The Bronze Age collapse is so called by historians who study the end of the Bronze Age.

The palace economies of the Aegean and Anatolia of the late Bronze Age were replaced, eventually, by the village cultures of the 'Greek Dark Ages'.

Between 1200 and 1150 BC, the cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and Syria, and the Egyptian Empire in Syria and Canaan, interrupted trade routes and extinguished literacy.

In the first phase of this period, almost every city between Troy and Gaza was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied: examples include Hattusa, Mycenae, Ugarit.

The gradual end of the Dark Age saw the rise of settled Neo-Hittite Aramaean kingdoms of the mid-10th century BC, and the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

Regional evidence

Anatolia
Every important Anatolian site during the preceding late Bronze Age shows a destruction layer. It appears that civilization did not recover to the same level as that of the Hittites for another thousand years.  Hattusa, the Hittite capital, was burned and abandoned, and never reoccupied. Troy was destroyed at least twice, before being abandoned until Roman times.

Cyprus
The sacking and burning of the sites of Enkomi, Kition, and Sinda may have happened twice, before they were abandoned. Originally, two waves of destruction, ca. 1230 BC by the Sea Peoples and ca. 1190 BC by Aegean refugees  have been proposed.

Syria
Syrian sites previously showed evidence of trade links with Egypt and the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age. Evidence at Ugarit shows that the destruction there occurred after the reign of Merenptah.

The last Bronze Age king of Ugarit, Ammurapi, was a contemporary of the Hittite king Suppiluliuma II. The exact dates of his reign are unknown. A letter by the king is preserved on one of the clay tablets found baked in the extensive fires that brought about the destruction of the city. Ammurapi stresses the seriousness of the crisis faced by many Near Eastern states from invasion by the advancing Sea Peoples in a dramatic response to a plea for assistance from the king of Alasiya (Cyprus):

My father, behold, the enemy's ships came (here); my cities(?) were burned, and they did evil things in my country. Does not my father know that all my troops and chariots(?) are in the Land of Hatti, and all my ships are in the Land of Lukka?...Thus, the country is abandoned to itself. May my father know it: the seven ships of the enemy that came here inflicted much damage upon us.

Unfortunately for Ugarit, no help arrived and Ugarit was burned to the ground at the end of the Bronze Age. A cuneiform tablet found in 1986 shows that Ugarit was destroyed after the death of Merneptah, about 1178 BC.

Levant
All centres along a coastal route from Gaza northward were destroyed, and not reoccupied for up to thirty years.

Greece
None of the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age survived. Destruction was heaviest at palaces and fortified sites. Thebes was one of the earliest examples of this. Its palace was sacked repeatedly between 1300 and 1200 BC. Eventually it was destroyed by fire.

At many other sites it is entirely unclear what happened. It is clear that Athens saw a significant decline during the Bronze Age Collapse. There is no evidence of any significant destruction at this site. Fortification at this site suggests fear of the decline in Athens. It is possible that the abandonment of Athens was not a violent affair and other causes have been suggested.

The Peloponnese was the worst affected in Greece by far. Up to 90% of small sites in the region were abandoned, which suggests a major depopulation in the region.  Again, as with many of the sites of destruction in Greece, it is unclear how this destruction came about. The city of Mycenae for example was initially destroyed in an earthquake in 1250 BC as evidenced by the presence of crushed bodies buried in collapsed buildings. However, the site was rebuilt only to face destruction in 1190 BC as the result of a series of major fires. There is a suggestion by Robert Drews that the fires could have been the result of an attack on the site and its palace. This is denied by Eric Cline who points out the lack of archaeological evidence for an attack.

We see a similar situation  in Tiryns in 1200 BC when an earthquake destroyed much of the city including its palace. It is likely however that the city continued to be inhabited for some time following the earthquake. As a result there is a general agreement that earthquakes did not permanently destroy Mycenae or Tiryns because physical destruction  cannot fully explain the collapse. The cause of the continued decline of these sites could be environmental. In particular There was a lack of homegrown food. Palaces were important in managing and storing food imports. Their destruction made worse the more crucial factor of food shortage. The importance of trade is further supported by  the lack of any evidence for violent or sudden decline in Mycenae.

The destruction on Pylos by fire around 1180 suggests a violent destruction to the city. There is some evidence of Pylos expecting a seaborne attack with tablets at Pylos discussing "Watchers guarding the coast". The tablets do not give any context as to what is being watched for and why. Regardless of what the threat from the sea was, it likely played a role in the decline. It would have hindered trade and perhaps vital food imports.

The end Bronze Age collapse marked the start of a period that has been called the Greek Dark Ages, which lasted for more than 400 years. The occupation of some cities, like Athens, did continue however their existence was of a much different nature. They had a more local sphere of influence, limited trade and an impoverished culture. It took centuries for Greece to recover.

Mesopotamia
Several cities were destroyed, Assyria lost northwestern cities which were reconquered by Tiglath-Pileser I after his ascension to kingship. Control of the Babylonian and Assyrian regions extended barely beyond the city limits. Babylon was sacked by the Elamites.

Egypt
After apparently surviving for a while, the Egyptian Empire collapsed in the mid twelfth century BC (during the reign of Ramesses VI). This led to the Third Intermediate Period, that is, non-dynasty.

Conclusion
Robert Drews describes the collapse as "the worst disaster in ancient history, even more calamitous than the collapse of the Western Roman Empire".  A number of people have spoken of the cultural memories of the disaster as stories of a "lost golden age".  Hesiod for example spoke of Ages of Gold, Silver and Bronze, separated from the modern harsh cruel world of the Age of Iron by the Age of Heroes.

Possible causes of collapse
It was a period associated with the collapse of central authority, a depopulation, particularly of urban areas, the loss of literacy in Anatolia and the Aegean, and its restriction elsewhere, the disappearance of established patterns of long-distance international trade, and increasingly vicious struggles for power.

There are various theories put forward to explain the situation of collapse, many of them compatible with each other.

Volcanos
The Hekla 3 eruption was about this time, and is dated at 1159 BC by  Egyptologists and British archeologists.

Earthquakes
Earthquakes tend to occur in sequences or 'storms', where a major earthquake above 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale can set off later earthquakes along the weakened fault line. When a map of earthquake occurrence is superimposed on a map of the sites destroyed in the Late Bronze Age, there is a very close correspondence.

Migrations and raids
Evidence includes the widespread findings of Naue II-type swords (coming from South-Eastern Europe) throughout the region, and Egyptian records of invading "northerners from all the lands".
The Ugarit correspondence at the time mentions invasions by tribes of such as the mysterious Sea Peoples. Equally, the last Linear B documents in the Aegean (dating to just before the collapse) reported a large rise in piracy, slave raiding and other attacks, particularly around Anatolia. Later fortresses along the Libyan coast, constructed and maintained by the Egyptians after the reign of Ramesses II, were built to reduce raiding.

This theory is strengthened by the fact that the collapse coincides with the appearance in the region of many new ethnic groups. Indo-European tribes such as the Phrygians, Thracians, Macedonians and Dorian Greeks seem to have arrived at this time – possibly from the north. There also seems to have been widespread migration of the Aramaeans – possibly from the South-East.

Ultimate reasons for these migrations could include drought, developments in warfare/weaponry, earthquakes or other natural disasters. This means that the migrations theory is not incompatible with the other theories mentioned here.

Ironworking
The Bronze Age collapse may be seen in the context of a technological history that saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region, beginning with precocious iron-working in what is now Bulgaria and Romania in the 13th and 12th centuries BC.
Leonard R. Palmer suggested that iron, whilst inferior to bronze weapons, was in more plentiful supply and so allowed larger armies of iron users to overwhelm the smaller armies of bronze-using chariotry.

It now seems that the disruption of long distance trade cut easy supplies of tin, making bronze impossible to make. Older implements were recycled and then iron substitutes were used.

Drought
Drought could have easily precipitated or hastened socio-economic problems and led to wars. More recently Brian Fagan has shown how the diversion of mid-winter storms, from the Atlantic to north of the Pyrenees and the Alps, bringing wetter conditions to Central Europe but drought to the Eastern Mediterranean, was associated with the Late Bronze Age collapse.

Changes in warfare
Robert Drews argues that massed infantry used newly developed weapons and armor.192ff Cast rather than forged spearheads and long swords, a revolutionizing cut-and-thrust weapon, and javelins were used. The appearance of bronze foundries suggests "that mass production of bronze artifacts was suddenly important in the Aegean". For example, Homer uses "spears" as a virtual synonym for "warrior", suggesting the continued importance of the spear in combat.

Such new weaponry, used by a proto-hoplite model of infantry able to withstand attacks of massed chariotry, would destabilize states that were based upon the use of chariots by the ruling class. This precipitated an abrupt social collapse as raiders and/or infantry mercenaries began to conquer, loot, and burn the cities.

General systems collapse
A general systems collapse has been put forward as an explanation for the reversals in culture. This theory raises the question of whether this collapse was the cause of, or the effect of, the Bronze Age collapse being discussed.

In the Middle East, a variety of factors — including population growth, soil degradation, drought, cast bronze weapon and iron production technologies — could have combined to push the relative price of weaponry (compared to arable land) to a level unsustainable for traditional warrior aristocracies. In complex societies which were increasingly fragile, this combination of factors may have contributed to the collapse.

The critical flaws of the late Bronze Age are its centralization, specialization, complexity and top-heavy political structure. These flaws then revealed themselves through revolts, defections, demographic crises (overpopulation), and wars between states. Other factors which could have placed increasing pressure on the fragile kingdoms include the aggression of the 'Sea Peoples', the effect of pirates on maritime trade, drought, crop failures, and famine.

References

Further reading
Oliver Dickinson 2007. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth Centuries BC Routledge, London.

Ancient Greece
Mesopotamia
2nd millennium BC in Egypt
12th century BC
Archaeology
Hittite Empire

Bronze Age collapse


Hugo von Trimberg (born circa 1230/1235 in Wern(a), now either Ober- or Niederwerrn near Schweinfurt – died after 1313 in Bamberg-Theuerstadt) was a German didactic author of the Middle Ages.

