Isotype (International System of Typographic Picture Education) is a method of showing social, technological, biological, and historical connections in pictorial form. It consists of a set of standardized and abstracted pictorial symbols to represent social-scientific data with specific guidelines on how to combine the identical figures using serial repetition. It was first known as the Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics (Wiener Methode der Bildstatistik), due to its having been developed at the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum in Wien (Social and Economic Museum of Vienna) between 1925 and 1934. The founding director of this museum, Otto Neurath, was the initiator and chief theorist of the Vienna Method. Gerd Arntz was the artist responsible for realising the graphics. The term Isotype was applied to the method around 1935, after its key practitioners were forced to leave Vienna by the rise of Austrian fascism.

Origin and development
The Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum was principally financed by the municipality of Vienna, during a period of expansive municipal social democratic governance known as Red Vienna within the new republic of Austria. An essential task of the museum was to inform the Viennese about their city. Neurath stated that the museum was not a treasure chest of rare objects, but a teaching museum. The aim was to "represent social facts pictorially" and to bring "dead statistics" to life by making them visually attractive and memorable. One of the museum's catch-phrases was: "To remember simplified pictures is better than to forget accurate figures".
The principal instruments of the Vienna Method were pictorial charts, which could be produced in multiple copies and serve both permanent and travelling exhibitions. The museum also innovated with interactive models and other attention-grabbing devices, and there were even some early experiments with animated films.

From its beginning the Vienna Method/Isotype was the work of a team. Neurath built up a kind of prototype for an interdisciplinary graphic design agency. In 1926 he encountered woodcut prints by the German artist Gerd Arntz and invited him to collaborate with the museum. There was a further meeting in 1928 when Neurath attended the Pressa international exhibition. Arntz moved to Vienna in 1929 and took up a full-time position there. His simplified graphic style benefited the design of repeatable pictograms that were integral to Isotype. The influence of these pictograms on today's information graphics is immediately apparent, although perhaps not yet fully recognized.

A central task in Isotype was the "transformation" of complex source information into a sketch for a self-explanatory chart. The principal "transformer" from the beginning was Marie Reidemeister (who became Marie Neurath in 1941).

A defining project of the first phase of Isotype (then still known as the Vienna Method) was the monumental collection of 100 statistical charts, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft (1930).

Principles
The first rule of Isotype is that greater quantities are not represented by an enlarged pictogram but by a greater number of the same-sized pictogram. In Neurath's view, variation in size does not allow accurate comparison (what is to be compared – height/length or area?) whereas repeated pictograms, which always represent a fixed value within a certain chart, can be counted if necessary. Isotype pictograms almost never depicted things in perspective in order to preserve this clarity, and there were other guidelines for graphic configuration and use of colour. The best exposition of Isotype technique remains Otto Neurath's book International picture language (1936).

"Visual education" was always the prime motive behind Isotype, which was worked out in exhibitions and books designed to inform ordinary citizens (including schoolchildren) about their place in the world. It was never intended to replace verbal language; it was a "helping language" always accompanied by verbal elements. Otto Neurath realized that it could never be a fully developed language, so instead he called it a "language-like technique".

Diffusion and adaptation
As more requests came to the Vienna museum from abroad, a partner institute called Mundaneum (a name adopted from an abortive collaboration with Paul Otlet) was established in 1931/2 to promote international work. It formed branches containing small exhibitions in Berlin, The Hague, London and New York City. Members of the Vienna team travelled periodically to the Soviet Union during the early 1930s in order to help set up the 'All-union institute of pictorial statistics of Soviet construction and economy' (Всесоюзный институт изобразительной статистики советского строительства и хозяйства), commonly abbreviated to IZOSTAT (ИЗОСТАТ), which produced statistical graphics about the Five Year Plans, among other things.

After the closure of the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum in 1934 Neurath, Reidemeister and Arntz fled to the Netherlands, where they set up the International Foundation for Visual Education in The Hague. During the 1930s significant commissions were received from the US, including a series of mass-produced charts for the National Tuberculosis Association and Otto Neurath's book Modern man in the making (1939), a high point of Isotype on which he, Reidemeister and Arntz worked in close collaboration.

Rudolf Modley, who served as an assistant to Otto Neurath in Vienna, introduced ISOTYPE methods to the United States through his position as chief curator at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. Furthermore, by 1934 Modley established Pictorial Statistics Incorporated in New York, a company which promoted the production and distribution of ISOTYPE-like pictographs for education, news, and other forms of communications. Beginning in 1936, Modley's pictographs were used in a nationwide public health campaign for US Surgeon General Thomas Parran's "War on Syphilis."

Otto and Marie Neurath fled from German invasion to England, where they established the Isotype Institute in 1942. In Britain Isotype was applied to wartime publications sponsored by the Ministry of Information and to documentary films produced by Paul Rotha. After Otto Neurath's death in 1945, Marie Neurath and her collaborators continued to apply Isotype to tasks of representing many kinds of complex information, especially in popular science books for young readers. A real test of the international ambitions of Isotype, as Marie Neurath saw it, was the project to design information for civic education, election procedure and economic development in the Western Region of Nigeria in the 1950s.

Archive
In 1971 the Isotype Institute gave its working material to the University of Reading, where it is housed in the Department of Typography & Graphic Communication as the Otto and Marie Neurath Isotype Collection. The responsibilities of the institute were transferred to the university in 1981.

See also
 Communication
 Data visualization
 Information design
 Information graphics

References

Bibliography
 Otto Neurath, International picture language. London: Kegan Paul, 1936. Facsimile reprint: Department of Typography & Graphic Communication, University of Reading, 1980.
 Michael Twyman, 'The significance of Isotype', 1975
 Robin Kinross, 'On the Influence of Isotype'. Information Design Journal, ii/2, 1981, pp. 122–30.
 Marie Neurath and Robin Kinross. The transformer: principles of making Isotype charts. London: Hyphen Press, 2009.
 Otto Neurath, From hieroglyphics to Isotype: a visual autobiography. London, Hyphen Press, 2010.
 Christopher Burke, Eric Kindel, Sue Walker (eds), Isotype: design & contexts, 1925–1971. London, Hyphen Press, 2013

External links
 Isotype revisited
 Gerd Arntz Web Archive
 Otto Neurath | Pictorial Statistics
 Otto Neurath (OEGWM)
 Stroom Den Haag – After Neurath

Engineered languages
Infographics
Graphic design
Pictograms
1935 introductions
Constructed languages introduced in the 1920s

Isotype (picture language)


The northern two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae found in Canada and the United States. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, temperate shrubland, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, freshwater springs, arable land, and urban areas. It is more water-oriented than the related northern redback salamander, and can often be found in and around water such as rain puddles, streams, swamps, and damp stream beds, whereas the northern redback tends to be found in damp ground, but usually not near open water.

Description
The northern two-lined salamander is a small salamander, with adults ranging from 65–120 mm in total length. This salamander is yellow or yellowish-brown, with two black stripes running down the back which tends to break up after the base of the tail. The flanks are mottled grayish or brown. The belly is pale yellowish, nearly transparent. There are four toes on the fore feet and five toes on the hind feet. On the side of the body are 14–16 costal grooves.

Habitat and distribution
This species prefers small rocky streams or seeps in forests, but may occur in moist areas far from running water. Also, some data suggest this species may be found on stony shores of small lakes and rivers. Northern two-lined salamanders are found throughout northeastern North America, ranging from central and southern Quebec, New Brunswick, northeastern Ontario, and the northeastern United States, from central Virginia and Ohio northwards to the Great Lakes. Compared to many other species in the genus Eurycea, E. bislineata has a large geographic distribution.

Reproduction
The reproductive strategy of the northern two-lined salamander begins with an elaborate courtship. It may take place from September (in the southern parts of its range) to May (in the north). Observations of courtship in the species were made based on individuals held in captivity by Noble (1929), and a summary of these observations are: the male becomes restless, as if searching for a female. Upon finding the female, he will lift her by pushing his snout under her cloacal region or chest. The male adopts a distinct posture, bending his body laterally around her snout. The pair may remain in this position for an hour or more. The female eventually slips out of this posture and begins to straddle the male's tail with her fore limbs, while pressing her chin against the base of the male's tail. The male may undulate his tail from side to side in a slow and exaggerated manner, and the female moves her head from side to side, alternately from the male's tail. This tail-straddling walk may last for over an hour, at which point the male deposits a spermatophore, leading the female to walk over it, at which time she may either accept or reject the male's sperm. The spermatophore of this species is described as conical, 2.5 mm in height and with a colorless stalk that tapers towards the tip.

This species exhibits sexual dimorphism in the shape of the premaxillary teeth. The teeth of breeding males are unicuspid and elongated when compared to the shorter bicuspid teeth of the females. These enlarged teeth are used to help abrade the female's skin and introduce the secretions on the males mental gland, found on the chin, into her circulatory system, which stimulates her to mate. Prior to egg laying, the female searches for a suitable oviposition site in the stream. Nest sites are frequently under rocks, sometimes logs, and perhaps vegetation. Research done in the Georgia Piedmont on the closely related E. cirrigera, indicate that 65% of nests found were under cobbles (2.5 to 30 cm), 16% were under boulders (greater that 30 cm), and 19% were under slate tiles (30x30x1 cm), which were added to the stream experimentally. To deposit eggs on the under surface of a rock, the female must flip on her back to make cloacal contact with the substrate. Three minutes is required to lay each egg in this manner, and up to several hours to lay an entire clutch. The eggs, when freshly laid appear white or pale yellowish, and each egg is 2.5–3 mm in diameter and is surrounded by two distinct membranes. Communal nesting in northern two-lined salamanders has been documented on several occasions and localities; New York, in Ontario, and likely in Ohio.

