200 million years. Although there was much variation, these traits make their fossils distinct and easy to recognise:

 Strongly folded tooth surface, so that a cross section resembles a classical labyrinth (or maze).
 Massive skull roof, with openings only for the nostrils, eyes and a parietal 'third eye'. The skull was rather flat with thick dermal armour, accounting for the older term for the group: Stegocephalia. The amniotes (Sauropsids and Synapsids) developed deeper skulls.
 Otic notch behind each eye at the back edge of the skull. In the primitive waterbound forms it may have formed an open spiracle, and may possibly have held an ear-drum in some advanced forms.
 Complex vertebrae made of 4 pieces.

What the term included
 †Ichthyostegalia : term no longer used; see 'Fishapods', below.
 †Temnospondyli (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
 †Lepospondyli (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
 †Reptiliomorpha (ancestors of reptiles): now referred to the Amniote stem-group or the Sauropsida.

Specifically excluded
 Lissamphibians: modern amphibia
 Amniotes: The terrestrial cleidoic egg-laying animals, the Sauropsida and Synapsida.

Fishapods

Early tetropods are now classified as lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). This is because we now know they were aquatic when the limbs first evolved (see Tetrapod).

The informal term fishapods is often used for this group of Devonian animals.

A more formal term, used by Clack, is "stem-group tetrapods".

References

Fossils
Amphibians

Labyrinthodont


Ninja Crusaders is a side-scrolling action game released by Sammy for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990. The player takes control of one of two ninjas who are tasked at thwarting an alien invasion. The game has been compared to Tecmo's Ninja Gaiden series.

Gameplay
Ninja Crusaders is a side-scrolling action game that can be played by up to two players simultaneously. There are four weapons  that player can pick up and use during the game: shuriken, kusarigama, bō and sword. Each weapon has its unique style and transformation ability: shuriken provides the ability of transforming into tiger, which is the fastest and can jump the highest but has the shortest range; kusarigama provides the ability of transforming into sea scorpion, which can swim better than all the rest but moves very slowly on land; bō provides the ability of transforming into falcon, which has the ability to fly above everything but cannot attack at all; and finally sword provides the ability of transforming into dragon, which can fly, is invincible, and kills everything in one hit, but the player can only use this ability only once and only for a limited amount of time, also sword itself rarely appears in the game.

Plot
In the near future, a force of alien invaders is wreaking havoc on Earth from the furthest reaches of outer space. This new menace was stronger than our most powerful defenses and proved to be unstoppable. In Japan, brave ninja warriors rose from the shadows to battle the alien invaders, but were eventually driven out as the menace took control of their homeland. Some of the ninjas escaped Japan and scattered to remote lands around the world. But their passion to reclaim their land and crush the enemy's rage. It was decided that two ninjas, Talon and Blade, would be sent to destroy the evil.

Reception
NES Player claims that the speed and unpredictability of the game's enemy character are what leads to the game's biggest downfall, level memorization, forcing players to over-rely on memorization in later stages.

Notes

References

External links

Rom Pit review at Something Awful

1990 video games
Alien invasions in video games
Video games about ninja
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
NMK (company) games
Platformers
Post-apocalyptic video games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games

Ninja Crusaders


Žale Central Cemetery (), often simply Žale, is the largest and the central cemetery in Ljubljana and Slovenia. It is located in the Bežigrad District and operated by the Žale Public Company.

History
The cemetery was built in 1906 behind Holy Cross Church. The first burial was performed in the same year on May 3, when the priest Martin Malenšek was transferred there from the old Navje cemetery.

During World War I, many of the fallen soldiers of all sides were buried in Žale. However, they were all Roman Catholics, while Protestants, Jews and Muslims were buried in Navje. In 1923 the authorities allowed Jews and Muslims to be buried in Žale too, but only on the exterior side of the cemetery wall.

In 1931 the new part of the cemetery (B part) opened. The Italian military cemetery was arranged there and many Italian soldiers were reburied from the A part. At the same year the Jewish part of the cemetery was arranged too, however it was separated from the main part by a fence. In 1939 the Ossuary of World War I Victims was built by architect Edvard Ravnikar, where 5,258 of the victims of this war as well as of the associated conflicts were later buried.