Around 1260 he came to the religious foundation of St. Gangolf in the Bamberg suburb of Theuerstadt, where surviving documents mention him as a teacher . He later became Rector, which he remained until 1309. Unusually for the role of rector, von Trimberg was married with wife and children. He was noted in his own day, and is now remembered for his didactic writing, much of which was primarily aimed at his own students.

Works

Hugo composed, by his own account, five works in Latin and seven in German, of which there survive only three and one respectively (a second German work, now lost, was entitled Der Sammler (The Collector):

 Registrum multorum auctorum: a Latin verse summary of 100 school Latin authors, with summaries of their lives and works
 Laurea sanctorum: a Latin poem on the saints of the calendar and their feast days
 Solsequium: also in Latin, this work was intended not for schoolboys but for preachers, and consists of 166 "exempla", or anecdotes, intended to be used as illustrations in sermons
 Der Renner: the epic poem Der Renner ("The Runner" or "The Courier", so called because the author intended that it should run the length and breadth of Germany), comprising 24,600 verses, is the most comprehensive didactic poem in the German language. It has been transmitted in several manuscripts and many revisions, most of them by Hugo himself: although the poem first appeared in c1300, he continued to work on it until his death. The allegorical framework holding the encyclopaedic content together is based on the Seven Deadly Sins and contains much social comment, most of it critical of the burgher, noble and clerical estates. In 1549 Cyriakus Jakob von Bock printed in Frankfurt am Main a Reformist revision.

References

External links
  Literature by and about Hugo von Trimberg in the Deutsche Nationale Bibliothek

  Der Renner
  Hugo von Trimberg in "Cimelia Heidelbergensia"

1313 deaths
People from Schweinfurt (district)
German poets
Medieval German writers
Medieval Latin poets
1230s births
German male poets
13th-century German philosophers
Married Roman Catholic clergy

Hugo von Trimberg


Frithjof Schmidt (born 17 April 1953 in Bad Harzburg) is a German politician of the Alliance 90/The Greens who served as member of the Bundestag from 2009 until 2021 and as Member of the European Parliament from 2004 until 2009.

Early life and career
Between 2006 and 2012, Schmidt was publisher-editor of German weekly newspaper Der Freitag.

Political career
Schmidt became a member of Alliance 90/The Greens in 1988. From 1996 to 1998, he was a member of the party's federal executive board under the leadership of Gunda Röstel and Jürgen Trittin.

Member of the European Parliament, 2004-2009
Throughout his tenure, Schmidt was a member of the Committee on Development, which he became the vice-chairman of in 2007. From 2005, he also served as a member of the ACP–EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly.

During his time in the European Parliament, Schmidt served as rapporteur on parliamentary resolutions on fair trade and development (2006) as well as on policy coherence for development and the effects of the EU's exploitation of certain biological natural resources on development in West Africa (2008).

Member of the Bundestag, 2009-2021

In the 2009 German federal elections, Schmidt was elected into the Bundestag. He has since been a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

In his first term between 2009 and 2013, Schmidt was part of his parliamentary group's leadership around co-chairs Renate Künast and Jürgen Trittin, in charge of foreign policy issues. He was re-elected to that position in 2013, this time under the leadership of Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Anton Hofreiter. Following the 2017 elections, he was replaced by Agnieszka Brugger; instead, he joined the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Sub-Committee on the United Nations.

In addition to his committee assignments, Schmidt has been a member of the German delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) from 2018 until 2021. A delegate of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group, he served on the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy. In this capacity, he authored a 2019 report on the use of digital technologies in the context of elections.

Other activities
 German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member of the Presidium (since 2014)
 Heinrich Böll Foundation, Member of the Assembly (since 2014)

Political positions
In August 2012, Schmidt was one of 124 members of the Bundestag to sign a letter that was sent to the Russian ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin, expressing concern over the trial against the three members of Pussy Riot. "Being held in detention for months and the threat of lengthy punishment are draconian and disproportionate," the lawmakers said in the letter. "In a secular and pluralist state, peaceful artistic acts -- even if they can be seen as provocative -- must not lead to the accusation of serious criminal acts that lead to lengthy prison terms."

In late 2016, Schmidt was part of a group of German left-leaning lawmakers from the Green Party, the center-left Social Democrats (SPD) and the Left Party who met to explore the possibility of forming a coalition government to replace Chancellor Angela Merkel in the 2017 elections.

References

1953 births
Living people
MEPs for Germany 2004–2009
Alliance 90/The Greens MEPs
Members of the Bundestag for North Rhine-Westphalia
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens
People from Goslar (district)

Frithjof Schmidt


Purden Ski Village is a ski resort located on Purden Mountain on the Yellowhead Highway 60 km east of Prince George, British Columbia, Canada.  The area is operated by Purden Lake and Ski Resorts, which also owns Purden Lake Resort.  The area has 1100+' of vertical drop and has 25 named runs, the longest of which (Lakeview) is two miles in length.  The area enjoys 400 cm (160 in) of typically dry powder annually.

References
Purden Lake and Ski Resorts website

Ski areas and resorts in British Columbia
Robson Valley

Purden Ski Village


The Bantu languages (or Narrow Bantu languages) are a branch of the Niger-Congo languages. There are about 520 languages in the Bantu family, 670 languages in the Southern Bantoid branch which includes Bantu, and 1,532 in Niger-Congo. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of the present day country of Cameroon; i.e., in the regions commonly known as central Africa, east Africa, and southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map). The Bantu language with the largest total number of speakers is Swahili.

The Bantu language with the largest number of native speakers is Shona with 13.8 million speakers in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana and Zambia. Zulu comes second with 10.3 million speakers.

The Bantu languages came from the region of eastern Nigeria or Cameroon. About 2000 years ago the Bantu people spread southwards and eastwards, introducing agriculture and iron working and colonizing much of the continent..

Bantu words popularised in western cultures
Some words from various Bantu languages have been borrowed into western languages. These include:

 Bwana
 Kwanzaa
 Marimba
 Safari
 Samba

Bibliography

 Maho, Jouni F. 2001. The Bantu area: (towards clearing up) a mess. Africa & Asia, 1:40–49 .
 Maho, Jouni F. 2002. Bantu lineup: comparative overview of three Bantu classifications . Göteborg University: Department of Oriental and African Languages.
 Piron, Pascale. 1995. Identification lexicostatistique des groupes Bantoïdes stables. Journal of West African Languages, 25(2): 3–39.

References

Other websites
 Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary - includes a comprehensive bibliography.
 Bantu online resources by Jacky Maniacky, including
 List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes (in French)
 Contini-Morava, Ellen. Noun Classification in Swahili. 1994.
 List of Bantu language names with synonyms ordered by Guthrie number).
 Introduction to the languages of South Africa
 Etymology Dictionary
  Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa
 Bemba Phonology
 Journal of West African Languages: Narrow Bantu
  Bantu Languages of Uganda

Bantu languages


Cavalier song is a Jacobean and Carolinian genre of song, a later equivalent to Elizabethan lute song. Many of the surviving examples were part of a large scale lavish court entertainment, the  Stuart Masque. The genre is not as widely heard as the lute song, partly due to modern sources for the songs, such as large Musica Britannica volumes being impractical for playing and singing from If playing from the original notation the lute or keyboard player needs to be able to perform from unfigured bass.
The period has been neglected by musicologists for some years, because when the songs are played through on the piano they lack substance, and their true worth only emerges through a communicative performance. However, some songs such as Henry Lawes's The Lark,
William Lawes' Gather ye Rosebuds, various songs by Thomas Brewer and Nicholas Lanier's The Marigold have found their way into singing anthologies.

Much of this repertoire was recorded and performed by the Consort of Musicke
under Antony Rooley.

Further reading
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060907102146/http://engphil.astate.edu/EIRC/ is Explorations in Renaissance Culture, a scholarly journal with articles about the texts employed.
 Lawes, Henry (edited  Ian Spink), (2000), Cavalier Songwriter, Oxford University Press.
 Cavalier Songs: 1625-1660, Ian Spink, Musica Britannica Vol. 3.
Sabol, Andrew J. (editor), (1959), Songs and dances from the Stuart Masque. An edition of sixty-three items of music for the English court masque from 1604 to 1641, Brown University Press.
Sabol, Andrew J. (editor), (1982), Four hundred songs and dances from the Stuart Masque, Brown University Press.

16th-century music genres
17th-century music genres
Song forms
17th century in England
16th century in Scotland
17th century in Scotland

Cavalier song


Francesco De Sanctis (1679, Rome – 1731) was a late Baroque Italian architect, most notable for his design of the Spanish Steps in Rome in collaboration with Alessandro Specchi. These were built between 1723 and 1726 to celebrate the peace treaty between France and Spain, linking the top of the hill (under French influence, with the church of Trinità dei Monti and French monastic institutions) to the Spanish embassy to the Holy See at the bottom of the hill. The design left out some of the richer elements of De Sanctis's original design, such as grand fountains at a break in the steps and two rows of trees down either side to give shade and refreshment to those climbing the steps.

His other known works are the elegant facade of the church of Trinità dei Pellegrini, with a concave profile, an 18th-century version of San Marcello al Corso by Carlo Fontana, and Borsani Claudio.

Gallery

Bibliography
 P. Portoghesi, Roma barocca, Bari 1998, pp. 355–364 e 577
 E. Settimi, Notizie d'archivio sull'opera di Francesco De Sanctis, in "Palladio", II, 1989

1679 births
1731 deaths
18th-century Italian architects
Italian Baroque architects
Architects from Rome

sv:Francesco de Sanctis

Francesco de Sanctis (architect)


Most Faithful Majesty was the style of address traditionally used by the King or Queen of Portugal. Most Faithful King (Rex Fidelissimus) was a title awarded by the Pope as spiritual head of the Catholic Church to the Portuguese monarchy.  In Portuguese it is spelt as Sua Majestade Fidelíssima.

