Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius (; by himself and his contemporaries named only Jacob Berzelius, 20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. Berzelius is considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry. Berzelius became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1808 and served from 1818 as its principal functionary. He is known in Sweden as the "Father of Swedish Chemistry". Berzelius Day is celebrated on 20 August in honour of him.

Although Berzelius began his career as a physician, his enduring contributions were in the fields of electrochemistry, chemical bonding and stoichiometry. In particular, he is noted for his determination of atomic weights and his experiments that led to a more complete understanding of the principles of stoichiometry, which is the branch of chemistry pertaining to the quantitative relationships between elements in chemical compounds and chemical reactions and that these occur in definite proportions. This understanding came to be known as the "Law of Constant Proportions".

Berzelius was a strict empiricist, expecting that any new theory must be consistent with the sum of contemporary chemical knowledge. He developed improved methods of chemical analysis, which were required to develop the basic data in support of his work on stoichiometry. He investigated isomerism, allotropy, and catalysis, phenomena that owe their names to him. Berzelius was among the first to articulate the differences between inorganic compounds and organic compounds. Among the many minerals and elements he studied, he is credited with discovering cerium and selenium, and with being the first to isolate silicon and thorium. Following on his interest in mineralogy, Berzelius synthesized and chemically characterized new compounds of these and other elements.

Berzelius demonstrated the use of an electrochemical cell to decompose certain chemical compounds into pairs of electrically opposite constituents. From this research, he articulated a theory that came to be known as electrochemical dualism, contending that chemical compounds are oxide salts, bonded together by electrostatic interactions. This theory, while useful in some contexts, came to be seen as insufficient. Berzelius's work with atomic weights and his theory of electrochemical dualism led to his development of a modern system of chemical formula notation that showed the composition of any compound both qualitatively and quantitatively. His system abbreviated the Latin names of the elements with one or two letters and applied superscripts to designate the number of atoms of each element present in the compound. Later, chemists changed to use of subscripts rather than superscripts.

Biography

Early life and education
Berzelius was born in the parish of Väversunda in Östergötland in Sweden. His father Samuel Berzelius was a school teacher in the nearby city of Linköping, and his mother Elizabeth Dorothea Sjösteen was a homemaker. His parents were both from families of church pastors. Berzelius lost both his parents at an early age. His father died in 1779, after which his mother married a pastor named Anders Eckmarck, who gave Berzelius a basic education including knowledge of the natural world. Following the death of his mother in 1787, relatives in Linköping took care of him. There he attended the school today known as Katedralskolan. As a teenager, he took a position as a tutor at a farm near his home, during which time he became interested in collecting flowers and insects and their classification.

Berzelius later enrolled as a medical student at Uppsala University, from 1796 to 1801. Anders Gustaf Ekeberg, the discoverer of tantalum, taught him chemistry during this time. He worked as an apprentice in a pharmacy, during which time he also learned practical matters in the laboratory such as glassblowing. On his own during his studies, he successfully repeated the experimentation conducted by Swedish chemist Carl William Scheele which led to Scheele's discovery of oxygen. He also worked with a physician in the Medevi mineral springs. During this time, he conducted an analysis of the water from this source. Additionally as part of his studies, in 1800, Berzelius learned about Alessandro Volta's electric pile, the first device that could provide a constant electric current (i.e., the first battery). He constructed a similar battery for himself, consisting of alternating disks of copper and zinc, and this was his initial work in the field of electrochemistry.

As thesis research in his medical studies, he examined the influence of galvanic current on several diseases. This line of experimentation produced no clear-cut evidence for such influence. Berzelius graduated as a medical doctor in 1802. He worked as a physician near Stockholm until the chemist and mine-owner Wilhelm Hisinger recognized his abilities as an analytical chemist and provided him with a laboratory.

Academic career
In 1807, Berzelius was appointed professor in chemistry and pharmacy at the Karolinska Institute.  Between 1808 and 1836, Berzelius worked together with Anna Sundström, who acted as his assistant and was the first female chemist in Sweden.

In 1808, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. At this time, the Academy had been stagnating for several years, since the era of romanticism in Sweden had led to less interest in the sciences. In 1818, Berzelius was elected the Academy's secretary and held the post until 1848. During Berzelius' tenure, he is credited with revitalising the Academy and bringing it into a second golden era (the first being the astronomer Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin's period as secretary from 1749 to 1783). He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822. In 1827, he became correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, and in 1830 associate member.
In 1837, he was elected a member of the Swedish Academy, on chair number 5.

Temperance movement
Berzelius was active in the temperance movement. Along with , , Anders Retzius, Samuel Owen, George Scott, and others, he was one of the founders of the Svenska nykterhetssällskapet (the Swedish Temperance Society) in 1837 and its first chairman. Berzelius wrote the foreword to one of  works on the topic, of which 50,000 copies were printed.

Later life
Through much of his life, Berzelius suffered various medical ailments. These included recurrent migraine headaches and then later on he suffered from gout. He also had episodes of depression.

In 1818, Berzelius had a nervous breakdown, said to be due to the stress of his work. The medical advice he received was to travel and take vacation. However, during this time, Berzelius traveled to France to work in the chemical laboratories of Claude Louis Berthollet.

In 1835, at the age of 56, he married Elizabeth Poppius, the 24-year-old daughter of a Swedish cabinet minister.

He died on 7 August 1848 at his home in Stockholm, where he had lived since 1806. He is buried in the Solna Cemetery.

Achievements

Law of definite proportions

Soon after arriving in Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students, Lärbok i Kemien, which was his first significant scientific publication. He had conducted experimentation, in preparation for writing this textbook, on the compositions of inorganic compounds, which was his earliest work on definite proportions. In 1813, he published an essay on the proportions of elements in compounds. The essay commenced with a general description, introduced his new symbolism, examined all the known elements, included a table of specific weights, and finished with a selection of compounds written in his new formalism. In 1818, he compiled a table of relative atomic weights, where oxygen was set to 100, and which included all of the elements known at the time. This work provided evidence in favour of the atomic theory proposed by John Dalton: that inorganic chemical compounds are composed of atoms of different elements combined in whole number amounts. In discovering that atomic weights are not integer multiples of the weight of hydrogen, Berzelius also disproved Prout's hypothesis that elements are built up from atoms of hydrogen. Berzelius's last revised version of his atomic weight tables was first published in a German translation of his Textbook of Chemistry in 1826.

Chemical notation
In order to aid his experiments, he developed a system of chemical notation in which the elements composing any particular chemical compound were given simple written labels—such as O for oxygen, or Fe for iron—with their proportions in the chemical compound denoted by numbers. Berzelius thus invented the system of chemical notation still used today, the main difference being that instead of the subscript numbers used today (e.g., H2O or Fe2O3), Berzelius used superscripts (H2O or Fe2O3).

Discovery of elements
Berzelius is credited with discovering the chemical elements  cerium and selenium and with being the first to isolate silicon, thorium, titanium and zirconium. Berzelius discovered cerium in 1803
and selenium in 1817.
Berzelius also discovered how to isolate silicon in 1824,
and thorium in 1824.
Students working in Berzelius's laboratory also discovered lithium, lanthanum, and vanadium.

Berzelius discovered amorphous silicon by repeating an experiment performed by Gay-Lussac and Thénard in which they reacted silicon tetrafluoride with potassium metal which produced very impure silicon. In a variation of this experiment Berzelius heated potassium fluorosilicate with potassium. It produced potassium silicide which he then stirred with water to produce relatively pure silicon powder. Berzelius recognized this powder as the new element of silicon, which he called silicium, a name proposed earlier by Davy.

Berzelius was the first to isolate zirconium in 1824, but pure zirconium was not produced until 1925, by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer.

New chemical terms

Berzelius is credited with originating the chemical terms "catalysis", "polymer," "isomer," "protein" and "allotrope," although his original definitions in some cases differ significantly from modern usage. As an example, he coined the term "polymer" in 1833 to describe organic compounds which shared identical empirical formulas but which differed in overall molecular weight, the larger of the compounds being described as "polymers" of the smallest. At this time the concept of chemical structure had not yet been developed so that he considered only the numbers of atoms of each element. In this way, he viewed for example glucose (C6H12O6) as a polymer of formaldehyde (CH2O), even though we now know that glucose is not a polymer of the monomer formaldehyde.

Biology and organic chemistry
Berzelius was the first person to make the distinction between organic compounds (those containing carbon), and inorganic compounds. In particular, he advised Gerardus Johannes Mulder in his elemental analyses of organic compounds such as coffee, tea, and various proteins. The term protein itself was coined by Berzelius, in 1838, after Mulder observed that all proteins seemed to have the same empirical formula and came to the erroneous conclusion that they might be composed of a single type of very large molecule. The term is derived from the Greek, meaning "of the first rank", and Berzelius proposed the name because proteins were so fundamental to living organisms.

In 1808, Berzelius discovered that lactic acid occurs in muscle tissue, not just in milk.

The term biliverdin was coined by Berzelius in 1840, although he preferred "bilifulvin" (yellow/red) over "bilirubin" (red).

Vitalism

Berzelius stated in 1810 that living things work by some mysterious "vital force", a hypothesis called vitalism. Vitalism had first been proposed by prior researchers, although Berzelius contended that compounds could be distinguished by whether they required any organisms in their synthesis (organic compounds) or whether they did not (inorganic compounds). However, in 1828, Friedrich Wöhler accidentally obtained urea, an organic compound, by heating ammonium cyanate. This showed that an organic compound such as urea could be prepared synthetically and not exclusively by living organisms. Berzelius corresponded with Wöhler on the urea synthesis findings. However, the notion of vitalism continued to persist, until further work on abiotic synthesis of organic compounds provided substantial evidence against vitalism.

Works

 Lärbok i kemien (in Swedish). Stockholm, Nordström, 1808-1830.
 Tabell, som utvisar vigten af större delen vid den oorganiska Kemiens studium märkvärdiga enkla och sammansatta kroppars atomer, jemte deras sammansättning, räknad i procent (in Swedish). Stockholm : H.A. Nordström, 1818.