Larval ecology
Upon hatching, the gilled larvae are about 10 mm long, and remain in slow-moving pools, or less frequently, hiding in crevices between rocks and boulders in swift-flowing streams. The larvae do not begin feeding until their yolk sacs are reabsorbed, at which point they begin to feed on benthic invertebrates by prowling the bottom of the stream. Typical prey items for northern two-lined salamander larvae include chironomid larvae and other dipteran larvae, stonefly larvae, cladocera, and copepods. Predators of the larvae are many, such as fish, crayfish, and other salamander larvae, such as the larger northern spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus). The larval period of E. bislineata is variable depending on latitude. In the southern portion of their range, such as New York, metamorphosis occurs at 50 mm total length or two years old, while further north, such as in Quebec and likely Ontario, metamorphosis takes place at nearly 70 mm total length, or three years old. The larvae over-winter in deeper pools not prone to freezing.

Adult ecology
Once the larvae reach their maximum size, metamorphosis occurs. Sexual maturity is reached in this species at three to four years old. The adults and juveniles tend to be restricted to the stream edges, hiding under rocks and other debris during the day. Seasonal migration does occur, but not all individuals undertake them. Research done in Quebec suggests a postbreeding migration into the forest occurs in June. These adult salamanders may move over 100 m from the stream. The second migration is that of the newly metamorphosed juveniles leaving the stream, but they tend to remain closer to it. About 75% of individuals dispersing over 100 m into the forest did not return, and they were believed to have been consumed by predators. The majority of above-ground movements are made after dark and in wet weather. The diets of the adults are more wide-ranging than the larvae because of the amount of habitat that can be exploited, both terrestrial and aquatic. The movements of juveniles and adults usually occurs in the first hour after dark, when they emerge from under their retreats and forage along the stream bank or forest floor. Food items recorded include wood roaches, arachnids, worms, isopods, millipedes, centipedes, beetles, snails, springtails, flies, hymenopterans, sowbugs, mayflies, annelids, stonefly nymphs, and thrips and rarely trout fry. Adult population densities are variable by habitat quality. Adults are also territorial, so if resources are scarce, the population is less dense. In some populations, densities are as low as 0.02-0.04 animals/m2. In other areas, localized densities can be as high as 11 individuals /m2. Adults overwinter up to 80 cm deep into the soil of the stream bank in cold climates, but may remain somewhat active in southern regions, and may continue feeding during this period.

Predators and defense
Because of its small size and localized distribution around streams, the northern two-lined salamander is preyed upon by a variety of animals. Predators include birds, such as the eastern screech owl (Otus asio), snakes such as the eastern garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) and ringneck snakes (Diadophis punctatus). Other important predators of the northern two-lined salamander larvae are other salamanders, such as the large, stream-dwelling larvae of the northern spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) and the blackbelly salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus). Response to a predator is variable in E. bislineata . Some individuals, when confronted with a garter snake, will remain motionless when contacted by the head of the snake, but would engage in a protean flip, where the tail is held over the body when contacted by the snake's tongue. Tail autotomy is common in E. bislineata , as a result of a struggle with a predator. Losing part of the tail increases the likelihood of surviving the encounter with a predator. In some populations, up to 32% of animals had autotomized tails.

References

External links
 Northern two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata) , Natural Resources Canada

Eurycea
Salamander, Northern Two-lined
Salamander, Northern Two-lined
Salamander, Northern Two-lined
Salamander, Northern Two-lined
Salamander, Northern Two-lined
Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
Amphibians described in 1818
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

Northern two-lined salamander


William Hakewill (1574–1655) was an English legal antiquarian and M.P.

Life
Born in Exeter, Devon, son of John Hakewill and his wife Thomasine (née Periam).  Educated, according to Anthony Wood at Exeter College, Oxford (though he did not take a degree), he later studied law at Lincoln's Inn.

Hakewill became Member of Parliament for Bossiney in Cornwall in 1601, probably nominated for the seat by its patron, his maternal uncle Sir William Peryam, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Though a tyro MP Hakewill was active and spoke out against the excessive granting of monopolies. He also delivered speeches against allowing the export of ordnance to Spain and in favour of keeping a strong navy.

Hakewill was called to the bar in 1606, was a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn by 1616 and Lent Reader in 1625.  Described by the antiquarian Anthony Wood as "a grave and judicious counsellor" but "always a puritan", Hakewill was a friend of William Prynne and an associate of John Selden whose critical views on the royal prerogative he shared.

Despite his puritan connections Hakewill was appointed Solicitor General to Queen Anne, the wife of James I in 1617. Unfortunately she died in 1619 and his benefactor Sir Francis Bacon was disgraced in 1621.

Hakewill was part of the attempt in 1614 to revive the Elizabethan "College of Antiquaries", in some ways a precursor of the Society of Antiquaries; a friend of Sir Robert Cotton, a kinsman and executor of Sir Thomas Bodley and the elder brother of the author and divine George Hakewill.  In 1617 he married Elizabeth Woodhouse, a daughter of Sir Henry Woodhouse of Waxham, Norfolk, by his second wife Cecily Gresham.  Her elder half-sister Ann was the third wife of Sir Julius Caesar, Master of the Rolls, to whom Hakewill addressed gratulatory Latin verses (now in the British Library).

Although originally elected to parliament for Cornish seats he sat in the parliaments of 1624 and 1628/9 for Amersham in Bucks. As a result of his researches three Buckinghamshire boroughs were re-enfranchised in 1624 (Wendover, Amersham and Marlow). Hakewill was elected as one of Amersham's two MP's and his distant relative the famous John Hampden was elected for Wendover.

He leased Chequers (now the country home of British Prime Ministers) near Ellesborough in 1619. In the latter part of his life Hakewill lived at The Hale in Wendover, Buckinghamshire and was survived by at least two sons, William and Robert.  His will left instructions that expenditure on his funeral was not to exceed £40. He is buried in the Church at Wendover under a commemorative stone that still survives.

Works
He published The Liberty of the Subject against the pretended Power of Impositions (1641), The manner how Statutes are enacted in Parliament by Passing of Bills(1641) and Modus tenendi Parliamentum; or, the old Manner of holding Parliaments in England(1659).

References

1574 births
1655 deaths
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
Politicians from Exeter
People from Wendover
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
English MPs 1601
English MPs 1604–1611
English MPs 1614
English MPs 1621–1622
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1628–1629

William Hakewill


The Spirit of Knoxville is a high-altitude balloon project run by amateur scientists and University of Tennessee students, with the ultimate goal of successfully sending an unmanned balloon across the Atlantic Ocean. The project is named for Charles Lindbergh's record-breaking Spirit of St. Louis aircraft.
As of November 2008, five flights have been made, of which three were intended to cross the Atlantic, a goal which has yet to be achieved.

History
The project began in 2005, under the direction of students from the University of Tennessee Amateur Radio Club, with a series of technology demonstrator flights dubbed the "Icarus" series. These flights tested small zero-pressure balloon designs, ballast dumping mechanisms and material, custom radio circuitry, the Distributed Tracking and Relay volunteer listening network, and command uplinking.

The first Spirit of Knoxville "SNOX" designated flight was SNOX I, reaching a stable float altitude of approximately of 11 kilometres (36,000 feet).  Launched from Knoxville Downtown Island Airport, in December 2007, the balloon travelled over 900 kilometers southeast to land just north of the Bahamas, fulfilling the objectives of the new balloon envelope. The flight ended, however, due to the ballast system's inability to drop weight fast enough at nightfall after the loss of daytime solar heating.

The hardware and software of the ballast system was redesigned for the test flight SNOX II, to ensure a faster response to solar heat loss at sunset. SNOX II launched in January 2008, but landed in minutes just a few kilometers away in an urban home backyard. Post-flight recovery and analysis revealed that newly tested inflation procedures had caused a rip in the top of the balloon. The payload and ballast system were not damaged, however the balloon envelope was damaged beyond repair during landing.

SNOX III was assembled shortly with a new balloon envelope and the same payload and ballast system from SNOX II. Launched in January 2008, it was the first official attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The onboard GPS failed shortly after launch, eliminating the ability for the balloon to report its position, and also preventing the ballast system from detecting changes in altitude.  Crude radio direction finding attempts by volunteers did indicate the balloon followed its predicted trajectory as far as the shore of the Atlantic Ocean in Virginia.

SNOX IV was the most successful flight to date, launched on March 11, 2008, it remained in the air for over 40 hours and , surpassing all flight duration and distance records for amateur balloons.  The ballast system used all available weight on the first night, and the balloon system succumbed to the loss of solar heat on the second sunset of its flight.  The landing was just a few hundred kilometers from Ireland.

The most recent flight being SNOX V, launched April 5, 2008, suffered a failure of the envelope itself, landing in southwestern Virginia approximately 8 hours after launch.

Overview
The project uses custom-built zero-pressure balloons from Global Western, made of very thin polyethylene, with denatured alcohol ballast dropped during cruise to maintain a constant altitude (although lift provided by solar heating is also used).  The electronics comprise a flight computer, I2C temperature sensors, high frequency radio transmitter, electric heater, 40 AA lithium batteries, and GPS.

Amateur radio operators voluntarily assist in tracking the balloons during their flights.

In order to cross the ocean, the balloon must stay within the high speed jet stream winds the entire way from Knoxville, Tennessee, to Europe or Africa.  These continuous winds rarely travel directly over the southeastern United States, which restricts the number of times per year this crossing can be attempted.

References

External links

Spirit of Knoxville official
 Spirit of Knoxville Homepage
 University of Tennessee Amateur Radio Club

Press
 Cross the Atlantic cover story on Metro Pulse
 Amateur radio buffs devote three years to balloon project that reaches new height Life section cover story in Knoxville News Sentinel

Amateur radio
Individual balloons (aircraft)
Balloon-borne experiments

Spirit of Knoxville


Piegaro is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Perugia in the Italian region Umbria, located about 30 km southwest of Perugia.
Piegaro borders the following municipalities: Città della Pieve, Marsciano, Montegabbione, Monteleone d'Orvieto, Paciano, Panicale, Perugia, San Venanzo.

References

External links
 Official website

Cities and towns in Umbria

Piegaro


A packed storage matrix, also known as packed matrix, is a term used in programming for representing an  matrix. It is a more compact way than an m-by-n rectangular array by exploiting a special structure of the matrix.