Examples
Queen Maria I was known as Her Most Faithful Majesty The Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Queen Mariana Victoria was known in later years as Her Most Faithful Majesty The Queen Mother of Portugal and the Algarves

Styles (manners of address)
Portuguese royalty

Most Faithful Majesty


Harley Arnold Hughes (5 October 1935 – 30 September 2022) was a lieutenant general in the United States Air Force who served as Deputy Chief of Staff plans and operations of the United States Air Force from 1985 to 1988. He was commissioned through ROTC at Oklahoma A&M University in 1957.

Early life and career

General Hughes was born in 1935, in Adair, Okla., where he graduated from Adair High School in 1953. He received a bachelor of science degree from Oklahoma A&M College, Stillwater, in 1957 and was commissioned a second lieutenant through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program. He earned a bachelor of arts degree and a master of science degree from the University of Colorado, Boulder, in 1967. General Hughes completed Squadron Officer School in 1963, National War College in 1974 and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1976.

He entered the U.S. Air Force in October 1957, began T-37 training at Bainbridge Air Base, Ga., and subsequently received his wings at Webb Air Force Base, Texas, in November 1959. After completing pilot training he attended the F-86L Interceptor School at Moody Air Force Base, Ga. From June 1960 until February 1966 General Hughes flew B-52G's at Blytheville Air Force Base, Ark.

After completing graduate degree requirements in June 1967, General Hughes received F-4 replacement training at George Air Force Base, Calif. He was then assigned to the 558th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Cam Ranh Bay Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, from March 1968 to April 1969. While there he flew 225 combat missions. Upon his return to the United States, General Hughes was assigned as a planning and programming officer in the Strategic Forces Division, Directorate of Plans, at Air Force headquarters. In August 1971 he became an air operations staff officer and, later, chief of strategic offensive forces, a position in which he served until August 1973, when he attended the National War College.

After graduation in June 1974, he assumed command of the 716th Bombardment Squadron at Kincheloe Air Force Base, Mich. In December 1974 he became deputy commander of the 449th Combat Support Group, also at Kincheloe, and in March 1975 he became the 449th Bombardment Wing deputy commander for operations.

From June 1976 to January 1978 he was assigned as a joint action planner in the Office of the Assistant Director for Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Security Matters in the Directorate of Plans at Air Force headquarters. General Hughes was then selected as the assistant director for the Joint Chiefs of Staff and national security matters. From September 1980 to July 1981 he served as deputy director for doctrine, strategy and plans integration, Directorate of Plans, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Plans and Readiness. He was then named deputy director of plans.

He moved to Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, in October 1981 as commander of the 19th Air Division. In August 1982 he became deputy chief of staff for operations plans, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, and deputy director for the Single Integrated Operational Plan of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff, Offutt Air Force Base, Neb. In July 1984 he was assigned as the assistant deputy chief of staff for plans and operations at Air Force headquarters. He assumed his present duties in September 1985.

The general is a command pilot with 5,000 flying hours and 225 combat missions in Southeast Asia. His military decorations and awards include the Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Defense Superior Service Medal, Distinguished Flying Cross with three oak leaf clusters, Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Medal with 11 oak leaf clusters, Air Force Commendation Medal with three oak leaf clusters, Presidential Unit Citation, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with "V" device and oak leaf cluster, Combat Readiness Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with five oak leaf clusters, Air Force Longevity Service Award Ribbon with five oak leaf clusters, Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm and the Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal.

He was promoted to lieutenant general Sept. 12, 1985, with same date of rank.

References

1935 births
2022 deaths
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Air Force generals
People from Adair, Oklahoma
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

Harley Hughes


Bishnu S. Atal (born 1933) is an Indian physicist and engineer. He is a noted researcher in acoustics, and is best known for developments in speech coding. He advanced linear predictive coding (LPC) during the late 1960s to 1970s, and developed code-excited linear prediction (CELP) with Manfred R. Schroeder in 1985.

In 1987, Atal was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for innovative research in the area of linear predictive coding of speech.

Biography
Atal was born in India, and received his BS degree in physics (1952) from the University of Lucknow, a diploma in electrical communication engineering (1955) from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore  and a PhD in electrical engineering (1968) from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute.

From 1957 to 1960, he was a lecturer in acoustics at the Department of Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

In 1961 Atal joined Bell Laboratories, where his subsequent research focused on acoustics and speech, making major contributions in the field of speech analysis, synthesis, and coding, including low bit-rate speech coding and automatic speech recognition. He advanced and promoted linear predictive coding (1967), and developed code-excited linear prediction (1985) with Manfred R. Schroeder.

He retired in 2002 to become affiliate professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Washington.

Atal holds more than 16 U.S. patents, and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and National Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America and of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He received the 1986 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for pioneering contributions to linear predictive coding for speech processing", and the 1993 IEEE ASSP Society Award for contributions to linear prediction of speech, multipulse, and code-excited source coding. He is the Franklin Institute's 2003 Benjamin Franklin Medal Laureate in Engineering.

Selected works
 US Patent 4,472,832: Digital speech coder

References
 New Jersey Inventors of the Year
 IEEE Signal Processing Society Speech Technical Committee (STC) newsletter
 Voice Communication Between Humans and Machines

External links
 From "Harmonic Telegraph" to Cellular Phones – Bishnu Atal talks about the history of telecom invention and his role in pushing cell phone technology (Aug 23, 2016 at USC, event, book)

1933 births
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Scientists at Bell Labs
Indian Institute of Science alumni
University of Lucknow alumni
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America
Speech processing researchers
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates

Bishnu S. Atal


Francis Donnell Winston (October 2, 1857 – January 26, 1941) was a North Carolina politician and judge who served as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina from 1905 to 1909 under Governor Robert B. Glenn.

Francis Winston, originally a Republican, became a leading Democrat after objecting to the inclusion of African Americans in the political alliance between his party and the Populists. He helped lead the Democrats' "white supremacy" campaigns in 1898 —when he was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives— and in 1900.

Early life and education
Winston, son of Patrick H. Winston Sr. and Elizabeth Byrd, lived in Bertie County, North Carolina, where he was raised on a plantation in Windsor called "Windsor Castle." His brother was the university president George T. Winston.

In 1873, Winston entered Cornell University but did not graduate. When The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill reopened in 1875, he transferred there as the first student to register. He graduated from UNC in 1879. The following year he taught school and studied law with his father, Patrick Henry Winston. In 1880 he attended Dick and Dillard Law School in Greensboro and obtained his license to practice law in 1881. This same year he was appointed Clerk of Court for Bertie County, a position which he held for two years. After this Winston entered into a successful law practice of his own in Bertie County.

Political career
In 1884, Winston was the Republican nominee for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction. In 1887, he represented Bertie and Northampton Counties in the North Carolina Senate (presumably as a Republican), and in 1898, he accepted the Democratic nomination for a seat in the House of Representatives, to which he was re-elected in 1900.

In 1901, Gov. Charles B. Aycock, a college friend of Winston, appointed him Judge of superior court for the second Judicial District.

In 1904, Winston was elected lieutenant governor. Under the constitution of the time, he was not eligible to serve more than a single term. He later served as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina.

Personal life
Winston married Rosa Mary Kenney. Although the Winstons had no children, they adopted a nephew, Stephen Etheridge Winston Kenney.

Francis Winston was an active Mason, serving as state Grand Master in 1906 and 1907. He also served as president of the North Carolina Bar Association.

References
Specific

General
 The Political Graveyard
 News & Observer
 Windsor Historic Homes
 Rootsweb: The Winstons: A Distinguished Family
 Article by Winston recalling newspapers, Bertie Ledger, 1937
 OurCampaigns.com
 NC Manual of 1913

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Lieutenant Governors of North Carolina
North Carolina state senators
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina state court judges
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
People from Windsor, North Carolina
1941 deaths
1857 births
North Carolina Republicans
North Carolina Democrats
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of North Carolina
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
Wilmington insurrection of 1898
Neo-Confederates

Francis D. Winston


Hawking radiation is black body radiation which is emitted by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974.

As a result of quantum fluctuations, particle-antiparticle pairs can appear from the vacuum of space near the event horizon of a black hole in which the net energy of the particles is zero due to the matter and antimatter nature of the particles. In normal conditions, particle-antiparticle pairs that appear due to the quantum fluctuations annihilate each other. But if one member of the pair falls beyond the event horizon of the black hole, the other particle will not have a sister with which to annihilate. The member that does not fall into the black hole is then emitted from the black hole as hawking radiation. The particle that falls into the black hole effectively has negative energy, meaning that it will subtract from the overall mass-energy content of the black hole. Thus, after enough time has passed, the black hole will evaporate from these negative particles, while seeming to emit positive ones.  Hawking radiation reduces the mass and the energy of the black hole and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish.

Hawking radiation is such a small effect that it has never been measured. Micro black holes (MBHs) are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes (and should thus shrink and dissipate faster), but MBHs have yet to be observed.

References

Quantum mechanics
Black holes

Hawking radiation


Marty Haugen (born December 30, 1950) is an American composer of liturgical music.

Biography
Marty Haugen was born December 30, 1950, in Wanamingo, Minnesota. He was raised in the American Lutheran Church (ALC) in Minnesota, and became a member the United Church of Christ. His first job was as a worship leader in a Catholic parish in Minnesota in 1973. He began composing there in response to the poor quality of some of the music he was required to lead.

He writes contemporary hymns and liturgical music for the Lutheran church. Haugen holds a B.A. degree in psychology from Luther College and an M.A. degree in pastoral studies from the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul, Minnesota. He pursues a career as a liturgical composer and workshop presenter.

The majority of Haugen's compositions are published by GIA Publications. His works include two settings of the liturgy for Lutheran use, "Holden Evening Prayer" and "Now the Feast and Celebration", and settings of the Catholic Mass, including the "Mass of Creation". However, the USCCB has advised parishes not to use "Canticle of the Sun" due to "incorrect Christian Anthropology".

Haugen has also composed other works, including liturgical settings, choral arrangements, sacred songs, and hymns, including "Gather Us In", "Eye Has Not Seen",  "We Are Many Parts", "We Remember", "Awake! Awake, and Greet the New Morn", and "Shepherd Me, O God", as well as psalm settings and paraphrases.