Relations with other scientists

Berzelius was a prolific correspondent with leading scientists of his time, such as Gerardus Johannes Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler, Eilhard Mitscherlich and Christian Friedrich Schönbein.

In 1812, Berzelius traveled to London, England, including Greenwich to meet with prominent British scientists of the time. These included Humphry Davy, chemist William Wollaston, physician-scientist Thomas Young, astronomer William Herschel, chemist Smithson Tennant, and inventor James Watt, among others. Berzelius also visited Davy's laboratory. After his visit to Davy's laboratory, Berzelius remarked, "A tidy laboratory is a sign of a lazy chemist."

Humphry Davy in 1810 proposed that chlorine is an element. Berzelius rejected this claim because of his belief that all acids were based on oxygen. Since chlorine forms a strong acid (muriatic acid, modern HCl), chlorine must contain oxygen and thus cannot be an element. However, in 1812, Bernard Courtois proved that  iodine is an element. Then in 1816 Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac demonstrated that prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) contains only hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, and no oxygen. These findings persuaded Berzelius that not all acids contain oxygen, and that Davy and Gay-Lussac were correct: chlorine and iodine are indeed elements.

Honors and recognition

In 1818 Berzelius was ennobled by King Carl XIV Johan. In 1835, he received the title of friherre.

In 1820 he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society.

The Royal Society of London gave Berzelius the Copley Medal in 1836 with the citation "For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works."

In 1840, Berzelius was named Knight of the Order of Leopold. In 1842, he received the honor Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts.

The mineral berzelianite, a copper selenide, was discovered in 1850 and named after him by James Dwight Dana.

In 1852, Stockholm, Sweden, built a public park and statue, both to honor Berzelius. Berzeliusskolan, a school situated next to his alma mater, Katedralskolan, is named for him. In 1890, a fairly prominent street in Gothenburg was named Berzeliigatan (Berzelii street) in his honour.

In 1898, the Swedish Academy of Sciences opened the Berzelius Museum in honor of Berzelius. The holdings of the museum included many items from his laboratory. The museum was opened on the occasion of fiftieth anniversary of Berzelius's death. Invitees at the ceremony marking the occasion included scientific dignitaries from eleven European nations and the United States, many of whom gave formal addresses in honor of Berzelius. The Berzelius Museum was later moved to the observatory that is part of the Swedish Academy of Sciences.

In 1939 his portrait appeared on a series of postage stamps commemorating the bicentenary of the founding of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. In addition to Sweden, Grenada likewise honored him.

The Berzelius secret society at Yale University is named in his honor.

See also
Berzelius beaker

References

Further reading

 Holmberg, Arne (1933) Bibliografi över J. J. Berzelius. 2 parts in 5 vol. Stockholm: Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien, 1933–67. 1. del och suppl. 1–2. Tryckta arbeten av och om Berzelius. 2. del och suppl. Manuskript
 Jorpes, J. Erik (1966) Jac. Berzelius – his life and work; translated from the Swedish manuscript by Barbara Steele. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1966. (Reissued by University of California Press, Berkeley, 1970 )

 Partington, J. R. (1964) History of Chemistry; vol. 4. London: Macmillan; pp. 142–77

External links

 List of works by Berzelius (301 items as of access date 2011-12-29)
 Online works at Project Runeberg

 Online correspondence between Berzelius and Sir Humphry Davy on Wikisource
 Online works on Gallica  (27 items as of access date 2011-12-29)
 Nordisk familjebok (1905), band 3, s. 90–96

 Digital edition of "Lehrbuch der Chemie" 1823/1824 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Digital edition of "Das saidschitzer Bitterwasser : chemisch untersucht" 1840 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Digital edition of "Aus Jac. Berzelius' und Gustav Magnus' Briefwechsel in den Jahren 1828–1847" 1900 by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

1779 births
1848 deaths
People from Vadstena Municipality
Swedish chemists
People involved with the periodic table
Uppsala University alumni
Academic staff of the Karolinska Institute
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Swedish Academy
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Discoverers of chemical elements
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Swedish nobility
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
19th-century Swedish scientists
19th-century Swedish chemists
Selenium
Thorium
Cerium
Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Vitalists
Rare earth scientists
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
Swedish temperance activists
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Solid state chemists

Jöns Jacob Berzelius


In-ear monitors, or simply IEMs or in-ears, are devices used by musicians, audio engineers and audiophiles to listen to music or to hear a personal mix of vocals and stage instrumentation for live performance or recording studio mixing. They are also used by television presenters to receive vocal instructions, information and breaking news announcements from a producer that only the presenter hears. They are often custom-fitted to an individual's ears to provide comfort and a high level of noise reduction from ambient surroundings. Their origins as a tool in live music performance can be traced back to the mid-1980s.

A stage monitor system is any system that provides a mix of audio sources to a performer on stage. Traditionally, loudspeakers were placed on the stage directed toward the performers. These loudspeakers can have disadvantages. First, floor wedges greatly increase the onstage volume, in some cases to potential hearing damage levels. Second, while floor wedges can be placed in front of a particular singer, guitarist, bassist, or drummer, the other musicians can often hear the other musicians' wedge mixes. In a sophisticated monitoring system, every band member can have their own monitor mix, which is their particular preference of vocals or instruments.

Since performers wear an IEM in each ear, they can also hear a stereo mix if a particular monitor system allows it. This can allow the additional definition of the audio by panning different elements (vocals, drums, etc.) to each ear. More recent advances allow the user to adjust the amount of ambient noise filtered by the IEM.

One additional consideration for mixing IEMs is that while eliminating floor wedges can improve the overall clarity of the mix for the performers and decrease the overall volume onstage, one important piece that is often lost is crowd noise and crowd comments, such as the audience calling for an encore.  It is not uncommon for a microphone to be placed near each side of the stage, facing the audience, to provide a method to capture some of the crowd noise and audience comments back into the performers' IEM mixes.  Larger live shows can have several microphones for this purpose spread across the front of the stage, which can also be sent to a multitrack recording device used in an outside broadcast production truck, or other destinations.

Transmitter and receiver

Most professional stage in-ear monitor systems use wireless technology to send the mix to the IEMs. This type of system consists of a stationary offstage transmitter and an onstage receiver (about the size of a deck of cards) that is worn by the performer. There is generally a transmitter for each monitor mix and there is always a receiver for each IEM. The transmitters usually output either one stereo mix or two mono mixes. When the transmitters are set up for two mono mixes, one transmitter can be used for two different mixes. Any number of receivers can receive a single mix.

The transmitters and receivers transfer audio wirelessly via a VHF or UHF radiofrequency. Generally speaking, UHF systems sound much better than VHF systems and are more expensive. UHF systems usually are less susceptible to frequency interference which adds to their level of quality.

Earpieces

The in-ear monitors themselves are the last stage of the signal path in the system. They are placed in the external ear canal and seal against its sides; the effectiveness of this seal is a major part of the effectiveness of the IEM.

Universal IEMs typically include a variety of foam and silicone tips in each pack, with the goal that one pair may create a comfortable seal for the user's ears. If a universal IEM earpiece does not fit a specific person, they may need to order custom in-ear monitors. If there is not a good seal, ambient noise leakage is increased.

Custom molded IEMs are more comfortable to wear and better isolate ambient noise. Depending on the quality of the fit and length of the canal portion of the earpiece, a custom fit in-ear monitor will generally provide somewhere between 25 and 34 decibels of noise reduction. This means that loud onstage instruments, such as drum kit or large 8x12" guitar stacks, are less likely to cause hearing damage for onstage musicians wearing IEMs.

Custom in-ear monitors come in a variety of colors but are usually clear or a color that closely matches the skin color of the performer. Some manufacturers can also place custom artwork directly on the custom in-ear monitors.  The IEM cable plugs into a 3.5  mm stereo jack on the receiver pack; typically clipped onto the belt, guitar strap, clothing of the performer, or placed in a pocket. Impressions for custom in-ear monitors are typically taken by an audiologist.  To achieve maximum isolation, the audiologist should use a high-viscosity impression material with a deep impression of the ear canal. The musician should also mimic their embouchure while the impression material is setting so that the fit is comfortable while performing. Custom in-ear monitors made of a softer silicone material can be inserted deeper in the ear canal and will provide more isolation from outside noise.

Some performers desire a more natural sound from their IEMs with both the music mix and ambient sounds. Passive ambient IEMs have a small hole drilled into the earpiece to allow some natural ambient sound into the ear canal. This can potentially lead to increased sound exposure as it reduces the signal-to-noise ratio for the mix and causes the musician to increase the levels from the IEM. Active ambient IEMs use external microphones to reproduce the ambient sound in the mix that mimics the frequency response of the open ear and may sound more natural to the performer.

Television studios use earpieces with a specialized type of intercom called an interruptible foldback (IFB), as a means of communication.

Driver technology

Balanced armature

Originally invented for hearing aids, balanced armature drivers are nowadays used extensively in modern in-ear monitors.
In-ear monitors can function with as little as one armature driver but some of the top models of in-ear monitors can carry as many as 18 balanced armature drivers for faster response, higher dynamic range, and more detailed sound. Notable examples include the Ultimate Ears Pro UE LIVE (6 balanced armature drivers and 2 dynamic drivers), JH Audio's Layla (12 balanced armature drivers), Noble Audio's K10U (10 balanced armature drivers), and 64 Audio's A18t (18 balanced armature drivers).

Dynamic

The dynamic driver contains a diaphragm with a voice coil attached to it.  When an electric current passes through, the voice coil vibrates between the two permanent magnets resulting in the diaphragm moving and producing sound. Adherents of the dynamic driver cite better bass response.

Safety
Many performers choose to use IEMs as a way to reduce their overall exposure to loud sound and prevent hearing loss.  However, education on the use of IEMs is a crucial factor for limiting exposure as performers have a tendency to set their IEMs to similar intensity levels that were previously used in their floor monitors.  Musicians need to train themselves to listen at lower levels to take full advantage of the sound level reduction capability of IEMs.

Some musicians with two IEMs may choose to take out one of them during a performance to hear more ambient sound.  The increased risk of hearing damage in this scenario are twofold.  Removing one IEM negates the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio from isolation and the binaural summation effect which causes an increase in perceived loudness from using two sound sources. Therefore, the performer will likely turn up the IEM in the other ear to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.  Also, the ear without an IEM is potentially exposed to loud ambient sound.

