Larry R. Smith is a poet, fiction writer, literary biographer, translator, essayist and reviewer.

Background
Smith was born in Mingo Junction, Ohio in 1943 and graduated from Mingo High School in 1961, Muskingum College in 1965, then on to Kent State University in Ohio for a masters and doctorate in American and Contemporary World Literature. His thesis work was on Sherwood Anderson and dissertation on Kenneth Patchen, fellow Ohio writers. He has taught at Bowling Green State University's Firelands College since 1970. The author has received an Ohio Arts Council Writing Fellowship and an Ohioana Citation for his contribution to poetry in Ohio. He also has received a National Endowment for the Humanities summer grant and a Fulbright Teaching Lectureship to Italy.

Smith is married to Ann Smith also of Mingo Junction, a professor of nursing at the Medical College of Ohio. Together with her and others they founded Converging Paths Meditation Center in Sandusky, Ohio. Smith is the director of The Firelands Writing Center and of Bottom Dog Press.

Books
Lake Winds: Poems. Bottom Dog Press 2014
Each Moment All. March Street Press/ Bottom Dog Press 2012
The Free Farm: A Novel. Bottom Dog Press 2012
Mingo Junction. Arcadia Publishing 2011
Tu Fu Comes to America: A Story in Poems. March Street Press 2010
The Long River Home: A Novel. Working Lives Series, Bottom Dog Press 2009
The Kanshi Poems of Taigu Ryokan, trans. by Larry Smith and Mei Hui Liu Huang. Bottom Dog Press 2008.
Faces and Voices: Tales. Bird Dog Publishing 2006.
A River Remains: Poems. WordTech Publishing 2006.
Milldust & Roses: Memoirs. Ridgeway Press 2005; second edition Bottom Dog Press 2005.
Thoreau's Lost Journal: Poems by Larry Smith. Westron Press, 2001.
Kenneth Patchen: Rebel Poet in America. A Consortium of  Small Presses, 2000/ Rev. 2012.    Biography.
Chinese Zen Poems: What Hold Has This Mountain? trans. Bottom Dog Press, 1998.
Working It Out (novel) Ridgeway Press, 1998.
Beyond Rust: Novella and Stories. Bottom Dog Press, 1995.
Steel Valley: Postcards and Letters (Poems). Pig Iron Press, 1992.
Ohio Zen Poems with D. Steven Conkle (A Twinbook) Bottom Dog Press, 1989.
Across These States (Journal Poem) Bottom Dog Press, 1985.
Scissors, Paper, Rock (Prose Poems) Cleveland State University Poetry Center, 1982.
Echo Without Sound (Poems with Etchings by Stephen Smigocki) Northwoods Press, 1982.
Lawrence Ferlinghetti: Poet-at-Large (Literary biography) Southern Illinois University Press, 1983.
Kenneth Patchen (Literary biography) Twayne Series, G.K.Hall Publishers, 1978

Films
Two docu-drama video programs, written, co-directed and co-produced with Tom Koba; funded through Ohio Humanities Council and Ohio Arts Council:
James Wright's Ohio (30 minutes, 1986–1987)
Kenneth Patchen: An Art of Engagement (30 and 45 minutes, 1987–1988)
DVD double program: d.a.levy: Cleveland Rebel Poet of the Mimeograph Revolution (Interview with Ed Sanders/ Memorial Reading at levyfest 2005).

External links
Larry Smith, homepage
Poets and Writers' Directory
Ohio Arts Council Directory of Authors
Review page, New York Journal of Books.
Bottom Dog Press
Ohio Arts Council Directory with Resume of Writer
Red Room for Authors Larry Smith

Writers from Ohio
People from Mingo Junction, Ohio
Living people
1943 births
Kent State University alumni

Larry R. Smith


Front Page Challenge was a Canadian panel game about current events and history. Created by comedy writer/performer John Aylesworth (of the comedy team of Frank Peppiatt and John Aylesworth) and produced and aired by CBC Television, the series ran from 1957 to 1995.

Synopsis
The long-running series featured notable journalists attempting to guess the recent or old news story with which a hidden guest challenger was linked by asking him or her questions, in much the same manner as the American quiz shows, What's My Line? and To Tell the Truth.  Each round of the game started with news footage that introduced the news story in question to the studio audience and home viewers out of earshot of the panellists. After the guest was identified and/or the news story determined, the journalists then interviewed the guest about the story or about achievements or experiences for which he or she was known. Unlike American quiz shows that steered clear of controversy in the 1950s and 1960s, Front Page Challenge seems to have been affected by just one censorship practice, that of avoiding four-letter words.

Guests came from all walks of life, including politicians like Pierre Trudeau and Indira Gandhi, activists like Malcolm X, sports figures like Gordie Howe, entertainers like Boris Karloff and Ed Sullivan, and writers like Upton Sinclair.  From 1957 to 1979, the show featured many non-Canadians whose trips to Canada were paid by the CBC. (Gandhi was even flown from India to Toronto in the 1960s at the CBC's expense.) Occasionally, guests were featured for their involvement in stories that had nothing to do with their celebrity status. For example, in 1958 Karloff was featured because he had served as a rescue worker in the aftermath of a devastating 1912 tornado in Regina, Saskatchewan, where he had been appearing in a play many years before horror films made him famous.

Jayne Mansfield appeared on the Tuesday night telecast of 12 December 1961 representing the victories two years earlier of British prime minister Harold Macmillan and his Conservative Party in the 1959 United Kingdom general election. The American actress, whose high IQ was well-publicized, was filming a movie in the United Kingdom in 1959 when she and others connected with the movie read and heard about the election results.  The CBC archive has two photographs of Mansfield during her 1961 visit to the Toronto television studio where Front Page Challenge always originated during that era, but the videotape of her episode was lost due to wiping.

Occasionally, the challenger on Front Page Challenge was one of the panellists themselves, unbeknownst to the other three panellists. After the game, the relevant person simply moved to the guest seat for the interview.

The show ran for nearly 40 years and featured a remarkably stable cast of panellists, including journalist-historian Pierre Berton, Betty Kennedy (who later become a Canadian senator), Toby Robins (who later became a movie actress) and radio commentator Gordon Sinclair. Columnist Allan Fotheringham joined the panel after Sinclair's death. A guest panellist, usually another Canadian journalist, politician or other celebrity, was also part of each episode. In 1990, journalist and radio/TV personality Jack Webster joined the show as its permanent fourth panellist.

For its initial summer 1957 run, the show was hosted by Win Barron, best known for his voice-over narration of newsreels produced by the Canadian division of Paramount Pictures. However, Barron proved ill at ease in the moderator's seat, so both Fred Davis and panellist Alex Barris rotated as guest hosts in the early part of the fall before Davis was chosen to take over as host full-time (a position he retained for the rest of the show's run), though Barris continued to appear as a guest panellist occasionally and was the show's writer for the duration of its run. In 1981, the CBC published an oversized book written by Barris about the history of the program. It was titled Front Page Challenge: The 25th Anniversary. Four years after the show's cancellation, another book by Barris was published chronicling the last fifteen years of the show.  It included more details and anecdotes about the show's earlier phases not found in his first book.

Several weeks after its debut, Ottawa Citizen television columnist Bob Blackburn deemed the programme to be noticeably improved and predicted that if that trend continued "and if the program doesn't run dry on its slightly limited subject matter, Front Page Challenge might well become an institution on Canadian TV".