Typical examples of matrices that can take advantage of packed storage include:
 symmetric or hermitian matrix
 Triangular matrix
 Banded matrix.

Code examples (Fortran)
Both of the following storage schemes are used extensively in BLAS and LAPACK.

An example of packed storage for hermitian matrix:
complex:: A(n,n) ! a hermitian matrix
complex:: AP(n*(n+1)/2) ! packed storage for A
! the lower triangle of A is stored column-by-column in AP.
! unpacking the matrix AP to A
do j=1,n
  k = j*(j-1)/2
  A(1:j,j) = AP(1+k:j+k)
  A(j,1:j-1) = conjg(AP(1+k:j-1+k))
end do

An example of packed storage for banded matrix:

real:: A(m,n) ! a banded matrix with kl subdiagonals and ku superdiagonals
real:: AP(-kl:ku,n) ! packed storage for A
! the band of A is stored column-by-column in AP. Some elements of AP are unused.
! unpacking the matrix AP to A
do j=1,n
  forall(i=max(1,j-kl):min(m,j+ku)) A(i,j) = AP(i-j,j)
end do
print *,AP(0,:) ! the diagonal

Arrays
Matrices

Packed storage matrix


Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta, is a hill (betta in Kannada) located in the Gundlupete Taluk, Chamarajanagar district of the state of Karnataka, India at a height of 1450m and is extensively wooded. It is also the highest peak in the Bandipur National Park. It lies in the core area of the Bandipur National Park and is frequented by wild life including elephants. Dense fog predominates and covers the hills round the year and thus gets the prefix Himavad (in the language of Kannada) and the temple of Venugopalaswamy (Krishna) gives the full name of Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta.

Its geographic coordinates are: Latitude 12.97°Ne and longitude 77.56°E.

Access

It is approximately 220 km from Bangalore and 75 km from Mysore on the Mysore Ooty road -10 km away from Gundlupete, which is 60 km away from Mysore.  There is a motorable road all the way to the top of the hill. No entry for private vehicles, visitors have to take the Govt bus organised by the Karnataka state transport from the Foothills. Materials used for pooja (prayers) alone such as flowers, fruits, Incense sticks etc. are permitted. Other food items are not permitted to be carried in. All these materials should be carried in non-plastic bags. Visitors are allowed from around 8:30am till 4pm. Overnight stay on top is not allowed.

Private vehicles are not allowed beyond the forest check post. One has to make use of the mini bus arranged by forest department to visit the temple. Per person round trip ticket will cost Rs.60
First bus will operate at 8:30 am and last bus is at 4:00 pm.

There is a forest department guest house at the top of the hill, which is not available for public, only public servants on official duty are allowed to use it.

Best Season to Visit the temple is in winter and in Rainy.

History
The temple was built in hoysala Era in 1315. King Chola Ballala built this iconic temple. Later the Wodeyars Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore improved the hill temple.

Temple
The temple is dedicated to Gopalaswamy, which is one of the names of the Hindu god Krishna. The gopuram of the temple is single-tiered and rests on the compound wall of the enclosure. A dhvajastambha (flag-pillar) and a bali pitham (sacrificial altar) is present in the mukha mantapa (inner-porch). The parapet wall of the façade of the mukha mantapa contains the sculpture of Dashavatara (the avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu) with the centre portion of the sculpture depicting Krishnavatara (the Avatar of Vishnu in which he appeared as Krishna). There is a shikhara tower over the garbha griha (sanctum sanctorum).

The garbhagriha contains an idol of Krishna holding a flute under a tree. Krishna is flanked by his friends and the posture is that of a dance with the left big toe resting on the right one. The panel also features several characters and icons from Krishna's avatar.

Gopalaswamy's idol is flanked by his consorts, Rukmini and Satyabhama.

Legends
Legend says that sage Agastya, performed intense penance and as a result Vishnu blessed this place and promised to reside here. As this was a place of worship and penance, it used to be called as 'Hamsatheertha', which means the lake of swans in Sanskrit. Swan acquires a mythological significance in Hinduism, symbolizing knowledge, tranquility and salvation.

Wild life
Being a part of the Bandipur National Park, the hills are frequented by grazing wild elephants. The place is also known for its views of the surrounding hills, valleys and visitors may also see sunrise and sunsets from the top.

Location
This temple is located in the heart of Bandipur National Park, Is a vital habitat of wildlife such as Tiger, leopard, Wild Dogs and other herbivores such as Indian Gaur, Chittal, Sambar etc. Venturing beyond the temple premises is an offense as per Wildlife Act 1972, The Forest department is concerned by the increase in number of tourist visiting the temple and causing disturbance.

Trekking, Picnicking, partying other activities are punishable offense. Hence visitors are instructed to refrain from venturing beyond the temple premises.
To minimize disturbance on wildlife entry timing has been changed to 8:30 am to 4:00 pm. And permitted time to return is 1 hour 30 minutes with effect from 01/Jan/2023.

Gallery

References

Hills of Karnataka
Geography of Chamarajanagar district
Hill stations in Karnataka
Tourist attractions in Chamarajanagar district

Gopalaswamy Hills


Bir-Hakeim () is an elevated station of the Paris Métro serving line 6 in the Boulevard de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissement. It is situated on the left bank of the Bir-Hakeim bridge over the Seine. The name of both the bridge and the station commemorates the World War II battle of Bir Hakeim.

The station is above the RER C line; the station Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel is within walking distance.

History

The station opened as part of the former Line 2 South on 24 April 1906, when it was extended from Passy to Place d'Italie. On 14 October 1907 Line 2 South was incorporated into Line 5. It was incorporated into line 6 on 12 October 1942. The station was called Quai de Grenelle until 1949, when it was renamed to commemorate the battle of Bir Hakeim. A commemorative panel is situated at the entrance of the platform for trains traveling towards Nation. The station was the location of the Barrière de la Cunette, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the nineteenth century.

Places of interest
It is the station closest to the Eiffel Tower; the signs on the station walls say "Bir-Hakeim — Tour Eiffel".

Near the station is the site of the former Vélodrome d'hiver (Winter Velodrome or "Vel' d'Hiv"), which was famous for its cycling competitions but became infamous as the first place of detention for thousands of Parisian Jews who were rounded up by the police on 16 and 17 July 1942 before their deportation to Nazi concentration camps. The velodrome was destroyed in 1960 in the course of work done on the bank of the Seine (Front de Seine). A commemorative monument has been raised near the south side of the station, above the tracks of the RER C.

In the film Last Tango in Paris, Maria Schneider's character has an argument which leads to a physical altercation with her boyfriend in the Bir-Hakeim station.

Station layout

Gallery

Notes

References
Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 15th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1906

Bir-Hakeim station


But I'm a Cheerleader is a 1999 American LGBT-based romantic teen comedy-drama movie. The movie stars Natasha Lyonne as a high school cheerleader who thinks she's straight. But then she comes to discover that she's really a lesbian. The MPAA initially gave the movie an NC-17 rating. However, the movie was edited to get the much more marketable R rating. In 2006, the director of this movie criticized the MPAA for being prejudiced toward movies containing gay or lesbian material. But I'm a Cheerleader received mostly bad reviews from critics who did not like the movie.

Other websites

1999 comedy-drama movies
1999 LGBT movies
1999 romantic comedy movies
1999 romantic drama movies
1990s teen comedy movies
1990s teen drama movies
1990s teen romance movies
American comedy-drama movies
American LGBT movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
1990s English-language movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
LGBT romance movies
American independent movies

But I'm a Cheerleader


Neri Maria Corsini (19 May 1685 – 6 December 1770) was an Italian nobleman and Catholic priest and cardinal.

Life
Born in Florence, Corsini was the second of the two sons of Filippo Corsini and Lucrezia Rinuccini. He traveled widely through Europe between 1709–1713. Following this, he was appointed to serve as the ambassador of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to France in 1709, followed by serving that same office in England. He acted as Minister Plenipotentiary to the negotiations which resulted in the Treaty of the Hague in 1720.

After the death of his patron, Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici in 1723, Corsini moved to Rome, where in 1726 he became the secretary of his uncle, Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini, serving him until his election as pope, under the name of Pope Clement XII in 1730. His uncle then named him a cardinal deacon in pectore at the consistory of 14 August 1730. His creation as cardinal was made public in December of that same year, and he was given as his titular church the Church of S. Adriano — which was deconsecrated in 1946 and returned to its archaeological state as the Roman Senate House.

After this, Corsini donated the library of the Agonal Palace, his uncle's former residence, to the Holy See and opened his open library to the public. He then exercised several roles in the Roman Curia. He was also persuaded to seek Holy Orders, becoming a priest in 1733, after which he was named Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura.

In 1736 Corsini bought an ancient estate in Rome on which he had built the Palazzo Corsini. He opted to exchange his titular church for that of the Basilica of Sant'Eustachio, at which he had built an elaborate altar to hold the remains of its patron saint. His uncle called upon him to settle a dispute with the Kingdom of Portugal which resulted in a concordat with that state. In 1737 he was named the Protector of Ireland.

In 1740 Corsini took part in the conclave of 1740 at which Pope Benedict XIV was elected, by whom he was immediately named Archpriest of the Basilica of St. John Lateran (1740-1770). He also participated in the Conclave of 1758, which elected Pope Clement XIII, and the Conclave of 1769 which elected Pope Clement XIV. From 1753 until his death in 1770 he was Secretary of the Roman Inquisition.

Corsini died at his palace on 6 December 1770 at the age of eighty-five. He was buried in the Corsini Chapel in the Basilica of St. John Lateran.

References

Sources
 Page on cardinal Neri Maria Corsini, by Salvador Miranda,  The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Retrieved: 2016-03-12.
 Mario Guarnacci, Vitae et res gestae Pontificum Romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium  Tomus secundus (Romae Venantii Monaldini, 1751), pp. 603–606.
 Lorenzo Cardella,  Memorie storiche de' cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa  Volume VIII (Roma: Pagliari 1794), pp. 244–246.
 Enzo Borsellino, Palazzo Corsini alla Lungara: storia di un cantiere (Fasano: Schena, 1988).
 Enzo Borsellino, Palazzo Corsini: Roma (Roma: Istituto poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1995).
 George L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes (Jefferson, N.C., USA: McFarland, 2004), pp. 127–128.