Many IEMS use peak limiters or compressors to limit potential damage from sudden loud sounds.  However, this does not prevent the performer from turning up the IEM to unsafe levels.

See also
 MMCX connector
 Studio monitor

References

External links

Headphones

In-ear monitor


Southwest Florida International Airport (ICAO: KRSW, IATA: RSW) is a county-owned airport that serves the city of Fort Myers, Florida.

The following airlines serve Southwest Florida International:

Air Canada
American Airlines
Cape Air
Delta Air Lines
Frontier Airlines
JetBlue Airways
Silver Airways
Southwest Airlines
Spirit Airlines
Sun Country Airlines
Sunwing Airlines
Swift Air
United Airlines
WestJet

References

Airports in Florida

Southwest Florida International Airport


(The Crusader in Egypt) is an opera in two acts by Giacomo Meyerbeer, with a libretto by Gaetano Rossi. It was first performed at La Fenice theatre, Venice on 7 March 1824.  The part of Armando was sung by the famous castrato, Giovanni Battista Velluti; the opera was probably the last written to feature a castrato.  It is the last of Meyerbeer's series of operas in Italian, and became the foundation of the composer's international success.

Performance history

After its successful Venetian premiere, Il Crociato was staged at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence (7 May 1824), Trieste (winter 1824–1825), Padua (summer 1825), and at His Majesty's Theatre in London (3 June 1825, the first of Meyerbeer's operas to be performed in England, also with Velluti in the cast). This encouraged Rossini, who was then managing the Théâtre-Italien, to arrange for its performance in Paris (25 September 1825), where the role of Armando was taken by the soprano Giuditta Pasta and Aladino by Nicolas Levasseur. For each of these productions Meyerbeer revised the work and composed new music for parts of it. Over the next twenty to thirty years the opera was performed in almost every major opera house in Europe, and even in  Mexico City, Havana and Constantinople.

The opera formed the basis for the composer's future great success. As remarked by the critic of the London magazine, The Harmonicon, in a review of the 1825 production in Trieste:
Of all living composers, Meyerbeer is the one who most happily combines the easy, flowing and expressive melodies of Italy with the severer beauties, the grander accomplishments, of the German school.

This formula of combining the strengths of both operatic schools, as well as of dramatic stage spectacle and flexible and imaginative use of the orchestra, whilst fully displayed in Il crociato in Egitto, was to produce maximum effect with Meyerbeer's series of Grand Operas, commencing with Robert le diable in 1831.

While it has not been staged complete in the 20th century there have been concert performances in both London and New York City which were recorded on LP. A staged revival was held in Venice in 2007 featuring a natural male soprano Michael Maniaci.

Significant innovations
After Rossini left for Paris, composers then active in Italy began to take important steps away from Rossini's style in a series of operas which bridged the gap between Rossini and the later bel canto style, which was marked by less florid singing and more emphasis on the dramatic side.  One of the earliest of these operas is Meyerbeer's Il crociato in Egitto. It has much in common with Rossini, but, on closer examination, some significant innovations become apparent.  One is the even greater complexity of the finale to the first act, especially the use of two contrasting stage bands, which is a precursor of the three bands in L'étoile du nord. This was a direction opposite to that eventually taken by Bellini and Donizetti, who concentrated more on the lyrical lines of singers than on orchestral handling and larger-scale dramatic form; it marks the experience of Meyerbeer's German training and his association with early German romantic opera, including the work of Carl Maria von Weber.  In Adriano's "Suono funereo" there is what may well be one of the earliest cases of that strain of lyrical pathos which was to be such a dominant factor in later bel canto works. Another example is Palmide's big aria in act 2: "D'una madre sventurata" in which the desperation of the young mother comes through in the music.

Roles

Synopsis
Place: Damietta
Time: During the Sixth Crusade, which commenced in 1228.

Before the opera begins, Armando, missing presumed dead in fighting, has become confidante to the Sultan Aladino, under an assumed name.  He has fallen in love with Aladino's daughter, who has borne him a son, and has secretly converted her to Christianity.

Adriano arrives at the Sultan's palace to negotiate a truce.  There he recognises Armando, as does Felicia, who has disguised herself as a knight to find her betrothed.  Armando and the other Christian prisoners are thereupon sentenced to imprisonment and death.  The ambitious Osmino arms the prisoners under Armando with the intention of killing the Sultan, but Armando exposes his treachery to the Sultan and instead kills Osmino.  The Sultan relents, peace is agreed with the Knights and Armando and Palmide are reunited.

Recordings
Il crociato in Egitto: Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, cond. David Parry. 4 CDs. Opera Rara ORC 10 (1992). Soloists include Yvonne Kenny (Palmide), Bruce Ford (Adriano).
Il crociato in Egitto (Michael Maniaci, Patrizia Ciofi, Marco Vinco, Laura Polverelli, Fernando Portari, Iorio Zennaro, Silvia Pasini, Luca Favaron, Emanuele Pedrini; Orchestra and Chorus of Teatro La Fenice; Conductor: Emmanuel Villaume) Live performance DVD from Teatro La Fenice, January 2007. Dynamic  DV 33549 DVD

References
Notes

Sources

 . Also at Oxford Music Online (subscription required).

Further reading
 Rossi, Gaetano, Il crociato in Egitto. Melo-dramma eroico in due atti. Venice: Casali, 1824. (Original printed libretto viewable online at Internet Archive)
 Warrack, John; West, Ewan (1992), The Oxford Dictionary of Opera New York: OUP.
 Warrack, John; Ewan West (1979),  Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera (2nd edition)
 White, Don (date??), "Meyerbeer in Italy", in booklet to Opera Rara recording.

External links

 Velluti and Il crociato

Operas by Giacomo Meyerbeer
Italian-language operas
1824 operas
Operas
Opera world premieres at La Fenice
Operas set in Egypt
Operas set in the 13th century
Libretti by Gaetano Rossi
Works about the Crusades

Il crociato in Egitto


Creech Grange is a country house in Steeple, south of Wareham in Dorset at the foot of the Purbeck Hills. Historic England designate it as a Grade I listed building. The park and gardens are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

History
The house was built by Sir Oliver Lawrence (1507–1559), who acquired the land from the former Bindon Abbey, near Wool, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. Lawrence was the brother-in-law of Henry's Lord Chancellor, Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton.

Lawrence was an ancestor of the first American president, George Washington, and the joint arms of the two families - the stars and stripes of Washington's signet ring and the American flag - appear in memorials at Steeple and Affpuddle.

Creech Grange was sold to Nathaniel Bond in 1691, and the family still hold their Purbeck estates. It was Thomas Bond who in Stuart times laid out the London Street over fields of swamp and refuse tips and lost a fortune in the process.

Only fragments remain of the original house built by Lawrence before his death in 1559, partly because it was damaged by fire by the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War, and finally because in 1846 the entire front was taken down and rebuilt in the  Tudor style.

In 1746, Denis Bond erected a folly known as Grange Arch on the highest local point on the Purbeck Ridge, Ridgeway Hill (199 m). The folly is now owned by the National Trust. Creech Grange is not to be confused with neighbouring East Creech Manor that was in the possession of Walter Le Franke in 1224 and passed down through his family to Mary Franke in 1637, who married Edmund Hayter (d. 1657), and was sold out of that family in 1770.

View
There are panoramic views from nearby Creech Barrow Hill. Though part of the Purbeck Hills, Creech Barrow stands out, detached. The church tower of Lady St Mary in the old town of Wareham stands proud. Poole Harbour assumes dominance as the view moves north-easterly, its southern shore dominated by the deep green of Rempstone Forest. After the blur of the Poole/Bournemouth conurbation, the ruins of Corfe Castle conclude the sweep as the eastern view disappears into the Purbeck Ridge.

SSSI
Part of the estate is a  biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, notified in 1977. The outbuildings are an important roosting site for Greater Horseshoe Bats.

Gallery

References

Isle of Purbeck
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1977
Grade I listed buildings in Dorset
Grade I listed houses
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Dorset

Creech Grange


Louis Alexandre Mangin (8 September 1852, in Paris – 27 January 1937) was a French botanist and mycologist.

In 1873, he became an associate professor at the Lycée de Nancy, followed by a professorship at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris (1881–1904). During this time frame, he was also a lecturer on natural sciences at the Sorbonne (from 1890). From 1904 to 1931, he was a professor (Chaire de cryptogamie) at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, and was director of the museum from 1919 until his retirement in 1931. For several years he was director of the menagerie at the Jardin des Plantes (1920 to 1926).

Mangin was a member of the Académie des sciences, the Académie d'agriculture de France, the Académie des sciences coloniales and the Société mycologique de France.

His early research dealt largely with plant anatomy and physiology; his doctoral thesis involving the adventitious roots of monocotyledons. With Gaston Bonnier (1853–1922), he performed extensive research of plant respiration, transpiration and carbon assimilation. In the early 1890s he is credited with the discovery of callose, a fundamental substance found in the cell membrane of plants.

Selected writings
 Thèses présentées à la Faculté des Sciences de Paris pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès Sciences Naturelles, 1882.
 Recherches sur la respiration et la transpiration des végétaux, 1884 (with Gaston Bonnier).
 Observations sur la présence de la callose chez les Phanérogames 1892.
 Recherches anatomiques sur les peronosporees, 1895.
 Parasites végétaux des plantes cultivées. Céréales, plantes sarclées, plantes fourragéres et poragéres, 1914.

References
 France savante (biographical data)
 Open Library (publications)

Scientists from Paris
19th-century French botanists
French mycologists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1852 births
1937 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
20th-century French botanists

Louis Mangin


Dick Walther Harrison (born 10 April 1966) is a Swedish historian. He is currently a Professor of History at Lund University.

His main areas of interest are the European Middle Ages, including the medical history of the period and the history of slavery. Harrison regularly writes articles for the Swedish journal Populär Historia (Popular History). He has also written popular historical works and, during Spring 2010, a blog covering the history of monarchs and monarchies with emphasis on the Swedish monarchy. Harrison regularly gives lectures to the general public on a broad range of historical topics.