In his book, Barris says that at the height of the show's popularity in the late 1950s, the individual panellists became major celebrities in Canada. He relates how Toby Robins, a beautiful brunette, donned a blonde wig for a few episodes as an experiment, attracting hate mail including a death threat over the change of appearance. The books also include journalist Barbara Frum's remarks about how influential Robins was for 1950s-era female equality through her decision to appear on the program while pregnant.

Unfortunately, the show's stability proved to be its undoing, as the producers did not see fit to add younger panellists while the regulars aged and the audience demographics became less desirable. The show always was videotaped in or aired live from Toronto prior to 1966. During that year four shows originated from Montreal including one with challenger Jessica Mitford. The show continued going on the road, being videotaped in cities across Canada. The oldest regular, Gordon Sinclair, continued travelling with his fellow panellists to videotaping locations until he was well into his 80s. Although the location of the studio was not always noticeable to home viewers, they did notice the lack of guest challengers from foreign countries after 1979. The program no longer featured internationally known controversial figures to match the likes of Timothy Leary, Indira Gandhi, Menachem Begin (when he was a Knesset member) and William F. Buckley who had held viewers' attention in the 1960s and most of the 1970s. Alex Barris says in his second book that the absence of non-Canadian guests after 1979 resulted from budget cuts for CBC Television that ruled out travel expenses.

Barris also claims that the advent of multiple cable channels in the 1980s and early 1990s (in cities, towns and rural areas near the border of the United States where people could receive programming from both countries) presented another challenge to the staff of Front Page Challenge and contributed to its demise. Prior to the 1980s when there were no 24-hour news channels competing with Front Page Challenge, each round of the game began with silent black-and-white newsreel footage of the news story in question while a narrator, not heard by the panellists, summarized it. Even after the segments started including colour videotape, the only voice heard introducing the topical issue and the challenger was the voice of the narrator of Front Page Challenge.

Producers continued to use the same off-screen narrator,
which made the Front Page Challenge footage less appealing to young people than the multiple sound bites featured by CBC Newsworld, which began 24-hour newscasts throughout Canada on 31 July 1989. CBC Newsworld offered sound bite interviews with people who had witnessed events or were knowledgeable about them. Young viewers using remote controls stuck with the multiple sound bites and ignored the Front Page Challenge narrator's summaries of the news stories, according to the book by Alex Barris published in 1999. As the pace of 1980s news quickened, even before the launch of CBC Newsworld, Fred Davis, Betty Kennedy and Pierre Berton obviously remained mentally sharp enough to follow all of it, but they had not witnessed 99 percent of the events about which they were so curious.  Young viewers in the 1980s were accustomed to listening to people who had witnessed current events or had made them happen.

When Front Page Challenge ceased production in 1995, it was the longest continually running non-news program in Canadian television history. Among the contestants on the final show was then-emerging country music superstar Shania Twain.

Episode status
Reruns of the program were broadcast by Canadian cable channel History Television (now simply called History) in the late 1990s. At least a few of the episodes from the 1950s and 1960s were not saved. In his second book about the program, Alex Barris tells an anecdote about what guest panellist Bennett Cerf said to challenger Jesse Owens about Adolf Hitler during a 1958 episode. The CBC archive has a clip that lasts less than one minute in which Cerf and Owens have this exchange, but the rest of the episode does not survive.

1960s episodes that featured Menachem Begin, then a Knesset member, Jayne Mansfield, William F. Buckley, Arthur Schlesinger Jr. and Timothy Leary were lost in their entirety.

Guests

Errol Flynn, 13 January 1959 (CBC Archives video clip)
Indira Gandhi
Rick Hansen, 18 December 1987 (CBC Archives video clip)
William Leonard Higgitt, 7 October 1971
Gordie Howe
Boris Karloff
Eleanor Roosevelt
Upton Sinclair
Pierre Trudeau
Malcolm X, 5 January 1965 (CBC Archives video clip)

References in pop culture
 On Canadian Sesame Street, the game show was parodied as Front Page Vegetable.
 In a 1982 episode of SCTV, the game show was parodied as Headline Challenge, the name being a combination of Front Page Challenge and another headline-based game show, CTV's Headline Hunters.

References

Further reading
 Barris, Alex. Front Page Challenge: The 25th Anniversary (Toronto: CBC Books, 1981).

External links

 Front Page Challenge at TVarchive.ca
 Directory of CBC Television Series (F), accessed 4 February 2007
 Biography of John Aylesworth at the Canadian Communications Foundation

1957 Canadian television series debuts
1995 Canadian television series endings
Black-and-white Canadian television shows
CBC Television original programming
Panel games
Television series about journalism
Pierre Berton
1950s Canadian game shows
1960s Canadian game shows
1970s Canadian game shows
1980s Canadian game shows
1990s Canadian game shows

Front Page Challenge


Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire.  The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.

As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan.  By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city.  This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.

Center of the Aztec Empire

Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion.  It was also a very big trading center.  When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day.  People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over).  The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.

The Great Temple

The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple).  At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms.  In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and the sun, and Tlaloc, the rain god.  The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.

Agriculture

The Aztecs had created canals all across the city.  By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have.  The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.

The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water.

Fall of Tenochtitlan

In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan.  Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it.  The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.

Mexico City was built over the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

Photo gallery

Notes

Related pages
 Aztec
 Aztec Empire

References

Aztec
Cities in Mexico
History of North America
1325 establishments
14th-century establishments in Mexico
1521 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Mexico

Tenochtitlan


In mathematics, the extended real number system is obtained from the real number system  by adding two infinity elements:  and  where the infinities are treated as actual numbers. It is useful in describing the algebra on infinities and the various limiting behaviors in calculus and mathematical analysis, especially in the theory of measure and integration. The extended real number system is denoted  or  or  It is the Dedekind–MacNeille completion of the real numbers.

When the meaning is clear from context, the symbol  is often written simply as

There is also the projectively extended real line where  and  are not distinguished so the infinity is denoted by only .

Motivation

Limits
It is often useful to describe the behavior of a function  as either the argument  or the function value  gets "infinitely large" in some sense. For example, consider the function  defined by

The graph of this function has a horizontal asymptote at  Geometrically, when moving increasingly farther to the right along the -axis, the value of  approaches . This limiting behavior is similar to the limit of a function  in which the real number  approaches  except that there is no real number to which  approaches.

By adjoining the elements  and  to  it enables a formulation of a "limit at infinity", with topological properties similar to those for

To make things completely formal, the Cauchy sequences definition of  allows defining  as the set of all sequences  of rational numbers such that every  is associated with a corresponding  for which  for all  The definition of  can be constructed similarly.

Measure and integration

In measure theory, it is often useful to allow sets that have infinite measure and integrals whose value may be infinite.

Such measures arise naturally out of calculus. For example, in assigning a measure to  that agrees with the usual length of intervals, this measure must be larger than any finite real number. Also, when considering improper integrals, such as

the value "infinity" arises. Finally, it is often useful to consider the limit of a sequence of functions, such as

Without allowing functions to take on infinite values, such essential results as the monotone convergence theorem and the dominated convergence theorem would not make sense.