1685 births
1770 deaths
Clergy from Florence
Neri
Cardinal-nephews
18th-century Italian cardinals
Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura
Roman Inquisition
Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
Diplomats from Florence

Neri Maria Corsini


Ophthalmosaurus was an ichthyosaur of the Upper Jurassic (165 to 150 million years ago), named after its large eyes. Well-preserved skeletons, ranging in age from juveniles to adults, have been found in Europe, North America and Argentina.

Ophthalmosaurus had the largest eyes of any vertebrate relative to its body size. Its eyes, 4 inches in diameter, occupied most of the space in the skull. They were protected by bony plates (sclerotic rings), which most likely assisted to maintain the shape of the eyeballs against water pressure at depth.
The size of the eyes and the sclerotic rings suggests that Ophthalmosaurus hunted at a depth where there is not much light or that it may have hunted at night when a prey species was more active. Its snout was long and thin, perfect for snapping at fast, maneuverable, prey.

Calculations suggest that a typical Ophthalmosaurus could stay submerged for approximately 20 minutes or more. The swimming speed of Ophthalmosaurus has been estimated at 2.5 metres per second or greater. Even assuming a conservative speed of 1 m/s, an Ophthalmosaurus would be able to dive to 600 meters and return to the surface within 20 minutes.

The family Ophthalmosauridae continued into the Upper Cretaceous, but this genus became extinct at the end of the Jurassic period.

References

Ichthyosaurs

Ophthalmosaurus


The Neue Galerie (New Gallery) is an art museum in Kassel in  the state of  Hesse, in  Germany. The building was constructed between 1871 and 1877 as a museum for works of the Old Masters. The building was damaged and burned out on 22 October 1943 in a devastating air raid carried out on the orders of Winston Churchill. The 60 most important works were brought to Vienna, and were returned in 1956. The building  and large parts of the collection were lost. The museum was reopened with its present name in 1976, and a large renovation was completed in 2011.

History

The old museum

A previous building was built in the years 1749 to 1752 by François de Cuvilliés for the Landgrave William VIII. During the French occupation under Jérôme Bonaparte this building was transformed into a city residence. In August 1869 a new building for the gallery was designed by Heinrich von Dehn-Rotfelser, architect and professor of architecture at the Academy in Kassel and opened on 28 December 1877. Dehn-Rotfelser's gallery building had a length of 89.3 m. The width of the pavilions was 24 m, the central block of 22 m. The roof began at a height of 15 meters. The central hall was 17.72 m with the longest, the next two were 11 m long. The fourth main exhibition space, located in the west pavilion was 15.53 m long. The highlight of the exhibition was the collection of Dutch old masters, works by painters such as Rembrandt, Paul Potter and Philips Wouwerman.

The new museum
The new museum was opened on 4 September 1976 and included an additional collection of contemporary art works from the 19th and 20th centuries with Romantic and Impressionist paintings by artists such as Carl Schuch, Lovis Corinth and Max Slevogt. A large collection of German Expressionists is shown, and a room contains sculptures by Joseph Beuys. In 2011 the museum was renovated and restored with more historic details. It is part of the Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel.

References

External links

 Website (in German)

Art museums and galleries in Kassel
Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel
Kassel
Art museums established in 1877
1877 establishments in Germany

New Gallery (Kassel)


Robertsdale is an unincorporated community in Wood Township in southern Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is situated on Broad Top Mountain near the eastern slope.

History

The community was founded in 1872 as part of the construction of the East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company as the original terminus and mining location. The town was created by the EBT's parent company, the Rockhill Iron and Coal Company, which operated most of the mines on the east side of the Broad Top Coal field. The initial focus of mining was the Houck Mine (renamed Rockhill Iron and Coal Mine #1) which antedated the town, though as a much smaller producer. Later, RI&C #5 became a large producer. Mines #2, #3 and #4 were in Robertsdale but were not large producers and operated only briefly. Later, the EBT was extended to Woodvale, Alvan and new Alvan as the focus of mining moved along the coal seams, though Robertsdale remained the mining headquarters. Robertsdale was a typical coal mining town, complete with company owned miner houses, a company store, a company owned water and power system and other company owned facilities. Coal mining and its support industries were the principal employers.

As coal demand declined after World War II, the deep mines began to close in favor or more economical strip mining. The last of the deep coal mines closed in the early 1950s. Mine #1 closed in 1951. As the demand for coal continued to slacken, RI&C shut down in 1956 along with the EBT and both were sold to the Kovalchick Salvage Company of Indiana, Pennsylvania. Limited deep mining resumed under contractors and contract surface mining continued into the 1990s. Limited surface mining resumed in the late 2000s.

Although the EBT ceased operations in 1956, the track and structures are still in place through Robertsdale. The station building is currently the museum for Friends of the East Broad Top, who also own the Rockhill Iron and Coal Company post office building but not the general offices. The Reality theater, which was built in 1948, just as the decline in coal demand started, and the former United Methodist Church, are now owned by the Broad Top Coal Miners Historical Society as their Broad Top Coal Miners Museum and Entertainment Center. In the wake of the RI&C sale and the end of large scale mining, most miner homes were sold off by their occupants. The EBT continued to operate and maintain the ancient water system until it was replaced by a new municipal system in the 1990s.

The Robertsdale Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Map Of The Coal Mines In Robertsdale

Points of interest
Friends of the East Broad Top Museum
Broad Top Coal Miners Museum and Entertainment Center

References

External links
 Broad Top Area Coal Miners Historical Society
 Friends of the East Broad Top

Unincorporated communities in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania

Robertsdale, Pennsylvania


Peter Miller Cunningham (1789–1864) was a Scottish naval surgeon and pioneer in Australia.

Life
Peter Miller Cunningham was the fifth son of John Cunningham, land steward and farmer (1743–1800), and brother of Thomas Mounsey Cunningham (1776–1834) and of Allan Cunningham (1784–1842). He was born at Dalswinton, near Dumfries, in November 1789, and was named after that Peter Miller who is generally recognised as the first person who used steam in propelling boats.

He received his medical education at the University of Edinburgh, and on 10 December 1810 entered the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon, and in that capacity saw service on the shores of Spain, where the war was then raging. From August 1812 until promoted to the rank of surgeon (28 January 1814) he was employed on board the , on the coast of North America. In 1816 he served in the , on Lake Erie, where he became the close friend of the traveller, Hugh Clapperton.

After 1817 he made four voyages to New South Wales as surgeon-superintendent of convict ships, in which upwards of six hundred criminals were transported to that colony without the loss of a single life. The results of his observations during this period were embodied in his Two Years in New South Wales, (1827, 2 vols.), which was favourably noticed in the Quarterly Review for January 1828, pp. 1–32. To the profits arising from this book he added his early savings while in the Navy, and expended them in an attempt to open up a large tract of land in Australia, which he then fondly regarded as his adopted country. But the locality was perhaps badly chosen, the seasons were certainly unpropitious, and he soon abandoned the struggle, as far as his own personal superintendence was concerned.

His well-earned reputation at the Admiralty, however, speedily procured him employment, and on 22 October 1830 he was appointed to the , served on the South American station until January 1834, and had opportunities of observing the effects of tropical climates on European constitutions. He joined the  in 1836, and, proceeding to the Mediterranean, was present at the blockade of Alexandria in 1840. He left the sea in May 1841, and was placed on the list of medical officers unfit for further service in 1850.

In addition to the work above mentioned he wrote two others: On the Motions of the Earth, and on the Conception, Growth, and Decay of Man and Causes of his Diseases as referable to Galvanic Action, 1834; and Hints for Australian Emigrants, with descriptions of the Water-raising Wheels in Egypt, 1841. He contributed an account of a visit to the Falkland Islands to the Athenaeum and was a frequent writer elsewhere. He was a man of remarkable powers of observation, greatly attached to his brother Allan, and very popular among his friends.

He died at Greenwich on 6 March 1864, aged 74.

References

Attribution

External links

1789 births
1864 deaths
People from Dumfries and Galloway
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–1841)
Royal Navy Medical Service officers

Peter Miller Cunningham


A laundromat, laundrette, self-service laundry, coin laundry, or coin-wash is a business where people can wash their own clothes.

Use
While most homes have their own washers and dryers, laundromats are still very popular with people who live in apartments and those who do not have their own machines. They are also used, even by those who have their own machines, for large bedding and other items that normal house washers cannot fit.
Some UK households have bedding (such as duvets and comforters) that are much too big to fit inside of home washing machines, and UK households may not have dryers, making laundromats the only way available for cleaning them or drying them.

References

Business

Laundromat


Max Vadukul (born 2 February 1961, Nairobi, Kenya) is a British photographer who is based in New York City. He is noted for his art reportage photography, which he describes as "taking reality and making it into art." He has a lifelong affinity with black and white photography, a foundation of much of his early work. From 1996 to 2000 Max was the staff photographer for The New Yorker, second after Richard Avedon and is the first Indian photographer to shoot covers for French and American Vogue. . Sting has described his photography as a sort of "On the move style". The National Geographic channel produced a feature documentary on Vadukul in 2000 about the improbable arc of his life after Africa; the documentary continues to air around South Asia today.

Early life
Vadukul was born 1961 to an Indian family in Nairobi, Kenya. His family moved to Northern London when he was a teenager. He did not complete high school, but developed an interest in photography after his father took a job at the Carl Zeiss lens company. At the age of 16, he ran away from home to escape an arranged marriage.

Career

Max Vadukul has long standing relationships with The New Yorker, French Vogue, Italian Vogue, L'Uomo Vogue, W Magazine, Interview, and Rolling Stone. He shoots regularly for T: The New York Times Style Magazine, Esquire, Vogue China, Egoiste, Town & Country, and others. His book, "MAX," published in 2000 by Nicholas Callaway, came out the same year as Helmut Newton's "Sumo," helping start the trend of oversized large-format photography books.