With the growth of Ljubljana the need for graves was growing too. In the 1930s the cemetery was proclaimed the central cemetery of Ljubljana and the planning of its expansion began. As the plans of the architect Ivo Spinčič failed to please the authorities, in 1936 a new design was commissioned from the architect Jože Plečnik. The new part, named Plečnik Žale Cemetery, was completed in 1942. It is a special architecture with monumental entrance with big arch, with different small chapels and some additional buildings.

Until 1968, only coffin burials were performed in Žale, but in that year the Žale Crematorium was built and the urn burials became available too.

In 1974 with the construction of the C part, the cemetery expanded again. The C part was designed by the architect Peter Kerševan. In 1988 the D part (Nove Žale, New Žale) designed by Marko Mušič opened.

As of 2008 the cemetery measures 375,000 m2 and comprises sections A, B, and C east of Tomačevo Street (), and section D west of the road. The fifth part of the cemetery, the Plečnik Žale, is not used for burials but for pre-burial ceremonies and associated cemetery activities. More than 150,000 people have been buried at Žale, about 2,000 of them prominent. The whole area of Žale has been proclaimed a cultural monument of Slovenia.

Since August 2021, the Plečnik Žale Cemetery has been inscribed as part of Plečnik's legacy on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Notable people

About 2,000 prominent people are buried in the Žale cemetery, including:

Fran Albreht, author, editor and politician
Vera Albreht, poet
Vladimir Bartol, writer
Katja Boh, sociologist, politician and diplomat
Ivan Cankar, author and political activist
Fran Saleški Finžgar, writer and priest
Rihard Jakopič, painter
Davorin Jenko, composer, author of the music for the Serbian national anthem
Edvard Kardelj, Communist leader
Dragotin Kette, poet
Edvard Kocbek, poet, essayist and politician
Milan Komar, philosopher
Janez Evangelist Krek, politician
Dragotin Lončar, author, politician, historian
Janez Menart, poet
Josip Murn Aleksandrov, poet
Lili Novy, poet
Anton Peterlin, physicist
Leonid Pitamic, jurist
Jože Plečnik, architect
Rudi Šeligo, writer, politician and playwright
Dominik Smole, writer and playwright
Matej Sternen, painter
Gregor Strniša, poet
Jernej Šugman, actor
Josip Vidmar, literary critic
Milan Vidmar, electrical engineer, chess player and theorist
Angela Vode, politician, author, feminist activist
Gregor Žerjav, politician
Vitomil Zupan, writer
Oton Župančič, poet

References

External links

  The Garden of All Saints. 3D visualisation of Plečnik Žale by Boštjan Burger.
 360° views of Žale on Plečnik.net
 Architecture of Žale
 Search engine for graves in Žale

Buildings and structures in Ljubljana
Cemeteries in Slovenia
Religion in Ljubljana
Tourist attractions in Ljubljana
Bežigrad District
Jože Plečnik buildings

Žale


A trillion is an integer. It is also written as 1012. One trillion is a thousand billion or a million million in most modern English-speaking countries. The number is represented by the prefix "Tera-".

In British English, the term trillion used to mean "million billion", "million million million" or 1018. The difference between the two values is known as the long and short scales of large numbers.

Some examples about trillion
The Earth is about a trillion meters from the Moon.
The Milky Way only has about 0.1 trillion stars.
There are about 3 trillion trees on Earth.
There are around 39 trillion bacteria on or in the human body.
Integers There are about 3.5 trillion different fishes in all the oceans of the Earth.
A light year is about 9.5 trillion kilometers.

Trillion


Sinks Grove is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, West Virginia, United States. Sinks Grove is located on West Virginia Route 3, north of Union. Sinks Grove has a post office with ZIP code 24976.

The "sinks" in Sinks Grove refers to the many dolines or sinkholes throughout the community.  Monroe County was once called "The Land of Sinks" for this effect of its heavily karstic geology.

Sinks Grove is part of the Second Creek watershed, draining into the Greenbrier River and then into the New River.