Order and topological properties

The extended real number system , defined as  or  , can be turned into a totally ordered set by defining  for all  With this order topology,  has the desirable property of compactness: Every subset of  has a supremum and an infimum (the infimum of the empty set is , and its supremum is ). Moreover, with this topology,  is homeomorphic to the unit interval  Thus the topology is metrizable, corresponding (for a given homeomorphism) to the ordinary metric on this interval. There is no metric, however, that is an extension of the ordinary metric on

In this topology, a set  is a neighborhood of  if and only if it contains a set  for some real number  The notion of the neighborhood of  can be defined similarly. Using this characterization of extended-real neighborhoods, limits with  tending to  or , and limits "equal" to  and , reduce to the general topological definition of limits—instead of having a special definition in the real number system.

Arithmetic operations

The arithmetic operations of  can be partially extended to  as follows:

For exponentiation, see . Here,  means both  and  while  means both  and

The expressions  and  (called indeterminate forms) are usually left undefined. These rules are modeled on the laws for infinite limits. However, in the context of probability or measure theory,  is often defined as

When dealing with both positive and negative extended real numbers, the expression  is usually left undefined, because, although it is true that for every real nonzero sequence  that converges to  the reciprocal sequence  is eventually contained in every neighborhood of  it is not true that the sequence  must itself converge to either  or  Said another way, if a continuous function  achieves a zero at a certain value  then it need not be the case that  tends to either  or  in the limit as  tends to  This is the case for the limits of the identity function  when  tends to  and of  (for the latter function, neither  nor  is a limit of  even if only positive values of  are considered).

However, in contexts where only non-negative values are considered, it is often convenient to define  For example, when working with power series, the radius of convergence of a power series with coefficients  is often defined as the reciprocal of the limit-supremum of the sequence . Thus, if one allows  to take the value  then one can use this formula regardless of whether the limit-supremum is  or not.

Algebraic properties

With these definitions,  is not even a semigroup, let alone a group, a ring or a field as in the case of  However, it has several convenient properties:
  and  are either equal or both undefined.
  and  are either equal or both undefined.
  and  are either equal or both undefined.
  and  are either equal or both undefined
  and  are equal if both are defined.
 If  and if both  and  are defined, then
 If  and  and if both  and  are defined, then

In general, all laws of arithmetic are valid in —as long as all occurring expressions are defined.

Miscellaneous

Several functions can be continuously extended to  by taking limits. For instance, one may define the extremal points of the following functions as:

Some singularities may additionally be removed. For example, the function  can be continuously extended to  (under some definitions of continuity), by setting the value to  for  and  for  and  On the other hand, the function  cannot be continuously extended, because the function approaches  as  approaches  from below, and  as  approaches  from above, i.e., the function not converging to the same value as its independent variable approaching to the same domain element from both the positive and negative value sides.

A similar but different real-line system, the projectively extended real line, does not distinguish between  and  (i.e. infinity is unsigned). As a result, a function may have limit  on the projectively extended real line, while in the extended real number system only the absolute value of the function has a limit, e.g. in the case of the function  at  On the other hand, on the projectively extended real line,  and  correspond to only a limit from the right and one from the left, respectively, with the full limit only existing when the two are equal. Thus, the functions  and  cannot be made continuous at  on the projectively extended real line.

See also
 Division by zero
 Extended complex plane
 Extended natural numbers
 Improper integral
 Infinity
 Log semiring
 Series (mathematics)
 Projectively extended real line
 Computer representations of extended real numbers, see  and IEEE floating point

Notes

References

Further reading

Infinity
Real numbers

Extended real number line


Kyle Davis Richardson (born March 2, 1973) is a former National Football League (NFL) punter. He played college football at Arkansas State University and went on to have a ten-year professional career. He played for the Rhein Fire in NFL Europe in 1996, the Miami Dolphins and Seattle Seahawks in 1997, the Baltimore Ravens from 1998 to 2001, the Minnesota Vikings in 2002, the Cincinnati Bengals from 2003 to 2004, and the Cleveland Browns in 2005. With the Ravens, he won Super Bowl XXXV over the New York Giants.

High school and college
Richardson attended high school at Farmington Senior High School. During his time at Farmington, he played football, basketball, and track. In his high school football career, Richardson played the positions of defensive back, punter, placekicker, and wide receiver, and was a three-year starter and All-conference/All-region member of the football team those three years.

NFL career
Richardson was a member of the Baltimore Ravens team that won Super Bowl XXXV. He, along with New York Giants punter Brad Maynard, hold the record for most punts (both teams) in a Super Bowl with 21 punts.
Maynard holds the individual record with 11 punts (38.4 yd/avg) and Richardson is second with 10 punts (43.0 yd/avg.).

References

1973 births
Living people
American football punters
Arkansas State Red Wolves football players
Rhein Fire players
Miami Dolphins players
Seattle Seahawks players
Baltimore Ravens players
Minnesota Vikings players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Cincinnati Bengals players
Cleveland Browns players
People from Farmington, Missouri

Kyle Richardson


Let the Great World Spin is a novel by Colum McCann set mainly in New York City in the United States. The book won the 2009 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award, one of the most lucrative literary prizes in the world. Its title comes from the poem "Locksley Hall" by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

Plot

The events of the story are told in a largely non-linear fashion, with several different narrators telling the story from different perspectives. The story is interspersed with fictionalized accounts of Philippe Petit's 1974 tightrope walk across the Twin Towers, the date on which the two main events of the novel occur: a fatal car crash and a trial.

In 1974, an Irishman named Ciaran travels to New York City to see his younger brother, Corrigan, a devout Jesuit monk who has moved to the projects of the Bronx. Corrigan works at a nursing home and has befriended several of the prostitutes working around his apartment, leaving his door unlocked so they can use his bathroom despite the danger this frequently puts him in. Ciaran meets two of the prostitutes, Tillie and her daughter Jazzlyn, who has two young children of her own. After Ciaran notices bruises on the inside of Corrigan's arm, he begins to suspect that he is using drugs. When he confronts him about this, Corrigan reveals that he is not using drugs but is in reality suffering from TTP. This was brought to his attention by Adelita, a nurse he met at the nursing home and has fallen in love with. This comes into direct conflict with the vows of chastity he took as a teenager and his sworn devotion to God, and he struggles to reconcile these beliefs with his love for Adelita.

Several months after Ciaran initially arrives in New York City, there is an incident in which many of the prostitutes are arrested, and Tillie and Jazzlyn are held in jail over an outstanding warrant for robbery. During the arrest, Jazzlyn drops a keychain with photos of her two children, which Corrigan picks up, intending to return it. The following day - 7 August 1974, the day of Philipe Petit's tightrope walk - Corrigan asks Ciaran to take over his shift at the nursing home for the day while he goes to pick up Jazzlyn from court after her acquittal. Ciaran agrees, and discusses his brother with Adelita, eventually coming to the conclusion that they have the right to be happy together for the time being no matter how their relationship will end. At the very moment Ciaran is coming to this conclusion, Corrigan's van is hit by a gold car on the FDR Drive, causing a massive car crash. Jazzlyn is killed instantly, and Corrigan is left so badly injured that the paramedics initially believe him to be dead. Lara, the passenger in the gold car, pleads with her husband Blaine, who was driving, to stop and accept responsibility, but loses her nerve when she hears sirens approaching and the two leave the scene of the crash. Meanwhile, Corrigan is rushed to a hospital and survives long enough for Adelita and Ciaran to make it to his bedside, where he tells Adelita that he had "seen something beautiful" before he finally dies.