Vadukul's first success came when Lord David Puttnam asked him to take photographs of his producers.

In the 1980s and 90s he introduced a distinct blend of high-octane energy and offbeat spontaneity, through predominantly black-and-white images, into the traditionally commercial form of fashion photography. In the 1990s, as the second staff photographer in The New Yorker Magazine's history (following Richard Avedon), he emerged as one of the world's foremost portrait photographers, capturing hundreds of subjects ranging from Mother Teresa and Salman Rushdie to Mick Jagger and Mikail Baryshnikov. He describes his style as "art reportage," which he calls the "taking of reality and turning into art."

Vadukul was discovered in 1984 by the Japanese designer Yohji Yamamoto, who assigned the then 22-year-old Vadukul one of his prestigious ad campaigns. It was the first of several Yamamoto campaigns for Vadukul and introduced the photography world to his dynamic movement-filled black-and-white images. Vadukul established his editorial career in the 1990s with a large body of work for French Vogue and Italian Vogue – much of which was produced with his wife, the eminent fashion editor Nicoletta Santoro, with whom he has collaborated regularly over the years. Recently, he shot two of W Magazine's annual "Art" issue covers - an overseas collaboration with the Chinese dissident artist, Ai Weiwei, and a collaboration with the artist George Condo and actress Jessica Chastain. In 1996 the producers of the Broadway musical "Chicago" asked Vadukul to create the new show's image; the dark, stylized black-and-white portraits he took remain the basis for the show's current campaigns.

From 1996 to 2000 he held the post of The New Yorker's staff photographer, shooting an average of 52 assignments a year. Other subjects included Al Gore, James Brown, Donald Trump, Natalie Portman, Tom Hanks, Roger Federer, Tilda Swinton, David Geffen, and a group portrait of 40 Nobel laureates. In 1997 he photographed almost the entirety of the magazine's celebrated Indian Fiction issue. After his tenure at The New Yorker he followed its editor, Tina Brown, to become Photo Editor-At-Large of her Talk Magazine.

Vadukul has a long history with music photography. As a lead photographer for Rolling Stone Magazine he took portraits of Amy Winehouse, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, Bruce Springsteen, Lil Wayne, Kanye West, Justin Timberlake and Christina Aguilera, the Beastie Boys, Florence Welch, and Metallica. He has also photographed several albums including the Rolling Stone's "Bridges to Babylon," Beyonce's "B'Day," and Paul McCartney's "Memory Almost Full." His black-and-white style was utilized most directly, however, by Sting, who asked Vadukul to take the photos for his "Dream of the Blue Turtles" solo album, which was the artist's first after the Police.

Vadukul has also photographed campaigns for Chloé, Comme des Garçons, Longchamp, Armani, Emanuel Ungaro, Sandro, and HBO's "Six Feet Under." Last year, he photographed the campaign for the Broadway revival of Hedwig and the Angry Inch, featuring Neil Patrick Harris.

He has lived in Paris and London and now resides in New York with his wife Nicoletta Santoro. He has two children.

Exhibitions

Max had his first US solo gallery show in 2011 at 212 Gallery in Aspen, Colorado titled, "Kinetic Force". In 2011 Max was featured in the group exhibition "Beyond Words: Photography in The New Yorker at the Howard Greenberg Gallery in New York, NY. He had a group show at The Wapping Project Bankside for "Yohji's Women" in London, England in 2011. Other group exhibitions include: "Who Shot Rock & Roll: A Photographic History 1955 to the Present" at the Brooklyn Museum of Art in New York & "Five Decades of Passion, We are the World: Figures & Portraits" at the Fisher Landau Center of Art, Long Island City, NY in 2009.

Books

 Max: Photographs by Max Vadukul. New York: Callaway Publications, 2000.
 Crazy Horse. New York: Piccolo Press, 2001.

References

External links
 Max Vadukul's Main Website
 Max Vadukul at 212Gallery

Fashion photographers
American portrait photographers
Commercial photographers
Photographers from New York (state)
People from Nairobi
1961 births
Living people

Max Vadukul


Richard Georg Spiller von Hauenschild, better known by his pseudonym Max Waldau (10 March 1825 – 20 January 1855), was a German poet and novelist.

Life
Born in Breslau (Wrocław), Prussian Silesia, Waldau lost his father early on in life, was educated in several boarding schools, and started studying law at Breslau University. Later, he took up philosophy, philology, and history at Heidelberg University, where he received a doctorate. Waldau traveled for an extended period of time in Germany, Switzerland, France, Belgium, and Italy, though, after the failed German revolution of 1848–1849, he retired to his estate of Tscheidt, near Bauerwitz (Baborów), Upper Silesia.

Waldau started publishing poetry and prose in 1847; his compositions, while well written, lacked emotion and excitement. But, his friendship with Leopold Schefer, an older and more prestigious poet, resulted in Schefer releasing two series of beautiful poems, written in his youth, anonymously to the public; Waldau edited these collections, Hafis in Hellas and Koran der Liebe, in Hamburg 1853 resp. 1855.

Waldau died at the age of 30 at Tscheidt.

Publications
 1847: Ein Elfenmärchen (fairy tale)
 1847: Blätter im Winde (poetry)
 1848: Kanzonen (poetry)
 1850: Aus der Junkerwelt (novel)
 1851: Nach der Natur. Lebende Bilder aus der Zeit (prose)
 1852: Aimiry, der Jongleur (novel)
 1854: Cordula. Graubündner Sage
 1855: Rahab. Frauenbild aus der Bibel

Literature
 Waldau's manuscripts, papers, and letters at Tscheidt must be considered lost due to acts of war, 1945.
 Franz Pietsch: Max Waldau: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Jungen Deutschland unter Benutzung ungedruckter handschriftlicher Quellen, Phil. Diss., Breslau 1921 [in German]
 Karl Schumacher: Max Waldau (Richard Georg von Hauenschild): Leben, Werke und Schicksal eines deutschen Dichters; unter Benutzung des Nachlasses und bisher nicht bearbeiteter Quellen, Germanische Studien, vol. 38, Ebering, Berlin 1925 [in German]

References

1825 births
1855 deaths
19th-century German novelists
19th-century German poets
University of Breslau alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Silesian nobility
Writers from the Province of Silesia
Writers from Wrocław
People from Głubczyce County
German male poets
German male novelists
19th-century German male writers

Max Waldau


'Inertia is the resistance of the object to any change in its motion, including a change in direction. An object will stay still or keep moving at the same speed and in a straight line, unless it is acted upon by an external unbalanced force.

For example, a rubber ball will not start bouncing around unless someone picks it up and throws it. Basically, if an object is not moving, it will not start moving unless something else acts upon it. The same idea can be applied to motion: an object in motion will stay in motion unless some outside, opposing force acts upon it. Inertia is also called Sir Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion. The First Law of Motion says that:
	"Every body perseveres in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight ahead, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by forces impressed. [Cohen & Whitman 1999 translation]
	This basically means: Every object stays at rest or stays moving at the same speed unless something makes it change.Johannes Kepler gave inertia its name in Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae'' (published in three parts from 1617 to 1621)
     Albert Einstein developed the idea of Special Relativity based on Galileo's statement that it is impossible to tell the difference between a moving object and a stationary one without some outside reference to compare it against.

Related pages
Moment of inertia
Newton's laws of motion

Mechanics
Basic physics ideas

Inertia


William B. Wright (April 16, 1806 – January 12, 1868) was an American lawyer and politician from New York. He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals in 1868.

Life
He was born on April 16, 1806, in Newburgh, Orange County, New York, the son of Samuel Wright.

He lived at Monticello, New York, and was Surrogate of Sullivan County from 1840 to 1844. He was a delegate to the New York State Constitutional Convention of 1846. He was a Whig member of the New York State Assembly (Sullivan Co.) in 1847.

He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1847 to 1861, and removed to Kingston, New York, the seat of the bench of the Third Judicial District. He was an ex officio judge of the Court of Appeals in 1847–48, 1856 and 1860.

In 1861, he was elected to the New York Court of Appeals on the Union ticket nominated by War Democrats and Republicans, and took office on January 1, 1862. He became Chief Judge on January 1, 1868, but died less than two weeks later.

He died on January 12, 1868, at Congress Hall in Albany, New York, of kidney disease; and was buried at Wiltwyck Cemetery in Kingston, New York.

Sources
 Short bio at Court History
 Death notice in NYT on January 13, 1868
 Listing of judges, with portrait
 New York Union state ticket, in Harper's Weekly, September 28, 1861, pg. 611
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 59, 318, 351 and 410; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)

External links

1806 births
1868 deaths
People from Monticello, New York
Chief Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
Members of the New York State Assembly
Politicians from Newburgh, New York
New York Supreme Court Justices
Politicians from Kingston, New York
Deaths from kidney disease
New York (state) Whigs
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges

William B. Wright


Juan Bustabad (born August 16, 1961) is a minor league baseball player and manager.

Playing career
Bustabad was a shortstop during his playing career. He graduated from Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School and attended Miami-Dade College. He was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 1st round of the 1980 MLB amateur player draft.

He began his professional career with the Winter Haven Red Sox in Single-A in 1980 and played in Boston's farm system through 1985, making stops in Bristol, Pawtucket and  New Britain. He was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as a minor league free agent prior to the 1986 season and spent  seasons with the Double-A San Antonio Dodgers/Missions and half a season with Triple-A Albuquerque.

In 9 seasons of minor league baseball, he played in 1,002 games, finishing with a batting average of .247.

Coaching career
1990: Coach – Yakima Bears
1991: Manager – Indios de Charallave
1992: Roving Infield Coach – Los Angeles Dodgers minor league system
1993: Coach – Lethbridge Mounties
1994–1996: Manager – Gulf Coast Marlins
1997: Manager – Utica Blue Sox
1998: Manager – Kane County Cougars
1999: Hitting Coach – Brevard County Manatees
2000: Manager – Great Falls Dodgers
2001: Manager – Gulf Coast Dodgers
2002: Manager – Vero Beach Dodgers
2003: Hitting Coach – Ogden Raptors
2004: Hitting Coach – Vero Beach Dodgers
2005: Manager – Ogden Raptors
2006–2007: Manager – Gulf Coast Dodgers
2008–2010: Manager – Great Lakes Loons
2011–2012: Manager – Rancho Cucamonga Quakes

He won his 700th career game as a manager on August 24, 2010, when the Great Lakes Loons beat the West Michigan Whitecaps 9-3. The win was on the same day that he was named the Midwest League Manager of the Year.

