The International Tibet Network, established in 2000, is a global coalition of Tibet-related non-governmental organisations campaigning to end the China's occupation and human rights violations in Tibet, and restore rights to the Tibetan people. Its purpose is to maximise the effectiveness of the worldwide Tibetan Freedom Movement. The Network works to increase the capacity of individual member organisations, develops coordinated strategic campaigns, and encourages increased cooperation among organisations.

Tibet Network members are committed to non-violence as a fundamental principle of the Tibetan struggle. They regard Tibet as an occupied country and recognise the Tibetan Government in Exile as the sole legitimate government of the Tibetan people. Beyond these principles, the International Tibet Network respects the variety of views and opinions of its member organisations, for example concerning Tibet's future political status, and believes that diversity strengthens the movement.

History
Established in 2000, International Tibet Network has  demanded the release of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, the 14th Dalai Lama's choice for 11th Panchen Lama, calling him "the youngest political prisoner".

In 2004, just hours before organizers of the 2008 Beijing Games were to receive the Olympic flag, at the closing ceremony at 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, six International Tibet Network activists unfurled a black flag with five bullet holes replacing the Olympic rings, and began marching toward the main stadium, before being seized by the police.

In 2008, International Tibet Network demonstrated outside the International Olympic Committee headquarters, demanding the exclusion of Tibetan areas from the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay, and demanded that the IOC make a statement about the 2008 Tibetan unrest.

Functions

Coordination
The International Tibet Network believes that the global Tibet campaign movement is most effective when its members work together in a coordinated way. To this end, the Network's Secretariat arranges regular Regional Meetings for its member organisations in order for groups to skill-share and engage in detailed strategic planning.

The Network has Regional Coordinators in Asia and in Latin America. They are responsible for building the regional network and assisting Members in finding appropriate regional strategies for implementing global campaigns. They provide support and advice, especially to newly formed groups.

Campaigns
The current priority for the Tibet movement is to "Put Tibetans in Tibet First" and highlight their continued resistance to China's rule. This resistance takes many forms; from self-immolations to mass public protests – such as the Uprisings in 2008, which resulted in a huge increase in the numbers of political prisoners, to more subtle "cultural resistance", which emphasizes and celebrates the Tibetan national identity in music, writings and poetry.

The International Tibet Network develops coordinated campaign strategies in a variety of ways, including forming Campaign Working Groups made up of representatives of member organisations, appointing specially chosen Task Forces or working through Campaign Coordinators.

Capacity building
The International Tibet Network aims to increase the capacity of the movement by helping its member organisations build their resources and increase the skill-base of their campaigners. The Capacity Building programme includes regular training — often in conjunction with Regional Meetings — and a small grant scheme for members to undertake capacity building or specific campaign projects.

Secretariat
The International Tibet Network Secretariat reports to the steering committee. Its role is to implement policy and priorities.

Steering committee
The International Tibet Network's steering committee is responsible for setting policy, ensuring the Network meets its financial and legal commitments and hiring the Executive Director. Steering committee members are elected from all the regions of the world where there are Tibet Groups (six continents).

The steering committee consists of representatives elected by the International Tibet Network's member organisations on a regional basis. The Tibetan Government in Exile appoints a two-person liaison for purposes of assuring dialogue, consultation and co-ordination. The International Tibet Network operates independently of the Tibetan Government in Exile, and its two-person liaison representatives have no voting rights on the steering committee. The number of seats on the steering committee for each region is set out below. This structure takes into consideration the number of groups, the number of countries with groups and the number of United Nations member states in each region.

See also
Tibetan independence movement
Government of Tibet in Exile

References

1. Outcomes of the Sixth International Tibet Support Group Conference

External links
 International Tibet Network
 Free Tibetan Heroes - Tibetan Political Prisoners Campaign
 I Heart Tibet - Tibetan Cultural Resistance
 Tibet Third Pole - Tibetan Environment and Development Campaign
 Chinese Leaders - Education resource about Chinese Leaders
 Unite for Tibet - Advocacy & collective response for the Tibet movement
 Xi Jinping's Tibet Challenge - Failure of Xi's policy on Tibet
 Tibetan Nomads - Tibetan Nomad Forced Resettlement Campaign
 China Tibet Friendship - Chinese outreach Resources
 Free Panchen Lama - Free Gedhun Choekyi Nyima Campaign

International political organizations
Human rights in Tibet
Tibetan independence movement
Organizations established in 2000
Human rights organizations based in the United States
Tibetan diaspora

International Tibet Network


Kununoppin is a small town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. The town is located on the Nungarin–Wyalkatchem Road and in the Shire of Trayning local government area,  north east of the state capital, Perth, Western Australia. At the 2006 census, Kununoppin had a population of 151.

The site of a railway siding on the Dowerin to Merredin railway, Kununoppin was gazetted as a townsite in 1911.  The town's name derives from the Aboriginal name for the surrounding area. The name was first rendered as "Coonoonoppin"—the revised spelling of "Kununoppin" was adopted to conform with the Royal Geographical Society standard orthography for Aboriginal place names. (See -up for further details).

In 1932 the Wheat Pool of Western Australia announced that the town would have two grain elevators, each fitted with an engine, installed at the railway siding.

The town—set in Salmon Gum woodland—features a series of tin sculptures. The sculptures are placed in various locations around the town.