The same day, Claire, a woman from a very wealthy southern family who lives on the Upper East Side, hosts a gathering for a group of mothers who have lost children in the Vietnam war. On the way to Claire's apartment, one of the women saw the tightrope walker and was shaken due to the fact that it reminded her of her son, expressing the belief that it was her son coming back to see her. Claire is greatly upset by this but cannot figure out why, eventually realizing that she resents the idea that someone would be so flippant about their own personal safety, showing so little disregard for their life when their sons were forced to give up their own without a choice. She tells the group the story of how she learned her son, Joshua, had been killed; Joshua had been drafted into Vietnam and worked as a computer programmer, writing code that would allow the computers to automatically tally American casualties. Unlike most of the other women's children, Joshua was not in active combat, but instead died when a grenade was detonated at the coffee shop he was inside. She reveals that she didn't know how to react to the officer who came to inform them of their son's death and instead just smiled and thanked him, unable to do anything else. After telling the story, she realizes that there is nothing they can do but rely on each other to heal, and decides to let go of her anger towards the tightrope walking man and instead focus on the memory of her son. As the women leave Claire's apartment, Claire pleads with Gloria - a black woman who is Claire's favorite of the group - to stay; Gloria considers staying, but decides to leave, as "we didn't go freedom-riding years ago to clean apartments on Park Avenue". Before she departs, Claire tells Gloria that she would be happy to pay her, startling both women and causing Gloria to leave the building hastily. However, she is robbed of her purse - containing photographs of her sons - on the way home, and hails a cab back to Claire's apartment, where Claire apologizes profusely for what she said despite Gloria insisting that it doesn't matter. After several hours of talking, Claire's husband, Solomon, a judge, returns home, and tells them that he had presided over the case of the man on the tightrope and charged him a dollar and ten cents - one penny per floor - as well as another performance. Claire then takes Gloria home in a taxi; when they reach their destination, they see two young children being led away by a social worker. Gloria tells the social worker that she knows them and ends up raising the children, who are revealed to be Jazzlyn's daughters, Janice and another girl, also named Jazzlyn.

The following day, Lara, the passenger in the gold car, continues to feel tremendous guilt over Jazzlyn's death. The year before, she and Blaine - both of whom are artists - had decided that they would stop using drugs and drinking and moved to a secluded cabin in upstate New York; however, the night before the crash, they indulged in a night of partying and had intended to return to the cabin and detox the following day, when they drove back home, still high on cocaine. After a fight with Blaine, who insists that they were not responsible, she returns to the city and checks the hospitals to find out what happened to Corrigan, eventually learning that he died. She tells the hospital staff she is his cousin and collects his belongings, among which is Jazzlyn's keychain, which she assumes to be a photo of Corrigan's children. She drives to the address on Corrigan's license and enters his apartment, where she finds Adelita and Ciaran, cleaning up the apartment. She returns Corrigan's belongings to his brother, and asks if she can accompany them to Jazzlyn's funeral.

At the funeral, Tillie is escorted by two cops and still in handcuffs, which they reluctantly remove to allow her to see her daughter's body. Afterwards, Tillie is taken back to jail and Lara offers Ciaran a ride home. Ciaran accepts, but immediately recognizes her car as the one involved in the crash, and angrily asks her why she didn't stop when Lara lies and tells him she was driving. The two eventually end up going out to a bar, where Ciaran tells her about his brother. As Tillie begins serving her eight-month sentence, it is revealed that her and Jazzlyn's case - presided over by Solomon, Claire's husband - had been decided by a deal struck between her and the detective: if Tillie pleaded guilty, he would give her six months and allow Jazzlyn to go free. While in prison, Tillie reflects on her life and the guilt she has over the life that Jazzlyn ended up living, considering the plea deal she took as the final time she failed her daughter that resulted in her death. While she is in prison, she is visited several times by Lara, who brings her books of Rumi's poetry (at Ciaran's suggestion) and assures her that her granddaughters are doing fine. Tillie comes up with a plan to commit suicide, and eventually executes it, dying in prison with the wish of seeing her daughter again. Before she dies, she is visited by Gloria with Jazzlyn's children, and decides that it is better that she not be involved in their lives, as she believes she is the reason that Jazzlyn's life ended the way that it did.

In 2006, 32 years after the main events of the book, Jazzlyn's daughter, Jazzlyn - who has changed her name to Jaslyn - returns to New York City to see Claire, who has suffered a debilitating stroke. In the airport, Jaslyn encounters Pino, a doctor who makes a joke in the security line and is detained by security, and they have sex. It is revealed that Ciaran and Lara ended up getting married, although Jaslyn did not know them very well while growing up. The book ends with Jaslyn visiting Claire, whose stroke has rendered her mostly incapacitated, as she reflects on the nature of life.

Approach
The novel is written in a non-linear fashion, narrated by several of the eleven different protagonists. The lives of the characters are slowly woven together and revealed to be connected, despite the fact that some are not aware of this and have never even met. As most of the story unfolds over the course of several days, many events, such as the car crash and the trial, are retold from different perspectives by different narrators.

Themes
Throughout the book, the author weaves the stories of each of the protagonists through the central events of the story, exploring the personal impact that these events had on the lives on each individual character. Despite the fact that many of the protagonists have never met and are from completely different worlds, they are all affected by the same occurrences; in subsequent interviews, the author has noted his intention to point out the melodramatic tensions present in all of our lives, whether perched upon a death-defying high wire, or merely trying to live out a more "ordinary" life, "where there is still an invisible tight-rope wire that we all walk, with equally high stakes, only it is hidden to most, and only 1 inch off the ground".

Reception
The New York Times reviewer Jonathan Mahler ranked this book as, "One of the most electric, profound novels I have read in years."

The novel received numerous honours including the U.S. National Book Award. It was named winner of the 2011 International Dublin Literary Award in June 2011. The judging panel, among whom were John Boyne and Michael Hofmann, described the book as a "remarkable literary work [...] a genuinely 21st century novel that speaks to its time but is not enslaved by it", noting the book's opening pages in which "the people of New York city stand breathless and overwhelmed as a great artist dazzles them in a realm that seemed impossible until that moment; Colum McCann does the same thing in this novel, leaving the reader just as stunned as the New Yorkers, just as moved and just as grateful". Lord Mayor of Dublin Gerry Breen said it was "wonderful and fitting to have a Dublin winner in the year that Dublin was awarded UNESCO City of Literature designation, a designation in perpetuity".

Album with Joe Hurley
Colum McCann and musician Joe Hurley cowrote a song-cycle—"The House That Horse Built (Let the Great World Spin)"—based on McCann's novel. The album is narrated from the perspective of the character Tillie. It was recorded with Hurley's band The Gents—James Mastro (Ian Hunter), Tony Shanahan (Patti Smith), and Ken Margolis (Cracker)—and features The Chieftains' Paddy Moloney, Matt Sweeney, soul singer Tami Lynn, film actress Antonique Smith, Denis Diken and Joe McGinty. It was produced by Don Fleming and Hurley.