He was selected as the California League manager of the year in 2011 with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes.

References

External links

Living people
Miami Dade Sharks baseball players
Winter Haven Red Sox players
Bristol Red Sox players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
New Britain Red Sox players
San Antonio Dodgers players
San Antonio Missions players
Albuquerque Dukes players
Minor league baseball managers
1961 births
Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior High School alumni

Juan Bustabad


Burnopfield is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated north of Stanley and Annfield Plain, close to the River Derwent and is 564 feet above sea level. There are around 4,553 inhabitants in Burnopfield. It is located 7 miles from Newcastle upon Tyne and 15 miles from Durham.

Etymology
The name Burnopfield probably comes from the Old English meaning "field by the valley stream", although local legend says that the village got its name after an attempted Scottish invasion of England was foiled by literally burning up the fields to stop the advancing armies. In the 19th century, Burnopfield was usually referred to as the Leap, or in local dialect, as the Loup, after the area of Burnopfield named Bryan's Leap.

History

Burnopfield was the site of a leper hospital, High Friarside Hospice, which was founded in 1312, but was demolished in approximately 1450. The remains of the original chapel can still be seen today. Other historical buildings in Burnopfield include Burnopfield Hall, which was constructed in 1720 by the Newton family, a wealthy mine-owning family, Leap Mill Farm, a classic example of an 18th-century mill with a working water wheel, and the Gibside estate, which is located between Burnopfield and Rowlands Gill.

The families of Burnopfield Hall and Gibside are linked by the scandalous adventurer Andrew Robinson Stoney: in the late 1760s, Hannah Newton, daughter and heiress to the Newton family fortune, married Stoney, an Irish Lieutenant and adventurer who was stationed in Newcastle. They went to live at Colepike Hall in Lanchester, where his ill-treatment of her became a local scandal, and within a few years she died. In control of her £20,000 fortune, he set off for London, where he met the widowed Countess of Strathmore, who owned the Gibside estate. Stoney eventually tricked her into marriage, and having to adopt her family name of Bowes, became the notorious Stoney Bowes. Her subsequent miserable life with him became one of the biggest scandals of the period. His story was fictionalised by William Makepeace Thackeray in The Luck of Barry Lyndon. Stanley Kubrick later adapted the novel into the 1975 film Barry Lyndon. The family at Gibside Hall eventually became the Bowes-Lyon family, one member of the family being Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The hall itself is now owned by the National Trust. In 1815, J. M. W. Turner produced several landscapes of Gibside Hall, which are on display in the Tate Britain.

In 1746, John Wesley visited the village, and preached in a garden in Sheep Hill, an area within Burnopfield. He made several more visits, resulting in the formation of a Methodist Society, and in 1775 the first chapel was built, and rebuilt in 1880. By this time other two places of worship had been built: in 1870, a second Methodist chapel, and in 1873, the Anglican church of Saint James was constructed in 1873 at the Leazes end of the village. Until the church was built, Burnopfield had been a section of the Tanfield and District Anglican Parish.

Coal mining

Coal mining in County Durham began in the 1600s, and narrow waggonways were laid from the pits and Burnopfield was found to be an ideal place for the waggonways from the Pontop and Tanfield Moor areas to pass through and then continue down the hill to cross the Derwent, and on to the River Tyne for the coal to be shipped. Although surrounded by colliery villages like Lintz, Hobson, High Friarside and Marley Hill, it never had a serious mine of its own. Gradually it became largely occupied by people who worked in the nearby mining villages. With the building of a Co-operative Society shop in 1889, it also became a shopping centre for the miners and their families from the neighbouring colliery villages.

With the decline of the British mining industry, the number of miners in the village drastically decreased, and they worked in the coastal pits. Industrial estates, factories, offices and shops now provide the work for residents of Burnopfield. During the latter part of the 20th century, the village changed from its old waggonway days; new council and private estates have been built and Burnopfield has extended both to the east and the west absorbing much of the adjoining areas into its postal district.

Cricket
Cricket has long been a popular sport in the village – it has been played at two small cricket grounds. One is to be found in Lintz, near Burnopfield, since 1905, and the other once was located off Lilac Crescent. Both grounds were built upon land  given to the clubs by the National Coal Board. In 2013, a planning report concluded that "Burnopfield Cricket Club is no longer able to meet the standards necessary for the level at which the club plays and, due to the site's physical constraints, there is no scope to address the deficiencies of its pitch and facilities nor attract any grant funding from cricket's governing body or Sport England". As such, the ground was sold to housing developers and a brand new ground and club house was constructed 450m to the south east. The Burnopfield Club produced two Test cricketers for England, both of whom played before Durham County Cricket Club took part in the county championship; Jim McConnon, who played for Glamorgan, and Colin Milburn, the "Burnopfield Basher", who played for Northamptonshire. When Milburn died in 1990, his funeral was the largest ever seen in Burnopfield, and was attended by many notable cricketing figures including future Durham player Ian Botham.

Lintz
Lintz is a small village immediately to the south-west of Burnopfield. The famous court case, Miller v Jackson, arose from cricket played by Lintz Cricket Club in the village.

Notable residents
 Eddie Chapman (1914–1997), criminal and double agent for Nazi Germany and the UK.
 Jim McConnon (1922–2003), cricketer, played two Tests for England
 Colin Milburn (1941–1990), cricketer, played nine Tests for England
 John Snow (1813–1858), physician and proponent of anaesthesia and medical hygiene
 Dare Wilson (1919–2014), SAS officer who introduced attack helicopters to the British military
 Chrissy Rouse  (1995-2022) Motorbike Driver

Transport
The village is served by the Go North East bus service. The current services include the 6 (Lanchester to Newcastle), the X71 (Consett to Newcastle) and after 6pm, the X72 (Stanley to Newcastle)  Previous bus services included the m6, m7, m8, 40, 714, 43, X12, the X70 and the 770. The R5 runs hourly during the day Mon. to Sat. from St James Church to Rowlands Gill and Highfield.

References

External links

Keys to the Past
Village website

Villages in County Durham

Burnopfield


Mr. Interesting's Guide to the Continental United States was a 6-part radio series broadcast on CBC Radio One Saturday afternoons during the third hour of Definitely Not the Opera in the summer of 2000. Like its predecessor Running with Scissors with Mr. Interesting in 1999, it starred Dan Redican reprising the title role from The Frantics' Frantic Times radio series.

Background
This often-surreal comedy show featured a number of sketches strung together that formed a rough narrative having Mr. Interesting and his best friend Eddie (a giant talking carp played by Colin Mochrie), smuggle themselves across the Canada–US border and who are then beset by a number of odd situations and characters.

The basic format of the show had the main story of Mr. Interesting and Eddie making their way illegally across the Canada–US border, and then through the mid-west and eventually to Hollywood. Interspersed with this storyline were "slice-of-life" sketched involving other random characters. Some of these skits included an Amish farmer dating a supermodel, a bickering family in a car who collide with a beam of God's pure love, and a man visiting a shoe store looking for gay-friendly shoes. The show was ultimately less an exposé of life in the United States and more an exploration of contemporary mores, American cultural clichés and a sometimes scathing critique of the show business industry. Perhaps tellingly, both Mr. Interesting and Eddie the carp are ultimately gunned down and die by the show's conclusion.

The shows were recorded live in front of an audience at the Toronto's Tim Sims Theatre over a three-day period, from April 13–15, 2000. Besides Redican and Mochrie, the cast also included Kathy Greenwood and Kathleen Laskey. It was written by Redican and Jenny Hacker.

External links
Short reference to the show on The Unofficial Frantics Web Site

CBC Radio One programs
Canadian radio sketch shows
2000 radio programme debuts
2000 radio programme endings
2000s Canadian radio programs


Television interference (TVI) is a particular case of electromagnetic interference which affects television reception.  Many natural and man-made phenomena can disrupt the reception of television signals.  These include naturally occurring and artificial spark discharges, and effects due to the operation of radio transmitters.

Analog television broadcasts display different effects due to different kinds of interference. Digital television reception generally gives a good quality picture until the interference is so large that it can no longer be eliminated by the error checking systems in the receiver, at which point the video display becomes pixelated, distorts, or goes blank.

Co-channel and multipath (ghost)
During unusual atmospheric conditions, a distant station normally undectable at a particular location may provide a much stronger signal than usual. The analog television picture may display the sum of the two signals, producing an image from the strong local signal with traces or "ghosts" from the distant, weaker signal. Television broadcast stations are located and assigned to channels so that such events are rare.  Readjustment of the receiving antenna may allow more of the distant signal to be rejected, improving image quality.

A local signal may travel by more than one path from the transmitter to receiving antenna. "Multipath" reception is visible as multiple impressions of the same image, slightly shifted along the width of the screen due to the varying transmission path.  Some multipath reception is momentary due to road vehicles or aircraft passing; other multipath problems may persist due to reflection off tall buildings or other landscape features. Strong multipath can cause the analog picture to "tear" or momentarily lose synchronization, causing it to roll or flip.

Static electricity and sparks
The sparks generated by static electricity can generate interference.

Many systems where radio frequency interface is caused by sparking can be modeled as the following circuit. The source of energy charges C1 via a resistance, and when the spark gap breaks down, the electricity passes through L and excites the resonant LC circuit. The energy in the LC circuit is then radiated through the aerial.

As an example, when a person walks over a nylon carpet, the rubbing of shoes on carpet performs the role of a battery and resistor, while the person acts as a capacitor (C1 and C2), and the air between a hand and a door knob is a spark gap. Stray inductance acts as L.