Haugen is a performing musician, and has recorded a number of CDs.  He holds a position as composer-in-residence at Mayflower Community Congregational Church (UCC) in Minneapolis.

Lutheran liturgical music
Haugen has written liturgical settings for the ELCA, including Now the Feast and Celebration, (written in collaboration with then campus pastors at Pacific Lutheran University Susan Briehl, Dan Erlander and Martin Wells), Unfailing Light, an evening communion service written in collaboration with Pastor Susan Briehl, Holy Communion Setting Two for Evangelical Lutheran Worship (ELW), and an evening prayer setting, Holden Evening Prayer, originally written for Holden Village.

These settings have been published in various forms, with some of them appearing in the ELCA hymnal supplement With One Voice and the newest hymnal, Evangelical Lutheran Worship (2006).

Selected discography
 We Come Dancing (1999) (with Donna Peña, Gary Daigle and Bobby Fischer)
 In The Days To Come-Songs Of Peace  (2007)
 That You May Have Life (2005)
 The Feast Of Life  (2000)

Appears on
 Liam Lawton, Clouds' Veil

See also
 Contemporary Catholic music
 St. Louis Jesuits
 Dan Schutte

References

External links
Marty Haugen personal website

 Worship Times  (Resource Publications)
Evangelical Lutheran Worship
Living Liturgy

1950 births
American male composers
American people of Norwegian descent
American Protestants
Composers of Christian music
Contemporary Catholic liturgical music
Living people
Luther College (Iowa) alumni
People from Goodhue County, Minnesota

Marty Haugen


The House of Charm is a historic museum building in Balboa Park, San Diego. It was built for the 1915–16 Panama-California Exposition, and like most buildings from that Exposition it features Mission Revival Style architecture. It acquired its current name, "House of Charm", during the park's second Exposition held in from 1935 to 36. It now houses the San Diego Art Institute and the Mingei International Museum as well as rehearsal space for the Old Globe Theatre. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Panama-California Exposition, 1915–1916
San Diego staged the Panama-California Exposition in 1915 to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal and to call attention to the fact that San Diego would be the first American port of call north of the Panama Canal on the Pacific coast. In 1910 San Diego had a population of 39,578, San Diego County 61,665, Los Angeles 319,198, and San Francisco 416,912. San Diego's scant population made it the smallest city ever to attempt holding an international exposition. However, the Exposition was a huge success and was extended for a second year.

The building now known as the House of Charm was originally named the Mining Building, intended to showcase the mineral wealth and abundance of the region of San Diego. Another temporary name was the "Arts and Crafts Building," but by the time the fair opened in 1915 the building was called the "Indian Arts Building." When the fair was extended to 1916, the exhibits changed and the building was once again renamed, this time to the "Russia and Brazil Building." From 1917 to 1922 it was known as the "Science of Man Building" and housed specimens, casts, statues, and photographs illustrating the development of the human species. It was later used for refreshment stands and flower shows.

Bertram Goodhue, master architect of the 1915–16 Panama-California Exposition, had urged that the temporary buildings on Balboa Park's main avenue, El Prado, be torn down. However, San Diego's citizens scorned this advice. With the assistance of money from the federal government, they patched up the plaster palaces in 1922 and 1933. This meant that the most of the original buildings were available for re-use in the second exposition in 1935.

California Pacific International Exposition: 1935–1936
The California-Pacific International Exposition used many of the Mission Revival Style buildings remaining from the 1915–16 Panama-California Exposition, including the Science of Man Building. During the 1935–36 exhibition the building was renamed the House of Charm, by which name it is still known today. During 1935, it housed commercial concessions devoted to women's clothing, jewelry, hosiery, shoes, cosmetics and perfumes, as well as a drug store and refreshment stand. In 1936, the name was changed again to Palace of International Arts, featuring gems and artifacts from all over the world, some for sale and some for exhibit.

Later use
Although there were ongoing doubts about the soundness of the building, which was not intended to be a permanent structure, it continued to be used during the 1940s and 1950s. Tenants included the Model Railroad Museum, the San Diego Hall of Champions, and the San Diego Men's Art Club (forerunner of the San Diego Art Institute). In 1978, the building was condemned as unsafe and was temporarily evacuated, but the San Diego Art Institute moved back in after sprinklers were installed. During the 1980s various tenants competed for use of the building, but none could afford the necessary renovations. Finally in 1989, the city of San Diego decided to tear down and rebuild the House of Charm, along with the House of Hospitality which was in similar disrepair. The recreated House of Charm building was reopened on September 21, 1996, with external features carefully duplicating the original highly ornamented exterior. The building now houses the San Diego Art Institute, the Mingei International Museum, and rehearsal space for the Old Globe Theatre.

Museum of the Living Artist (MoLA)

The San Diego Art Institute's (SDAI) Museum of the Living Artist (MoLA) has a  gallery in the House of Charm, featuring works by San Diego artists. A new exhibit opens every four to six weeks. Solo artist exhibitions are also featured. With more than 30 shows a year, SDAI aims to be a supportive center for local emerging artists. The Institute also offers many outreach and educational programs. The David Fleet Young Artists' Gallery showcases art done by students at regional elementary, middle and high schools, while the Outreach through Exhibition Series calls upon artists to address community issues in their art.

Mingei International Museum
Mingei International Museum reveals the beauty of use in folk art, craft and design from all eras and cultures of the world. The word mingei, meaning 'art of the people,' was coined by the Japanese scholar Sōetsu Yanagi by combining the Japanese words for all people (min) and art (gei). Yanagi's teachings awakened people to the essential need to make and use objects that are unfragmented expressions of head, heart and hands. Established in 1978, Mingei International Museum collects, conserves and exhibits these arts of daily use – by anonymous craftsmen of ancient times, from traditional cultures of past and present and by historical and contemporary designers.

Notes and references

External links

The San Diego Art Institute
The San Diego Art Department
Combined Organizations for the Visual Arts

1914 establishments in California
Art museums and galleries in California
Museums in San Diego
Balboa Park (San Diego)
World's fair architecture in California
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in San Diego County, California

House of Charm


Franz Eduard Ritter von Liszt (2 March 1851 – 21 June 1919) was a German jurist, criminologist and international law reformer. As a legal scholar, he was a proponent of the modern sociological and historical school of law. From 1898 until 1917, he was Professor of Criminal Law and International Law at the University of Berlin and was also a member of the Progressive People's Party in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies and the Reichstag.

Early life
Franz von Liszt's father was Eduard Ritter von Liszt (1817–1879), a lawyer who had completed a brilliant civil service career as the head of the newly created Austrian General Prosecutor's Office. Franz von Liszt's mother was Karolina Pickhart (aka Caroline Pickhardt) (1827–1854). Karolina, who was Eduard von Liszt's first wife, was born in Çilli, Turkey, and died of cholera in Vienna in 1854. Eduard von Liszt's second wife was Henriette Wolf (1825–1920), whom he married on 24 January 1859 in Vienna. The composer and virtuoso pianist Franz Liszt was Franz von Liszt's cousin and also acted as his godfather.

The Austrian title of nobility Ritter was awarded to the composer Franz Liszt in 1859 by the Emperor Francis Joseph I. The composer needed the title to marry the Princess of Sayn-Wittgenstein without her losing her privileges, so he solicited the nobilitation which was conceded by the emperor in recognition of his services to Austria. After the marriage fell through, the composer transferred the title to his uncle Eduard, the father of the subject of this article, in 1867 when he received the Minor Orders of the Catholic Church. The composer actually never used the title in public.

Career
Liszt studied law in 1869 in Vienna, having among his teachers Rudolf von Ihering, who influenced him fundamentally in his views of the law and whose views he later transferred into criminal law. In 1874, Liszt, having earned a law degree and a Ph.D., quickly sought a university teaching career, which took him in 1876 to Graz, Marburg (from 1882), Halle (from 1889) and finally in 1898, at the peak of his career, to the largest law faculty of the Empire in Berlin, where he taught criminal law, international law and jurisprudence. In his 20 years there, he devoted himself almost exclusively to criminal law.

In 1882, while in Marburg, he held his first seminar on criminology and continued to work on building the scientific journal covering the entire field of criminal justice. He also founded the so-called "Marburg School" of criminal law, asserting that crime must be essentially looked upon as a social phenomenon.

In addition to the scientific aspect of the law, practical public policy also appealed to him. He was active in Berlin beginning in about 1900 in the Progressive People's Party and was a member of the City Council of Charlottenburg until 1908, when he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives. In 1912, he was elected to the German Reichstag. However, he remained politically rather a backbencher, and always remained a thorn in the side of the governmental bureaucracy. As a liberal outsider with courage, he was sitting on the cross benches, so that in neither the established society of Prussia nor in the empire was there much support for his positions.

Liszt died on 21 June 1919, after a long illness, and was survived by his wife, Rudolfine, and two daughters, both of whom remained unmarried. This branch of the Liszt family has since become extinct.

Parts of Liszt's extensive library are housed in the Liszt Institute Library of Humboldt University of Berlin.

Criminal law work
His criminal law textbook, which was first published in 1881 with the title  (German Imperial Criminal Law), renamed  (Textbook of German Criminal Law) from the second edition, finally reached 26 editions by 1932. It presented a systematic approach to legal doctrine based on liberal ideas and the Rechtsstaat. A study of his influence and impact on criminal law should start with the "Marburg Programme", named after his inaugural speech in 1882, his theory of criminal law which was not based on retribution but opened the way for new objectives of criminal law, in particular preventive goals, as described in  (The Idea of Purpose in Criminal Law), 1882. The concept of punishment and criminal law based on the methods and ideas of positivism was directed against metaphysical justifications of retribution. Liszt wanted to overcome the prevailing theories of punishment by Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He tried to explain the crime by investigating the causes of the offender's behaviour. His theory of punishment was governed by the idea of purpose, in other words punishment was not for retribution (Karl Binding), but served the purpose of goal-oriented special prevention; for this reason Liszt is said to be the father of special preventive punishment theory, where punishment serves the purpose of deterrence, rehabilitation, and societal protection ("the Marburg Programme").