References

External links
 Small Talk: Colum McCann, Financial Times, 29 August 2009

2009 American novels
Fiction set in the 1970s
National Book Award for Fiction winning works
Novels set in New York City
Nonlinear narrative novels
Novels with multiple narrators
Random House books

Let the Great World Spin


Eric Batchelor DCM & Bar (29 August 1920 – 10 July 2010) was a New Zealand soldier who was twice awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal for conspicuous bravery in Italy during World War II. He was the only New Zealand soldier of just nine British Commonwealth soldiers during the World War II to receive the DCM and bar. He was also Mentioned in Despatches, and fought at El Alamein in Egypt.

Eric Batchelor was born at Waimate and educated at Waimate Main School. He joined 5th Reinforcements in 1941. He later served with 23 NZ Battalion in North Africa and Italy. He also took part in the battles of Monte Cassino. He was twice wounded.

Batchelor's first DCM was awarded for gallantry, while in command of a forward platoon, during a fierce close quarter fight in a small house behind German lines at San Donato, on 21 July 1944, in the advance to Florence. He was awarded his second DCM for gallantry, while serving as a platoon sergeant in a forward company, during an assault on Celle, south-west of Faenza in Italy, on 14 December 1944. He was demobilised in 1946.

Batchelor's ability to work quickly and quietly through the black of night earned him the nickname 'the ferret' and the 'waimate warrior'.

In 1953, Batchelor was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.

Batchelor later ran a taxi business then a delicatessen and after that a wine shop.

Batchelor died in his hometown of Waimate in New Zealand on 10 July 2010.

A biography titled 'The Ferret' was published in 2017 about Batchelor's tales from the war.

References

External links
A very special man profile in NZ Army News, Sep 9 2008

1920 births
2010 deaths
New Zealand military personnel of World War II
People from Waimate
New Zealand recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Medal

Eric Batchelor


Jay Stuart Farrar (born December 26, 1966) is an American songwriter and musician currently based in St. Louis.  A member of two critically acclaimed music groups, Uncle Tupelo and Son Volt, he began his solo music career in 2001.  Beyond his established talents as a songwriter, he is a guitarist, pianist, harmonicist, and a vocalist.

Uncle Tupelo
Farrar formed Uncle Tupelo with Jeff Tweedy and Mike Heidorn in 1987 after the lead singer of their previous band, The Primatives, left to attend college. The trio recorded three albums for Rockville Records, before signing with Sire Records and expanding to a five-piece. Shortly after the release of the band's major label debut album Anodyne, Farrar announced his decision to leave the band owing to a soured relationship with his co-songwriter Tweedy. Uncle Tupelo is often mentioned as one of the originators of the alt-country genre of music or subgenre of country music that combines country, folk and/or bluegrass with punk rock, alt-rock, indie rock or other generes.

Son Volt

After the dissolution of Uncle Tupelo in 1994, Farrar formed the rock group Son Volt, whose original lineup released three albums in the late 1990s, before undergoing a hiatus in 1999. In 1999, Farrar was invited to participate in the tribute album for Moby Grape co-founder Skip Spence, who was terminally ill with cancer. The album, More Oar: A Tribute to the Skip Spence Album  (Birdman, 1999), was an album of cover versions of the songs on Spence's only solo album, Oar (Columbia, 1999). In 2005, the band re-formed with a different lineup and has since released seven additional albums.

Other

In 1995, Farrar collaborated with Kelly Willis on the song "Rex's Blues", which appeared on the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Bothered produced by the Red Hot Organization.

As a solo artist, Farrar has released two full-length albums, two EPs, one film score, and various live recordings.  His full-length albums are Sebastopol (2001) and Terroir Blues (2003), the first released on the independent record label Artemis Records and the second released on his own label, Transmit Sound.

An EP of songs from the Sebastopol sessions, entitled ThirdShiftGrottoSlack was released in 2002.  His score for the independent film The Slaughter Rule (2002, directors Alex and Andrew Smith) was released in 2003 on the independent record label Bloodshot Records.  Farrar formed his own independent record label in 2003, Transmit Sound (formerly called "Act/Resist Records").

In 2004, Farrar released a six-song live acoustic EP entitled Live EP. Also 2004 marked the release of the live CD/DVD Stone, Steel & Bright Lights.

Farrar worked closely with keyboardist Steven Drozd of The Flaming Lips during the recording of Sebastopol. Eric Heywood, Mark Spencer from the Blood Oranges, and the rock group Canyon have often accompanied Farrar in his solo recordings and performances. Spencer is now a full-time member of Son Volt.

In 2006, Farrar announced the formation of a new band, Gob Iron, with Varnaline's Anders Parker. The songs which would make up their debut album were recorded in autumn 2004, while Farrar was in the process of recording a new Son Volt album. In April 2019, Parker and Farrar released a 7-inch single using the Gob Iron moniker.

Farrar collaborated with Ben Gibbard (of the indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie) to create all of the music for the soundtrack for the 2009 documentary film One Fast Move or I'm Gone, about Jack Kerouac's time spent at Big Sur. The soundtrack was released on October 20, 2009.

In 2012, Farrar, along with Will Johnson, Yim Yames, and Anders Parker collaborated on the Woody Guthrie archive project, New Multitudes.

Style
His musical style ranges from sparse, unaccompanied folk music to full rock and roll band arrangements comparable to Neil Young or Dinosaur Jr. His solo recordings also often include sound experiments, reminiscent of psychedelia, with a distinct Eastern bent. One of the hallmarks of his sound is the use of alternate tunings on the guitar. His love for Woody Guthrie inspired a custom guitar made by Creston Lea of Vermont. The guitar was made from artifacts Jay gathered from the site of Guthrie's childhood home.

References

External links

 Jay Farrar reviews at the Country Standard Time website

1966 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Illinois
American rock singers
American country singer-songwriters
People from Belleville, Illinois
Son Volt members
Uncle Tupelo members
Guitarists from Illinois
20th-century American guitarists
Dutch East India Trading artists
Sire Records artists
Warner Records artists
Country musicians from Illinois
Belleville High School-West alumni
20th-century American male musicians
Gob Iron members

Jay Farrar


In Roman religion and myth, Ceres (Latin: Cerēs) is the goddess of agriculture, especially the growing of grains and cereals, fertility and motherly relationships. The Roman equivalent of Demeter. Ceres was an important deity of the Plebeian or Aventine Triad. She was the mother of Proserpine. Her daughter was married to Pluto, the god of the underworld. At Roman weddings, a boy carried the torch of Ceres to light the way to happiness of the couple. The dwarf planet Ceres is named after her.

Ceres found out the spelt wheat (Latin far), the yoking of oxen and ploughing, the sowing, protection and the young seed, the gift of agriculture to human beings. Before this, man were going here and there without houses or rules. She had the power to fertilize, multiply and make plants bear fruit and animals produce seed. Her rules protected all the activities of the agricultural cycle. In January, Ceres (alongside the earth-goddess Tellus) was offered spelt wheat and a pregnant sow. It was done at the movable Feriae Sementivae. This was almost done before the annual sowing of grain. The divine part of sacrifice was the entrails (exta) put in a clay pot (olla). In villages, Cato the Elder describes the offer to Ceres of a porca praecidanea (a pig, offered before harvesting). Before the harvest, she was offered some grains (praemetium). Ovid tells that Ceres "is content with little, provided that her offerings are casta" (pure).