Harrison is the editor-in-chief of a comprehensive series about Swedish history published by Norstedts with the first volume released in September, 2009. The Swedish TV channel TV4 has made a companion television series for which Harrison is the historical consultant and co-host along with Martin Timell. The TV series has 12 episodes of which the first six aired on TV4 during spring 2010. The second set of six episodes aired spring 2011.

In addition to his historical writing, Harrison has written three historical novels about Ulvbjörn Vamodsson, a 7th-century (fictitious) warrior: Ofärd, Niding and Illdåd.

Harrison was born in Huddinge, Stockholm County, and spent much of his youth in Staffanstorp in Scania. He married Katarina Lindbergh in 2010.

Selected bibliography

Non-fiction

1995 – Europa I världen : medeltiden Europe in the World: Middle Ages
1997 – Uppror och allianser: politiskt våld i 1400-talets svenska bondesamhälle Revolts and Alliances: Political Violence in 15th Century Swedish Rural Society
1998 – Skapelsens geografi Geographic Creation: Perceptions of Space and Place in Medieval Europe
1998 – Age of Abbesses and Queens
1999 – Krigarnas och helgonens tid: Västeuropas historia 400–800 e.Kr. The Era of Warriors and Saints: Western European History 400-800 A.D.
1999 – I skuggan av Cathay: västeuropéers möte med Asien 1400–1600 In the Shadow of Cathay: Western Europeans Encounters with Asia 1400-1600
2000 – Mannen från Barnsdale: historien om Robin Hood och hans legend The Man From Barnsdale: The History of Robin Hood and His Legend
2000 – Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa   The Black Death: the Worst Disaster to Strike Europe  (Received  August prize)
2000 – På Klios fält: essäer om historisk forskning och historieskrivning On Clio's Field: Essays About Historical Research and Writing
2002 – Jarlens sekel: en berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige The Earl's  Century: an Account of 13th Century Sweden  (chosen as Swedish  history book of the year)
2002 – Karl Knutsson: En biografi Karl Knutsson: a Biography
2002 – Sveriges historia – medeltiden Sweden's History: Middle Ages
2003 – Harrisons historia Harrison's History (textbook)
2003 – Tankar om historia Thoughts About History (essay collection)
2003 – Historiebok för kakälskare A Cookie Lovers' History Book (historical recipes) (Together with Eva Helen Ulvros.)
2005 – Förrädaren, skökan och självmördaren The Traitor, the Whore and the Suicide: The Story of Judas Iscariot, Mary Magdelen, Pontius Pilate and Joseph of Aramathea
2005 – Gud vill det! - nordiska korsfarare under medeltiden God's Will: Nordic Crusaders During the Middle Ages
2006 – Slaveri: Forntiden till renässansen Slavery: Prehistoric to the Renaissance
2007 – Slaveri: 1500 till 1800 Slavery: 1500 to 1800
2008 – Slaveri: 1800 till nutid Slavery: 1800 to the present
2009 – Sveriges historia: 600-1350
2010 – Sveriges historia: 1350–1600  (with Bo Eriksson)
2012 – Från en säker källa...
2013 – 101 föremål ur Sveriges historia  (with Katarina Harrison Lindbergh)
2015 – Slaveriets historia
2016 – Ett stort lidande har kommit över oss
2017 – Kalmars historia
2018 – Englands historia. Del 1, up until 1600
2018 – Englands historia. Del 2, from 1600 onwards
2018 – Dalslands historia
2019 – Trettioåriga kriget
2019 – Vikingarnas historia
2020 – Folkvandringstid
2020 – Sveriges medeltid
2021 – Sveriges stormaktstid

Fiction

2007 – Ofärd (Calamity) historical fiction set in 6th century western Europe
2010 - Niding (Oathbreaker) sequel to Ofärd
2012 - Illdåd (Misdeed) third book in the Ulvbjörn series

Articles

 "Dark Age Migrations and Subjective Ethnicity: The Example of the Lombards", Scandia 57:1, Lund 1991.
 "The Invisible Wall of St John. On Mental Centrality in Early Medieval Italy", Scandia 58:2, Lund 1992.
 "Plague, Settlement and Structural Change at the Dawn of the Middle Ages", Scandia 59:1, Lund 1993.
 "The Duke and the Archangel: A Hypothetical Model of Early State Integration in Southern Italy through the Cult of Saints", Collegium Medievale vol. 6 1993/1, Oslo 1993.
 "The Early State in Lombard Italy", Rome and the North, eds. A. Ellegård and G. Åkerström-Hougen, Jonsered 1996.
 "Murder and Execution within the Political Sphere in Fifteenth-century Scandinavia", Scandia 1997:2.
 "The Lombards in the Early Carolingian Epoch", in "Karl der Grosse und sein Nachwirken. 1200 Jahre Kultur und Wissenschaft in Europa", hrsgb. P.L. Butzer, M. Kerner und W. Oberschelp, Turnhout 1997.
 "Political Rhetoric and Political Ideology in Lombard Italy", Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800, eds. W. Pohl and H. Reimitz, Leiden 1998.
 "Patterns of Regionalisation in Early Medieval Italy: a Historical and Methodological Problem", Analecta Romana Instituti Danici 26, Rom 1999.
 "Invisible Boundaries and Places of Power: Notions of Liminality and Centrality in the Early Middle Ages", i The Transformation of Frontiers: from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, eds. W. Pohl, I. Wood and H. Reimitz, Leiden 2001.
 "The Development of Élites. From Roman Bureaucrats to Medieval Warlords", i Integration und Herrschaft. Ethnische Identitäten und Soziale Organisation im Frühmittelalter, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 3, hrsgb. Walter Pohl och Max Diesenberger, Wien 2002.
 "Structures and Resources of Power in Early Medieval Europe", i The Construction of Communities in the Early Middle Ages: Texts, Resources and Artefacts, eds. R. Corradini, M. Diesenberger and H. Reimitz, Leiden 2002.

Honours and awards
 1996 The Clio Prize
 2000 The August Prize for non-fiction
 2001 Duke Carl's Prize
 2002 Book of the Year about Swedish History

Sources

1966 births
Living people
People from Huddinge Municipality
20th-century Swedish historians
Academic staff of Lund University
Academic staff of Linköping University
August Prize winners
21st-century Swedish historians
Swedish medievalists

Dick Harrison


"How to Be a Psychic Spy" is the third special in British psychological illusionist Derren Brown's The Events television series. In the programme, supposedly as part of an experiment into remote viewing, Brown invited viewers to guess what was painted onto a concealed canvas. He later revealed that he attempted to subliminally influence viewers' choices by placing advertisements in major newspapers instructing them to draw concentric circles.

The special was first broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 25 September 2009, when it was viewed by 1.8 million people.

Events
Derren Brown introduces a picture, wrapped in newspaper, that has been standing on a closed bridge in London's Science Museum for a week: only museum curator Katie, who drew it, knows what the "simple design" on it is. Brown describes how, for the week that it was on display, people who visited the museum or the experiment's website could guess what the design was. He instructs viewers to have a pen and paper ready, and that they will take part in a "nationwide remote viewing experiment".

In a segment recorded before an audience, Brown appears to make bricks disappear and reappear in a box by clicking his fingers, and two volunteers experience the perceived difference in weight as he does so. He opens the box, and demonstrates it to be empty: he says that this technique of "propaganda" was used by French magician Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin.

He goes on to describe the "psychic arms race" between Russia and the United States in the 1960s and 70s, and how they spent millions of dollars on developing "superhuman powers" during the Cold War. He shows footage, leaked by the Soviet KGB, appearing to show Nina Kulagina rotating a compass needle with her hands, thus beginning competition with the American CIA; Brown hypothesises that she used magnets. He then involves an audience member in a trick involving a light bulb, in which he uses the bulb as a metaphor for confirmation bias and scepticism regarding psychics and the paranormal.

Footage from early September, when Brown asked the museum's curator to paint and wrap the design, is shown. After the film, Derren talks to Katie, who is in an isolation tank in an unknown location, and says that she will "mentally project" the image to viewers; the camera zooms in to her eyes. He tells viewers, and a crowd in the museum, to draw what they imagine the design (which he says is likely to be "shapes interacting") to be, during the following advertising break. After the break, Brown asks viewers to stop drawing, and says that museum staff will now examine the suggestions of the crowd and those left by visitors.

A segment entitled "The Mirror Man" is shown, in which Brown influences a member of the public to subconsciously mirror his actions and steal a television from an electronics shop on Tottenham Court Road, supposedly in the same manner used during the Cold War on "sleeper agents". Back with the audience, Brown introduces "The Expert", featuring Dr Wayne Carr, who attempts to remote-view a location in London. He writes many pages featuring words and drawings and selects some descriptions that match the location, a fountain depicting the Horses of Helios, but Derren points out after the film that many inaccurate descriptions were also suggested.

In the museum, four designs are revealed to be the most prevalent: concentric circles, Stonehenge, trains and horses. Brown asks viewers to submit what they drew by text, and messages appear throughout "Guess Who?", a segment in which Derren plays a real-life version of the board game with a court illustrator. Brown introduces "The Bat Man", a film about Daniel Kish, a blind man who uses echolocation to sense his surroundings by making clicks with his mouth.

At the museum, it is revealed that approximately 30–35% of people there drew concentric circles. The museum rejoins Katie, and the painting is opened: it is of circles, and she says that she thought of Stonehenge, which about made up around 10% of drawings in the museum.

Derren reveals that the museum scenes are being recorded three weeks prior to the broadcast, and that small advertisements instructing readers to draw circles will appear in major British newspapers (The Sun, Daily Mail, The Guardian, The Telegraph, The Independent, The Mirror, The Times, Daily Express, The Star, London Lite, Evening Standard and The Metro) on Friday 25 September, the special's airdate; he explains that viewers who drew Stonehenge were subconsciously influenced by them, but that the design's popularity at the museum remains a mystery. Katie emerges and discovers her location: the camera pans out, revealing that she is at Stonehenge.