The surrounding areas produce wheat and other cereal crops. The town is a receival site for Cooperative Bulk Handling.

References

External links

Towns in Western Australia
Grain receival points of Western Australia
Shire of Trayning

Kununoppin


The Whole Building Design Guide or WBDG is guidance in the United States, described by the Federal Energy Management Program as "a complete internet resource to a wide range of building-related design guidance, criteria and technology", and meets the requirements in guidance documents for Executive Order 13123.  The WBDG is based on the premise that to create a successful high-performance building, one must apply an integrated design and team approach in all phases of a project, including  planning, design, construction, operations and maintenance. The WBDG is managed by the National Institute of Building Sciences.

History
The WBDG was initially designed to serve U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) construction programs. A 2003 DOD memorandum named WBDG the "sole portal to design and construction criteria produced by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC), and U.S. Air Force." Since then, WBDG has expanded to serve all building industry professionals. The majority of its 500,000 monthly users are from the private sector.
The WBDG draws information from the Construction Criteria Base and a privately owned database run by Information Handling Services.

A significant amount of the Whole Building Design Guide content is organized by three  categories: Design Guidance, Project Management, and Operations and Maintenance. It is structured to provide WBDG visitors first a broad understanding then increasingly specific information more targeted towards building industry professionals. The WBDG is the resource that federal agencies look to for policy and technical guidance on Federal High Performance and Sustainable Buildings In addition, the WBDG contains online tools, the original Construction Criteria Base, Building Information Modeling guides and libraries, a database of select case studies, federal mandates and other resources. The WBDG also provides over 70 online continuing education courses for architects and other building professionals, free of charge.

Development
Development of the WBDG is a collaborative effort among federal agencies, private sector companies, non-profit organizations and educational institutions.
The WBDG web site maintained by the National Institute of Building Sciences through funding support from the DOD, the NAVFAC Engineering Innovation and Criteria Office, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and the assistance of the Sustainable Buildings Industry Council (SBIC). A Board of Direction and an Advisory Committee consisting of representatives from over 25 participating federal agencies guide the development of the WBDG.

References

External links
Whole Building Design Guide
National Institute of Building Sciences

Building engineering
Building technology
Architecture websites
Online databases
Web portals
Building information modeling

Whole Building Design Guide


Arc welding is the most effective way of permanently joining metals. It melts the two metals being joined and fuses them together, effectively turning them into one solid unit.

Arc welding uses electricity to melt the metals and the welding filler by creating an electrical arc. An electrical arc is like a tiny lightning bolt that passes between two metals, generating intense heat that melts the two metals and the filler material, fusing them together.

Commonly used for ship building in WWII, this method of welding has become common for creating steel structures.

Electricity
Metals

Arc welding


The Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel (SG), otherwise Gabrielite Brothers or Frères de Saint-Gabriel (FSG), is a religious institute. Its roots go back to Louis de Montfort, who opened a few schools for poor children in La Rochelle, France, in about 1711.

History
As Louis de Monfort traveled about giving missions, he was often accompanied by brothers, whom he called to assist in his work. During the eighteenth century the life of the Community of the Holy Spirit (the Company of Mary) was centered at Saint-Laurent, where there were about fifty priests and thirty-five brothers. Of 276 missions preached from 1749 to 1799, one or two Brothers participated in 250 of them with the missionaries.

Brothers of Christian Instruction of the Holy Spirit
After the French Revolution, the congregation amalgamated under the guidance of Father Gabriel Deshayes into the Brothers they are today. Around 1824 the Brothers received official approbation under the name of Brothers of Christian Instruction of the Holy Spirit. A motherhouse, called "Saint Gabriel" was established for them separate from that of the priests. In 1853 the imperial decree of Napoleon III conferred on the Congregation the title of Brothers of Christian Instruction of Saint Gabriel.

The institute's main concern is Christian education, especially for the poor, orphans and the physically challenged. Other organizations inspired by Montfortian ideals are the Company of Mary and the Daughters of Wisdom. The 'Associates' are a lay association linked to the Gabrielites and similarly inspired by Montfortian spirituality.

One of the examples of institutions run by FSG is Assumption University (better known as ABAC from its former name of Assumption Business Administration College), which was the first university in Thailand to offer all classes in the English language. They have also established educational institutions in Canada, Singapore, Malaysia, India,  Mauritius, Spain, Italy and of course in France.

References

 Brothers of Saint Gabriel at Catholic Encyclopedia

External links
 Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel website
 Address of The Holy Father to The Brothers of Christian Instruction of St. Gabriel, 29 April 2000 Vatican website

1711 establishments in France
Institutes of Catholic religious brothers
Catholic religious institutes established in the 18th century
Catholic teaching orders

Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel


"La Isla Bonita" is a 1986 Latin and pop song performed by Madonna. The song is about a beautiful island.

"La Isla Bonita" achieved popularity all across the world. It reached #1 in the United Kingdom. It also hit #4 on the Billboard Hot 100.

This song was released in February of 1987 off her album True Blue.

Madonna (entertainer) songs
1986 songs
Pop songs

La Isla Bonita


Balfron railway station was a railway station that served the village of Balfron in Scotland. The station was served by trains on the Strathendrick and Aberfoyle Railway and the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway, both of which closed in the 1950s.