Ceres' main festival is Cerealia. It was celebrated from middle to late April. It was organised by her plebeian aediles. It included circus games (ludi circenses). It opened with a horse-race in the Circus Maximus. Its starting point was below and opposite to her Aventine Temple. Its turning post was at the far end of the Circus. It was holy to Consus, a god of grain-storage. After the race, foxes were released into the Circus. Their tails were burned with torches. It was done to clean the growing crop plants and protect them from disease. It is also to add warmness and strength to their growth.

Rules
Ceres protected plebeian laws, rights and rules. Her Aventine Temple was the plebeian worship place, law place, treasure place and also law-court. Its foundation was almost at the same time with the passage of the Lex Sacrata. During that time, Lex Sacrata made the office and representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally unable to do anything to capture or threaten the lives and wealth of those who broke the rules of Ceres.

Related pages
 Demeter - Greek mythology version of Ceres

References

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of agriculture

Ceres


The Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft also called the Oslo Convention was an international agreement designed to control the dumping of harmful substances from ships and aircraft into the sea.  It was adopted on 15 February 1972 in Oslo, Norway and came into force on 7 April 1974.  Original signatories were Denmark, France, Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden. Later members included the United Kingdom (1975), the Netherlands (1975), Germany (1977), Finland (1979), Ireland (1982), and Belgium (1985).

The area covered by the treaty included the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans north of latitude 36°N, east of longitude 42°W and west of longitude 51°E, excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas

The Convention prohibited the dumping of halocarbons and organosilicon (with some exceptions), mercury and mercury compounds, cadmium and cadmium compounds, non-biodegradable plastics and other persistent materials, as well as "substances which have been agreed between the Contracting Parties as likely to be carcinogenic under the conditions of disposal."  It also restricted and required a permit for the dumping of arsenic, lead, copper, zinc and their compounds, as well as cyanides, and fluorides, pesticides, containers, "tar-like substances", scrap metal, and "other bulky wastes."

It also defined the considerations to be made in the issuance of dumping permits by each signatory state and required them to enforce the agreement within their territorial sea and make efforts to prevent dumping of materials outside the agreement's defined borders.

The convention was amended once, in December 1981, which amendment came into force in February 1982.  The Oslo Convention was replaced by the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic or "OSPAR Convention" when it came into force on 25 March 1998.

References

External links
 Full text of the Convention
Summary and ratifications.

Waste treaties
Ocean pollution
Atlantic Ocean
Environment of the Arctic
Government of the Arctic
Treaties concluded in 1972
Treaties entered into force in 1974
1974 in the environment
1972 in Norway
Treaties of Denmark
Treaties of Finland
Treaties of France
Treaties of West Germany
Treaties of Iceland
Treaties of Norway
Treaties of Portugal
Treaties of Francoist Spain
Treaties of Sweden
Treaties of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the Netherlands
Treaties of Ireland
Treaties of Belgium

Oslo Dumping Convention


"Brooklyn Without Limits" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 87th overall episode of the series. It was written by co-executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by Michael Engler. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on November 11, 2010.

In the episode, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) finds a pair of jeans that make her look sexy, but which leave her with an unexpected moral dilemma; Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) attempts to stop Regina Bookman from being elected by endorsing her political rival Steven Austin (special guest star John Slattery); and a jealous Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) attempts to sabotage the chances of the new Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) film winning a Golden Globe Award.

Plot
While shopping at a store called "Brooklyn Without Limits" with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski), Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) miraculously finds a pair of jeans that make her look sexy and win her new respect at work, but she is informed by Jack that the seemingly artsy and liberal store is, in fact, owned by Halliburton, and the jeans are made by a "Vietnamese slave tribe" on an "island prison" called Usa (pronounced "oosa"). Liz becomes conflicted over whether to keep the jeans and her new image, or stand up for what she believes in.

Meanwhile, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin), in an attempt to keep Regina Bookman from being reelected, decides to endorse her rival, a Rhode Island independent candidate named Steven Austin (special guest star John Slattery). It soon becomes clear that Austin is mentally unstable, as he plans to return to the "Founding Father's America" which he envisions as "no paved roads, rum used as an anesthetic, [and] legal slavery." He also wants to build a casino on the moon. Despite this, Jack holds a fundraiser for him and edits a pre-recorded speech of Austin's to make him seem sane.

At the same time, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) has discovered that he is being considered for a Golden Globe, and that members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association will be evaluating his film. Taking advantage of his inexperience, Jenna attempts to sabotage him by convincing him to hold a private screening of the film and bribe them. She does not reveal that she had attempted to do the same, only to be banned for life from the Golden Globes.

In the end, all three decide to do the right thing. At the screening of Hard to Watch, all in the audience, including Jenna, are moved to tears. At the last minute, Jenna tells Tracy to not bribe the critics, telling him that the film is good enough to win a Golden Globe on its own. Seeing this, Liz is convinced to return the jeans. She does, and returns to work in a ridiculously unflattering pair of "Shorteralls". Jack sees her and decides to let Bookman win rather than let an insane man into Congress. He convinces Austin to make a live speech, where he destroys all of the support Jack generated.

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode of 30 Rock was watched by 5.09 million households in its original American broadcast. It earned a 2.4 rating/7 share in the 18–49 demographic. This means that it was seen by 2.4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast.

The episode received generally positive reviews from critics. Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a B score and complimented the fifth season of 30 Rock for demonstrating an improvement in quality over the fourth, but accused "Brooklyn Without Limits" of being "a step in the wrong direction". He mostly criticized the political overtones, commenting "this is a funny show, but it's not an especially politically astute one, and it tends to stick its foot in a bucket and clank around for half an hour when it turns to politically oriented storylines." However he concluded that "there was enough in the way of killer one-liners in this episode to keep it from sinking; this same episode, last season, would likely have been a disaster".

Alan Sepinwall of HitFix also spoke favourably about the quality of the fifth season, opining that "with a few exceptions, this young  season is shaping up to be the show's best since year two". He particularly praised guest star John Slattery, commenting "everything about the Steve Austin character was just glorious in its absurdity. Often, when you introduce someone this ridiculous, the joke gets old after a scene or two, but the episode kept finding new levels of perversity to take the guy". Den of Geek writer Louisa Mellor wrote that John Slattery was the "best used guest role of the series so far".

References

External links

30 Rock (season 5) episodes
2010 American television episodes

Brooklyn Without Limits


Oriental Pearl Tower
The Oriental Pearl Tower is located in the Lujiazui neighborhood of Pudong New Area. It is 468 meters tall. It was the tallest building in China from 1994 to 2007. The whole design of the tower aims for an effect of splendor, giving the viewer the impression that pearls of various sizes are dropping onto an emerald plate. It has thousands of visitors a day.

Shanghai Museum
The Shanghai Museum in People's Square in Huangpu District is a place for people to learn more about Chinese culture. It has many different exhibits. Some are about Chinese money, some are about Chinese painting, and some are about Chinese calligraphy (beautiful writing in the Chinese language). The most famous exhibit is its Bronze Exhibition Hall and the most famous in its collection is the Dake Ding, a big bronze cooking pot with very old and very important Chinese writing inside.

Shanghai Science and Technology Museum
The Shanghai Science and Technology Museum at 2000 Century Ave. in Pudong is a place for local people in Shanghai to enjoy and learn about science. It is also an attraction for tourists. The museum has Asia's largest group of cinemas featuring films about science: two IMAX cinemas, a 4D IWERKS cinema, and the Space Digital Cinema.