Sparks and allied phenomena
Horizontal lines randomly arranged on a television screen may be caused by sparking in a malfunctioning electrical device. Electric railways can also be a strong source of this type of interference.

Other possible sources of such interference include thermostats, fridges, freezers, fish tank heaters, central heating systems. These can create sparks as they turn on or off; as they age they can become worse. In some rare cases they can create non-stop interference through sparking. Electric motors that have a commutator can suffer from sparking at the brushes. Ignition systems on cars and motorbikes.

Devices which switch at powerline frequency
Power line hardware can generate sparks at either a 100 or 120 Hz rate

Light dimmers and other solid state power control devices can generate interference.

Thyristor and TRIAC regulators without proper chokes are a common source of EMI as well. It is likely that a thyristor (SCR) power controller using the variable phase angle method will generate harmonics of the mains supply, while the spark at a contact will be a very wide band source whose frequency is not related to the power supply frequency. In Thyristor control systems the potential for EMI problems can be minimised by using zero crossing switching where the thyristor is switched on at the moment of time when the AC voltage changes from one direction to the other.

Devices which switch faster than 200 Hz
Computers and other digital electronic equipment containing rapidly switching circuits. These devices create and use signals which are switched on/off at great speed, approximately square waves. Any repetitive signal can be reduced down to a Fourier series of sine waves. A perfect square wave with fundamental frequency  is:

The square wave contains harmonics of the fundamental (that is, sine waves with a frequency that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency ) which go on upwards in frequency for ever, although at a decreasing amplitude. These harmonics are responsible for much of the interference created by computers. A modern PC is a device which is operating in the VHF/UHF frequency range using square waves. As the cases on many computers are not perfect shields, some of this radio-frequency energy can leak out and cause interference to radio (and sometimes TV) reception.

Switched-mode power supplies or packs can be a source of interference. These are used in consumer electronic products such as phone charges and in some lighting systems.

Strong TV signals
It is possible to also get a bad picture if the signal strength of the TV transmitter is too high. An attenuator inserted in the antenna lead-in wire may be used if the television receiver displays signs of overload in the RF front end. Strong out-of-band signals may also affect television reception and may require band-pass filters to reduce the level of the undesired signal at the receiver.

See also
Television interference (ghosting)
Television interference (Co-channel reception)
EMC problem (excessive field strength)

References

Radio electronics
Television technology
Electromagnetic compatibility

Television interference


#ChallengeAccepted, also known as the Challenge Accepted campaign, is an Instagram tagged challenge as well as an awareness campaign on empowering women involving sharing posts of black-and-white selfies. The Instagram challenge was launched alongside another hashtag campaign #WomenSupportingWomen with the core objective of empowering and encouraging women to share the black-and-white photographs and selfies of themselves on their respective Instagram accounts.

The campaign became originally viral in social media in 2016 with the intention of spreading positivity to tackle cancer and for cancer awareness.

Campaign
The challenge later became popular in July 2020 triggered by the aftermath impact of the global George Floyd protests and was launched again to spread positivity amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The sources revealed that it is unclear how and where the 2020 campaign began originally; according to The New York Times, women in Turkey were claimed to be instrumental in bringing this campaign to wide global attention following the continuous harassment faced by Turkish women. In July 2020, protests broke out in Turkey after a university student called Pınar Gültekin was strangled, burnt and murdered by her ex-boyfriend.

As of 28 July 2020, the hashtag #ChallengeAccepted was used on Instagram over 4.5 million times. The purpose of the campaign is also to strengthen the female friendships and sisterhood by showing a way of appreciation and acknowledgment among each and every woman. Women were noticed to have been nominating other women in the platform privately directly through their DMs to post and share black and white selfies.

Popular celebrities like Evan Rachel Wood, Ivanka Trump, Khloe Kardashian, Kerry Washington and Paris Hilton also came out in support for the initiative.

References

2016 in Internet culture
2020 in Internet culture
Feminist movements and ideologies
Hashtags
Social media campaigns
Internet-based activism
July 2020 events
Slogans
21st-century social movements
Violence against women
2020 in women's history

ChallengeAccepted


The Central Cemetery in Szczecin is a municipal cemetery in Szczecin, Poland. With an area of over 167.8 hectares, and still expanding, it is officially the largest cemetery in Poland and the third largest cemetery in Europe.

History
The Central Cemetery in Szczecin was established in 1901 as a new and modern cemetery in what was then Stettin in German Pomerania. It was formerly called the Hauptfriedhof Stettin (Stettin Main Cemetery) and was modeled on the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg, Germany. Even though it has been operating for more than 100 years, it is still in use, and it is a legally protected national monument.

The first part of the new cemetery was located in the fields on the eastern outskirts of the city. It was designed by Wilhelm Meyer-Schwartau, a prolific architect of Stettin. The composition of the greenery was designed by landscape architect Georg Hanning.

Wilhelm Meyer-Schwartau planned the layout of the new cemetery, and also designed a neo-romanesque central chapel and a monumental 77-meter-long main entrance gate. In total, there are eleven gates leading to the cemetery.

The Central Cemetery was intended as a picturesque park or memorial-garden. This goal was achieved through utilizing the natural features of the landscape. Most of the roads in the old part of the cemetery are curved and form a net of small circles. The main road, leading from the central gate to the central chapel, is flanked by old plane trees.

The main chapel was destroyed in the fire of 1981 and took 13 years to rebuild. In 1925, a crematory was constructed next to it. Today there is only one chapel in the cemetery, facing a big decorative pool with a fountain. It forms the main axis connecting the east and west part of the cemetery.

The new – west part of the cemetery was created about 1930, on a site which had been used as a military training area. Most roads in this part of the cemetery are straight, running parallel to two natural streams which flow through the whole terrain. In this part of the cemetery in the 1930 there was also a chapel, modern in style, but it was demolished during the Second World War, and eventually pulled down in 1984. After Stettin became Polish in 1945 and renamed Szczecin, the authorities rechristened the cemetery to its present Polish name.

On the site of the Central Cemetery there are many places of historical interest, such as a lapidarium with old gravestones and grave sculptures, and an old windmill (today converted into a garden centre). One of the quarters houses graves of notable individuals, such as artists and politicians. There are also monuments devoted to veterans, people who died at sea, unborn fetuses and concentration camps victims.

Monuments

The best known monument is Pomnik Braterstwa Broni (Monument of Brothers in Arms) made in 1967 and designed by Sławomir Lewiński. It is a military monument which looks like hussar wings. The monument is situated on the hill on the main axis. From this place there is a beautiful view on the main chapel.

The Central Cemetery in Szczecin is like a huge park in the centre of the city, with many old and different kind of trees and high shaped hedges made of deciduous or coniferous bushes. It is similar to a big botanical garden but not everyone, even in Szczecin, knows about this original collection of trees and bushes.

Some parts of the cemetery are very natural, there are thickets and meadows, especially the green belts located parallel to the streams. It is a very important ecological space for many little animals, birds and insects such as foxes, hares, hedgehogs, red squirrels, wilds ducks etc. In the cemetery there is also one educational board with photos of these wild animals and some information about them.

Gallery

References

External links

Cemeteries in Poland
History of Szczecin
Monuments and memorials in Poland
Buildings and structures in Szczecin
Tourist attractions in West Pomeranian Voivodeship

Central Cemetery, Szczecin


Three D Radio (call sign: 5DDD) is a community radio station based in Adelaide, Australia and located in St Peters, South Australia. Established in 1979, it broadcasts on 93.7 MHz across the greater metropolitan area of Adelaide and the surrounding rural areas, as well as a live stream via its website. Three D Radio is run by volunteers, with no paid staff and is funded by contributions made by its listeners and the very occasional grant.

History
Regular broadcasting began at midnight, 21 December 1979, on a frequency of 103.3 MHz. The first music heard on Triple M (as the station was then known) was a version of Tomorrow Never Knows by 801 Live, then Turn Up Your Radio by the Masters Apprentices. The first voice to be heard was that of Mandy Salomon whose brief introduction conveyed the incredulous excitement of the 500-strong crowd of supporters celebrating outside the studios. The on-air launch by Premier Don Dunstan followed. The Triple M callsign was purchased in the early 1990s by Village Roadshow, for their national radio network of stations under that name. Although the terms of the deal were not disclosed, the major cash injection allowed the station to purchase modern equipment and maintain running costs for quite some time. The station changed name to Three D Radio on 1 October 1993.

Format
There are over 60 diverse programs going to air each week to an average cumulative audience of over 110,000 listeners.

Three D Radio is run by the PMBA, or Progressive Music Broadcasting Association. They are committed to playing contemporary, progressive and alternative music and support the local music and arts community in a way that few other Adelaide radio stations do.  One way is via the Sound Lounge program where local bands play live to air from the Three D studios.

There are no playlists. Announcers are free to choose the music that they present; however, there are strict quotas which ensure that content is at least 40% Australian music, of which half is local South Australian releases and a quarter is local unsigned material. Another quarter of music content is from female artists, who historically have been under-represented in broadcast music.

Shows
Monday
 First Thing Monday
 Simple Sounds
 Reverb
 Front Ears
 Instromania!
 Afterthought
 Kpopalypse
 Mike Drive
 Voiceprint Arts
 Hillbilly Hoot
  Twilight Jamboree / Illogical Progression

Tuesday
 Mellowscream
 Four Larks & A Wren
 The Droste Effect
 Three D Lounge
 Technicolour Dreaming
 Flow Motion
 The Mysterioso Show
 The Whole Kit & Caboodle
 Steppin' Out
 The Environment Show
 Proud To Be Loud
 The Vanishing Point

Wednesday
 PS I Love You
 Before I Wake
 Spacejam Radio
 Euphoric Amnesia
 Groovin' With Sister T
 Rise Above
 Sonic Cinematic
 Audio Origami
 Mystery Train
 Offbeat
 Raw Like Sushi
 Hush & Pandemonium

Thursday
 The Sound Of Muesli
 Freewheelin'
 Smash It Up
 Southbound
 Cuckoo's Nest
 Youth FM
 Follow The Sound
 Mystery Train
 Blues Power
 Roots & Branches

Friday
 Friday Breakfast
 Strange Rampage
 Spin Out
 Street Beat
 The Doo Wop Corner
 Drivel Drive
 Local & Live
 Best Kept Secret
 Jukebox Jungle
 Critical Mess

Saturday
 4 Course Breakfast
 Yodel Action
 Revival
 The B-Side / The Grand Intro
 Oscillate Wildly
 Top 20+1
 The Sound Lounge
 Voodoo Vinyl

Sunday
 Desolation Sounds
 Sunday Sleep In
 Snooze Button
 Seriously Straight Totally Twisted
 Lawnmower Music
 Set The Controls / Underground Frequency
 The Prison Show
 POWERSURGE
 A New Dave Rising

See also
 List of radio stations in Australia

References

External links
Three D Radio

Community radio stations in Australia
Radio stations in Adelaide

Three D Radio


George Crews McGhee (March 10, 1912 – July 4, 2005) was an oilman and a  career diplomat in the United States foreign service.