The station was about  away from the village that it served, therefore passengers and goods had to be transported by horse and cart to the village. A hamlet known as Balfron Station has since grown up around the site of the former station.

History
Opened by the Edinburgh and Glasgow (Forth and Clyde Junction Railway), and absorbed into the North British Railway, it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. It passed on to the Scottish Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.

The station was closed by British Railways in 1951.

Hamlet
Since the station's closure in 1951, a rural settlement has grown up around the former site of the station. The hamlet is served by Balfron Primary School and Balfron High School in the village of Balfron, 2 miles away.

References

Sources

 Balfron station on navigable OS map
 Picture of Station

External links
 RAILSCOT on Forth and Clyde Junction Railway
 Railscot on the Strathendrick and Aberfoyle Railway

Disused railway stations in Stirling (council area)
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1856
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1951
Former North British Railway stations

Balfron railway station


The Selection Committee was an electoral college created by the Preparatory Committee in 1996 for electing the first chief executive and Provisional Legislative Council after the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

The Selection Committee was responsible for recommending and electing the candidate for the first chief executive through local consultations. The ambit of the Selection Committee as later expanded by the Preparatory Committee to include responsibility for the selection of the 60 members of the Provisional Legislative Council.

Under the Basic Law, the Selection Committee would have 400 members made up of Hong Kong permanent residents. The composition of the body was equally split among four functional sectors: industrial, commercial, and financial; professional; labour, social services and religious; and politics (26 Hong Kong deputies to the NPC automatically became the members of the Selection Committee, former political figures, and Hong Kong members of the National CPPCC).

300 members of the first three sectors were elected by the members of the Preparatory Committee. It followed the procedures of nominations: a nominee had to submit his or her name to a body he or she was a member of certain commercial chamber or professional institutes and reviewed by the relevant bodies, and then nominated to the Preparatory Committee for reviewing.

There were a total of 5,789 applicants who put their names forward. On 2 November 1995, the 400 members were elected by the members of the Preparatory Committee.

The body for electing the second chief executive was later replaced by the Election Committee.

See also
 Chief Executive of Hong Kong
 Election Committee
 1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
 1996 Hong Kong provisional legislative election
 Preparatory Committee for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
 Provisional Legislative Council

References

 01
Political history of Hong Kong
British Hong Kong
1996 in Hong Kong
1996 in politics
Elections in Hong Kong
Electoral colleges
1996 establishments in Hong Kong
1996 disestablishments in Hong Kong
1990s in Hong Kong
20th-century Chinese politicians
20th-century Hong Kong people

Selection Committee (Hong Kong)


Public law is a branch of law about the relations of individuals with the government and the organization and conduct of the government itself.

In public law there is:

a. Constitutional law: basic law of the state.

b. Administrative law: fixes the powers and duties of the state.

c. Criminal law: the state says what penalties there are for crimes committed by individuals or businesses.

The other kind of law is private law.

Types of law

Public law


Mount Merapi (, also in Javanese), is an active stratovolcano located on the border between the province of Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. It is located approximately  north of Yogyakarta city which has a population of 2.4 million, and thousands of people live on the flanks of the volcano, with villages as high as  above sea level.

Smoke can often be seen emerging from the mountaintop, and several eruptions have caused fatalities. A pyroclastic flow from a large explosion killed 27 people on 22 November 1994, mostly in the town of Muntilan, west of the volcano. Another large eruption occurred in 2006, shortly before the Yogyakarta earthquake. In light of the hazards that Merapi poses to populated areas, it was designated as one of the Decade Volcanoes.

On the afternoon of 25 October 2010, Merapi erupted on its southern and southeastern slopes. A total of 353 people were killed over the next month, while 350,000 were forced to flee their homes; most of the damage was done by pyroclastic flows, while heavy rain on 4 November created lahars which caused further damage. Most of the fissures had ceased erupting by 30 November, and four days later the official threat level was lowered. Merapi's characteristic shape was changed during the eruptions, with its height lowered  to .

Since 2010, Merapi had experienced several smaller eruptions, most noticeably two phreatic eruptions which occurred on 18 November 2013 and 11 May 2018. The first and larger of these, caused by a combination of rainfall and internal activity, saw smoke issued up to a height of . There have been several small eruptions since the beginning of 2020, which are of great interest to volcanologists.

Etymology
The name Merapi is a compound of Sanskrit Meru meaning "mountain" with Javanese api which means "fire". Thus Merapi can be loosely translated as "Mountain of Fire" or "Fire Mountain".

History

Geological history

Merapi is the youngest in a group of volcanoes in southern Java. It is situated at a subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian Plate is subducting under the Sunda Plate. It is one of at least 129 active volcanoes in Indonesia, part of the volcano is located in the Southeastern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire—a section of fault lines stretching from the Western Hemisphere through Japan and South East Asia. Stratigraphic analysis reveals that eruptions in the Merapi area began about 400,000 years ago, and from then until about 10,000 years ago, eruptions were typically effusive, and the out flowing lava emitted was basaltic. Since then, eruptions have become more explosive, with viscous andesitic lavas often generating lava domes. Dome collapse has often generated pyroclastic flows, and larger explosions, which have resulted in eruption columns, have also generated pyroclastic flows through column collapse.

Typically, small eruptions occur every two to three years, and larger ones every 10–15 years or so. Notable eruptions, often causing many deaths, have occurred in 1006, 1786, 1822, 1872, and 1930. Thirteen villages were destroyed in the latter one, and 1,400 people were killed by pyroclastic flows.