References

External links
 Sinks Grove Community photos

Unincorporated communities in Monroe County, West Virginia

Sinks Grove, West Virginia


John Eliot ( – 21 May 1690) was a Puritan missionary to the American Indians who some called "the apostle to the Indians" and the founder of Roxbury Latin School in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1645. In 1660 he completed the enormous task of translating the Eliot Indian Bible into the Massachusett Indian language, producing more than two thousand completed copies.

English education and Massachusetts ministry

John Eliot was born in Widford, Hertfordshire, England and lived at Nazeing as a boy.
He attended Jesus College, Cambridge. After college, he became assistant to Thomas Hooker at a private school in Little Baddow, Essex. After Hooker was forced to flee to the Netherlands, Eliot emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts, arranging passage as chaplain on the ship Lyon and arriving on 3 November 1631. Eliot became minister and "teaching elder" at the First Church in Roxbury.

From 1637 to 1638 Eliot participated in both the civil and church trials of Anne Hutchinson during the Antinomian Controversy. Eliot disapproved of Hutchinson's views and actions, and was one of the two ministers representing Roxbury in the proceedings which led to her excommunication and exile. In 1645, Eliot founded the Roxbury Latin School. He and fellow ministers Thomas Weld (also of Roxbury), Thomas Mayhew of Martha's Vineyard, and Richard Mather of Dorchester, are credited with editing the Bay Psalm Book, the first book published in the British North American colonies (1640). From 1649 to 1674, Samuel Danforth assisted Eliot in his Roxbury ministry.

Roxbury and Dorchester, Massachusetts
There are many connections between the towns of Roxbury and Dorchester and John Eliot.  After working for a short time as pastor in Boston as the temporary replacement for John Wilson at Boston's first church society, John Eliot settled in Roxbury with other Puritans from Essex, England. He was the teacher at The First Church in Roxbury for sixty years and was their sole pastor for forty years.

For the first forty years in Roxbury, Eliot preached in the 20-foot by 30-foot meetinghouse with thatched roof and plastered walls that stood on Meetinghouse Hill.  Eliot founded the Roxbury Grammar School and he worked hard to keep it prosperous and relevant. Eliot also preached at times in the Dorchester church, he was given land by Dorchester for use in his missionary efforts. And in 1649 he gave half of a donation he received from a man in London to the schoolmaster of Dorchester.

Use of the Massachusett language

The chief barrier to preaching to the American Indians was language. Gestures and pidgin English were used for trade but could not be used to convey a sermon. John Eliot began to study the Massachusett or Wampanoag language, which was the language of the local Indians. To help him with this task, Eliot relied on a young Indian named "Cockenoe". Cockenoe had been captured in the Pequot War of 1637 and became a servant of an Englishman named Richard Collicott. John Eliot said, "he was the first that I made use of to teach me words, and to be my interpreter." Cockenoe could not write but he could speak Massachusett and English.  With his help, Eliot was able to translate the Ten Commandments, the Lord's Prayer  and other scriptures and prayers.

In 1660 Eliot had also translated the Bible from English to the Massachusett Indian language, and had it printed by Marmaduke Johnson and Samuel Green on the press in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  By 1663, Marmaduke and Green had printed 1,180 volumes of the Old and New Testaments translated from English to the Massachusett Indian language.

The first time Eliot attempted to preach to Indians (led by Cutshamekin) in 1646 at Dorchester Mills, he failed and said that they, "gave no heed unto it, but were weary and despised what I said." The second time he preached to the Indians was at the wigwam of Waban near Watertown Mill which was later called Nonantum, now Newton, MA. John Eliot was not the first Puritan missionary to try to convert the Indians to Christianity but he was the first to produce printed publications for the Algonquian Indians in their own language.

This was important because the settlements of "praying Indians" could be provided with other preachers and teachers to continue the work John Eliot started.  By translating sermons to the Massachusett language, John Eliot brought the Indians an understanding of Christianity but also an understanding of written language. They did not have an equivalent written "alphabet" of their own and relied mainly on spoken language and pictorial language.

Missionary career

An important part of Eliot's ministry focused on the conversion of Massachusett and other Algonquian Indians. Accordingly, Eliot translated the Bible into the Massachusett language and published it in 1663 as Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God. It was the first complete Bible printed in the Western hemisphere; Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson printed 1,000 copies on the first printing press in the American colonies.