So his demands were: improvement of existing societal conditions and penal measures specifically aimed at the rehabilitation of the offender. With this in mind, he advocated differentiation of special prevention based on types of offender:
 "occasional offenders" should receive a suspended sentence as a lesson;
 "reformable offenders" should receive longish custodial sentences, to be accompanied by rehabilitation measures; and
 "non-reformable offenders" should be given very long custodial sentences to protect society.

In 1889, he co-founded the International Criminal Law Association (German: ). His ideas were reflected in the penal reforms of the 20th century: abolition of short custodial sentences; suspended sentences on probation; measures for rehabilitation and societal protection, rehabilitation of offenders, and special measures for juvenile offenders.

As part of his lectures on criminal law and evidence, Liszt staged an experiment at the University of Berlin in 1902. In a classroom, two students began to have an angry argument, until one pulled out a gun. As the panicked students around them drew back, a professor tried to intervene – and a shot was fired. The professor collapsed to the ground. The witnesses, unaware that all three were actors following a script, were then taken outside and quizzed about what they had seen and heard. They were encouraged to give as much detail as possible.

Everyone got it wrong. They put long monologues into the mouths of spectators who had said nothing; they "heard" the row as being about a dozen different imagined subjects, from girlfriends to debts to exams; they saw blood everywhere, when there was none. Most people got a majority of their "facts" wrong, and even the very best witness offered a picture that was 25 per cent fiction. The more certain the witness, the more wrong they were.

Dispute of schools of thought on punishment
Liszt early and often advocated criminology as a supplement to criminal law in a system of a comprehensive "criminal legal science."

German criminal law witnessed intense battles pitting consequentialists against deontologists, those who proposed punishment ne peccetur against those who preferred punishing quia peccatum est. The fiercest, and most prolonged, period of this dispute even had its own name, the "Clash of the Schools" (), whose main protagonists were Liszt for the "progressive school," and Karl Binding, the originator of "norm theory" in German criminal law, for the "classical school." Binding was Liszt's great adversary, and many of Liszt's central views were formed in response, or at least in contradistinction, to Binding's.

To characterize the dispute between Liszt and Binding (and their associates and successors) as one between consequentialism and retributivism is misleading. It is important to keep in mind that both Liszt and Binding were thoroughgoing legal positivists. Binding argued that punishment was justified, and only justified, as the state's response to a violation of a state norm. The essence of crime thus was the violation of a norm of positive law, rather than the commission of a wrongful act. The criminal law was not so much a demand of justice, or as Kant would have it, a "categorical imperative," as a state tool for the enforcement of state authority that the state may or may not choose to employ.

Liszt accused Binding and his fellow classicists of advocating pointless punishment. (That's not quite fair, as we just saw, since Binding thought punishment served the purpose of maintaining state authority.) Liszt insisted that punishment, to be legitimate in a modern enlightened state, had to serve some purpose. Punishment could never be an end in itself. More specifically, Liszt argued that punishment must (and does) seek to protect legal goods. These legal goods, in Liszt's view, included, broadly speaking, "the life conditions" of a given community so that crimes were all "those acts that this people at this time perceives as disturbances of its life conditions." Punishment served its purpose through rehabilitation (education), deterrence, or incapacitation, depending on the type of offender. The recidivist, for instance, would upon his third conviction of an offense motivated by "the strongest and most basic human drives" (including theft, robbery, arson, and rape, but also damaging property) be sentenced to an indeterminate prison term, to be served in a state of "penal servitude," with the use of corporal punishment to enforce prison discipline. Truly incorrigible offenders were to be imprisoned for life, because "we do not wish to behead or hang and cannot deport" them.

In keeping with their broadly treatmentist approach, Liszt and his fellow progressives called for more or less radical legislative reforms. The cumbersome, and legalistic, construct of criminal law doctrine was to be replaced by a more flexible, modern, scientific ("progressive") system for the proper diagnosis, and classification, of offenders, which was crucial for the prescription of the correction quality and quantity of peno-correctional treatment. Ironically these reform proposals did not come to fruition until after the Nazis took power in 1933. One of the Nazis' first criminal law reforms was the Law Against Dangerous Recidivists and Measures Regarding Protection and Rehabilitation of November 1933, which established the "two-track" sanctioning system that remains in place today. Since then, two general types of sanction have been available: punishments and measures. Only punishments "properly speaking" are subject to constraints of proportionality between culpability and sanction. "Measures" instead are unrelated to culpability and are determined exclusively by the offender's peno-correctional diagnosis. So if he requires rehabilitative treatment, he might be sent to a drug rehabilitation clinic; if he requires incapacitative treatment, he might be incarcerated indefinitely. Freed of the constraints of proportionality between offense and sanction, "measures" are served independently—and where appropriate consecutively—to whatever "punishments" are imposed.

International law influence
Largely forgotten because of Liszt's work in the criminal law area is the fact that between 1898 and 1919, eleven editions of his textbook on international law were published. He contributed more to the dissemination of knowledge in this area of law than any previously published international law textbook author. He undertook an extensive effort to understand all existing international law and to make suggestions for the international community, on such subjects as naval warfare, the right citizens to fundamental human rights and on international extradition law. Liszt argued that: "From this basic idea [international legal intercourse] directly follows a whole series of legal norms, by which are defined the mutual rights and obligations of states and do not require any special treaty recognition in order to have obligatory force. They comprise a firm basis for all the unwritten legal rules of international law, and are its oldest, most important and holiest content." Liszt advocated the creation of a mandatory arbitration court, as he saw it as the first step towards effective integration of countries into a grand organized international federation. To ensure sustainable peace, Liszt called for a deeper integration of the bloc. Based on economic, cultural and geographical close cooperation, Liszt stated that he saw a "law of the groups of states" being created. After 1914, he reacted to questions about the design of a future League of Nations (Liszt: ). He advocated for a League of Nations with a coercive judicial power over its members. Liszt's work in this area documented the tension between classical and modern international law like no other.

Works
 The German Reich Criminal Law, Berlin, 1881
 The Purpose of Thought in Criminal Law, Berlin 1882/83
 Criminal Law in the States of Europe, Berlin 1884
 International law. Systematically Presented (Das Völkerrecht systematisch dargestellt), 1st ed. Berlin, 1888; 11th ed. Berlin, 1918
 The Essence of the International Association of States and the International Prize Court, in: Festschrift for law faculty of Berlin, Otto von Gierke doctorate 21st Anniversary August 1910, Vol. 3, Wroclaw 1910 (ND Frankfurt 1969), p. 21 ff
 An Association of Central European States as the Next Target of German Foreign Policy, Leipzig, 1914
 "Nibelungen", in: Österreichische Rundschau 42 (1915), p. 87 ff
 "The Reconstruction of International Law", Pennsylvania Law Review 64 (1916), p. 765 ff
 Association of States for the International Community. A contribution to the reorientation of the States policy and International Law, Munich and Berlin, 1917
 "Violence or Peace League. An Exhortation in the Last Hour", in: NZZ No. 1428 v. 27 October 1918, p. 1
 Textbook of German Criminal Law, 22nd edition, Berlin, 1919

References

External links

1851 births
1919 deaths
Politicians from Vienna
Austrian Roman Catholics
Progressive People's Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the 13th Reichstag of the German Empire
German people of Austrian descent
German people of Hungarian descent
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin

Franz von Liszt


St. Ambrosius (, Ambrosi) (September 7, 1861 – March 29, 1927) was a Georgian religious figure and scholar who served as the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia from 1921 to 1927. Best known for his opposition to the Soviet regime, he was canonized in 1995 by the Georgian Orthodox Church as Saint Ambrosius the Confessor (ამბროსი აღმსარებელი, Ambrosi Aghmsarebeli).

Early life and career

Ambrosius was born as Besarion Khelaia (ბესარიონ ხელაია) in Martvili, Georgia, then part of Imperial Russia. He graduated from the Tiflis Theological Seminary in 1885 and was ordained to the priesthood in Abkhazia where he served as a priest in Sukhumi, New Athos, and Lykhny, and also delivered courses in the Georgian language. Under the pseudonym of Amber, he published a series of articles denouncing the policy of Russification in Abkhazia and accusing local Russian officials of fomenting anti-Georgian sentiments among the Abkhaz people. In 1896, he enrolled into the Kazan Theological Academy, from which he graduated in 1900, having authored a thesis, "the Struggle of Christianity against Islam in Georgia." Tonsured a Hieromonk in 1901, he returned in Georgia where he was made an archimandrite at the Chelishi Monastery in the province of Racha. In 1904, he was transferred to the Synodal Office in Tbilisi, and became an archimandrite of the Monastery of the Transfiguration.

Autocephalist movement

In the 1900s, during the heated debates concerning the status of the Georgian church, he emerged as one of the leaders of the Georgian autocephalist movement, calling for the restoration of the autocephalous (independent) Orthodox Church of Georgia abolished by Imperial Russia in 1811. Waged for the most part in the press and church committees, the struggle peaked during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and occasionally evolved into violent clashes. The Georgian bishops pointed out that under the Russian exarches sent down from St. Petersburg to run Georgia's ecclesiastic affairs, the Georgian church lost some 140 million rubles' worth of property and estates; church schools had been closed down, and the use of Georgian in the liturgy discouraged; twenty episcopal sees lay vacant and seven hundred and forty parishes were without pastors. The Georgians sent an appeal to the tsar, but nothing came of this. Autocephaly was denied. The conference of Georgian clergy which met at Tbilisi in 1905 was dispersed by police and several "autocephalists" were arrested. Ambrosius was banned from celebrating the liturgy and confined in the Troitsky Monastery at Ryazan.

The struggle culminated in 1908, when the Russian Exarch of Georgia, Archbishop Nikon, was murdered on 28 May at his residence in Tbilisi by unidentified assassins, allegedly by a Georgian nationalist. No one was ever tried or convicted for the murder, and although the links of the Georgian autocephalists to the crime remained unclear, the initial police investigation concluded they had been behind the murder of Nikon, and the Russian authorities used the situation as a pretext for removing Georgian bishops from their posts. Ambrosius was also suspended from serving and deported to Russia. He was acquitted in 1910, but it was not until the 1917 events when he was allowed to return to Georgia. Although the Georgian autocephalist movement earned worldwide sympathies, the dispute dragged on indecisively for years, until the outbreak of World War I relegated it temporarily to the background.