The very large eruption in 1006 is claimed to have covered all of central Java with ash. The volcanic devastation is claimed to have led to the collapse of the Hindu Kingdom of Mataram; however, the evidence from that era is insufficient for this to be substantiated.

2006 eruption
In April 2006, increased seismicity at more regular intervals and a detected bulge in the volcano's cone indicated that fresh eruptions were imminent. Authorities put the volcano's neighboring villages on high alert and local residents prepared for a likely evacuation. On 19 April smoke from the crater reached a height of , compared to  the previous day. On 23 April, after nine surface tremors and some 156 multifaced quakes signalled movements of magma, some 600 elderly and infant residents of the slopes were evacuated.

By early May, active lava flows had begun. On 11 May, with lava flow beginning to be constant, some 17,000 people were ordered to be evacuated from the area and on 13 May, Indonesian authorities raised the alert status to the highest level, ordering the immediate evacuation of all residents on the mountain. Many villagers defied the dangers posed by the volcano and returned to their villages, fearing that their livestock and crops would be vulnerable to theft. Activity calmed by the middle of May.

On 27 May, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck roughly  southwest of Merapi, killing at least 5,000 and leaving at least 200,000 people homeless in the Yogyakarta region, heightening fears that Merapi would "blow". The quake did not appear to be a long-period oscillation, a seismic disturbance class that is increasingly associated with major volcanic eruptions. A further 11,000 villagers were evacuated on 6 June as lava and superheated clouds of gas poured repeatedly down its upper slopes towards Kaliadem, a location that was located southeast of Mt. Merapi. The pyroclastic flows are known locally as "wedhus gembel" (Javanese for "shaggy goat"). There were two fatalities as the result of the eruption.

2010 eruption

In late October 2010 the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency (CVGHM), (Indonesian language—Pusat Vulkanologi & Mitigasi Bencana Geologi, Badan Geologi-PVMBG), reported that a pattern of increasing seismicity from Merapi had begun to emerge in early September.

Observers at Babadan  west and Kaliurang  south of the mountain reported hearing an avalanche on 12 September 2010. On 13 September 2010 white plumes were observed rising  above the crater. Lava dome inflation, detected since March, increased from background levels of  to  per day to a rate of  per day on 16 September. On 19 September 2010 earthquakes continued to be numerous, and the next day CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 2 (on a scale of 1–4). Lava from Mount Merapi in Central Java began flowing down the Gendol River on 23–24 October signalling the likelihood of an imminent eruption.

On 25 October 2010, the Indonesian government raised the alert for Mount Merapi to its highest level (4) and warned villagers in threatened areas to move to safer ground. People living within a  zone were told to evacuate. The evacuation orders affected at least 19,000 people; however, the number that complied at the time remained unclear to authorities. Officials said about 500 volcanic earthquakes had been recorded on the mountain over the weekend of 23–24 October, and that the magma had risen to about  below the surface due to the seismic activity

After a period of multiple eruptions considered to exceed the intensity and duration of those in 1872 on 10 November 2010 the intensity and frequency of eruptions was noticed to subside. By this time, 153 people had been reported to have been killed and 320,000 were displaced. Later the eruptive activities again increased requiring a continuation of the Level 4 alert and continued provision of exclusion zones around the volcano. By 18 November the death toll had increased to 275. The toll had risen to 324 by 24 November and Syamsul Maarif, head of the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) explained that the death toll had risen after a number of victims succumbed to severe burns and more bodies were found on the volcano's slopes.

In the aftermath of the more intensive eruptive activities in late November, Yogyakarta's Disaster Management Agency reported that there were about 500 reported cases of eruption survivors in Sleman district suffering from minor to severe psychological problems, and about 300 cases in Magelang. By 3 December the death toll had risen to 353.

On Friday, 3 December 2010, the head of the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB), Dr. Syamsul Maarif, M. Si, accompanied by the head of the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation CVGHM (PVMBG), Dr. Surono made a joint press release at the BNPB Command Post in Yogyakarta. As of 3 December 2010, at 09.00 am, the CVGHM (PVMBG) lowered the status of Mount Merapi to the level of Caution Alert (Level III). They clarified that with this alert level the potential of hot ash clouds and projected incandescent material remained. The Geological Agency provided several recommendations including that there would be no community activities in the disaster prone areas and proclaimed an ongoing exclusion zone of  radius.

2018 eruption

A phreatic eruption began on the morning of 11 May 2018, prompting the evacuation of areas within a  radius of the volcano. Adisutjipto International Airport in Yogyakarta was closed due to the eruption's ash plume. This eruption initiated a new phase of dome growth. It led to new evacuations at Merapi in November 2020. The danger of pyroclastic flows was increasing and expanding.

2021 eruption

The eruptions started on 4 January 2021 causing evacuations of the Yogyakarta region. The geological authority had invoked the second-highest alert level in November after sensors picked up increasing activity warning the situation could become more unstable. On 27 March 2021, another small eruption occurred, spewing lava and creating pyroclastic flows. Merapi began erupting once again on 8 August 2021, sending new lava flows down the slope of the volcano. On 16 August 2021, the volcano erupted again, belching a cloud of ash into the air as red lava flowed down its crater. The explosions spewed clouds as far as 3.5 kilometres (2 miles) from the rumbling volcano, blanketing local communities in grey ash.