In 1666, Eliot published "The Indian Grammar Begun", again concerning the Massachusett language. As a missionary, Eliot strove to consolidate the Algonquian Indians in planned towns, thereby encouraging them to recreate a Christian society. At one point, there were 14 towns of so-called "Praying Indians", the best documented being at Natick, Massachusetts. Other praying Indian towns included: Littleton (Nashoba), Lowell (Wamesit, initially incorporated as part of Chelmsford), Grafton (Hassanamessit), Marlborough (Okommakamesit), a portion of Hopkinton that is now in the Town of Ashland (Makunkokoag), Canton (Punkapoag), and Mendon-Uxbridge (Wacentug).

In 1662, Eliot witnessed the signing of the deed for Mendon with Nipmuck Indians for "Squinshepauk Plantation". Eliot's better intentions can be seen in his involvement in the legal case, The Town of Dedham v. The Indians of Natick, which concerned a boundary dispute. Besides answering Dedham's complaint point by point, Eliot stated that the colony's purpose was to benefit the Algonquian people.

Praying Indian towns were also established by other missionaries, including the Presbyterian Samson Occom, himself of Mohegan descent. All praying Indian towns suffered disruption during King Philip's War (1675), and for the most part lost their special status as Indian self-governing communities in the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, in some cases being paid to move to Wisconsin and other areas further West.

Eliot also wrote The Christian Commonwealth: or, The Civil Policy Of The Rising Kingdom of Jesus Christ, considered the first book on politics written by an American, as well as the first book to be banned by a North American governmental unit. Written in the late 1640s, and published in England in 1659, it proposed a new model of civil government based on the system Eliot instituted among the converted Indians, which was based in turn on the government Moses instituted among the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 18).

Eliot asserted that "Christ is the only right Heir of the Crown of England," and called for an elected theocracy in England and throughout the world. The accession to the throne of Charles II of England made the book an embarrassment to the Massachusetts colony. In 1661 the General Court forced Eliot to issue a public retraction and apology, banned the book and ordered all copies destroyed.

In 1709 a special edition of the Massachusett Bible was co-authored by Experience Mayhew and Thomas Prince with the Indian words in one column and the English words in the opposite column. The 1709 Massachusett Bible text book is also referred to as the Massachusett Psalter. This 1709 edition is based on the Geneva Bible, like the Eliot Indian Bible.

Family

John Eliot married Hanna Mumford in September 1632, the first entry in the "Marages of the Inhabitants of Roxbury" record. They had six children, five sons and one daughter. Their daughter Hannah Eliot married Habbakuk Glover . Their son, John Eliot, Jr., was the first pastor of the First Church of Christ in Newton, Another son, Joseph Eliot, became a pastor in Guilford, Connecticut, and later fathered Jared Eliot, a noted agricultural writer and pastor. John Eliot's sister, Mary Eliot, married Edward Payson, founder of the Payson family in America, and great-great-grandfather of the Rev. Edward Payson. He was also an ancestor of Lewis E. Stanton a United States attorney for the District of Connecticut. He is related to the Bacon family.

Death
Eliot died in 1690, aged 85, his last words being "welcome joy!" His descendants became one branch of a Boston Brahmin family.

Legacy

Natick remembers him with a monument on the grounds of the Bacon Free Library. The John Eliot Elementary School in Needham, Massachusetts, founded in 1956, is named after him. Puritan "remembrancer" Cotton Mather called his missionary career the epitome of the ideals of New England Puritanism. William Carey considered Eliot alongside the Apostle Paul and David Brainerd (1718–1747) as "canonized heroes" and "enkindlers" in his groundbreaking An Enquiry Into the Obligation of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathen (1792).

In 1689, he donated  of land to support the Eliot School in what was then Roxbury's Jamaica Plain district and now is a historic Boston neighborhood. Two other Puritans had donated land on which to build the school in 1676, but boarding students especially required support. Eliot's donation required the school (renamed in his honor) to accept both Black and Native American students without prejudice, which was very unusual at the time. The school continues near its original location today, with continued admissions of all ethnicities, but now includes lifelong learning.