The 1917 February Revolution in the Russian Empire and the ensuing turmoil in both church and state gave an opportunity to the Georgian Church to reassert its autocephalous status. On March 12, 1917, a group of Georgian clergymen proclaimed the autocephaly of their Church and elected Bishop Kyrion as Catholicos Patriarch. The Most Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church refused to recognize the move, and the result was a break in communion between the two Churches. Ambrosius was soon consecrated Metropolitan of Chkondidi, western Georgia, and then transferred to Abkhazia.

Catholicos Patriarch of All Georgia

The Soviet invasion of Georgia from February to March 1921 brought a short-lived independent Democratic Republic of Georgia to an end. Soon the Catholicos Patriarch Leonid died of cholera, and, on October 14, 1921, Ambrosius was elected as his successor.

Under the newly established Bolshevik regime, the Church was deprived of juridical status, and churches and monasteries began to be closed. The clergy was persecuted and the property of the churches and monasteries confiscated.

On February 7, 1922, Ambrosius addressed a memorandum to the Genoa Conference, in which he described the conditions under which Georgia was living since the Red Army invasion, protested in the name of the people of Georgia, deprived of their rights, against the Soviet occupation and demanded the intervention of civilized humanity to oppose the atrocities of the Bolshevik regime. In February 1923, Ambrosius and all members of the Patriarchal Council were arrested and put into prison by the Bolsheviks. In March 1924, the Soviet authorities staged a humiliating public trial. Besides sending an appeal to the Genoa Conference, Ambrosi was also accused of concealing of the historic treasures of the Church in order to preserve them from passing into the hands of the Soviet state. All the clerics arrested along with the Patriarch, showed their solidarity with Ambrosius, who assumed the entire responsibility for his acts, which he declared to have been in conformity with his obligations and with the tradition of the Church of Georgia. His concluding words were: "My soul belongs to God, my heart to my country; you, my executioners, do what you will with my body." Ambrosi was expected to be sentenced to death, but the Communists did not dare to execute him and condemned him to eight years imprisonment while his property was confiscated.

Shortly afterwards, the 1924 August Uprising broke out in several regions of Georgia against the Soviet Union and lasted for three weeks. Approximately 3,000 died in fighting, more than 12,000 were executed and 20,000 deported to Siberia. A number of clerics were also purged, Archbishop Nazari of Kutatisi and Gaenati being among those who were shot without a trial.

The extent of the Red Terror in Georgia and a public outcry caused by it forced the Soviets to relatively moderate their pressure on Georgia's society in the following years. In early March 1925 the Chairman of the All-Union Executive Committee, Mikhail Kalinin, visited Georgia and called for the amnesty of the participants of the August 1924 insurrection, and for the suspension of religious persecutions. In 1926, Ambrosi and several other clerics were released from prisons. He did not live much longer, however, and died on March 29, 1927, in Tbilisi.

Ambrosius is also a known as a prolific historian of church and researcher of primary Georgian sources. He authored a number of articles published in Russian and Georgian press, and discovered a hitherto unknown version of the medieval Georgian chronicle, Moktsevay Kartlisay ("The Conversion of Georgia") (the so-called Chelishi codex).

Canonization
In 1995, the Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church canonized Ambrosius as the Holy Archpriest Ambrosius the Confessor and set March 16 (29, N.S.) as the day of his commemoration. In 2013, he was posthumously awarded the title and Order of National Hero of Georgia.

References

Pere Janin (2004), The Separated Eastern Churches, p. 164, Gorgias Press LLC, .
Fr. Elie Melia, "The Orthodox Church in Georgia", A Sign of God: Orthodoxy 1964 , Athens: Zoe, 1964, pp. 112–113

1861 births
1927 deaths
20th-century Christian saints
Catholicoses and Patriarchs of Georgia (country)
Dissidents from Georgia (country)
20th-century historians from Georgia (country)
National Heroes of Georgia
Saints of Georgia (country)
Soviet dissidents
19th-century historians from Georgia (country)

Ambrosius of Georgia


The Minnesota Music Hall of Fame is located at First North Street and Broadway in New Ulm, Minnesota, United States, in the former public library. It has memorabilia of individual musicians and musical groups, as well as photographs of all who have been inducted. The museum is open during the summer months and by special request during the winter.

Exhibits honor Minnesota music legends like Bob Dylan, Judy Garland, Prince, Eddie Cochran, Bobby Vee, Ervin Wolfe, John Denver, Whoopee John Wilfahrt, Harold Loeffelmacher, Earl Schmidt, Wally Pikal and The Andrews Sisters. It also documents local ethnic music, like the popularity of polka music in rural Minnesota.

Each year, new inductees are added at a dinner ceremony in October.

See also
 List of music museums

External links
Minnesota Music Hall of Fame website

Music
Halls of Fame
Museums in Brown County, Minnesota
Music halls of fame
Music museums in the United States
New Ulm, Minnesota
State halls of fame in the United States
American popular music
History museums in Minnesota
1962 establishments in Minnesota
Museums established in 1962

Minnesota Music Hall of Fame


The 44th Indian Airborne Division was an airborne forces division of the Indian Army during World War II, created in 1944. It provided a parachute battalion for one minor airborne operation, but the war ended before the complete formation could take part. (However, most of its subordinate formations and units had already seen action before the division had been formed).

History

Creation
The division's creation was a protracted affair. The division was first converted from the 9th Airborne Division (itself built around the core of the disbanded 44th Indian Armoured Division), at Secunderabad in India, on 15 April 1944.

Within a fortnight, the division HQ and such supporting units as had been allocated were used to form the 21st Indian Infantry Division, as an emergency measure during the Japanese invasion of India (which was codenamed Operation U-Go, and which resulted in the battles of Imphal and Kohima). By 15 July, the crisis was clearly over, and the airborne division's formation was resumed.

Formation
On 15 September 1944, the existing 50th Indian Parachute Brigade was allocated to the division. Later in the year, it was decreed that the Chindit formations were to be broken up and some of them were to be converted to airborne formations. The 14th British Airlanding Brigade became part of the division on 1 November 1944, and the Indian 77th Indian Parachute Brigade on 1 March 1945.

The conversion of 77th Brigade to a parachute formation was accompanied by the creation of the Indian Parachute Regiment, which absorbed the existing Indian and Gurkha parachute battalions, and the formation of two British battalions of the Parachute Regiment around the cadre of troops that had already fought as Glider infantry during the Chindit campaign; 15th (King's) Battalion, Parachute Regiment from 1st Battalion King's Regiment (Liverpool), and 16th (Staffords) Battalion, Parachute Regiment from 1st Battalion South Staffordshire Regiment.

Operation Dracula

The division was still in the midst of formation, reorganisation and training when it was called upon to provide a parachute force to take part in Operation Dracula. This was an amphibious operation intended to capture Rangoon, the capital and principal port of Burma, which was reinstated at short notice after being earlier cancelled.

A composite Gurkha parachute battalion was formed from the two Gurkha battalions of the Indian Parachute Regiment, and landed behind Japanese coastal defences at the mouth of the Rangoon river on 1 May 1945. During the Battle of Elephant Point, they cleared Japanese rearguards from the defences, but the main Japanese garrison had evacuated Rangoon several days previously. The subsequent landings from the sea were unopposed.

Later Operations
The division was preparing to take part in the projected invasions of Malaya and Singapore when the war ended unexpectedly. The division provided small airborne parties that landed in Japanese-occupied territories ahead of the main Allied forces, locating camps containing Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians, and delivering emergency relief supplies. The 44 Indian Airborne Division moved to Bilaspur in June 1945. The division was then re-named the 2nd Indian Airborne Division and was retained until the Partition of India, when it was disbanded on 14/15 August 1947. One parachute brigade and some divisional units went to Pakistan, the other two brigades and the remaining units went to India.

Order of Battle, as of 1 May 1945
General Officer Commanding - Major General Earnest Edward Down
Commander, Royal Artillery - Brigadier Reginald John Kirton

14th British Airlanding Brigade - Brigadier Francis William Gibb
2nd Battalion, Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
4th Battalion, 6th Rajputana Rifles
6th Battalion, 16th Punjab Regiment

50th Indian Parachute Brigade - Brigadier Edward Galbraith Woods
16th (Staffords) Battalion, Parachute Regiment
1st Battalion, Indian Parachute Regiment
3rd Battalion, Indian Parachute Regiment

77th Indian Parachute Brigade - Brigadier Claude John Wilkinson
15th (King's) Battalion, Parachute Regiment
2nd Battalion, Indian Parachute Regiment
4th Battalion, Indian Parachute Regiment

Divisional Units
123rd (West Riding) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
159th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery
23rd Light Anti-Aircraft / Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery

External links

References

Indian World War II divisions
British Indian Army divisions
Military units and formations established in 1944
Military units and formations disestablished in 1947
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II

44th Airborne Division (India)


Psalms (, Tehillim, or "praises") is a book of 150 Hebrew poems in the Bible. The Book of Psalms is the first Ketuvim and part of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, and it is also in the Old Testament of the Christian translations. People traditionally believe that many of the Psalms in the Bible were written by King David to God. Perhaps the most famous one is Psalm 23, which starts "The LORD is my shepherd". Psalm 23 is often used for funerals. In the Qur'an, the Arabic word 'Zabur' is used for the Psalms of David.

There are 150 Psalms in the Biblical canon of Jews, Protestants, and Catholics, but there are also more poems that these religions do not think are holy. Psalm 151 is part of canon of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Name
The names "Psalms" and "Psalter" come from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament). There, they were about stringed instruments (for example, the harp, lyre and lute), then to songs sung with them. The traditional Hebrew title is tehillim. Tehillim means "praises", though many of the psalms are tephillot ("prayers"). One of the first collections in the book was titled "the prayers of David son of Jesse" (72:20, NIV).