On 9 December, a pyroclastic flow traveled along the Bebeng River for a distance of 2.2 km. This comes just as Mount Semeru erupted in an unrelated event, killing at least 43 people.

2023 eruptions

An eruption started on 11 March 2023 at around 12 p.m. local time (Western Indonesia Time, GMT+7). A lava flow up to 7 kilometers long and a column of hot cloud rising up to 100 meters high were observed. Local authorities advised residents living in Merapi's slope to stay at least 7 kilometers away from the crater.

Monitoring

Mount Merapi is the site of a very active volcano monitoring program. Seismic monitoring began in 1924, with some of the volcano monitoring stations lasting until the present. The Babadan (northwest location), Selo (in the saddle between Merbabu and Merapi), and Plawangan monitoring stations have been updated with equipment over the decades since establishment. During the 1950s and early 1960s some of the stations were starved of equipment and funds, but after the 1970s considerable improvement occurred with the supply of new equipment. Some of the pre-1930 observation posts were destroyed by the 1930 eruption, and newer posts were re-located. Similarly after the 1994 eruption, the Plawangan post and equipment were moved into Kaliurang as a response to the threat of danger to the volcanological personnel at the higher point. This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.

The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm. The network of 8 seismographs currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the hypocentres of tremors and quakes.

A zone in which no quakes originate is found about 1.5 km below the summit, and is thought to be the location of the magma reservoir which feeds the eruptions.

Other measurements taken on the volcano include magnetic measurements and tilt measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide with eruptions, and tilt measurements reveal the inflation of the volcano caused when the magma chambers beneath it is filling up.

Lahars (a type of mudflow of pyroclastic material and water) are an important hazard on the mountain, and are caused by rain remobilizing pyroclastic flow deposits. Lahars can be detected seismically, as they cause a high-frequency seismic signal. Observations have found that about 50 mm of rain per hour is the threshold above which lahars are often generated.

Check dam
There are about 90 units (30 percent) from the total 258 units of sand barriers (sabo) were damaged. The cost for recovery is about Rp 1 trillion ($116 million).

Sterile zone
Following the 2010 eruption, three Indonesian government departments declared a prohibited zone in which nobody can permanently stay and no infrastructure is allowed in 9 villages (dusun): Palemsari, Pangukrejo, Kaliadem, Jambu, Kopeng, Petung, Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul and Srunen, all in Cangkringan district.

National park
In 2004, an area of 6,410 hectares around Mount Merapi was established as a national park. The decision of the Ministry of Forestry to declare the park has been subsequently challenged in court by The Indonesian Forum for Environment, on grounds of lack of consultation with local residents. During the 2006 eruption of the volcano it was reported that many residents were reluctant to leave because they feared their residences would be confiscated for expansion of the national park, meaning they would not have a house.

Museum
Merapi Museum Center, Kaliurang Street Kilometer 25.7, Pakem subdistrict, Sleman, Yogyakarta. A replica of Merapi's Post 2010 eruption has been created and Indonesian student visits to the museum has increased 30 percent since the latest eruption.

Mythology

Merapi is very important to Javanese, especially those living around its crater. As such, there are many myths and beliefs attached to Merapi.

Creation

Although most nearby villages have their own myths about the creation of Mount Merapi, they have numerous commonalities.
It is believed that when the gods had just created the Earth, Java was unbalanced because of the placement of Mount Jamurdipo on the west end of the island. In order to assure balance, the gods (generally represented by Batara Guru) ordered the mountain to be moved to the centre of Java. However, two armourers, Empu Rama and Empu Permadi, were already forging a sacred keris at the site where Mount Jamurdipo was to be moved. The gods warned them that they would be moving a mountain there, and that they should leave; Empu Rama and Empu Permadi ignored that warning. In anger, the gods buried Empu Rama and Empu Permadi under Mount Jamurdipo; their spirits later became the rulers of all mystical beings in the area. In memory of them, Mount Jamurdipo was later renamed Mount Merapi, which means "fire of Rama and Permadi."

Spirit Kraton of Merapi
The Javanese believe that the Earth is not only populated by human beings, but also by spirits (makhluk halus). Villages near Merapi believe that one of the palaces (in Javanese kraton) used by the rulers of the spirit kingdom lies inside Merapi, ruled by Empu Rama and Empu Permadi. This palace is said to be a spiritual counterpart to the Yogyakarta Sultanate, complete with roads, soldiers, princes, vehicles, and domesticated animals.
Besides the rulers, the palace is said to also be populated by the spirits of ancestors who died as righteous people. The spirits of these ancestors are said to live in the palace as royal servants (abdi dalem), occasionally visiting their descendants in dreams to give prophecies or warnings. "

Spirits of Merapi
To keep the volcano quiet and to appease the spirits of the mountain, the Javanese regularly take offerings on the anniversary of the sultan of Yogyakarta's coronation. For Yogyakarta Sultanate, Merapi holds a significant cosmological symbolism, because it forms a sacred north-south axis line between Merapi peak and Southern Ocean (Indian Ocean). The sacred axis is signified by Merapi peak in the north, the Tugu Yogyakarta monument near Yogyakarta main train station, the axis runs along Malioboro street to Northern Alun-alun (square) across Keraton Yogyakarta (sultan palace), Southern Alun-alun, all the way to Bantul and finally reach Samas and Parangkusumo beach on the estuary of Opak river and Southern Ocean. This sacred axis connected the hyangs or spirits of mountain revered since ancient times—often identified as "Mbah Petruk" by Javanese people—The Sultan of Yogyakarta as the leader of the Javanese kingdom, and Nyi Roro Kidul as the queen of the Southern Ocean, the female ocean deity revered by Javanese people and also mythical consort of Javanese kings.