The town of Eliot, Maine which was in Massachusetts during its incorporation was named after John Eliot.

Eliot appears in the alternate history 1632 Series anthology collection 1637: The Coast of Chaos. His wife is killed shortly after the birth of their first child by French soldiers invading the Thirteen Colonies. A group of time travelers bring a book about the world they come from that allows Eliot to read about how much of his works were undone by his fellow colonists, he then sets out to alter his missionary efforts in a manner that will prevent Native American converts from being vulnerable to the treachery they faced in the old timeline.

Works
trans., The Book of Genesis, 1655.
trans., The Psalter, 1658.
The Christian Commonwealth: or The Civil Policy Of The Rising Kingdom of Jesus Christ, 1659 Librivox audio
A Christian Covenanting Confession, 1660.
trans., Wusku Wuttestamentum Nullordumun Jesus Christ (New Testament), 1661.
trans., Mamvsse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God (The Holy Bible containing the Old Testament and the New), 1663, rev. ed. 1685.
The Indian Grammar Begun, 1666.
Brief Narrative of the Progress of the Gospel amongst the Indians in New England, in the Year, 1670
The Logic Primer, 1672.
The Harmony of the Gospels in the holy History of the Humiliation and Sufferings of Jesus Christ, from his Incarnation to his Death and Burial, 1678.
Nehtuhpeh peisses ut mayut, A Primer on the Language of the Algonquian Indians, 1684.

See also
John Eliot Square District

References

Bibliography
Carpenter, John. "New England Puritans: The Grandparents of Modern Protestant Missions." Fides et Historia 30, no. 4, (October 2002).
Cesarini, J. Patrick. "John Eliot's 'A Brief History of the Mashepog Indians,' 1666." The William and Mary Quarterly 65, no. 1 (2008): 101–134.
Cogley, Richard. John Eliot's Mission to the Indians before King Philip's War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Dippold, Steffi. "The Wampanoag Word: John Eliot's Indian Grammar, the Vernacular Rebellion, and the Elegancies of Native Speech." Early American Literature 48, no. 3 (2013): 543–75.

Francis, John Eliot, the Apostle to the Indians, in "Library of American Biography," volume 5 (Boston, 1836).

Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, volume 1 (Boston, 1880–81).
Walker, Ten New England Leaders (New York, 1901).

The Eliot Tracts: with letters from John Eliot to Thomas Thorowgood and Richard Baxter (London, 2003).
"Massachusetts Town Vitals Collection 1620-1988" record for Habbacuke Glover.

Further reading

  (Covers Eliot's involvement in producing the Indian Bible in great detail)

External links

Cambridge University - John Eliot Biography
Cambridge University - John Eliot Exhibition
Eliot School
The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ / Wusku Wuttestamentum Nul-Lordumun Jesus Christ Nuppoquohwussuaeneumun (Cambridge: 1661) digitized by the John Carter Brown Library
Manitowompae pomantamoonk sampwshanau Christianoh uttoh woh an pomantog wnssikkitteahonat God (Cambridge: 1665) digitized by the John Carter Brown Library
The Indian grammar begun (Cambridge: 1666) digitized by the John Carter Brown Library

1600s births
1690 deaths
17th-century Christian clergy
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
American Congregationalist ministers
American lexicographers
English emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
American religious writers
American evangelicals
Founders of American schools and colleges
Congregationalist missionaries in the United States
Congregationalist writers
Creators of writing systems
People of colonial Massachusetts
Massachusetts colonial-era clergy
17th-century New England Puritan ministers
People from Widford, Hertfordshire
Translators of the Bible into indigenous languages of the Americas
English Congregationalist missionaries
Burials in Boston
17th-century philanthropists
17th-century translators
Missionary linguists

John Eliot (missionary)


Ettore Panizza (born Héctor Panizza; 12 August 187527 November 1967) was an Argentine conductor and composer, one of the leading conductors of the early 20th century. Panizza possessed technical mastery and was popular and influential during his time, widely admired by Richard Strauss and Giacomo Puccini, among others.

Biography

Panizza was born in Buenos Aires, of Italian parents.  His birth name was Héctor Panizza but throughout his career he was known as Ettore.  Panizza studied first with his father, who was a cellist at the old Teatro Colón, and later in Milan. He made his debut as assistant conductor at the Rome Opera in 1897.