Literary features

The Psalter is poetry, though it has many prayers and not all Old Testament prayers were poetic. In fact, not all praise was poetic either. The Psalms are full of images, comparisons and metaphor. The Hebrew text often plays with words and repeats the same words, adding synonyms (words with the same meaning) to fill out the description. Important words show the main themes in the prayer or song.

References

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible

Psalms


Hugh Milburn Stone (July 5, 1904 – June 12, 1980) was an American actor, best known for his role as "Doc" (Dr. Galen Adams) on the CBS Western series Gunsmoke.

Early life
Stone was born in Burrton, Kansas, to Herbert Stone and the former Laura Belfield. There, he graduated from Burrton High School, where he was active in the drama club, played basketball, and sang in a barbershop quartet. Stone's brother, Joe Stone, says their uncle Fred Stone, was a versatile actor who appeared on Broadway and in circuses).

Although Stone had a congressional appointment to the United States Naval Academy, he turned it down, choosing instead to become an actor with a stock theater company headed by Helen Ross.

Career

In 1919, Stone debuted on stage in a Kansas tent show. He ventured into vaudeville in the late 1920s, and in 1930, he was half of the Stone and Strain song-and-dance act. His Broadway credits include Around the Corner (1936) and Jayhawker (1934).

In the 1930s, Stone came to Los Angeles, California, to launch his own screen career. He was featured in the Tailspin Tommy adventure serial for Monogram Pictures. In 1939 he played Stephen Douglass in the movie Young Mr. Lincoln with Henry Fonda and Ward Bond. In 1939 he appeared in When Tomorrow Comes as head busboy (uncredited). In 1940, he appeared with Marjorie Reynolds, Tristram Coffin, and I. Stanford Jolley in the comedy espionage film Chasing Trouble. That same year, he co-starred with Roy Rogers in the film Colorado in the role of Rogers' brother-gone-wrong.

Stone appeared uncredited in the 1939 film Blackwell's Island. Stone played Dr. Blake in the 1943 film Gung Ho! and a liberal-minded warden in Monogram Pictures' Prison Mutiny also in 1943. Signed by Universal Pictures in 1943, in the films Captive Wild Woman (1943), Jungle Woman (1943), Sherlock Holmes Faces Death [Captain Pat Vickery], (1944), he became a familiar face in its features and serials, starring as  hero Jim Hudson in The Great Alaskan Mystery (1944). In 1944, he portrayed a Ration Board representative in the Universal-produced public service film Prices Unlimited for the U.S. Office of Price Administration and the Office of War Information. One of his film roles was a radio columnist in the Gloria Jean-Kirby Grant musical I'll Remember April. He made such an impression in this film that Universal Studios gave him a starring role (and a similar characterization) in the 1945 serial The Master Key.  The same year, he was featured in the Inner Sanctum murder mystery The Frozen Ghost.  In 1953, Stone appeared as Charlton Heston's sidekick in Arrowhead, a Western also featuring Brian Keith and Katy Jurado.

In 1955, one of CBS Radio's hit series, the Western Gunsmoke, was adapted for television and recast with different actors for various reasons (William Conrad was judged too obese to play Matt Dillon on camera, Georgia Ellis wasn't viewed as quite telegenic enough to portray Kitty on television, etc.). Howard McNear, the radio Doc Adams (who later played Floyd the barber on television's The Andy Griffith Show), was replaced by Stone, who gave the role a harder edge consistent with his screen portrayals. He stayed with Gunsmoke through its entire television run, with the exception of 7 episodes in 1971, when Stone required heart surgery and Pat Hingle replaced him as Dr. Chapman. Stone appeared in 604 episodes through 1975, often shown sparring in a friendly manner with co-stars Dennis Weaver and Ken Curtis, who played, respectively, Chester Goode and Festus Haggen.

Personal life
Stone's brother, Joe, was a writer who was the author of scripts for three episodes of Gunsmoke.

Stone was a cousin of the character actress Madge Blake.

In March 1971, Stone had heart bypass surgery at UAB Hospital in Birmingham, Alabama. In June 1980, Stone died of a heart attack in La Jolla. He was buried at the El Camino Memorial Park in Sorrento Valley, San Diego.

Stone had a surviving daughter, Shirley Stone Gleason (born circa 1926) of Costa Mesa, California, from his first marriage of 12 years to Ellen Morrison, formerly of Delphos, Kansas, who died in 1937.
His second wife, the former Jane Garrison, a native of Hutchinson, Kansas, died in 2002. Stone had married, divorced, and remarried Garrison.

Legacy

In 1968, Stone received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama for his work on Gunsmoke.

In 1975, Stone received an honorary doctorate from St. Mary of the Plains College in Dodge City, Kansas, where Gunsmoke was set but not filmed.

For his contribution to the television industry, Milburn Stone has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1981, Stone was inducted posthumously into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City. After his death, he left a legacy for the performing arts in Cecil County in northeastern Maryland, by way of the Milburn Stone Theatre in North East, Maryland.

Selected filmography

 Ladies Crave Excitement (1935) as Sailor (uncredited)
 Cheers of the Crowd (1935) as Reporter (uncredited)
 His Night Out (1935) as Salesman (uncredited)
 Rendezvous (1935) as Carter's Aide (uncredited)
 The Fighting Marines (1935, Serial) as Red - Henchman [Ch. 2,4-7,10,11] (uncredited)
 The Milky Way (1936) as Reporter (uncredited)
 The Princess Comes Across (1936) as American Reporter (uncredited)
 Nobody's Fool (1936) as Clerk (uncredited)
 China Clipper (1936) as Radio Operator
 The Three Mesquiteers (1936) as John
 Murder with Pictures (1936) as Operator (uncredited)
 Two in a Crowd (1936) as Kennedy (uncredited)
 Rose Bowl (1936) as Booster Club Band Member (uncredited)
 The Man I Marry (1936) as Stage manager (uncredited)
 The Accusing Finger (1936) as Convict (uncredited)
 Banjo on My Knee (1936) as Eddie - Sailor (uncredited)
 Three Smart Girls (1936) as Telegraph Desk Clerk (uncredited)
 A Doctor's Diary (1937) as Fred Clark
 Swing It, Professor (1937) as Lou Morgan
 They Gave Him a Gun (1937) as Defense Attorney (uncredited)
 Wings Over Honolulu (1937) as Telephone Operator (uncredited)
 The Man in Blue (1937) as Henchman 'Dutch'
 The Wildcatter (1937) as Ed
 You Can't Beat Love (1937) as Reporter Wilson (uncredited)
 The 13th Man (1937) as Jimmy Moran
 Blazing Barriers (1937) as Joe Waters
 Reported Missing! (1937) as Radio operator (uncredited)
 Atlantic Flight (1937) as Henry Wadsworth 'Pokey' Schultz
 Youth on Parole (1937) as Ratty
 Music for Madame (1937) as Detective (uncredited)
 Federal Bullets (1937) as Tommy Thompson, Federal Agent
 Mr. Boggs Steps Out (1938) as Burns
 The Port of Missing Girls (1938) as Jim Benton
 Sinners in Paradise (1938) as Honeyman
 Wives Under Suspicion (1938) as Kirk
 Paroled from the Big House (1938) as Commissioner Downey
 The Storm (1938) as Hagen - officer on SS Orion (uncredited)
 California Frontier (1938) as Mal Halstead
 Blackwell's Island (1938) as Max (deputy commissioner) (uncredited)
 Made for Each Other (1939) as Newark Official (uncredited)
 King of the Turf (1939) as Taylor
 Tail Spin (1939) as Kansas City Mechanic (uncredited)
 Society Smugglers (1939) as Peter Garfield
 Mystery Plane (1939) as 'Skeeter' Milligan
 The Spirit of Culver (1939) as Instructor (uncredited)
 Blind Alley (1939) as Nick
 Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) as Stephen A. Douglas (uncredited)
 Stunt Pilot (1939) as 'Skeeter' Milligan
 When Tomorrow Comes (1939) as Head Busboy (uncredited)
 Tropic Fury (1939) as Thomas E. Snell
 Danger Flight (1939) as Skeeter Milligan
 Fighting Mad (1939) as Cardigan
 Crashing Thru (1939) as Delos Harrington
 Nick Carter, Master Detective (1939) as Dave Krebs
 The Big Guy (1939) as Publicity man (uncredited)
 Charlie McCarthy, Detective (1939) as Joe Felton (uncredited)
 Chasing Trouble (1940) as Pat Callahan
 Framed (1940) as Mathew Mattison
 Black Friday (1940) as Reporter at Execution (uncredited)
 Johnny Apollo (1940) as Main Reporter (uncredited)
 Enemy Agent (1940) as Meeker
 An Angel from Texas (1940) as 'Pooch' Davis (uncredited)
 Lillian Russell (1940) as Jack - Reporter (uncredited)
 Public Deb No. 1 (1940) as Reporter (uncredited)
 Colorado (1940) as Don Burke alias Captain Mason
 Give Us Wings (1940) as Tex Austin
 The Great Plane Robbery (1940 film) as Krebber
 The Phantom Cowboy (1941) as Stan Borden
 The Great Train Robbery (1941) as Duke Logan
 Death Valley Outlaws (1941) as Jeff
 No Hands on the Clock (1941) as FBI Man (uncredited)
 Frisco Lil (1942) as Mike
 Reap the Wild Wind (1942) as Lieutenant Farragut
 Pacific Rendezvous (1942) as Park Hotel Desk Clerk (uncredited)
 Rubber Racketeers (1942) as Angel
 Invisible Agent (1942) as German Sergeant (uncredited)
 Police Bullets (1942) as Johnny Reilly
 Eyes in the Night (1942) as Detective Pete (uncredited)
 Silent Witness (1943) as Racketeer Joe Manson
 You Can't Beat the Law (1943) as Frank Sanders
 Submarine Alert (1943) as Lt. Winston - Naval Intelligence (uncredited)
 Keep 'Em Slugging (1943) as Duke Redman
 Captive Wild Woman (1943) as Fred Mason
 Get Going (1943) as Mr. Tuttle
 Destroyer (1943) as Radioman (uncredited)
 Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943) as Captain Vickery
 Corvette K-225 (1943) as Canadian Captain (uncredited)
 The Mad Ghoul (1943) as Macklin
 Gung Ho! (1943) as Cmdr. Blake
 The Impostor (1944) as Chauzel
 Phantom Lady (1944) as District Attorney (voice)
 Weird Woman (1944) as Radio Announcer (voice, uncredited)
 Hat Check Honey (1944) as David Courtland
 Hi, Good Lookin'! (1944) as Bill Eaton
 Moon Over Las Vegas (1944) as Jim Bradley
 The Great Alaskan Mystery (1944, Serial) as Jim Hudson
 Gambler's Choice (1944) as Doctor (uncredited)
 Twilight on the Prairie (1944) as Gainsworth
 Jungle Woman (1944) as Fred Mason
 She Gets Her Man (1945) as 'Tommy Gun' Tucker
 I'll Remember April (1945) as Willie Winchester
 The Master Key (1945, Serial) as Agent Tom Brant
 Swing Out, Sister (1945) as Tim Colby
 The Frozen Ghost (1945) as George Keene
 On Stage Everybody (1945) as Fitzgerald
 The Beautiful Cheat (1945) as Lucius Haven
 Strange Confession (1945) as Stevens
 The Royal Mounted Rides Again (1945, Serial) as Brad Taggart
 The Daltons Ride Again (1945) as Parker W. Graham
 The Scarlet Horseman (1946, Serial) as Narrator (voice, uncredited)
 Little Giant (1946) as Prof. Watkins (voice, uncredited)
 Smooth as Silk (1946) as John Kimble
 The Spider Woman Strikes Back (1946) as Mr. Moore
 Strange Conquest (1946) as Bert Morrow
 Her Adventurous Night (1946) as Cop #1
 Inside Job (1946) as District Attorney Sutton
 Danger Woman (1946) as Gerald King
 Little Miss Big (1946) as Father Lennergan
 The Michigan Kid (1947) as Lanny Slade
 Smash-Up: The Story of a Woman (1947) as Raven Club Announcer (voice, uncredited)
 Buck Privates Come Home (1947) as Announcer
 Time Out of Mind (1947 film) as Stage Manager (uncredited)
 Killer Dill (1947) as Maboose
 Cass Timberlane (1947) as Nestor Purdwin (uncredited)
 Heading for Heaven (1947) as Elwood Harding
 Killer McCoy (1947) as Henchman (uncredited)
 Train to Alcatraz (1948) as Bart Kanin
 The Judge (1949) as Martin Strang
 The Green Promise (1949) as Reverend Jim Benton
 Sky Dragon (1949) as Capt. Tim Norton
 Calamity Jane and Sam Bass (1949) as Abe Jones
 No Man of Her Own (1950) as Plainclothesman
 Snow Dog (1950) as Dr. F. J. McKenzie
 The Fireball (1950) as Jeff Davis
 Branded (1950) as Dawson
 Operation Pacific (1951) as Ground Control Officer (uncredited)
 Flying Leathernecks (1951) as Fleet CIC Radio Operator (uncredited)
 Roadblock (1951) as Ray Evans
 The Racket (1951) as Member of Craig's Team (uncredited)
 The Atomic City (1952) as Insp. Harold Mann
 The Savage (1952) as Cpl. Martin
 Invaders from Mars (1953) as Capt. Roth
 The Sun Shines Bright (1953) as Horace K. Maydew
 Pickup on South Street (1953) as Detective Winoki
 Second Chance (1953) as Edward Dawson
 Arrowhead (1953) as Sandy MacKinnon
 Siege at Red River (1954) as Sgt. Benjamin 'Benjy' Guderman
 Black Tuesday (1954) as Father Slocum
 The Long Gray Line (1955) as Capt. John Pershing
 White Feather (1955) as Commissioner Trenton
 Smoke Signal (1955) as Sgt. Miles
 The Private War of Major Benson (1955) as Maj. Gen. Wilton J. Ramsey
 Gunsmoke (1955-1975, TV Series) as Doc Adams (final appearance)
 Drango (1957) as Col. Bracken