See also

2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi
List of volcanic eruptions by death toll
List of volcanoes in Indonesia
Decade Volcanoes

Further reading

Camus G, Gourgaud A, Mossand-Berthommier P-C, Vincent P-M, 2000. Merapi (central Java, Indonesia): an outline of the structural and magmatological evolution, with a special emphasis to the major pyroclastic events. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 139–163
Charbonnier S J, Gertisser R, 2008. Field observations and surface characteristics of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the 2006 eruption of Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia. J Volc Geotherm Res, 177: 971–982
Gertisser R, Keller J, 2003. Temporal variations in magma composition at Merapi volcano (Central Java, Indonesia): magmatic cycles during the past 2000 years of explosive activity. J Volc Geotherm Res, 123: 1–23
Lavigne F, Thouret J C, Voight B, Suwa H, Sumaryono A, 2000. Lahars at Merapi volcano, central Java: an overview. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 423–456
Newhall C G, Bronto S, Alloway B, Banks N G, Bahar I, del Marmol M A, Hadisantono R D, Holcomb R T, McGeehin J, Miksic J N, Rubin M, Sayudi S D, Sukhyar R, Andreastuti S, Tilling R I, Torley R, Trimble D, Wirakusumah A D, 2000. 10,000 years of explosive eruptions of Merapi volcano, central Java: archaeological and modern implications. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 9–50
Siswowidjoyo S, Suryo I, Yokoyama I, 1995. Magma eruption rates of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia during one century (1890–1992). Bull Volc, 57: 111–116
Thouret J-C, Lavigne F, Kelfoun K, Bronto S, 2000. Toward a revised hazard assessment at Merapi volcano, central Java. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 479–502
Triyoga, Lucas Sasongko. 1991 Manusia Jawa dan Gunung Merapi – Persepsi dan Sistem Kepercayaannya Yogyakarta, Gadjah Mada University Press.
Troll V R, Deegan F M, Seraphine N (2021) Ancient oral tradition in Central Java warns of volcano–earthquake interaction. Geology Today, 37:100–109; https://doi.org/10.1111/gto.12350
US Army, Corps of Engineers Army Geospatial Center webpage on the crisis of Mount Merapi, with data, citations, photographs and maps.
Voight B, Constantine E K, Siswowidjoyo S, Torley R, 2000. Historical eruptions of Merapi volcano, central Java, Indonesia, 1768–1998. J Volc Geotherm Res, 100: 69–138
Wirakusumah A D, Juwarna H, Loebis H, 1989. Geologic map of Merapi volcano, Central Java. Volc Surv Indonesia, 1:50,000 geol map

Notes

References

External links

Mount Merapi National Park – Official site
Double Disaster in Indonesia – Video on the 2010 eruption & tsunamis
Scientific studies carried on at Merapi
l'Atlas du Volcan Merapi, Indonésie/The atlas of Merapi volcano
Mount Merapi on vnet

Merapi
Merapi, Mount
Merapi, Mount
Merapi
Merapi, Mount
Landforms of the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Active volcanoes of Indonesia
National parks of Indonesia
VEI-4 volcanoes
21st-century volcanic events
20th-century volcanic events
19th-century volcanic events
18th-century volcanic events
Sleman Regency
Tourist attractions in Central Java
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
Holocene stratovolcanoes
Progo basin
Opak-Oyo basin
Bengawan Solo basin

Mount Merapi


Ariel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as Umbriel.

The moon is named after the leading sylph in Alexander Pope's poem Rape of the Lock. It is also the name of the spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's The Tempest.

Uranus' moons

Ariel (moon)


ActionShot is a method of capturing an object in action and displaying it in a single image with multiple sequential appearances of the object.

Additional names: action synopsis, motion synopsis, panoramic video synopsis, dynamic still, synopsis mosaic, stromotion.

Background

There are many methods for capturing panoramic images, some being fully manual or semi-automatic, and others completely automatic. However, the majority of these methods are for creating panoramic photos of a static landscape. In contrast, the capture of a dynamic scene — i.e. recording the motion of a moving object — is typically done by video recording.

ActionShot is a method that combines elements of both panoramic and video photography to create panoramic photos of dynamic scenes that take place over a wide-angle area. This involves capturing a moving object (e.g. a person running, riding a bicycle or skiing) and depicting multiple instances of this object over a single panoramic background.

Methods

Hardware

Stroboscopes have been used to create static images of an action. The moving object is illuminated by the periodic light flashes generated by the stroboscope and is shot by a stills camera using a long exposure. This results in a photograph that displays multiple images of the object along its path.

ActionShot photography is now available as part of camera application on Samsung Android Galaxy Premium Devices (Samsung Galaxy S and Samsung Galaxy S2) or by downloading the Nokia Smartcam app on the Microsoft Lumia Phones

Manual image editing

To create a dynamic panoramic image manually, a photographer needs to take several shots or still frames from a high-resolution video of a moving object and then combine them together using manual image registration, followed by manual image stitching. Image editing programs can assist in this process.