He was closely associated with La Scala in Milan (where he conducted, along with Toscanini, titles like Wagner's Ring in 1926), the Royal Opera House in London, the Metropolitan Opera in New York City- where he succeeded Tullio Serafin as principal conductor of Italian repertoire, working for eight seasons with names like Rosa Ponselle and Enrico Caruso - and mainly at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires where his opera Aurora was premiered during the inaugural season.

He conducted Puccini's Turandot with the ending by Franco Alfano after the world premiere at La Scala on 25 April 1926 conducted by Arturo Toscanini, who stopped at the point where Puccini had ceased writing before his death.

He worked at the Teatro Colón in 1908, 1909, 1921, 1927 (Claudia Muzio as Tosca and in La bohème), 1929 (Turandot with  Rosa Raisa), 1930, 1934 (Carmen with Gabriela Besanzoni), 1935, 1936, 1939 (Boris Godunov, La traviata, Macbeth, Turandot, Aida with Bizancio with Gina Cigna), 1942 (Aida and Simon Boccanegra with Zinka Milanov and Leonard Warren), 1943 (Falstaff), 1944 (Bizancio), 1945 (Aurora), 1946, 1947 (Tosca and Andrea Chénier with Maria Caniglia and Beniamino Gigli), 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952 (Madama Butterfly with Victoria de los Ángeles), 1954 and 1955.  He also worked with singers such as Alessandro Bonci, Nellie Melba and Ezio Pinza.

He also made guest appearances in Chicago and European capitals such as Paris, Madrid, Vienna, and Berlin.

He heard British soprano Eva Turner in 1924 as Madama Butterfly and recommended her to Toscanini, launching her impressive international career (as also did the young conductor Antonino Votto).

Among the many premieres he conducted were Francesca da Rimini and Conchita by Riccardo Zandonai, Sly by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, and The Island God by Gian Carlo Menotti. He also conducted many local premieres in London, New York, and Milan such as Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina and Respighi's La campana sommersa.

Panizza composed four operas; Il fidanzato del mare (1897), Medio Evo Latino (1900), Aurora (1908), his most successful work (the tenor aria "Alta en el cielo" in the second Spanish version became the patriotic song school children sing to the flag) and Bizancio (1939).

He published his autobiography Medio Siglo de Vida Musical in 1952.

Panizza died in Milan in 1967.

Recordings
 Verdi - Otello - Giovanni Martinelli, Elisabeth Rethberg - 1938, Naxos Historical 8.111018-19
 Verdi - La traviata - Rosa Ponselle, Fredrick Jagel, Lawrence Tibbett - Metropolitan Opera
 Verdi - La traviata - Bidu Sayão, Bruno Landi, Thelma Votipka, Alessio De Paolis, 1942
 Verdi - Simon Boccanegra - Elisabeth Rethberg, Giovanni Martinelli, Lawrence Tibbett, Ezio Pinza, Leonard Warren. Met 1939
 Verdi - Aida - Zinka Milanov, Arthur Carron, Richard Bonelli, Bruna Castagna, Norman Cordon; 1939
 Verdi - Il trovatore - Stella Roman, Bruna Castagna, Arthur Carron (or Charles Kullman), Norman Cordon; 1941
 Verdi - Un ballo in maschera - Stella Roman, Giovanni Martinelli, Bruna Castagna, Josephine Antoine, Norman Cordon, Nicola Moscona; 1942
 Ponchielli - La Gioconda - Zinka Milanov, Giovanni Martinelli, Metropolitan 1939
 Puccini - Madama Butterfly - Licia Albanese, Charles Kullman, Irra Petina; 1941
 Puccini - Tosca - Grace Moore, Frederick Jagel, Alexander Sved, 1942
 Mendelssohn - Symphony No. 4
 Felipe Boero - excerpts from opera El Matrero
 Mozart - The Marriage of Figaro. Ezio Pinza, John Brownlee, Licia Albanese, Jarmila Novotná, Elisabeth Rethberg - Metropolitan 1940

References

Sources

 Enzo Valenti Ferro, Los Directores: Teatro Colón 1908-1984 (Buenos Aires: Ediciones de Arte Gaglianone, 1985): 23-6.
 MICHAEL KENNEDY and JOYCE BOURNE. "Panizza, Ettore." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. 1996.