Broadcast and reception
The programme was first broadcast on Channel 4 on 25 September 2009 at 9 pm, and later made available on the channel's catch-up service, 4oD; it ran for one hour, including three advertising breaks. The special was viewed by 1.8 million people, a significant drop from Brown's previous special, "How to Control the Nation", which gained over 3 million viewers.

The Guardian Heidi Stephens commented that the special was "really interesting, and worth it just for Daniel [Kish] and his sonar, but I'm feeling a bit short-changed". She also noted that the concentric circles design was present in the museum's decor and the shot of Katie's eyes.

References

External links

"Derren Brown: How to Be a Psychic Spy" at Channel4.com

2009 television specials
Channel 4 original programming
Derren Brown
British television magic shows
British television specials

How to Be a Psychic Spy


Two types of electrical circuits are the series circuit, and the parallel circuit.

Series Circuit

In a series circuit, the electrical current is only able to flow around a single path. The current will flow from a power source, such as a battery, into one or more electrical loads, such as a light bulb, and then back to the power source. In a series circuit, the same amount of amperage from the power source flows through each load. The voltage in a series circuit is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads on a series circuit stops working, the current will not be able to flow through the rest of the circuit, and the rest of the loads will also stop working.

Parallel circuit

In a parallel circuit, the electrical current may flow along multiple paths before returning to the power source. The Voltage in a parallel circuit is the same across all of the loads in the circuit. In a parallel circuit, the amperage is divided up across all of the loads. If one of the loads in a parallel circuit stops working, the other loads in parallel will be able to continue to work. The voltage in a parallel circuit is the same on all the loads.

Electricity

Series and parallel circuits


The Days of His Grace () is a 1960 novel by Swedish writer Eyvind Johnson. Set mostly in northern Italy, close to Aquileia, it tells the story of the fate of a Langobard family as their homeland falls under the domination of Charlemagne. The major theme running through the book is the way the actions of the various characters are influenced by love, but also the difficulty of adapting to the arbitrary and overbearing power of absolute monarchy. The novel, translated into English by Elspeth Harley Schubert and published in 1968, is based somewhat on Charlemagne conquering northern Italy in 775. In its introductory remarks, Johnson acknowledges the historical plot, and his altering some dates. The central story follows the Lupigis family and the difficult fates they suffer following a rebellion against Emperor Charlemagne.

The novel received the Nordic Council Literature Prize. The Swedish National Encyclopedia states that it was presumably of decisive importance for the Swedish Academy's decision to award Johnson the Nobel Prize for Literature.

Plot
Duke Rodgaud—cousin of Bertold, castle in Forojuli (contemporary name, Cividale, Italy), starts a rebellion against King Carolus, that is quickly put down. He is executed by the Franks in Papia, summer, 776. Angilperta ("Angila"), the daughter of Rodgaud and Giseverga, is loved by the three Lupigi boys. She cannot be found during the rebellion, but becomes post-rebellion the wife of the Lord of East Burgundy, Gunderic, her name becoming Landoalda. She has Radbert as a lover, has two children, Landoald and Gisertruda, who die young, and a third child, Radaberta is given away. Gunderic imprisons her in the castle tower for seven years, after which Perto comes with an order from King Carolus to let her return to Forojuli. She dies on that trip back to her childhood home.
Bertold Lupigi, cousin of Duke Rodgaud. The family name, Lupigi comes from wolf, loup. He disappears in the rebellion and is found in a dungeon. He is freed from prison, post-rebellion, in 793, but is killed by an avalanche. Perto, son of Liuta and Bertold, is 16 years old at the novel's beginning, the youngest of three brothers. He loves Angila. He is also named Johannes Lupigis, more so as the novel progresses. During the rebellion, he manages to escape the Franks who kill his friend Sinauld. He visits Angilperta with Agibert in the autumn of 783, and sleeps with Angilperta. Late autumn 783 he arrives in Aquisgranum, where there is a royal college. He meets King Carolus and decides he is "indeed great." Perto goes to Totonisvilla where his brother Warnefrit is in prison, but is seized by guards as he leaves the prison. In prison for three and a half years, in total darkness of the prison cell, he creates a vision of a flowering bush. Then he dines with the Devil, who tempts him. He is released from jail at the age of 31 and goes to Aquisgranum where his Uncle Anselm explains the reasons for his imprisonment. He becomes part of King Carolus's Court again, and eventually gets an order allowing Angilperta to return to her childhood home. Warnefrit, the son of Liuta and Bertold, the oldest of three brothers, likes relations with slave women. He becomes engaged to Angila. All of chapter 16 is his angry and frustrated monologue as heir to his father. He disappears in the rebellion and is found in a dungeon, where he remains for over ten years post-rebellion. His brother Perto comes to get him from prison, though he does not recognize Perto. Eranbald brings Warnefrit to Gudneric, where Angilperta is, and they all dine together though Warnefrit does not seem to recognize Angilperta. Healthy again, he defends the kingdom against Huns.

References

Online sources
 Eyvind Johnson Nobel acceptance speech at Nobel website http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1974/johnson-speech.html
 Eyvind Johnson biography at Answers.com   http://www.answers.com/topic/eyvind-johnson

1960 Swedish novels
Historical novels
Novels set in Italy
Aquileia
Novels set in the 8th century
Nordic Council's Literature Prize-winning works
Swedish-language novels
Novels by Eyvind Johnson

The Days of His Grace


Southern Illinois, also called Little Egypt, refers to the southern third of Illinois. There is controversy over where the southern region of the state officially begins. Lots of people say Southern Illinois starts from Springfield and southward. A number of others Carbondale north to Springfield don't lay claim to that region of Illinois as being that of Southern Illinois, though. Illinois is in the Midwestern United States. But Southern Illinois has been called far more typical for the Upland South, similar to nearby Kentucky, Missouri and Tennessee, rather than the Midwest. Locals (Illinois' people) from certain small towns have been part of a movement to completely expel/remove Chicago from the state so a commonwealth can be set up with similar politics to Missouri, Kentucky and Indiana. These small Illinois towns include Athens, Mount Vernon, Urbana and Effingham. The movement is called New Illinois. Under the movement, Southern and Downstate Illinois would be entirely separated from Chicago. The large city would become the 51st state in the United States.

There are lots of cities or towns with a large number of people in Southern Illinois. These include, dependent on references and views of the population of the area and those outside: Springfield, Alton, O'Fallon, Collinsville, Carbondale, Cairo and Mount Vernon. The region also involves St. Louis and Cape Girardeau (both in Missouri), Memphis and Nashville (both in Tennessee), and Evansville, Indiana.

Southern Illinois was covered by the Shawnee National Forest. The area also contains hilly landscape.

The Southern Illinois area has almost 1.2 million people. Most of them live near/in rural settings that are in farm areas. Others, however, live in/near Carbondale–Marion, the Illinois region of the St. Louis metro area, in the Urbana–Champaign region and in/near the Springfield area.

Metro East

The area of Southern Illinois with the most of all people is the Illinois side of Greater St. Louis. Noted areas are Cahokia Mounds, the American Bottom and East St. Louis. The last mentioned area has had a very rough history involving industrialization, labor, immigration and the struggle for equal rights.

Population: 702,579

|-valign="top"
|
Counties
Clinton
Madison
Monroe
St. Clair
Bond
Jersey
Calhoun
|
Principal cities
 Belleville (St. Clair)
 Alton (Madison)
 Granite City (Madison)
 O'Fallon (St. Clair)
 East St. Louis (St. Clair)
 Collinsville (Madison)
 Edwardsville (Madison)
|
City populations
 41,906
 26,861
 28,908
 29,031
 26,922
 24,635
 25,071

East-Central Southern Illinois

Located on the Wabash River, East-Central Southern Illinois is noted by the town of Salem, the birthplace of William Jennings Bryan, the G. I. Bill of Rights and Miracle Whip salad dressing.

Population: 155,988

|-valign="top"
|
Counties
Marion
Clay
Lawrence
Richland
Wayne
Edwards
Wabash
|
Principal cities
 Centralia (multiple counties)
 Olney (Richland)
 Salem (Marion)
 Mount Carmel (Wabash)
 Fairfield (Wayne)
 Flora (Clay)
|
City populations
 13,032
 9,115
 7,485
 7,284
 5,154
 5,070
 12,604

West-Central Southern Illinois

Chester, Illinois, over West-Central and Southern Illinois is usually called the "Home of Popeye". Several of the influences for the characters were seen there. Kaskaskia, the first state capital of Illinois is set located near the Mississippi River. This area also has the ending point of the Kaskaskia River near the Fort Kaskaskia State Historic Site. Rend Lake is in this area.
Population: 148,930

|-valign="top"
|
Counties
Franklin
Perry
Randolph
Jefferson
Washington
|
Principal cities
 Mount Vernon (Jefferson)
 Chester (Randolph)
 West Frankfort (Franklin)
 Benton (Franklin)
 Du Quoin (Perry)
 Pinckneyville (Perry)
 Nashville (Washington)
|
City populations
 15,277
 8,586
 8,182
 7,087
 6,109
 5,648
 3,258

Southwest Illinois

Set in the western area of the Cache River, Southwest Illinois has the second most people across the region. This area's best-known higher education setting is the main campus of the Southern Illinois University in Carbondale. The university won the 1971 All-America City Award. It was later a finalist in the 2009 contest, and the fastest growing city in Southern Illinois outside the Metro East, Marion, Illinois. Both cities are in the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area, home to 123,272 local people. In the southern area of the region Alto Pass and Bald Knob Cross are right near the orchards. The large Crab Orchard lake is the largest in the region. Historic Cairo sits at the far southern end near the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
Population: 158,782

|-valign="top"
|
Counties
Jackson
Williamson
Union
Alexander
Pulaski
|
Principal cities
 Carbondale (Jackson)
 Marion (Williamson)
 Herrin (Williamson)
 Murphysboro (Jackson)
 Anna/Jonesboro (Union)
 Carterville (Williamson)
 Cairo (Alexander)
|
City populations
 26,241
 17,315
 12,696
 7,970
 6,295
 5,589
 2,831

Climate
Southern Illinois happens being on the border between humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) and humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The area doesn't have any large mountains or large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. That means Southern Illinois areas are prone to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. Along with the rest of the Midwestern United States, such areas are home to some of the largest temperature extremes in the world. The Southern Illinois area has four distinct seasons. Spring is the wettest season. It has uneven severe weather. This involves severe thunderstorms, tornadoes or winter storms. Summers are hot and humid. This season only has occasional and brief rest. Humidity often makes the heat index rise to temperatures feeling well above . Fall is mild with lower humidity. It can, however, make irregular bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow flurries. This usually happens during late November. Winters are cold with periodic snow. During this season, temperatures often below freezing. Thaws are usually frequent. Winter storm systems, in particular the Alberta clippers and Panhandle hooks, often bring days of heavy freezing rain, ice pellets and snowfall.