Automatic image processing

Early digital image processing methods created a "synopsis mosaic" by building a panoramic image a video sequence where higher weights were assigned to the moving objects.
However, good image registration and stitching alone were not sufficient for creating a realistic image, because if the moving object overlaps itself, the combined result seems highly unnatural.
This in order to create eye-catching synopsis still images, and even videos, the moving objects are required not to overlap in the composed result.

Related methods
 Action synopsis for computer animation

See also
Panoramic photography
Image stitching
Video synopsis

References

External links
 ActionShot photos created  by Samsung Omnia2 cellphone.
 ActionShot examples created by the Dartfish commercial software.

Image processing
Panorama photography
Photography by genre

ActionShot


The World Economic Forum is a foundation based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is known for controling the world's governments alongside the Peoples Republic of China and the World Health Organization in the mountains of Graubünden. Important leaders from politics (such as presidents) and the economy are given an opportunity to talk about subjects that concern everyone. Very often, these subjects concern globalization. Usually the Swiss army helps secure the area.

These meetings are often critizised because they are seen as a vehicle to further capitalism in the world by anti-capitalists and supporters of antiglobalization. There is an organisation called Public Eye On Davos that organizes public information during the meeting. During the meetings, which invole the G8, access to the village of Davos is heavily controlled. A small demonstration happens every year in Davos during these meetings. This is one of the rights given by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bigger demonstrations are normally in the other cities in Switzerland during the World Economic Forum.

History
The forum was established in 1971. WEF members are about 1,000 large companies and organizations from around the world, including Russia. The permanent executive body is the Board of Directors. The headquarters is located in the suburbs of Geneva - Cologny. The budget is formed from annual membership fees and funds contributed by the Forum participants. Membership is reviewed annually.

The founder and permanent leader of the WEF is Professor Klaus Schwab. On his initiative, the first symposium was held in 1971, bringing together about 450 leaders of leading European companies to discuss the prospects for the world economy and develop a common strategy. At the first meetings, which were held under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities (now the European Commission), the issues of improving the position of Western Europe in the competitive struggle were discussed mainly. Over the years, the topics gradually expanded, the agenda included political and economic issues affecting other regions, problems of improving the mechanism of world trade, correct partnership. In the mid-1970s, influential people from all over the world (members of governments and business leaders) began to be invited to Davos, and in the next decade the forum acquired the status of one of the main events of the year.

References

Other websites
Official homepage of the WEF

Economics organizations
1971 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Geneva

World Economic Forum


A network scheduler, also called packet scheduler, queueing discipline (qdisc) or queueing algorithm, is an arbiter on a node in a packet switching communication network. It manages the sequence of network packets in the transmit and receive queues of the protocol stack and network interface controller. There are several network schedulers available for the different operating systems, that implement many of the existing network scheduling algorithms.

The network scheduler logic decides which network packet to forward next. The network scheduler is associated with a queuing system, storing the network packets temporarily until they are transmitted. Systems may have a single or multiple queues in which case each may hold the packets of one flow, classification, or priority.

In some cases it may not be possible to schedule all transmissions within the constraints of the system. In these cases the network scheduler is responsible for deciding which traffic to forward and what gets dropped.

Terminology and responsibilities
A network scheduler may have responsibility in implementation of specific network traffic control initiatives. Network traffic control is an umbrella term for all measures aimed at reducing network congestion, latency and packet loss. Specifically, active queue management (AQM) is the selective dropping of queued network packets to achieve the larger goal of preventing excessive network congestion. The scheduler must choose which packets to drop. Traffic shaping smooths the bandwidth requirements of traffic flows by delaying transmission packets when they are queued in bursts. The scheduler decides the timing for the transmitted packets. Quality of service (QoS) is the prioritization of traffic based on service class (Differentiated services) or reserved connection (Integrated services).

Algorithms
In the course of time, many network queueing disciplines have been developed. Each of these provides specific reordering or dropping of network packets inside various transmit or receive buffers.
Queuing disciplines are commonly used as attempts to compensate for various networking conditions, like reducing the latency for certain classes of network packets, and are generally used as part of QoS measures.

Classful queueing disciplines allow the creation of classes, which work like branches on a tree. Rules can then be set to filter packets into each class. Each class can itself have assigned other classful or classless queueing discipline. Classless queueing disciplines do not allow adding more queueing disciplines to it.

Examples of algorithms suitable for managing network traffic include:

Several of the above have been implemented as Linux kernel modules and are freely available.

Bufferbloat
Bufferbloat is a phenomenon in packet-switched networks in which excess buffering of packets causes high latency and packet delay variation. Bufferbloat can be addressed by a network scheduler that strategically discards packets to avoid an unnecessarily high buffering backlog. Examples include CoDel, FQ-CoDel and Random early detection.

Implementations

Linux kernel

The Linux kernel packet scheduler is an integral part of the Linux kernel's network stack and manages the transmit and receive ring buffers of all NICs, by working on the layer 2 of the OSI model and handling Ethernet frames, for example.

The packet scheduler is configured using the utility called tc (short for "traffic control"). As the default queuing discipline, the packet scheduler uses a FIFO implementation called pfifo_fast, although systemd since its version 217 changes the default queuing discipline to fq_codel.