Early life
McGhee was born on March 10, 1912, in Waco, Texas, the son of a Waco banker. He studied at the University of Oklahoma, graduating with a degree in geology in 1933. He was initiated into the Oklahoma Kappa chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity at OU. For a time McGhee worked for Conoco, on a crew that made the first oil discovery on the Gulf Coast using reflection seismology.  He was awarded a Rhodes scholarship, and earned a doctorate in physical sciences from Oxford University in 1937. Back in the United States he became vice president  of the National Geophysical Company, where he managed reflection seismology surveys in Cuba. On his return to Texas, McGhee found employment with Everette Lee DeGolyer's oil services company DeGolyer and MacNaughton, scouting oilfields and marrying DeGolyer's daughter Cecilia. McGhee described Cecilia as "the most beautiful and richest girl in Texas." In 1940 McGhee established his own company, the McGhee Production Company, and soon discovered a major oil field at Lake Charles, Louisiana, which made his fortune.

Wartime service
At the beginning of World War II McGhee was a member of the staff of the Office of Production Management and a member of the War Production Board. Commissioned into the U.S. Navy, McGhee served as a naval air intelligence officer on the staff of Army Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay, for which he was awarded the Legion of Merit.

Diplomatic career
Following the war he was recruited to the U.S. State Department by then-Undersecretary of State William L. Clayton, joining in 1946. McGhee initially traveled on behalf of the State Department to disburse a fund of $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey, as well as other economic aid in Africa and the Middle East. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Turkey in 1952–1953, where he supported their successful bid for NATO membership. While in Turkey, the McGhees lived in Alanya in an Ottoman-era villa they named "Turkish Delight."

McGhee was instrumental in dealings with the Republic of the Congo and the Dominican Republic in the early 1960s. From November 1961 to April 1963, he served as the third ever Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, during the Kennedy Administration (later to be replaced by W. Averell Harriman). President Kennedy had left this office vacant since January 1961 until McGhee was persuaded to take the position. Following that position, he was again named Ambassador to West Germany from 1963 to 1968.

Retirement
After retiring in 1969, McGhee served on corporate boards of Mobil, Procter and Gamble and Trans World Airlines.

From 1970 to 1974, McGhee was head of the Federal City Council, a group of business, civic, education, and other leaders interested in economic development in Washington, D.C.

McGhee was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1993.

In retirement McGhee wrote a semi-autobiographical novel, entitled The Dance of the Billions: A Novel About Texas, Houston, and Oil (1990), whose lack of success was attributed by his family to its puritanical tone. His 2001 memoir was entitled I Did It This Way.

In 1989, McGhee donated his villa in Alanya, Turkey to Georgetown University.  Today it is known as the McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, and welcomes students each spring. His estate, Farmer's Delight in Loudoun County, Virginia, is operated by the McGhee Foundation as a museum, research center and meeting facility. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

McGhee died of pneumonia on July 4, 2005, at the age of 93 at Loudoun Hospital Center in Leesburg, Virginia.

References

External links
McGhee biography at the McGhee Foundation
Washington Post Obituary
Interview with Ambassador McGhee
George C. McGhee papers at the Truman Library
George C. McGhee papers at Georgetown University
The George C. McGhee Collection at the University of Oklahoma
Oral History Interview with George C. McGhee, from the Truman Library

1912 births
2005 deaths
Alanya
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
Ambassadors of the United States to Turkey
American Rhodes Scholars
University of Oklahoma alumni
People from Waco, Texas
American petroleum geologists
People from Loudoun County, Virginia
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Deaths from pneumonia in Virginia
Under Secretaries of State for Political Affairs
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Directors of Policy Planning
Scientists from Virginia
United States Foreign Service personnel
20th-century American diplomats
Members of the American Philosophical Society

George C. McGhee


Charles Winston Thompson (December 30, 1860 – March 20, 1904) was an American banker and politician.  He served as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives representing Alabama's 5th district from 1901 till his death. He was a Democrat.

Biography
Thompson was born on December 30, 1860, near Tuskegee, Alabama, to William P. and Mary W. (Jordon) Thompson.  His father was a Confederate soldier who went on to become mayor of Tuskegee and sheriff of Macon County.  He was educated in public schools and graduated from Tuskegee's Park High School in 1878.  From there Thompson attended Bryant & Stratton Business College.  Thompson married Estelle Alley on April 20, 1880.  The couple had two children, Ernest W. and Charles Winston Jr., before her death on March 19, 1894.  From 1886 till 1890, Thompson served as Superintendent of education for Macon County.

Upon completion of his education, Thompson went to work at his father's mercantile business.  He remained there until his father's death in 1891 when he sold the business.  Thompson used the proceeds of the sale to open the Bank of Tuskegee, to which he was elected president.   In 1894 Thompson helped create the Farmer's and Alliance Warehouse Company.  Two years later, Governor Joseph F. Johnston appointed Thompson to his staff as a lieutenant colonel.  He also became a Trustee to both Notasulga's Methodist District High School and the Girl's Industrial School of Alabama.

In 1898, Thompson ran unopposed for the Alabama Senate.  There he represent the 26th district for two years during which time he helped secure a US$100,000 appropriation for the Girl's Industrial School, the largest such appropriation ever made by Alabama at the time.

Thompson was elected to represent Alabama's 5th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives in 1900.  At the time he took his seat there was no free delivery of mail to rural addresses within his district.  To address this situation he secured ten new rural mail routes for his state.  While serving his first term, Thompson met a number of representatives from northern states and learned his personal prejudices against them where unfounded.  To help build better understanding between northern and southern representatives, and to better inform his colleagues on race issues in the south, Thompson organized a tour of the south at his personal expense.  Participants in the tour included Treasury Secretary L. M. Shaw and U.S. Representatives Samuel S. Barney, Archibald B. Darragh, Charles W. Gillet, Charles E. Littlefield, Samuel W. McCall, Thaddeus Maclay Mahon, Ernest W. Roberts, and Charles Addison Russell.

Thompson took ill and died from pneumonia during the afternoon of March 20, 1904, in Washington, D.C.

See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

External links

 Charles W. Thompson, late a representative from Alabama, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1905

1860 births
1904 deaths
Democratic Party Alabama state senators
People from Tuskegee, Alabama
American educators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama
19th-century American politicians
Bryant and Stratton College alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.

C. W. Thompson


Sapa Inca was the  Inca emperor.  means "The Great Inca" or "The Only Inca" in Quechua, the Inca language. According to legend, the first Sapa Inca, Manco Cápac (c. 1200 CE- 1230) was the son of the sun god, Inti. Manco Cápac became Sapa Inca by founding the city of Cuzco after he was sent on a quest by a god to find a good location for a city and build one. He also united the tribes around Cuzco.

The position of Sapa Inca was hereditary, which means that it passed from father to son. The Sapa Inca was the sole and absolute ruler over the Incas. His word was law, and he was the supreme commander of the military. The Sapa Inca lived in great luxury with many wives, slaves, and riches. Another privilege that he had was that he was allowed to (and usually was prohibited for common people. When the Sapa Inca died he would be mummified.

The Inca Empire reached its height under Huayna Capac (1493–1527) when it stretched from modern-day Argentina to Ecuador, although Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-1493) was responsible for expanding much of the empire to those borders. Tupac Yupanqui conquered the Kingdom of Chimor, the biggest rival to the Inca. He expanded the empire into modern-day Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Atahualpa was the last pre-conquest Sapa Inca. He was killed by the invading Spaniards in 1533 and after that, there were several Sapa Inca who was installed by the Spanish. The last person to hold the title was Tupac Amaru who was killed by the Spanish in 1572.

References

Sapa Inca


Ahlgrens was a Swedish confectionery company. It was started by Fredrik Ahlgren in the town of Gävle in 1885 as a store that sold paint and wallpaper. The business later started to also make and sell various types of chemicals, perfumes and other products. In 1908, the business introduced a brand of  mouthwash called Läkerol. The next year, pastille started to be sold under the same brand, and is still sold in multiple countries in several variants.

In 1993, the Finnish company Huhtamäki bought Ahlgrens, then quickly rebranded all products by Ahlgrens to Leaf, except for Ahlgrens bilar.

Ahlgrens bilar (Swedish for "Ahlgren's Cars") is the best known product by Ahlgrens. They are small marshmallows in the shape of cars, which have been sold since 1953. They are marketed as 'Sveriges mest köpta bil' (Swedish for "Sweden's most bought car"), which might technically be correct because of the total number of marshmallows in the shape of cars that are sold. Ahlgrens bilar are so popular in Sweden that some stores that are designed to cater for tourists and residents from Sweden in other countries have started to also sell them.

Other car-related and road-related products are sold as Ahlgrens bilar, including liquorice car tyres, travel trailers and sour road signs. Out of the sour road signs, tourists from Germany specifically enjoy the elk warning signs.

Other websites
Ahlgrens bilar (in Swedish, Danish and Norwegian)

1880s establishments in Sweden
1885 establishments
1990s disestablishments in Sweden
1993 disestablishments
Food companies of Europe
Companies of Sweden
Candy

Ahlgrens