The normal high temperature in July is 90 °F (32 °C). The normal low temperature in January is 21 °F (−6 °C). This, though, varies between one year and another. Both  and  temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year. The official record low is  on February 2, 1884 in Harrisburg. The region's record high is  on July 14, 1954 in East St. Louis.

Southern Illinois has thunderstorms about 50 days a year on average. Thunderstorms add to just over half of the area's overall precipitation. Mainly in the spring, these storms will often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Southern Illinois has been affected on more than one occasion by Southern Illinois tornado history|very damaging tornadoes.

A period of warm weather late in autumn known as the Indian summer will sometimes occur. Roses may still bloom as late as November or early December during some years.

Colleges and universities
 Blackburn College (Carlinville)
 East St. Louis Community College Center (East St. Louis)
 Greenville College (Greenville)
 John A. Logan College (Carterville)
 Kaskaskia College (Centralia)
 Lewis and Clark Community College (Godfrey)
 McKendree University (Lebanon)
 Olney Central College (Olney)
 Principia College (Elsah)
 Rend Lake College (Ina)
 Shawnee Community College (Ullin)
 Southeastern Illinois College (Harrisburg)
 Southern Illinois University Carbondale (Carbondale)
 Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (Edwardsville)
 Southern Illinois University School of Dental Medicine (Alton)
 Southwestern Illinois College (Belleville)
 Wabash Valley College (Mount Carmel)

Politics of Southern Illinois
Southern Illinois was historically a conservative and Democratic region. Though the political parties have changed, Southern Illinois has almost always voted for Democratic candidates more times than not since 1818. Democratic roots in Southern Illinois relate to the area's shared cultures with the South. The latter United States area was where the Democratic Party, before the American Civil War and after Reconstruction, was the ruling party before the 1960s. Democratic affiliations were tightened in the Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. There are, however, some long-time Republican counties in the region. The most well-known is Edwards County.

But in the last few decades, Southern Illinois has trended GOP due to the national support for them across rural areas. Northern Illinois has trended towards Democrats due to lots of that area's people leaving from  in and near the Democratic-leaning Cook County and nearby counties. Democratic candidates were fierce in the counties across Southern Illinois until around 1996. Beginning from the presidential election of 2000 on, Democratic officials weren't doing well like expected across Southern Illinois even if they had won almost very constantly.

In the early months of the Civil War, several local people in Williamson County voted for secession from the Union.  On April 15, 1861, the citizens of Marion made a promise calling for the division of Illinois and the secession of Southern Illinois.  The promise was soon rescinded meaning canceled). The General Benjamin Prentiss, however, left a company of men near Marion for defense as he passed by on his way to a garrison in Cairo. Despite some southern sympathizers, most young men in the region joined the Union Army.

References

Geography of Illinois

Southern Illinois


Pierre Boutang (20 September 1916 – 27 June 1998) was a French philosopher, poet and translator. He was also a political journalist, associated with the currents of Maurrasianism and Royalism.

Biography
Boutang was an alumnus of the Ecole Normale Supérieure (L 1935) and "agrégé de philosophie" in 1936, he participated that year in editing Action Française and showed fervent support for the ideas of Charles Maurras. He was a member of Giraud's government in North Africa in 1943, and enlisted in the French colonial army, serving in Tunisia and Morocco. He was discharged without pension and prohibited from teaching. Thereafter he took up journalism, collaborating on Aspects de la France, where his articles from a royalist viewpoint showed obvious antisemitism. He was a regular contributor to Bulletin de Paris, where using a pseudonym, he reviewed plays.

Seeking to renew royalism, in alignment with Christianity, with his friend Michel Vivier he founded the weekly La Nation Française in 1955, to which Les Hussards and also Marcel Aymé, Gustave Thibon, and Armand Robin contributed. He wanted to create "a Sartre shelter" that also functioned against the adherents of nihilism. He veered between supporting Charles de Gaulle and opposing him, insisting notably on the monarchical model on which, in his view, the constitution of the Cinquième République rested. Though he denounced the "terror" for which the FLN (Front de Libération Nationale Algérien) was responsible, Boutang refused to support the OAS. From the 1970s, his political declarations became rarer, but he showed a firm loyalty to the Comte de Paris.

After representations by Edmond Michelet, Alain Peyrefitte and others, Boutang was allowed to teach by President de Gaulle in 1967. He taught philosophy at the Lycée Turgot, and then became a lecturer at the University of Brest in 1974. Finally he was appointed Professeur of Metaphysics at the Sorbonne, where he taught until 1984, continuing his seminars at his home in Saint-Germain-en-Laye until the end of his life. He died on 27 June 1998.

Works

Non-fiction
 Amis du Maréchal (with Henri Dubreuil, 1941).
 Sartre est-il un Possédé? (1946).
 La Politique: la Politique Considérée comme Souci (1948).
 La République de Joinovici (1949).
 Les Abeilles de Delphes (1952).
 Commentaire sur Quarante-neuf Dizains de la 'Délie (1953).
 La Terreur en Question (1958).
 L'Ontologie du Secret (1973).
 Reprendre le Pouvoir (1977).
 Gabriel Marcel Interrogé (1977).
 Apocalypse du Désir (1979).
 La Fontaine Politique (1981).
 Précis de Foutriquet. Contre Giscard (1981).
 Maurras, la destinée et l'œuvre (1984).
 Art Poétique (1988).
 Karin Pozzi ou la Quête de l'Immortalité (1991).
 Le Temps. Essai sur l'Origine (1993).
 Dialogues. Sur le Mythe d'Antigone. Sur le Sacrifice d'Abraham (with George Steiner, 1994).
 La Fontaine. Les "Fables" ou la Langue des Dieux (1995).
 William Blake Manichéen et Visionnaire (1990).Posthumous La Source Sacrée (Les Abeilles de Delphes II, 2003).
 Dialogue sur le Mal (with George Steiner, 2003).
 La Guerre de Six Jours (2011).Fiction La Maison un Dimanche. Suivi de Chez Madame Dorlinde (1947).
 Quand le Furet s'Endort (1948).
 Le Secret de René Dorlinde (1958).
 Le Purgatoire (1976).Translations'''
 Apologie de Socrate, by Plato (1946).
 Le Banquet, by Plato (1972).
 L'Auberge Volante, by G. K. Chesterton (1990).
 Chansons et Mythes,'' by William Blake (1989).

References

External links
 Pierre Boutang: Action Française

Christian existentialists
1916 births
1998 deaths
Writers from Saint-Étienne
French monarchists
People affiliated with Action Française
French Roman Catholics
French traditionalist Catholics
20th-century French translators
20th-century French poets
French male poets
20th-century male writers
20th-century French journalists
20th-century French philosophers
Free French military personnel of World War II
20th-century French male writers

Pierre Boutang


A database trigger is procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table or view in a database. The trigger is mostly used for maintaining the integrity of the information on the database. For example, when a new record (representing a new worker) is added to the employees table, new records should also be created in the tables of the taxes, vacations and salaries. Triggers can also be used to log historical data, for example to keep track of employees' previous salaries.

Triggers in DBMS
Below follows a series of descriptions of how some popular DBMS support triggers.

Oracle
In addition to triggers that fire (and execute PL/SQL code) when data is modified, Oracle 10g supports triggers that fire when schema-level objects (that is, tables) are modified and when user logon or logoff events occur.

Schema-level triggers

 After Creation
 Before Alter
 After Alter
 Before Drop
 After Drop
 Before Insert

The four main types of triggers are:
 Row-level trigger: This gets executed before or after any column value of a row changes
 Column-level trigger: This gets executed before or after the specified column changes
 For each row type: This trigger gets executed once for each row of the result set affected by an insert/update/delete
 For each statement type: This trigger gets executed only once for the entire result set, but also fires each time the statement is executed.

System-level triggers
From Oracle 8i, database events - logons, logoffs, startups - can fire Oracle triggers.

Microsoft SQL Server

A list of all available firing events in Microsoft SQL Server for DDL triggers is available on Microsoft Docs.

Performing conditional actions in triggers (or testing data following modification) is done through accessing the temporary Inserted and Deleted tables.

PostgreSQL
Introduced support for triggers in 1997. The following functionality in SQL:2003 was previously not implemented in PostgreSQL:
 SQL allows triggers to fire on updates to specific columns; As of version 9.0 of PostgreSQL this feature is also implemented in PostgreSQL.
 The standard allows the execution of a number of SQL statements other than SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, such as CREATE TABLE as the triggered action. This can be done through creating a stored procedure or function to call CREATE TABLE.

Synopsis:

CREATE TRIGGER name { BEFORE | AFTER } { event [ OR ... ] }
    ON TABLE [ FOR [ EACH ] { ROW | STATEMENT } ]
    EXECUTE PROCEDURE funcname ( arguments )

Firebird
Firebird supports multiple row-level, BEFORE or AFTER, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE (or any combination of thereof) triggers per table, where they are always "in addition to" the default table changes, and the order of the triggers relative to each other can be specified where it would otherwise be ambiguous (POSITION clause.) Triggers may also exist on views, where they are always "instead of" triggers, replacing the default updatable view logic. (Before version 2.1, triggers on views deemed updatable would run in addition to the default logic.)

Firebird does not raise mutating table exceptions (like Oracle), and triggers will by default both nest and recurse as required (SQL Server allows nesting but not recursion, by default.) Firebird's triggers use NEW and OLD context variables (not Inserted and Deleted tables,) and provide UPDATING, INSERTING, and DELETING flags to indicate the current usage of the trigger.