Shanghai Wildlife Park
The Shanghai Wildlife Park at 178 S. Sixth Rd. in Pudong is the largest wild animal park in China, with many different kinds of animals like pandas, snub-nosed monkeys, and crested ibises.

Shanghai Ocean Aquarium
The Shanghai Ocean Aquarium at 1388 Lujiazui Ring Rd. in Pudong is one of the largest aquariums in Asia. It has nine areas of different kinds of sea animals, including Chinese, African, and polar areas. There is a park next to it. Kids would love it.

Yu Garden
Yu Garden (also: Yu Yuan), located at 218 Anyan St. in the Huangpu District, is a classical Chinese garden. It was built by a government official during the Ming period of Chinese history. He started it in 1559 and finished it 20 years later. There is a large shopping area full of traditional Chinese foods and goods between it and the nearby City God Temple.

Guyi Garden
The Guyi Garden (also: Guyi Yuan) is at No. 218, Huyi Road, Nanxiang Town, Jiading District. Many tourists visit there for the lotus. This is also a place famous for Xiaolongbao a popular Shanghai-style dumpling filled with meat and vegetables. Both tourists and locals go day and night to the Guyi Garden Restaurant; it sells an average of over 20,000 xiaolongbaos each day.

China Art Museum
The China Art Museum is located at No. 205 South Road, Pudong New Area. It is very large. It looks like the alphabet character called hua (華). There are many exhibitions of artworks from all over the world. Museum entrance is free of charge. The paintings in the museum are all valuable and famous.

Shanghai Disneyland Park
It is in Chuansha new town, pudong district. It is the sixth Disneyland Park of the world and the fist Disneyland Park in mainland China. It is eight times larger than the one in Hong Kong. There are many scenic spots in the park. Such as, Mickey Avenue, Land of dreams, and Adventure Isle. You can go there by Line 11. Although the food is really expensive, there are many people visiting it every day.

Jinjiang Amusement Park
It is at No. 201 Hongmei Road, minghang district. It is a very large amusement park. There are many breathtaking recreation facility. Such as the ferries wheel. It is the first gaint ferries wheel in China.

Zhujiajiao
Zhujiajiao (朱家角, Zhūjiājiǎo) is a water town and suburb in Qingpu District in western Shanghai. It is over 170 years old. It got its name from the Zhu family, who used to live there. It is the best preserved of Shanghai's four ancient towns.

Happy Valley
Happy Valley (欢乐谷, Huānlè Gǔ) is an amusement park on Linhu Road in Songjiang District near Sheshan. It has seven areas: Happy Time, Typhoon Bay, Gold-Mine Town, Happy Sea, Shangri-La, and the Shanghai Bund. There are 100+ rides. The price of the ticket is 230yuan each, and 120yuan for a child.

Tianzifang
Tianzifang (田子坊)is a neighborhood in Huangpu District north of the Dapuqiao Subway Station. It was built in 1998. There are many art shows in it. There are many shops in it, too.It's a piace for young people to shop. People can buy food, traditional clothes, and local crafts there.  There are also few old people living in it now, but you seldom see them come out. They don't want to move because they love their old house.

Shanghai Natural Museum( 上海自然博物馆)
It is the branch of Shanghai Science and Technology Museum. It ia at No. 128, the second of Shimen Road, Jinan District. It is the largest natural museum in China. You can see a lot of samples there.

Shanghai Library

The new Shanghai Library, which covers an area of some 80,000 square meters, has a collection of 13 million books and is considered one of the top ten libraries in China. The library incorporates the open-stacks approach favored in the West, which allows for convenience in borrowing books. It is at No. 1555, Middle Huaihai Road.

People's Square
People's Square (人民广场) is the largest public square in Shanghai. It has become the political and cultural center in Shanghai since 1994, when it was rebuilt. People's Square is a garden-type open space. There are buildings and facilities around it, for administration, cultural activities, transportation, and commerce.

Nanjing Road
Nanjing Road East, honored as China's No. l Street, has become an all-weather pedestrian arcade. Shops and restaurants provide products and services with their own characteristics, making it an ideal place that integrates shopping, restaurants, amusement and sightseeing. It's always crowded.

Shanghai Grand Theater
It is in the northwestern corner of People's Square. The Shanghai Grand Theater covers 70,000 squat, meters. It is actually composed of three theaters. The theaters can accommodate performances of ballet opera, symphonies, chamber music modern dramas, and musicals. The theater also owns the largest, fully automatic stage in Asia. The theater has become a symbol of modern culture in Shanghai.

The Bund
It is in the central district of Shanghai, Huangpu River, it is Shanghai's landscape is a must in Shanghai tourists to the land. The Bund, also known as Zhong Shan Dong Yi, total length of about 1.5 km. Huangpu River east, west, Gothic, Romanesque, Baroque style, such as Chinese and western wall of the building 52 of various styles, known as the "Wan State Building Expo Group."It's really good to visit it at night with a cup of coffee.

Lu Xun Park
Lu Xun Park is a park in Hongkou District. Its Chinese name is Lú Xùn Gōngyuán (). Lu Xun was an important writer in China during the early 1900s. Inside the park, there is a museum about Lu Xun and his tomb. The museum shows photographs of Lu Xun's life and some of his things, such as his stories in his own handwriting. The headstone of Lu Xun's tomb in the park reads "Tomb of Lu Xun" and is in Mao Zedong's handwriting.

Wen Temple
Wen Temple has moved four times. Now it is on Wenmiao Road. It was built in 1895. Wen Temple was used to remember Confucius. There are many calligraphy work of emperors like Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong.

Buildings and structures in Shanghai

Famous places in Shanghai


Chappaqua station is a commuter rail stop on the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem Line, located in Chappaqua, New York, United States, within the town of New Castle.

Next to the modern station is the building opened by the New York Central Railroad in 1902. Still in use as a waiting area, it is part of the Chappaqua Railroad Depot and Depot Plaza listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979. It was built on land donated by the daughter of Horace Greeley, a prominent newspaper editor and presidential candidate who had moved to Chappaqua in the mid-19th century and been responsible for much of its early development, on the condition that a small park adjacent to the station be maintained.

History

Chappaqua was first settled by Quakers moving inland from Long Island Sound in the 1740s. For a century after that, it remained a self-sustaining farming community, centered around the meeting house 0.6 mile (1 km) north of the present downtown along Quaker Road. The meeting house and several other buildings remain from that era. They are now part of the Old Chappaqua Historic District, also listed on the National Register.

In 1846 the New York and Harlem Railroad laid the first tracks along the current route. That led to gradual changes in the economy and geography of Chappaqua. Farmers could now easily ship their crops to New York for sale, and many switched to growing cash crops to take advantage of this. A few businesses began to cluster around the original depot site, a few hundred feet north of the present station. Three buildings were eventually built close to the station.

The rail connection made it possible for those with social and commercial links to the city to maintain them, and some who had business there moved to Chappaqua. Among them was Horace Greeley, the crusading editor of the New York Tribune. He settled there with his wife and daughter in 1853, seeking a quiet country retreat from the demands of his job and a place to test the farming methods he advocated. Shortly after moving in he built the first concrete dairy barn in the country. In 1864 he bought a large farm south of the station and expanded its farmhouse. He lived there for the last nine years of his life.