The ifconfig and ip utilities enable system administrators to configure the buffer sizes txqueuelen and rxqueuelen for each device separately in terms of number of Ethernet frames regardless of their size. The Linux kernel's network stack contains several other buffers, which are not managed by the network scheduler.

Berkeley Packet Filter filters can be attached to the packet scheduler's classifiers. The eBPF functionality brought by version 4.1 of the Linux kernel in 2015 extends the classic BPF programmable classifiers to eBPF.  These can be compiled using the LLVM eBPF backend and loaded into a running kernel using the tc utility.

BSD and OpenBSD
ALTQ is the implementation of a network scheduler for BSDs. As of OpenBSD version 5.5 ALTQ was replaced by the HFSC scheduler.

See also
 Queueing theory
 Statistical time division multiplexing
 Type of service

Notes

References

Linux kernel features
Network performance
Network scheduling algorithms
Network theory

Network scheduler


Liliane Aimée Ackermann (née Weil) (1938–2007) was a French microbiologist, Jewish Community  pioneer, leader, writer, and lecturer.

Early life and education

Liliane Ackermann was born on September 3, 1938, in Strasbourg, France, the daughter of Lucien Weil and Béatrice Haas.
During World War II, her family took refuge in Voiron, Isère. They would remain there until 1956, when they moved back to Strasbourg.

After her Baccalauréat in 1956, she studied at the Faculty of Sciences at the Université Louis Pasteur of  Strasbourg, where she obtained her first Ph.D. (in  microbiology), in 1974. She later received a second Ph.D., at the Université de Strasbourg (Humanities), in 1999.

She married Henri Ackermann, a dentist and a community  activist, in 1959. They had seven children (Théo, Jacqui, Anne, Raoul, Eric, Charles, and  Marc). Henri and Liliane Ackermann formed a team,  for nearly half a century.

From 1956 to 2007, she taught in Strasbourg at the elementary and secondary levels but also to adults in Jewish  education. She taught also to Russian immigrants in  Germany. In parallel, from 1976 to 1996, she gave lectures at the Louis Pasteur University in biochemistry and microbiology.

Career
Liliane and Henri Ackermann took charge in 1972 of the Youth Movement "Yeshurun" [in French written "Yechouroun"], a national religious group active all year round, and with winter and summer camps. A great number of Jewish leaders were formed there. Among them, René Gutman, Chief Rabbi of the Bas-Rhin, Gilles Bernheim, Chief Rabbi of the Synagogue de la  Rue de la Victoire in Paris,  Chief Rabbi of France from January 1, 2009 to April 11, 2013, and many others.

On February 1, 2009, at his Inauguration as Chief Rabbi of France, Gilles Bernheim recalled in his speech Liliane Ackermann: "I want to express what I owe to the leaders of the youth movement Yechouroun from which I come. Théo and Edith Klein of blessed memory, Liliane Ackermann of blessed memory and the friend so close to me, Henri Ackermann."

Liliane Ackermann got involved in reaching out to handicapped, women in distress, the elderly. In Strasbourg, her home was the locale to find counseling, advice, encouragement, but also serious learning at all levels.

She was a scientist by formation but also an accomplished  artist: the violin and piano were her favorite  instruments and drawing was her passion.

A rarity for a woman, anywhere, but particularly in France, she learned on  her own the Babylonian Talmud, and went on to study, thereafter, the Jerusalem Talmud.

On an official occasion, at the Palais de l'Elysée, in  Paris, meeting the President of France, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, she introduced herself, listing her  credentials, and concluded:  "and I also educate my 7  children!".

At the age of 68, she died in Strasbourg, on February 3, 2007.

Bibliography
 "Judaism and Science"
"Judaism and Women"
"Judaism and Conversion".

References

External links
Kountras. Mme Liliane Ackermann. Adar 5767/Mars 2007
Site of Liliane Ackermann

1938 births
2007 deaths
Scientists from Strasbourg
Alsatian Jews
French women academics
French scholars
Jewish scientists
French Orthodox Jews
French microbiologists
Women microbiologists
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
20th-century French women scientists
Jewish women scientists

Liliane Ackermann


Placebo is an alternative rock band that started in London in 1994. The band currently has Brian Molko (lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, keyboards, saxophone), Stefan Olsdal (bass, guitar, keyboards, back-up vocals) and Steve Forrest (drums, percussion, back-up vocals) as members. A Kate Bush cover, "Running Up That Hill" is one of their most popular songs.

Placebo's sixth studio album, Battle for the Sun, was released on June 8th, 2009.

Recorded over three months at Metal Works Studios in Toronto with producer David Bottrill and mixed in London by My Bloody Valentine, Smashing Pumpkins and Nine Inch Nails producer Alan Moulder, Battle for the Sun is a startling, alive, vital and boundary-vaulting Placebo record.

It is, according to Brian Molko, "not hard rock and it's not pop, it's probably hard pop. I think we've made a record which is almost the flipside of 'Meds'. We've made a record about choosing life, about choosing to live, about stepping out of the darkness and into the light. Not necessarily turning your back on the darkness because it's there, it's essential; it's a part of who you are, but more about the choice of standing in the sunlight instead."

English rock bands
Musical groups from London

Placebo (band)