{CREATE | RECREATE | CREATE OR ALTER} TRIGGER name FOR {table name | view name}
 [ACTIVE | INACTIVE]
 {BEFORE | AFTER}
 {INSERT [OR UPDATE] [OR DELETE] | UPDATE [OR INSERT] [OR DELETE] | DELETE [OR UPDATE] [OR INSERT] }
 [POSITION n] AS
BEGIN
 ....
END

As of version 2.1, Firebird additionally supports the following database-level triggers:

 CONNECT (exceptions raised here prevent the connection from completing)
 DISCONNECT
 TRANSACTION START
 TRANSACTION COMMIT (exceptions raised here prevent the transaction from committing, or preparing if a two-phase commit is involved)
 TRANSACTION ROLLBACK

Database-level triggers can help enforce multi-table constraints, or emulate materialized views. If an exception is raised in a TRANSACTION COMMIT trigger, the changes made by the trigger so far are rolled back and the client application is notified, but the transaction remains active as if COMMIT had never been requested; the client application can continue to make changes and re-request COMMIT.

Syntax for database triggers:

{CREATE | RECREATE | CREATE OR ALTER} TRIGGER name
 [ACTIVE | INACTIVE] ON
 {CONNECT | DISCONNECT | TRANSACTION START | TRANSACTION COMMIT | TRANSACTION ROLLBACK}
 [POSITION n] AS
BEGIN
 .....
END

MySQL/MariaDB
Limited support for triggers in the MySQL/MariaDB DBMS was added in the 5.0 version of MySQL, launched in 2005.

As of version 8.0, they allow for DDL (Data Definition Language) triggers and for DML (Data Manipulation Language) triggers. They also allow either type of DDL trigger (AFTER or BEFORE) to be used to define triggers. They are created by using the clause CREATE TRIGGER and deleted by using the clause DROP TRIGGER. The statement called upon an event happens is defined after the clause FOR EACH ROW, followed by a keyword (SET or BEGIN), which indicates whether what follows is an expression or a statement respectively.

IBM DB2 LUW
IBM DB2 for distributed systems known as DB2 for LUW (LUW means Linux, Unix, Windows) supports three trigger types: Before trigger, After trigger and Instead of trigger. Both statement level and row level triggers are supported. If there are more triggers for same operation on table then firing order is determined by trigger creation data. Since version 9.7 IBM DB2 supports autonomous transactions.

Before trigger is for checking data and deciding if operation should be permitted. If exception is thrown from before trigger then operation is aborted and no data are changed. In DB2 before triggers are read only — you can't modify data in before triggers. After triggers are designed for post processing after requested change was performed. After triggers can write data into tables and unlike some other databases you can write into any table including table on which trigger operates. Instead of triggers are for making views writeable.

Triggers are usually programmed in SQL PL language.

SQLite

CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER [IF NOT EXISTS] [database_name .] trigger_name
[BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF] {DELETE | INSERT | UPDATE [OF column_name [, column_name]...]}
ON {table_name | view_name}
   [FOR EACH ROW] [WHEN condition is mandatory ]
BEGIN
   ...
END

SQLite only supports row-level triggers, not statement-level triggers.

Updateable views, which are not supported in SQLite, can be emulated with INSTEAD OF triggers.

XML databases
An example of implementation of triggers in non-relational database can be Sedna, that provides support for triggers based on XQuery. Triggers in Sedna were designed to be analogous to SQL:2003 triggers, but natively base on XML query and update languages (XPath, XQuery and XML update language).

A trigger in Sedna is set on any nodes of an XML document stored in database. When these nodes are updated, the trigger automatically executes XQuery queries and updates specified in its body. For example, the following trigger cancels person node deletion if there are any open auctions referenced by this person:
CREATE TRIGGER "trigger3"
    BEFORE DELETE
    ON doc("auction")/site//person
    FOR EACH NODE
    DO
    {
        if (exists($WHERE//open_auction/bidder/personref/@person=$OLD/@id))
        then ( )
        else $OLD;
    }

Row and statement level triggers
To understand how trigger behavior works, you need to be aware of the two main types of triggers; these are Row and Statement level triggers. The distinction between the two is how many times the code within the trigger is executed, and at what time.

Suppose you have a trigger that is made to be called on an UPDATE to a certain table. Row level triggers would execute once for each row that is affected by the UPDATE. It is important to keep in mind if no rows are affected by the UPDATE command, the trigger will not execute any code within the trigger. Statement level triggers will be called once regardless of how many rows are affected by the UPDATE. Here it is important to note that even if the  UPDATE command didn't affect any rows, the code within the trigger will still be executed once.

Using the BEFORE and AFTER options  determine when the trigger is called. Suppose you have a trigger that is called on an INSERT to a certain table. If your trigger is using the BEFORE option, the code within the trigger will be executed before the INSERT into the table occurs. A common use of the BEFORE trigger is to verify the input values of the INSERT, or modify the values accordingly. Now let's say we have a trigger that uses AFTER instead. The code within the trigger is executed after the INSERT happens to the table. An example use of this trigger is creating an audit history of who has made inserts into the database, keeping track of the changes made. When using these options you need to keep a few things in mind. The BEFORE option does not allow you to modify tables, that is why input validation is a practical use. Using AFTER triggers allows you to modify tables such as inserting into an audit history table.

When creating a trigger to determine if it is statement or row level simply include the FOR EACH ROW clause for a row level, or omit the clause for a statement level. Be cautious of using additional INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE commands within your trigger, because trigger recursion is possible, causing unwanted behavior. In the examples below each trigger is modifying a different table, by looking at what is being modified you can see some common applications of when different trigger types are used.

The following is an Oracle syntax example of a row level trigger that is called AFTER an update FOR EACH ROW affected. This trigger is called on an update to a phone book database. When the trigger is called it adds an entry into a separate table named phone_book_audit. Also take note of triggers being able to take advantage of schema objects like sequences, in this example audit_id_sequence.nexVal is used to generate unique primary keys in the phone_book_audit table.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER phone_book_audit
  AFTER UPDATE ON phone_book FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
  INSERT INTO phone_book_audit
    (audit_id,audit_change, audit_l_name, audit_f_name, audit_old_phone_number, audit_new_phone_number, audit_date)
    VALUES
    (audit_id_sequence.nextVal,'Update', :OLD.last_name, :OLD.first_name, :OLD.phone_number, :NEW.phone_number, SYSDATE);
END;

Now calling an UPDATE on the phone_book table for people with the last name 'Jones'.
UPDATE phone_book SET phone_number = '111-111-1111' WHERE last_name = 'Jones';

Notice that the phone_number_audit table is now populated with two entries. This is due to the database having two entries with the
last name of 'Jones'. Since the update modified two separate row values, the created trigger was called twice; once after each modification.

After - statement-level trigger
An Oracle syntax statement trigger that is called after an UPDATE to the phone_book table. When the trigger gets called it makes an insert into phone_book_edit_history table
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER phone_book_history
  AFTER UPDATE ON phone_book
BEGIN
  INSERT INTO phone_book_edit_history
    (audit_history_id, username, modification, edit_date)
    VALUES
    (audit_history_id_sequence.nextVal, USER,'Update', SYSDATE);
END;

Now doing exactly the same update as the above example, however this time with a statement level trigger. UPDATE phone_book SET phone_number = '111-111-1111' WHERE last_name = 'Jones';

The result shows that the trigger was only called once, even though the update did change two rows.

Before each - row-level trigger
This example demonstrates a BEFORE EACH ROW trigger that modifies the INSERT using a WHEN conditional. If the last name is larger than 10 letters, using the SUBSTR function we change the last_name column value to an abbreviation.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER phone_book_insert
  BEFORE INSERT ON phone_book FOR EACH ROW
  WHEN (LENGTH(new.last_name) > 10)
BEGIN
    :new.last_name := SUBSTR(:new.last_name,0,1);
END;

Now performing an INSERT of someone with a large name.
INSERT INTO phone_book VALUES
(6, 'VeryVeryLongLastName', 'Erin', 'Minneapolis', 'MN', '989 University Drive', '123-222-4456', 55408, TO_DATE('11/21/1991', 'MM/DD/YYYY'));

The trigger worked as per the result above, modifying the value of the INSERT before it was executed.

Before - statement-level trigger
Using a BEFORE statement trigger is particularly useful when enforcing database restrictions. This example demonstrate how to enforce a restriction upon someone named "SOMEUSER" on the table phone_book.

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER hauschbc
  BEFORE INSERT ON SOMEUSER.phone_book
BEGIN
    RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (
         num => -20050,
         msg => 'Error message goes here.');
END;

Now, when "SOMEUSER" is logged in after attempting any INSERT this error message will show:

 SQL Error: ORA-20050: Error message goes here.

Custom errors such as this one has a restriction on what the num variable can be defined as. Because of the numerous other pre-defined errors this variable must be in the range of -20000 to -20999.

References

External links
Microsoft SQL Server DROP TRIGGER
MySQL Database triggers
MySQL DB Create Triggers
DB2 CREATE TRIGGER statement
Oracle CREATE TRIGGER
PostgreSQL CREATE TRIGGER
Oracle Mutating Table Problems with DELETE CASCADE
SQLite Query Language: CREATE TRIGGER
Oracle's Documentation on Triggers

Database management systems
Events (computing)
Articles with example SQL code

Database trigger


Alfredo Augusto Lopes Pimenta  (3 December 1882, Guimarães – 15 October 1950, Lisbon) was a Portuguese historian, poet and writer.

Biography

Alfredo Pimenta, son of José Manuel Lopes Pimenta and Silvina Rosa, was born at Penouços in São Mamede de Alda, Guimarães. In 1890, living at Braga with his parents, he attended the Colégio Académico de Guadalupe. In 1893 he returned to Guimaraes and studied at the College of St. Nicholas. In 1910, he graduated in Law from the University of Coimbra and was a professor at the Liceu Passos Manuel in Lisbon from 1911 to 1913. On 22 December 1931 he became director of the Municipal Archive of Guimarães. He was a founding member of the Portuguese Institute of Archaeology, History and Ethnography in 1953 and the Portuguese Academy of History in 1937.