His daughter Gabrielle inherited the farm. Over the remaining years of the 19th century more city residents followed her family's lead and moved out to Chappaqua. They often settled on farms that had been subdivided into large residential lots. By the turn of the century the 1846 depot was no longer able to handle its daily passenger and freight traffic, and the existing buildings were preventing easy access to the station. As sites for a new depot were being proposed and considered, with considerable opposition from the owners of the three buildings near the old station,. Gabrielle offered to donate the  where it presently stands for a station, a public park to always be maintained there, and an access road to be named Woodbine Avenue after her mother's family.

Her offer was accepted, and the station was built there. It was completed and opened in 1902, amid much local celebration. Its completion triggered the development of most of modern downtown Chappaqua, and accelerated the suburbanization of the community, as Gabrielle Greeley continued to subdivide the remnants of the farm for development by others until her death in 1937. The small park, decorated with a statue of her father and war memorial in 1914, remained per the stipulation of her original gift.

In the early 1970s the Penn Central Railroad, successor by merger to the New York Central Railroad, which had absorbed the New York and Harlem, went bankrupt. Commuter rail services it had operated were first run by Conrail, then by Metro-North Railroad after that agency was created under the aegis of New York's Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). During the 1980s the new station, with elevated platforms, was built. Café La Track was opened in the old station a decade later.

In the early 2000s, 20 spaces in the station's lot were equipped with plug-in recharging stations for electric cars as part of a pilot program to encourage their use. Drivers of those vehicles were guaranteed access to one of those spaces. Three years later, during a $1.1 million renovation of the station, the owners of Café La Track, which occupied the southwestern corner of the station building, resorted to an online petition to successfully prevent themselves from being replaced by a Dunkin' Donuts franchise.

The historic station building was converted into a restaurant, Chappaqua Station, in 2015, while retaining much of the station's original character. As of 2019, the station is occupied by Bobo's Cafe.

Station layout
The station has one eight-car-long high-level island platform serving trains in both directions.

Buildings and grounds

The station is located on the southwest corner of downtown Chappaqua, located in a low area amid hilly terrain just north of the Mount Pleasant town line. At that point the two railroad tracks run straight in a northeast-southwest heading, paralleling the Saw Mill River Parkway and the headwaters of the eponymous stream immediately to their west. Quaker Road (New York State Route 120) crosses over the tracks just north of the station, east of its interchange with the parkway. Beyond the Quaker Road bridge, a parking lot separates the road from the main commercial area of downtown around the intersection of King Street, South Greeley Avenue, and North Greeley Avenue.

East of the station, across South Greeley Avenue, are commercial buildings north of Woodburn Avenue and Robert E. Bell Middle School of the Chappaqua Central School District. South of it is the Episcopal Church of St. Mary the Virgin, also listed on the Register due to its connection to the Greeley family. A baseball diamond lies between the station and New Castle's town hall and the Chappaqua library on the south. To the southwest of the station its overflow parking spills out alongside the tracks to the town line.

Woodburn Avenue west of South Greeley serves as the station's entrance road. Parking is in concentric semicircles, mirroring the small park just east of the station. A statue of Greeley and war memorial are located just across Allen Place from the historic station building on the east side of the tracks. The entry stairs to the modern station are immediately to the south.

The historic building is a one-story fieldstone structure with a tiled hipped roof pierced at either end by two stone chimneys. On its west side, opposite the statue and war memorial, is a gabled porte-cochère supported by square bracketed wooden pillars atop a stone wall. West, along the tracks, a roofed arcade extends along the tracks. It is no longer necessary as a shelter for passengers awaiting trains since the tracks are now fenced off on that side and all ingress and egress from them is via the modern station.

A walkway and steps enclosed with glass and aluminum climb to a similarly treated overpass from both north and south, with an elevator in a brick shaft between them. In the overpass are ticket machines, on the west end of the overpass, another enclosed stairwell and another elevator in a brick shaft descend to the elevated concrete island platform between the tracks.

The platform, long enough to accommodate eight cars, extends about  to the south of the overpass. North of the overpass it continues to slightly north of the Quaker Road overpass. A roof covers the first hundred feet (30 m). Along its length are ornate metal streetlights, enclosed shelters, and some vending machines.

The historic station was converted to a café in 2015. While the ticket counter closed, the cafe retains most of the station's original elements, including the waiting area benches and the original ticket counter, which serves as a check-out counter. It is decorated entirely in wood, from the flooring to the vertical siding to the exposed ceiling rafters. There is a simple molding at the floor, and a more decorative one at the chair rail level and then running around the waiting room at the top of the entryways, all of which are flanked by smooth square pilasters. Above that level is a paneled entablature (with ten-pane horizontal casement windows above the former ticket office), with another molded cornice at the ceiling.

See also

 List of Metro-North Railroad stations
 National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Westchester County, New York

Notes

References

External links

 Chappaqua Metro-North station (The SubwayNut)
 Station from Quaker Road from Google Maps Street View

Metro-North Railroad stations in New York (state)
Former New York Central Railroad stations
Railway stations in Westchester County, New York
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Westchester County, New York
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1847
1847 establishments in New York (state)
Transportation in Westchester County, New York

Chappaqua station


The National Party (, SN) was a Polish nationalist political party formed on 7 October 1928 after the transformation of Popular National Union. It gathered together most of the political forces of Poland's National Democracy right-wing political camp. Shortly before World War II the party had 200,000 members, being the largest opposition party of that time.

In the 1930s the two main factions competed within the party, the "old generation" and "young generation", divided by the age and political programmes. The old generation supported the parliamentary means of political competition, while the activist young generation advocated the extra-parliamentary means of political struggle. In 1935 the young activists took over the leadership of the party. In 1934 a significant part of the young faction split off from the SN, forming the National-Radical Camp. During World War II, many SN activists joined the National Armed Forces and National Military Organization resistance organizations.

Policies
The main goal of the party was the construction of a Catholic Polish State, through combining the principles of Catholicism and Nationalism. The party advocated a hierarchical organisation of society and the transformation of the political system by increasing the role of the Polish National elite within the country.

It had the most influential political centres in Greater Poland, Pomerania, Warsaw, Wilno and Lwów. Prominent leaders of the old generation included Stanisław Stroński, Marian Seyda, Roman Rybarski, Stanisław Głąbiński, Witold Staniszkis, Wacław Komarnicki, Jan Zamorski, Jan Załuska and Stanisław Rymar. The young generation was represented by Tadeusz Bielecki, Jędrzej Giertych, Kazimierz Kowalski, Adam Doboszyński, Karol Stojanowski, Tadeusz Dworak, Karol Frycz, Witold Nowosad and Stefan Sacha.

After World War II
During the period of the Polish People's Republic the organization was outlawed in Poland but continued in the Polish emigration with a major centre in London. It was re-established in Warsaw in 1989 by Jan Ostoj Matłachowski, Leon Mirecki, Maciej Giertych, Boguslaw Jeznach, Bogusław Rybicki, and others. The new SN was officially registered on 21 August 1990 in sovereign Poland after the fall of communism in 1989. Most of its members eventually entered the League of Polish Families (LPR) and dissolved the National Party in 2001.

Electoral results

Sejm

References

1928 establishments in Poland
1947 disestablishments in Poland
Catholic political parties
Conservative parties in Poland
Defunct political parties in Poland
National conservative parties
National Democracy
Nationalist parties in Poland
Polish nationalist parties
Political parties disestablished in 1947
Political parties established in 1928

National Party (Poland)