External links
Biographical notes

1875 births
1967 deaths
Composers from Buenos Aires
Argentine conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
Argentine composers
Argentine people of Italian descent

Ettore Panizza


Caviar is a luxury food. Caviar is  salted and un-fertilized sturgeon roe eggs. The world's largest producer and exporter of caviar is Iran. The producer of 90 percent of the world's caviar is the Caspian Sea.

Caviar is usually put in gold, plastic, wood, ivory containers. It is rarely in silverware or steel because this may interfere with the flavor and color.

Seafood dishes

Caviar


Peter Griffin (17 December 1939 – 17 January 2007) was a German disco musician.

Biography
Peter Kamp was born on the 17th of December.
He was the owner of a German discotheque called Griffin's, in the city of Baden-Baden.

His first release was the 7" single "I Hate the Music" in 1977, followed by "I'm in the Race" in 1978.
In 1979, he released "Spiderman" as his third single. Shortly thereafter, the 12" version was released and the song became a major club hit that year.

He had two other club hits between 1980 and 1981. The songs were "Step By Step", which was originally released on Electrola of Germany. The song gained popularity as an import, and the fledgling Moby Dick Records picked it up for U.S. release, issuing a remixed version. The following year Electrola issued "Inside Out", another up-tempo number. No American company opted to license it, yet it still received good club exposure.
After his music career, he was very successful with several restaurants in Baden-Baden, Achern, Prague, and San Diego.

He is the father of actress/model Alexandra Kamp, born 1966.

Peter Griffin died on 17 January 2007 in Baden-Baden, Germany at the age of 67.

References

External links

 Discography

Eurodisco musicians
1939 births
2007 deaths
20th-century German male musicians
20th-century German musicians

Peter Griffin (singer)


The Concordia Theological Seminary is an institution of theological higher education. It is run by the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and is located in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Its main purpose is to teach men who will become pastors in the congregations of the LCMS. It also teaches women who will become deaconesses. It offers professional, master's and doctoral degrees.

History
In 1844, a pastor in Fort Wayne named Frederick C. D. Wynecken started teaching two men to be pastors. The next year, he became a pastor in Baltimore, and a pastor named Wilhelm Sihler continued teaching in Fort Wayne. The seminary officially started in August 1846, when eleven students and an instructor from Germany arrived in Fort Wayne. They were sent by a German pastor named Wilhelm Loehe. At first, classes were held in a nearby house.

The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod was started in 1847. Loehe then gave ownership of the seminary to the synod. Two years later, the seminary purchased land east of Fort Wayne and built the first building on its new campus.

Other people in the LCMS called Concordia Theological Seminary the "practical seminary", because it tried to teach men to become pastors quickly. It taught pre-seminary and seminary classes. The pre-seminary classes were similar to high school classes. The seminary classes taught theology. At this time, it did not teach Greek and Hebrew, the languages that the Bible was originally written in.

In 1861, the seminary moved to the campus of Concordia Seminary, in St. Louis, Missouri. This is the synod's other seminary. This was done so that students wouldn't be drafted for the American Civil War.

In 1874, the pre-seminary students and one instructor were moved to the campus of the former Illinois State University in Springfield, Illinois. The next year, 1875, the "practical seminary" itself moved to the Springfield campus.

In 1918, an additional year of instruction was added to the pre-seminary courses. These additional courses made pastors eligible to get teaching certificates. After 1935, Greek was made a required course.

Starting in 1941, all entering students had to be high school graduates. The seminary then stopped teaching high school classes. Later, they required two years of college for entering students.

In 1976, the seminary returned to Fort Wayne.

Academics
The seminary has four departments: Exegetical Theology, Historical Theology, Pastoral Ministry and Mission, and Systematic Theology.

References

Other websites
Official site
Saarinen's Village: The Concordia Campus Through Time

Seminaries
Lutheranism
1846 establishments in the United States

Concordia Theological Seminary