Initially a militant anarchist, he later moved toward republicanism. After the founding of the Republic, he joined the Partido Republicano Evolucionista. In 1915 he appeared as a contributor of the Portuguese Nation magazine, organ of the political philosophy of Integralismo Lusitano, and ended up becoming a militant monarchist and became a prominent counselor. This passage toward the monarchy occurred soon after the coup of 14 May 1915, which overthrew the government of Pimenta de Castro, supported by evolutionists. He later converted to Roman Catholicism.

He suggested a reconciliation between the theses of Auguste Comte and the neo-Thomists. He founded the Acção Realista Portuguesa in 1923, breaking ideologically with Integralismo Lusitano, to which had never formally belonged. He come to admire Salazar, and praised fascism and Nazism. After the Second World War, he complained of the harassment of the Nazis, implying the existence of concentration camps among the Allies. He joined The Voice, which advocated the restoration of the monarchy but as a sort of crowning of the Estado Novo, which contrasted with the time he wrote Mentira Monarchica (Monarchist Lies) in 1906.

He was a renowned political theorist and historian, and his most enduring contribution was in the field of history, especially of the Middle Ages. He corresponded with the medium and feminist Leontina de Cabral Hogan.

Selected published works
 1906 - Mentira Monarchica (Monarchist Lies)
 1908 - Factos sociais  - (Social Facts)
 1911 - Aos conservadores portugueses  - (To the conservative Portuguese)
 1912 - Na Torre da Ilusão (In the Tower of Illusion)
 1913 - As Igrejas eo Estado - (The Churches and the State)
 1913 - Política portuguesa - (Portuguese Politics)
 1914 - Alma Ajoelhada - (Soul Kneeling)
 1914 - A doutrina de Drago ea 2ª Conferência da Paz - (The doctrine of Drago and 2nd Peace Conference)
 1915 - A significação filosófica da Guerra Europeia. O imperialismo contemporâneo - (The philosophical significance of the European War. Contemporary imperialism)
 1934 - História de Portugal - (History of Portugal)
 1936 - D. João III - (John III)
 1937 - Subsídios Para a História de Portugal - (Grants for the History of Portugal)
 1937–1948 - Estudos Históricos (série de 25 pequenos ensaios) - (Historical Studies (series of 25 short essays)

References

Portugal Século XX - Portugueses Célebres, Lisboa: Círculo de Leitores, 2003, page 240

External links

20th-century Portuguese historians
Portuguese male writers
1882 births
1950 deaths
People from Guimarães
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Portuguese Roman Catholics
University of Coimbra alumni
20th-century male writers

Alfredo Pimenta


Gideon Dore Bailey (February 25, 1819 – May 20, 1879) was a farmer and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Queen's County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1865 to 1866 and from 1870 to 1872.

He was born in Sunbury County, New Brunswick. In 1848, he married Hannah Branscombe. He was a justice of the peace and lieutenant colonel in the county militia. Bailey was also president of the Agricultural Society. He resigned his seat in the assembly in 1872 after he was named to the Legislative Council; he remained a member of the council until his death at the age of 60.

References

The Canadian parliamentary companion, HJ Morgan (1871)

1819 births
1879 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Members of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people

Gideon D. Bailey


Raymond Louis Kennedy (November 26, 1946 – February 16, 2014) was an American singer, songwriter, musician and record producer, based in Los Angeles. His works span multiple genres including R&B, pop, rock, jazz, fusion, acid rock, country and many others. He co-wrote "Sail On, Sailor", one of The Beach Boys' mid-career hits, as well as two hits for The Babys: "Everytime I Think of You" and "Isn't It Time".

Biography
Born in Philadelphia, Kennedy began playing saxophone at age nine. He sang in a cappella groups in New Jersey and Philadelphia before becoming a dancing regular on American Bandstand in 1960. Dick Clark eventually offered to pay him to pantomime playing saxophone with artists such as The Platters, The Drifters, Chubby Checker, Little Richard, and many more.

In 1965, Kennedy recorded his first single as vocalist with then-unknown Kenny Gamble, "Number 5 Gemini," on Guyden Records. That year, Kennedy also auditioned for and received a gig playing tenor sax with Gerry Mulligan, one of the top baritone jazz saxophonists in the world. That led to Kennedy leaving his home in New Jersey, playing various jazz clubs and making his way south.

With drummer Jay David, Kennedy eventually left the tour to play various gigs with Dizzy Gillespie, J.J. Johnson, Buddy Rich and the Gene Krupa Jazz Group, until he decided in 1962 that the lifestyle of a jazz musician was simply not for him.

Kennedy went to Paducah, Kentucky for a few performances with Brenda Lee; one-nighters with Little Richard, Fats Domino, Jerry Lee Lewis, Wilson Pickett, and many others followed. Encouraged by friend Otis Redding, Kennedy shifted his focus back to singing and moved to New York in 1963. He was signed by Ahmet Ertegun to Atlantic Records, recording as Jon and Ray and touring with Jon Mislan (aka Johnny Angel). In 1966, he formed another band named Group Therapy and recorded two albums, then moved to Los Angeles with them in 1968.

Kennedy's first solo album, Raymond Louis Kennedy, was released in 1970. That year, he befriended Dave Mason of Traffic and toured with him in support of Mason's solo album Alone Together. The pair collaborated on the song "Seasons," which would end up on the future Mason solo album Let It Flow. During this period, Kennedy also co-wrote the Beach Boys hit "Sail On, Sailor".

In 1974, Kennedy was featured on the soundtrack to the Brian DePalma cult film Phantom of the Paradise, singing "Life at Last" and a version of "The Phantom's Theme". In the movie, the former song was lip-synched by Gerrit Graham as the character Beef, who performed the song as a Frankenstein-type, flamboyant rocker, constructed by the members of The Undead during a Dr. Caligari-esque performance.

In 1980, Kennedy released a second, self-titled solo album, Ray Kennedy. This album featured the minor hit single "Just for the Moment", which would become Kennedy's only Billboard Hot 100 hit under his own name.

In addition to this solo album, Kennedy spent the next several decades writing, recording and touring with Sly and the Family Stone, Brian Wilson, Dave Mason, Jeff Beck, Barry Goldberg, Maurice White, Aerosmith, Michael Schenker, Engelbert Humperdinck, Wayne Newton, Tanya Tucker, Bill Champlin, Willie Nelson, Mick Fleetwood and others.

Albums

Singles/contributed tracks

References

External links
 http://www.raymondlouiskennedy.com/about.html
 http://www.raymondlouiskennedy.com/music.html

 http://www.fendermusicfoundation.org/news/index.cfm?sec=news&newsID=6
 http://www.discogs.com/Group-Therapy-People-Get-Ready-For-Group-Therapy/release/1447635
 http://www.soulfulkindamusic.net/guyden.htm

Musicians from Philadelphia
Michael Schenker Group members
1946 births
2014 deaths
American rock saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American male songwriters
Record producers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Los Angeles
Songwriters from Pennsylvania
Songwriters from California
Record producers from California
20th-century American saxophonists

Raymond Louis Kennedy


The Coalition for the Advancement of Jewish Education (CAJE), founded as the Coalition for Alternatives in Jewish Education, was a non-profit organization based in New York City. Its activities included an annual conference that draws more Jewish educators than any other similar event, advocacy for Jewish educators, various education-related publications, and more.  Its founding was the brainchild of Jerry Benjamin and Cherie Koller-Fox.

In 2009, CAJE closed. In 2010 a new organization called NewCAJE arose, led by founder Cherie Koller-Fox.

Conference

CAJE's yearly CAJE conference drew between 1,000 and 2,000 Jewish educators from around the world.

Unlike other conferences of its size, the CAJE conference typically offered several hundred workshops over the course of only a few days.  The daily workshops were supplemented by evening keynote addresses and musical and theatrical entertainment.  In recent years, sub-conferences such as the "Consortium for the Future of the Jewish Family"  ran concurrently with the CAJE conference.

The first CAJE conference was held in August 1976 at Brown University. Around 350 people attended.

Due to its size and nature, the CAJE conference was generally held on a university campus.

The CAJE conference inspired similar conferences around the world, including the very popular Limmud conference in the United Kingdom.

Recent and future locations
 2015: University of Hartford ()
 2014: Sinai Temple and UCLA Hillel ()
 2013: Nichols College ()
 2012: Montclair State University ()
 2011: American Hebrew Academy ()
 2010: A new organization called NewCAJE arose, led by founder Cherie Koller-Fox. The first conference was held at Gann Academy in Waltham, Massachusetts. It had 350 attendees, most notably 75 young professionals.
 2009: CAJE went out of business
 2009: Trinity University (CAJE 34) This conference was canceled due to the economic downturn on 9 January 2009 via email to all CAJE members.
 2008: University of Vermont (CAJE 33, chaired by Mel Birger-Bray and Joel M. Hoffman)
 2007: Washington University in St. Louis (CAJE 32, chaired by Peter Eckstein, co-chaired by Iris Schwartz)
 2006: Duke University (CAJE 31)
 2005: University of Washington (CAJE 30)
 2004: Hofstra University (CAJE 29)
 2003: Ohio State University (CAJE 28)
 2002: Trinity University (CAJE 27)
 2001: Colorado State University (CAJE 26)
 2000: Hofstra University (CAJE 25)

Highlights of CAJE 33 Aug 10–14 2008

The Future of Congregational Education: Evolution & Revolution<
The Roundtable Fishbowl
Green Judaism: The Moral Imperative to Care for the Earth
Early Childhood Conference @ CAJE 33: Sharing a Vision --- Early Childhood as the Gateway to Jewish Learning and Living
Hands-on Technology: Virtual Community, Actual Learning
Principals' Intensives
Teachers' Intensives
National Educators Institute with PANIM: The Institute for Jewish Leadership and Values

External links
 NewCAJE
 CAJE 33
 CAJE 33 blog
CAJE closes

Jewish educational organizations
Jewish charities based in the United States
Charities based in New York City
Jewish organizations based in New York City
2009 disestablishments in New York (state)
1976 establishments in Rhode Island
Jewish organizations established in 1976