Notes

References

External links

1904 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Western (genre) television actors
Male actors from San Diego
American male film actors
American male television actors
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Male actors from Kansas
People from Harvey County, Kansas
Male actors from Greater Los Angeles
Actors from San Diego

Milburn Stone


A cannon is a type of artillery, or large gun. They are made with a large tube called "barrel", and shoot projectiles. Cannons were first made in China, and were used with another Chinese invention, gunpowder. The gunpowder was put at the back of the tube, and the projectile, usually a cannonball, was placed in front. The gunpowder was set on fire, and would explode. This pushed the cannonball out the front of the tube towards the enemy. Howitzers and mortars are similar to cannons but they have shorter barrels and shoot the projectiles (that is: balls or shells) higher.

A field gun is a cannon if its barrel lenght is more than 35 times its caliber (the inner diameter, "bore", of its shell pathway). If the barrel length is 10 to 35 times the caliber, it is a howitzer. Less than 10 times are called mortars.

Modern guns that can shoot many big projectiles quickly and automatically are called autocannons. Modern cannons are usually used on warships and tanks.

Artillery

Cannon


Alex Maleev (Bulgarian: Алекс Малеев) is a Bulgarian comic book illustrator, best known for the Marvel Comics' series Daredevil (vol. 2) with frequent collaborator Brian Michael Bendis.

Career
Coming from a fine arts background, Maleev made his first foray into comics in Bulgaria for Godan (Годън in Bulgarian) and Carthel of Dead published in Riko magazine since 1991 and 1992, respectively. Upon arriving in the United States in 1995, he enrolled at The Kubert School where, within a month, he was promoted from first to second year status at the suggestion of instructor Alec Stevens.  Maleev left the school in early 1996, already securing professional comics work on James O'Barr's The Crow (Dead Time and Flesh and Blood) and subsequently storyboarding the "Lost in Space" film at Continuity Associates before entering a successful run at DC Comics on Batman: No Man's Land.  In his comics, he sometimes references his Bulgarian origins. For example in Aliens vs. Predator alien eggs are stored in the cellar of a typical Bulgarian church.

He first teamed with Bendis on Todd McFarlane's Sam and Twitch series in 2000-2001 before they were recruited for Daredevil. In 2006, Maleev finished his run with Bendis in Daredevil and planned a collaboration with the writer on a new ongoing Spider-Woman series.  Bendis and Maleev collaborated once again on the much delayed four part Halo: Uprising miniseries from Marvel Comics. Bendis and Maleev relaunched Moon Knight in 2011 with volume 4, and are currently working on the creator owned comic Scarlet, under the Marvel imprint Icon Comics.

Maleev also did art for the "New Avengers: Illuminati" special, the January 2007 issue of the New Avengers, issue #26 and the one-shots, Civil War: The Confession and Secret Invasion: Dark Reign.
He also did the artwork for the character Sylar on the TV show Heroes.  Often blending photographic and digital effects with drawing in his comics art, as with his work on Daredevil, as well as watercolors and gouache, as on Spider-Woman.

Works

Dark Horse Comics
 Hellboy: Weird Tales #3 ("Still Born", script and art, with co-author Matt Hollingsworth, 2003, collected in Volume 1, 2003, )
  Hellboy & the B.P.R.D. #1-#5 (limited series) (with Mike Mignola and John Arcudi, 2014—2015)

Image Comics
 Sam and Twitch #15-24 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2000–2001)

Marvel Comics
 Civil War: The Confession (with Brian Michael Bendis, one-shot, 2007)
 Daredevil (vol.2) #26-50, 56-81, 100 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2001–2006, 2007)
 Halo: Uprising (with Brian Michael Bendis, 4-issue mini-series, 2007–2009, hardcover, May 2009, )
 Mighty Avengers #12-13 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2008)
 New Avengers #26, #50 (with Brian Michael Bendis)
 New Avengers: Illuminati (with Brian Michael Bendis, one-shot, 2003)
 Secret Avengers #20 (with Warren Ellis, 2012)
 Secret Invasion: Dark Reign (with Brian Michael Bendis, one-shot, 2009)
 Spider-Woman (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2009–2010)
 Moon Knight #1-12 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2011)
 Empire of the Dead: Act One (with George A. Romero, 2014)
 International Iron Man #1-7 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2016)
 Infamous Iron Man #1-12 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2016-2017)

DC Comics
 Batman Chronicles #12 ("Trapped" with Chris Renaud, 1998)
 Detective Comics #723, 730 (with Chuck Dixon and Bob Gale, 1998–99)
 Batman: No Man's Land #1 (with Bob Gale, 1999)
 Shadow of the Bat #83 (with Bob Gale, 1999)
 Batman #563 (with Bob Gale, 1999)
 Superman vs. Predator (with David Michelinie, three-issue mini-series, 2000)
 Batman (vol. 2) #19-20 (backup stories with Scott Snyder and James Tynion, 2013)
 Batman: The Dark Knight (vol. 2) #22-25 (with Gregg Hurwitz, 2013)
 Event Leviathan #1-6 (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2019)

Icon (Marvel Imprint), later Jinxworld (DC Imprint)
 Scarlet #1-ongoing (with Brian Michael Bendis, 2010–present)

Other editors
The Crow: Dead Time (with James O'Barr/John Wagner, 3-issue mini-series, Kitchen Sink Press, 1996)
The Crow: Flesh and Blood (with James O'Barr/James Vance, 3-issue mini-series, Kitchen Sink Press, 1996)

Video games
 Freedom Fighters cover art

Notes

References

External links

Living people
The Kubert School alumni
Bulgarian comics artists
Bulgarian illustrators
Bulgarian emigrants to the United States
Year of birth missing (living people)

Alex Maleev


A drive-in is a place (such as a restaurant or movie theater) where customers drive in with a car for service.

At a drive-in restaurant waiters are called carhops. They take food orders from drivers in their parked cars then return with the food. Drive-in theaters have a large screen and a car parking area.

Restaurants

Drive-in